By

Rasiel Suarez
Copyright © 2005 by Rasiel Suarez. All Rights Reserved.

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First Published January, 2005

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Suarez, Rasiel., 1969—

ERIC
st
The Encyclopedia of Roman Imperial Coins / Rasiel Suarez—1 ed.
Includes Index and Bibliographical references.
1. Numismatics. 2. Coins: Ancient. 3. Coins: Roman Imperial

ISBN 0-9764664-0-6

Printed in Hong Kong, China

Regal Printing Co., www.regalprinting.com.hk
For ERIC
Table of Contents

Foreword i
Introduction ii
About Roman Coins iii
Denominations iii
Coins of Other Ancient Cultures viii
Identifying Roman Coins xiii
How To Use This Book xiv
Mintmarks xv
Mint Map xvii
Pricing And Grading xviii
Bibliography xix
Reference Catalogs Cited xix
Imperial Catalog 1
Coin Terms Used 611
Glossary 613
Rarity Tables 614
Index of Rulers 617
Photography Credits 618
Additional Web Resources 618
i
 ii
Introduction
Roman imperial coins are probably the most studied and written about era in the field of ancient numismatics. It
might be questioned why another book on the subject is necessary given the lopsided attention this part of history
has already received. Many of these books will focus on a limited topic or time period and study it in depth while
others attempt to tackle the entire length of the Roman empire. Some appeal to the casual history buff and others
are written for and by scholars. And all of them, including this effort, suffer from being quickly outdated thanks to
new discoveries of coins, historical data and analyses that constantly reshape old theories.

The aim of this book is to provide first and foremost the collector of Roman coins with an easy to use guide to
understand in as concise a manner as possible the corpus of money issued from the time of the first emperor to
the last; a period in history spanning over half a millennium. Naturally, as user-friendliness is given top priority for
the sake of the collector other users may be disappointed. The scholar will lament the exclusion of obscure issues,
the historian will find little new research, the investor and others concerned primarily with the worth of their coins
will find this book nearly useless and those whose interest lies in any subject not covered will rightfully feel
disenfranchised.

On the other hand Roman coin collectors will at long last find in a single book a comprehensive account of nearly
every variant of legend and type known for each of the over two hundred emperors, empresses and other
imperials in whose name coins were minted during this time. In addition, a full-fledged catalog of known coins is
also provided with each entry having a unique number to facilitate reference among collectors and students.
Traditionally, coin guides for ancient coins tend to have full pages of coin photographs at the end of the book.
While a more efficient and cost-effective approach, I have chosen instead to include the photographs at the end of
each emperor‟s section to make them more accessible. Every feature, again, has been crafted to make this
enormous amount of information as easy to understand as possible in as condensed a format as is practical.

Just like with any other reference book, the data herein could not possibly have been compiled without extensive
help from many others whose interests and expertise are as diverse as the coins themselves. Of particular
importance in this endeavor must be noted The Roman Imperial Coinage series of books which is largely
regarded as the most definitive and certainly most consulted work on Roman coins. This 13-volume set took the
better part of a century to complete and is, in fact, an ongoing project with the collaboration of many of the world‟s
top numismatists. Spink and Son, its publishers, have graciously allowed for the cross-referencing of their catalog
numbers to the listings in this book. David Sear, an author who has devoted his life to the study of ancient coins
has also allowed for similar cross-referencing rights to his own highly acclaimed books.

Many, many friends, too numerous to list have provided photos of their coins and sometimes the coins themselves
for inclusion. The Swiss numismatic firm of Leu donated hundreds of dollars worth of old catalogs, always a prime
ground for research. The British Museum provided photographs of some of the world‟s rarest coin photographs
free of charge. And I am equally indebted to CNG, Numismatik Lanz, Münzen & Medaillen and many other firms
and scores of individuals for making a wealth of information accessible over the last two years it has taken to put
all of it neatly across the space of a few hundred pages.

Rasiel Suarez
Co-founder
Dirty Old Coins, LLC
 iii
About Roman Coins
One of the most recognizable cultural traits of the Romans was how systematic and methodical they were. In war,
politics and art the Romans preferred a strict discipline and adherence to their rules. Naturally, this emphasis on
consistency carried over into their currency policies. For hundreds of years millions of coins were handmade by untold
numbers of craftsmen and almost every one is instantly recognizable to the collector or student as Roman. It is
remarkable that in good times and in bad they could be counted on to make one coin look nearly identical to the next.
Even to the bitter end, when coins were little more than metal scraps with scribbled on designs they retained a „look
and feel‟ uniquely theirs.

Asides from aesthetics the Romans were consistent as well with the content they chose to portray on their coins. From
them we inherit the legacy of mating a person‟s face to the obverse, appropriately referred to as „heads‟ informally,
with a design on the back. Many of the themes they chose to put on these reverses have also become staple
ingredients in modern western culture as well. The Romans were masters of propaganda and learned early on how to
exploit every element of a coin‟s design to further the imperial message of a strong and cohesive empire. To this end
they employed a vast number of symbols, insignia and inscriptions to drive home the point.

Most Roman coins feature religious or military themes. Issues of a civic or purely secular nature are relegated to a
secondary role and the few times they appear they are still meant to glorify the pomp and glory of the emperor and, by
extension, the Roman people.

Ancient coins have been collected since antiquity as ambassadors to the past. Augustus, the first Roman emperor, is
said to have amassed a world-class coin collection specimens of which he often gave to dignitaries. So many kings
and nobles from the middle ages on collected ancient coins that the collecting of coins itself became known as the
“hobby of kings”.

Nowadays there are millions of coin collectors the world over and many are discovering that owning an ancient coin
need not be hopelessly expensive. European metal detectorists are finding coins in record numbers of every culture
that made them. While the silver and gold ones are sold directly to dealers many of the coppers, which are found in
the hundreds of thousands every year, are individually too difficult and/or damaged to restore. These are therefore
often sold in their as-found state for as little as a dollar or two each. Any would-be archaeologist then has the chance
to restore, attribute and value their ancient coin and in the process have a lot of fun learning about ancient history.

Denominations
Roman coins came in many different denominations. The weight and metal type of each coin determined how much
purchasing power each coin had. Eventually, coin designs would to a certain extent explicitly state the value of the
coin but it is uncertain whether these official values were honored by merchants and the public in general.

The absolute base unit in Roman coinage is the Uncia, a small copper coin the size of a small button which was never
struck in large quantities and is today very rare. 16 Unciae are equivalent to an As which is the first commercially
functional coin. In turn, 16 Asses make up the famous Denarius, a silver, U.S.-dime sized coin which circulated for
hundreds of years and influenced coinage in just about every successive Western culture up into modern times.

Although a fascinating subject, it‟s disappointing to learn that we lack a good understanding of what the actual value of
Roman coins were. Necessary food staples were often heavily subsidized by the government to ensure their
accessibility. The emperor and his officials understood that a hungry citizenry was a grave liability. What records
survive, therefore, tend to point out these set prices but the going rate for other luxuries is largely speculative.

For what it‟s worth, a rough sketch of salaries would have a gold Aureus or Solidus as a month‟s pay for an ordinary
soldier. And a Denarius or two could be earned in a day by a skilled laborer. In turn, a family meal consisting of bread,
olive oil, wine and perhaps some meat would cost a Denarius or one of its equivalents.

For early imperial coinage the relative values are as follows:

1 Aureus = 2 Quinarii = 25 Denarii = 100 Sestertii = 200 Dupondii = 400 Asses = 800 Quadrans = 6,400 Unciae

Considering the expense in labor and materials that was borne in the production of the small-change Quadrans and
Uncia it‟s not hard to see why these denominations existed more as a theoretical currency keystone than as real
coins.
 iv
The first crack in the Roman economical machine appeared under the reign of Nero who cut back the purity of the
Denarius from 98% fineness (essentially as pure as could possibly have been refined on a large scale basis back
then) to 93%. The debasement did not link up with an official decrease in the nominal value of the coin itself so that
the extra 5% silver was clear and free profit for the emperor.

However, it took virtually no time for the public at large to see that the old Denarius was intrinsically worth more than
the new one. This created an immediate hoarding of the old silver coins which could now be melted and then sold as
scrap. In fact, finding today a pre-reform Denarius is considerably more difficult and expensive than Nero‟s new
Denarii.

From then on each new emperor lowered the fineness of the Denarii a percent or two so that by the time of Gordian III,
the last emperor to issue significant quantities of Denarii, a Denarius was actually no more than about 35% silver by
weight.

Another unintended effect was that as the silver coins became cheaper the copper ones became more expensive.
After all, each Denarius was now being made by more and more copper to fill in for the missing silver. What was
happening was that a 3 gram silver coin was 2 grams copper but the whole coin was still valued at several multiples
more than the Sestertii, Dupondii and Asses which weighed between 10-30 grams a piece. Therefore, rather than the
government risk striking copper coins which would only wind up being melted it chose to not strike them much in the
first place.

Gold on the other hand was considered sacred. As much as it may have pained each emperor to part with his
dwindling supplies of its most precious metal no soldier would risk his life unless it was for real gold. Not until the
situation had grown into a series of deep crises in the middle of the third century that emperors decided to tinker with
the next best thing: their weight. The Aureus which had traditionally weighed between 7-8 grams each went as far
down as just over 2 grams under the reign of Gallienus. How the paymasters kept a straight face on pay day is
anyone‟s guess and it‟s quite possible that the scam was masqueraded as salary increases by paying two or three of
these Aurei while, of course, the total outlay of metal was still below the traditional amount.

As the fineness in silver was steadily lowered, and the weight of the Aureus became erratic, new denominations were
introduced to further blur the government‟s cost-cutting schemes and attempts to curb rampant inflation. The silver
Antoninianus was introduced around the year 215 under Caracalla at a nominal value of two Denarii and, for gold, the
Binio was introduced a few years later as a double Aureus. Since gold coins were never a major part of everyday
commerce the Binio was a nonstarter but the Antoninianus drove the Denarius into extinction within 30 years of its
introduction. And it, too, would suffer severe debasement and reduction in weight.

By the mid-250‟s the Ant reached the critical low point in the silver-copper alloy, about 18%, where it no longer
resembled a silvery coin even when freshly minted. Debasing this coin further served no practical purpose because it
was blatantly obvious it was no longer silver. A decision was therefore made to stop making silver coins altogether
and simply apply a silver wash to the Ants as a last processing step of the coin blanks.

When new, these coins looked much better than the previous 18% silver Ants. However, shortly after entering
circulation the silver coating wore off across the high points of the coin to reveal the copper beneath. Many such coins
continued to circulate long after the silvering was fully gone and yet they were still officially considered silver coins!

By the early 290‟s the Roman economy was in a state of near-collapse as the old currency value schedules were
maintained relative to a silver coinage that existed only as a dim memory. The emperor Diocletian set into motion a
series of monetary reforms meant to rectify the situation. The Antoninianus was suspended and new denominations
introduced including a new Denarius of high silver content termed “Argenteus” (but officially worth 2.5 Denarii each)
and the Follis which had a negligible amount of silver but was as hefty as an old As. The Aureus would be reborn
under more predictable weights as well and the whole coinage system was overhauled from top to bottom in the
hopes of stabilizing the economy.

Some of the denominations caught on and some, specifically the Argenteus, would see a quick demise due to the
chronic lack of silver. What little silver was initially breathed into the Follis was pulled and the weight, too, dwindled
swiftly from a high of about 10g until it was a small copper coin of about 2-3g each within a few years‟
time. This reduced Follis enters the fourth century as the new de facto standard copper coin to serve the same general
purpose as the Denarius of two centuries before (if not the actual buying power). Since it is unclear what the Romans
of the time called it today‟s numismatists give it the generic term of a class three bronze or AE3 for short (AE is the
abbreviation for Aeratus, Latin for copper).
 v
Even though during the fourth century the AE3 is king there are several other important denominations. After
Diocletian‟s reforms settle into a new swing over the following years, a new gold standard is introduced under
Constantine I with the flagship Solidus, a successor to the old Aureus which is now made to unerring precision at 72 to
a Roman pound of gold, or about 4.4g a piece. It is so successful that it was still being made 500 years later under
Byzantine emperors easily outlasting the Denarius itself and, possibly, any other denomination to this age.

While the relationship between bronze coins and their silver and gold cousins are poorly understood the relative
values between silver and gold are as follows:

1 Solidus = 2 Semisses = 3 Tremisses = 24 Siliquae

The Siliqua is the last major successor to the old Denarius. It is thinner and lighter at only 2-3g each and never
approaches the popularity of the Denarius. Except for rare occasions it is the one denomination that is not survived by
the fall of the Roman empire itself in 476.

While the gold and silver remain stable into the fifth century and beyond the last days of the Western half of the
Roman empire see the bronze coinage shrink quickly into a morass of teeny coppers known as AE4‟s. They survive in
large quantities today but prove difficult to identify due to careless minting methods and heavily debased alloys which
fared poorly in the soil upon their loss or burial.

The following table lists the most important denominations with rare fractions and multiples being omitted.

Main Roman Imperial Coin Denominations

Denomination Metal Weight Value Circ. Dates Notes
Aureus Gold 7-8g 25 Denarii c.200 BCE – Weights fluctuate wildly mid-third century
305 CE
Binio Gold 5.5-6g 2 Aurei 251-310
Quinarius Gold 2.5-4g ½ Aureus c.200 BCE – Weights fluctuate wildly mid-third century.
305 CE Very rare
Solidus Gold 4.4g 24 310-c.963 The Solidus is reborn as Basil I‟s
Siliquae Histamenon Nomisma with same weight
and purity until replaced in the 1040‟s by
the Hyperpyron.
th
Semissis Gold 2.25g ½ Solidus 310-c.867 Rare prior to 6 century
Tremissis Gold 1.5g ⅓ Solidus c.380-c.867
1-½ Gold 1.7g 9 Siliquae 310-c.380 Scripulum is a measure of weight. Ancient
Scripulum name remains unknown. Extremely rare.
Denarius Silver 2.5-4g 4 Sestertii 211 BCE – Weights were never adhered to very strictly
244 CE but typical Denarius in Augustan times was
nd
3.8g dropping to 3.4g by 2 century and
sometimes as low as 2g under the Severan
dynasty. When first introduced in 211 BCE
the Denarius was tariffed at 10 Asses and
was retariffed to 16 Asses in 118 BCE.
Cistophoric Silver 10-12g 3 Denarii 27 BCE – 138 A denomination meant for use in the
Tetradrachms CE eastern provinces to mimic traditional silver
coinage in the region but using Latin
legends and imperial portraits.
Antoninianus Silver 3-5g 2 Denarii 215-285 The name of this coin in antiquity is
unknown. Present usage is named after
Caracalla whose formal name was
Antoninus and who first introduced this
coin. The radiate bronze coins under
Diocletian may be a separate denomination
or simply a size-reduced Antoninianus.
Argenteus Silver 3-4g 2-½ c.290-c.310 A severely debased Argenteus is minted in
Denarii Trier from c.310-319. Note also that this
coin is essentially the same as the light
Miliarense.
Quinarius Silver 1.3g- ½ 211 BCE – Rare
 vi
2g Denarius c.230 CE
th
Siliqua Silver 1.5-3g 1/24 310 – c.650 Weights were erratic but steadily
Solidus diminished over time from around 3g early
th
on to less than 2g by the 5 century.
Although sporadically minted during
Byzantine times it had been phased out of
general production by the 460‟s.
Miliarense Silver 3.5g- ~2 310-c.717 The Miliarense comes in three separate
5.2g Siliquae weight categories of uncertain value
relative to the Siliqua or Solidus except as
raw bullion weight. The “light” Miliarense of
approximately 3.5g, a regular ~4.5g coin
and the “heavy” miliarense of ~5.2g
Sestertius Bronze/ 22-30g ¼ 23 BCE – It is possible that the Sestertius continued
Brass Denarius c.275 to be struck in extremely limited quantities
2 Dupondii until Diocletian‟s reform in or around the
year 285. However, after the Severan
dynasty the Sestertius became increasingly
scarce and underweight, occasionally
falling to under 10g. Prior to 23 BCE the
Sestertius existed as a rare denomination
in silver. Its value however had always
been fixed to a quarter of a Denarius.

The Sestertius and the Dupondius are

typically struck from Orichalcum, a brassy
alloy.
Double Bronze 25-40g 2 Sestertii 251-274 Using the convention of radiate crowns for
Sestertius double value, the double Sestertius is an
exotic denomination begun under Trajan
Decius. Some rare pieces have been noted
weighing upwards of 44g but typical
weights hover around 25g. The last double
Sestertii were apparently minted during the
reign of Aurelian at a rather emaciated
weight of ~17g.
Dupondius Bronze/ 11-15g ½ 23 BCE – From the year 64 forward emperors on the
Brass Sestertius c.260 Dupondius are depicted with a radiate
crown. This visual aid eases the distinction
between it and the larger Sestertius and the
smaller As. Empresses do not get a similar
distinction until the 220‟s when a bust
resting on a crescent was introduced, a
feature which was never thoroughly
consistent in use.
As Copper/ 10-12g ½ c.280 BCE – It is often impossible to tell for certain
Bronze Dupondius c.275 whether a coin is a heavier than usual As
or a light Dupondius on those coins that
normally lack a radiate crown.
Semis Bronze 2-3g ½ As c.210 BCE – Rare and often struck anonymously. Last
c.180 CE issues were used in the outer provinces.
Quadrans Bronze 2.5-4g ½ Semis c.210 BCE –
c.180 CE
AE1 Bronze >25mm ? 360‟s Julian II introduces a large silvered bronze
coin of ~8.5g, quite possibly a rebirth of the
Follis. It is continued by Jovian and struck
in very limited quantities by Valens &
Valentinian I before disappearing. Large
copper medals and so-called “contorniates”
are minted sporadically from the early
300‟s and well into the 500‟s. They were
 vii
rare in their own time, struck for ceremonial
purposes, as presentation pieces or other
special occasions and unlikely to have
entered circulation as money.
AE2 Bronze 22- 2x AE3 (?) 350-c.390 The typical AE2 weighs 4-5g and is
25mm sometimes called a “Centenionalis” though
the term is far from universally accepted.
th
AE2‟s from the 5 century are exceedingly
rare but, strangely, seem to have had a
little revival under Leo I and his wife Verina
in the 450‟s.
AE3 Bronze 16- ? c.300-430 The greater part of extant ancient Roman
22mm coins fall under this category. Perhaps
hundreds of millions were struck during the
fourth century and seem to have served as
the general-purpose coin in commerce of
the day. They typically weigh about 3g
each and were largely phased out of
production by the last decade of this
century but erratic production continued
until Anastasius‟ reform in 498.
AE4 Bronze <16mm ? c.317-498 The AE4 is to the fifth century what the AE3
was to the fifth. They are found today in
large quantities but careless production
processes, poor alloys and small size
conspire against easy identification.
AE5 Bronze <12mm ? c.380-498 This class of bronze is proposed to
(proposed) differentiate them from the larger AE4‟s
th
struck in the first half of the 4 century
which were initially conceived as
posthumous coins struck in honor of deified
emperors and empresses and then as the
very large issue in celebration of the re-
founding of Byzantium as Constantinople.

The first mainstream AE4‟s appeared late

in the 340‟s but were abandoned within a
decade until 379 when the emperor Gratian
authorized the minting of a small coin of
about 12mm diameter. This smaller module
would quickly eclipse the AE3 in popularity
and is apparently the main engine of small
commerce for the entire fifth century with
larger bronzes becoming practically
nonexistent during this period. Its weight
hovered around 0.9-1.14g and by the early
400‟s settles into a diameter range of about
10mm.
 viii
Coins of Other Ancient Cultures
In learning about Roman coins it is helpful to be able to distinguish them from other ancient coins. A short guide is
presented outlining the major differences between these.

Let us examine first the coins which we will be dealing with in this book. Roman imperial coins span a period of over
500 years beginning, technically, with the first issues following the Roman Senate‟s bestowment of the title Augustus
th
on Octavian in 27 BC and gradually blending into what will become known as the Byzantine culture in the 6 century.
During this entire period almost every coin minted within the borders of the Roman empire will feature a ruler from the
present imperial court as a portrait on the obverse of each and every coin. This trait alone is so consistent that it
becomes an easily identifiable signature which can be used to quickly rule out the majority of other ancient coin-
making cultures. The second main features are the inscriptions themselves which although 1,500-2,000 years old are
still often perfectly readable to anyone familiar with the Latin alphabet.

Roman imperial coins are the most plentiful and cheapest coins of antiquity. It is therefore a safe bet that any coin
from antiquity that has a person‟s portrait and has at least partially readable Latin legends can be assumed to be a
Roman coin.

Roman imperatorial coins immediately precede the imperial period. This rather brief numismatic period extends from
shortly before the death of Julius Caesar until Octavian is given his title of Augustus; less than 20 years in all.
Numismatically, this period blends characteristics of the Roman republican period before and the coming imperial age.
Among these are the first examples of living persons being featured on coins.

The imperatorial period issues some gold and copper coinage but are of excessive rarity today. The Roman economy
during this time is nearly monopolized by the silver Denarius.
 ix

The Republican period precedes the Imperatorial and the Roman coinage of the day is heavily influenced by Greek
art. From about 200 BCE until near the end of Julius Caesar‟s life these coins will employ the usual Roman rebadged
Greek gods with Latin inscriptions but are otherwise similar in makeup to contemporary Greek coins. As was the case
with imperatorial Rome, the Denarius is the backbone of the economy.

The Greeks were the inventors of coins. From about 550 BCE until conquered by the Romans they strike millions of
coins in all metals but prefer silver as the medium of exhange. Greek coins undergo several periods whereby the art
styles change significantly. The coins make heavy use of traditional Greek mythology. As a whole, the written word is
moderated or unused so as to not compete with the art which is generally regarded to be the greatest numismatic
legacy the world has witnessed.

There are several contemporary cultures which issued coins during the Roman imperial period. After the various
Greek nations fell one by one to the Romans the skills of their moneyers were put to good use. Unlike other regions
within the Roman empire the Romans allowed for the issue of their own autonomous coinage using Greek legends
and traditional themes so long as the various Roman gods and, most importantly, the incumbent emperor were
featured prominently. As a class, Roman provincial coins, or more specifically, Greek imperial as they‟re more
appropriately termed, are very similar to Roman imperial coins with the only major difference being the use of Greek
legends. They were also restricted to bronze and limited runs of silver but never gold which was a privilege reserved
for Rome on most occasions. The last of these provincial coins are struck in the late 200‟s and coins with Greek
legends will not reappear until the Byzantine period.
 x

Immediately to the east in what is now known as the Holy Land coins had been made for centuries. The Jews and
other nearby civilizations produced a distinctive coinage paralleling the Roman imperial period and then incorporating
some of its elements after the region was annexed by the Romans. Asides from the use of Hebrew and other archaic
alphabets the coins scrupulously omit any representation of living beings, particularly humans, which was considered
sacrilegious.

The Greek and then Roman empires‟ most formidable enemies were the Persians with whom they constantly
quarreled. They left behind a significant body of numismatic material that began shortly after the Greeks themselves
invented coinage and evolved over time into the modern Islamic currency.

Coins issued in antiquity will look quite exotic to Western eyes from the inscrutable inscriptions to the designs.
Portraits feature equally exotic headgear and dress.

The Celts were not one people. They were a diverse number of tribes inhabiting all European regions not under direct
Roman control. They include Spanish, British, Germanic and near-eastern nations of semi-nomadic makeup and
lumped together under the Roman pejorative “Barbarian”. The extent of their coinage was limited insofar as their
economies were more primitive. However, trade was an important element of their various civilizations and many
found the convenience of coinage.

The style used on Celtic coins is hard to reign in given how dissimilar the various tribes were. Most uniquely
distinguishable is their abstracted portraiture and rendition of animals, particularly horses.
 xi

Minor Celtic tribes along near the Roman empire‟s borders were influenced and occasionally even Romanized to a
degree. What commerce they engaged with amongst themselves, outsiders and Romans alike was presumably
facilitated with their acquired wealth, mainstream Roman coins and coins of their own making which closely
resembled official issues. The bulk of these mimic Roman bronzes of the fourth century with varying degrees of
craftsmanship but all are connected by the thread of illiterate “writing” in place of true inscriptions.

After the fourth century these tribes amalgamated with other Celts to form new tribes and would continue to copy the
core Roman currency well into the sixth century, often taking care to honor the nominal Byzantine emperor of the day
who was still regarded as the legal sovereign of the former Roman lands. Bronzes ceased to be made in any
appreciable quantities but gold production began in earnest under the banner of the Vandals, Ostrogoths, Avars,
Merovingians and many others.

As the Roman influence vanished and the Byzantine influence waned these tribes now began to slowly disassociate
themselves from the old empire and instead issued coins honoring their own kings. In the vacuum that was left the
inhabitants of Western Europe gained stronger identities and new cultures were born giving way to the medieval
period.

Coin craftsmanship will for the next 1,000 years be far below the standards of the Greeks and Romans and acquire a
look and feel unique and easy to identify. However, a thorough knowledge of European medieval coinage is intricate
th
and difficult to master. It will not be until the 16 century when Arabic numeral dating on coins and the eventual
introduction of machine-stamped coins that the modern age of currency is born.
 xii

Meanwhile the Byzantines carry on the political legacy of the Romans by continuing the now ancient imperial tradition.
Spanning a full millennium the Byzantine currency undergoes many changes over the years. The ending section of
this book introduces the Byzantine age while the coins are still fully indistinguishable from their Italian counterparts. In
fact, at this stage the mints in Constantinopolis and Rome still closely coordinate their coin production to give every
appearance of a seamless monetary system and, by extension, a solidly unified empire.

The book closes with the reign of Anastasius who is a pivotal figure in reforming coinage in a new direction that breaks
with the past. Numismatic historians prefer to pin this date as the start of the Byzantine period.

There are other cultures in ancient times where coins were struck. Highlighted above are a few of these. Next to the
coins of Persia, India has the most extensive variety with many different kingdoms striking unique designs which
occasionally borrow Western elements but are always infused with a healthy dose of regional relevance.
 xiii

Identifying Roman Coins

The first step in learning anything about a coin is to be able to decipher the clues given in its design. Fortunately,
Roman emperors wanted you to know who was pictured on the coin‟s obverse. Even better, the Romans gave birth to
the Latin alphabet making the inscriptions quite readable assuming they‟re not too worn or missing. Lastly, the coins
themselves follow very predictable conventions in their designs so that what is learned for one coin can be applied in
identifying the next.

The typical Roman coin will look something like this:

At first that string of letters may seem daunting to interpret. While each letter appears recognizable it looks like one
big, alien word. For all their inventiveness, the Romans seem to have ran out of steam after designing the letter Z and
the idea of spacing between words never really caught on. Dots occasionally serve this function but normally the coin
lettering will be all bunched up like in this photo.

The Latin alphabet used in Roman times is somewhat shorter than the English one. There are no J‟s, U‟s or Y‟s.
Instead, an I is used where a J would normally be found and, likewise, a V is the U or Y stand-in. All writing is always
upper case.

Knowing this, in the sample photo the string of letters encodes not only the name of the emperor, in this case
Maximian which is readable starting the third letter in, but also several of his titles. Since there were many titles
bestowed on emperors the only way to cram them into the available space was to abbreviate them. In this particular
coin the first two letters are D and N which stand in Latin for Dominus Noster (Our Lord), then MAXIMIANO (a Latin
form of the name Maximian), FELICISSIMO (roughly translating to “most dutiful”), then SEN (short for senior) and
lastly AVG for Augustus, the most important imperial title. A literate Roman back then would understand this
inscription to mean something like “Our Lord Maximian, most dutiful senior Augustus”.

The reverse reads PROVIDENTIADEORVMQVIESAVGG. Breaking this up yields Providentia Deorvm Qvies Avgg
which translates to “By the providence of the Gods there is peace”. This particular coin speaks therefore of the
peaceful transition of power from the emperor, Maximian, to his appointed successor.

Other coins will follow this basic principle and the connection to modern coins should be obvious thereby making the
identification of each one easier. On the other hand, many ancient coins will prove more difficult to figure out because
they‟re worn, damaged or have legends that are too difficult to make out. Those features that are visible will have to
suffice in correctly attributing the coin. It is unfortunately not unusual to find a coin that resists identification because
there is simply too little to go on. However, even in these cases it should at least be possible to determine the
approximate age and region of the coin.
 xiv

How to Use This Book

In the following pages you will find a format that will become familiar from emperor to emperor. After a short biography,
known coin inscriptions and designs are broken down into four parts. Not every legend will be found with every bust or
reverse type and the known combinations are given in a numbered listing known as a catalog. The available
photographs of the busts and reverse designs are then organized into plates at the end of the section.

1. The name of the ruler followed by title and reign dates. In the case of empresses dates given are for when they
were born and died.

2. A short biography of the ruler.

3. Notes on the availability and general pricing of his or her coins.

 xv
4. Known bust types for this ruler. The general order of description is to list first what, if anything is worn on the
head and then continue to list the type of dress visible on the bust and, finally, whatever the effigy might be
holding with his right hind followed by his left hand.

In a few cases coin obverses will have a design rather than a portrait. A lettered listing will follow with known
types.

5. Obverse legends known for the ruler, arranged alphabetically.

6. Reverse legends.

7. Description of known types.

8. Mint location. City name is given as known in antiquity. See elsewhere in introductory section for current name
and location.

9. Metal type and denomination. AU is for gold, AR silver and AE is copper.

10. References to listings in other catalogs for the same catalog are provided where researched and/or available.
Blank spaces in this field may mean either that the coin is unlisted or is listed in a work not researched by the
author.

11. Photographs of the busts and types. Photographs are not to scale.

12. Catalog entries are provided in a numbered sequence that includes the most common known combinations of the
busts, types and legends. In addition, mintmarks and the occasional note unique to this listing will be entered after
the combination.

A listing that reads, for example, B1, O1, R05, T20 simply means that a coin is known with bust number 1,
obverse legend number one, reverse legend five and reverse type number 20. Leading zeroes are added where
necessary in order to make the headings line up and sort correctly. The numbers reset for the next ruler.

Where a coin has field markings in addition to the exergue a “/” will separate the field from the exergue. A coin
therefore that has an A in one of its reverse fields and XXX in the exergue will be described as A / XXX. If a coin
has field markings in both fields it might then read A / B / XXX. Where the arrangement may present confusion
additional comments will be provided.
 xvi
Mintmarks
For hundreds of years Rome kept a close eye on the output of its coins. As there were only a few mints operational at any
one time, with Rome itself reserving the lion‟s share of this output, quality control and accurate bookkeeping was a task
that the mint officials could handle without resorting to the practice of placing marks on the coins themselves to know what
was going on. However, near the latter half of the third century, the quality of the coins had suffered greatly under the
stress of inflation and a centralized system made for an impractical way of distributing the (cheaper) currency being made.
It was at this time that mintmarking really began to take hold and, within a few years, the process had become the most
intricate and methodical the world would ever witness.

Although silver and gold would eventually get some mint marks here and there it was the low value bronze denominations
which received full attention in this area. Oddly, down to the very last days before the fall of Rome even the sorriest little
copper would be duly impressed with the mark of its city of origin and, frequently, its officina as well.

The big idea therefore was for the government to keep track of who was making what and how much of it. Specie in gold
and silver had such tight controls that general accounting practices were generally sufficient to minimize corruption and
fraud. Copper coinage on the other hand was being produced on a very massive scale. Each mint each year may have
made hundreds of millions of coins and, not surprisingly, most were of the copper variety meant for general circulation.
This scale of manufacture would not be repeated again until the industrial age so a system for all those coins coming into
circulation was imperative.

The treasury‟s primary need in accounting was to make sure the correct number of coins were being made to pay off the
government‟s expenditures. Each mint was therefore bound to a number of rules that they were to follow both for
accounting as well as to ensure a supply of coins that were as seamless in terms of look and feel from one mint to the
next. Designs were therefore carefully coordinated between the various mints and for specific lengths of time. The
painstaking practice of ensuring that every single coin looked essentially identical from one end of the empire to the other
and a level of detail that dictated the precise, hyper-correct placement of individual letters and other design elements can
be considered as part of the quintessentially Roman way of precision engineering.

The very first mintmarks employed under the Roman imperial period usually consisted of cryptic symbols just meant to
reveal the city of origin. This practice was far from widespread and given the normal variances from region to region it is
now known without doubt that some coins were made in certain locations or at least general areas even without these
mintmarks based on stylistic differences alone. But these differences were much too subtle for administrators to bother
with. When the need presented itself the mint marking system was put into place and within a matter of a few years the
practice was more or less standardized across hundreds of thousands of square miles.

No sooner than explicit mint marks begin appearing that

identify each city of origin than it becomes necessary to
break it down further into individual series and, as noted
above, often the officinae involved too. A typical late
Roman bronze will often carry additional symbols that
reveal separate production runs.

Understanding this system is complex and their

meanings are not always universally agreed upon. But
generally speaking some conventions can be followed
with enough consistency that they soon become familiar
to the collector.

The first step then is to identify the name and location of

all these mints. The map on the following page identifies
the main ones in operation during the fourth and fifth centuries.
 xvii

In addition to the above locations, several other cities hosted mint operations during brief periods. Sometimes an emperor
on a war campaign chose to bring along these facilities to ensure a close eye on the soldiers‟ payroll. A partial list of minor
mints includes:

Ambianum – Amiens, France Palmyra – near Tadmur, Syria

Barcino – Barcelona, Spain Narbo Martius – Narbonne, France
Carnuntum – near Vienna, Austria Tarraco – Tarragona, Spain
Colonia Agrippinensis – Cologne, Germany Tripolis – Tripolis, Turkey
Laodiceia ad Mare – Laodikeia, Syria Viminacium – Kostolac, Yugoslavia
Ostia – near Rome, Italy

Now that we‟ve taken a brief overview of their names

and locations let‟s take a look at the mint marks
themselves.

The simplest type of mint mark just wants to identify its

city of mintage and the first thing to remember is that it
almost always will be located on the bottom of the
reverse of the coin. This area, typically delineated by a
line separating the design from the mintmark itself, is
called the exergue. This bronze coin belonging to
Constantius Gallus, a minor figure of the fourth century,
was minted in Sirmium given the readable string
ASIRM). The A and the dot would have provided an
administrator extra information useful in pinning down who was responsible for making the coin and at what approximate
time. One might consider how this level of detail has never to this day been found again and should give pause to wonder
just how meticulous these people were! In the meantime and for the purpose of cracking the system let us remember that
the mint city will be an abbreviation consisting of one to several letters and will usually be embedded with additional
symbols. Learning how they abbreviated their city names is usually the first step in recognizing where a particular coin was
made. Relatively few, unfortunately, are generous enough to spell out the first four letters of the city name like in this
example!

Barring the many exceptions that will be found, some forms of usage predominate:

Alexandria: ALE
Antioch: ANT or ANA
 xviii
Arles: A, ARL, CONS (after being renamed Constantia in the fourth century. To distinguish from Constantinople the
officina letter always precedes the CONS in Arles and always comes after the CONS for Constantinople issues)
Aquileia: AQ
Constantinople: CON or CONS
Cyzicus: K, KYZ or MKV
Heraclea: H, HT, HERACL or HERAC
London: L, ML or LON
Lugdunum (Lyons): LG or LVG
Nicomedia: N, NIC, NIKO
Rome: R or RF
Sirmium: SIRM
Siscia: SIS or SISC
Thessalonica: TES or TS
Ticinum: T
Trier: TR

Whenever possible, the above “keys” should be visually isolated from other symbols preceding or stuck on as suffixes.
Another very popular convention used was to use the form SMxy where x would be the 1- to 3-letter city code followed by
y, the officina. SM stood for Sacra Moneta (sacred mint).

The officina is simply and literally the office or internal department in charge of minting the coins. The physical building
that housed the machinery and staff for minting coins may have had up to a dozen or more simultaneously operating
officinae. Sometimes each officina would be given the task of dedicating its output to a certain design or emperor but more
typically they shared equally in the output. Each was therefore expected to stamp their coins with the signature of their
crew; all, again, for the sake of full accounting. The officinae were identified by a numbering system whose nomenclature
depended on their general location. Cities in the western half of the empire normally used an ordinal sequence where you
would have the first, second, third and so on officinae. This being Latin, they would have used the words prima, seconda,
tertia, qvarta, etc. They would then use the first letter of each ordinal along with the city code. For example, a coin from
Rome could have a mintmark RP (Roma Prima) which would indicate that it came from the first officina. Just as often you
could have the officina letter precede the city code so that a QA would indicate the fourth officina for Arles.

A logistic problem occurs when we arrive at the fifth officina, qvinta in Latin, because there is obviously no way to
distinguish between the Q for qvarta and qvinta. The Romans evidently didn‟t burn too many mental calories on this one
and in these cases just grabbed the fifth Greek alphabet letter E. On the rather rare instances where a sixth or greater
number officina was operating they resorted to using more Greek characters.

The eastern mint cities tend to use letters from the

Greek alphabet to accomplish the same task. The
sequence begins A, B, Γ, Δ, E, S, Z, H, Ө and I. They
can go further for series that were very popular, for
example a ΔE would be the sum of letter values 4 and
th
5 from the above sequence to arrive at the 9 officina.
Normally however only the first four to five letters were
used and, by the fifth century when fewer coins were
being made, it was usual to have only A and B
operating

Matters become trickier when unrelated symbols get

appended to these codes but the general form should
be recognizable as the ancillary symbols change
frequently from issue to issue while the relative
position of the city code and officina do so less often.
Where the collector comes across a coin with many
letters and symbols jumbled together it might well be
daunting to sort it all out but with increasing familiarity
with the system it is only a matter of time before a
casual glance will tell you all you need to know to
identify each coin... provided, of course, that the mintmark is still visible.
 xix

Pricing and Grading

Almost every coin collector is interested, if not obsessed, with the worth of their coins. Despite the occasional, overly-
serious numismatist admonishing the newer hobbyist in playing this down in favor of just learning and studying the coins
the truth is that it is an integral part of the fun of collecting. The collector therefore desperately needs a pricing guide to
know what to expect when adding or selling pieces from the collection.

I can‟t do that.

There are no shortage of pricing guides out there for ancient coins but the bitter truth is that they‟re all laughably
inaccurate and in the end up confusing more than giving real-world use. There are several reasons for this. Unlike the
case with modern coins there are no „population reports‟ to indicate how rare or common each coin type is in an absolute
sense. Over time, coins that were previously rare become less so thanks to new hoard discoveries and sometimes coins
that are temporarily plentiful vanish from the marketplace. Then there is the issue of where you buy and sell coins. An
exclusive dealer may list a given coin for several hundred dollars while another can offer the very same type for a $100
and you could spot the same on eBay for $50. It happens ALL the time.

In light of this there is little point in taking the trouble to give even a rough price range for each coin catalogued. Depending
on your personal level to stomach risk and how much research you want done on your behalf you will feel comfortable
shopping in a venue where prices should be more or less stable for that tier. This ultimately will be the true learning
grounds. However, this book at least notes general trends for each emperor and where possible further broken down by
the major denominations. This should hopefully be enough to spur the collector to do a little comparative research to
identify what is a bargain and what is clearly overpriced.

Every coin book geared towards the collector will repeat the mantra about grading and conservation and I will be pedantic
enough to repeat it here. It is an unwavering truism that conservation beats rarity in all but the most extreme cases. Unless
you have come across a major rarity assume that the worth of your coin will very largely depend on its visual appeal. An
ancient gold coin will in most cases look mint state or nearly so because it likely traded hands infrequently until it was lost.
Bronzes on the other hand range from the abominable to strikingly well preserved (but should never look coppery like
modern, untoned copper coins. This is an unequivocal indication of harsh cleaning!). Silver coins tend to be fairly well
preserved but will show the most wear since many of them traded for many decades.

A mint state coin will command a premium. The rule of thumb is that in coins beauty sells and rarity is only a secondary
factor in determining value. Of course, this “rule” applies only in a general sense. A rare coin be it for type or ruler WILL be
marketable assuming a decent state of preservation and the rarest types/rulers will stil be very sought even when poorly
preserved. However, a poorly preserved rather common coin will find almost no interest among your fellow collectors.

So what are the grading standards? Just as is the case with modern coins ancients are graded along much the same
lines. One can even get an ancient coin slabbed just like a modern coin and will carry a grade using the American grading
standard... a practice that finds quite little support among die-hard ancient coin enthusiasts. But this book does not
concern itself with grades for the simple reason that nowadays grading ancient coins is largely irrelevant. Unlike the mail
order catalogs of years gone by one typically buys a coin from a well-photographed coin today in a glossy color catalog,
the internet or on site at a coin show. There is therefore little need for a grade as such since the visual confirmation of
what you would be getting is infinitely more useful than the information conveyed by an assigned grade of questionable
value.

For what it‟s worth, let‟s examine what the general consensus is regarding grading:

Rather than waste time with an euphemistic grades of AG, G or VG, the lowest rung of collectible ancient Roman coins
are thankfully just described imperfect as they are. In most cases wear as such won‟t be the major issue with these coins
 xx
but rather unsightly toning, die cracks and/or other structural problems, or a bad case of corrosion. Coins with any but a
small part broken off are hardly ever worth anything on the market.

Those coins graded “fine” will be found to be essentially intact in terms of overall design but with a considerable portion of
its initial detail worn off or obscured by corrosion. This represents the bulk of ancient coins available today.

You would expect a Roman coin in Very Fine or VF condition to be overall problem-free and with all its major features
visible. Some wear and/or small imperfections are to be expected including coins that are slightly off-center.

An EF (extremely fine) coin is in practice the highest grade coin you can hope to come across. Excepting coins given the
holy-grail grade of FDC, see next, which probably no universal body of numismatists will agree on by the way, the EF coin
is as good as it gets. To achieve this grade it should have only a touch of wear (if not outright mint state), be well centered,
struck from new dies, be whole in every way and basically say “Hey, I‟m beautiful and perfect. Buy me”. It will be rare to
find a bona fide EF bronze.

FDC is French for Fleur de Coin, the ne plus ultra of the numismatic world. It‟s a term unfortunately much abused by both
the inexperienced and those of shaky morals who will indiscriminately give any coin the grade without a second thought,
often adding a few seemingly pre-requisite + or ! signs to drive home the point. Sigh. A real FDC coin needs no such
gimmicky hype for it should be instantly breathtaking and considered the very paradigm of that type. In fact, a purist will
say that by definition this excludes all bronzes by mere reason of their toning which, however attractive, has degraded
them from perfection. Whatever. It‟s ok to ignore any coin marketed as FDC that does not instantly dazzle.

In a sense, so long as you can rely on the picture, it‟s ok to ignore any assigned grade :-)
 xxi
Bibliography

R. A. G. Carson and J. P. C. Kent. Late Roman Bronze Coinage. New York: Sanford J. Durst, 1989.

Harold Mattingly and Edward A. Sydenham. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. I. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1923

C. H. V. Sutherland. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. 1. London: Spink and Son, 1984

Harold Mattingly and Edward A. Sydenham. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. II. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1926

Harold Mattingly and Edward A. Sydenham. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. III. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1930

Harold Mattingly, Edward A. Sydenham and C. H. V. Sutherland. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. IV pt. 1. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1936

Harold Mattingly, Edward A. Sydenham and C. H. V. Sutherland. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. IV pt. 2. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1938

Harold Mattingly, Edward A. Sydenham and C. H. V. Sutherland. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. IV pt. 2. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1949

Harold Mattingly, Edward A. Sydenham and Percy H. Webb. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. V pt. 1. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1927

Harold Mattingly, Edward A. Sydenham and Percy H. Webb. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. V pt. 2. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1933

C. H. V. Sutherland and R. A. G. Carson. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. VI. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1967

C. H. V. Sutherland and R. A. G. Carson. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. VII. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1966

J. P. C Kent. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. VIII. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1981

J. W. E. Pearce. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. IX. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1951

J. P. C Kent. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. X. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1994

David R. Sear. Byzantine Coins And Their Values. London: Seaby, Ltd., 1987

Reference Catalogs Cited

BMC British Museum Catalogue
Bastien Pierre Bastien
Le monnayage de l'atelier de Lyon : de la reóuverture de l'atelier par Aurélien à la mort de Carin
BN Catalogue de la Bibliothèque Nationale
C Henri Cohen Description Historique des Monnais Frappeés sous L‟Empire Romain
Calicó Xavier Calicó The Roman Avrei vols. I & II
Cr. Michael Crawford‟sRoman Republican Coinage
Depeyrot Georges Depeyrot Les monnaies d'or de Dioclétien à Constantin I (284-337)
Estiot Sylviane Estiot Ripostiglio della Venèra: Nuovo Catalogo Illustrato
Gnecchi Francesco Gnecchi Medaglioni Romani
Göbl Robert Göbl Moneta Imperii Romani
LRBC Late Roman Bronze Coinage
MIB W. Hahn Moneta Imperii Byzantini
Ratto Rodolfo Ratto Monnaies Byzantines
RIC The Roman Imperial Coinage vols. I - X
S David Sear Roman Coins and Their Values
SB David Sear Byzantine Coins and Their Values
Shiel Norman Shiel The Episode of Carausius and Allectus: The Literary and Numismatic Evidence
SNG British Academy Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum; various collections as noted
Tantalus The Tantalus Registry at http://www.tantaluscoins.com/index.php
Wildwinds The Wildwinds database at http://wildwinds.com/coins/ric/i.html
Vagi David Vagi Coinage and History of the Roman Empire Vol II
xxii
 1
Originally called Octavian, his name is today known simply as

Augustus Augustus which was the title given him by the Senate in the year
27 B.C. He was the grandnephew of Julius Caesar and was
following an illustrious military career when Caesar was murdered.
On hearing of this he set in motion a series of alliances meant to
Augustus 27 BCE -14 CE avenge his great-uncle's assassins. He recruited Lepidus and Marc
Antony for the task, defeated Brutus and his co-conspirators and
then carved up the Roman world among the three. Lepidus was thus left in control of the African provinces, Marc
Antony with Egypt and the eastern Octavian the rest including Rome itself. The Triumvirate as it was called was
unstable and they each began to plot against the other. Within a few years however Lepidus would be stripped of
his powers and Marc Antony would be defeated in a major battle. Antony and his wife Cleopatra then committed
suicide leaving Octavian as sole emperor. Octavian then became known and referred to by his title and went on to
rule the Roman Empire for another 40 years. He did this while cooperating with the Senate and to him Romans
owed much of the grandeur and influence that this empire became known for.

Busts:
The coinage of Augustus is extensive and complicated. In fact, his
1) Bare head left long reign straddles two numismatic periods, the so-called
2) Bare head right
3) Laureate head left Imperatorial and the Imperial with which this volume focuses on. The
4) Laureate head right Imperatorial period is itself a transitional time that fuses elements of
5) Radiate head left
6) Radiate head right
the former Republican coinage and the coming age of the emperors
with the biggest innovation being the engraving of portraits of living
a) Agrippa crowned head facing left on left and Augustus people on the obverse. Julius Caesar was first among these and
bare head right on right
b) Altar when coins started showing up in Rome with the face of the elderly
c) Apollo laureate head right dictator the outrage was so widespread that it helped solidify the
d) Branches (2)
e) Cippus reading SPQR / IMP CAE / QVODV / M SEX /
conspiracy that ultimately ended his life.
EAPQIS / ADADE
f) Cornucopia; S C across fields But the genie was out of the bottle. Even the self-proclaimed
g) Feronia diademed, draped bust right
h) Fortuna Victrix helmeted bust right, holding patera over defenders of the old Republic would henceforth find it increasingly
Fortuna Felix, diademed bust more acceptable to strike coins with their own likenesses on them.
i) Hands, in handshake, holding caduceus
j) Hercules diademed head right with club The practice proved so popular (to heads of state if not the populace
k) Honos head right at large) that it would continue all the way into modern times. While
l) Liber head right, wearing crown of Ivy leaves
m) Quadriga right
many countries today would find issuing coins with the portrait of a
n) Sol radiate head right sitting president or prime minister just as inappropriate as back in 44
o) Simpulum on left and Lituus on right B.C. in others it is considered normal and a stimulant to nationalistic
p) Venus diademed head right
q) Venus diademed, draped bust right pride, especially in countries with an active system of royalty.
r) Victory diademed bust right
s) Victory standing right on galley prow, holding wreath and
palm In any case, it is beyond the scope of this book to list the near-
t) Virtus helmeted, draped bust right endless amount of issues struck during the time of Augustus. This
u) Wreath, AVGVSTVS / TRIBVNIC / POTEST within
v) Wreath, OB above, CIVIS within, SERVATOS below
chapter will therefore list the various legends and types in longest
use and which are today most common in the market.
Obverses:
During the record 56 years the man known as Octavian, and then as
1) AVGVR PONTIF Augustus, ruled he had literally millions of handmade coins put into
2) AVGVS TR POT circulation. These ran the gamut from heavy silver and gold medals
3) AVGVST
4) AVGVST DIVI F LVDOS SAE issued for presentation purposes to foreign dignitaries and military
5) AVGVST TRIB POTEST commanders, forerunners of today’s proof issues, to ordinary gold,
6) AVGVSTVS
7) AVGVSTVS COS XI silver and copper denominations used to pay the armies and meant
8) AVGVSTVS DIVI F to be exchanged for goods on the marketplace as well as a
9) AVGVSTVS TR POT
10) AVGVSTVS TR POT VII convenient system of paying the state taxes owed. Of the former
11) AVGVSTVS TR POT VIII very, very few are left over today and it’s small wonder that on the
12) C ANTISTI VETVS III VIR few times they’re offered for sale the selling prices are measured in
13) C ANTISTIVS VETVS III VIR
14) C CAESAR COS PONT AVG the six digits. Among the latter many escaped the melting pot simply
15) C CAESAR III VIR R P C because they were lost prior to the point where they had become so
16) CAESAR
17) CAESAR / AVGVSTVS worn that they stopped being useful as money.
18) CAESAR AVG TR POTEST
19) CAESAR AVG TRIB POT
20) CAESAR AVG TRIB POTEST
Among these by far the most commonly available today is the series
21) CAESAR AVG TRIBVN POTES featuring Gaius and Lucius, the Caesars the aged Augustus
22) CAESAR AVG TRIBVNI POTES intended to succeed him. Usually found fairly worn or porous they
23) CAESAR AVG TRIBVNIC POTEST
24) CAESAR AVGV TRIB POTEST can be had for around $100 each. Mint-state examples can be
25) CAESAR AVGV TRIBVN POTES located but for about ten times that much.
26) CAESAR AVGVS TRIBVN POTEST 28) CAESAR AVGVST PONT MAX TRIBVNIC POT
27) CAESAR AVGVST 29) CAESAR AVGVST TRIB POTEST
 2
30) CAESAR AVGVST TRIBVN POTEST 59) IMP CAESAR AVGVS TR POT VIII
31) CAESAR AVGVST TRIBVNI POTEST 60) IMP CAESAR AVGVSTV
32) CAESAR AVGVSTVS 61) IMP CAESAR AVGVSTVS
33) CAESAR AVGVSTVS DIVI F PATER PATRIAE 62) IMP CAESAR DIVI F AVGVST COS VII
34) CAESAR AVGVSTVS TR POT 63) IMP CAESAR DIVI F AVGVSTVS IMP XX
35) CAESAR AVGVSTVS TRIBVNIC POTEST 64) IMP CAESAR DIVI F COS VI LIBERTATIS
36) CAESAR COS VI 65) IMP CAESAR DIVI F III VIR ITER R P C
37) CAESAR DIVI F COS VI 66) IMP CAESAR DIVI IVLI F
38) CAESAR DIVI F COS VII 67) IMP CAESAR TR POT IIX
39) CAESAR III VIR R P C 68) IMP CAISAR
40) CAESAR IMP PONT III VIR R P C 69) L AQVILLIVS FLORVS III VIR
41) CAESAR IMP VII 70) L CANINIVS GALLVS III VIR
42) CAESAR PONT MAX 71) L LENTVLVS FLAMEN MARTIALIS
43) CAESARI / AVGVSTO 72) L VINICIVS L F III VIR
44) CAESARI AVGVSTO 73) LAMIA SILIVS ANNIVS
45) CAISAR 74) M DVRMIVS III VIR
46) COM ASIAE 75) M DVRMIVS III VIR HONORI
47) COSSVS CN F LENTVLVS 76) P PETRON TVRPILIAN III VIR
48) COSSVS LENTVLVS M AGRIPPA COS TER 77) PVLCHER T AVRVS REGVLVS
49) DIVO AVGVSTO 78) Q RVSTIVS FORTVNA
50) DIVVS AVGVSTVS 79) SPQR CAESARI AVGVSTO
51) DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER 80) SPQR IMP CAESARI
52) GALLVS MESALLA III VIR 81) SPQR IMP CAESARI AVG COS XI TRI POT VI
53) III VIR AAA F F 82) TVRPILIANVS III VIR
54) IMP / DIVI F 83) TVRPILIANVS III VIR FERO
55) IMP AVGVST TR POT 84) TVRPILIANVS III VIR FERON
56) IMP CAESAR 85) No legend
57) IMP CAESAR AVG TR POT VIII
58) IMP CAESAR AVGVS TR POT IIX

Reverses:
1) A LICIN NERVA SILIAN III VIR AAA FF 57) IMP NERVA CAESAR AVGVSTVS REST
2) AEGVPT / CAPTA 58) IMP T CAES AVG RESTITVIT
3) AEGVPTO / CAPTA 59) IMP T VESP AVG REST
4) APRONIVS SISENNA AAA FF 60) IOVIS / TONANTIS
5) ASIA RECEPTA 61) L AQVILLIVS FLORVS III VIR
6) AVG F TR POT XV 62) L CANINIVS GALLVS III VIR
7) AVGVST 63) L MESCINIVS
8) AVGVSTI F COS DESIG PRINC IVVENT 64) L MESCINIVS RVFVS
9) AVGVSTVS 65) L MESCINIVS RVFVS III VIR
10) BALBVS PRO P R 66) L NAEVIVS SVRDINVS III VIR AAA FF
11) C ANTIST VETVS FOED P R CVM GABINVS 67) L SVRDINVS III VIR AAA FF
12) C ANTIST VETVS III VIR 68) L VINICIVS L F III VIR
13) C ANTISTIVS REGIN GABINIS 69) LENTVLVS FLAMEN MARTIALIS
14) C ANTISTIVS REGINVS 70) M AGRIPPA COS TER COS SVS LENTVLVS
15) C ASINIVS C F GALLVS III VIR AAA FF 71) M AGRIPPA PLATORINVS III VIR
16) C CAES 72) M ANT IMP AVG III VIR R P C M BARBA T Q P
17) C CAESAR DICT PERP PONT MAX 73) M ANT IMP AVG III VIR R P CL GELL Q P
18) C CASSIVS C F CELER III VIR AAA FF 74) M DVRMIVS
19) C CASSIVS CELER III VIR AAA FF 75) M MAECILIVS TVLLVS III VIR AAA FF
20) C CENSORINVS L F AVG III VIR AAA FF 76) M SALVIVS OTHO III VIR AAA FF
21) C GALLIVS C F LVPERCVS III VIR AAA FF 77) M SANQVINIVS III VIR
22) C GALLIVS LVPERCVS III VIR AAA FF 78) M SANQVINIVS Q F III VIR AAA FF
23) C MARCI L F CENSORIN AVG III VIR AAA FF 79) OB CIVIS / SERVATOS
24) C MARIVS C F TRO III VIR 80) P BETILIENVS BASSVS
25) C MARIVS TRO III VIR 81) P CARISI LEG
26) C N PISO C N F III VIR AAA FF 82) P CARISIVS / LEG / AVGVSTI
27) C N PISO C PLOT L SVRDIN 83) P CARISIVS AVGVSTI
28) C N PISO C PLOTIVS L SVRDIN 84) P CARISIVS LEG PRO P R
29) C N PISO L SVRDIN C PLOT RVF 85) P LICINIVS STOLO III VIR AAA FF
30) C PLOTIVS RVFVS III VIR AAA FF 86) P LVRIVS AGRIPPA III VIR AAA FF
31) C SVLPIC PLATORIN 87) P PETRON TVRPILIAN III VIR
32) C SVLPICIVS PLATORIN 88) P STOLO / III VIR
33) CAESAR / AVGVSTVS 89) P STOLO III VIR AAA FF
34) CAESAR AVGVSTVS 90) PLOTIVS RVFVS III VIR AAA FF
35) CAESAR AVGVSTVS SIGN RECE 91) PLVRIVS AGRIPPA III VIR AAA F F
36) CAESAR COS VI 92) PONTIF MAXIM
37) CAESAR COS VII CIVIBVS SERVATEIS 93) PONTIF MAXIM TRIBVN POT XXXIIII
38) CAESAR DIVI F 94) PRO VALETVDINE
39) CAESAR DIVI F ARME CAPT 95) Q AELIVS L F LAMIA III VIR AAA FF
40) CAESAR IMP VII 96) Q AELIVS LAMIA III VIR AAA FF
41) CAESARI AVGVSTO 97) Q SALVIVS IMP COS DES II
42) CIVIB ET SIGN MILIT A PART RECVP 98) QVOD / VIAE / MVN / SVNT
43) CIVIB ET SIGN MILIT A PART RECVPER 99) QVOD VIAE MVN SVNT
44) COL NEM 100) SEX NONIVS QVINCTILIAN III VIR AAA FF
45) CONSECRATIO 101) SIGNIS / PARTHIC / RECEPT
46) CONSENSV SENAT ET EQ ORDIN P Q R 102) SIGNIS / PARTHIC / RECEPTIS
47) COS / IMP CAESAR AVG / XI 103) SIGNIS / PARTHICIS / RECEPTIS
48) COS ITER ET TER DESIG 104) SIGNIS / RECEPTIS
49) CRISPINV AAA FF 105) SIGNIS PARTHICIS RECEPTIS
50) DIVA AVGVSTA 106) SP / QR
51) DIVVS IVLIVS 107) SPQR
52) FORTVN REDV / CAESARI AVG / SPQR 108) SPQR PARE / CONS SVO
53) III VIR AAA F 109) SPQR PAREN / CONS SVO
54) IMP / CAE SAR / DIVI F 110) SPQR PARENT / CONS SVO
55) IMP D CAES AVG RESTITVIT 111) SPQR PARENTI / CONS SVO
56) IMP NERVA CAES AVG REST 112) T CRISPINVS III VIR AAA FF
 3
113) T CRISPINVS SVLPICIAN III VIR AAA FF 121) TR POT XXV
114) T CRISPINVS SVLPICIANVS III VIR AAA FF 122) TR POT XXVII
115) T QVINCTI CRISPIN III VIR AAA FF 123) TR POT XXVIIII
116) T QVINCTIVS CRISPIN III VIR AAA FF 124) TR POT XXX
117) T QVINCTIVS CRISPINVS III VIR AAA FF 125) TR POT XXXI
118) TI CAESAR AVG F TR POT XV 126) VOLVSVS VALER MESSAL III VIR AAA FF
119) TI SEMPRONIVS GRACCVS III VIR AAA FF 127) VOT P SVSC PRO SAL ET RED I O M SACR
120) TVRPILIANVS III VIR 128) No legend

Types:
1) Agrippa crowned head right
2) Altar
3) Altar reading FOR RE
4) Apex with ancile on either side
5) Apollo standing left, holding pick and harp
6) Apollo standing left on platform, sacrificing over altar and holding lyre
7) Augustus advancing left, raising hand and holding spear
8) Augustus advancing right, raising hand and holding spear.
9) Augustus and Agrippa seated left on platform
10) Augustus driving two oxen right, holding whip
11) Augustus riding chariot pulled by two elephants left, holding palm and scepter
12) Augustus riding horse right on pedestal reading SPQR / IMP / CAES; city walls in background
13) Augustus riding quadriga right, holding branch.
14) Augustus seated left on platform reading LVD.S giving money to one of two citizens standing to left; bowl in lower center
15) Augustus seated left on platform, receiving branch from soldier
16) Augustus seated left on platform, receiving branches from two citizens.
17) Augustus seated left on platform; reaching for baby held by citizen to left
18) Augustus seated left, holding branch
19) Augustus seated left, holding Victory
20) Augustus seated right on platform, handing out coins to two citizens; vase on floor between them.
21) Augustus standing left, holding arm of kneeling Sicilia and shield
22) Augustus standing on right, resting hand on shield and placing star on Julius Caesar, holding Victory and scepter
23) Barbarian kneeling right, holding vexillum reading X
24) Boar standing right, impaled by spear
25) Branches (2)
26) Bull butting left
27) Bull butting right
28) Bull standing right
29) Caius and Lucius standing, facing, between them shield and spears with simpulum and lituus above.
30) Caius riding horse right, holding sword; legionary eagle with standard on either side to left and in background.
31) Capricornus advancing left, bearing cornucopia and globe
32) Capricornus advancing right, bearing cornucopia and globe
33) Capricornus advancing right, bearing globe
34) Club
35) Column on thunderbolt; Augustus standing atop
36) Column; Augustus standing left atop, holding scepter
37) Comet
38) Cornucopia; large S and C on either side.
39) Crescent, star above
40) Crocodile chained to palm tree with wreath atop
41) Crocodile standing right
42) Diana (Luna) advancing right, pullin arrow from quiver and holding bow
43) Diana (Luna) standing left, holding spear and bow; dog to left
44) Eagle standing facing on globe; large S and C on either side
45) Eagle standing left on globe
46) Flower, in bloom
47) Globe with rudder in front
48) Grain ears, tied
49) Herm on thunderbolt
50) Julius Caesar bare head right, comet above
51) Julius Caesar laureate head right
52) Julius Caesar standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and spear, being crowned with star by Augustus to right, holding shield.
53) Large SC
54) Legend M AGRIPPA COS / DESIG
55) Livia seated left, holding grain ears and torch.
56) Livia seated right, holding patera and scepter; large S and C to either side.
57) Livia seated right, holding scepter and branch
58) Marc Antony bare head right
59) Mars standing left, holding vexillum and parazonium.
60) Mercury seated right on rock, holding lyre
61) Neptune standing left, stepping on globe, holding apluster and trident
62) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia
63) Quadriga riding left
64) Quadriga riding right, carrying modius with grain ears
65) Quadriga riding right, carrying palm branch
66) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged)
67) Senate building (Curia Julia); architrave reading IMP CAESAR with Victory and statue on either side on roof
68) Shield
69) Shield reading CL.V
70) Shield reading CL.V, legionary eagle to left and standard to right; SPQR: letters arranged at each corner starting at top left.
71) Shield reading S.P.Q.R / CL.V
72) Sphinx crouching left.
73) Tarpeia buried to waist in shields, raising hands.
74) Temple with (4) columns, currus with legionary eagle within
75) Temple with (4) columns, Julius Caesar within and DIVO IVL on pediment above
76) Temple with (4) columns, Mars within, holding legionary eagle and standard.
77) Temple with (6) columns
 4
78) Temple with (6) columns, Jupiter standing within, holding thunderbolt and scepter
79) Temple with (6) columns, legionary eagle and two standards within
80) Temple with (6) columns, Mars within, holding legionary eagle and standard.
81) Thunderbolt
82) Tiberius bare head right
83) Tiberius riding quadriga right, holding scepter with eagle atop
84) Toga; legionary eagle to left and wreath to right
85) Triumphal arch; Augustus riding elephant biga right atop, being crowned by Victory
86) Triumphal arch; Augustus riding oncoming quadriga atop; IMP CAESAR on pediment
87) Triumphal arch; Augustus riding oncoming quadriga atop with Victory on either side
88) Triumphal arch; Augustus riding oncoming quadriga atop with Victory on either side and central arch reading SPQR / IMP CAE
89) Triumphal arch; Augustus riding quadriga right atop, being crowned by Victory to left
90) Trophy with spears and shield set on galley prow with rudder and anchor
91) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading SP / QR
92) Victory hovering right over shield reading CLV; column in background
93) Victory standing left on cippus, holding wreath and palm, snake on either side.
94) Victory standing left on galley prow, holding wreath and palm
95) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm
96) Victory standing on globe, facing, holding palm and trophy.
97) Victory standing on globe, facing, holding wreath and vexillum
98) Victory standing right on globe, holding branch and legionary eagle
99) Victory standing right on globe, holding torch and palm
100) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm
101) Victory standing right, crowning trophy
102) Victory standing right, holding wreath and palm.
103) Victory standing, facing, holding shield reading SPQR
104) Wreath
105) Wreath, AVGVSTO / OBCS within
106) Wreath, AVGVSTVS within
107) Wreath, CA in dotted circle within
108) Wreath, candelabrum within
109) Wreath, Capricornus advancing right, bearing cornucopia within.
110) Wreath, OB / CIVIS / SERVATOS within
111) Wreath, SC within
112) Wreath, shield reading SPQR / CLV within

Mints:

1) Antioch 5) Pergamum
2) Ephesus 6) Roma
3) Lugdunum 7) Spain
4) Nemausus

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B2, O03, R128, T099 RIC I 121, C 331

2) B2, O06, R128, T072 RIC I 511, C 334
3) B2, O08, R128, T016 Exe: IMP X RIC I 164a, C 132
4) B2, O08, R128, T027 Exe: IMP X RIC I 166a, BMC 450, C 136
5) B2, O08, R128, T042 Exe: SICIL and IMP XII across fields RIC I 196, BMC 489, C 171
6) B2, O08, R128, T043 Exe: SICIL and IMP X across fields RIC I 172, C 145
7) B2, O14, R017, T051 BMC 74
8) B2, O85, R128, T097 IMP CAESAR across fields RIC I 268, BMC 622, C 113
9) B4, O08, R016, T030 Exe: AVGVST RIC I 198, C 39
10) B4, O33, R006, T083 Exe: TI CAESAR RIC I 223, BMC 508, C 299
11) B4, O33, R008, T029 Exe: C L CAESARES RIC I 206, BMC 513, C 42
12) B4, O33, R092, T056 RIC I 219, BMC 544, C 222
13) B4, O58, R063, T014 Exe: AVG SVF P RIC I 350, C 466
14) Bd, O17, R128, T110 RIC I 206 (1st ed.), BMC 317
15) Bl, O82, R128, T105 RIC I 278, BMC 5, C 476

AR Tetradrachm

16) B2, O56, R009, T002 RIC I 482, C 33

17) B2, O56, R128, T048 AVGV STVS across fields RIC I 481, C 32b
18) B2, O56, R128, T048 AVGV STVS across rev. fields, lituus in front of bust in obv. RIC I 490, C 32a
19) B2, O56, R128, T109 AVGVSTVS under capricornus RIC I 480, C 16

AR Antoninianus (Posthumous)
20) B6, O49, R045, T002 RIC 78 (IViii, Trajan Decius)

AR Denarius
21) B1, O32, R104, T070 RIC I 86b, C 267
22) B1, O81, R043, T087 RIC I 132, C 85
23) B1, O85, R038, T100 CAESAR DIVI F across fields RIC I 254
24) B1, O85, R128, T095 CAESAR DIVI F across fields RIC I 255, C 64
25) B2, O06, R024, T065 Lituus behind obv. bust RIC I 399, C 456
26) B2, O06, R062, T023 RIC I 416, C 383
27) B2, O06, R069, T022 RIC I 415
28) B2, O08, R077, T050 RIC I 338, C 1
 5
29) B2, O08, R128, T005 Exe: ACT and IMP X across fields RIC I 171a, S 1611
30) B2, O08, R128, T015 Exe: IMP X RIC I 162a, C 131
31) B2, O08, R128, T016 Exe: IMP X RIC I 165a, S 1609
32) B2, O08, R128, T026 Exe: IMP X RIC I 169, C 141
33) B2, O08, R128, T027 Exe: IMP X RIC I 167a, S 1610
34) B2, O08, R128, T033 Exe: IMP XI RIC I 174
35) B2, O08, R128, T042 Exe: SICIL and IMP XII across fields RIC I 197a, C 172
36) B2, O08, R128, T043 Exe: SICIL and IMP XII across fields RIC I 182, C 168
37) B2, O09, R088, T004 RIC I 343, C 438
38) B2, O15, R010, T034 Legend is arranged vertically on either side of club Cr. 518/1
39) B2, O16, R007, T108 RIC I 540
40) B2, O16, R009, T028 RIC I 475, S 1593
41) B2, O32, R014, T066 RIC I 410, C 347
42) B2, O32, R031, T008 RIC I 406, C 529
43) B2, O32, R061, T021 Exe: SICIL RIC I 310, C 366
44) B2, O32, R061, T046 RIC I 309
45) B2, O32, R074, T025 Exe: III VIR RIC I 317, C 430
46) B2, O32, R079, T104 RIC I 40a
47) B2, O32, R079, T112 RIC I 79a, S 1626
48) B2, O32, R104, T070 RIC I 86a, S 1633
49) B2, O32, R106, T069 RIC I 43a
50) B2, O32, R120, T039 RIC I 300, C 495
51) B2, O32, R120, T073 RIC I 299, C 494
52) B2, O32, R128, T071 RIC I 42a, C 294
53) B2, O32, R128, T076 RIC I 74a
54) B2, O32, R128, T103 RIC I 93, C 283
55) B2, O32, R128, T110 RIC I 77a, C 208
56) B2, O36, R003, T041 RIC I 275a, C 2
57) B2, O39, R097, T081 Cr. 523/1a
58) B2, O40, R072, T058 Lituus behind rev. bust Cr. 517/1
59) B2, O40, R073, T058 S 1504
60) B2, O58, R012, T006 RIC I 366, C 343
61) B2, O65, R048, T066 Cr. 538/1
62) B2, O65, R048, T075 Cr. 540/2
63) B2, O66, R128, T054 Cr. 534/3
64) B2, O79, R099, T089 RIC I 144, C 233
65) B2, O79, R127, T058 RIC I 148, C 325
66) B2, O81, R042, T087 RIC I 136
67) B2, O85, R038, T062 RIC I 252, C 69
68) B2, O85, R054, T068 RIC I 543a, C 126
69) B2, O85, R128, T031 Exe: AVGVSTVS RIC I 128
70) B2, O85, R128, T032 Exe: AVGVSTVS RIC I 126, S 1592
71) B2, O85, R128, T049 IMP CAESAR across fields RIC I 269a, C 114
72) B2, O85, R128, T060 CAESAR DIVI F across fields RIC I 257, S 1550, C 61
73) B2, O85, R128, T067 RIC I 266, C 122
74) B2, O85, R128, T077 RIC I 472, C 182
75) B2, O85, R128, T086 RIC I 267, C 123
76) B2, O85, R128, T088 Exe: L VINICIVS RIC I 359, C 544
77) B2, O85, R128, T090 IMP CAESAR across fields RIC I 265, C 119
78) B3, O32, R051, T037 DIVVS IVLIVS across fields RIC I 37b, C 98
79) B3, O44, R107, T062 RIC I 113b, C 277a
80) B4, O08, R016, T030 Exe: AVGVS F RIC I 199, C 40
81) B4, O08, R128, T017 Exe: IMP XIIII RIC I 201a, C 133
82) B4, O08, R128, T027 Exe: IMP XII RIC I 176
83) B4, O32, R051, T037 DIVVS IVLIVS across fields RIC I 37a, C 98
84) B4, O32, R070, T001 RIC I 414
85) B4, O32, R128, T092
86) B4, O33, R006, T083 Exe: TI CAESAR RIC I 222, C 301
87) B4, O33, R008, T029 Exe: C L CAESARES RIC I 207, C 43
88) B4, O33, R092, T057 RIC I 220, C 223
89) B4, O33, R118, T082 RIC I 226, C 2
90) B4, O44, R128, T074 SP QR across fields RIC I 119, C 279
91) B4, O44, R128, T079 MAR VLT across fields RIC I 105a, S 1623
92) B4, O85, R033, T025 RIC 32a
93) B4, O85, R128, T019 IMP CAESAR across fields, thunderbolt behind obv. Bust RIC I 270, C 116
94) Bc, O85, R128, T010 Exe: IMP CAESAR RIC I 272, C 117
95) Bc, O85, R128, T036 CAESAR DIVI F across fields RIC I 271, S 1559
96) Be, O72, R128, T012 RIC I 362
97) Bg, O84, R035, T023 RIC I 288, C 484
98) Bh, O78, R041, T003 Exe: EX SC, Obv. Exe: ANTIAT RIC I 322, S 1605
99) Bk, O74, R009, T011 RIC I 311, C 427
100) Bl, O74, R035, T023 RIC I 314, C 433b
101) Bm, O43, R108, T084 RIC I 99, C 78b
102) Bm, O85, R109, T084 RIC I 100, C 80
103) Bn, O69, R034, T064 RIC I 303, C 357
104) Bp, O85, R038, T008 CAESAR DIVI F across fields RIC I 253
105) Bp, O85, R128, T007 CAESAR DIVI F across fields RIC I 251, C 70
106) Bq, O12, R047, T066 RIC I 367, C 348
107) Br, O85, R128, T061 CAESAR DIVI F across fields RIC I 256, C 60
108) Bs, O85, R128, T013 Exe: IMP CAESAR RIC I 264
109) Bt, O69, R009, T011 RIC I 301, C 354

AR Quinarius

110) B2, O03, R081, T101 RIC I 1a

111) B2, O16, R128, T094 RIC I 474, S 1643
112) B2, O41, R005, T093 RIC I 276, S 1568
 6
rd
Note: The entire bronze coinage series until the mid-3 century normally features an S and C across the reverse
fields of each coin which stand for Senatus Consulto, “By authority of the Senate”. To avoid repetition these will be
omitted but may be assumed to be present unless otherwise noted.

AE Sestertius Reference(s)
113) B2, O06, R128, T107 RIC I 501, C 570
114) Bv, O85, R015, T053 RIC I 370
115) Bv, O85, R066, T053 RIC I 383
116) Bv, O85, R078, T053 RIC I 341, C 520
117) Bv, O85, R085, T053 RIC I 345, C 441

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)
118) B4, O50, R057, T053 RIC 136 (II, Nerva), C 570

AE Dupondius
119) B3, O28, R076, T053 RIC I 429, C 518
120) Ba, O54, R044, T041 RIC I 155, C 7
121) Bu, O85, R015, T053 RIC I 372, S 1659
122) Bu, O85, R019, T053 RIC I 375, C 408
123) Bu, O85, R078, T053 RIC I 342, S 1666
124) Bu, O85, R089, T053 RIC I 347, C 440

AE Dupondius (Posthumous)
125) B5, O50, R046, T018 RIC 56 (I, Caligula), S 1811, C 87
126) B5, O50, R050, T055 RIC 101 (I, Claudius)
127) B5, O51, R059, T091 RIC 189 (II, Titus)
128) B5, O51, R128, T111 RIC 79 (I, Tiberius), S 1787
129) B6, O50, R056, T047 Exe: SC RIC 131 (I, Nerva), C 568

AE As
130) B1, O28, R076, T053 RIC I 432, S 1686
131) B1, O28, R091, T053 RIC I 428
132) B1, O63, R093, T053 RIC I 471, S 1689
133) B2, O16, R009, T106 RIC I 486
134) B2, O28, R075, T053 RIC I 435
135) B2, O28, R091, T053 RIC I 427
136) B4, O42, R128, T002 Exe: ROM ET AVG RIC I 230

AE As (Posthumous)

137) B2, O50, R056, T002 Exe: SC RIC 133 (II, Nerva), C 566
138) B5, O51, R055, T045 RIC 156 (II, Domitian), C 562
139) B5, O51, R058, T045 RIC 198 (II, Titus)
140) B5, O51, R128, T002 Exe: PROVIDENT RIC 81 (I, Tiberius), S 1789, C 228
141) B5, O51, R128, T044 RIC 82 (I, Tiberius), S 1790
142) B5, O51, R128, T056 RIC 72 (I, Tiberius)
143) B5, O51, R128, T081 Large S C across fields RIC 83 (I, Tiberius)

AE Quadrans
144) Bb, O52, R004, T053 RIC I 447, S 1701
145) Bb, O53, R080, T053 RIC I 465
146) Bf, O73, R053, T038 RIC I 422, S 1695
147) Bf, O77, R053, T002 RIC I 425, C 415
148) Bo, O73, R053, T053 RIC I 421, S 1694
 7
Augustus Busts
 8
Augustus Types
 9
Augustus Types (continued)
 10
Augustus Types (continued)
 11

Livia was the mother of Tiberius and grandmother of

Livia Claudius. She married at the age of 15 and was forced
to get a divorce a year or two later to marry Octavian
instead. After her death at 87 she was consecrated by
58 BCE – 29 CE Claudius.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right Livia’s coins are known only in bronze, were struck
2) Veiled head right posthumously and are all fairly rare. Any well preserved
a) Carpentum led by two mules right
coin may be expected to cost a few hundred dollars with
b) Carpentum led by quadriga right superb specimens being so rare as to defy realistic
pricing.
Obverses:
1) IVSTITIA
2) PIETAS
3) SALVS AVGVSTA
4) SPQR / IVLIAE AVGVST
5) SPQR / IVLIAE / AVGVST
6) No legend

Reverses:

1) DRVSVS CAESAR TI AVGVSTI F TR POT ITER

2) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVG TR POT XXIIII
3) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVST PM TR POT XXIIII
4) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVST PM TR POT XXXVII

Type:

1) Large SC

Mint:

1) Roma

AE Dupondius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R2, T1 RIC 46 (I, Tiberius), C 4

2) B1, O3, R2, T1 RIC 47 (I, Tiberius), C 5
3) B2, O2, R1, T1 RIC 43 (I, Tiberius), C 1
4) Ba, O4, R3, T1 RIC 50 (I, Tiberius)
5) Ba, O5, R3, T1 RIC 51 (I, Tiberius), C 6
6) Bb, O6, R4, T1 RIC 60 (I, Tiberius), C 66

Livia Busts Livia Type

 12

Lifelong friend of Augustus, Agrippa was also his most

Agrippa able and trustworthy general. In return for his friendship
Augustus had him marry his only daughter, Julia, to him.

b.63 – d.12 BCE

Bust:
In coins, Agrippa is represented by only one
1) Head left wearing rostral crown.
obverse and reverse type and all of these
are posthumous As issues with the main
Obverse: strikings apparently falling under the three-
year reign of Caligula; a half century after
1) M AGRIPPA L F COS III his death!

Reverses: Fortunately, these Asses are quite common

and may often be found for as little as $10
1) IMP T VESP AVG REST
2) IMP D AVG REST on the Internet and coin shows’ “junk bins”.
3) No legend However, nicely preserved specimens will
cost considerably more.
Type:

1) Neptune standing left, holding dolphin and trident.

Mint:

1) Roma

AE As (Posthumous) Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC 457 (II, Domitian)
2) B1, O1, R3, T1 RIC 58 (I, Caligula), BMC 161 (Tiberius), C 3
 13
Drusus was an able and widely admired general and

Nero Claudius Drusus privately favored by Augustus as his successor.

However, he died from an accident leaving his
brother Tiberius as the most eligible candidate. He
was also the father of the future emperor Claudius.
38 – 9 BCE

Nero Claudius Drusus never saw a coin with his name and
Busts: portrait. In fact, it took half a century after his death before
this honor was conferred by his son when he became
1) Bare head left emperor.
2) Laureate head left
3) Laureate head right
During Roman times the striking of coins honoring dead
Obverses: rulers was a relatively short affair. After all, each coin that
did so was one that was not honoring the present ruler.
1) NERO CLAVD DRVSVS GERMANICVS IMP Thanks to this, coins for this long dead general are few and
2) NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS far between. The most common among these are Sestertii
3) NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GERMANICVS IMP
that tend to come to market in marginal condition. Even so
Reverses: they tend to command stiff prices.

1) DE GERMANIS Next up, insofar as usual looks are concerned at least, are
2) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII
3) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TR P IMP his scarce Denarii a sample of which can sometimes be
4) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TR P IMPPP found for $500-$1,500 depending on quality. Regardless of
5) No legend
your budget, don’t hold your breath waiting on a mint state
Types: specimen.

1) Claudius seated left, holding branch, weapons on floor

2) Legend SC
3) Shields (2), crossed, over vexillum and spears
4) Triumphal arch reading DE GERM; statue of Claudius riding horse right, holding scepter and two trophies with seated captives on either side above
5) Triumphal arch reading DE GERMANIS; statue of Claudius riding horse left and two trophies above

Mints:
1) Caesarea Cappadociae
2) Roma

AU Aureus (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B2, O3, R5, T5 RIC 71 (I, Claudius), C 3

AR Denarius (Posthumous)

2) B2, O3, R1, T3 RIC 74 (I, Claudius), C 6

3) B2, O3, R5, T4 RIC 70 (I, Claudius), C 2

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

4) B1, O3, R3, T1 Exe: SC RIC 93 (I, Claudius)

5) B1, O3, R4, T1 Exe: SC RIC 109 (I, Claudius), C 8

Nero Claudius Drusus Busts Nero Claudius Drusus Types

 14
The father of Caligula, brother of Tiberius and stepson
Germanicus of Augustus, Germanicus held an enviable imperial
pedigree. He was an able and loved general who had
the rare Augustan traits of moderation and leadership
b.15 BCE - d.19 CE without excess. Even though Augustus appointed
Tiberius emperor he far preferred the qualities of
Germanicus and left plans in place to ensure that he
stayed in the limelight and perhaps succeed Tiberius. Unfortunately, his popularity grew to such an extent that
Tiberius became jealous for he knew that it would take little arm-twisting from the part of Germanicus to mount a
coup that would probably end in his deposing. Tiberius's worries would be laid to rest however when Germanicus
died suddenly and unexpectedly of a mysterious illness, possibly the effects of poisoning.

Busts:
All the coins for Germanicus were made posthumously.
1) Bare head left. First Caligula seems to have given him a short run of
2) Bare head right Drachms, coins meant for commerce in the eastern-
a) Germanicus riding quadriga right, holding scepter most provinces. After that he and then Claudius kicked
it into high gear and flooded the Roman markets
Obverses: everywhere with a series of Dupondii and Asses. Some
decades later Titus, and then Domitian, also honored
1) GERMANICVS / CAESAR the beloved “founding father”.
2) GERMANICVS C CAESAR AVG
3) GERMANICVS CAES TI AVG F COS II Γ M
4) GERMANICVS CAES TI AVGV COS II Γ M Many of these big copper coins are sold by dealers
5) GERMANICVS CAESAR TI AVG F DIVI AVG N today and, depending mostly on condition, will cost
6) GERMANICVS CAESAR TI AVGVST F DIVI AVG N
7) GERMANICVS CES TI AVGV COS II Γ M anywhere from a few dollars each for the barely
recognizable ones to many hundreds for those rare
Reverses: ones that look as if they were minted a week ago.
1) ARTAXIAS GERMANICVS
2) C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT
3) C CAESAR DIVI AVG PRON AVG PM TR POT III PP
4) C CAESAR DIVI AVG PRON AVG PM TR POT IIII PP
5) D CAES DIVI VESP F AVG REST
6) DIVVS AVGVSTVS
7) GERMANICVS CAESAR TI AVGVST F DIVI AVG N
8) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM
9) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG REST
10) IMPERATOR PONT MAX AVG TR PONT
11) SIGNIS RECEPT / DEVICTIS GERM
12) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P IMP PP

Types:
1) Augustus radiate head left
2) Germanicus standing left, raising hand and holding scepter with eagle atop.
3) Letters SC
4) Letters SC; legend reading TR P PP COS VIII RESTITV inside of outer legend.
5) Letters SC; legend reading TR P PP COS VIII RESTITVIT inside of outer legend.
6) Neptune standing left, holding trident and dolphin
7) Sacrificial implements: simpulum and lituus.

Mints:

1) Caesarea Cappadociae
2) Roma

AR Cistophoric Drachm (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B2, O2, R10, T7 RIC 63 (I, Caligula)

AE Dupondius (Posthumous)

2) Ba, O1, R11, T2 RIC 56 (I, Caligula)

AE As

3) B1, O6, R02, T3 RIC 35 (I, Caligula)

4) B1, O6, R03, T3 RIC 43 corrected (I, Caligula)
5) B1, O6, R04, T3 RIC 50 (I, Claudius), C 4
6) B1, O6, R09, T3 RIC 228 (II, Titus)
7) B2, O5, R12, T3 RIC 106 (I, Claudius), C 9
 15
Germanicus Busts

Germanicus Types

Mother of Caligula.
Agrippina I
c.14 BCE - d.33 CE

Bust: In coins, Agrippina is one of the few, if not the only,

empress posthumously honored by no less than
1) Draped bust right
three different emperors. And all of these can be
considered fairly rare, blue-ribbon items today.
Obverses:

1) AGRIPPINA M F GERMANICI CAESARIS While it’s conceivable that a beaten up Sestertius

2) AGRIPPINA M F MAT C CAESARIS AVGVSTI could be found for under $100 it would be a poor
excuse of a coin indeed. One you wouldn’t mind
Reverses: showing off will easily cost several hundred dollars
and you may have to wait a while before the
1) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII REST
2) MEMORIAE / AGRIPPINAE opportunity comes up. Showroom condition
3) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P IMP PP Sestertii, almost regardless of emperor or empress,
cost in the thousands of dollars so a top grade rarity
Types: such as Agrippina can be expected to cost that
much more.
1) Carpentum pulled left by two mules.
2) Legend SC

Mint:
1) Roma

AE Sestertius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T2 RIC 231 (II, Titus), C 4

2) B1, O1, R3, T2 RIC 102 (I, Claudius), C 3
3) B1, O2, R2, T1 SPQR above RIC 55 (I, Caligula), C 1
 16
Agrippina I Bust

Tiberius served as a general during several conquests under

Tiberius Augustus. Although Augustus was his step-father, the emperor
intended for his successor to be his friend Agrippa. However,
because Agrippa, and later his own adopted sons, died while
Augustus 14-37 Augustus was still in power he finally (and reluctantly) settled on
Tiberius. Whether he felt like second fiddle or not is left to
speculation but what is for certain is that, unlike Augustus, he
retained an uneasy relationship with the Senate and one which would eventually see him "divorcing" himself from
its day-to-day business by his self-imposed exile to the island of Capri.

In the beginning Tiberius ruled wisely and competently. He conferred with the Senate constantly and presented
himself as a hardworking advocate of the people. But soon he became cynical after the flattery of Senators and
rumors of betrayal. It was at this point that he quickly descended into a bitter and reclusive old man and then
retired to Capri for the remainder of his life. While deathly ill and advanced in age, Caligula had him smothered
with his own bed sheets... lest Tiberius decide to change his mind about naming him his successor.

Busts:
The coins of Tiberius are rather boring in their unimaginative
1) Bare head left use of just a handful of types for almost two decades straight.
2) Bare head right
3) Laureate head left The Denarii have become known worldwide as the “tribute
4) Laureate head right penny” which is mentioned in the Bible. This is somewhat
a) Tiberius seated left, holding patera and scepter
controversial considering the coin had probably not seen wide
circulation throughout the middle east until after Jesus’s
Obverses: crucifixion but it is at least plausible that they did to some
extent along with the more established Denarii of Augustus
1) CIVITATIBVS ASIA RESTITVTIS and other silver coins of the region.
2) TI CAES AVG PM TR P XXXIV
3) TI CAES AVG PM TR P XXXV
4) TI CAESAR AVGVST F IMPERAT V Whether appropriately called or not the Tribute Penny is easily
5) TI CAESAR AVGVST F IMPERATOR V available today starting at a bit over $100 for a shopworn
6) TI CAESAR AVGVSTVS
7) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVG PONT MAX specimen and climbing up to about $250-$300 for a nice one.
8) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVST IMP VII The same type is also available as an Aureus for beaucoup
9) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVST IMP VIII bucks but, then again, they never were just a penny either.
10) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS
11) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS
12) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS IMP VII Bronzes are much more varied when it comes to types and are
13) TI CAESAR DIVI AVGVST F IMPERAT V
14) TI CAESAR DIVI AVGVST F IMPERAT VII again widely available though unfortunately a majority will not
15) TI CAESAR DIVI AVGVSTI F AVGVSTVS be prime examples. The typical coin will be moderately worn,
16) TI CAESAR DIVI AVGVSTI F IMPERATOR V
17) TI DIVI F AVGVSTVS
porous and have only a part of its legends readable but need
18) No legend not cost more than around $100; of course, as overall coin
appeal rises so will the numbers in the price tag.
Reverses:
1) CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVST PM TR POT XXIIII
2) CLEMENTIAE
3) DIVOS AVGVST DIVI F
4) DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER
5) DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER PATRIAE
6) DRVSVS CAES TI AVG F COS II P IT
7) DRVSVS CAES TI AVG F COS II TR P
8) DRVSVS CAES TI AVG F COS TR P IT
9) IMP D CAES DIVI VESP AVG REST
10) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP AVG REST
11) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM
12) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG REST
13) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG RESTITVTIT
14) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVGVST
15) MODERATIONI
 17
16) MODERATIONIS 34) TR POT XXII
17) PONT MAXIM COS III IMP VII TR POT XXI 35) TR POT XXIIII
18) PONT MAXIM COS III IMP VII TR POT XXII 36) TR POT XXV
19) PONTIF AVGVST 37) TR POT XXVI
20) PONTIF MAX TR POT XXXIIX 38) TR POT XXVII
21) PONTIF MAX TR POT XXXVI 39) TR POT XXVIII
22) PONTIF MAX TR POT XXXVII 40) TR POT XXVIIII
23) PONTIF MAXIM 41) TR POT XXX
24) PONTIF MAXIM TRIBVN POTEST XVII 42) TR POT XXXI
25) PONTIF MAXIM TRIBVN POTEST XXII 43) TR POT XXXII
26) PONTIF MAXIM TRIBVN POTEST XXIIII 44) TR POT XXXIII
27) PONTIF MAXIM TRIBVN POTEST XXXVI 45) TR POT XXXIIII
28) PONTIF MAXIM TRIBVN POTEST XXXVII 46) TR POT XXXV
29) PONTIFEX TRIBVN POTESTATE XII 47) TR POT XXXVI
30) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVST PM TR POT XXXVI 48) TR POT XXXVII
31) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F IMP VIII 49) TR POT XXXVIII
32) TR POT XVI 50) No legend
33) TR POT XX

Types:

1) Altar; two Victories standing on columns on either side, facing each other.
2) Augustus bare head right, star above
3) Augustus laureate head right, star above.
4) Augustus radiate head left, star above.
5) Caduceus, winged
6) Cornucopiae (2), crossed over winged caduceus and two branches.
7) Drusus, bare head left.
8) Large SC
9) Legend TR P PP COS VIII RESTITVIT within outer legend.
10) Livia seated right, holding patera and scepter.
11) Livia seated right, holding scepter and branch
12) Pax seated right, holding spear and branch
13) Rudder on globe over large globe.
14) Tiberius bare headed, facing bust on shield decorated with doily-like lacework and outer wreath.
15) Tiberius laureate, facing bust within wreath on shield rimmed with dots and branches.
16) Tiberius riding quadriga right, holding branch and scepter with eagle atop.
17) Victory seated right on globe, holding wreath with both hands
18) Wreath, PONTIF / MAX within

Mints:
1) Caesarea Cappadociae
2) Commagene
3) Lugdunum
4) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B4, O11, R23, T11 RIC I 25, BMC 30, C 15

AR Denarius

2) B4, O11, R03, T03

3) B4, O11, R23, T11 RIC I 28
4) B4, O11, R32, T16 Exe: IMP VII RIC I 2
5) B4, O11, R33, T16 Exe: IMP VII RIC I 4

AE Sestertius
6) B1, O15, R16, T01 Exe: ROM ET AVG RIC 240 (I, Augustus), C 28
7) B3, O15, R16, T01 Exe: ROM ET AVG RIC 241b (I, Augustus), C 30
8) B4, O13, R16, T01 Exe: ROM ET AVG RIC 246 (I, Augustus)
9) Ba, O01, R01, T08 RIC I 48, C 3

AE Dupondius
10) B4, O09, R17, T06 RIC I 90
11) B4, O13, R15, T01 Exe: ROM ET AVG RIC 236a (I, Augustus)

AE As
12) B1, O09, R12, T08 RIC 211 (II, Titus), C 73
13) B1, O09, R26, T08 RIC I 44
14) B1, O14, R24, T10 RIC I 34
15) B3, O09, R20, T13 RIC I 64
16) B3, O09, R28, T05 RIC I 59
17) B3, O09, R28, T05 RIC I 65, C 22
 18

Tiberius Busts

Tiberius Types

Son of Tiberius who was murdered (by poisoning) by his

Drusus wife Livilla in league with a plot by the traitorous

Sejanus.

13 BCE – 23 CE

Busts:

1) Bare head left

a) Crossed cornucopiae, winged caduceus within; heads of Drusus’ children atop cornucopiae

Obverses: Although many low-end bronzes exist that are sold for
only a few dollars each, those that are easily
1) DRVSVS CAESAR TI AVG F DIVI AVG N attributable and have good eye appeal are rather
2) No legend
pricey.
Reverses:
The Asses are the most common and tend to cost
1) DRVSVS CAESAR TI AVG F DIVI AVG N PONT TR POT II around $100-$300 for a presentable specimen, The
2) IMP D CAES DIVI VESP F AVG REST
3) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG REST
Sestertii are much rarer and, given the unusual design
4) PONTIF TRIBVN POTEST ITER of heads-on-cornucopiae, are much more expensive.

Types: Another commemorative series of Asses were issued

under Titus and Domitian and these are also rare.
1) Larrge SC
2) Neptune standing left, holding trident and dolphin
 19
Mint:

1) Roma

AE Sestertius Reference(s)
1) Ba, O2, R1, T1 RIC 42 (I, Tiberius), C 1

AE As
2) B1, O1, R4, T1 RIC 45 (I, Tiberius)

AE As (Posthumous)
3) B1, O1, R3, T1 RIC 216 (II, Titus)

Drusus Busts

Daughter of Augustus and mother of Claudius.

Antonia
36 BCE - 37 CE

Busts:
Without question these are among the more difficult coins
1) Bare headed, draped bust right to find from the era. Antonia was one of several personages
2) Grain crowned, draped bust right
in Claudius’s lineage to be honored posthumously and none
Obverse: of these are very plentiful.

1) ANTONIA AVGVSTA Still, enough Dupondii have come down through the ages
that they may be found frequently enough. A so-so
Reverses: specimen may cost around $100 with nice ones up to about
$1,000.
1) CONSTANTIAE AVGVSTI
2) SACERDOS DIVI AVGVSTI
3) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TR P IMP Denarii are scarcer but not unheard of. When available they
4) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TR P IMP PP are usually worn and/or with problems. But even so they
remain marketable and sought after.
Types:
1) Claudius standing left, holding simpulum and scroll
2) Constantia standing, facing, holding staff with torch atop and cornucopia.
3) Torches (2), lit and tied together with a ribbon.

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R1, T2 RIC 65 (I, Claudius), C 1

2) B2, O1, R2, T3 RIC 67 (I, Claudius), C 4

AR Denarius (Posthumous)
3) B2, O1, R1, T2 RIC 66 (I, Claudius), C 2
4) B2, O1, R2, T3 RIC 68 (I, Claudius), C 5
 20
AE Dupondius (Posthumous)

5) B1, O1, R3, T1 RIC 92 (I, Claudius), C 6

6) B1, O1, R4, T1 RIC 104 (I, Claudius)
Antonia Busts

Caligula's real name was Gaius Caesar but earned the nickname
Caligula with which he is known by from the type of army boots he wore
during childhood. One of the most enigmatic Roman emperors, the
early part of his career had him start out as an ordinary and
Augustus 37-41 modest man. His granduncle Tiberius had wished Caligula along
with Gemellus (Caligula's cousin) to be joint emperors. Instead,
Caligula adopted him but never gave him any official role. At some
point Caligula underwent a transformation, supposedly after an illness that transformed him into a maniacal and
cruel person. As seen on the erotic movie of the same name, Caligula would take joy in perverse and sadistic acts
that often ended in the murder of innocent people. He also made no subtleties for his hatred of the Senate, the
members of which were objects of his ridicule (or worse). It was only a matter of time before a conspiracy was
hatched and he was murdered.

Busts: Caligula is a tough emperor to score. Silver and gold coins

1) Bare head left are quite rare and expensive. The picture improves
2) Bare head right considerably for bronzes of which there are many and
3) Laureate head left
4) Laureate head right abundance keeps prices in check. But, and this is a big
“but”, these bronzes, the affordable ones, are usually pretty
a) Large SC rottenly preserved.
b) Pietas seated left, holding patera
c) Pileus; S C across fields
Far and away the most common of these are the copper
Obverses: Asses featuring a Vesta reverse with the goddess seated
left and holding a patera. Typically, they are found with a
1) C CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR POT million little potmarks and other blights of corrosion. Those
2) C CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR POT COS
3) C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS that look especially horrible, yet still undeniably attributable,
4) C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PM TR POT can be had for maybe just $20 or so. A hundred dollars
5) C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT
6) C CAESAR AVG PON M TR POT III COS III buys you the same thing but significantly more presentable.
7) C CAESAR AVG PON M TR POT IIII COS IIII And then a jewel of a bronze will set you back, say, $500
8) C CAESAR DIVI AVG PRON AVG
9) C CAESAR DIVI AVG PRON AVG PM TR P III PP
which is still only entry-level territory for a Denarius.
10) C CAESAR DIVI AVG PRON AVG PM TR P IIII PP

Reverses:
1) ADLOCVT / COH
2) AGRIPPINA DRVSILLA IVLIA
3) AGRIPPINA MAT C CAES AVG GERM
4) DIVVS AVG PATER PATRIAE
5) GERMANICVS CAES P C CAES AVG GERM
6) IMPERATOR PONT MAX AVG TR POT
7) NERO ET DRVSVS CAESARES
8) PM TR POT COS
9) PM TR POT IIII
10) PON M TR P III PP COS DES III
11) PON M TR P IIII PP COS QVAT
12) PON M TR P IIII PP COS TERT
13) SPQR / PP / OB CIVES / SERVATOS
14) SPQR / PP / OB CS
15) VESTA
16) No legend
 21
Types:

1) Agrippina I draped bust right

2) Augustus radiate head right
3) Augustus radiate head right; star on either side.
4) Caligula standing left on platform, raising hand, facing five soldiers to left
5) Caligula standing left, sacrificing over altar; attendant with sacrificial bull to left, another to right, holding patera. Temple with six columns in background.
6) Caligula’s sisters Agrippina, Drusilla and Julia standing, facing, each holding a cornucopia; Drusilla also holding patera.
7) Germanicus bare head right
8) Large RCC
9) Nero and Drusus each riding a horse right
10) Simpulum and lituus
11) Vesta seated left, holding patera and scepter.
12) Wreath, SPQR / PP / OBCIVES / SERVATOS
13) Wreath, SPQR / PP / OBCS

Mints:
1) Caesarea Cappadociae
2) Lugdunum
3) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B2, O02, R16, T03 RIC I 1, C 10

2) B4, O06, R05, T07 RIC I 25, C 6

AR Denarius

3) B2, O01, R03, T01 RIC I 8, C 4

4) B2, O01, R05, T07 RIC I 12
5) B2, O02, R16, T03 RIC I 2, C 11
6) B4, O01, R03, T01 RIC I 14
7) B4, O01, R04, T02 RIC I 16
8) B4, O06, R03, T01 RIC I 22
9) B4, O06, R04, T02 RIC I 24, C 7
10) B4, O06, R16, T13 RIC I 28, C 21

AE Sestertius
11) B3, O03, R16, T12 RIC I 37, C 24
12) B3, O05, R01, T04 RIC I 32, C 1
13) B3, O05, R02, T06 Exe: SC RIC I 33
14) B3, O09, R16, T12 RIC I 46, C 25
15) B3, O10, R16, T12 RIC I 53, C 26
16) Bb, O04, R16, T05 DIVO AVG and S C across fields; Obv. Exe: PIETAS RIC I 36, C 9
17) Bb, O09, R16, T05 DIVO AVG and S C across fields; Obv. Exe: PIETAS RIC I 44, C 2
18) Bb, O10, R16, T05 DIVO AVG and S C across fields; Obv. Exe: PIETAS RIC I 51, C 11

AE Dupondius
19) Ba, O05, R07, T09 RIC I 34

AE As
20) B1, O05, R15, T11 Large S C across fields RIC I 38, C 27
21) B1, O09, R15, T11 Large S C across fields RIC I 47, C 28
22) B1, O10, R15, T11 Large S C across fields RIC I 54, C 29

AE Quadrans
23) Bc, O08, R11, T08 RIC I 41 (1923 ed.), C 8
24) Bc, O08, R12, T08 RIC I 52, C 7
 22
Caligula Busts

Caligula Types
 23

After the murder of Caligula, the Praetorian Guard had to come up

Claudius I with a worthy successor and fast lest the Senate step in and revert
back to the pre-Julius Caesar type of Republic. The only relative of
Caligula they could find was Claudius who was Caligula's uncle.
Augustus 41-54 An otherwise unfit man to rule, Claudius was a recluse of whom
little was known about by design. Because he suffered physical
deformities he was kept out of the limelight to avoid
embarrassment. At the age of 46 he was unveiled to the public by his uncle Caligula and he held a position as
Suffect Consul or "replacement" consul. But don't get the wrong idea, this was done by Caligula entirely to spite
the Senate and had nothing to do with any affection he had for Claudius himself.

Nevertheless, by bringing him out in public Claudius gained a degree of acceptance. To augment this perception it
was noted that he was highly educated and not inept as an administrator. In the turn of events that was to happen
next this all played out in his favor. When the Praetorian Guard thus announced his candidacy to the seat of power
the Senate had to oblige and ratify the decision.

As a ruler, the only truly poor decision he made was to marry his niece. She turned out to be nothing but trouble
for him and pursued an agenda of grooming her son as Claudius's replacement. She was skillful in this endeavor
and easily manipulated Claudius himself to carry out her goals. When Nero's place as rightful heir was a sure
thing she simply poisoned him and Nero took his place.

Busts:
1) Bare head left Well, if you don’t mind an atrocity that looks as though it
2) Bare head right was something scraped off the bottom of a shoe, you
3) Laureate head left
4) Laureate head left of Claudius over Agrippina II could pay $10 or $20 for a sorry copper coin. But why
5) Laureate head right settle for something of this sort that you would be
a) Hand holding scales, P •N •R below
embarrassed to show your friends or spouse? Instead,
b) Modius with grain ears $50-$100 will go a long way in getting a coin with more
eye appeal. For this price range you shouldn’t expect a
Obverses: coin worthy of a museum display case but at this point
you’ve reached that threshold where the Law of
1) DIVVS CLAVDIVS AVGVSTVS Diminishing Returns really kicks in. Those truly beautiful
2) TI CL CAESAR AVG PM TR P IMP PP
3) TI CLAVD CAES AVG bronzes with gorgeous patinas will cost hundreds, and
4) TI CLAVD CAES AVG AGRIPP AVGVSTA often thousands, of dollars.
5) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P
6) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM PM TRIB POT PP
7) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P The Denarius is still a rare sight under the reign of
8) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P III
9) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P IIII
Claudius. When found they are usually pretty worn and
10) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P VI IMP X invariably always expensive. Mint-state silver, as well as
11) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P VI IMP XI gold, is the kind of antiquity you have no reason to expect
12) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P VIIII IMP XVI
13) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P VIIII IMP XVIII to be offered by an ordinary coin dealer.
14) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P X IMP PP
15) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P X PP IMP XVIII
16) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P XI IMP PP COS V
17) TI CLAVDIVS CAES AVG PM TR P IMP PP
18) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG
19) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P
20) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TR P IMP
21) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TR P IMP PP

Reverses:
1) AGRIPPINAE AVGVSTAE
2) CERES AVGVSTA
3) CONSTANTIAE AVGVSTI
4) DIANA EPHESIA
5) IMP D CAES AVG REST
6) IMP T VESP AVG REST
7) IMP T VESP AVG RESTITVIT
8) IMP T VESPASIAN AVG REST
9) IMP TITVS VESP REST
10) LIBERTAS AVGVSTA
11) NERO CLAVD CAES DRVSVS GERM PRINC IVVENT
12) NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GERMAN IMP
13) PACI AVGVSTAE
14) PON M TR P IMP COS DES IT
15) PON M TR P IMP COS II
16) PON M TR P IMP PP COS II
 24
17) PONT MAX TR POT IMP
18) PONT MAXI TR POT IMP
19) PRAETOR RECEPT
20) SPES AVGVSTA
21) VICTORIA AVGVSTI
22) No legend

Types:
1) Agrippina II laureate, draped bust right.
2) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch
3) Claudius riding quadriga left, holding scepter with eagle atop
4) Claudius standing right on left, shaking hands with soldier to right, holding legionary eagle.
5) Constantia seated left, raising hand
6) Constantia standing left, raising hand and holding spear.
7) Diana statue facing, holding modius above head
8) Fortification reading IMPER RECEPT; soldier with legionary eagle and secondary palisades within.
9) Funerary quadriga riding right.
10) Legend SC
11) Libertas standing, facing, holding pileus and raising hand.
12) Minerva advancing right, holding spear and shield.
13) Nemesis advancing right, holding caduceus and pulling veil; snake to right
14) Nero bare headed, draped bust left.
15) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
16) Temple with (2) columns reading ROM ET AVG; Claudius within, holding scepter and being crowned by woman, holding cornucopia.
17) Temple with (4) columns, Diana within
18) Triumphal arch reading DE BRITANN; statue of Claudius riding horse left with trophy on either side above.
19) Triumphal arch reading DE GERMANIS; statue of Claudius riding horse left with trophy on either side above.
20) Triumphal arch; statue of Claudius riding horse right with trophy on either side above.
21) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading OB / CS
22) Victory seated right on globe, holding wreath with both hands.
23) Wreath, EX SC / OB / CIVES / SERVATOS within.
24) Wreath, EX SC / OB CIVES / SERVATOS within.
25) Wreath, EX SC / PP / OB CIVES / SERVATOS within.
26) Wreath, shield reading COS DES / PRINCI / IVVENT within
27) Wreath, SPQR / PP / OB CS within

Mints:

1) Caesarea Cappadociae
2) Ephesus
3) Lugdunum
4) Pergamum
5) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B5, O05, R03, T05 RIC I 13, BMC 16, C 5

2) B5, O05, R22, T24 RIC I 15, C 34
3) B5, O06, R01, T01 RIC I 80, BMC 72, C 3
4) B5, O07, R22, T08 RIC I 7, C 33
5) B5, O07, R22, T19 RIC I 3
6) B5, O07, R22, T24 RIC I 5, BMC 3, C 33
7) B5, O09, R13, T13 RIC I 27, C 55
8) B5, O09, R19, T04 RIC I 29, BMC 28
9) B5, O09, R22, T08 RIC I 25, BMC 23, C 43
10) B5, O11, R13, T13 RIC I 38, C 57
11) B5, O11, R22, T27 RIC I 40
12) B5, O12, R13, T13 RIC I 46, BMC 51, C 60

AU Quinarius

13) B5, O07, R22, T21

AR Tetradrachm
14) B1, O03, R22, T16 RIC I 120
15) B3, O01, R22, T17 RIC I 118, C 30
16) B4, O04, R04, T07 RIC I 119, C 1

AR Denarius
17) B5, O05, R03, T05 RIC I 14
18) B5, O05, R22, T24 RIC I 16
19) B5, O06, R01, T01 RIC I 81, C 4
20) B5, O06, R11, T14 RIC I 83, C 5
21) B5, O07, R13, T13 RIC I 10
22) B5, O09, R22, T08 RIC I 26
23) B5, O11, R03, T05 RIC I 32
24) B5, O11, R13, T13 RIC I 39
25) B5, O11, R22, T27 RIC I 41, C 87
 25
26) B5, O12, R13, T13 RIC I 47
27) B5, O12, R22, T18 RIC I 45
28) B5, O13, R13, T13 RIC I 58, C 66a
29) B5, O13, R22, T27 RIC I 60, C 94
30) B5, O16, R13, T13 RIC I 62

AE Sestertius Reference(s)
31) B5, O20, R12, T20 RIC I 98, C 48
32) B5, O20, R20, T15 Exe: SC RIC I 115, C 85
33) B5, O20, R20, T15 Exe: SC RIC I 99, C 85
34) B5, O20, R22, T23 RIC I 96, C 39
35) B5, O21, R22, T25 RIC I 112, C 38

AE Setertius (Posthumous)
36) B3, O21, R06, T15 RIC 234 (II, Titus), C 103

AE Dupondius
37) B1, O20, R02, T02 RIC I 94 anecdotal
38) B1, O21, R02, T02 RIC I 110, C 1

AE As

39) B1, O20, R02, T02 RIC I 94

40) B1, O20, R10, T11 RIC I 97
41) B1, O20, R22, T12 RIC I 100
42) B1, O21, R03, T06 RIC I 111
43) B1, O21, R03, T06 RIC I 95
44) B1, O21, R10, T11 RIC I 113
45) B1, O21, R22, T12 RIC I 116

AE Quadrans

46) Ba, O18, R14, T10 RIC I 84, C 70

47) Bb, O18, R16, T10 RIC I 90, C 72

Claudius I Busts
 26
Claudius I Types

Britannicus was the son of Claudius and presumptive

Britannicus heir to the throne until Agrippina showed up with her own
son Nero. Between the two they plotted to eliminate
Britannicus and managed to poison him just like they
b. ca.41 – d.55 had his father.

Despite the fact that during this period the mint in Rome was
Bust: striking millions of coins hardly any of them bore the name and
portrait of Claudius’s son. He was killed before he had much of
1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right a chance to entrench himself in Roman politics.

Obverse: This, of course, makes the few extant coins very rare. You can
count on any attributable coin to fetch thousands regardless of
1) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG F BRITANNICVS condition.
 27
Reverse:

1) No legend

Type:
1) Mars advancing left, holding spear and shield

Mint:
1) Roma

AE Sestertius Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R1, T1 BMC 226 (Claudius), C 2

Mother of Nero. Infamous for treachery and desire for

Agrippina II power, Agrippina married the emperor Claudius and was
involved in a number of political moves worthy of her
own daytime soap opera. It is suspected she got rid of
6 - d.59 Claudius, after removing other potential rivals, by
feeding him poisoned mushrooms. She did this as much
to ensure her son Nero would succeed him as much as
to place herself at the upper crust of Rome's powerbrokers. Nero himself grew wary of her ways and eventually
had her murdered.

The coins of Agrippina II are elusive. Her bronze Sestertii minted during Claudius’s lifetime can be found with a
measure of regularity but those that came during the beginning of Nero’s reign are quite rare.

These latter have obverse designs which feature both her bust as well Nero’s looking in at each other. Because
it was difficult to squeeze two full-size busts on a coin the size of a nickel or smaller they were bunched up
together so that both their noses are touching. When the coins came out Roman citizens poked fun at the two
and rumors began flying about an incestuous relationship. The mints quickly changed designs thereby aiding in
making these coins so rare today. They are, by the way, properly attributed to Agrippina rather than Nero based
on the legend which nominates her Augusta while Nero gets second billing as Caesar.

Back to the Sestertius, these can sometimes be found on eBay for a few hundred dollars a piece and are
typically in marginal condition. Well-preserved, any coin of hers is bound to be worth thousands.
 28
Bust:
Reverses:
1) Draped bust left
2) Draped bust right 1) NERONI CLAVD DIVI F CAES AVG GERM IMP TR P
2) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P IMP PP
a) Nero bare head right facing Agripping II draped bust left 3) No legend

Obverses: Types:
1) Carpentum led by two mules advancing left
1) AGRIPP AVG DIVI CLAVD NERONIS CAES MATER 2) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch
2) AGRIPPINA AVG GERMANICI F CAESARIS AVG 3) Legend SC
3) AGRIPPINA M F GERMANICI CAESARIS 4) Nero bare headed, draped bust left.
4) AGRIPPINAE AVGVSTAE 5) Wreath, EXSC within

Mint:
1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) Ba, O1, R1, T5 RIC 1 (I, Nero), BMC 6, C 6

AR Denarius
2) Ba, O1, R1, T5 RIC 2 (I, Nero), BMC 3, C 7

AE Sestertius
3) B2, O1, R2, T3 RIC 102 (I, Nero)
4) B2, O3, R3, T1 RIC 103 (I, Nero)

AE Dupondius
5) B1, O2, R3, T2

Agrippina II Busts

Agrippina II Types
 29

One of ancient history's most infamous characters, Nero rose

Nero to power in his mid-teens following the death of Claudius, his
adoptive father. To speed things along he had Britannicus
poisoned and in league with his mother Agrippina had had
Augustus 54-68 Claudius poisoned as well. His next few years were fairly
unremarkable one way or the other largely in part because of
Agrippina's overbearing influence. He corrected the problem,
however, by having her executed on the pretext that she had a unfavorable view of Poppaea, his new mistress.
Because he was already married to a certain Octavia he had her exiled and murdered as well. He would later kick
Poppaea to death while she was pregnant. To round things out he had his teacher Seneca, another influential
man of his age, commit suicide on suspicions of him and others plotting against him.

Popular legend holds that he set fire to Rome. Modern historians dismiss this account as an exaggeration but his
decision to hold a poetry recital with the conflagration as his background was a crass political blunder that would
hurt his popularity immensely. Needing to find a scapegoat, he chose to point the finger at Christians who up until
then had been but a fledgling cult. For the next 300 years Christians would be vilified for every ailment within the
empire and used regularly as cannon fodder in the Coliseum. In one of the more bizarre spectacles imaginable,
Nero would set Christians on fire and held in position to act as torches during his parties.

Becoming ever more hated for his cruelty and the demoralizing effect of the execution of countless innocent
individuals, one by one far-flung provinces seceded and named emperors among their own. When Nero was
unable to deal with the insurgencies he lost hope and fled to the countryside. The Senate then issued a warrant
for his arrest and, on hearing of this, decided to commit suicide... but not before asking one of his slaves to commit
suicide first just to see what it was going to be like!

Bust s:
Nero left the world a wide variety of coins struck in
1) Bare head left bronze, brass, silver and gold. The collector will find that
2) Bare head right
3) Bare head right over Agrippina II draped bust right
the bronzes are quite a bit scarcer than for the previous
4) Bare-headed, draped bust left emperors so far while the silver Denarii are the first to be
5) Bare-headed, draped bust right found that are not only commonly available but
6) Laureate head left
7) Laureate head right reasonably affordable as well.
8) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
9) Radiate head left
10) Radiate head right Nero tinkered with the silver content of the Denarius in an
unwise bid to stretch the output of the silver mines and
a) Altar with owl atop
b) Cippus with helmet atop with shield and spear leaning against it
pay off the soldiers with a slightly cheaper coin. It hardly
took any time for Rome’s savvy merchants to notice that
Obverses: the new money was of a lower fineness than that of his
predecessors. Exploiting the fact that the Denarius itself
1) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG was still worth just as much as before, the old Denarii
2) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG GER PM TR P PP were rapidly hoarded and withdrawn from circulation. This
3) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG GERM
4) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P PP caused an immediate shortage of money which forced
5) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P XIII PP Nero to issue literally millions of new coins. The effect of
6) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P XIV PP
7) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG GERMANIC the public hoarding and possibly melting the old coins to
8) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS sell as bullion along with the intense new striking
9) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG P MAX
10) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG P MAX TR P P
campaign makes Nero’s Denarii much more common than
11) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG P MAX TR P PP those of, say, Caligula or Claudius.
12) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG P MAX TR POT PP
13) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG P MAX TRIB POT PP
14) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PM TR P PP While a mint state Denarius can often be a thousand-
15) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PM TR POT PP dollar affair one that has gracefully aged may only cost
16) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PONT
17) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PONT MAX TR P PP $100 or so. Sestertii, Dupondii and Asses are, as
18) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PONT MAX TR POT PP mentioned above, not as common anymore as they were
19) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PONTIF
20) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PONTIF MAX TRIB POT PP
for the previous emperors but there are now many more
21) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PP types and the artistry has improved considerably. One
22) IMP NERO CAESAR AVGVSTVS such well preserved specimen is often worth many
23) IMP NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER PM TR P PP
24) IMP NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P XIII PP thousands of dollars and considered a supreme example
25) NERO CAE AVG IMP of classical Roman art.
26) NERO CAES AVG IMP
27) NERO CAESAR
28) NERO CAESAR AVG GER IMP
29) NERO CAESAR AVG GERM IMP
30) NERO CAESAR AVG IMP
 30
31) NERO CAESAR AVG IMP TR POT PP 59) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM IMP PP
32) NERO CAESAR AVG IMP TR POT XI P PP 60) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P IMP
33) NERO CAESAR AVGVSTVS 61) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P IMP P
34) NERO CL CAE AVG 62) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P IMP PP
35) NERO CL CAE AVG GER 63) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERMA
36) NERO CL CAES AVG GER 64) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERMAN
37) NERO CL DIVI F CAES AVG PM TR P II 65) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERMANI
38) NERO CLA CA AVG GER 66) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERMANIC
39) NERO CLA CAE AVG GER 67) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERMANICV
40) NERO CLA CAES AVG GER 68) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS
41) NERO CLAV CAE AVG 69) NERO CLAVD DIVI CLAVD F CAESAR AVG GERM
42) NERO CLAV CAE AVG GER 70) NERO CLAVD DIVI CLAVD F CAESAR AVG GERMA
43) NERO CLAV CAE AVG GER PM TR P IM 71) NERO CLAVD DIVI CLAVD F CAESAR AVG GERMANI
44) NERO CLAV CAES AVG GER 72) NERO CLAVD DIVI F CAES AVG GERM IMP TR P COS
45) NERO CLAV CAESAR AVG 73) NERO CLAVDIVS CAES AVG GERM
46) NERO CLAV CAESAR AVG GER 74) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GER
47) NERO CLAVD CAE AVG 75) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GER PM TR P IMP P
48) NERO CLAVD CAE AVG GER 76) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GER PM TR P IMP PP
49) NERO CLAVD CAES AVG GER 77) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM
50) NERO CLAVD CAES AVG GERM 78) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P IMP P
51) NERO CLAVD CAES DRVSVS GERM PRINC IVVENT 79) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P IMP PP
52) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG 80) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERMA
53) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GE 81) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERMA IMP
54) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER 82) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERMAN
55) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER PM TR P IMP 83) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERMANIC
56) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER PM TR P IMP P 84) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS
57) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER PM TR P IMP PP 85) NERONI CLAVDIO DRVSO GERM COS DESIGN
58) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM

Reverses:

1) AGRIPP AVG DIVI CLAVD NERONIS CAES MATER 31) PM TR P IMP PP

2) AGRIPPINA AVGVSTA MATER AVGVSTI 32) PON M TR P IMP PP
3) AGRIPPINAE AVGVSTAE 33) PON MA TR P IMP PP
4) ANNONA AVGVSTI CERES 34) PON MAX TR P IMP PP
5) AVGVSTI S POR OST C 35) PONTIF MA TR P IMP PP
6) AVGVSTVS AVGVSTA 36) PONTIF MAX TR P II PP
7) AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS 37) PONTIF MAX TR P III COS II
8) CER QVINC ROM CO 38) PONTIF MAX TR P III PP
9) CER QVINQ ROM CON 39) PONTIF MAX TR P IIII PP
10) CERT QVINC ROM CO 40) PONTIF MAX TR P IMP PP
11) CERT QVINC ROM CON 41) PONTIF MAX TR P V PP
12) CERTA QVINC ROM CO 42) PONTIF MAX TR P VI COS IIII PP
13) CERTA QVINC ROM CON 43) PONTIF MAX TR P VI PP
14) CERTAMEN QVINC ROM CO 44) PONTIF MAX TR P VII COS IIII PP
15) CONCORDIA AVGVSTA 45) PONTIF MAX TR P VIII COS IIII PP
16) CONG I DAT POP 46) PONTIF MAX TR P VIIII COS IIII PP
17) CONG II DAT 47) PONTIF MAX TR P X COS IIII PP
18) CONG II DAT POP 48) PONTIF MAX TR POT IMP PP
19) CONG II DAT POP R 49) PONTIF MAX TR POTEST IMP PP
20) DIVOS CLAVD AVGVST GERMANIC PATER AVG 50) PORT AVG
21) EQVESTER / ORDO / PRINCIPI / IVVENT 51) QER QVINC ROMAE CONS
22) GENIO AVGVSTI 52) SACERD COOPT IN OMN CONL SVPRA NVM
23) GER PM TR P IMP PP 53) SECVRITAS AVGVSTI
24) GER PON MAX TR P IMP PP 54) TR PON PP
25) IANVM CLVSIT PACE P R TERRA MARIQ PARTA 55) TR POT PP
26) IVPPITER CVSTOS 56) VESTA
27) MAC AVG 57) VICT AVG
28) PACE P R TERRA MARIQ PARTA IANVM CLVSIT 58) VICTORIA AVGVSTI
29) PACE P R VBIQ PARTA IANVM CLVSIT 59) No legend
30) PM TR P IMP PP

Types:

1) Agrippina II draped bust right

2) Agrippina II veiled, diademed, draped bust right
3) Altar
4) Annona standing right on left, resting hand on hip and holding cornucopia, facing Ceres seated to right, holding grain ears over modius and torch; galley prow
in background.
5) Apollo advancing right, playing lyre.
6) Branch
7) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch.
8) Claudius laureate head right
9) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia
10) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding patera
11) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
12) Macellum Magnum market; statue at entrance, holding scepter.
13) Nero riding horse left, holding spear; soldier in background also riding horse left, holding standard.
14) Nero riding horse right, holding spear; soldier behind also riding horse right, holding vexillum.
15) Nero riding horse right, holding spear; solider holding vexillum to right and soldier holding standard to left.
16) Nero seated left on platform to right, accompanied by Praetorian Prefect, facing official in center giving donative to citizen to left; Minerva in background,
holding owl and scepter.
17) Nero seated right on platform to left, official in center giving donative to citizen on ladder, holding baby and with child to lower right; Liberalitas and Minerva in
background.
18) Nero standing left on left, holding patera and scepter, and Poppaea (or Messalina) standing left on right, holding patera and cornucopia.
19) Nero standing left on platform, raising hand, accompanied by Praetorian Prefect, facing three soldiers to left; temple in background.
20) Nero standing, facing, holding branch and Victory on globe.
 31
21) Nero standing, facing, holding patera and cornucopia
22) Port of Ostia viewed from above, ringed by harbor buildings and galleys within.
23) Quadriga of elephants riding left, carrying Claudius and Augustus, each holding a scepter.
24) Roma seated left, holding scepter and resting arm on shield.
25) Roma seated left, holding Victory and parazonium.
26) Roma seated left, holding wreath and parazonium.
27) Roma standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield.
28) Sacrificial implements: simpulum over altar to left and lituus over patera to right.
29) Salus seated left, holding patera.
30) Securitas seated right, resting head on hand and holding scepter; altar to right.
31) Shield reading EQVESTER / OR DO / PRINCIPI / IVVENT
32) Standards (2), legionary eagle in center.
33) Table; letter S, urn and wreath above.
34) Temple of Janus (doors and building structure)
35) Temple of Janus (doors only)
36) Temple with (6) columns, Vesta seated within, holding patera and scepter.
37) Triumphal arch with quadriga above and statue of Mars on left wing.
38) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading SPQR
39) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
40) Victory advancing right, holding Palladium.
41) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm
42) Victory seated right on globe, holding opened wreath
43) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield
44) Virtus standing left, stepping on weapons, holding parazonium and spear.
45) Wreath, Agrippina II draped bust right within
46) Wreath, EX SC within

Mints:

1) Caesarea Cappadociae
2) Lugdunum
3) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B02, O30, R42, T46 RIC I 19, BMC 21, C 213
2) B02, O30, R44, T07 EX SC across fields RIC I 23, BMC 25, C 217
3) B02, O30, R44, T44 EX SC across fields RIC I 25, BMC 27, C 219
4) B03, O72, R01, T23 EX SC in left field RIC I 6, BMC 7, C 3
5) B04, O51, R52, T28 RIC 76 (I, Claudius)
6) B07, O22, R26, T11 RIC I 63, BMC 77, C 120
7) B07, O22, R59, T29 Exe: SALVS RIC I 66, BMC 94, C 317
8) B07, O27, R07, T20 RIC I 46, BMC 56
9) B07, O33, R06, T18 RIC I 44, BMC 52, C 42
10) B07, O33, R15, T09 RIC I 48, BMC 61
11) B07, O33, R25, T35 RIC I 50, BMC 64, C 114
12) B07, O33, R26, T11 RIC I 52, BMC 67, C 118
13) B07, O33, R59, T25 Exe: ROMA RIC I 54, BMC 81, C 257
14) B07, O33, R59, T29 Exe: SALVS RIC I 59, C 313

AR Drachm

15) B07, O69, R20, T08 RIC I 621

AR Denarius

16) B02, O30, R44, T07 EX SC across fields RIC I 24, C 218
17) B02, O30, R44, T07 EX SC across fields RIC I 30
18) B02, O30, R44, T46 RIC I 22
19) B02, O30, R45, T27 EX SC across fields RIC I 28, C 222
20) B04, O51, R52, T28 RIC 77 (I, Claudius)
21) B05, O85, R59, T31 RIC 79 (I, Claudius)
22) B07, O21, R26, T11 RIC I 69, C 123
23) B07, O21, R59, T25 RO MA across fields RIC I 70
24) B07, O21, R59, T29 Exe: SALVS RIC I 72
25) B07, O21, R59, T32 RIC I 68
26) B07, O22, R26, T11 RIC I 64
27) B07, O22, R59, T29 Exe: SALVS RIC I 67
28) B07, O27, R07, T20 RIC I 47, C 45
29) B07, O33, R06, T18 RIC I 45, C 43
30) B07, O33, R15, T09 RIC I 49, C 67
31) B07, O33, R26, T11 RIC I 53, C 119
32) B07, O33, R56, T36 RIC I 62, C 335
33) B07, O33, R59, T25 Exe: ROMA RIC I 55, C 258
34) B07, O33, R59, T29 Exe: SALVS RIC I 60, C 314

AR Quinarius
35) B07, O72, R59, T42
 32
AE Sestertius Reference(s)

36) B05, O85, R59, T31 RIC 108 (I, Claudius), C 99

37) B06, O11, R58, T39
38) B06, O18, R04, T04 Exe: SC RIC I 495, C 22
39) B06, O18, R16, T17 Exe: SC RIC I 503
40) B06, O56, R58, T39 Exe: II RIC I 410, C 346
41) B06, O57, R28, T34 RIC I 439
42) B06, O57, R50, T22 RIC I 441, C 252
43) B06, O57, R59, T14 Exe: DECVRSIO RIC I 397, C 86
44) B06, O57, R59, T25 Exe: ROMA RIC I 274
45) B06, O57, R59, T37 RIC I 393, C 306
46) B06, O62, R16, T17 Exe: SC
47) B06, O62, R59, T37 RIC I 146
48) B06, O76, R18, T16 Exe: SC RIC I 162, C 79
49) B06, O76, R59, T14 Exe: DECVRSIO RIC I 171, C 84
50) B06, O78, R59, T15 Exe: DECVRSIO RIC I 108, C 95
51) B07, O11, R59, T25 Exe: ROMA RIC I 591, C 266
52) B07, O14, R58, T39 RIC I 600, C 342
53) B07, O18, R53, T30 Exe: SC RIC I 520, C 324
54) B07, O20, R04, T04 Exe: SC RIC I 496, C 23
55) B07, O24, R59, T24 Exe: ROMA RIC I 356, C 284
56) B07, O56, R59, T37
57) B07, O57, R05, T22 RIC I 178, C 37
58) B07, O57, R25, T34 RIC I 438, C 146
59) B07, O57, R28, T34 RIC I 264, C 146
60) B07, O57, R59, T14 Exe: DECVRSIO RIC I 396, C 86
61) B07, O57, R59, T25 Exe: ROMA RIC I 273
62) B07, O57, R59, T37 RIC I 143, C 308
63) B07, O62, R59, T17 Exe: SC RIC I 153, C 69
64) B07, O75, R59, T19 Exe: ADLOCVTCOH RIC I 134
65) B07, O76, R18, T16 Exe: SC RIC I 160, C 78
66) B07, O76, R59, T14 Exe: DECVRSIO RIC I 165, C 91

AE Dupondius
67) B06, O11, R53, T30 Exe: SC RIC I 519
68) B06, O57, R53, T30 Exe: II RIC I 407
69) B06, O62, R58, T39 Exe: II RIC I 410, C 346
70) B09, O55, R27, T12 S C across lower fields RIC I 400, C 128
71) B09, O57, R27, T12 Exe: II RIC I 185
72) B09, O57, R58, T10 Exe: II RIC I 197
73) B09, O62, R58, T39 Exe: II RIC I 199, C 348
74) B10, O23, R29, T34 RIC I 342
75) B10, O23, R59, T25 Exe: ROMA RIC I 344, C 279
76) B10, O57, R58, T39 Exe: II RIC I 196, C 349
77) B10, O57, R58, T39 Exe: II RIC I 377
78) B10, O57, R59, T25 Exe: ROMA RIC I 296
79) B10, O62, R53, T30 Exe: II
80) B10, O62, R58, T39 RIC I 115

AE As

81) B01, O11, R59, T38 RIC I 606, C 303

82) B01, O12, R59, T38 RIC I 546
83) B02, O07, R59, T38 RIC I 543
84) B02, O11, R59, T38 RIC I 605, C 302
85) B02, O18, R59, T03 Exe: ARAPACIS RIC I 526, C 29
86) B02, O56, R59, T38 RIC I 475
87) B06, O29, R59, T39 RIC I 313
88) B06, O57, R27, T12 Exe: SC RIC I 402, C 65
89) B07, O07, R59, T38 RIC I 368
90) B07, O29, R29, T34 RIC I 306, C 171
91) B07, O29, R59, T39 RIC I 312
92) B07, O65, R48, T05 RIC I 380
93) B07, O76, R58, T39
94) B07, O83, R48, T05 RIC I 210

AE Semis
95) B07, O26, R08, T33 Exe: SC RIC I 233, C 47

AE Quadrans
96) Ba, O42, R30, T06 RIC I 260, C 185
97) Bb, O42, R30, T06 RIC I 317
 33
Nero Busts

Nero Types
 34
Nero Types (continued)
 35

Another of the short-lived emperors during the Roman civil wars of

Galba this period, Galba was the Governor of Spain at the time of Nero's
downfall. Coming from a Senatorial background, he was a likely
candidate to succeed Nero from the Senate's point of view and
Augustus 68-69 was thus given the title. Galba made his way to Rome where he
proceeded to make enemies out of all his former supporters. Most
critical among these was his decision to deny the customary
donatives to the army on his accession. This bit of ill-will towards the hands that fed him precipitated a number of
events that would eventually lead to his murder. Otho, another recently disenfranchised governor and former
protégé of Galba's, gathered an army and set to remove Galba. For his part, Galba reacted to this latest affront by
performing another round of purging within the Praetorian Guard and succeeded only in finding them step aside
on Otho's arrival.

Busts:
1) Bare head left
2) Bare head right Galba proves to be a tough emperor to acquire.
3) Bare-headed, cuirassed bust left His coins while not particularly rare are
4) Bare headed, cuirassed bust right
5) Laureate head left aggressively sought after and this tends to keep
6) Laureate head right bidding competitive. His Denarii are found in all
7) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
8) Laureate, draped bust right grades with the worn – but attributable – typically
costing around a hundred dollars and going up
a) Galba riding horse right, raising hand quickly from there. A mint state coin will easily
b) Galba riding horse left, raising hand
c) Hispania laureate, draped bust right; two javelins and shield below cost over a thousand dollars.

Obverses: This is still very much the heyday of the big

bronze. The three main denominations, the
1) GALBA IMP Sestertius, Dupondius and As all are available
2) GALBA IMPER
3) GALBA IMPERATOR with Galba’s trademark frowning portrait. As with
4) IMP GALBA the Denarius, an age-battered coin can often be
5) IMP GALBA CAESAR AVG PP
6) IMP SER GALBA AVG
found for under $100 but a well-preserved
7) IMP SER GALBA AVG TR P specimen often well beyond the reach of most
8) IMP SER GALBA AVGVSTVS collectors’ budgets.
9) IMP SER GALBA CAE AVG TR P
10) IMP SER GALBA CAES AVG PM TR P
11) IMP SER GALBA CAES AVG PON M TR P
12) IMP SER GALBA CAES AVG TR P
13) IMP SER GALBA CAESAR AVG
14) IMP SER GALBA CAESAR AVG PM
15) IMP SER GALBA CAESAR AVG PM TR P
16) IMP SER SVLP GALBA CAES AVG TR P
17) IMP SER SVLPI GALBA CAES AVG TR P 33) SER GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG PO MA TR P
18) IMP SER SVLPIC GALBA CAES AVG TR P 34) SER GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG PON MA TR P
19) IMP SER SVLPICIVS GALBA CAESAR AVG 35) SER GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG PONT MAX TR P
20) SER GALBA AVG 36) SER GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG TR P
21) SER GALBA AVG IMP 37) SER GALBA IMPERATOR
22) SER GALBA CAESAR AVG 38) SER SVLPI GALBA IMP CAE AVG PM TR P
23) SER GALBA IMP 39) SER SVLPI GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG PM TR P
24) SER GALBA IMP AVG 40) SER SVLPI GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG TR P
25) SER GALBA IMP AVGVSTVS 41) SER SVLPIC GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG PM TR P
26) SER GALBA IMP CAES AVG 42) SER SVLPICI GALBAE IMP A
27) SER GALBA IMP CAES AVG PM TR P 43) SER SVLPICIVS GALBA
28) SER GALBA IMP CAES AVG TR P 44) SER SVLPICIVS GALBA IMP AVG
29) SER GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG PM T P 45) SER SVLPIVS GALBA IMP AVG
30) SER GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG PM TR P 46) SERV GALBA IMP
31) SER GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG PM TR P PP 47) SERVIVS GALBA IMPERATOR
32) SER GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG PM TR POT

Reverses:
1) AEQVITAS 14) FORTVNA AVG
2) AEQVITAS AVGVSTI 15) GALLIA
3) AVG IMP 16) GALLIA HISPANIA
4) BON EVEN 17) HISPANIA
5) BON EVENT 18) HISPANIA CLVNIA SVL
6) BONI EVENTVS 19) HONOS ET VIRTVS
7) CERES AVGVSTA 20) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM
8) CONCORD AVG 21) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII
9) CONCORDIA PROVINCIA 22) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG REST
10) CONCORDIA PROVINCIARVM 23) IMP T VESP AVG REST
11) DIVA AVGVSTA 24) LIB AVG
12) FELICITAS AVGVST 25) LIBERT AVG
13) FIDES PVBLICA 26) LIBERTAS AVGVS
 36
27) LIBERTAS AVGVST 45) ROMA VICTRIX
28) LIBERTAS AVGVSTA 46) SALVS AVGVSTA
29) LIBERTAS PVBLICA 47) SALVS AVGVSTI
30) LIBERTAS RESTITVTA 48) SALVS GEN HVMANI
31) MARS VICTOR 49) SALVS GENE HVMANI
32) PAX AVG 50) SALVS GENERI HVMANI
33) PAX AVGVST 51) SECVRITAS P ROMANI
34) PAX AVGVSTA 52) SENATVS PIETATI AVGVSTI
35) PAXS AVGVSTI 53) VESTA
36) PIETAS AVGVSTI 54) VICTORIA
37) QVADRAGENS REMISSAE 55) VICTORIA IMPERI ROMANI
38) QVADRAGENS VMA REMISSA 56) VICTORIA P R
39) QVADRAGENS VMAE REMISS 57) VICTORIAE GALBAE AVG
40) ROMA RENASC 58) VICTORIAE IMP GALBAE AVG
41) ROMA RENASCEN 59) VIRTVS
42) ROMA RENASCENS 60) XXXX REMISSA
43) ROMA RENASCES 61) No legend
44) ROMA RESTI

Reverses:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.

2) Aequitas standing right, holding scale and scepter
3) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding thrysus and scepter with snake coiled around it.
4) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and caduceus.
5) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch.
6) Concordia seated left, holding branch and scepter.
7) Concordia standing left, holding branch and cornucopia.
8) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
9) Felicitas standing left, leaning on cippus, holding patera and cornucopia.
10) Fides standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
11) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
12) Galba riding horse right, raising hand.
13) Galba seated to right, receiving Palladium from Hispania to left, holding cornucopia.
14) Galba standing right on platform, accompanied by lictor, addressing soldiers to lower right.
15) Galba standing to right, holding hand of kneeling Libertas; Roma in background
16) Galba standing, facing, holding Victory and branch, being crowned by Senate to right, holding branch.
17) Gallia to left, holding scepter, shaking hands with Hispania to right, holding shield and spear.
18) Galliae (3) bare headed, draped busts right; a grain ear in front of each bust
19) Galliae (3) bare heads right; a grain ear in front of each bust
20) Genius standing left, holding patera and grain ears
21) Hispania draped bust right; two javelins and shield below and behind.
22) Hispania standing left, holding grain ears and shield with two spears.
23) Honos standing right, holding scepter and cornucopia, facing Virtus to right, stepping on helmet, holding parazonium and spear
24) Legend SC
25) Legend TR P PP COS VIIII RESTITVIT within outer legend and surrounding large SC
26) Legionary eagle on thunderbolt; standard on either side.
27) Libertas bare head right
28) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter.
29) Livia standing left, holding patera and scepter.
30) Mars standing, facing, holding spear and trophy.
31) Pax seated left, holding branch and caduceus.
32) Pax seated left, holding branch and winged caduceus.
33) Pax standing left, holding branch and caduceus.
34) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia.
35) Pax standing left, holding caduceus and grain ears; globe to left.
36) Pax standing left, leaning on cippus, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
37) Pax(?) standing left, holding branch and shield.
38) Pietas standing, facing, raising hand over altar and touching chest
39) Roma advancing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter with eagle atop
40) Roma advancing right, holding Victory on globe and scepter with eagle atop.
41) Roma advancing right, holding Victory on globe and spear.
42) Roma seated left, holding spear and parazonium; weapons on floor
43) Roma seated left, holding Victory; shield to side.
44) Roma seated left, holding spear and resting arm on shield
45) Roma seated left, resting on trophy, holding branch and scepter with eagle atop.
46) Roma seated left, holding Palladium and spear.
47) Roma standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter with eagle atop.
48) Roma standing left, stepping on globe, holding branch and spear.
49) Salus seated left, holding patera and scepter
50) Salus standing left, stepping on globe, sacrificing over altar and holding rudder.
51) Shield over two crossed spears; SPQR laid out with each letter in a cardinal point starting with S in the “West”
52) Soldier to left leading three bound captives through arch to right
53) Standards (3) on galley prows
54) Triumphal arch, quadriga atop.
55) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter.
56) Vesta seated left, holding patera and Palladium.
57) Victory advancing left, holding Palladium and palm.
58) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
59) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
60) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm.
61) Victory standing on globe, facing, holding wreath and palm.
62) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm.
63) Victory standing right, holding shield on column reading PR
64) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield on cippus reading SPQR
65) Virtus helmeted bust right
66) Virtus standing left, holding Victory on globe and parazonium
67) Virtus standing, facing, holding parazonium and spear.
 37
68) Wreath, EX SC / OB / CIVES / SER within.
69) Wreath, EX SC / OB / CIVES / SERVATOS within
70) Wreath, shield within reading SP QR
71) Wreath, SPQR / OB / CIV / SER within.
72) Wreath, SPQR / OB / CIV SER within.
73) Wreath, SPQR / OB / CIVES / SERVATOS within
74) Wreath, SPQR / OB / CS within.
75) Wreath, SPQR / OB CS within

Mints:
1) Karthago
2) Lugdunum
3) Roma
4) Spain, uncertain locality (probably Tarraco)

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B2, O06, R60, T75 RIC I 164, C 286

2) B3, O23, R48, T50 RIC I 146, C 232
3) B6, O03, R42, T41 RIC I 2, C 195
4) B6, O13, R11, T29 RIC I 184, BMC 4
5) B6, O13, R48, T50 RIC I 213 corrected
6) B6, O14, R43, T39
7) B6, O30, R60, T74 RIC I 61, BMC 191
8) Ba, O01, R17, T21

AR Denarius
9) B2, O06, R60, T74 RIC I 167, C 287
10) B5, O01, R29, T28
11) B5, O01, R42, T41 RIC I 26
12) B6, O01, R42, T41 RIC I 28, C 209
13) B6, O03, R11, T29 RIC I 36, C 45
14) B6, O03, R40, T41 RIC I 41
15) B6, O03, R45, T48 RIC I 45, C 223
16) B6, O04, R42, T41 RIC I 29, C 209
17) B6, O06, R10, T07 RIC I 149, C 40a
18) B6, O06, R17, T22 RIC I 155, C 82
19) B6, O06, R60, T67 VIR TVS across fields RIC I 179
20) B6, O13, R10, T29 RIC I 186, C 55
21) B6, O13, R17, T22 RIC I 191
22) B6, O13, R40, T39 RIC I 195
23) B6, O13, R40, T41 RIC I 197
24) B6, O13, R48, T50 RIC I 211
25) B6, O13, R48, T50 RIC I 22, C 238
26) B6, O13, R60, T67 RIC I 221, C 344
27) B6, O14, R10, T29 RIC I 224, C 58
28) B6, O14, R11, T29 RIC I 4
29) B6, O14, R55, T60 RIC I 234
30) B6, O14, R60, T67 RIC I 236, C 343
31) B6, O20, R60, T12 Exe: IMP RIC I 145
32) B6, O30, R10, T07 RIC I 120, C 38
33) B6, O37, R10, T07 RIC I 49, C 34
34) B8, O13, R43, T47 RIC I 204, C 208a
35) Ba, O24, R60, T19 Exe: TRES GALLIA RIC I 92, C 308

AE Sestertius

36) B5, O28, R08, T06 Exe: SC RIC I 381, C 28

37) B5, O36, R29, T28 RIC I 389, C 110
38) B6, O07, R60, T72 RIC I 259, C 302
39) B6, O26, R60, T44 Exe: ROMA RIC I 420
40) B6, O27, R60, T68 RIC I 435, C 60
41) B6, O28, R28, T28 RIC I 442, C 110
42) B6, O28, R60, T42 Exe: ROMA RIC I 447
43) B6, O28, R60, T57 RIC I 270, C 256
44) B6, O30, R60, R59
45) B6, O36, R29, T28 RIC I 387, C 108
46) B8, O16, R29, T28 RIC I 309, C 130
47) B8, O18, R29, T28 RIC I 310, C 131
48) B8, O36, R29, T28 RIC I 388, C 112
49) B8, O36, R60, T58 RIC I 403
50) B8, O36, R60, T59 RIC I 398, C 245
51) B8, O36, R60, T72 RIC I 405, C 295
52) B8, O39, R60, T14 Exe: ADLOCVTIO / SC RIC I 467, C 2

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)
53) B6, O16, R21, T24 RIC 245 (II, Titus), C 350
 38

AE Dupondius Reference(s)
54) B6, O07, R29, T28 RIC I 275, C 120

AE Dupondius (Posthumous)
55) B6, O28, R22, T24 RIC I 246, C 351

AE As

56) B2, O12, R29, T27 RIC I 372, C 124

57) B2, O27, R29, T28
58) B2, O40, R60, T53
59) B6, O12, R01, T02 RIC I 491
60) B6, O18, R07, T04 Exe: SC
61) B6, O28, R53, T55 RIC I 308
62) B6, O31, R11, T29 RIC I 67, C 50
63) B6, O40, R01, T02 RIC I 492

Galba Busts
 39
Galba Types
 40

Clodius Macer was an opportunist who took advantage of a revolt

Clodius Macer following Nero's death and the power struggle that ensued. He
gambled that by appropriating northern Africa, Rome's food supply,
he would strongarm the senate into accepting him as the next
Propraetor Africae 68 Augustus. Instead, Galba's fortunes improved and he consolidated
power instead. Galba then suppressed Macer's small army and
had him executed. Curiously, he stands alone in the long roster of
men who usurped the throne but not the imperial title.

Busts: All of Macer's coins are exceedingly rare. In fact, there are
only about 85 known to date, only 20 of which bear his
1) Bare head right
portrait.
a) Africa draped bust right
b) Africa draped bust right, two javelins behind bust
c) Karthago draped bust right, cornucopia behind bust
A toned Denarius with portrait (see first coin on plates)
d) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and patera sold at a Classical Numismatic Group auction in January
e) Lion head right of 2002 for $26,000.
f) Roma helmeted head right
g) Victory draped bust right

Obverses:
1) L C MACRI
2) L C MACRI CARTHAGO
3) L CLODI MACRI
4) L CLODI MACRI CARTHAGO
5) L CLODI MACRI LIBERA
6) L CLODI MACRI LIBERATRIX
7) L CLODIVS MACER

a) ROMA

Reverses:
1) L CLODI MACRI
2) LIB AVG
3) MACRIANA LIB LEG
4) PROPRA AFRICA
5) PROPRAE AFRICAE
6) SICILIA

Types:
1) Galley sailing left
2) Galley sailing right
3) Legionary eagle, vexillum on either side.
4) Triskelis in shape of three bent legs; head of Medusa at center
5) Trophy

Mint:
1) Karthago

AR Denarius Reference(s)
1) B1, O7, R4, T2 Bust exe: SC RIC I 39, C 13b
2) Bd, O3, R3, T3 LEG I across lower fields, “MAC” of MACRIANA in reverse legend placed in exergue, SC across obv fields RIC 20, C 2
3) Be, O3, R2, T3 LEG III across lower fields, SC in bust exergue
4) Bf, Oa, R1, T5 Bust exe: SC C9
5) Bg, O1, R2, T3 LEG III across lower fields, SC in bust exergue RIC I 15
 41
Clodius Macer Busts

Clodius Macer Types

A former friend of Nero's and a key figure in the Roman political

Otho elite, Otho’s fortunes turned for the worse when he became
involved with a woman desired by Nero himself. In order to remove
his competition, Nero simply exiled him to faraway Portugal under
Augustus 69 the guise of a promotion. Some ten years later, after Nero's own ill-
fated end, Otho hoped to return to Rome as Caesar under Galba
who had gathered an army and prepared to claim the crown. Galba
had had a politically favorable relationship with Otho and it's conceivable that the two could have had such an
agreement. On becoming Augustus, however, Galba for whatever reason sidestepped Otho and named Piso
Licianus, a garden variety aristocrat, as his successor. Infuriated at hearing the news of this betrayal, Otho
summoned a sympathetic army and within days had Galba executed and placed himself as emperor.

Otho still had to deal with the approaching army of Vitellius who were already en route to fight Galba. Although he
set out with an able army to meet Vitellius's forces an unexpected turn of events had Otho commit suicide just
prior to a major engagement. He did this, apparently, out of a patriotic need to end the civil war.

Busts:
Perhaps one of the most popular sets among collectors of Roman
1) Bare head left
2) Bare head right coins is the gathering of one of each of the so-called “12 Caesars”
as popularized by the ancient Roman historian Suetonius in his
Obverses: book of the same name. Well, for those collectors Otho is usually
the last coin of the set because the coins are rarely found for under
1) IMP M OTHO CAESAR AVG TR P $200-$300 each with $500-$1,000 being more typical. And Otho
2) IMP OTHO CAESAR AVG TR P
stands alone among the long roster of emperors who did not issue
rd
Reverses: any copper coins… not counting late-3 century emperors who
issued silvered coins with bronze cores.
1) CERES AVG
2) PAX ORBIS TERRARVM But, on the other hand, at least Otho’s Denarii are fairly plentiful
3) PONT MAX
4) SECVRITAS P R and even an Aureus appears from time to time for the well-heeled.
5) VICTORIA OTHONIS

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and scepter.

2) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and cornucopia
3) Jupiter seated right, holding thunderbolt and scepter
4) Otho riding horse right, aiming spear
5) Pax standing left, holding branch and caduceus.
6) Securitas standing left, holding wreath and scepter.
7) Vesta seated left, holding patera and scepter.
 42
8) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
9) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.

Mints:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B2, O1, R2, T5 RIC I 3, BMC 1
2) B2, O1, R4, T6 RIC I 7, BMC 13, C 16

AR Denarius

3) B1, O1, R4, T6 RIC I 10, C 15

4) B2, O1, R2, T5 RIC I 4
5) B2, O1, R4, T6 RIC I 8, C 17
6) B2, O1, R5, T8 RIC I 16
7) B2, O1, R5, T9 RIC I 14, C 27
8) B2, O2, R2, T5 C 4a
9) B2, O2, R3, T1 RIC I 19
10) B2, O2, R3, T2 RIC I 20, C 11
11) B2, O2, R3, T3 RIC I 21
12) B2, O2, R3, T4 RIC I 22, C 12
13) B2, O2, R3, T7 RIC I 24
14) B2, O2, R4, T6 RIC I 12

Otho Bust

Otho Types
 43

Galba appointed Vitellius as Governor in the Rhine region in 68.

Vitellius He did this as no favor to Vitellius but rather as a strategic move to
pass off a hot potato. Because Vitellius came from an aristocratic
and decidedly non-military background, he calculated that the army
Augustus 69 of the region would have their hands full in dealing with this
persona non grata. Whether the generals of the army in question
saw through the attempted ruse or simply accepted the decision
was irrelevant and backfired for Galba. Aware of the discontentment within the army of the situation in Rome,
Vitellius and his men prepared to do something about it. The army set out for Rome in a journey that took several
months that was noted as being more of a carnival parade than a military procession.

However, the honeymoon was soon over for Vitellius who was neither the darling of the army nor especially
influential elsewhere. True to his hedonistic background, he decided to throw massive parties throughout Rome
while his enemies assembled armies to depose him. When he finally realized he was in real danger, too late, he
met with a contact from the approaching army of Vespasian and made an agreement to abdicate in return for
peaceful retirement. He then announced his decision to the Senate creating a scandal. Feeling that this cowardice
was wholly unbecoming of an emperor a mob of angry citizens and soldiers broke through to his quarters where
he was hiding and ripped him to shreds.

Of all things, the biographers of Vitellius note that his chief vice was none other than gorging himself with food. It
was said he couldn't even bear to make a sacrifice of food at the altar without stealing a couple bites first!

Busts:

1) Bare head right

2) Laureate head left
3) Laureate head right
While not cheap, the coins of Vitellius are readily
4) Laureate, draped bust right available in all collectible grades. Expect to pay
around $100 for an “entry level” coin and prices
Obverses: rise quickly from there. A problem that is typical of
the coins of Vitellius, as well as those of Otho, are
1) A VITELLIVS AVG IMP GERMAN the normally small flans they were struck on.
2) A VITELLIVS GER IMP AVG P MAX TR P
3) A VITELLIVS GERM IMP AVG PM TR P Unless the coin was struck perfectly centered
4) A VITELLIVS GERM IMP AVG TR P some of the legends will be missing. If they hadn’t
5) A VITELLIVS GERM IMP TR P
6) A VITELLIVS GERMA IMP AVG PM TR P worn off already, that is! Naturally, those coins
7) A VITELLIVS GERMAN IMP AVG PM TR P with full legends will command a premium.
8) A VITELLIVS GERMAN IMP TR P
9) A VITELLIVS GERMANICVS IMP
10) A VITELLIVS GERMANICVS IMP AVG The most commonly available type is of the Altar
11) A VITELLIVS GERMANICVS IMP AVG PM TR P with dolphin and raven reverse.
12) A VITELLIVS IMP AVG PM T P P
13) A VITELLIVS IMP GERMAN
14) A VITELLIVS IMP GERMANICVS

Reverses:

1) AEQVITAS AVGVSTI 18) I O MAX CAPITO 35) ROMA RENASCENS

2) ANNONA AVG 19) I O MAX CAPITOLINVS 36) SECVRITAS IMP GERMAN
3) ANNONA AVGVSTI 20) IVPPITER VICTOR 37) SECVRITAS P ROMANI
4) CERES AVG 21) L VITELL CENSOR II 38) SENAT P Q ROMANVS
5) CLEMENTIA IMP GERMAN 22) L VITELL CENSOR III 39) SPQR / OB / CIV / SER
6) CLEMENTIA IMP GERMANICI 23) L VITELLI III COS CENSOR 40) SPQR / OB / CS
7) CONCORD AVG 24) L VITELLIVS COS III CENSOR 41) VESTA P R QVIRITIVM
8) CONCORDIA AVG 25) LIBERI IMP GERM AVG 42) VICTOR AVGV
9) CONCORDIA AVGVSTI 26) LIBERI IMP GERMAN 43) VICTOR AVGVSTI
10) CONCORDIA P R 27) LIBERIS IMP GERMANICI 44) VICTORIA AVG
11) CONCORDIA PRAETORIANORVM 28) LIBERTAS AVGVSTI 45) VICTORIA AVGVSTI
12) CONSENSVS EXERCITVVM 29) LIBERTAS RESTITVTA 46) VICTORIA IMP GERMAN
13) CONSENSVS HISPANIARVM 30) MARS VICTOR 47) VICTORIA IMP GERMANICI
14) FIDES EXERCITVM 31) PAX AVGVSTI 48) XV VIR SACR FAC
15) FIDES EXERCITVVM 32) PAX GER ROM 49) XV VIR SACR FCA
16) FIDES PRAETORIANORVM 33) PAXS AVGVSTI 50) No legend
17) HONOS ET VIRTVS 34) PONT MAXIM

Types:

1) Altar
2) Annona standing left, holding Victory and cornucopia; modius to left and galley prow to right.
3) Clementia seated left, holding branch and scepter.
4) Concordia seated left, holding branch and scepter.
 44
5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia
6) Concordia seated left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia
7) Concordia standing left, holding branch and cornucopia
8) Hands, in handshake
9) Hispania standing left, holding shield and javelins.
10) Honos standing right on left, holding scepter and cornucopia, facing Virtus to right, stepping on helmet, holding parazonium and spear.
11) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter
12) Legend FIDES / EXERCITVVM
13) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter.
14) Libertas standing, facing, holding pileus and scepter.
15) Mars advancing left, holding spear and two standards
16) Mars advancing left, holding Victory and trophy
17) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia
18) Pax standing left, setting weapons on fire and holding cornucopia.
19) Roma standing right, holding Victory and spear
20) Securitas seated left, resting head on arm; altar to left.
21) Securitas seated right, holding scepter, facing altar to right
22) Spain standing left, holding grain ears and shield with two spears.
23) Temple with (2) columns; Jupiter seated within, holding thunderbolt and scepter
24) Altar; dolphin above and raven below.
25) Vesta seated left, holding patera and torch
26) Vesta seated left, holding trophy and scepter.
27) Vesta seated left, raising hand and holding torch.
28) Vesta seated right, holding patera and scepter.
29) Victory advancing left, holding shield
30) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading SP / QR
31) Victory advancing left, touching trophy with seated captive at base
32) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
33) Victory seated left, holding patera and palm.
34) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm.
35) Victory standing left, stepping on helmet, holding shield on palm tree reading OB / CIVES / SER
36) Vitellius’s father seated left, raising hand and holding scepter with eagle atop
37) Vitellius standing left on right, shaking hands with Roma to left, holding spear with shield.
38) Vitellius’s son bare head right, facing his daughter’s draped bust left.
39) Wreath, SPQR / OB / CIV / SER within
40) Wreath, SPQR / OB / CS within

Mints:

1) Roma
2) Spain

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B2, O10, R12, T15 RIC I 4
2) B2, O13, R13, T22
3) B2, O13, R38, T29 RIC I 32, C 84
4) B2, O14, R36, T21 RIC I 11
5) B2, O14, R46, T34 RIC I 15, BMC 97
6) B2, O14, R47, T34 RIC I 16, BMC 98
7) B3, O04, R24, T36 RIC I 94, BMC 23, C 54
8) B3, O04, R29, T14 RIC I 104, C 46
9) B3, O04, R48, T24 RIC I 108, BMC 38, C 110

AR Denarius
10) B1, O08, R10, T05
11) B1, O08, R48, T24
12) B1, O09, R10, T05 RIC I 66, C 21
13) B1, O09, R14, T08 RIC I 67
14) B1, O09, R20, T14 RIC I 68
15) B2, O04, R40, T40
16) B2, O13, R12, T15 RIC I 23
17) B2, O13, R41, T27 RIC I 33
18) B2, O13, R43, T30 ® in front of bust RIC I 36, C 101
19) B2, O14, R12, T15 RIC I 6
20) B3, O04, R10, T05 RIC I 90, S 2196
21) B3, O04, R20, T11 RIC I 93, C 42
22) B3, O04, R29, T14 RIC I 105
23) B3, O04, R34, T28 RIC I 107, S 2200, C 72
24) B3, O04, R48, T24 RIC I 109, S 2201
25) B3, O04, R50, T33 RIC I 110
26) B3, O08, R10, T05 RIC I 73, C 20
27) B3, O08, R20, T14 RIC I 75, S 2197, C 44
28) B3, O08, R26, T38 RIC I 79, C2
29) B3, O08, R29, T14 RIC I 81, S 2198, C 48
30) B3, O08, R40, T40 RIC I 83
31) B3, O08, R48, T24 RIC I 86
32) B3, O08, R49, T24
33) B3, O09, R48, T24 RIC I 70
34) B3, O09, R50, T33 RIC I 71, C 121
35) B3, O13, R14, T08 RIC I 30, C 31
36) B3, O13, R15, T08 RIC I 27
37) B3, O13, R19, T23 RIC I 56
38) B3, O13, R45, T30 RIC I 62
39) B3, O14, R15, T08 RIC I 54
 45
AE Sestertius Reference(s)
40) B4, O07, R07, T04 RIC I 133
41) B4, O11, R30, T16 RIC I 115, C 61
42) B4, O11, R31, T17 RIC I 118, C 67

AE Dupondius
43) B4, O07, R09, T06 RIC I 162, C 15

AE As
44) B2, O13, R05, T03 RIC I 39
45) B2, O13, R15, T08 RIC I 42
46) B2, O13, R29, T14 RIC I 43
47) B2, O13, R35, T19 RIC I 45
48) B2, O13, R45, T30 RIC I 46
Vitellius Busts

Vitellius Types
 46
Vespasian was the son of a businessman and tax collector. By
Vespasian befriending people in high places, he gained a foothold in the
Senate and eventually was appointed as Proconsul of Africa in the
year 63. From there he became more of a VIP under Nero and was
Augustus 69-79 put in charge of suppressing certain revolts in Israel. During this
period civil war broke out following the Nero's death and he took
the opportunity to have himself named Emperor. He then took his
troops towards Rome where he defeated Vitellius, the last of the pretenders to the throne and a former colleague
and friend.

He spent the rest of his reign rebuilding the wreck that was left of Rome following the troubles of 69 and rebuilding
the Roman economy. He also expanded the empire's borders within Britain and granted citizenship to the
inhabitants of vast sections under Roman control.

Busts: The oldest imperial Denarii one can purchase at a truly

1) Bare head left affordable price will be those of Vespasian. Some of these
2) Laureate head left can be had for as little as $20 or $30 for a well preserved
3) Laureate head right
4) Laureate, draped bust left. specimen. Even mint state or near-mint state coins are
5) Radiate head left readily available for comparatively reasonable prices.
6) Radiate head right

a) Palm tree The big bronzes are also easily found and those that are of
b) Sol radiate, draped bust facing higher grade are staple items of the ancient coin dealer.
c) Trophy
d) Vespasian riding elephant quadriga right, holding scepter The prices for the several different denominations depend
and Victory largely on their condition.
e) Vespasian riding quadriga right, holding branch and scepter
f) Winged caduceus inside two cross cornucopiae
For Vespasian’s reign those coins boasting of his triumph
Obverses: over the conquest of the jews are especially sought after.

1) CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG

2) DIVO VESPASIANO
3) DIVVS AVGVSTVS VESPASIANVS
4) DIVVS AVGVSTVS VESPASIAN
5) DIVVS AVGVSTVS VESPASIANVS
6) MP CAE VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS III
7) IMP CAES AVG VESPAS COS II TR POT
8) IMP CAES VES AVG
9) IMP CAES VESP AVG CEN 48) IMP CAESAR
10) IMP CAES VESP AVG CENS 49) IMP CAESAR AVG VESPASIANVS
11) IMP CAES VESP AVG COS VII 50) IMP CAESAR VESP AVG
12) IMP CAES VESP AVG PM 51) IMP CAESAR VESP AVG CENS
13) IMP CAES VESP AVG PM COS IIII 52) IMP CAESAR VESP AVG CENSOR
14) IMP CAES VESP AVG PM COS IIII CE 53) IMP CAESAR VESP AVG COS IIII
15) IMP CAES VESP AVG PM COS IIII CEN 54) IMP CAESAR VESP AVG COS V CENS
16) IMP CAES VESP AVG PM COS V CENS 55) IMP CAESAR VESP AVG COS VI
17) IMP CAES VESP AVG PM T P COS IIII CENS 56) IMP CAESAR VESP AVG COS VII
18) IMP CAES VESP AVG PM T P COS V CENS 57) IMP CAESAR VESP AVG PM T P COS IIII CENS
19) IMP CAES VESP AVG PM T P COS VI 58) IMP CAESAR VESP AVG PM TR P PP
20) IMP CAES VESP AVG PM T P COS VII 59) IMP CAESAR VESP AVGVST
21) IMP CAES VESPAS AVG 60) IMP CAESAR VESPAS AVG
22) IMP CAES VESPAS AVG PM COS IIII 61) IMP CAESAR VESPAS AVG COS II TR P PP
23) IMP CAES VESPAS AVG PM TR P IIII PP COS IIII 62) IMP CAESAR VESPAS AVG COS III TR P PP
24) IMP CAES VESPAS AVG PM TR P PP COS III 63) IMP CAESAR VESPAS AVG COS V TR P PP
25) IMP CAES VESPAS AVG PM TR P PP COS VI 64) IMP CAESAR VESPAS AVG PM TR P PP COS IIII
26) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG 65) IMP CAESAR VESPASIA AVG
27) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG COS II 66) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG
28) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG COS III 67) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG COS III
29) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG COS IIII 68) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG COS IIII
30) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG COS V 69) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG COS VIIII
31) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG COS VIII PP 70) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG PM T P PP COS II D III
32) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG COS VIIII 71) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG TR POT PP COS III
33) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM T P COS IIII CENS 72) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVGVSTVS
34) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM T P COS VIII PP 73) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN CONS VIII
35) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS II 74) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN COS VIII
36) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS III 75) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN COS VIIII
37) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS IIII 76) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS
38) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS V CENS 77) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG
39) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS VI 78) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG COS II
40) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS VII 79) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG P
41) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII 80) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG PM T P PP COS II
42) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS VIIII 81) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG PM T P PP COS II DES III
43) IMP CAES VESPASIAN COS IIII 82) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG PM T P PP COS III
44) IMP CAES VESPASIANVS AVG 83) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG PM TR P
45) IMP CAES VESPASIANVS AVG COS III 84) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG PM TR P PP COS III
46) IMP CAES VESPASIANVS AVG PM TR P 85) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG PM TR P PP COS III DES IIII
47) IMP CAES VESPASIANVS COS VIII 86) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG TR P
 47
87) IMP VESP AVG 90) IMP VESPA CAESAR AVGVS
88) IMP VESP AVG COS VIII 91) IMP VESPASIAN AVG
89) IMP VESP AVG PM T P 92) No legend

Reverses:
1) AEQVITAS AVGVST 79) PACI AVGVSTI
2) AEQVITAS AVGVSTI 80) PACI ORB TERR AVG
3) AETERNITAS 81) PACIS EVENT
4) AETERNITAS P R 82) PACIS EVENTVM
5) ANNONA AVG 83) PAX
6) AVG VESPAS LIBERI IMP 84) PAX AVG
7) AVGVR PON MAX 85) PAX AVGVST
8) AVGVR TRI POT 86) PAX AVGVSTI
9) CAE DVM ET T CAES IMP VESPAS 87) PAX P ROMANI
10) CAES AVG F DES IMP AVG F COS DES IT 88) PM T P PP COS IIII
11) CAES AVG F DESIG IMP AVG F COS DESIG ITER 89) PM TR P PP COS III
12) CAESAR AVG F COS CAESAR AVG F PR 90) PM TR P PP COS VI
13) CAESAR AVG F DES IMP AVG F COS DESIT 91) PM TR P PP COS VII
14) CAESARES VESP AVG 92) PM TRIB P COS IIII
15) CAESARES VESP AVG FILI 93) PON M TR P PP COS III
16) CERES AVGVST 94) PON MAX TR P COS II
17) CONCOR AVG 95) PON MAX TR P COS V
18) CONCORD AVGVST 96) PON MAX TR P COS VI
19) CONCORDIA AVG 97) PON MAX TR P COS VII
20) CONCORDIA AVGVSTI 98) PON MAX TR POT PP COS V CENS
21) CONCORDIA SENATVI 99) PONT MAX
22) CONSECRATIO 100) PONT MAX TR P COS II DESIG III
23) CONSEN EXERCIT 101) PONT MAX TR POT PP COS VIII CENS
24) CONSENSVS EXERCIT 102) PONT MAX TRIB POT
25) CONSENSVS EXERCITVVM 103) PONTIF MAXIM
26) COS DESIG III TR POT 104) PONTIF TR P COS IIII
27) COS III 105) PRINCEPS IVVENTVT
28) COS III FORT RED 106) PRINCIP IVVENT
29) COS III TR POT 107) PROVIDEN
30) COS ITER 108) ROMA
31) COS ITER FORT RED 109) ROMA ET AVGVSTVS COS ITERVM TRIBVN POT
32) COS ITER TR POT 110) ROMA PERPETVA
33) COS ITER TR POTESTATE 111) ROMA RESVRGENS
34) COS V 112) ROMA RESVRGES
35) COS VI 113) ROMA VICTRIX
36) COS VII 114) SALVS AVG
37) COS VIII 115) SALVS AVGVSTA
38) COS VIIII 116) SALVS AVGVSTI
39) DE IVDAEIS 117) SECVRITAS AVGVST
40) DEVICTA IVDAEA 118) SECVRITAS AVGVSTI
41) DIVA DOMITILLA AVGVSTA 119) SECVRITAS P R
42) FELICITAS PVBLICA 120) SECVRITAS P ROMANI
43) FELICITAS REDVCI 121) SECVRITAS POPVLI ROMANI
44) FIDES EXERCITVVM 122) SIGNIS RECEPTIS
45) FIDES FORTVNA 123) SPES AVGVSTA
46) FIDES PVBL 124) SPQR / OB / C S
47) FIDES PVBLICA 125) T CAESAR
48) FORTVNA AVGVST 126) T ET DOM C EX
49) FORTVNA AVGVSTI 127) T ET DOMIT CAESARES PRIN IVVEN
50) FORTVNAE REDVCI 128) T ET DOMIT CAESARES PRINC IVVEN
51) GENIVM P R 129) T FLAVI VESPASIANVS CAESAR
52) HISPANIA 130) T IMP CAESAR DOMITIANVS AVG F COS DESG II
53) HONOS ET VIRTVS 131) TITVS ET DOMITIAN CAES PRIN IV
54) IMP 132) TITVS ET DOMITIAN CAES PRIN IVEN
55) IMP CAES VESP AVG P TRI P COS II 133) TITVS ET DOMITIAN CAESARES PRIN IVEN
56) IMP CAES VESP AVG P TRI P II COS 134) TITVS ET DOMITIAN CAESARES PRIN IVIN
57) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS II 135) TITVS ET DOMITIAN CAESARES PRIN IVVEN
58) IMP T CAESAR DIVI VESP AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII 136) TITVS ET DOMITIANVS CAES PRIN IV
59) IMP T FLAVIVS CAESAR AVG F 137) TITVS ET DOMITIANVS PRINC IVVEN
60) IMP V PP COS II DESIG III 138) TR POT COS
61) IMP XIIII 139) TR POT X COS VIIII
62) IMP XIX 140) TRI POT
63) IMPERATOR CAESAR 141) TRI POT II COS III PP
64) IOVIS CVSTOS 142) TRIVMP AVG
65) IVD CAP 143) TVTELA AVGVSTI
66) IVDAEA 144) VESP AVG
67) IVDAEA CAPTA 145) VESPASIANVS
68) IVDAEA DEVICTA 146) VESTA
69) IVDEA CAPTA 147) VIC AVG
70) LIBERI IMP AVG VESPAS 148) VICT AVG
71) LIBERTAS AVGVSTI 149) VICTORIA AVG
72) LIBERTAS PVBLICA 150) VICTORIA AVGVST
73) LIBERTAS RESTITVTA 151) VICTORIA AVGVSTI
74) MARS CONSERVAT 152) VICTORIA IMP VESPASIANI
75) MARS VICTOR 153) VICTORIA MP VESPASIANI
76) MARS VLTOR 154) VICTORIA NAVALIS
77) NEP RED 155) VIRTVS AVGVST
78) PACI AVGVSTAE 156) No legend
 48
Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and palm.

2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and scepter
3) Aeternitas standing left, holding heads of Sun and Moon over altar
4) Altar
5) Annona seated left, holding grain ears
6) Annona seated left, holding fruit basket with both hands.
7) Bull standing right
8) Caduceus, winged
9) Caduceus, winged, inside two crossed cornucopiae
10) Capricornus advancing left, globe below
11) Capricornus holding rudder on globe, cornucopia above.
12) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and cornucopia
13) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch
14) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and scepter.
15) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch
16) Chair
17) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia.
18) Concordia seated left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
19) Cow standing right
20) Domitilla draped bust right
21) Eagle perched on globe
22) Eagle standing left on cippus
23) Eagle standing right
24) Eagle standing right on cippus
25) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
26) Felicitas standing left, holding globe and cornucopia.
27) Felicitas standing left, holding patera and branch.
28) Fides standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
29) Fortuna standing left on altar, holding rudder and cornucopia
30) Fortuna standing left, holding branch and rudder on globe
31) Fortuna standing left, holding branch and rudder on globe with cornucopia.
32) Fortuna standing left, holding galley prow and cornucopia
33) Fortuna standing left, holding globe and caduceus
34) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia
35) Fortuna standing left, resting hand on galley prow and holding cornucopia
36) Funerary quadriga advancing left
37) Funerary quadriga advancing right
38) Galley prow right, star above
39) Genius standing left, holding patera and grain ears.
40) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
41) Goat standing left, being milked by farmer seated to right
42) Hands, in handshake, grasping grain ears and caduceus
43) Hands, in handshake, holding caduceus and grain ears.
44) Hands, in handshake, holding caduceus and two palms.
45) Hispania standing left, holding two javelins with shield and grain ears.
46) Honos to left, holding scepter and cornucopia, facing Virtus to right, holding parazonium and spear.
47) Judaea seated left, resting head on hand; palm tree in center and bound, standing captive to right with weapons piled all around
48) Judaea seated right, hands bound; trophy to left.
49) Judaea seated right, resting head on hand; palm to left and weapons piled all around
50) Judaea seated right, resting head on hand; palm tree in center and bound, standing captive to left with weapons piled all around
51) Judaea seated right, resting head on hand; trophy to left.
52) Judaea standing left; palm tree to right
53) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt.
54) Jupiter standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter.
55) Legend SC
56) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter.
57) Libertas standing left, holding wreath and scepter.
58) Mars advancing left, holding Victory and trophy.
59) Mars advancing right, holding spear and eagle
60) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
61) Mars advancing right, holding spear.
62) Mars standing left, holding spear and trophy
63) Mars standing left, holding spear and trophy; corn ear growing to left
64) Mars standing, facing, holding spear and trophy; altar to right.
65) Minerva advancing right, holding palm and Victory; snake by feet.
66) Modius, grain ears inside
67) Nemesis advancing right, pulling dress and holding caduceus; snake to right.
68) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding acrostolium and trident.
69) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding dolphin and trident.
70) Neptune standing left, stepping on globe, holding acrostolium and scepter
71) Neptune standing left, stepping on globe, holding dolphin and trident
72) Orbis draped bust left
73) Orbis draped bust right
74) Oxen (2) advancing left.
75) Palm tree
76) Pax seated left, holding branch
77) Pax seated left, holding branch and caduceus
78) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter
79) Pax seated right, holding branch and scepter
80) Pax standing left, holding branch and caduceus
81) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia.
82) Pax standing left, holding branch.
83) Pax standing left, leaning on cippus with purse atop, holding branch and winged caduceus.
84) Pax standing left, leaning on cippus, holding winged caduceus and branch.
85) Pax standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus with branch.
86) Pax standing right, holding branch and setting fire to pile of weapons; statue of Minerva behind Pax.
 49
87) Pegasus advancing right
88) Pig advancing left, three piglets following.
89) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged)
90) Roma lying right on Rome’s seven hills with wolf suckling Romulus and Remus in front, holding parazonium; Tiber to right.
91) Roma seated left, holding Victory and parazonium.
92) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear.
93) Roma seated left, holding wreath and parazonium
94) Roma standing left, holding Victory and parazonium
95) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear.
96) Roma standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding spear and parazonium.
97) Salus seated left, holding patera and scepter
98) Salus seated left, holding patera.
99) Salus standing right, leaning on column, holding and feeding snake.
100) Securitas seated left, resting head on hand.
101) Securitas seated left, resting head on hand; altar to left.
102) Securitas seated right, resting head on hand and holding scepter; altar to right.
103) Shield reading SC held by two capricornii; globe below.
104) Shield reading SC on cippus with urn atop, branch on either side.
105) Soldiers (2) standing, shaking hands
106) Spears (2), shield on either side.
107) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
108) Standards (3)
109) Standards (3), each on a galley prow
110) Temple with (4) columns
111) Temple with (4) columns, statue of Vesta standing within, another statue on either side of temple.
112) Temple with (6) columns, statues within and atop
113) Titus (or Domitian?) riding horse left, holding spear.
114) Titus and Domitian each riding horse right, holding branch.
115) Titus and Domitian each riding horse right, led by soldier.
116) Titus and Domitian each riding horse right.
117) Titus and Domitian seated on platforms, facing each other, two senators standing in center.
118) Titus and Domitian seated right, each holding a branch.
119) Titus and Domitian standing, facing, each holding patera
120) Titus bare head right
121) Titus bare head right, facing Domitian bare head left
122) Titus riding quadriga right, holding branch and scepter
123) Titus standing left, holding branch and spear
124) Titus standing right, holding spear and parazonium, facing Domitian to right, holding spear.
125) Trees (2), COS V in between
126) Trophy
127) Tutela seated left, holding a baby in each arm.
128) Venus standing right, holding scepter and apples.
129) Vespasian riding horse right, raising hand.
130) Vespasian riding horse right, spearing enemy.
131) Vespasian riding quadriga right, holding branch and scepter
132) Vespasian seated left, holding branch and scepter
133) Vespasian seated right, holding branch and scepter
134) Vespasian standing left on platform, receiving vexillum from Victory to upper left.
135) Vespasian standing left, holding scepter, receiving Palladium from Victory to upper left.
136) Vespasian standing left, raising hand and holding spear.
137) Vespasian standing left, sacrificing over altar in front of temple; Victory crowning him from behind.
138) Vespasian standing left on right, shaking hands with kneeling Roma
139) Vespasian standing left on right, shaking hands with kneeling Roma; Minerva standing in background, holding shield
140) Vespasian standing left on right, receiving Victory from Roma to left
141) Vespasian standing on rostral column, holding spear and parazonium
142) Vespasian standing right, stepping on globe, holding spear and parazonium, facing palm tree in center and Judaea seated to right, resting head on hand.
143) Vespasian, Titus and Domitian standing right, receiving flower from Spes to right.
144) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter.
145) Vesta seated left, holding simpulum
146) Vesta standing left, holding simpulum and scepter.
147) Vexillum
148) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading SPQR
149) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
150) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
151) Victory seated left, holding wreath and palm
152) Victory standing left on cippus, holding wreath and palm; snake on either side.
153) Victory standing left on galley prow, holding wreath and palm
154) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm
155) Victory standing left, holding shield on trophy; captive seated left in front of trophy, resting head on hand
156) Victory standing left, holding shield reading SPQR
157) Victory standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding wreath and palm.
158) Victory standing right on globe, crowning trophy and holding palm.
159) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm.
160) Victory standing right on galley prow, holding wreath and palm
161) Victory standing right, crowning standard and holding palm.
162) Victory standing right, holding shield on palm reading SPQR; captive seated in front of palm, resting head on hand.
163) Victory standing right, holding shield on palm; captive seated in front of palm, resting head on hand.
164) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VIC / AVG
165) Victory standing right, holding standard and palm.
166) Victory standing right, holding up shield with both hands.
167) Victory standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding wreath and palm.
168) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield reading OB / CIV / SER on palm
169) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield reading OB / CIV / SER on palm; Judaea seated right, resting head on hand.
170) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield on palm; Judaea seated right, resting head on hand.
171) Virtus standing left, holding spear and parazonium
172) Virtus standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding spear and parazonium
173) Wolf standing left, suckling Romulus and Remus
174) Wreath, AVG within
175) Wreath, OB CIVES SERVATOS within
 50
176) Wreath, SC within
177) Wreath, SPQR / ADSERTORI / LIBERTATIS / PVBLIC within
178) Wreath, SPQR / ADSERTORI / LIBERTATIS / PVBLICAE within
179) Wreath, SPQR / OB / CIVES / SERVATOS within
180) Wreath, SPQR / OB C S within
181) Wreath, SPQR / OB CIV / SER within
182) Wreath, SPQR / PP / OB CS within
183) Wreath, SPQR within

Mints:
1) Antioch 3) Illyricum, locality uncertain 5) Roma
2) Asia, various localities 4) Lugdunum 6) Tarraco?

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B02, O77, R034, T019 BMC 132
2) B03, O10, R146, T111 RIC II 69c, BMC 109, C 579
3) B03, O12, R055, T120 RIC II 357, C 1
4) B03, O12, R141, T077 RIC II 39, BMC 60, C 565
5) B03, O13, R077, T070 RIC II 46, BMC 273, C 273
6) B03, O13, R156, T131 RIC II 54, BMC 79
7) B03, O23, R079, T067 RIC II 302, BMC 403, C 284
8) B03, O77, R003, T003
9) B03, O77, R012, T121 RIC II 2, BMC 1
10) B03, O77, R031, T035
11) B03, O77, R036, T007 RIC II 96, BMC 176, C 117
12) B03, O77, R096, T152 RIC II 92, C 370
13) B03, O77, R156, T051 Exe: IVDAEA RIC II 15, BMC 31, C 225
14) B03, O86, R028, T033 RIC II 11, C 98
15) B03, O86, R032, T069 RIC II 279, BMC 374, C 92

AU Aureus (Posthumous)

16) B03, O03, R156, T104 RIC 62 (II, Titus), C 148

AU Quinarius
17) B03, O77, R150, T150
18) B03, O78, R150, T150

AR Antoninianus (Posthumous)

19) B06, O02, R022, T023

AR Denarius
20) B02, O01, R005, T005 RIC II 131b, S 2280, C 30
21) B02, O01, R156, T088 Exe: IMP XIX RIC II 109, BMC 214
22) B02, O77, R037, T062 RIC II 103, C 126
23) B02, O77, R064, T054 RIC II 124b, C 223
24) B02, O77, R072, T056 RIC II 259b
25) B02, O77, R139, T141 RIC II 120, C 560
26) B02, O77, R152, T154 RIC II 268, C 630
27) B02, O77, R156, T022 RIC II 98b
28) B03, O01, R005, T005 RIC II 131a, C 29
29) B03, O01, R016, T014 RIC II 132, S 2283
30) B03, O03, R156, T104 RIC II 62, S 2568, C 149
31) B03, O09, R114, T098 RIC II 67, C 431
32) B03, O09, R156, T183 RIC II 66b, C 516
33) B03, O10, R103, T133 RIC II 65, S 2305, C 387
34) B03, O12, R007, T089 RIC II 29, S 2281, C 42
35) B03, O12, R008, T089 RIC II 30, S 2282, C 43
36) B03, O12, R141, T060 RIC II 38, C 564
37) B03, O12, R141, T077 RIC II 39, S 2313, C 566
38) B03, O12, R156, T131
39) B03, O12, R156, T145 PON MAX across fields RIC II 36, S 2298, C 358
40) B03, O12, R156, T145 TRI POT across fields RIC II 37, S 2312, C 561
41) B03, O13, R008, T089 RIC II 42, C 45
42) B03, O13, R020, T017 RIC II 43, C 74
43) B03, O13, R077, T070 RIC II 46, C 274
44) B03, O13, R103, T133 RIC II 48, C 388
45) B03, O13, R151, T161 RIC II 52, S 2317
46) B03, O13, R156, T131 RIC II 54, C 643
47) B03, O13, R156, T145 TRI POT across fields RIC II 49, C 563
48) B03, O13, R156, T146 RIC II 50, S 2316, C 574
49) B03, O15, R047, T043 RIC II 55, S 2291, C 164
50) B03, O15, R114, T098 RIC II 57, C 432
51) B03, O16, R151, T159 RIC II 78
52) B03, O21, R019, T012 Exe: Q The Q and  symbols indicate Ephesus as the mint city RIC II 312, C 65
53) B03, O21, R078, T149 Exe: Q RIC II 316, C 280
54) B03, O21, R156, T174 Exe: Q RIC II 311, C 37
55) B03, O22, R077, T070 RIC II 361, C 274
 51
56) B03, O22, R156, T131 RIC II 364
57) B03, O22, R156, T142 RIC II 363, C 645
58) B03, O50, R103, T133 RIC II 83, C 176
59) B03, O50, R156, T125 74 RIC II 72, C 110
60) B03, O61, R006, T121 Q to left of Titus’s bust RIC II 321, C 1
61) B03, O61, R019, T012 Exe: Q RIC II 320, C 66a
62) B03, O61, R069, T119 Exe: Q RIC II 322
63) B03, O61, R078, T149 Exe: Q RIC II 323, C 278
64) B03, O62, R019, T012 Exe: ² RIC II 329, C 67
65) B03, O62, R078, T150 ² in right lower field RIC II 333, S 2270
66) B03, O62, R078, T150 Exe: ² RIC II 326, C 279
67) B03, O62, R080, T073 Exe: ² RIC II 334, C 293
68) B03, O62, R156, T174 ² in field RIC II 328, C 40
69) B03, O63, R019, T012 Exe: * RIC II 336, C 68
70) B03, O63, R078, T150 Exe: o in lower left field, * in lower right field RIC II 337, C 277
71) B03, O63, R156, T174 Exe: * RIC II 335, C 39
72) B03, O77, R012, T121 RIC II 2, S 2399
73) B03, O77, R030, T002
74) B03, O77, R031, T035 RIC II 4, C 84
75) B03, O77, R032, T002 RIC II 5, S 2284
76) B03, O77, R032, T060 RIC II 7, C 88
77) B03, O77, R032, T077 RIC II 10, S 2285
78) B03, O77, R032, T080 RIC II 9
79) B03, O77, R036, T007 RIC II 96, C 118
80) B03, O77, R036, T087 RIC II 375
81) B03, O77, R037, T038 RIC II 108, C 136
82) B03, O77, R037, T062 RIC II 104, S 2288
83) B03, O77, R064, T054 RIC II 124a, S 2295, C 222
84) B03, O77, R066, T051 RIC II 15, S 2296
85) B03, O77, R095, T008 RIC II 75, S 2299, C 362
86) B03, O77, R095, T133 RIC II 77, S 2300, C 364
87) B03, O77, R096, T076 RIC II 90, S 2301, C 366
88) B03, O77, R096, T152
89) B03, O77, R096, T153 RIC II 93, S 2303, C 368
90) B03, O77, R097, T008 RIC II 102, C 375
91) B03, O77, R097, T008 RIC II 377, S 2275
92) B03, O77, R103, T008 RIC II 84, C 390
93) B03, O77, R139, T010 RIC II 118, C 554
94) B03, O77, R139, T155 RIC II 114, C 552
95) B03, O77, R156, T024 RIC II 98a
96) B03, O77, R156, T024 RIC II 99a, S 2287
97) B03, O77, R156, T041 Exe: IMP XIX RIC II 113, C 550
98) B03, O77, R156, T066 IMP XIX across fields RIC II 110, S 2293, C 216
99) B03, O77, R156, T074 Exe: COS VIII RIC II 107, S 2289, C 133
100) B03, O77, R156, T131 Exe: IMP
101) B03, O86, R032, T069 RIC II 279, C 93
102) B03, O86, R068, T052 RIC II 289, S 2262, C 243

AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

103) B03, O03, R156, T036 Exe: EX SC RIC 60 (II, Titus), C 146
104) B03, O03, R156, T103 RIC 63 (II, Titus), S 2569, C 497
105) B03, O03, R156, T104 EX SC across fields RIC 62 (II, Titus), S 2568
106) B03, O03, R156, T155 EX SC across fields RIC 59a (II, Titus), S 2565, C 144

AE Sestertius

107) B03, O36, R067, T050 Exe: SC RIC II 424, C 232

108) B03, O06, R067, T050 Exe: SC
109) B03, O36, R069, T050 Exe: SC RIC II 425, C 236
110) B03, O36, R067, T047 Exe: SC RIC II 426, C 238
111) B03, O36, R067, T142 Exe: SC RIC II 427, C 239
112) B03, O24, R085, T081 RIC II 435, C 313
113) B03, O36, R086, T081 RIC II 437, C 326
114) B03, O36, R108, T095 RIC II 443, C 419
115) B03, O36, R112, T139 RIC II 445
116) B03, O36, R156, T060 Exe: SC RIC II 447, C 440
117) B03, O36, R151, T170 Exe: SC RIC II 468, C 625
118) B02, O28, R069, T049 Exe: SC RIC II 490, C 247
119) B03, O40, R085, T078 Exe: SC RIC II 574, C 320
120) B03, O82, R063, T123

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)
121) Bd, O92, R058, T055 RIC 143 (II, Titus), C 205

AE Dupondius
122) B05, O17, R042, T025 RIC II 539b, C 151
123) B05, O18, R042, T025 RIC II 555, C 152
124) B06, O18, R042, T025 RIC II 554
125) B06, O19, R042, T025 RIC II 567
126) B06, O20, R042, T025 RIC II 578, S 2346
127) B06, O28, R156, T093 Exe: ROMA RIC II 476, C 411
 52
128) B06, O29, R084, T085
129) B06, O31, R047, T028 RIC II 753a, C 166

AE As Reference(s)

130) B02, O77, R098, T009 RIC II 798c, C 738

131) B03, O28, R067, T050 Exe: SC RIC II 490
132) B03, O28, R154, T160 RIC II 503a, C 607
133) B03, O28, R156, T004 Exe: PROVIDEN RIC II 494, C 397
134) B03, O28, R156, T021 RIC II 497, C 480
135) B03, O29, R067, T051 RIC II 489
136) B03, O54, R001, T002 RIC II 482, S 2352
137) B03, O54, R156, T107 RIC II 560b, S 2361
138) B03, O56, R001, T002 RIC II 580a, C 4
139) B03, O56, R156, T107 RIC II 583a

AE Semis
140) B03, O89, R156, T176 RIC II 795

AE Quadrans
141) Ba, O91, R089, T147 RIC II 504,C 343

Vespasian Busts

Vespasian Types

Vespasian Types (continued)

53
 54
Vespasian Types (continued)
 55
Wife of Vespasian (and mother of Titus and
Domitilla Domitian). All coins are posthumous.

?-?

Bust:
There aren’t any easy to find empresses from the first
1) Draped bust right
century and Domitilla is no different. She appears
infrequently at major auctions in the form of either a
a) Carpentum pulled by two mules right Denarius or a Sestertius both of which were struck in a
limited run after her death. And both tend to come to
Obverse: market rather shopworn and the bronze, of course,
typically faring the worse of the two.
1) DIVA DOMITILLA AVGVSTA
2) MEMORIAE / DOMI / TILLAE
Both fluctuate in prices from around a minimum of $500
Reverses: to over $2,000 for exceptional grades.
1) CONCORDIA AVGVST
2) FORTVNA AVGVST
3) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII
4) PIETAS AVGVST

Types:

1) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia.

2) Large SC
3) Peacock
4) Pietas seated left; child to left.

Mint:
1) Roma

AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC 71 (I, Titus), C 3

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

2) Ba, O3, R2, T2 Exe: SPQR RIC 153 (I, Titus), C 1

Domitilla Busts Domitilla Types

 56

Titus succeeded Vespasian, his father, when he died. Unlike

Titus Vespasian, however, the reign of Titus was short-lived and tragic.
He had to deal with the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius that obliterated
Pompey by coordinating relief efforts in the area as well as related
Augustus 79-81 rebuilding projects. From this catastrophe he went to play the
same role following a major fire that broke out in Rome only to
have an outbreak of plague decimate the population shortly after
that. In the face of these disasters all he could do would be to throw city-wide parties in hopes of restoring some
morale. He himself died not long afterwards of obscure causes and would be widely mourned by Roman citizens.
It’s easy to imagine his power-hungry and restless brother playing a part in his untimely death, and historians do
like to speculate about this possibility but there is frankly not much evidence to base such a charge.

Busts:
1) Bare head right Squished in between the long reigns of Vespasian before and
2) Laureate head left Domitian afterwards, Titus only gets a brief year as emperor.
3) Laureate head right
4) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
However, he kept the mints working overtime during that
5) Laureate, draped bust right short period and under Vespasian he was Caesar for a long
6) Radiate head right time. All this adds up to plenty of coins of his still around
today even if they are a bit more expensive.
Obverses:

1) DIVO AVG T DIVI VESP F VESPASIANO

Most available will be the Denarius a common type of which
2) DIVO TITO can be found for around $100. The big copper of the day is
3) DIVVS TITVS AVGVSTVS well represented also but will be quite a bit more expensive in
4) IMP CAES T VESP AVG GERM
5) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VII anything but filler grade.
6) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII
7) IMP T CAES P AVG PM TR P COS VIII
8) IMP T CAES VESP AVG PM TR P COS VII
9) IMP T CAES VESP AVG PM TR P COS VIII
10) IMP T CAES VESP AVG PM TR P PP COS VII
11) IMP T CAES VESP AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII SC
12) IMP T CAES VESP AVGVST PM TR P COS VIII
13) IMP T CAES VESPASIAN AVG COS II
14) IMP T CAESAR COS III
15) IMP T CAESAR DIVI VESPAS F AVG
16) IMP T CAESAR VESPASIANVS
17) IMP T CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG 43) T CAES VESPASIAN IMP PON TR POT COS III CENS
18) IMP T VESP AVG COS VIII 44) T CAES VESPASIAN IMP PON TR POT COS VI
19) IMP TITVS CAES VESP AVG PM TR P PP COS VII 45) T CAESAR AVG VESPASIANVS COS VII
20) IMP TITVS CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM 46) T CAESAR IMP COS II CENS
21) IMP TITVS CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P COS V 47) T CAESAR IMP COS III CENS
22) IMPERATOR T CAESAR AVGVSTI F 48) T CAESAR IMP COS IIII
23) T CAES IMP 49) T CAESAR IMP COS V
24) T CAES IMP AVG F PON TR P COS VI CENSOR 50) T CAESAR IMP PONT
25) T CAES IMP AVG F TR P COS VI CENSOR 51) T CAESAR IMP VESP
26) T CAES IMP PON TR P COS II CENS 52) T CAESAR IMP VESP CEN
27) T CAES IMP PON TR P COS III CENS 53) T CAESAR IMP VESPASIAN
28) T CAES IMP PON TR POT 54) T CAESAR IMP VESPASIAN COS VI
29) T CAES IMP PONT 55) T CAESAR IMP VESPASIANVS
30) T CAES IMP PONT TR P COS V CENSOR 56) T CAESAR IMP VESPASIANVS COS VI
31) T CAES IMP TR POT 57) T CAESAR IMPER PONT
32) T CAES IMP VESP CEN 58) T CAESAR VESPAS IMP PON TR POT
33) T CAES IMP VESP CENS 59) T CAESAR VESPASIAN IMP III PON TR POT II COS II
34) T CAES IMP VESP P TR P CENS 60) T CAESAR VESPASIAN IMP IIII PON TR POT II COS II
35) T CAES IMP VESP PON TR POT 61) T CAESAR VESPASIAN IMP IIII PON TR POT III COS II
36) T CAES IMP VESP PON TR POT CENS 62) T CAESAR VESPASIAN IMP PON TR POT
37) T CAES VESP AVG PM TR P COS V 63) T CAESAR VESPASIANVS
38) T CAES VESP IMP PON TR POT COS II CENS 64) T CAESAR VESPASIANVS TR P COS II
39) T CAES VESPAS IMP P TR P COS II 65) T CAESAR VESPASIANVS TR P COS VI
40) T CAES VESPAS IMP PON TR POT COS II 66) T DIVO AVG DIVI VESP F VESPASIANO
41) T CAES VESPASIAN IMP P TR P COS II 67) TITVS IMP
42) T CAES VESPASIAN IMP PON TR POT COS II

Reverses:

1) AEQVITAS AVGVST 12) CIVITATIBVS ASIAE RESTITVT 23) COS VII

2) AEQVITAS AVGVSTI 13) CONCORD AVG 24) DIVO AVG VESP SPQR
3) AETERNIT AVG 14) CONCORDIA AVG 25) DIVVS AVGVSTVS VESP
4) AETERNIT AVGVST 15) CONCORDIA AVGVST 26) DIVVS AVGVSTVS VESPASIAN
5) AETERNITAS 16) CONCORDIA AVGVSTI 27) DIVVS VESPASIAN
6) ANNONA AVG 17) CONGIAR PRIMVM P R DAT 28) DOMITILLAE IMP CAES VESP AVG
7) ANNONA AVGVST 18) CONSECRATIO SPQR
8) BONVS EVENTVS AVGVSTI 19) COS IIII 29) FELICIT AVGVST
9) CAESAR DOMITIAN COS DES II 20) COS V 30) FELICIT PVBLIC
10) CERES AVG 21) COS VII DES VIII PP 31) FELICITAS PVBLIC
11) CERES AVGVST 22) COS VI 32) FELICITAS PVBLICA
 57
33) FIDES PVBL 55) PIETAS AVGVST 77) TR P IX IMP XV COS VII
34) FIDES PVBLICA 56) PON MAX TR P COS VI 78) TR P IX IMP XV COS VIII PP
35) FORTVNA AVGVST 57) PON MAX TR POT PP COS V CENS 79) TR P VIIII IMP XIIII COS VII
36) FORTVNAE REDVCI 58) PON TR POT 80) TR P VIIII IMP XIIII COS VII PP
37) GENI P R 59) PONTIF TR P COS III 81) TR P VIIII IMP XV COS VII PP
38) GENIO P R 60) PONTIF TR P COS IIII 82) TR POT COS III CENSOR
39) IMP CAES DIVI VESP F DOMIT AVG PM TR P PP 61) PONTIF TR P COS V 83) TR POT COS IIII
40) IMP T CAES VESP AVG PM TR P COS VIII 62) PONTIF TR POT 84) TR POT COS VI CENSOR
41) IMP T VESP AVG REST 63) PONTIF TRI POT 85) TR POT VII COS VI
42) IMP VIII 64) PRINCEPS IVVENTVTIS 86) TR POT VIII COS VII
43) IMP XIIII 65) PROVIDENT AVGVST 87) TR POT VIIII COS VII
44) IOVIS CVSTOS 66) PROVIDENTIA COS VII 88) VESP PON TR P
45) IVD CAP 67) ROMA 89) VESTA
46) IVDAEA CAPTA 68) ROMA VICTRIX 90) VIC AVG
47) IVDAEA DEVICTA 69) SALVS AVG 91) VICTORIA AVG
48) IVLIA AVGVSTA DIVI TITI F 70) SALVTI AVGVSTI 92) VICTORIA AVGVST
49) MEMORIAE DOMITILLAE SPQR 71) SECVRITAS AVG 93) VICTORIA AVGVSTI
50) NEP RED 72) SECVRITAS AVGVST 94) VICTORIA NAVALIS
51) PAX AVG 73) SECVRITAS AVGVSTI 95) No legend
52) PAX AVGS 74) SPQR
53) PAX AVGVST 75) SPQR OB CIV SER
54) PAX AVGVSTI 76) TR P COS VII DES VIII PP

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and scepter

2) Aeternitas standing left, holding heads of Sun and Moon; altar to left
3) Aeternitas standing right with foot on globe, holding cornucopia and scepter
4) Altar
5) Altar, dolphin above
6) Altar, two ravens and wreath above
7) Anchor, dolphin coiled around it
8) Annona seated left, holding grain ears
9) Annona standing left, holding Aequitas and cornucopia; modius and grain ears to left, galley prow to right.
10) Boar advancing right
11) Branches
12) Bull butting right
13) Caduceus, winged
14) Capricornus over globe to left
15) Capricornus over globe to right, cornucopia above.
16) Carpentum being pulled by two mules
17) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch
18) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and scepter
19) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch
20) Chair; dolphin below
21) Chairs (2), wreath atop
22) Coliseum
23) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia
24) Cornucopiae (2), crossed, with winged caduceus in between
25) Cow standing right
26) Eagle standing on cippus, facing
27) Eagle standing on globe
28) Eagle standing right
29) Elephant standing left
30) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
31) Felicitas standing left, holding cornucopia and scepter
32) Fides standing left, holding patera and cornucopia
33) Fortuna standing left on cippus, holding rudder and cornucopia
34) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia
35) Galley prow right; star above
36) Genius standing left, holding patera and grain ears
37) Genius standing left, sacrificing at altar and holding cornucopia
38) Hands, in handshake, holding caduceus and grain ears
39) Hands, in handshake, holding winged caduceus and grain ears.
40) Jupiter standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter
41) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
42) Mars standing left, holding spear and trophy
43) Neptune standing left, stepping on globe, holding acrostolium and trident.
44) Oxen (2) standing left
45) Palm tree; Judea seated to left and captive standing to right
46) Palm tree; Judea seated to left and weapons to right
47) Palm tree; Judea seated to right and Titus standing to left, stepping on globe, holding spear and parazonium
48) Palm tree; Judea seated to right and weapons to left
49) Pax seated left, holding branch
50) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter
51) Pax standing left, holding branch and caduceus
52) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia
53) Pax standing left, holding caduceus and branch
54) Pax standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
55) Pax standing left, leaning on cippus with purse atop, holding branch and winged caduceus.
56) Pax standing left, leaning on cippus, holding branch and caduceus
57) Pax standing left, leaning on cippus, holding branch and caduceus; altar to left
58) Pax standing left, leaning on cippus, holding branch and cornucopia
59) Pax standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus with branch
60) Pegasus
61) Pig and three piglets standing left
62) Providentia standing, facing away, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding spear and helmet.
63) Quadriga riding left, carrying grain ears.
 58
64) Roma seated left, holding Victory and parazonium
65) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear
66) Roma seated left, holding wreath and parazonium
67) Roma seated left, holding wreath and trophy.
68) Roma seated right, holding spear; wolf suckling Romulus and Remus to right and birds in fields.
69) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear
70) Salus seated left, holding patera
71) Salus seated left, holding patera and scepter
72) Securitas seated left, holding scepter; modius to left
73) Securitas seated right, holding scepter and resting head on arm; altar to right
74) Shepherd seated left, milking a sheep
75) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
76) Standards (3)
77) Table; thunderbolt atop
78) Temple with (4) columns, statue within and to either side.
79) Temple with (6) columns
80) Throne; grain ears atop
81) Titus and Domitian standing, facing each other, shaking hands; Pietas standing in center background
82) Titus riding horse left, receiving Palladium from Roma to left, stepping on globe.
83) Titus riding quadriga left
84) Titus riding quadriga right, holding scepter with eagle atop and branch
85) Titus seated left among weapons, holding branch.
86) Titus seated left, holding Victory and spear
87) Titus seated right, holding scepter and branch
88) Titus standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding Victory and spear; two supplicants and palm tree to left
89) Titus statue on rostral column, facing, holding scepter and resting hand on hip
90) Trophy; captive kneeling right at base
91) Trophy; captive kneeling to right, holding standard
92) Trophy; seated captive on either side
93) Venus standing right, leaning on cippus, holding helmet and spear.
94) Vespasian seated left, holding branch and scepter.
95) Vespasian seated left, holding Victory and scepter
96) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter
97) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and torch
98) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading SPQR
99) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
100) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm
101) Victory seated left, holding wreath and palm
102) Victory standing left on galley prow, holding wreath and palm
103) Victory standing left, leaning on cippus, holding cornucopia and palm
104) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VIC / AVG on palm
105) Victory standing right on galley prow, holding wreath and palm
106) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm
107) Victory standing right, holding wreath and palm
108) Wolf standing left, suckling Romulus and Remus; boat below
109) Wreath, goat standing left within

Mints:
1) Asia
2) Lugdunum
3) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B3, O20, R78, T007 RIC II 26a, BMC 71, C 308

2) B3, O20, R80, T089 RIC II 10, BMC 12
3) B3, O35, R95, T106 VIC AVG across fields RIC 158 (II, Vespasian), C 352
4) B3, O52, R51, T057 RIC 168a (II, Vespasian), BMC 110, C 131
5) B3, O55, R05, T002 RIC 209 (II, Vespasian), BMC 302, C 13
6) B3, O55, R20, T025 RIC 188 (II, Vespasian), BMC 187, C 53
7) B3, O55, R95, T068 Exe: COS VI RIC 194 (II, Vespasian), BMC 223, C 64
8) B3, O63, R11, T018 RIC 219 (II, Vespasian), C 30

AR Tetradrachm

9) B3, O20, R95, T076 RIC II 74, BMC 149, C 398

AR Antoninianus (Posthumous)
10) B6, O02, R18, T004 RIC 82b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 405
11) B6, O02, R18, T028 RIC 81a (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 404

AR Denarius
12) B2, O20, R78, T007 RIC II 26b, C 310
13) B2, O20, R78, T021 RIC II 25b, C 319
14) B2, O20, R78, T077 RIC II 23b, C 314
15) B2, O20, R80, T014
16) B3, O17, R11, T018 RIC II 28, C 31a
17) B3, O17, R79, T090 RIC II 1, C 334a
18) B3, O20, R08, T036 RIC II 31, S 2503, C 25
 59
19) B3, O20, R21, T077 RIC 266 (II, Vespasian)
20) B3, O20, R78, T005 RIC II 27a, C 321
21) B3, O20, R78, T006 RIC II 27b, C 321
22) B3, O20, R78, T007 RIC II 26a, S 2517, C 309
23) B3, O20, R78, T021 RIC II 25a, C 318
24) B3, O20, R78, T029 RIC II 22a, C 303
25) B3, O20, R78, T077 RIC II 23a, S 2513, C 316
26) B3, O20, R78, T080 RIC II 24a, C 313
27) B3, O20, R78, T092 RIC II 21a, C 306
28) B3, O20, R79, T063 RIC II 6, C 276
29) B3, O20, R79, T089
30) B3, O20, R79, T090 RIC II 5, C 274
31) B3, O20, R80, T014 RIC II 7, S 2510, C 280
32) B3, O20, R80, T017 RIC II 8, S 2508, C 270
33) B3, O20, R80, T089 RIC II 10, C 272
34) B3, O20, R80, T093 RIC II 9, S 2507, C 268
35) B3, O20, R80. T063 RIC II 12, C 277
36) B3, O33, R63, T087 RIC 169 (II, Vespasian), C 168
37) B3, O33, R69, T070
38) B3, O35, R50, T043 RIC 155 (II, Vespasian), C 121
39) B3, O35, R95, T047
40) B3, O51, R95, T011 COS III in field RIC 172 (II, Vespasian), C 47
41) B3, O53, R20, T026 RIC 191a (II, Vespasian)
42) B3, O53, R60, T049 RIC 185 (II, Vespasian), C 162
43) B3, O55, R22, T042 RIC 195 (II, Vespasian), C 65
44) B3, O55, R44, T040 RIC 176 (II, Vespasian), C 106
45) B3, O55, R64, T093
46) B3, O55, R66, T093
47) B3, O55, R86, T063 RIC 206 (II, Vespasian), C 336
48) B3, O55, R86, T090 RIC 208 (II, Vespasian), C 334
49) B3, O55, R95, T044 Exe: COS VI RIC 197 (II, Vespasian), S 2440, C 67
50) B3, O62, R06, T008 RIC 218d (II, Vespasian), S 2436, C 17
51) B3, O62, R95, T061 Exe: IMP XIII RIC 220 (II, Vespasian), S 2443, C 104
52) B3, O63, R11, T018 RIC 219 (II, Vespasian), S 2437, C 31
53) B5, O35, R16, T023 RIC 365 (II, Vespasian), C 44
54) B5, O35, R50, T043 RIC 366 (II, Vespasian)
55) B5, O35, R95, T047 RIC 367 (II, Vespasian)
56) B5, O35, R95, T084 RIC 368 (II, Vespasian), S 2435, C 358

AE Sestertius Reference(s)

57) B2, O09, R30, T030 RIC II 89, C 74

58) B2, O09, R54, T052
59) B2, O09, R95, T075 RIC II 100, C 222
60) B3, O06, R53, T052 RIC II 181
61) B3, O06, R53, T052 RIC II 94, C 139
62) B3, O06, R95, T041 RIC II 182, C 203
63) B3, O06, R95, T045
64) B3, O09, R53, T052 RIC II 95, C 139
65) B3, O24, R67, T069 RIC 772 (II, Vespasian), C 184
66) B3, O38, R95, T084 Exe: SC RIC 645 (II, Vespasian), C 226
67) B3, O42, R93, T104 RIC 614 (II, Vespasian), C 385
68) B3, O60, R95, T041 RIC 636 (II, Vespasian), C 201
69) B3, O61, R95, T041
70) B4, O59, R95, T088 Exe: SC

AE Dupondius
71) B2, O50, R82, T024 RIC II 813c (II, Vespasian)
72) B3, O50, R82, T024 RIC II 813a (II, Vespasian)
73) B6, O06, R67, T066 Exe: SC RIC II 183, C 189

AE As
74) B2, O09, R01, T001 RIC II 121b, C 5
75) B2, O26, R02, T001 C8
76) B2, O27, R82, T105 RIC 670 (II, Vespasian), C 363
77) B3, O41, R94, T105 RIC II 627, C 387
78) B3, O49, R01, T001 RIC 676 (II, Vespasian), C 3

AE Semis

79) B3, O15, R95, T046

80) B3, O23, R58, T013 RIC 807 (II, Vespasian), C 156
81) B3, O57, R95, T048 RIC 812 (II, Vespasian), C 225
 60
Titus Busts

Titus Types
 61
Titus Types (continued)
 62

Domitian was one of Vespasian's sons and brother of Titus. Upon

Domitian the death of Titus, Domitian was given the title of Augustus and
thus became the emperor. Domitian campaigned extensively in
Britain and present-day Germany, ultimately being successful in
Augustus 81-96 both areas. He was also intensely concerned with the soundness
of the economy and frequently revised tax laws to maximize the
treasury's income and kept tax collectors busy round-the-clock.
However, he did use these monies to rebuild Rome which had been through two major fires and the construction
of many new building projects.

For all the good he did, Domitian was still hated by the Senate which was kept on a short leash at all times.
Suspicious of others by nature, anyone he suspected of plotting against him was summarily executed. Not much
better fate befell any other government official suspected of embezzling funds or conducting otherwise corrupt
dealings. Another move which earned him enemies was the fact that he legislated strict moral laws while making
no concessions in his own promiscuous affairs and other eccentric behaviors. Like so many other emperors,
Domitian was assassinated in a plot that was left largely uninvestigated but that many scholars believe his
successor, Nerva, played a role in.

Busts:
With a quarter century in power, the longest stay
1) Bare head right of any first century ruler, there are plenty of
2) Bare-headed, cuirassed bust right coins left of Domitian. From humble sub-As
3) Laureate head left
4) Laureate head right denominations to highly prized Aurei there is
5) Laureate, draped bust left something available within the reach of any
6) Laureate, draped bust right
7) Radiate head right
collector’s budget.

c) Apollo laureate, draped bust right, branch in front While a Denarius is typically the most
d) Minerva helmeted, draped bust right accessible coin, Domitian’s big copper is also
e) Rhinoceros advancing left
f) Rhinoceros advancing right well represented and, except for the very well
preserved specimens, relatively affordable as
Obverses: well.

1) CAE AVG F DOMIT COS II Domitian has a thing for the war goddess
2) CAES AVG F DOMIT COS II
3) CAES AVG F DOMIT COS III Minerva and the greater portion of his surviving
4) CAES DIVI AVG VESP F DOMITIAN COS VII Denarii feature her in one of four predominant
5) CAES DIVI AVG VESP F DOMITIANVS COS VII
6) CAES DIVI F DOMITIANVS COS VII
“poses”. Like other emperors of the period, the
7) CAES DIVI VESP F DOMITIAN COS VII legends are normally comprised of
8) CAES DIVI VESP F DOMITIANVS COS VII abbreviations of annually increasing titles which
9) CAESAR AVG F DOMIT COS III
10) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIAN COS II afford us an easy way to date the coin to within
11) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIAN COS III a year of so of having been minted.
12) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIAN COS IIII
13) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIAN COS V
14) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIAN COS VI
15) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS
16) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS COS DES II
17) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS COS II
18) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS COS III
19) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS COS IIII
20) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS COS V
21) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS COS VI
22) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS COS VII
23) CAESAR DIVI F DOMITIANVS COS VII
24) CAESAR F DOMITIAN COS II 42) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XIII CENS PERP P
25) DIVVS CAESAR IMP DOMITIANI F 43) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XIIII CENS PERP P
26) DOMITIAN GERMANICVS 44) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XV CENS PERP P
27) DOMITIANVS AVG GERM 45) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XVI CENS PERP P
28) DOMITIANVS AVGVSTVS 46) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XVII CENS PERP P
29) DOMITIANVS AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS 47) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XVII CENS PERPE
30) DOMITIANVS CAESAR AVG F 48) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P IIII
31) IMP CAES DIVI VESP F DOMIT AVG GERM 49) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P V
32) IMP CAES DIVI VESP F DOMIT AVG PM TR P PP 50) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P VI
33) IMP CAES DIVI VESP F DOMITIAN AVG 51) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P VII
34) IMP CAES DIVI VESP F DOMITIAN AVG GER COS X 52) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P VIII
35) IMP CAES DIVI VESP F DOMITIAN AVG PM 53) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P VIII CENS PERP P
36) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GER COS XVII CENS PERP P 54) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P VIIII
37) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS X 55) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P X
38) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XI CENS PERP P 56) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P XI
39) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XI CENS POT 57) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P XII
40) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XI CENS POT PP 58) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P XIII
41) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XII CENS PERP P 59) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P XIIII
 63
60) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P XIIII IMP XXII 83) IMP CAESAR DOMIT AVG GER COS XII CENS PERP P
61) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P XV 84) IMP CAESAR DOMITIANVS AVG
62) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P XVI 85) IMP CAESAR DOMITIANVS AVG PM
63) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR POT 86) IMP D CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VII
64) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM TR P VIII 87) IMP D CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII
65) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERMAN PM TR P VII 88) IMP DOM AVG
66) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERMANIC COS XIII 89) IMP DOMIT
67) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERMANIC COS XIIII 90) IMP DOMIT AVG GE
68) IMP CAES DOMITIAN AVG GERM COS X 91) IMP DOMIT AVG GER
69) IMP CAES DOMITIAN AVG GERM COS XI 92) IMP DOMIT AVG GERM
70) IMP CAES DOMITIAN AVG GERM COS XI CENS POT 93) IMP DOMIT AVG GERM COS XI
71) IMP CAES DOMITIAN AVG GERM COS XII 94) IMP DOMIT AVG GERM COS XII
72) IMP CAES DOMITIAN AVG GERM TR P VIII 95) IMP DOMIT AVG GERM COS XIII
73) IMP CAES DOMITIAN AVG GERMANICVS 96) IMP DOMIT AVG GERM COS XV
74) IMP CAES DOMITIAN AVG PM COS VIII 97) IMP DOMIT AVG GERM COS XVI
75) IMP CAES DOMITIAN AVG PONT 98) IMP DOMIT AVG GERM COS XVII
76) IMP CAES DOMITIANVS 99) IMP DOMITIAN AVG GERM
77) IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVG GERMANIC 100) IMP DOMITIAN AVG GERM COS XII
78) IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVG GERMANICVS 101) IMP DOMITIAN CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VII
79) IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVG PM 102) IMP DOMITIAN CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII
80) IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVG PM COS VII 103) IMP DOMITIANVS AVG
81) IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVG PM COS VIII 104) No legend
82) IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVG PONT

Reverses:
1) AEQVITAS AVGVST 59) IMP XV COS XIIII CENS P PP
2) AETERNITATI AVGVSTI 60) IMP XVI COS XIIII CENS P PP
3) ANNONA AVG 61) IMP XVII COS XIIII CENS P PP
4) ANNONA AVGVSTI 62) IMP XVIII COS XIIII CENS P PP
5) AVG 63) IMP XXI COS XIIII CENS P PP
6) AVG GERM 64) IMP XXI COS XV CENS P PP
7) CAESAR DOMIT COS II 65) IMP XXI COS XVI CENS P PP
8) CAPIT RESTIT 66) IMP XXII COS XVI CENS P PP
9) CENS P PP 67) IMP XXII COS XVII CENS P PP
10) CERES AVGVST 68) IOVI CONSERVAT
11) CONCORDIA AVG 69) IOVI CONSERVATORI
12) CONCORDIA AVGVST 70) IOVI VICTORI
13) COS III 71) IVDEA CAPTA
14) COS IIII 72) IVPPITER CONSERVATOR
15) COS V 73) IVPPITER CVSTOS
16) COS VII 74) MONETA AVGVST
17) COS VII DES VIII 75) MONETA AVGVSTI
18) COS VII DES VIII PP 76) PACI AVGVSTAE
19) COS XIIII 77) PACI AVGVSTI
20) COS XIIII CENS PER PP 78) PACI ORB TERR AVG
21) COS XIIII LVD SAEC A POP FRVG AC 79) PACIS
22) COS XIIII LVD SAEC FEC 80) PAX AVG
23) COS XIIII LVD SAEC SVF PD 81) PAX AVGVST
24) COS XVII CENS P PP 82) PM TR POT III IMP V COS X PP
25) DIVAE IVLIAE AVG DIVI TITI F SPQR 83) PM TR POT IIII IMP VIII COS XI PP
26) DIVO AVG T DIVI VESP F VESPASIANO 84) PON MAX TR P COS IIII
27) DIVO VESP 85) PRINC IVVENT
28) DIVVS CAESAR IMP DOMITIANI F 86) PRINCEPS IVVENTVT
29) DOMIT COS II 87) PRINCEPS IVVENTVTIS
30) DOMITIA AVGVSTA 88) PRINCIP IVVENT
31) DOMITIA AVGVSTA IMP DOMIT 89) PROVIDEN
32) DOMITIA DOMITIAN AVG PM COS VI 90) ROM ET AVG
33) DOMITIANVS COS II 91) ROMA
34) FELICITAS PVBLICA 92) SALVS AVG
35) FIDEI PVBLICAE 93) SALVS AVGVST
36) FIDES PVBL 94) SALVTI AVGVST
37) FORTVNAE AVGVST 95) SALVTI AVGVSTI
38) FORTVNAE AVGVSTI 96) SECVRITAS AVGVSTI
39) GERMANIA CAPTA 97) T DIVO AVG DIVI VESP F VESPASIANO
40) GERMANICVS COS XIIII 98) TR P COS VII
41) GERMANICVS COS XV 99) TR P COS VII DES VIII PP
42) GERMANICVS COS XVI 100) TR P COS VIII DES VIIII PP
43) GERMANICVS COS XVII 101) TR P COS VIII PP
44) IMP CAES DIVI VESP F DOMITIAN AVG PM 102) TR P IX IMP XV COS VIII PP
45) IMP DOMIT AVG GERM 103) TR POT COS VIII PP
46) IMP T VESP AVG REST 104) TR POT COS VIIII PP
47) IMP VIIII COS XI CENS POT PP 105) TR POT II COS IX DES X PP
48) IMP VIIII COS XI CENS POTES PP 106) TR POT II COS VIIII DES X PP
49) IMP VIIII COS XI CENSORIA POTESTAT PP 107) TR POT IMP II COS VIII DES IX PP
50) IMP XI COS XI CENS P PP 108) TR POT IMP II COS VIII DES VIII PP
51) IMP XI COS XII CENS P PP 109) TR POT IMP II COS VIII DES VIIII PP
52) IMP XII COS XII CENS P PP 110) VESTA
53) IMP XIII COS XII CENS P PP 111) VICTORIA AVGVST
54) IMP XIIII COS XII CENS P PP 112) VICTORIA AVGVSTI
55) IMP XIIII COS XIII CENS P PP 113) VICTORIA NAVALIS
56) IMP XIIII COS XIII CENSOR PERPETVVS PP 114) VICTORIAE AVGVSTI
57) IMP XIIII COS XIIII CENS P PP 115) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI
58) IMP XIX COS XIIII CENS P PP 116) No Legend
 64
Types:

1) Aeternitas standing left, holding heads of sun and moon.

2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and scepter.
3) Altar
4) Altar, eagle on either side
5) Altar, lit
6) Altar, priest on either side
7) Anchor, dolphin coiled around
8) Annona seated right, holding grain ears.
9) Annona seated right, holding grain ears; boy to right also holding grain ears and galley prow above, in background.
10) Baby seated on globe with outstretched arms; sevens stars in field
11) Branch.
12) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and cornucopia
13) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch
14) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch, modius on altar behind; Annona standing right on left, resting arm on hip and holding cornucopia.
15) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch
16) Cippus to left reading COS/XIIII/LVD/SAEC/FEC, candelabrum center and herald to right, holding scepter and shield.
17) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia.
18) Cornucopia
19) Domitia draped bust right.
20) Domitian riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter.
21) Domitian riding horse right, raising hand
22) Domitian riding horse right, spearing enemy.
23) Domitian riding quadriga left, holding branch and scepter.
24) Domitian seated left, offering gift to mother and child; temple behind them.
25) Domitian seated right, facing citizens pouring offerings; temple behind them.
26) Domitian standing left, holding Palladium
27) Domitian standing left, holding parazonium and spear; Rhine lying down to left.
28) Domitian standing left, holding scepter and spear, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm.
29) Domitian standing left, holding scepter; kneeling captive to left, holding shield.
30) Domitian standing left, sacrificing over altar, musicians playing to right, Tellus lying down holding cornucopiae and citizen restraining sacrificial pig.
31) Domitian standing left, sacrificing over altar, musicians playing; temple in background.
32) Domitian standing left, sacrificing over altar, two musicians playing to left; temple in background.
33) Domitian standing left, sacrificing over altar, two musicians playing and priest holding lamb to left; temple in background.
34) Domitian standing left, sacrificing over altar, two musicians playing and priest holding bull to left; temple in background.
35) Domitian standing left, sacrificing over altar; temple in background.
36) Domitian standing right, facing three kneeling citizens; temple behind them.
37) Domitian standing right, sacrificing over altar; three soldiers to right
38) Eagle between two standards.
39) Eagle perched on branch with wreath in beak.
40) Eagle perched on thunderbolt.
41) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
42) Felicitas standing left, leaning on cippus, holding branch and caduceus.
43) Fides standing left, holding fruit basket and grain ears.
44) Fides standing right, holding fruit basket and grain ears.
45) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
46) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
47) Fruit basket
48) Germania seated right, resting head on hand.
49) Germania seated right, resting head on hand; broken spear below.
50) Grain ears
51) Hands, in handshake, holding standard on galley prow
52) Helmet, shield and tree.
53) Herald advancing left, holding scepter and shield.
54) Judea seated by trophy and soldier.
55) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
56) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter.
57) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
58) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
59) Legend SC.
60) Lyre.
61) Mars advancing left, holding Victory and trophy.
62) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
63) Mercury advancing left, holding eagle and caduceus.
64) Minerva advancing right, aiming spear and holding shield.
65) Minerva helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter over shoulder
66) Minerva helmeted, cuirassed bust left.
67) Minerva helmeted bust right.
68) Minerva standing left, holding spear.
69) Minerva standing left, holding thunderbolt and spear; shield to right
70) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield.
71) Minerva standing right on galley prow, aiming spear and holding shield; owl to lower right.
72) Minerva standing right on galley prow, aiming spear and holding shield.
73) Minerva standing right, aiming spear and holding shield.
74) Minerva, winged, advancing left, holding javelin and shield.
75) Modius with grain ears
76) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
77) Owl standing left.
78) Owl standing right.
79) Pax diademed, draped bust right.
80) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia.
81) Pax standing left, holding caduceus and branch.
82) Pax standing left, holding cornucopia and setting fire to pile of weapons with torch.
83) Pegasus advancing right.
84) Raven perched left on branch.
 65
85) Raven perched right on branch.
86) Rhinoceros advancing left.
87) Rhinoceros advancing right.
88) Roma seated left, holding wreath and parazonium.
89) Salus seated left, holding grain ears.
90) Salus standing right, leaning on column and with legs crossed, feeding snake.
91) Shields and various weapons.
92) Shields crossed in front of vexillum.
93) Shrine with (4) columns
94) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
95) Standards (3)
96) Temple with (2) columns, Jupiter(?) seated within.; two Victories on either side of temple.
97) Temple with (4) columns; Cybele standing within.
98) Temple with (4) columns; Juno, Jupiter and Minerva in center.
99) Temple with (4) columns; Jupiter(?) seated within, two standing aides either side.
100) Temple with (4) columns; Minerva within, holding shield and javelin, advancing right.
101) Temple with (4) columns; Serapis seated within holding patera and scepter.
102) Temple with (4) columns; Vesta standing within, another staute on either side, each holding a scepter
103) Temple with (6) columns; Jupiter(?) seated within, two standing aides either side.
104) Temple with (8) columns; Jupiter(?) seated within.
105) Throne with grain ears
106) Throne with helmet
107) Throne with thunderbolt.
108) Titus seated left, holding branch and scepter; altar in front.
109) Altar, dolphin above.
110) Altar, globe above.
111) Altar, snakes coiled around it.
112) Triumph arch adorned with elephants.
113) Trophy, seated captive on either side
114) Trophy; standing captive to right and seated captive to left.
115) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter.
116) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading SPQR.
117) Victory advancing right, holding branch.
118) Victory advancing right, holding eagle with both hands.
119) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
120) Victory seated left, holding wreath and palm.
121) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and trophy.
122) Victory standing left, touching standard and holding palm.
123) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, touching trophy reading DE GER; seated captive at base of trophy.
124) Virtus standing left, stepping on helmet, holding parazonium and spear.
125) Virtus standing right, stepping on helmet, holding parazonium and spear.
126) Winged caduceus.
127) Wolf standing left, suckling Romulus and Remus; boat below.
128) Wreath over two chairs.
129) Wreath, cippus within reading LVD / SAEC / FEC; COS XIIII across fields.
130) Wreath, goat standing left within
131) Wreath, SC within.

Mints:
1) Ephesus
2) Lugdunum
3) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O028, R042, T023 RIC II 185a, BMC 213
2) B4, O002, R110, T102 RIC II 230 (Vespasian)
3) B4, O002, R116, T020 RIC II 232 (Vespasian), C 663
4) B4, O003, R087, T094 RIC II 232 (Vespasian), C 374
5) B4, O015, R010, T015 RIC II 248 (Vespasian), C 29
6) B4, O015, R015, T127 RIC II 241 (Vespasian), C 50
7) B4, O015, R116, T018 RIC II 237 (Vespasian), C 46
8) B4, O028, R040, T049 RIC II 127, BMC 143, C 148
9) B4, O028, R041, T069 RIC II 163, BMC 171, C 150
10) B4, O028, R042, T049 RIC II 184, BMC 211, C 163
11) B4, O048, R049, T049 RIC II 66b, BMC 81, C 182
12) B4, O079, R072, T040 RIC II 40, BMC 51, C 319
13) B4, O079, R101, T003 RIC II 19, C 576
14) B4, O079, R109, T065 RIC II 33, C 607
15) B4, O085, R031, T019 RIC II 210, BMC 58, C 3

AR Tetradrachm
16) B4, O060, R024, T095 RIC II 223
17) B4, O074, R116, T095 RIC II 226, C 667
18) B4, O084, R116, T095 RIC II 227, C 668

AR Denarius
19) B2, O030, R011, T012 Exe: EPE RIC II 348 (Vespasian), C 38
20) B2, O030, R078, T079 Exe: EPE RIC II 350 (Vespasian), C 337
21) B3, O021, R087, T090
 66
22) B4, O001, R014, T083
23) B4, O002, R116, T020 Legend starts left field, clockwise RIC II 232 (Vespasian), C 664
24) B4, O002, R116, T020 Legend starts right field, counter-clockwise RIC II 232 (Vespasian), C 664
25) B4, O003, R086, T094 RIC II 233 (Vespasian), C 375
26) B4, O015, R010, T015 RIC II 248 (Vespasian), C 30
27) B4, O015, R014, T083 RIC II 238 (Vespasian), C 47
28) B4, O015, R015, T127 RIC II 241 (Vespasian), C 51
29) B4, O015, R116, T021 RIC II 242 (Vespasian)
30) B4, O021, R087, T051 RIC II 246 (Vespasian), C 393
31) B4, O021, R087, T090 RIC II 239 (Vespasian), C 382
32) B4, O021, R087, T115 RIC II 244 (Vespasian), C 378
33) B4, O021, R087, T140 RIC II 245 (Vespasian), C 389
34) B4, O022, R087, T051 RIC II 45 (Titus), C 395
35) B4, O022, R087, T064 RIC II 41 (Titus) corrected
36) B4, O022, R087, T106 RIC II 47 (Titus)
37) B4, O023, R087, T005 RIC II 50 (Titus)
38) B4, O023, R087, T106 RIC II 51 (Titus)
39) B4, O023, R087, T130 RIC II 49 (Titus), C 390
40) B4, O048, R048, T048
41) B4, O048, R048, T071
42) B4, O048, R049, T048 RIC II 66b, C 183
43) B4, O049, R050, T071
44) B4, O049, R051, T064 RIC II 73, C 194
45) B4, O049, R052, T064 RIC II 79
46) B4, O050, R052, T067
47) B4, O050, R052, T069 RIC II 86
48) B4, O050, R055, T069 RIC II 93, C 215
49) B4, O050, R055, T071 RIC II 92
50) B4, O051, R055, T064 RIC II 100
51) B4, O051, R055, T068 RIC II 102, C 222
52) B4, O051, R055, T069 RIC II 101
53) B4, O052, R022, T053 RIC II 117
54) B4, O052, R058, T064 RIC II 137, C 252
55) B4, O052, R058, T068 RIC II 140, C 250
56) B4, O052, R058, T071 RIC II 138, C 253
57) B4, O052, R064, T069
58) B4, O052, R116, T016 RIC II 116, C 73
59) B4, O052, R116, T129 RIC II 115, C 70
60) B4, O054, R064, T064 RIC II 147, C 261
61) B4, O054, R064, T068 RIC II 150, C 259
62) B4, O054, R064, T071 RIC II 148, C 262
63) B4, O055, R064, T064 RIC II 152, C 265
64) B4, O055, R064, T068 RIC II 155, C 263
65) B4, O055, R064, T069 RIC II 154, C 264
66) B4, O055, R064, T071 RIC II 153
67) B4, O056, R064, T064 RIC II 157, C 270
68) B4, O056, R064, T068 RIC II 159, C 267
69) B4, O056, R064, T069 RIC II 158, C 268
70) B4, O056, R065, T064 RIC II 166, C 273
71) B4, O056, R065, T068 RIC II 169, C 271
72) B4, O056, R065, T069 RIC II 168, C 272
73) B4, O056, R065, T071 RIC II 167, C 274
74) B4, O057, R065, T064 RIC II 172, C 281
75) B4, O057, R065, T069 RIC II 173, C 279
76) B4, O057, R066, T068 RIC II 174, C 278
77) B4, O058, R066, T064 RIC II 175, C 283b
78) B4, O058, R066, T068 RIC II 178, C 282
79) B4, O058, R066, T069 RIC II 177, C 283
80) B4, O058, R066, T071 RIC II 176, C 284
81) B4, O059, R066, T064 C 284c
82) B4, O059, R066, T064 RIC II 179
83) B4, O059, R067, T068 RIC II 189, C 286
84) B4, O059, R067, T069 RIC II 188, C 287
85) B4, O059, R067, T071 RIC II 186
86) B4, O061, R067, T063 RIC II 196, C 295
87) B4, O061, R067, T064 RIC II 190, C 292
88) B4, O061, R067, T068 RIC II 193, C 290
89) B4, O061, R067, T069 RIC II 192, C 291
90) B4, O061, R067, T071 RIC II 191, C 293
91) B4, O065, R057, T064 RIC II 107, C 235
92) B4, O073, R116, T064 RIC II 131, C 246
93) B4, O079, R018, T007 RIC II 14, C 63
94) B4, O079, R028, T010 RIC II 209a
95) B4, O079, R072, T040 RIC II 40
96) B4, O079, R093, T089 RIC II 41, C 412
97) B4, O079, R099, T003 RIC II 19, C 577
98) B4, O079, R099, T007 RIC II 20, C 568
99) B4, O079, R099, T064 RIC II 22, C 560
100) B4, O079, R099, T105 RIC II 15
101) B4, O079, R099, T107 RIC II 16, C 575
102) B4, O079, R099, T109 RIC II 21
103) B4, O079, R099, T128 RIC II 18, C 571
104) B4, O079, R101, T107 RIC II 24, C 597
105) B4, O079, R103, T067 RIC II 28, C 593
106) B4, O079, R103, T069 RIC II 31
107) B4, O079, R103, T105 RIC II 25, C 596
108) B4, O079, R103, T109 RIC II 27, C 594
109) B4, O079, R103, T128 RIC II 26, C 595
110) B4, O079, R106, T064
 67
111) B4, O079, R106, T068 RIC II 38, C 601
112) B4, O079, R109, T046 RIC II 32, C 610
113) B4, O084, R098, T007 RIC II 4, C 552
114) B4, O084, R098, T105 RIC II 2
115) B4, O084, R098, T128 RIC II 5, C 553

AR Quinarius Reference(s)
116) B4, O003, R112, T120 RIC II 235a (II, Vespasian)

AE Sestertius
117) B4, O005, R081, T080 RIC II 155b (II, Titus)
118) B4, O005, R116, T062 RIC II 159 (II, Titus), C 422
119) B4, O005, R116, T064 RIC II 157a (II, Titus)
120) B4, O007, R116, T064 RIC II 157d (II, Titus)
121) B4, O019, R116, T094 RIC II 714 (II, Vespasian), C 450
122) B4, O038, R116, T037 RIC II 288a
123) B4, O038, R004, T014 Exe: SC RIC II 277b, C 18
124) B4, O042, R070, T056 Exe: SC RIC II 342b, C 311
125) B4, O043, R070, T056 Exe: SC RIC II 358
126) B4, O043, R116, T028 Exe: SC RIC II 363, C 512
127) B4, O044, R070, T056 Exe: SC RIC II 388, C 314
128) B4, O044, R116, T028 Exe: SC RIC II 390, C 513
129) B4, O045, R116, T056 Exe: SC RIC II 401, C 315
130) B4, O046, R116, T056 Exe: SC RIC II 412, C 316
131) B4, O069, R116, T029 RIC II 258
132) B4, O069, R117, T035 RIC II 256, C 491
133) B4, O070, R116, T027 RIC II 286, C 504

AE Dupondius

134) B7, O041, R038, T046 RIC II 326a, C 123

135) B7, O041, R116, T061 RIC II 328, C 432
136) B7, O041, R116, T092 RIC II 329, C 538
137) B7, O045, R038, T046 RIC II 405, C 133
138) B7, O045, R115, T125 RIC II 406, C 659
139) B7, O050, R056, T059
140) B7, O053, R022, T033 RIC II 381, C 87
141) B7, O069, R003, T009 Exe: SC RIC II 262, C 11
142) B7, O069, R035, T043 RIC II 263

AE As

143) B4, O004, R010, T015 RIC II 165c (II, Titus)

144) B4, O004, R116, T069 RIC II 169b (II, Titus), C 442
145) B4, O005, R011, T017 Exe: SC RIC II 166b (II, Titus), C 39
146) B4, O011, R088, T020 RIC II 716 (II, Vespasian), C 402
147) B4, O016, R112, T122 Exe: SC
148) B4, O034, R116, T118 RIC II 242b
149) B4, O035, R100, T064 RIC II 242a
150) B4, O038, R074, T076 RIC II 301b
151) B4, O040, R095, T093 RIC II 304a, C 418
152) B4, O040, R115, T125
153) B4, O042, R115, T125 RIC II 356b, C 651
154) B4, O044, R075, T076 RIC II 395, C 332
155) B4, O045, R038, T046 RIC II 407
156) B4, O045, R038, T076 RIC II 408
157) B4, O046, R115, T125 RIC II 424a, C 660
158) B4, O053, R022, T032 RIC II 385a, C 85
159) B4, O068, R095, T093 RIC II 251
160) B4, O069, R095, T093 RIC II 272, C 417
161) B6, O011, R034, T041 RIC II 710 (II, Vespasian)
162) B6, O017, R001, T002 RIC II 694a (II, Vespasian)
163) B6, O017, R034, T041 RIC II 695a (II, Vespasian), C 98
164) B6, O020, R116, T020

AE Semis
165) Ba, O096, R116, T085 RIC II 398a, C 527

AE Quadrans

166) Bb, O092, R045, T059 RIC II 436b

167) Bc, O104, R045, T059 RIC II 435
168) Bd, O104, R045, T059 RIC II 434
 68

Domitian Busts

Domitian Types
 69
Domitian Types (continued)
 70
Domitian Types (continued)

Wife of Domitian. Domitia was forced to marry Domitian

Domitia early in his political career. She bore him a son who died
in infancy and some time later Domitian had her sent
away so that he could pursue a relationship with
Domitilla, his own niece. However, Domitia was not
? – d.126 forgotten and it wasn't long before he had her recalled
even though his liaison with Domitilla would continue.
Domitia would find her revenge, however, when she was asked to become involved in the plot to depose him and
she willingly participated in his assassination.

Bust:

1) Draped bust right

The coins of this empress are very rare and unlikely
Obverses: to be found outside of a major auction. Provincial AE
denominations are somewhat easier to come by
1) DOMITIA AVG IMP CAES DIVI F DOMITIAN AVG though nearly always in poor condition.
2) DOMITIA AVG IMP DOMITIAN AVG GER
3) DOMITIA AVG IMP DOMITIAN AVG GERM
4) DOMITIA AVGVSTA A halfway passable Denarius will still cost hundreds
5) DOMITIA AVGVSTA IMP DOMIT
6) DOMITIA AVGVSTA IMP DOMITIANI of dollars and the Aureus, exceptionally rare items,
7) DOMITIAE AVG IMP CAES DIVI F DOMITIAN AVG between ten and twenty thousand dollars.

Reverses:
1) CONCORDIA AVGVST
2) DIVI CAES MATER
3) DIVI CAESAR MATRI
4) DIVI CAESARIS MATER
5) DIVVS CAESAR IMP DOMITIANI F
6) PACI AVGVST
7) PIETAS AVGVST
8) VENVS AVG

Types:
1) Baby seated on globe, raising hands; seven stars around.
2) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and scepter
3) Domitia seated left, raising right hand and holding scepter; child to left.
4) Domitia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter.
5) Peacock
6) Pietas seated left, holding scepter; child to left.
7) Venus standing right, facing away, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding helmet and cradling scepter.

Mints:

1) Ephesus
2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1 O3 R1 T5 RIC 215a, C 4
2) B1 O5 R1 T5 RIC 212 (Domitian)
3) B1 O5 R5 T1 RIC 213 (Domitian)
 71
AR Tetradrachm Reference(s)

4) B1 O4 R8 T7 RIC 230 (Domitian)

AR Denarius
5) B1 O5 R1 T5 RIC 212 (Domitian), BMC 61
6) B1 O5 R5 T1 RIC 213 (Domitian), C 11
7) B1 O5 R7 T6 RIC 214 (Domitian), C 12

Domitia Bust

Following a brief marriage to a cousin, Julia Titi had a

Julia Titi long-lasting affair with her uncle Domitian. She died well
shy of her 30th birthday due to a botched abortion.

65 – 91

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right Another rare empress, Julia Titi can be difficult to find.
2) Draped bust left
3) Draped bust right Both her bronzes and Denarii are of about equally limited
availability. Of course, the silver tends to hold its shape
a) Carpentum drawn right by two mules
better but many collectors prefer the bigger size and heft
of the bronze coins.
Obverses:
1) DIVA IVLIA
While prices vary widely depending on condition one
2) DIVA IVLIA AVGVSTA should expect to pay at least $500 for a Denarius. Bronzes
3) DIVAE IVLIAE AVG DIVI TITI F are harder to set a price because they are often found in
4) IVLIA AVGVSTA
5) IVLIA AVGVSTA DIVI TITI F very poor condition which limits their marketability.
6) IVLIA AVGVSTA T AVG F However, a presentable Dupondius, the commonest
7) IVLIA AVGVSTA TITI AVGVSTI F
8) IVLIA IMP T AVG F AVGVSTA copper-based denomination, will command hundreds of
dollars at a minimum and quite possibly thousands.
Reverses:
1) AVGVSTA
2) CERES AVGVST
3) CONCORDIA AVGVSTI
4) DIVI TITI FILIA
5) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XV CENS PER PP
6) SALVS AVG
7) VENVS AVG
8) VENVS AVGVST
9) VESTA
10) No legend

Types:
1) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and scepter
2) Julia Titi riding elephant biga right, holding grain ears and scepter
3) Legend SC
4) Peacock
5) Salus seated left, holding patera.
6) Venus standing right, facing away, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding helmet and cradling scepter.
7) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter.
 72
Mints:

1) Ephesus
2) Roma

AU Aureus (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R10, T2 RIC 219 (II, Domitian), C 19

AR Tetradrachm
2) B3, O5, R10, T7 Exe: VESTA RIC 231 (II, Domitian), C 15

AR Denarius
3) B1, O6, R06, T5 RIC 54 (II, Titus), C 11
4) B1, O6, R07, T6 RIC 55a (II, Titus), C 12
5) B1, O7, R07, T6 RIC 55b (II, Titus), C 13
6) B1, O7, R08, T6 RIC 56 (II, Titus), C 14
7) B3, O8, R10, T7 Exe: VESTA RIC 57 (II, Titus), C 16

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

8) Ba, O3, R05, T3 Obv. Exe: SPQR RIC 400 (II, Domitian), C 9

AE Dupondius (Posthumous)

9) B3, O8, R02, T3 RIC 177 (II, Titus), C 2

10) B3, O8, R10, T7 Exe: VESTA RIC 180 (II, Titus), C 18

Julia Titi Busts

Julia Titi Types

 73

Nerva's career as emperor ended less than two years after his
Nerva accession to the throne. Up to that point he had been a long-
time central politician under the various emperors before him,
particularly Domitian and Nero. However, he started off as
Augustus 96-98 emperor under a precarious relationship with the army which
rightly suspected him of being involved in the conspiracy
against Domitian. He made things right in their eyes by
presenting them with an embarrassingly apologetic speech and appointing Trajan as his successor. Trajan was at
the time an admired general engaging the Germanic tribes. He died in 98 following a stroke and afterwards Trajan
forced the Senate to consecrate him.

Busts:

1) Laureate head right

In the two years or so being on the throne Nerva
2) Radiate head right managed to make a lot of coins. They are available in
gold, silver and bronze today on the cheap… well, the
b) Grain ears
c) Modius with grain ears silver and bronze ones anyway!
d) Juno draped head right
The main challenge is finding a Denarius or, say, an
Obverses: As in nice shape that one cost an arm and a leg. For
cheap you can expect to get a worn silver or a
1) DIVO NERVAE
2) IMP NERVA CAES AVG
corroded bronze coin. Mint state coins are rare and
3) IMP NERVA CAES AVG GERM PM TR P II typically cost several hundred dollars and up, up, up.
4) IMP NERVA CAES AVG GERM PM TR POT Somewhere between the two extremes one can
5) IMP NERVA CAES AVG GERM PM TR POT PP
6) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TR P COS II DESIGN III PP expect to find a nice, representative coin of this
7) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TR P COS II PP emperor for about a hundred dollars or so. Prices
8) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TR P COS III PP
9) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TR P II COS III PP fluctuate quite a bit not only on overall condition but
10) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TR POT based on reverse types as well. Some of these types
11) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TR POT II
12) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TR POT PP
are highly sought after regardless of condition.
13) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TR POT PP COS III
14) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TR POT PP COS IIII
15) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PONT MAX TR P
16) IMP NERVA CAES AVG REST
17) IMP NERVA CAESAR AVGVSTVS REST

Reverses:
1) ADLOCVT AVG 18) IMP II COS III DESIGN IIII PP
2) AEQVITAS AVGVST 19) IMP II COS IIII PP
3) ANNONA AVGVST 20) IVSTITIA AVGVST
4) CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM 21) LIBERTAS PVBLICA
5) CONGIAR P R 22) MONETA AVGVST
6) CONSECRATIO 23) PAX AVG
7) COS II DESIGN III PP 24) PAX AVGVSTI
8) COS III 25) PLEBEI VRBANAE FRVMENTO CONSTITVTO
9) COS III PATER PATRIAE 26) PM TR P COS III PP
10) COS III PP 27) PROVIDENTIA SENATVS
11) COS IIII 28) ROMA RENASCENS
12) DIVVS AVGVSTVS 29) SALVS PVBLICA
13) DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER 30) TR POT COS II
14) FISCI IVDACI CALVMNIA SVBLATA 31) TVTELA ITALIAE
15) FORTVNA AVGVST 32) VEHICVLATIONE ITALIA REMISSA
16) FORTVNA PR 33) VICTORIA AVGVST
17) IMP II COS III DES IIII PP 34) No legend

Types:
1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
2) Altar
3) Annona standing left, holding grain ears and scepter.
4) Annona standing to left, holding cornucopia facing Ceres seated to right, holding torch; modius on altar between and galley prow in background.
5) Caduceus, winged
6) Eagle
7) Fortuna seated left, holding grain ears and scepter.
8) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
9) Grain ears
10) Hands, in handshake
11) Hands, in handshake, holding legionary eagle on galley prow.
12) Justitia seated right, holding scepter and branch.
13) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter.
14) Luna (Diana) advancing forward, pulling arrow from quiver and holding bow; deer behind.
15) Modius with grain ears
 74
16) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
17) Mules (2), one standing to left and in front of the second standing to right, grazing; shafts and harness in background.
18) Nerva seated right on platform accompanied by lictor and officer giving donative to citizen to lower right; Minerva and Liberalitas in background.
19) Nerva seated right on platform accompanied by officer giving donative to citizen to lower right; Minerva and Liberalitas in background.
20) Nerva seated to right, raising hand, facing Italia to left; two children between them.
21) Nerva standing right on platform, addressing four soldiers; temple in background.
22) Nerva standing, shaking hands with soldier.
23) Palm tree
24) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter
25) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear.
26) Rudder on globe
27) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged)
28) Salus seated left, holding grain ears.
29) Standards (3)
30) Temple with (2) columns, Diana within.
31) Temple with (2) columns, Diana within; DIANA PERG inscribed above
32) Temple with (2) columns, Nerva within to left, being crowned by Roma to right, holding cornucopia; ROM ET AVG inscribed above.
33) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
34) Victory seated left, holding wreath and palm.

Mint:
1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O08, R02, T01 RIC II 13, C 5

2) B1, O08, R04, T10 RIC II 14, C 19
3) B1, O08, R04, T11 RIC II 15, BMC 27, C 28
4) B1, O08, R15, T08 RIC II 16, BMC 36, C 65

AR Tetradrachm

5) B1, O12, R08, T29 RIC II 119

6) B1, O12, R08, T31 RIC II 116, C 42
7) B1, O13, R34, T32 COM ASI across fields
8) B1, O13, R34, T32 COS III across fields RIC II 122 corrected, C 14a

AR Denarius
9) B1, O03, R09, T08 RIC II 42, C 86
10) B1, O03, R19, T10 RIC II 48, S 3031, C 96
11) B1, O03, R19, T27 RIC II 47, C 95
12) B1, O04, R09, T27 RIC II 24, C 48
13) B1, O07, R04, T10 RIC II 2, C 16
14) B1, O07, R04, T11 RIC II 3, C 25
15) B1, O07, R21, T13 RIC II 7, S 3034
16) B1, O07, R29, T28 RIC II 9, S 3035, C 132
17) B1, O08, R02, T01 RIC II 13, C 6
18) B1, O08, R04, T10 RIC II 14, S 3020
19) B1, O08, R04, T11 RIC II 15, C 29
20) B1, O08, R15, T08 RIC II 16, S 3025
21) B1, O08, R16, T07 RIC II 17, S 3026, C 79
22) B1, O08, R20, T12 RIC II 18, C 101
23) B1, O08, R21, T13 RIC II 19
24) B1, O08, R29, T28 RIC II 20, C 134
25) B1, O09, R04, T10 RIC II 26, C 22
26) B1, O10, R09, T27 RIC II 34, C 51

AR Antoninianus (Posthumous)
27) B2, O1, R06, T06 RIC 83a (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 152

AE Sestertius
28) B1, O07, R15, T08 RIC II 60, C 67
29) B1, O08, R04, T11 RIC II 80, C 30
30) B1, O08, R14, T23 RIC II 82, C 57
31) B1, O08, R15, T08 RIC II 83
32) B1, O08, R21, T13 RIC II 316, C 114
33) B1, O08, R23, T24 RIC II 88, C 123
34) B1, O08, R25, T15 RIC II 89, C 127
35) B1, O08, R32, T17 Exe: SC RIC II 93, C 143
36) B1, O09, R15, T08 RIC II 98

AE Dupondius
37) B2, O07, R21, T13 RIC II 65, C 109
38) B2, O09, R15, T08 RIC II 99, C 74
 75
AE As Reference(s)

39) B1, O07, R04, T10 Exe: SC RIC II 53, C 17

40) B1, O07, R15, T08 RIC II 83, C 68
41) B1, O08, R02, T01 RIC II 77, S 3060
42) B1, O08, R04, T10 Exe: SC RIC II 79, C 21
43) B1, O08, R21, T13 RIC II 86, C 115
44) B1, O09, R15, T08 RIC II 98, C 73
45) B1, O09, R21, T13 RIC II 100, C 119

AE Quadrans
46) Bb, O02, R34, T05 RIC II 112, C 138

Nerva Busts

Nerva Types
 76
Trajan was probably one of the fondest-remembered Roman

Trajan emperors. During Nerva's reign he was singled out as the heir to
the throne. Nerva died soon after and the General wrapped up his
battles along the German borders and packed up for Rome. Here
he was received as a hero and he reciprocated by walking humbly
Augustus 98-117 through the admiring crowds. He put the Senate on notice that they
would be allowed to resume their administrative duties without his
personal interference. He then set out on large-scale building programs and set up a charity for orphaned children.
But the beloved emperor was a military man at heart and could not wait to return to the business of fighting the
empire's enemies and expanding its borders. He added Dacia (Romania), Armenia and Mesopotamia to the roster
of domains. His military campaigns slowed under several provincial revolts and he suffered a fatal stroke on his
return from one of these.

Busts:
1) Laureate head left With a long reign and an economy at its peak,
2) Laureate head right the Roman treasury struck millions of beautiful
3) Laureate, cuirassed bust left
4) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
coins of Trajan, many of which have survived.
5) Laureate, draped bust left
6) Laureate, draped bust right Of course, all that beauty doesn’t come
7) Radiate head right
8) Radiate, draped bust right without a price what with mint state Denarii
fetching hundreds of dollars and high-grade
Obverses: Sestertii often thousands. However, as long as
one can get by on less than museum-grade
1) DIVI TRAIANO PARTH AVG PATRI pieces the collector will find many affordable
2) DIVO TRAIANO
3) DIVO TRAIANO PATRI AVG coins to choose from in a wide assortment of
4) DIVVS TRAIANVS PATER AVGVSTVS denominations.
5) FORVM TRAIAN
6) IMP CAES NER TRAIAN AVG
7) IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM AVG GER DAC Trajan was a warrior first and foremost and
8) IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM AVG GER DAC PARTH the greater part of his coins will portray military
9) IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM AVG GER DAC PARTHICO
10) IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM AVG GERM DAC themes and honor the favored gods of war. It
11) IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM AVG PM TR P COS VI PP will also become evident that Trajan’s coins
12) IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIMO AVG GERM DAC
13) IMP CAES NER TRAIANO OPTIM AVG GER DAC PARTHICO set records for most titles stuffed around the
14) IMP CAES NER TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC rim of each coin; all the better to represent his
15) IMP CAES NER TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC PARTHICO PM TR P COS VI PP
16) IMP CAES NER TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC PM TR P COS VI PP
wartime accolades.
17) IMP CAES NER TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GERM
18) IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG
19) IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GER DAC
20) IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM
21) IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM DAC PM TR P VII
22) IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM DACICVS PM
23) IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM PM
24) IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM PM TR P
25) IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM PM TR P PP
26) IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM PM TR P VI
27) IMP CAES NERVAE TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TR P COS V PP
28) IMP CAES NERVAE TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TR P COS VI PP
29) IMP CAES NERVAE TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TR P CS AP
30) IMP CAES TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC PM TR P COS VI PP
31) IMP CAESAR TRAIAN AVG GERM
32) IMP NER TRAIAN AVG GER DACICVS
33) IMP NER TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC PM TR P
34) IMP NERVA CAES TRAIAN AVG GERM PM
35) IMP NERVA CAES TRAIAN AVG GERM PM TR P PP
36) IMP NERVA TRAIANVS AVG GER DACICVS
37) IMP NERVAE TRAIANO AVG DAC PM TR P COS VI PP
38) IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TR P
39) IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TR P COS V DES VI PP
40) IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TR P COS V PP
41) IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TR P COS VI PP
42) IMP TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC PM TR P
43) IMP TRAIANVS
44) IMP TRAIANVS AVG GER DAC PM TR P COS VI PP
45) IMP TRAIANVS AVG GERM DACICVS

Reverses:
1) AETERNITAS 7) COS II
2) ARMENIA ET MESOPOTAMIA IN POTESTATEM P R REDACTAE 8) COS II DES III PP
3) AVGVSTI PROFECTIO 9) COS II PP CONG PR
4) CONGIARVM TERTIVM 10) COS III DES IIII PP
5) CONSECRATIO 11) COS III PP CLEMENTIA AVG
6) CONSERVATORI PATRIS PATRIAE 12) COS V CONGIAR SECVND
 77
13) COS V DES VI 43) PM TR P COS V PP
14) COS V PP SPQR OPTIMO PRINC 44) PM TR P COS VI PP SPQR
15) COS VI PP SPQR 45) PM TR P XX COS VI PP
16) COS VI PP SPQR OPTIMO PRINC 46) PONT MAX TR POT COS II
17) DAC PARTHICO PM TR POT XX COS VI PP 47) PORTVM TRAIANI
18) DACIA AVGVST 48) PROVIDENTIA AVGVSTI SPQR
19) DACICVS COS IIII PP 49) REGNA ADSIGNATA
20) DACICVS COS V PP 50) REST ITALIA
21) DARDANICI 51) REX PARTHIS DATVS
22) DECIVS MVS 52) REX PARTHVS
23) DIVI NERVA ET TRAIANVS PAT 53) ROMA REST
24) DIVVS PATER TRAIAN 54) SALVS GENERI HVMANI
25) FELICITAS AVGVST 55) SENATVS POPVLVSQVE ROMANVS
26) FIDES EXERCIT 56) SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI
27) FORTVNA AVGVSTI 57) TR P COS II PP
28) FORTVNAE AVGVSTI 58) TR P COS IIII PP
29) FORTVNAE REDVCI 59) TR P VII IMP IIII COS IIII DES V PP
30) IMP HADRIAN DIVI NER TRAIAN OPT FIL REST 60) TR P VII IMP IIII COS V PP
31) IMP IIII COS IIII DES V PP 61) TR POT COS
32) MARS VICTOR 62) TR POT COS II
33) METALL VLPIANI 63) TR POT COS II PP
34) METALL VLPIANI DELM 64) TR POT COS III PP
35) METALL VLPIANI PANN 65) TR POT COS IIII PP
36) METALLI PANNONICI 66) TR POT XX COS VI PP
37) PARTHICO PM TR P COS VI PP SPQR 67) TRIVMPHVS PARTHICVS
38) PLOTINAE AVG 68) VIRTVTI ET FELICITATI
39) PM TR P COS DES II 69) No legend
40) PM TR P COS II PP
41) PM TR P COS III PP
42) PM TR P COS IIII PP

Types:
1) Abundantia seated left, holding scepter
2) Abundantia seated right, holding scepter
3) Abundantia standing left, holding grain ears over child and cornucopia.
4) Abundantia standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia; galley prow to lower right.
5) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia
6) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
7) Aeternitas standing left, holding heads of Sun and Moon
8) Altar
9) Aqua Traiana lying left under arch, holding reed.
10) Arabia standing left, holding branch over camel and cradling bundle of rods.
11) Arabia standing, facing, holding branch and cinnamon sticks; camel to left.
12) Arabia standing, facing, holding branch and cinnamon sticks; ostrich to left
13) Boar standing right
14) Bridge, boat below
15) Captive seated left on weapons, resting head on hand.
16) Captive seated left on weapons, resting head on hand; trophy to left.
17) Captive seated right on weapons, hands bound
18) Captive seated right, resting head on hand
19) Captive seated right, resting head on hand; trophy in background.
20) Captive standing left by weapons, hands bound.
21) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears.
22) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and scepter.
23) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears over modius and torch
24) Circus Maximus; bird’s eye view of interior including central obelisk
25) Clementia seated left, holding patera and scepter
26) Club
27) Club and lion skin
28) Column with eagle atop
29) Concordia seated left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia
30) Concordia seated left, sacrificing over altar and holding two cornucopiae.
31) Cuirass
32) Dacia seated left, holding standard; two children to left, one holding grapes and the other grain ears.
33) Dacia seated right, scimitar below
34) Danube lying left, holding on galley prow tip, drapery flying overhead.
35) Eagle
36) Felicitas seated left
37) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
38) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia; altar to left.
39) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus
40) Fides standing left, holding grain ears and fruit basket.
41) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia
42) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia
43) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and two cornucopiae
44) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on galley prow and cornucopia.
45) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
46) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia
47) Genius standing left, holding patera and grain ears
48) Germania seated left on shield, holding branch
49) Germania seated left, resting head on hand.
50) Grain ears in tied bundle
51) Hadrian laureate bust right
52) Hercules standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding club
53) Hercules standing, facing, holding club and lion skin
54) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter
 78
55) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt over Trajan and scepter; Trajan holds branch.
56) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and rod
57) Mars advancing left, holding Victory and trophy.
58) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
59) Mars standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield; kneeling captive with raised arms to left.
60) Mars standing right, holding spear and shield
61) Mars standing, facing, holding spear and trophy
62) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus
63) Nerva laureate, draped bust right facing bareheaded, draped bust of Trajan’s father.
64) Owl
65) Oxen (2) advancing right, priest(?) leading them from behind.
66) Pax seated left, holding branch and cornucopia; kneeling captive to left.
67) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter
68) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia
69) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter
70) Pax standing left, leaning on column, holding branch
71) Pax standing left, stepping on captive, holding branch and cornucopia
72) Pax standing left, torching pile of weapons and holding cornucopia
73) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and holding hand to chest.
74) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter.
75) Providentia standing left, leaning on column, raising hand over globe and holding scepter.
76) Providentia standing left, raising hand over globe and holding scepter.
77) Roma seated left, holding Victory and parazonium
78) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear
79) Roma seated left, stepping on helmet, holding Victory and spear.
80) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear
81) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear; kneeling captive to left.
82) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar
83) Saturn standing left, holding branch and scepter
84) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand; altar to left.
85) Securitas standing left, holding wreath and cornucopia
86) Sol radiate, draped bust right
87) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
88) Standards (3)
89) Table with wreath and cruet atop
90) Temple with (2) columns, Diana seated within
91) Temple with (8) columns, Jupiter within
92) Tiber subduing Dacia to left and holding branch
93) Trajan advancing right, raising hand and holding spear.
94) Trajan riding horse left followed by cavalryman.
95) Trajan riding horse left, holding spear
96) Trajan riding horse left, holding spear and Victory.
97) Trajan riding horse right, holding spear; soldier with standard in front, cavalryman behind.
98) Trajan riding horse right, raising hand
99) Trajan riding horse right, soldier leading and three behind
100) Trajan riding horse right, soldier on either side
101) Trajan riding horse right, spearing enemy.
102) Trajan riding quadriga left, holding branch and scepter
103) Trajan riding quadriga left, holding wreath and scepter
104) Trajan riding quadriga right, holding branch and scepter
105) Trajan standing left, sacrificing over altar
106) Trajan seated left on platform, lictor behind, king Parthamaspates and kneeling captive to lower left.
107) Trajan seated left on platform, accompanied by two lictors, facing three kings.
108) Trajan seated right on platform, accompanied by two lictors, facing several soldiers.
109) Trajan seated to right, holding scepter, facing woman to left holding baby, child to her side.
110) Trajan standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter, being crowned by Victory, holding palm.
111) Trajan standing left, reaching out to two children
112) Trajan standing left, stepping on captive, holding spear
113) Trajan standing, facing, holding branch and scepter, being crowned by flying Victory; two eagles and child on either side at base.
114) Trajan standing, facing, holding scepter and parazonium, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm.
115) Trajan standing, facing, holding spear and parazonium; Armenia lying to lower left and Euphrates and Tigris to right.
116) Trajan standing, facing, trophy on either side.
117) Trajan to left, holding parazonium and spear, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm.
118) Trajan to left, holding scepter, receiving globe from Nerva to right
119) Trajan to left, holding spear, facing Roma to right, holding hand of kneeling captive in center.
120) Trajan to left, holding spear, handing over kneeling captive (Dacia?) to woman to right (the Senate?)
121) Trajan to left, sacrificing over altar in center, facing Genius to right, holding cornucopia
122) Trajan to right, holding hand of Italia, holding globe; two children between them.
123) Trajan to right, holding hand of Roma to left; two children between.
124) Trajan to right, holding Victory facing Roma to left, seated right and holding scepter
125) Trajan to right, stepping on captive, touching trophy and holding spear.
126) Trajan’s column; statue of Trajan atop
127) Trajan’s column; statue of Trajan atop, eagle on either side.
128) Trajan’s father bare-headed, draped bust right
129) Trajan’s father seated left, holding patera and scepter
130) Trajan’s forum; quadriga and statues atop.
131) Trajan’s harbor, port buildings and ships within
132) Triumphal arch
133) Trophies (2)
134) Trophy, seated captive on either side.
135) Trophy, weapons at its base
136) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter
137) Vesta seated left, holding patera and torch
138) Via Traiana lying left, holding wheel and branch
139) Victory advancing left, holding branch and palm
140) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading SPQR and palm.
141) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
142) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
143) Victory standing left, sacrificing over altar, holding palm.
 79
144) Victory seated left, holding patera and branch.
145) Victory seated left, holding patera and cornucopia.
146) Victory seated left, holding patera and palm
147) Victory seated left, holding wreath and palm.
148) Victory seated right on cippus, holding shield
149) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and trophy
150) Victory standing left on shields, holding wreath and palm
151) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm
152) Victory standing left, leaning on column, holding wreath and palm
153) Victory standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding palm.
154) Victory standing right on galley prow, holding wreath and palm
155) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield on cippus.
156) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield on cippus.
157) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield on palm reading DA / CI / CA
158) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield on palm reading VIC / DAC
159) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath and palm.
160) Virtus standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
161) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield
162) Virtus standing right, stepping on helmet, holding spear and parazonium
163) Virtus to right, holding spear and parazonium, facing Felicitas to right, holding caduceus and cornucopia
164) Weapons in a pile (shields, cuirass, spears, etc.), variously arranged
165) Wolf standing left
166) Wolf standing right
167) Wreath, COS V PP SPQR OPTIMO PRINC within
168) Wreath, COS V PP SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI within
169) Wreath, SC within
170) Wreath, SPQR OB CIV SER within

Mint:
1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B2, O13, R44, T134 Exe: PARTHIA CAPTA RIC II 325, BMC 606, C 186
2) B2, O14, R44, T041 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 321, C 151
3) B2, O20, R41, T044 RIC II 4, C 205
4) B2, O38, R14, T054
5) B4, O14, R44, T041 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 319, C 153
6) B4, O14, R44, T081 Exe: SALVS AVG BMC 585
7) B4, O38, R14, T022 RIC II 109, BMC 258, C 65
8) B4, O38, R14, T091 RIC II 146, C 97
9) B4, O40, R56, T101 RIC II 208, BMC 246
10) B4, O41, R56, T138 Exe: VIA TRAIANA RIC II 266, BMC 484, C 647
11) B4, O44, R23, T061
12) B4, O44, R69, T130 Exe: FORVM TRAIAN BMC 509, C 168
13) B6, O41, R56, T127 RIC II 292, BMC 449, C 557

AR Tetradrachm
14) B2, O23, R62, T050 RIC II 717, C 607
15) B2, O23, R62, T088 RIC II 719, S 3113, C 608
16) B2, O25, R07, T088 RIC II 718, C 52
17) B2, O25, R07, T090 RIC II 720, BMC 709, C 53
18) B2, O25, R69, T050 COS II across fields

AR Antoninianus (Posthumous)
19) B7, O02, R05, T008 RIC IViii 86a (Trajan Decius), C 590
20) B7, O02, R05, T035 RIC IViii 85b (Trajan Decius), C 666

AR Denarius
21) B2, O14, R44, T047 RIC II 348
22) B2, O14, R44, T075 PRO AVG across fields RIC II 358, C 308
23) B2, O20, R14, T087 RIC II 10, C 213
24) B2, O20, R40, T001 RIC II 1, BMC 36
25) B2, O20, R40, T030 RIC II 2, C 212
26) B2, O20, R40, T137 RIC II 9, S 3143, C 203
27) B2, O20, R41, T001 RIC II 32, C 219
28) B2, O20, R41, T030 RIC II 33, BMC 64
29) B2, O20, R41, T053 RIC II 37, C 216
30) B2, O20, R41, T068 RIC II 38, C 222
31) B2, O20, R41, T137 RIC II 40, BMC 60, C 214
32) B2, O20, R42, T137 RIC II 53, C 229
33) B2, O20, R41, T146 RIC II 41, C 223
34) B2, O20, R42, T001 RIC II 54, C 237
35) B2, O20, R42, T037 RIC II 56, C 238
36) B2, O20, R42, T053 RIC II 49, BMC 86
37) B2, O20, R42, T058 RIC II 52, C 228
38) B2, O20, R42, T141 RIC II 60, C 242
39) B2, O20, R42, T142 RIC II 61, C 244
 80
40) B2, O20, R42, T146 RIC II 57, C 239
41) B2, O20, R42, T153 RIC II 67, C 248
42) B2, O20, R42, T154 RIC II 59, C 241
43) B2, O20, R42, T156 RIC II 65, C 246
44) B2, O20, R42, T159 RIC II 58, C 240
45) B2, O20, R46, T001
46) B2, O20, R46, T029 RIC II 12, BMC 4
47) B2, O20, R46, T037 RIC II 13, C 294
48) B2, O20, R46, T068 S 3152
49) B2, O20, R46, T137 RIC II 21, BMC 2, C 288
50) B2, O20, R46, T146 RIC II 22, C 295
51) B2, O34, R57, T029 RIC II 31, C 594
52) B2, O34, R57, T067 RIC II 30, C 592
53) B2, O34, R57, T118 RIC II 28, BMC 55
54) B2, O38, R14, T006 RIC II 118, S 3122
55) B2, O38, R14, T007 AET AVG across fields RIC II 91, C 3
56) B2, O38, R14, T012 RIC II 142, C 89
57) B2, O38, R14, T015 Exe: DAC CAP RIC II 98, BMC 390, C 120
58) B2, O38, R14, T016 Exe: DAC CAP RIC II 96, C 118
59) B2, O38, R14, T020 Exe: DAC CAP RIC II 99, C 121
60) B2, O38, R14, T034 Exe: DANVVIVS RIC II 100, C 136
61) B2, O38, R14, T037 RIC II 121, BMC 301, C 81
62) B2, O38, R14, T039 RIC II 120, BMC 305
63) B2, O38, R14, T044 RIC II 122, S 3125
64) B2, O38, R14, T057 RIC II 114, C 63
65) B2, O38, R14, T068
66) B2, O38, R14, T070 RIC II 126, C 83
67) B2, O38, R14, T072 RIC II 102, C 196
68) B2, O38, R14, T074 RIC II 104, C 199
69) B2, O38, R14, T078 RIC II 116, S 3121, C 69
70) B2, O38, R14, T080 RIC II 115, S 3120, C 66
71) B2, O38, R14, T087 RIC II 127, S 3127, C 84
72) B2, O38, R14, T135 RIC II 147, BMC 358, C 98
73) B2, O38, R14, T141 S 3130
74) B2, O38, R14, T150 RIC II 129, C 76
75) B2, O38, R14, T151 RIC II 128, BMC 328, S 3129
76) B2, O40, R14, T006
77) B2, O40, R14, T078 RIC II 178, C 481
78) B2, O40, R56, T004 RIC II 165
79) B2, O40, R56, T006 RIC II 169, C 462
80) B2, O40, R56, T018 RIC II 218, BMC 175
81) B2, O40, R56, T019 RIC II 220, C 537
82) B2, O40, R56, T045 RIC II 183, S 3160
83) B2, O40, R56, T057 RIC II 154, C 371
84) B2, O40, R56, T060 RIC II 162
85) B2, O40, R56, T066 RIC II 187, BMC 218
86) B2, O40, R56, T071 RIC II 190, S 3161
87) B2, O40, R56, T087 RIC II 191, C 457
88) B2, O40, R56, T088 RIC II 228, C 575
89) B2, O40, R56, T114 RIC II 212, C 514
90) B2, O40, R56, T134 RIC II 225, C 571
91) B2, O40, R56, T152 RIC II 194, C 425
92) B2, O40, R56, T160 RIC II 163, C 378
93) B2, O40, R56, T162 RIC II 202, BMC 230
94) B2, O41, R56, T003 Exe: ALIM ITAL RIC II 243, BMC 472, S 3117
95) B2, O41, R56, T011 Exe: ARAB ADQ RIC II 245
96) B2, O41, R56, T012 Exe: ARAB ADQ RIC II 244, C 26
97) B2, O41, R56, T041 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 254
98) B2, O41, R56, T074 Exe: PIET RIC II 262
99) B2, O41, R56, T088 RIC II 295
100) B2, O41, R56, T095 RIC II 291, BMC 445, C 497
101) B2, O41, R56, T126 RIC II 292, C 558
102) B2, O41, R56, T129 RIC II 252, BMC 500, S 3323, C 140
103) B2, O41, R56, T138 Exe: VIA TRAIANA RIC II 266, S 3173, C 648
104) B2, O41, R56, T157 RIC II 286, C 451
105) B4, O14, R44, T037 RIC II 344, C 279
106) B4, O40, R56, T004 RIC II 167
107) B4, O40, R56, T037 RIC II 172, C 403
108) B4, O40, R56, T060 RIC II 161
109) B4, O40, R56, T066 RIC II 189, C 418
110) B4, O41, R56, T041 RIC II 177, BMC 204
111) B5, O40, R56, T045
112) B6, O07, R37, T058 RIC II 331, C 190
113) B6, O07, R37, T075 RIC II 361
114) B6, O07, R37, T082 RIC II 370, S 3156
115) B6, O07, R37, T085 RIC II 326, C 152
116) B6, O10, R37, T037 RIC II 332, C 191
117) B6, O10, R37, T162 RIC II 334, C 193
118) B6, O13, R44, T037 RIC II 346
119) B6, O13, R44, T058 RIC II 340, C 271
120) B6, O13, R44, T076 PRO VID across fields RIC II 365, C 317
121) B6, O13, R44, T162 RIC II 353, C 272
122) B6, O13, T44, T047 RIC II 349
123) B6, O14, R44, T037 RIC II 343, S 3150
124) B6, O14, R44, T037 RIC II 345, C 280
125) B6, O14, R44, T041 Exe: FORT RED S 3139, C 154
126) B6, O14, R44, T047 RIC II 347, C 276
127) B6, O14, R44, T058 RIC II 337, C 270
128) B6, O14, R44, T075 PRO AVG across fields RIC II 360
 81
129) B6, O14, R44, T127 RIC II 356, C 284
130) B6, O14, R44, T162 RIC II 355, C 273
131) B6, O14, T44, T142
132) B6, O40, R56, T047 RIC II 180, C 396
133) B6, O40, R56, T058 RIC II 157
134) B6, O41, R56, T037 RIC II 271, C 404
135) B6, O41, R56, T047 RIC II 278, C 399
136) B6, O41, R56, T058 RIC II 269, C 372
137) B6, O42, R15, T037 RIC II 301, C 106
138) B6, O42, R15, T041 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 308, C 149
139) B6, O42, R15, T058 RIC II 299, S 3133, C 163
140) B6, O42, R15, T127 RIC II 307, C 115

AR Quinarius Reference(s)
141) B2, O38, R14, T147 Exe: SC RIC II 134, BMC 345, C 72

AE Sestertius
142) B2, O23, R62, T067 RIC II 383, C 590
143) B2, O23, R63, T067 RIC II 390, BMC 715
144) B2, O23, R65, T067 RIC II 432, BMC 745
145) B2, O27, R56, T004 RIC II 492, C 469
146) B2, O27, R56, T016 Exe: SC RIC II 561, C 532
147) B2, O27, R56, T023 RIC II 480
148) B2, O27, R56, T042 RIC II 500, C 478
149) B2, O27, R56, T066 BMC 804
150) B2, O27, R56, T071 RIC II 503, BMC 800, C 407
151) B2, O27, R56, T079 RIC II 489, BMC 778, C 391
152) B2, O27, R56, T081 RIC II 485, BMC 772
153) B2, O27, R56, T087 RIC II 519, C 459
154) B2, O27, R56, T092 BMC 793
155) B2, O27, R56, T101 RIC II 534, BMC 836, C 503
156) B2, O27, R56, T117 RIC II 549, C 516
157) B2, O27, R56, T158 RIC II 527, C 454
158) B2, O28, R47, T131 RIC II 632
159) B2, O28, R56, T014 Exe: SC RIC II 569
160) B2, O28, R56, T024 Exe: SC RIC II 571, C 545
161) B2, O28, R56, T132 Exe: SC RIC II 572, C 547
162) B4, O27, R56, T071 RIC II 504
163) B4, O28, R56, T132 Exe: SC RIC II 573
164) B4, O28, R69, T108 Exe: IMPERATOR VIII / SC BMC 1019
165) B6, O28, R02, T115 RIC II 642, C 39
166) B6, O28, R18, T032 Exe: PROVINCIA / SC
167) B6, O28, R49, T108 Exe: SC RIC II 666, BMC 1043
168) B6, O28, R51, T106 RIC II 667, BMC 1046, C 328
169) B6, O28, R55, T037 RIC II 672, C 352
170) B6, O28, R55, T041 Exe: FORT RED / SC RIC II 652, BMC 1026, C 158
171) B6, O28, R69, T108 Exe: IMPERATOR VIII / SC RIC II 655

AE Dupondius
172) B7, O23, R62, T001 RIC II 385, C 595
173) B7, O23, R63, T001 RIC II 398, C 618
174) B7, O23, R64, T001 RIC II 411, C 629
175) B7, O23, R65, T001 RIC II 428, BMC 748, S3225, C 639
176) B7, O27, R56, T003 RIC II 460
177) B7, O27, R56, T009 RIC II 464, C 22
178) B7, O27, R56, T012 Exe: ARABADQ RIC II 465, C 36
179) B7, O27, R56, T012 Exe: ARABADQVIS RIC II 467, C 36
180) B7, O27, R56, T012 Exe: ARABDAQ
181) B7, O27, R56, T031 RIC II 582, BMC 911, C 567
182) B7, O27, R56, T044 RIC II 502, C 497
183) B7, O27, R56, T058 RIC II 590, C 375
184) B7, O27, R56, T081 RIC II 487, C 389
185) B7, O27, R56, T087 RIC II 520, C 461
186) B7, O27, R56, T101 RIC II 538, C 506
187) B7, O27, R56, T110 RIC II 550, BMC 899, C 518
188) B7, O27, R56, T135 RIC II 586, BMC 905, C 573
189) B7, O28, R18, T031 Exe: PROVINCIA / SC RIC II 623, BMC 990
190) B7, O28, R25, T036 RIC II 626, C 146
191) B7, O41, R56, T011 Exe: ARABADQ RIC II 613, C 31
192) B7, O41, R56, T011 Exe: ARABADQVIS RIC II 615
193) B8, O15, R48, T074 RIC II 665, C 322
194) B8, O15, R55, T115 RIC II 676
195) B8, O16, R55, T036 RIC II 674, C 353
196) B8, O16, R55, T040 RIC II 653, C 160
197) B8, O16, R55, T125 RIC II 679, C 360
198) B8, O28, R29, T040
199) B8, O28, R55, T036 RIC II 635

AE As
200) B2, O23, R63, T139 RIC II 402, C 617
201) B2, O23, R64, T139 RIC II 411
202) B2, O23, R64, T161 RIC II 410
203) B2, O23, R65, T139
 82
204) B2, O23, R65, T139 Exe: SC RIC II 434, BMC 753, C 640
205) B2, O27, R56, T016 RIC II 561, C 532
206) B2, O27, R56, T067 Exe: SC RIC II 503, S 3231
207) B2, O27, R56, T081 Exe: SC RIC II 515, C 486
208) B2, O27, R56, T090 RIC II 577, C 550
209) B2, O27, R56, T138 RIC II 521, BMC 938, C 436
210) B4, O28, R55, T141 RIC II 675, C 355
211) B6, O15, R55, T132 RIC II 681

AE Semis Reference(s)
212) B2, O18, R69, T052 RIC II 689, BMC 1059, C 336
213) B2, O18, R69, T088 RIC II 687, S 3247
214) B7, O17, R17, T168 RIC II 645, C 123

AE Quadrans
215) B2, O18, R21, T021 RIC II 704, BMC 1107, C 139
216) B2, O18, R69, T164 RIC II 694, BMC 1061, S 3246
217) B2, O18, R69, T165 RIC II 692, BMC 1060

Trajan Busts
 83
Trajan Types
 84
Trajan Types (Continued)
 85
Trajan Types (Continued)
 86

Plotina was the wife of Trajan. She died without leaving

Plotina Trajan an heir but used her influence to position Hadrian
in line to succeed her husband.

b. ca.70 – d.129

Bust:

1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right For the most part the coins of this empress are
maddeningly difficult to find. Even the Denarii
Obverses: don’t seem to be much more in abundance than
her Aurei or any bronze denomination. The few
1) PLOTINA AVG DIVI
2) PLOTINA AVG IMP TRAIANI that do turn up every now and then always come
3) PLOTINA AVGVSTA IMP TRAIANI with stiff asking prices in the four figures.
4) PLOTINA AVGVSTA IMP TRAIANI CAES
5) PLOTINAE AVG

Reverses:

1) AVG GER DAC PARTHICI PM TR P COS VI PP

2) CAES AVG GERMA DAC COS VI PP
3) COS III PATER PATRIAE
4) FELICITAS AVG COS III
5) FIDES AVGVST
6) MATIDIAE AVG
7) TRAIANI PARTHICI
8) VESTA

Types:
1) Eagle
2) Fides standing right, holding grain ears and fruit basket
3) Matidia, diademed draped bust right
4) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium
5) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter.
6) Vesta seated left, holding scepter

Mint:
1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R2, T5 RIC 730 (II, Trajan), C 2

2) B1, O5, R6, T3 RIC 34 (II, Hadrian), C 1

AR Denarius
3) B1, O2, R2, T5 RIC 730 (II, Trajan), C 3

AE Sestertius
4) B1, O2, R5, T2 RIC 740 (II, Trajan), C 12

Plotina Bust Plotina Types

 87
Sister of Trajan and mother of Matidia.
Marciana
? – 114

Bust: Trajan honored no less than three separate women by

putting their names and faces on coins. But he was stingy in
1) Diademed, draped bust right doing so. As a percentage of the overall number of coins
struck during his reign well less than 1% were of any of these
Obverses: women.
1) DIVA AVGVSTA MARCIANA
2) MARCIANA AVG SOROR IMP TRAIANI
Marciana and her daughter Matidia got the bum rap because
most of their coins were posthumous. One may assume from
Reverses: this slight treatment that Trajan didn’t like them but historical
accounts dispute this. It was just a peculiarity of the Roman
1) CAES AVG GERMA DAC COS VI PP CONSECRATIO zeitgeist.
2) EX SENATVS CONSVLTO

Types: Regardless, apart from the rare new find, these coins mostly
recycle from the estates of dead collectors to those of
1) Carpentum pulled by mules wealthy collectors still living. The average Denarius will cost
2) Eagle standng left at least a grand or two and “average” is pretty much as good
3) Eagle standing right
4) Marciana riding elephant biga left, holding patera and scepter. as it gets. Forget mint state coins this side of gold.
5) Matidia seated left, holding patera and resting hand on child; child to left.

Mint:
1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R2, T2 RIC 743 (II, Trajan), C 3

AR Denarius

2) B1, O2, R1, T5 Exe: MATIDIA AVG F RIC 742 (II, Trajan), C 2

AR Denarius (Posthumous)
3) B1, O1, R2, T2 RIC 743 (II, Trajan), C 4
4) B1, O1, R2, T3 RIC 745 (II, Trajan), C 8

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)
5) B1, O1, R2, T2 RIC 748 (II, Trajan), C 6
6) B1, O1, R3, T4 RIC 750 corrected (II, Trajan), C 13

Marciana Bust Marciana Types

 88

Daughter of Marciana and mother of Sabina, Hadrian's

Matidia wife. She is also the niece of Trajan.

c.68 – 119
Bust:

1) Diademed, draped bust right

No more difficult or easy to find than either Plotina or
Marciana, the three matriarchs are fiendishly difficult to get.
Obverses: Low-grade bronzes are the first ones to turn up and
depending on how unappealing the overall coin is, especially
1) DIVA AVGVSTA MATIDIA that all-important part reading”MATIDIA”, the cost will be
2) DIVA MATIDIA AVGVST anywhere from a few hundred dollars to many, many
3) DIVA MATIDIA AVGVSTA
4) MATIDIA AVG DIVAE MARCIANAE F hundreds of dollars.

Reverses: The Denarii benefit from a bit more pricing uniformity thanks
to the grades being more predictable. And it’s probably not
1) CONSECRATIO very surprising to know that they tend to come pretty worn.
2) PIETAS AVG
3) PIETAS AVGVST Even at this stage they will still cost near a thousand dollars
per with a $3,000 beauty not raising any eyebrows.
Types:
Numismatica Ars Classica sold at auction a very nice
1) Eagle standing left
2) Eagle standing right
Aureus in 2002 for just over $10,000.
3) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar
4) Pietas standing, facing, holding heads of child on either side

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O4, R3, T4 RIC 759 (II, Trajan), BMC 659, C 9

AR Denarius

2) B1, O4, R3, T4 RIC 759 (II, Trajan), BMC 660, C 10

AR Denarius (Posthumous)
3) B1, O1, R1, T2 RIC 751 (II, Trajan)
4) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC 756 (II, Trajan)

AE Sestertius
5) B1, O4, R3, T4 Exe: SC RIC 761 (II, Trajan), C 11

Matidia Bust Matidia Types

 89
Hadrian was the cousin of Trajan with whom he had a rocky love-

Hadrian hate relationship. However, his relationship with Trajan turned out
to be less consequential to his own rise to becoming emperor. It is
widely thought that Trajan himself never actually selected Hadrian
as his successor but his powerful aunt, who was very fond of
Augustus 117-138 Hadrian and took the role of surrogate mother, forged documents
to the effect when Trajan was on his deathbed. Hadrian is
remembered chiefly by his active role in the military, by the prolific building of all sorts of city and military
improvements, by being a shrewd economic strategist as well as for his infamous homosexual relationship with a
boy named Antinous.

Busts:
Hadrian reigns during the height of the Roman Golden
1) Bare head left Age. The immense amount of wealth pouring into Rome
2) Bare head right
3) Bare-headed, draped bust left from all corners of the then known world translate into,
4) Bare-headed, draped bust right among other things, an earnest pursuit of art. And this
5) Laureate bust left
6) Laureate bust right naturally includes the cash being made.
7) Laureate head left
8) Laureate head right
9) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
As the years go by Hadrian ages gracefully on the coins
10) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left he’s portrayed on from youth to full maturity. Every coin
11) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right made seems to have been given special attention to
12) Laureate, draped bust left
13) Laureate, draped bust right convey a sense of realism and glory. And, thankfully,
14) Radiate bust right many of these look as though they were made just
15) Radiate head right
16) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right yesterday.
17) Radiate, draped bust right
These immaculately preserved coins come with dizzying
a) Eagle standing right
b) Hercules bust right, wearing lion skin price tags when in gold or copper but can be routinely
found in silver for $100-$200 each. Considering that each
Obverses: and every one of them was handmade by a team of
professionals almost 2,000 years ago that is a true
1) AVGVST HADRIANVS PP bargain! If paying that much is regardless too much then
2) AVGVSTVS HADRIANVS
3) DIVVS HADRIANVS AVG you can still expect to get a lot of coin for $50 or so. A
4) HADRIANO TRAIANO CAESARI “starter” Denarius or As can be had for just a few dollars.
5) HADRIANVS AVG COS III PP
6) HADRIANVS AVG PP REN
7) HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS
8) HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS PP
9) HADRIANVS OPT AVGVSTVS
10) IMP CAE D TR PAR F D NER N TRA HADRIANO AVG
11) IMP CAE DI TRAIAN F DIV NER NEP TRA HADRIANO AVG
12) IMP CAES DIVI TRA PARTH F DIVI NER NEP TRAIANO HADRIANO AVG
13) IMP CAES DIVI TRAIAN AVG F TRAIAN HADRIAN OPT AVG GER
14) IMP CAES HADRIANVS AVG COS III
15) IMP CAES TRA HADRIANO AVG PP
16) IMP CAES TRA HADRIANVS AVG
17) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIAN OPT AVG G D PAR
18) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIAN OPT AVG GER D PAR
19) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIAN OPT AVG GER DAC
20) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIANO AVG DIVI NER
21) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIANO AVG DIVI TRA
22) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIANO AVG DIVI TRA PARTH F
23) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIANO OPT AVG G D PAR
24) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIANO OPT AVG G D PART
25) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIANO OPT AVG G D PARTH
26) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIANO OPT AVG GER DAC
27) IMP CAES TRAIANO HADRIANO AVG
28) IMP CAES TRAIANO HADRIANO AVG PM TR P COS
29) IMP CAESAR TRAIAN HADRIANVS AVG
30) IMP CAESAR TRAIAN HADRIANVS AVG PM TR P COS III
31) IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVG
32) IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVG GE D P
33) IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVG GER DAC
34) IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVG PM TR P
35) IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVG PM TR P COS III
36) IMP TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVG

Reverses:
1) ADLOCVTIO 7) ADVENTVI AVG BITHYNIAE
2) ADOPTIO TRIBVNIC POTEST 8) ADVENTVI AVG BRITANNIAE
3) ADVENTVI AVG AFRICAE 9) ADVENTVI AVG CILICIAE
4) ADVENTVI AVG ALEXANDRIAE 10) ADVENTVI AVG GALLIAE
5) ADVENTVI AVG ARABIAE 11) ADVENTVI AVG HISPANIAE
6) ADVENTVI AVG ASIAE 12) ADVENTVI AVG ITALIAE
 90
13) ADVENTVI AVG IVDAEAE 102) HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS
14) ADVENTVI AVG MACEDONIAE 103) HILARITAS P R
15) ADVENTVI AVG MAVRETANIAE 104) HISPANIA
16) ADVENTVI AVG MOESIAE 105) IMP CAES ANTONINVS
17) ADVENTVI AVG NORICI 106) IMP CAES DIVI TRA PARTH F DIVI NER NEP TRAIANO
18) ADVENTVI AVG PHRYGIAE HADRIANO AVG
19) ADVENTVI AVG SICILIAE 107) IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM AVG GERM DAC
20) ADVENTVI AVG THRACIAE 108) IMP CAESAR AVGVSTVS
21) ADVENTVS AVG 109) IMP CAESAR TRAIAN HADRIANVS AVG
22) ADVENTVS AVGVSTI 110) IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVG
23) AEGYPTOS 111) IMP T AELIVS CAESAR ANTONINVS
24) AELIVS CAESAR 112) INDVLGENTIA AVG
25) AEQVITAS AVG 113) INDVLGENTIA AVG COS III PP
26) AETERNITAS AVG 114) INDVLGENTIA AVG PP
27) AETERNITAS AVGVSTI 115) IOVI CONSERVAT
28) AFRICA 116) IOVI CVSTODI
29) ALEXANDRIA 117) IOVI VICTORI
30) ANN DCCLXXIIII NAT VRB P CIR CON 118) IOVIS OLYMPIVS
31) ANNONA AVG 119) ITALIA
32) ANNONA AVGVSTI 120) ITALIA FELIX
33) ASIA 121) IVDAEA
34) BRITANNIA 122) IVSTITIA AVG
35) CAPPADOCIA 123) IVSTITIA AVG PP
36) CLEMENTIA AVG 124) L AELIVS CAESAR
37) CLEMENTIA AVG COS III PP 125) LIBERALITAS AVG
38) CLEMENTIA AVG PP COS III 126) LIBERALITAS AVG COS III PP
39) COH PRAETOR 127) LIBERALITAS AVG III
40) COHORT PRAETOR 128) LIBERALITAS AVG IIII
41) CONCORDIA AVG 129) LIBERALITAS AVG PP
42) CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM 130) LIBERALITAS AVG VI
43) CONCORDIA TR POT COS II 131) LIBERALITAS AVG VII
44) CONSECRATIO 132) LIBERTAS PVBLICA
45) COS 133) LOCVPLETATORI ORBIS TERRARVM
46) COS III 134) MARTI
47) COS III PP 135) MAVRETANIA
48) COS III PP CLEMENTIA AVG 136) MONETA AVG
49) COS III PP IVSTITIA AVG 137) MONETA AVGVSTI
50) DAC PARTHICO PM TR P COS PP 138) NILVS
51) DACIA 139) PARTH F DIVI NER NEP PM TR P COS
52) DIANA EPEHSIA COS 140) PARTHIC DIVI NER NEP PM TR P
53) DIANA EPHESIA 141) PARTHIC DIVI TRAIAN AVG F PM TR P COS PP
54) DISCIPLINA AVG 142) PATIENTIA AVGVSTI
55) DIVI NER NEP PM TR P COS 143) PAX AVG
56) DIVIS PARENTIBVS 144) PIETAS AVG
57) DIVO TRAIANO PART AVG PATRI 145) PIETAS AVG COS III PP
58) DIVO TRAIANO PATRI 146) PIETAS AVGVSTI
59) DIVO TRAIANO PATRI AVG 147) PIETATI AVG COS III PP
60) DIVVS TRAIAN AVG PARTH PATER 148) PLOTINAE AVG
61) ESERC SYRIACVS 149) PM TR P COS DES II
62) EXER BRITANNICVS 150) PM TR P COS DES III
63) EXER CAPPADOCICVS 151) PM TR P COS II
64) EXER MOESIACVS 152) PM TR P COS III
65) EXERC BRITAN 153) PM TR POTES COS III
66) EXERC DACICVS 154) PONT MAX TR POT COS
67) EXERC GERMA 155) PONT MAX TR POT COS DES II
68) EXERC HISPAN 156) PONT MAX TR POT COS DES III
69) EXERC HISPANICVS 157) PONT MAX TR POT COS II
70) EXERC SYRIAC 158) PONT MAX TR POT COS III
71) EXERC SYRIACVS 159) PROVIDENTIA AVG
72) EXERCITVS DACICVS 160) PROVIDENTIA AVGVSTI COS III
73) EXERCITVS GERMANICVS 161) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM
74) EXERCITVS MAVRETANICVS 162) RELIQVA VETERA H S NOVIES MILL ABOLITA
75) EXERCITVS NORICVS 163) RESTITVTORI ACHAIAE
76) EXERCITVS RAETICVS 164) RESTITVTORI AFRICAE
77) EXERCITVS SYRIACVS 165) RESTITVTORI ARABIAE
78) FELIC AVG PM TR P COS III 166) RESTITVTORI ASIAE
79) FELICITAS AVG 167) RESTITVTORI BYTHINIAE
80) FELICITAS AVG COS III PP 168) RESTITVTORI GALLIAE
81) FELICITAS AVGVSTI 169) RESTITVTORI HISPANIAE
82) FELICITAS P R 170) RESTITVTORI ITALIAE
83) FELICITATI 171) RESTITVTORI LIBYAE
84) FELICITATI / AVG 172) RESTITVTORI MACEDONIAE
85) FELICITATI / AVGG PP 173) RESTITVTORI NICOMEDIA
86) FELICITATI AVG 174) RESTITVTORI ORBIS TERRAR
87) FIDES PVBLICA 175) RESTITVTORI ORBIS TERRARVM
88) FORT RED 176) RESTITVTORI PHRYGIAE
89) FORT REDVCI 177) RESTITVTORI SICILIAE
90) FORT RFDVCI 178) ROMA
91) FORTV AVGVS 179) ROMA AETERNA
92) FORTVNA AVG 180) ROMA FELIX
93) FORTVNA AVGVST 181) ROMA FELIX COS III PP
94) FORTVNA EPHESIA 182) ROMAE AETERNAE
95) FORTVNA SPES 183) ROMVLO CONDITORI
96) FORTVNAE REDVCA 184) SABINA AVGVSTA
97) FORTVNAE REDVCI 185) SABINA AVGVSTA HADRIANI
98) FORTVNAE REDVCI COS III PP 186) SALVS AVG
99) GENIO P R 187) SALVS AVGVSTI
100) GERMANIA 188) SALVS PVBLICA
101) HADRIANVS AVG COS III PP 189) SECVR PVB COS III PP
 91
190) SECVRITAS AVG 200) VENERIS FELICIS
191) SICILIA 201) VICTORIA AVG
192) SPES P R 202) VICTORIA AVGVSTI
193) SPQR 203) VIRTVTI AVG
194) TELLVS STABIL 204) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI
195) TRANQVILLITAS AVG 205) VOT PVB
196) TRANQVILLITAS AVG COS III PP 206) VOT PVB PM TR P COS III
197) TRANQVILLITAS AVG PP 207) VOTA PVBL
198) TRIBVNIC POTESTAS COS III 208) VOTA PVBLICA
199) VENERI GENETRICI 209) No legend

Types:
1) Abundantia seated left, holding sickle over modius and cornucopia
2) Abundantia standing left, stepping on modius, holding sickle and cornucopia.
3) Aelius bare-headed bust right
4) Aequitas seated left, holding scale and cornucopia.
5) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
6) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and scepter.
7) Aesculapius standing left, holding scepter with snake around it
8) Aeternitas standing left, holding heads of Sun and Moon
9) Africa lying left, holding grain ears and cornucopia
10) Africa lying left, holding scorpion and cornucopia; modius to left
11) Africa lying left, holding sistrum and resting arm on basket; modius to left
12) Africa lying left, resting arm on lion’s head
13) Alexandria lying left, holding grain ears and branch; grain ears on ground to left.
14) Alexandria standing left, holding sistrum and snake in basket.
15) Altar
16) Annona seated left, facing child with cornucopia; galley in background.
17) Annona seated right, facing child with cornucopia.
18) Annona seated right, holding cornucopia; modius with grain ears to lower right.
19) Annona standing left, holding grain ears and rudder; galley to left.
20) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia; galley prow to right
21) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and rudder on galley prow
22) Annona standing right, hand on hip and holding cornucopia; modius with grain ears and galley prow to right.
23) Antoninus Pius bare headed, draped bust right
24) Antoninus Pius laureate bust right
25) Apollo standing left, holding raven and branch
26) Apollo standing right, holding deer and bow
27) Apollo standing right, holding plectrum and lyre
28) Asia standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding hook and rudder.
29) Britannia seated, facing, resting head on hand and holding scepter; shield to right
30) Caduceus
31) Cappadocia standing left, holding Mt. Argaeus and standard.
32) Capricorn standing right
33) Ceres advancing right, holding grain ears and scepter.
34) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and cornucopia; modius to left
35) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and scepter.
36) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch.
37) Clementia standing left, holding patera and scepter.
38) Clementia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter.
39) Clementia standing left, sacrificing over altar and leaning on column, holding scepter.
40) Club
41) Concordia seated left, holding patera and resting arm on Spes
42) Concordia seated left, holding patera and resting arm on Spes; cornucopia below chair.
43) Concordia standing left, holding eagle and standard.
44) Concordia standing left, holding patera and scepter; galley prow to left.
45) Concordia standing left, leaning on column, holding patera and cornucopia.
46) Crescent; seven stars above
47) Crescent; star above
48) Crescent; star and dot above
49) Cybele seated left, holding patera over lion.
50) Dacia seated left, holding standard and scimitar
51) Diana standing right, holding arrow and bow.
52) Diana standing right, raising hand and holding bow; dog by feet.
53) Diana standing, facing, holding patera and bow; deer to left.
54) Eagle in center; peacock to left and owl on helmet to right.
55) Eagle standing right
56) Eagle standing right on globe
57) Eagle standing right on thunderbolt
58) Eagle standing right, standard on either side
59) Egypt lying left, holding sistrum and resting arm on bread basket; ibis to left.
60) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
61) Felicitas seated left, holding cornucopia and branch.
62) Felicitas seated left, holding cornucopia and caduceus.
63) Felicitas standing left, holding branch and caduceus.
64) Felicitas standing left, holding branch and cornucopia.
65) Felicitas standing left, holding branch and scepter.
66) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and branch.
67) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
68) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia; wheel to lower left
69) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
70) Felicitas standing right, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
71) Fides standing right, holding grain ears and fruit tray
72) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia
73) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia
74) Fortuna standing left, holding patera and cornucopia
75) Fortuna standing left, holding patera and cornucopia with rudder on globe
 92
76) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
77) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia.
78) Fortuna standing left, leaning on column, holding rudder and cornucopia
79) Fortuna to left, holding rudder on globe across from Spes, holding flower and raising skirt.
80) Galley sailing left
81) Galley sailing right
82) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia
83) Genius standing left, holding patera and grain ears.
84) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia
85) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears.
86) Genius standing right on left, holding scepter, facing Genius to right, pouring cornucopia over altar and holding another cornucopia.
87) Genius standing right, stepping on globe, holding scepter and cornucopia.
88) Germania standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
89) Germania standing, facing, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
90) Goat standing right, suckling child.
91) Grain ears
92) Griffin advancing left
93) Griffin advancing right
94) Griffin poised left.
95) Hadrian advancing right; (3) soldiers following, each holding a standard.
96) Hadrian advancing right; (4) soldiers following, each holding a standard.
97) Hadrian on horse to left, hailing (3) soldiers, each holding a standard
98) Hadrian on horse to right, hailing (3) soldiers, each holding a standard
99) Hadrian on horse to right, hailing (5) soldiers, each holding a standard
100) Hadrian riding eagle skywards
101) Hadrian riding horse left, raising hand
102) Hadrian riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter
103) Hadrian riding horse right, holding spear
104) Hadrian riding horse right, raising hand.
105) Hadrian seated left, giving money to a citizen
106) Hadrian seated left, giving money to two citizens
107) Hadrian seated left, Liberalitas with coin counter in background, attendant gifting money to citizen on steps to lower left.
108) Hadrian seated left, raising hand; Liberalitas to left, pouring cornucopia into citizens’ togas.
109) Hadrian seated to right on pedestal facing woman to left, holding baby, with child to side.
110) Hadrian standing left on platform, raising hand, facing five citizens to left, raising hands; temple with four columns to right
111) Hadrian standing left on right, holding hand of kneeling Achaea to left; palm in vase between them.
112) Hadrian standing left on right, holding hand of kneeling Africa to left, holding grain ears; grain ears growing on ground between them.
113) Hadrian standing left on right, holding hand of kneeling Asia to left, holding scepter.
114) Hadrian standing left on right, holding hand of kneeling Bithynia to left, holding acrostolium.
115) Hadrian standing left on right, holding hand of kneeling Hispania to left, holding branch; rabbit on ground between them
116) Hadrian standing left on right, holding hand of kneeling Orbis to left
117) Hadrian standing left on right, holding hand of kneeling Phrygia to left, holding scimitar.
118) Hadrian standing left on right, holding hand of kneeling Sicilia to left, holding grain ears.
119) Hadrian standing left on right, receiving globe from Trajan to left
120) Hadrian standing left on right, sacrificing over altar; three citizens and sacrificial bull to left
121) Hadrian standing left on right, shaking hands with Roma to left, holding spear.
122) Hadrian standing left, holding rudder on globe and spear
123) Hadrian standing left, raising hand and holding spear; two standards to left, one to right.
124) Hadrian standing left, raising hand towards flying eagle bearing scepter.
125) Hadrian standing left, sacrificing over altar.
126) Hadrian standing right on left and Genius to right, sacrificing over altar between them.
127) Hadrian standing right on left, facing several soldiers
128) Hadrian standing right on left, facing two children; Judea to right standing left, sacrificing over altar. Third child to extreme right.
129) Hadrian standing right on left, holding globe with Trajan
130) Hadrian standing right on left, holding hand of kneeling Africa, holding grain ears; plants on ground between them.
131) Hadrian standing right on left, holding hand of kneeling Arabia.
132) Hadrian standing right on left, holding hand of kneeling Asia, holding scepter.
133) Hadrian standing right on left, holding hand of kneeling Bithynia, holding acrostolium.
134) Hadrian standing right on left, holding hand of kneeling Gallia
135) Hadrian standing right on left, holding hand of kneeling Hispania, holding branch; rabbit on ground between them.
136) Hadrian standing right on left, holding hand of kneeling Hispania; rabbit on ground in between them.
137) Hadrian standing right on left, holding hand of kneeling Italia, holding cornucopia.
138) Hadrian standing right on left, holding hand of kneeling Libya.
139) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Africa, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
140) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Africa, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia; calf by altar
141) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Africa, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears; calf by altar
142) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Africa, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding standard; calf by altar
143) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Alexandria, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding bird.
144) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Arabia, standing left sacrificing over altar.
145) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Asia, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter.
146) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Bithinia, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding rudder; calf by altar.
147) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Cilicia, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding standard.
148) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Gallia, standing left, sacrificing over altar; calf by altar
149) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Hispania, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding branch.
150) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Italia, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
151) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Italia, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia; calf by feet or altar.
152) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Judea, standing left, sacrificing over altar and child to either side of her; calf by feet or altar.
153) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Judea, standing left, sacrificing over altar and child to either side of altar; calf by feet or altar.
154) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Judea, standing left, sacrificing over altar and child to either side of her.
155) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Macedonia, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding whip.
156) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Mauretania, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding vexillum; calf by feet or altar.
157) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Mauretania, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears; calf by feet or altar.
158) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Moesia, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding quiver with arrows; calf by feet or altar.
159) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Noricum, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding standard; calf by feet or altar.
160) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Phrygia, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scimitar; calf by feet or altar.
161) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Sicilia, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears; calf by feet or altar.
162) Hadrian standing right on left, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding thunderbolt; eagle between them.
163) Hadrian standing right on left, shaking hands with Felicitas to right, holding caduceus.
164) Hadrian standing right on left, shaking hands with Fortuna, seated to right, holding cornucopia
 93
165) Hadrian standing right on left, shaking hands with Fortuna, standing to right, holding cornucopia
166) Hadrian standing right on left, shaking hands with Roma seated to right, holding spear.
167) Hadrian standing right on left, shaking hands with Roma standing to right, holding spear.
168) Hadrian standing right on left, shaking hands with Trajan to right
169) Hadrian standing right, raising hand, facing four soldiers to right; praetorian prefect to left
170) Hadrian standing right, stepping on crocodile, holding spear and parazonium.
171) Hadrian standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding spear and parazonium.
172) Hadrian standing, facing, under arch, holding phoenix on globe
173) Hercules seated left, holding club and two arrows.
174) Hercules seated right, holding club on shield and two arrows.
175) Hercules seated right, holding club on shield and Victory.
176) Hercules seated, facing, resting hand on club and holding distaff
177) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding apple; galley prow to left and Tiber(?) to right.
178) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin.
179) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia; child on either side.
180) Hilaritas standing right, holding palm and touching head.
181) Hilaritas standing, facing, pulling veil with both hands
182) Hispania lying left, holding branch; rabbit to lower left.
183) Hispania lying left, holding branch; rabbit to lower right.
184) Indulgentia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter.
185) Italia standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia
186) Janus standing, facing, hand on hip and holding scepter.
187) Janus standing, facing, holding scepter and hand on hip.
188) Jupiter seated left, holding Diana Ephesia and scepter
189) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
190) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter.
191) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle by feet.
192) Jupiter seated right, holding scepter and Victory on globe; eagle by feet.
193) Jupiter standing left, holding eagle and scepter
194) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
195) Jupiter standing, facing, holding axe and spear
196) Justitia seated left, holding patera and scepter
197) Liber standing left, pouring cup over panther and holding thrysus.
198) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia
199) Liberalitas standing right, pouring out cornucopia
200) Libertas seated left, holding branch and scepter
201) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and branch
202) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia
203) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter.
204) Lictor standing left, holding fasces, setting fire to documents.
205) Lictor standing left, holding fasces, setting fire to documents; two citizens to left, raising hands
206) Lictor standing left, holding fasces, setting fire to documents; three citizens to left, raising hands
207) Lictor standing right, holding fasces, setting fire to documents; two citizens to right, raising hands
208) Luna advancing right, holding torch in each hand.
209) Luna standing left, holding patera and torch; deer to left.
210) Lunus standing left, holding patera and scepter
211) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
212) Mars standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
213) Mauretania leading horse left and holding two spears
214) Mauretania leading horse right and holding two spears
215) Mauretania standing left, holding two spears and reins of horse behind
216) Mauretania standing right, holding reins of horse behind and two javelins.
217) Minerva advancing right, aiming spear and shield
218) Minerva seated left, holding Victory and scepter.
219) Minerva standing left, holding patera and spear with shield
220) Minerva standing left, holding spear and shield.
221) Minerva standing left, holding thunderbolt and spear; shield by feet.
222) Minerva standing left, raising hand and holding spear; tree to left, rabbit to lower left.
223) Minerva standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding spear.
224) Minerva standing left, sacrificing over candelabrum and, holding spear; snake on shield to side.
225) Minerva standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield
226) Minerva standing right, holding spear and trophy
227) Minerva standing, facing, holding spear and shield
228) Modius with grain ears
229) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
230) Nemeses (2) standing, facing each other, each pulling her dress
231) Nemesis advancing right, pulling dress and holding branch.
232) Nemesis standing left, holding sistrum; wheel by feet.
233) Nemesis standing left, pulling dress and holding purse; wheel by feet.
234) Nemesis standing right, pulling dress and resting hand on wheel.
235) Neptune sacrificing left over patera, holding trident.
236) Neptune standing left, holding dolphin and trident
237) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding acrostolium and trident.
238) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding acrostolium and dolphin
239) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and dolphin
240) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding trident and dolphin
241) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding trident.
242) Neptune standing left, stepping on globe, holding acrostolium and dolphin
243) Neptune standing right, holding trident and seagull
244) Neptune standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding acrostolium and trident.
245) Neptune standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding dolphin and trident
246) Neptune standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding trident and dolphin
247) Neptune standing, facing, holding acrostolium and trident
248) Nilus lying left, holding reed and cornucopia with child hanging on; child riding hippopotamus to left, crocodile below.
249) Nilus lying left, holding reed and cornucopia; hippopotamus to left, crocodile below.
250) Nilus lying right, holding reed and cornucopia; child to left, child in center, child riding hippopotamus to right and crocodile below
251) Nilus lying right, holding reed and cornucopia; hippopotamus to right, crocodile below.
252) Nilus lying right, holding reed and cornucopia; reeds to right, crocodile below
253) Oceanus lying left, holding anchor.
 94
254) Owl standing on helmet
255) Patientia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter
256) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter.
257) Pax seated left, holding Victory and branch.
258) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia
259) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter
260) Pax standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding branch and cornucopia; anchor in left field.
261) Pegasus advancing left
262) Pegasus advancing right
263) Pietas seated left, holding patera and scepter.
264) Pietas standing left, raising hands
265) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar
266) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar; stork to right.
267) Pietas standing right, raising hands
268) Pietas standing right, raising hands over altar
269) Pietas standing, facing, raising hands
270) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter.
271) Providentia standing left, leaning on column, raising hand over globe and holding cornucopia.
272) Providentia standing left, leaning on column, raising hand over globe and holding scepter
273) Providentia standing left, raising hand over globe and holding scepter.
274) Pudicitia advancing right.
275) Pudicitia seated left
276) Pudicitia standing left, pulling veil.
277) Pudicitia standing, facing
278) River god lying left, holding reed; water below
279) Roma seated left, holding branch and spear.
280) Roma seated left, holding branch and spear; shield to side.
281) Roma seated left, holding heads of Sun and Moon and spear; shield to side.
282) Roma seated left, holding Palladium and spear; shield to side.
283) Roma seated left, holding parazonium and spear
284) Roma seated left, holding Victory and cornucopia; shield to side
285) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear; shield to side
286) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear; snake on altar to right
287) Roma seated right, holding Victory and spear
288) Roma seated right; holding spear and parazonium; shield to side
289) Roma seated right; holding spear and shaking hands with Hadrian
290) Roma standing left, holding Palladium and spear
291) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear
292) Roma standing right, holding spear and cornucopia.
293) Roma standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding spear and parazonium
294) Roma standing right, stepping on helmet, holding spear and cornucopia.
295) Roma standing right, stepping on helmet, holding spear and resting hand on shield
296) Roma standing right, stepping on helmet, holding Victory and cornucopia
297) Roma standing, facing, holding spear; Senate to left, Hadrian to right.
298) Romulus advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
299) Sabina draped bust left.
300) Sacrificial implements: knife, lituus, apex and simpulum on axe
301) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged)
302) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar
303) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder on globe.
304) Salus seated left, sacrificing over altar
305) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder on globe.
306) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter.
307) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar.
308) Salus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter.
309) Salus standing left, stepping on globe, holding patera and rudder.
310) Salus standing right, feeding snake on altar.
311) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake.
312) Securitas seated left, holding cornucopia and resting head on hand.
313) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand.
314) Securitas seated right, resting head on hand and holding scepter
315) Sol radiate bust right
316) Sol riding quadriga left
317) Sol riding quadriga right
318) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
319) Spes standing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
320) Standards (3)
321) Statue of Artemis, grain ear on either side
322) Statue of Diana Ephesia, raising hands
323) Statue of Diana Ephesia, raising hands, deer on either side
324) Statue of Proserpina, holding grain ears
325) Statue of Venus, Cupid to lower right.
326) Tellus lying left, holding branch and leaning on fruit basket
327) Tellus lying left, holding resting hand on globe and leaning on fruit basket
328) Tellus standing left, holding plow handle and rake; two plants on right.
329) Temple with (10) columns
330) Temple with (2) columns, Hercules standing within, resting hand on club; attendant on either side; river god lying right below.
331) Temple with (2) columns, Hercules standing within, resting hand on club; river god lying left below.
332) Temple with (2) columns, Minerva holding patera and spear and shield by feet within
333) Temple with (2) columns, Proserpina within
334) Temple with (4) columns reading ROM S P AVG on frieze and COM BIT across fields; statue of Hadrian within, holding spear and Victory.
335) Temple with (4) columns, Apollo holding deer and bow within
336) Temple with (4) columns, Hercules standing within, resting hand on club and raising hand; indeterminate object below.
337) Temple with (4) columns, statue of Diana Ephesia within, raising hands
338) Temple with (4) columns, two Nemeses standing, facing each other within
339) Temple with (6) columns, statue of Ephesia within
340) Temple with (8) columns reading ROM S P AVG on frieze and COM BIT across fields.
341) Thunderbolt
342) Tiber lying left, holding rudder
 95
343) Time(?) lying left, holding wheel.
344) Trajan bare headed bust right over diademed bust of Plotina
345) Trajan bust to left, facing bust of Plotina to right; star above each.
346) Trajan laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
347) Trajan’s father seated left, holding branch and scepter.
348) Tranquillitas standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter
349) Triumphal arch
350) Trophy, shields at base.
351) Venus seated left
352) Venus seated left, holding Cupid and spear.
353) Venus standing, facing, holding Victory with trophy and resting hand on shield.
354) Vexillae (2) with standard on either side
355) Vexillum with standard on either side
356) Victory advancing right, holding trophy
357) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
358) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
359) Victory advancing right, pulling dress and holding branch.
360) Victory advancing right, raising hand to head and holding palm.
361) Victory seated left, holding wreath and palm
362) Victory standing left, holding eagle and palm.
363) Victory standing left, holding vexillum and palm
364) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.
365) Victory standing right, pulling dress and holding palm
366) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield on palm.
367) Virtus standing left, holding parazonium and spear.
368) Virtus standing left, holding spear and parazonium.
369) Virtus standing left, stepping on helmet, holding parazonium and spear.
370) Virtus standing right, stepping on helmet, holding spear and parazonium
371) Virtus standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
372) Weapons in a pile
373) Wolf standing left, suckling Romulus and Remus
374) Wolf standing right
375) Wolf standing right, suckling Romulus and Remus
376) Wreath, AELIANA PINCENSIA within
377) Wreath, COS III within
378) Wreath, IOVI OPTIMO MAXIMO SPQR within
379) Wreath, MET NOR within
380) Wreath, SC within
381) Wreath, SPQR AN FF HADRIANO AVG PP within
382) Wreath, VIC AVG within
383) Wreath, VOTA SVSCEPTA within

Mints:

1) Asia, locality uncertain

2) Bythinia, locality uncertain
3) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B02, O05, R122, T196 RIC II 252a, C 878

2) B02, O07, R047, T123 RIC II 204b, BMC 530, C 485
3) B03, O05, R104, T182 RIC II 305h, C 828
4) B04, O05, R028, T012 RIC II 298, BMC 808
5) B04, O05, R087, T071 RIC II 241, C 715
6) B08, O07, R045, T316 RIC II 168, BMC 378
7) B08, O07, R045, T373 Exe: III RIC II 193, BMC 448, C 422
8) B08, O29, R152, T247 RIC II 72, C 1079
9) B08, O29, R152, T331 RIC II 56, C 1083
10) B09, O24, R059, T346 RIC II 24b, BMC 45
11) B11, O07, R046, T102 RIC II 188e, BMC 439
12) B11, O08, R209, T104 Exe: COS III RIC II 348, C 410
13) B11, O14, R030, T343 RIC II 144, BMC 333, C 162
14) B11, O29, R151, T302 Exe: SALVS AVG RIC II 46, C 1349
15) B11, O29, R152, T286 BMC 133

AU Quinarius
16) B11, O07, R046, T302 RIC II 180, C 365

AR Tetradrachm
17) B02, O01, R091, T076
18) B02, O08, R046, T076 C 374
19) B02, O08, R046, T190 RIC II 499
20) B02, O08, R046, T192 RIC II 497, C 275
21) B02, O08, R046, T197 RIC II 485, C 323a
22) B02, O08, R046, T230
23) B02, O08, R046, T321 RIC II 510
24) B02, O08, R046, T323 RIC II 489
25) B02, O08, R053, T322
26) B02, O08, R052, T323 RIC II 527, C 539
27) B02, O08, R053, T323 RIC II 474
 96
28) B02, O08, R209, T337 RIC II 475a
29) B04, O08, R046, T027 RIC II 482, C 285
30) B04, O08, R046, T053
31) B04, O08, R046, T193 C 275a
32) B04, O08, R046, T219 RIC II 503, C 294
33) B08, O08, R046, T284 RIC II 511, C 347f
34) B08, O15, R209, T340 RIC II 461a, C 240a

AR Denarius Reference(s)
35) B01, O05, R028, T010 RIC II 299g, C 139
36) B01, O07, R086, T080 Exe: COS III PP RIC II 209, C 653
37) B01, O07, R125, T199
38) B02, O05, R021, T121 RIC II 225, S 3455, C 84
39) B02, O05, R023, T059 RIC II 296a, C 96
40) B02, O05, R025, T006 RIC II 228, S 3457, C 122
41) B02, O05, R029, T014 RIC II 300, C 154
42) B02, O05, R031, T228 RIC II 230, C 170
43) B02, O05, R033, T028 RIC II 301, C 188
44) B02, O05, R046, T076 RIC II 379, C 376
45) B02, O05, R079, T066 RIC II 234a, C 614
46) B02, O05, R079, T163 RIC II 237, C 628
47) B02, O05, R082, T064 RIC II 238, S 3489, C 649
48) B02, O05, R087, T071 RIC II 241, C 716
49) B02, O05, R089, T165 RIC II 243, C 762
50) B02, O05, R090, T073 grain ear in exergue Curtis Clay collection
51) B02, O05, R092, T076 RIC II 244a, S 3494, C 762
52) B02, O05, R100, T088 RIC II 302, C 805
53) B02, O05, R104, T182 RIC II 305, C 822
54) B02, O05, R136, T229 RIC II 256a, S 3507, C 963
55) B02, O05, R138, T251 RIC II 309, C 989
56) B02, O05, R144, T265 RIC II 257a, C 1028
57) B02, O05, R159, T270 RIC II 261, C 1204
58) B02, O05, R159, T273 RIC II 262, S 3531, C 1201
59) B02, O05, R182, T282 RIC II 265, C 1312
60) B02, O05, R183, T298 RIC II 266a, C 1316
61) B02, O05, R186, T310 RIC II 267a, C 1334
62) B02, O05, R192, T319 RIC II 274, C 1411
63) B02, O05, R201, T361 RIC II 286a, S 3548, C 1461
64) B02, O07, R046, T314 Curtis Clay collection
65) B02, O07, R114, T184 Exe: COS III RIC II 212, C 846
66) B02, O07, R123, T196 Exe: COS III RIC II 215, C 894
67) B02, O07, R126, T199 RIC II 216, C 918
68) B02, O07, R145, T263 RIC II 218, C 1039
69) B03, O07, R037, T037 RIC II 606, C 221
70) B04, O05, R097, T165 RIC II 248
71) B04, O05, R201, T359 RIC II 282c, C 1455
72) B04, O07, R114, T184 Exe: COS III RIC II 213, C 857
73) B04, O07, R129, T199 RIC II 217, C 927
74) B04, O07, R147, T263 RIC II 219, C 1046
75) B04, O07, R196, T348 RIC II 222, C 1443
76) B06, O21, R139, T264 PIE TAS across fields RIC II 13, C 1023
77) B06, O26, R139, T042 Exe: CONCORD RIC II 9, C 248
78) B06, O26, R141, T196 Exe: IVSTITIA RIC II 6, C 875
79) B06, O29, R149, T042 Exe: CONCORD RIC II 17, C 251
80) B06, O29, R149, T196 Exe: IVSTITIA RIC II 19, C 876
81) B06, O29, R149, T258 Exe: PAX RIC II 21
82) B06, O29, R150, T302 Exe: SALVS AVG RIC II 51, C 1352
83) B06, O29, R151, T042 Exe: CONCORD RIC II 39, C 252
84) B06, O29, R151, T196 Exe: IVSTITIA RIC II 42, C 877
85) B06, O29, R151, T264 PIE TAS across fields RIC II 45, C 1027
86) B06, O29, R151, T267 VOT PVB across fields RIC II 47, C 1475
87) B06, O29, R152, T008 AETER AVG across fields RIC II 115, C 131
88) B06, O29, R152, T041 RIC II 82, C 1149
89) B06, O29, R152, T042 Exe: CONCORD RIC II 118b, C 255
90) B06, O29, R152, T067 FEL AVG across fields RIC II 119, C 599
91) B06, O29, R152, T067 FELIC AVG across fields RIC II 121, S 3487, C 601
92) B06, O29, R152, T067 RIC II 83, C 1143
93) B06, O29, R152, T076 RIC II 85, C 1157
94) B06, O29, R152, T078 RIC II 86b, S 3521, C 1155
95) B06, O29, R152, T085 RIC II 90a, C 1089
96) B06, O29, R152, T107 Exe: LIBERAL AVG / III RIC II 132, C 913
97) B06, O29, R152, T211 RIC II 67, S 3516, C 1073
98) B06, O29, R152, T257 RIC II 95, C 1148
99) B06, O29, R152, T259 RIC II 94, C 1123
100) B06, O29, R152, T267 VOT PVB across fields RIC II 52, C 1476
101) B06, O29, R152, T267 RIC II 97, S 3524, C 1116
102) B06, O29, R152, T269 RIC II 96, C 1115
103) B06, O29, R152, T270 PRO AVG across fields RIC II 133, S 3530, C 1198
104) B06, O29, R152, T277 PV DIC across fields RIC II 135, C 1260
105) B06, O29, R152, T284 RIC II 77c, C 1104
106) B06, O29, R152, T302 Exe: SAL AVG RIC II 137b, C 1326
107) B06, O29, R152, T302 Exe: SALVS AVG RIC II 139, C 1354
108) B06, O29, R152, T302 RIC II 98, C 1151
109) B07, O05, R186, T306
110) B07, O07, R037, T037 RIC II 206
111) B08, O05, R023, T059 RIC II 297, S 3456, C 99
112) B08, O05, R028, T010 RIC II 299d, C 138
 97
113) B08, O05, R079, T066 RIC II 234d, C 615
114) B08, O05, R083, T080 Exe: AVGVSTI RIC II 240, C 712
115) B08, O05, R092, T074 RIC II 245
116) B08, O05, R092, T076 RIC II 244c, C 768
117) B08, O05, R097, T072 RIC II 247, C 783
118) B08, O05, R136, T229 RIC II 256d, C 966
119) B08, O05, R144, T263 RIC II 260
120) B08, O05, R144, T265 RIC II 257c, S 3513, C 1028
121) B08, O05, R168, T134 RIC II 324, C 1247
122) B08, O05, R169, T115 RIC II 327, C 1260
123) B08, O05, R169, T135 RIC II 326d, C 1270
124) B08, O05, R180, T279 RIC II 264, C 1304
125) B08, O05, R183, T298 RIC II 266c, S 3538, C 1317
126) B08, O05, R186, T302 RIC II 270, C 1342
127) B08, O05, R186, T306 RIC II 268, C 1329
128) B08, O05, R186, T310 RIC II 267d, C 1336
129) B08, O05, R194, T328 RIC II 276, C 1425
130) B08, O05, R201, T359 RIC II 282d, S 3547, C 1456
131) B08, O05, R201, T361 RIC II 286d, C 1461
132) B08, O05, R208, T125 RIC II 290, S 3550, C 1484
133) B08, O07, R046, T001 Exe: • RIC II 146
134) B08, O07, R046, T001 RIC II 170
135) B08, O07, R046, T002 RIC II 169, C 381
136) B08, O07, R046, T041 RIC II 172, S 3475, C 328
137) B08, O07, R046, T046 RIC II 202, C 465
138) B08, O07, R046, T048 RIC II 200, S 3484, C 460
139) B08, O07, R046, T051 RIC II 147, C 315
140) B08, O07, R046, T174 RIC II 149, C 330
141) B08, O07, R046, T175 RIC II 148, C 332
142) B08, O07, R046, T203 RIC II 175, C 374
143) B08, O07, R046, T217 RIC II 152
144) B08, O07, R046, T220 RIC II 154
145) B08, O07, R046, T228 RIC II 197
146) B08, O07, R046, T246 RIC II 155
147) B08, O07, R046, T274 Exe: • RIC II 179, C 394
148) B08, O07, R046, T275 RIC II 178, C 393
149) B08, O07, R046, T276 RIC II 176, C 392
150) B08, O07, R046, T280 RIC II 165, C 341
151) B08, O07, R046, T283 Exe: • RIC II 164, C 339
152) B08, O07, R046, T285 RIC II 161, S 3471, C 349
153) B08, O07, R046, T288 Exe: • RIC II 163, S 3472, C 337
154) B08, O07, R046, T300 RIC II 199, C 455
155) B08, O07, R046, T301 RIC II 398, C 454
156) B08, O07, R046, T319 RIC II 181, S 3479, C 390
157) B08, O07, R046, T361 RIC II 183, C 361
158) B08, O07, R046, T365 RIC II 182, C 358
159) B08, O07, R046, T370 RIC II 160, C 353
160) B08, O07, R180, T279 RIC II 220, C 1038
161) B08, O07, R189, T313 RIC II 221, S 3541, C 1399
162) B08, O08, R046, T001 RIC II 338, C 380
163) B08, O08, R046, T005 RIC II 399, C 382
164) B08, O08, R046, T047 RIC II 355, C 458
165) B08, O08, R046, T080 RIC II 351
166) B08, O08, R046, T225 RIC II 330d, C 295
167) B08, O08, R046, T275 RIC II 343, C 366
168) B08, O08, R046, T284 RIC II 333
169) B08, O08, R046, T288 RIC II 332, C 338
170) B08, O08, R046, T295 RIC II 337, C 354
171) B08, O08, R046, T361 RIC II 345, C 362
172) B08, O08, R152, T005 RIC II 381, C 1121
173) B08, O08, R152, T285 RIC II 380, C 1100
174) B08, O08, R197, T348 Curtis Clay collection
175) B08, O08, R209, T081 Exe: COS III RIC II 352
176) B08, O29, R151, T302 Exe: SALVS AVG RIC II 46, C 1330
177) B08, O29, R152, T005 RIC II 80, S 3520, C 1119
178) B08, O29, R152, T060 Exe: FEL P R RIC II 120, S 3486, C 600
179) B08, O29, R152, T078 RIC II 86a, S 3521, C 1155
180) B08, O29, R152, T080 RIC II 113a, C 1174
181) B08, O29, R152, T084 RIC II 88, S 3522, C 1094
182) B08, O29, R152, T085 RIC II 90b, C 1090
183) B08, O29, R152, T181 HI LAR and P R across fields RIC II 126, C 815
184) B08, O29, R152, T203 LIB PVB across fields RIC II 128, C 906
185) B08, O29, R152, T284 RIC II 77b, S 3591
186) B08, O29, R152, T302 Exe: LIB PVB RIC II 127a, C 903
187) B08, O29, R152, T302 Exe: SAL AVG RIC II 137a, S 3539, C 1324
188) B08, O29, R152, T306 SAL AVG across fields RIC II 138, C 1323
189) B08, O29, R152, T319 RIC II 100, C 1153
190) B08, O29, R152, T356 RIC II 101, S 3527, C 1131
191) B09, O21, R139, T072 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 10, C 749a
192) B09, O21, R139, T258 Exe: PAX
193) B09, O26, R141, T042 Exe: CONCORD RIC II 4, C 250
194) B09, O29, R151, T258 Exe: PAX RIC II 44, S 3511, C 1015b
195) B09, O29, R152, T302 Exe: SAL AVG RIC II 137c, C 1327
196) B10, O29, R152, T200 Exe: LIB PVB RIC II 127d, C 905b
197) B11, O08, R046, T005 RIC II 339e, S 3473, C 383
198) B11, O08, R046, T225 RIC II 330e, S 3468
199) B11, O08, R046, T301 C 456
200) B11, O08, R142, T255
201) B11, O26, R141, T168 Exe: ADOPTIO RIC II 3, C 4
 98
202) B11, O29, R151, T072 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 41, S 3493, C 745
203) B11, O29, R152, T038 Exe: CLEM RIC II 117, S 3463
204) B11, O29, R152, T042 Exe: CONCORD RIC II 118c, C 255
205) B11, O29, R152, T080 RIC II 113c, C 1174
206) B11, O29, R152, T122 RIC II 110
207) B11, O29, R152, T194 RIC II 63, C 1059
208) B11, O29, R152, T200 Exe: LIB PVB RIC II 127c, C 904
209) B11, O29, R152, T217 RIC II 69, S 3517, C 1063
210) B11, O29, R152, T291 RIC II 76, C 1107
211) B13, O05, R029, T014 C 156b
212) B13, O05, R134, T212 C 951b
213) B13, O08, R112, T184 Exe: COS III RIC II 361
214) B13, O08, R122, T196 Exe: COS III RIC II 362
215) B13, O08, R195, T348 RIC II 367, C 1438
216) B13, O29, R152, T253 C 1111

AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

217) B02, O03, R044, T056 RIC 389 (II, A. Pius), C 271

AR Quinarius
218) B06, O29, R152, T358 RIC II 103, C 1127
219) B06, O29, R152, T361 RIC II 108

AE Medallion

220) B11, O35, R137, T229 C 972

AE Sestertius

221) B04, O05, R003, T142 RIC II 872

222) B04, O05, R010, T148 Exe: SC RIC II 884, C 31
223) B04, O05, R012, T150 Exe: SC RIC II 888, S 3565, C 48
224) B04, O05, R015, T156 Exe: SC RIC II 897, C 63
225) B04, O05, R023, T059 Exe: SC RIC II 838, C 112
226) B04, O05, R168, T134 Exe: SC RIC II 950, C 1251
227) B04, O07, R084, T080 Exe: COS III PP RIC II 719, C 663
228) B04, O07, R085, T080 Exe: COS III C 699
229) B05, O08, R209, T231 RIC II 828, C 1373
230) B06, O12, R154, T072 Exe: FORT RED / SC
231) B06, O12, R155, T042 Exe: CONCORD RIC II 542
232) B06, O13, R050, T168 Exe: SC RIC II 534, C 523
233) B06, O31, R156, T020 Exe: ANNONA AVG RIC II 560, C 180
234) B06, O31, R157, T020 Exe: ANNONA AVG RIC II 548, C 178
235) B06, O31, R157, T042 Exe: CONCORDIA RIC II 550, C 264
236) B06, O31, R157, T072 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 551, C 756
237) B06, O31, R158, T067 RIC II 563
238) B06, O31, R158, T109 Exe: LIBERTAS RES / TITVTA RIC II 568, C 949
239) B06, O31, R158, T190 Exe: SC RIC II 561
240) B06, O35, R132, T200 Exe: SC RIC II 583, C 948
241) B06, O35, R146, T268 RIC II 587, C 1042
242) B06, O35, R161, T124 RIC II 589, C 1207
243) B06, O35, R162, T206 Exe: SC RIC II 592, C 1282
244) B06, O35, R162, T207 Exe: SC RIC II 593, C 1213
245) B06, O35, R174, T116 Exe: SC RIC II 594
246) B08, O05, R021, T167 Exe: SC RIC II 741, C 85
247) B08, O05, R023, T059 Exe: SC RIC II 839d, C 111
248) B08, O05, R025, T006 RIC II 743, C 125
249) B08, O05, R079, T068 RIC II 749, C 609
250) B08, O05, R209, T231 RIC II 779, C 1374
251) B08, O07, R046, T110 Exe: SC RIC II 640, C 417
252) B08, O07, R046, T237 RIC II 634
253) B08, O07, R046, T284 Exe: SC RIC II 636c, C 343
254) B08, O07, R049, T196 Exe: SC RIC II 710d, C 889
255) B08, O07, R086, T080 Exe: COS III PP RIC II 706
256) B08, O07, R152, T101 Exe: EXPED AVG RIC II 613a, C 592
257) B08, O08, R046, T073 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 969, C 729
258) B08, O08, R103, T179 Exe: COS III RIC II 970, C 819
259) B08, O08, R209, T379 RIC II 971, C 862
260) B11, O29, R152, T035 RIC III 610, C 1075
261) B12, O05, R176, T117 Exe: SC
262) B13, O05, R021, T167 Exe: SC RIC II 741, C 82
263) B13, O05, R028, T010 Exe: SC RIC II 840, C 144
264) B13, O05, R091, T074 RIC II 760, C 770
265) B13, O05, R096, T165
266) B13, O05, R163, T111 Exe: SC RIC II 938, C 1218
267) B13, O05, R209, T050 Exe: DACIA RIC II 849, C 528
268) B13, O05, R209, T096 Exe: DISCIPLINA AVG / SC RIC II 746, C 542
269) B13, O05, R209, T169 Exe: COHOR PRAETORI / SC
270) B13, O05, R209, T250 Exe: SC RIC II 781, C 1377
271) B13, O07, R046, T284 Exe: SC RIC II 636e, C 343
272) B13, O07, R047, T073 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 707, C 738
273) B13, O35, R136, T229 RIC II 586
 99
AE Dupondius Reference(s)

274) B14, O31, R156, T020 Exe: ANNONA AVG RIC II 560, C 181
275) B14, O31, R157, T020 Exe: ANNONA AVG RIC II 555, C 179
276) B14, O31, R157, T072 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 557, C 759
277) B14, O35, R188, T309 RIC II 604, C 1358
278) B14, O35, R204, T370
279) B15, O07, R045, T262 Exe: SC / III RIC II 658, C 436
280) B15, O08, R103, T179 Exe: COS III RIC II 974, C 820
281) B15, O35, R146, T268 RIC II 608, C 1041
282) B17, O35, R137, T229 RIC II 600, C 977
283) B17, O35, R146, T268 RIC II 601

AE As

284) B01, O05, R170, T150 Exe: SC RIC II 957, C 1277

285) B02, O05, R031, T021 RIC II 796, C 166
286) B06, O31, R152, T258 RIC II 616b, C 1142
287) B06, O31, R157, T320 Exe: SC
288) B08, O05, R025, T006 RIC II 795
289) B08, O05, R031, T021 RIC II 797, C 165
290) B08, O05, R209, T217 RIC II 827, C 1359
291) B08, O07, R046, T292 RIC II 665
292) B08, O07, R046, T311 RIC II 669
293) B08, O07, R047, T294 RIC II 716, C 482
294) B08, O07, R048, T037 RIC II 714, C 510
295) B08, O07, R086, T080 Exe: COS III PP RIC II 719, C 667
296) B08, O07, R188, T307 Exe: COS III RIC II 678, S 3692, C 1357
297) B08, O08, R046, T311 RIC II 975
298) B08, O31, R152, T265 PIE AVG and S C across fields
299) B11, O35, R152, T258 RIC II 616d, C 1142
300) B13, O05, R028, T010 Exe: SC RIC II 840, C 144
301) B13, O05, R035, T031 RIC II 848, C 202
302) B13, O05, R092, T074 RIC II 812, C 773
303) B13, O05, R194, T327 Exe: SC RIC II 835, C 144
304) B13, O07, R046, T285 Exe: SC RIC II 666, C 346
305) B13, O07, R113, T184 Exe: SC RIC II 725

AE Semis
306) B11, O29, R152, T341 Exe: SC RIC II 619, C 1165
307) Ba, O31, R152, T341 Exe: SC RIC II 621, C 1166

Hadrian Busts
 100
Hadrian Types
 101
Hadrian Types (continued)
 102
Hadrian Types (continued)
 103
Hadrian Types (continued)
 104
Hadrian Types (continued)

Wife of Hadrian. Sabina was married to Hadrian at the

Sabina age of twelve and the two never got along well. While
Hadrian accused her of nagging the real problem seems
to be her inability to accept her husband's relationship
b. ca.88 – d.137 with Antinous, the young slave boy who was the true
love of his life. The rumor mill of the time whispered that
Hadrian had her commit suicide or that he poisoned her
himself. However, both these options seem unlikely in the face of her consecration by him as well as the fact that
he had long before accepted his marriage. By the time she died he was gravely ill himself and would not survive
her for more than a year.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust left Sabina is the earliest Roman empress that is
2) Diademed, draped bust right (Style “A”: hair let down towards neck line)
3) Diademed, draped bust right (Style “B”: hair coiled up in bun) easily found and affordable to most ancient coin
4) Veiled, draped bust right with grain ears in veil collectors. Earlier emperors issued coins
sporadically honoring their wives or other close
Obverses: relatives, often only posthumously, but these
coins were often relegated to playing a minor
1) DIVA AVG SABINA
2) DIVA AVGVSTA SABINA role in the makeup of the available currency.
3) SABINA AVGVSTA
4) SABINA AVGVSTA HADRIANI AVG
5) SABINA AVGVSTA HADRIANI AVG PP
It is a bit odd too considering that it was more or
6) SABINA AVGVSTA IMP HADRIANI AVG PP less an open secret how Sabina and Hadrian’s
relationship was tense and distant.
Reverses:
With some patience and luck one may find a
1) CONCORDIA AVG
2) CONCORDIA AVGVSTA good Denarius for around $50 on Ebay but the
3) CONSECRATIO going rate seems to be two or three times that
4) COS III
5) INDVLGENTIA AVG PP
from a dealer or at a coin show.
6) IVNONI REGINAE
7) MONETA AVG Bronzes typically survive in deplorable condition
8) PIETAS
9) PIETAS AVG which while keeping prices down are more often
10) PIETATI than not relegated to “hole filler” status.
11) PVDICITIA
12) VENERI GENETRICI
13) VESTA
14) No legend

Types:
1) Altar
2) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch.
3) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch; modius to left.
 105
4) Concordia seated left, holding patera; cornucopia below.
5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and scepter; cornucopia below.
6) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
7) Concordia standing left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
8) Concordia standing left, leaning on column, holding patera and cornucopia.
9) Crescent, star above.
10) Eagle standing left.
11) Indulgentia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter.
12) Juno standing left, extending hand and holding scepter.
13) Juno standing left, holding patera and cornucopia
14) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter.
15) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock by feet.
16) Pietas seated left, holding patera and scepter.
17) Pietas standing, facing, placing hands on head of a child on either side of her.
18) Pudicitia standing left, pulling veil.
19) Pudicitia standing left, raising hand.
20) Sabina riding eagle right
21) Venus standing left, pulling veil and holding apple.
22) Venus standing right, pulling veil and holding apple.
23) Venus standing right, pulling veil and holding Victory.
24) Venus standing right, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding helmet and spear; shield behind column.
25) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter.

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O5, R01, T04 RIC 398 (II, Hadrian), BMC 901, C 13

AR Denarius
2) B1, O3, R04, T09
3) B1, O5, R01, T04 RIC 398a, l (II, Hadrian), S 3920
4) B1, O5, R06, T14 RIC 401b (II, Hadrian)
5) B2, O3, R01, T05 RIC 391 (II, Hadrian), C 24
6) B2, O3, R01, T07 RIC 390 (II, Hadrian), S 3918, C 3
7) B2, O3, R07, T07 Curtis Clay collection
8) B2, O3, R11, T22 RIC 396 (II, Hadrian), S 3924
9) B2, O3, R12, T25
10) B2, O5, R01, T04 RIC 398a, r (II, Hadrian), C 12
11) B2, O5, R01, T05 RIC 399 (II, Hadrian), C 25
12) B2, O5, R05, T11 Exe: COS III RIC 417 (II, Hadrian), C 36
13) B2, O5, R11, T18 RIC 407 (II, Hadrian), C 62
14) B2, O5, R13, T25 RIC 410 (II, Hadrian), S 3925, C 81
15) B3, O5, R14, T02 RIC 411 (II, Hadrian), C 91
16) B3, O5, R14, T19 RIC 415 (II, Hadrian), S 3931, C 95
17) B3, O5, R14, T24 RIC 412 (II, Hadrian), C 89
18) B3, O5, R14, T25 Exe: SC RIC 408 (II, Hadrian), C 64

AR Denarius (Posthumous)

19) B4, O1, R03, T10 RIC 421 (II, Hadrian), C 34

20) B4, O1, R10, T01 Exe: AVG RIC 422a (II, Hadrian), C 56

AE Sestertius

21) B2, O5, R12, T22 RIC 1035 (II, Hadrian), C 74

22) B2, O5, R13, T25 RIC 1036 (II, Hadrian), C 82
23) B3, O5, R01, T07 RIC 1017 (II, Hadrian), C 7
24) B3, O5, R14, T02 Exe: SC RIC 1019 (II, Hadrian), C 69

AE Dupondius
25) B3, O5, R14, T02 Exe: SC C 70

AE As
26) B1, O5, R01, T04 Exe: SC RIC 1037 (II, Hadrian), C 16
27) B3, O5, R14, T02 Exe: SC RIC 1023 (II, Hadrian), C 70
 106
Sabina Busts

Sabina Types
 107

Hadrian appointed Aelius as his Caesar to succeed him but died of

Aelius illness shortly before his own death. Aelius would probably have
made a fine emperor as he was well liked by Roman citizens and
was a capable military leader.
Caesar 136-137

Busts:
1) Bare head left Finding a coin of Aelius is a bit tricky. You’re not likely to
2) Bare head right just stumble onto one.
3) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right
4) Bare headed, draped bust right
He is equally well represented in silver and copper. The
Obverse: Denarii naturally tend to hold up better than the various
bronze denominations but due to scarcity neither is
1) L AELIVS CAESAR abundantly available in the top grades.
Reverses: Given the wide states of preservation for the bronzes it’s
difficult to pin down a price range. Suffice to say that any
1) CONCORDIA
2) FELICITAS AVG which is well enough preserved to be attributable will be
3) HISPANIA marketable. For a worn Denarius expect to pay a
4) TR POT COS II
5) TRIB POT COS II minimum of $100 with $200-$500 being more typical.

Types:
1) Aelius standing on left, shaking hands with Roma seated on cuirass on right, holding spear.
2) Aelius standing on right, raising hand, facing Ceres to left, holding grain ears and torch
3) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
4) Concordia seated left, holding patera
5) Concordia seated left, holding patera; cornucopia under chair.
6) Concordia seated left, lying on cornucopia, holding patera
7) Concordia standing left, holding patera
8) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
9) Concordia standing left, leaning on column, holding patera.
10) Diana standing right, holding arrow and bow
11) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
12) Fides standing right, holding grain ears and fruit basket
13) Fortuna standing left, holding flower and cornucopia; rudder to right
14) Hispania lying left, holding branch
15) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield.
16) Pannonia standing, facing, holding standard
17) Pannonia standing, facing, holding vexillum
18) Pannonia standing, facing, holding vexillum and raising skirt.
19) Pietas standing left, raising hand and holding cornucopia
20) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and other hand over chest.
21) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar.
22) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter
23) Pietas standing right, raising hand over altar
24) Pietas standing right, raising hand over altar and holding incense box.
25) Pietas standing right, raising hand over altar and other hand over chest.
26) Pietas standing, facing, raising hands, altar by feet.
27) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar.
28) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter
29) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt
30) Spes standing left, holding flower and raising skirt.

Mint:
1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R4, T04 Exe: CONCORD RIC 443 (II, Hadrian), C 12
2) B1, O1, R4, T24 PIE TAS across fields RIC 444c (II, Hadrian), C 42

AU Quinarius
3) B2, O1, R3, T11 RIC 430 (II, Hadrian), C 51
 108
AR Denarius Reference(s)
4) B2, O1, R1, T08 RIC 428 (II, Hadrian)
5) B2, O1, R3, T04 Exe: CONCORD RIC 436, (II, Hadrian) S 3967
6) B2, O1, R3, T11 RIC 430 (II, Hadrian), C 50
7) B2, O1, R3, T13 RIC 431 (II, Hadrian), C 52
8) B2, O1, R3, T24 PIE TAS across fields RIC 439 (II, Hadrian)
9) B2, O1, R3, T24 RIC 432 (II, Hadrian), C 53
10) B2, O1, R3, T30 RIC 435 (II, Hadrian)
11) B2, O1, R4, T04 Exe: CONCORD

AE Sestertius

12) B2, O1, R3, T27 Exe: SALVS RIC 1063 (II, Hadrian), C 44
13) B2, O1, R3, T30 RIC 1055 (II, Hadrian), C 56

AE Dupondius
14) B2, O1, R3, T13 RIC 1065 (II, Hadrian)

AE As
15) B2, O1, R3, T18 PANNO NIA across fields RIC 1071 (II, Hadrian), S 1217
16) B4, O1, R3, T29 RIC 1067 (II, Hadrian), C 59

Aelius Busts

Aelius Types
 109
Antoninus succeeded Hadrian once the latter's death and
Antoninus Pius gained the "Pius" suffix after his goodwill in securing a Senate
proclamation consecrating Hadrian. Through a combination of
good luck and an even-keeled, frugal personality, he was able to
Augustus 138-161 pull off the most exemplary and peaceful reign of any emperor
before or since. He was more interested in modernizing Roman
law and its infrastructure than on waging wars of conquest. After
his death he was consecrated himself and the empire started another slide into troubled times.

Busts:
Another long-reigning emperor at the height of the Pax
1) Bare head left Romana translates into a great deal of numismatic
2) Bare head right
3) Bare headed, cuirassed bust right material available left over from the days of Mr. Pius. The
4) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust left Denarius spearheads the list, a nice one of which can be
5) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right
6) Bare headed, draped bust right purchased for well under a hundred dollars. Copper
7) Laureate bust right comes in all shapes, sizes, colors and conditions range
8) Laureate head left
9) Laureate head right
from the eyesore to the breathtaking with corresponding
10) Laureate, cuirassed bust right price tags.
11) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left
12) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
13) Laureate, draped bust left And for when a splurge is warranted even the golden
14) Laureate, draped bust right Aureus is not too hard to find for a few thousand dollars.
15) Radiate head left
16) Radiate head right

a) Eagle standing right

Obverses:

1) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS 23) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XX

2) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS COS III 24) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XXI
3) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P TR P XXII 25) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XXII
4) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP 26) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XXIII
5) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP COS II 27) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XXIIII
6) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP COS III 28) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS TR P COS II
7) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP COS IIII 29) ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS PIVS
8) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP IMP II 30) DIVO PIO
9) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P 31) DIVVS ANTONINVS
10) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P COS III 32) IMP ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS
11) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P COS IIII 33) IMP CAES AEL ANTONINVS AVG
12) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P X 34) IMP CAES AELIVS ANTONINVS AVG
13) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XI 35) IMP CAES T AEL HADR ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP
14) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XI COS IIII 36) IMP II
15) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XII 37) IMP T AEL CAES ANTONINVS
16) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XIII 38) IMP T AEL CAES ANTONINVS AVG
17) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XIIII 39) IMP T AEL CAES HADR ANTONINVS
18) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XIX 40) IMP T AEL CAES HADR ANTONINVS AVG PIVS
19) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XV 41) IMP T AEL CAES HADRI ANTONINVS
20) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XVI 42) IMP T AEL CAES HADRI ANTONINVS AVG PIVS
21) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XVII 43) IMP T AEL CAES HADRI ANTONINVS PIVS
22) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XVIII 44) IMP T AEL CAESAR HADR ANTONINVS
45) IMP T AELIVS CAESAR ANTONINVS

Reverses:
1) AED DIVI AVG REST 24) BONO EVENTVI COS II
2) AEDE DIVI AVG REST 25) BONVS EVENTVS COS IIII
3) AEQVITAS AVG 26) BRITANNIA
4) AETERNITAS 27) BRITANNIA COS IIII
5) AFRICA COS II 28) CAPPADOCIA
6) ALEXANDRIA 29) CLEMENTIA AVG
7) ALEXANDRIA COS II 30) CONCORD COS IIII
8) ANNONA AVG 31) CONCORDIA AVG
9) ANNONA AVG COS IIII 32) CONCORDIA EXERCITVM
10) ANNONA AVG FELIX 33) CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM
11) APOLLINI AVGVSTO 34) CONCORDIAE
12) ASIA COS II 35) CONG AVG VIIII COS IIII
13) AVG PIVS PM TR P COS DES II 36) CONSECRATIO
14) AVG PIVS PM TR P COS II 37) COS II
15) AVG PIVS PM TR P COS II PP 38) COS III
16) AVGVSTA 39) COS III DES IIII
17) AVRELIVS CAES AVG F COS 40) COS IIII
18) AVRELIVS CAES AVG P II F COS 41) COS IIII LIB V
19) AVRELIVS CAES AVG P II F COS DES 42) COS IIII LIBERAL AVG V
20) AVRELIVS CAES AVG P II P COS 43) COS IIII VOTA
21) AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG P II F COS 44) DACIA
22) AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG P II F COS DES 45) DARDANICI
23) BONO EVENTVI 46) DES IIII
 110
47) DISCIPLIN AVG 130) ROMA AETERNA
48) DISCIPLINA AVG 131) ROMA COS IIII
49) DIVA FAVSTINA 132) ROMAE AETERNAE
50) DIVO PIO 133) ROMVLO AVGVSTO
51) FELIC SAEC COS IIII 134) SALVS AVG
52) FELICITAS AVG 135) SALVS AVG COS II
53) FELICITAS AVG COS II 136) SALVS AVG COS IIII
54) FELICITAS AVGVSTI 137) SALVS AVGVSTI
55) FELICITAS COS IIII 138) SALVS PVBLICA
56) FELICITATI AVG COS IIII 139) SALVTI AVG COS IIII
57) FIDES EXERC COS IIII 140) SCYTHIA
58) FORTVNA AVG 141) SECVRITAS AVG
59) FORTVNA AVG COS II 142) SECVRITAS PVBLICA
60) FORTVNA AVGVSTI COS II 143) SICILIA
61) FORTVNA COS IIII 144) SICILIA COS II
62) FORTVNA OBSEQVENS 145) SPES PR
63) FORTVNA OPSEQVENS 146) SYRIA
64) GENIO SENATVS 147) TEMPL DIV AVG REST
65) GENIVS POP ROMANI 148) TEMPL DIVI AVG REST
66) GENIVS POPVLI ROMANI 149) TEMPLVM DIV AVG REST
67) HILARITAS 150) TEMPLVM DIVI AVG REST
68) HISPANIA 151) TEMPORVM FELICITAS
69) HONORI AVG COS IIII 152) TIBERIS
70) IMP II 153) TR P COS II
71) IMPERATOR 154) TR P COS III
72) IMPERATOR II 155) TR P COS III DES IIII
73) IMPERATOR II BRITAN 156) TR P COS IIII IMP III
74) IMPERATOR II BRITANNIA 157) TR POT COS II
75) IMPERATOR II MARTI VLT 158) TR POT COS II G P R
76) INDVLGENTIA AVG COS IIII 159) TR POT COS II PAX
77) IOVI LATIO 160) TR POT COS III
78) IOVI STATORI 161) TR POT COS III DES IIII
79) ITALIA 162) TR POT COS III ITALIA
80) IVNONI SISPITAE 163) TR POT COS III TIBERIS
81) LAETITIA COS IIII 164) TR POT COS III VICT AVG
82) LIB IIII 165) TR POT COS IIII
83) LIBERALITAS 166) TR POT COS IIII ITALIA
84) LIBERALITAS AVG II 167) TR POT COS IIII IVSTITIA
85) LIBERALITAS AVG III 168) TR POT COS IIII LIBERALITAS AVG VIIII
86) LIBERALITAS AVG IIII COS IIII 169) TR POT COS IIII VICT AVG
87) LIBERALITAS AVG V 170) TR POT XI COS IIII
88) LIBERALITAS AVG VIIII COS IIII 171) TR POT XII COS IIII
89) LIBERALITAS AVGVS 172) TR POT XIIII COS IIII
90) LIBERALITAS COS II 173) TR POT XIIII COS IIII ANNONA AVG
91) LIBERALITAS IIII 174) TR POT XIIII COS IIII IVSTITIA
92) LIBERALITAS V COS IIII 175) TR POT XIIII COS IIII MON AVG
93) LIBERALITAS VII COS IIII 176) TR POT XIIII COS IIII PIETAS
94) LIBERT 177) TR POT XIIII COS IIII PIETATI
95) LIBERTAS COS IIII 178) TR POT XIIII COS IIII ROMA
96) LIBERTAS PVBLICA 179) TR POT XIX COS IIII
97) LIBERTAS PVBLICA COS II 180) TR POT XV COS IIII
98) MARTI VLTORI 181) TR POT XV COS IIII ANNONA AVG
99) MAVRETANIA 182) TR POT XV COS IIII ROMA
100) MAVRETANIA COS III 183) TR POT XVII COS IIII ANNONA AVG
101) MONETA AVG 184) TR POT XVIIII COS IIII ANNONA AVG
102) MONETA AVGVSTI 185) TR POT XX COS IIII
103) MONETA AVGVSTI COS II 186) TR POT XXI COS IIII
104) MVNIFICENTIA AVG COS IIII 187) TR POT XXI COS IIII LIB VIII
105) OPI AVG 188) TR POT XXII COS IIII
106) P II PP TR POT II COS II 189) TR POT XXIII COS IIII
107) PACI AVG COS IIII 190) TR POT XXIIII COS IIII
108) PARTHIA 191) TRANQVILLITAS AVG
109) PAX AVG 192) TRIB POT COS
110) PAX AVG COS IIII 193) TRIB POT COS DES II
111) PHOENICE 194) TRIB POT COS DES II CONCORD
112) PIETAS AVG 195) TRIB POT COS II PAX
113) PIETATI AVG COS IIII 196) TRIB POT COS III
114) PM TR P COS II 197) TRIB POT COS PIETAS
115) PM TR P IIII COS III PP 198) VENERI FELICI
116) PM TR POT COS 199) VICTORIA AVG
117) PM TR POT COS DES II 200) VICTORIA AVG
118) PM TR POT COS II 201) VICTORIA AVGVSTI
119) PM TR POT COS III 202) VIRTVS AVG
120) PM TR POT COS IIII LIB III 203) VOTA
121) PM TR POT XX COS IIII 204) VOTA SOL DEC II
122) PM TR POT XXI COS IIII LIB VIII 205) VOTA SOL DECENN II
123) PONT MAX TR POT COS 206) VOTA SVSCEP DEC III
124) PP TR P COS III 207) VOTA SVSCEP DECENN III
125) PRIMI DECENNALES 208) VOTA SVSCEPTA DEC III
126) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM 209) VOTA SVSCEPTA DECENNAL III
127) PROVIDENTIAE DEORVM 210) VOTA VIGENNALIA
128) REX ARMENIIS DATVS 211) No legend
129) REX QVADIS DATVS
 111
Reverses:

1) Aeneas advancing right, carrying Anchises and holding hand of Ascanius to left
2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
3) Aeternitas standing left, holding caduceus and phoenix on globe.
4) Aeternitas standing left, holding globe and pulling veil.
5) Aeternitas standing left, holding globe and scepter
6) Africa standing left, holding basket and cornucopia; lion’s head to lower left.
7) Africa standing left, holding crown and cornucopia
8) Africa standing left, holding crown and grain ears.
9) Alexandria standing left, holding crown and ibis.
10) Alexandria standing right
11) Altar.
12) Annona seated left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.
13) Annona seated right, holding cornucopia
14) Annona seated right, holding cornucopia; modius to right.
15) Annona standing left, holding grain ears and anchor.
16) Annona standing left, holding grain ears and cornucopia
17) Annona standing left, holding grain ears and resting hand on modius on galley prow.
18) Annona standing left, holding grain ears and rudder.
19) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and anchor
20) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and rudder on galley prow.
21) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and scepter.
22) Annona standing left, holding modius on cippus and grain ears over modius.
23) Annona standing left, holding tablet and rudder; in background, modius on galley prow to left and lighthouse to right.
24) Annona standing right, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia; galley prow to right.
25) Annona standing right, resting hand on modius and holding branch over fruit basket
26) Annona standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding rudder on globe and modius
27) Antoninus Pius advancing right with one soldier to right and three to left
28) Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius riding quadriga left
29) Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius seated left on platform with a lictor standing on either side of platform.
30) Antoninus Pius riding horse left, raising hand and holding parazonium
31) Antoninus Pius riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear.
32) Antoninus Pius riding quadriga left, holding scepter with eagle atop.
33) Antoninus Pius riding quadriga of elephants left, holding branch.
34) Antoninus Pius seated left on platform facing Liberalitas to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen to far left
35) Antoninus Pius seated left on platform with Liberalitas to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia and lictor to right; citizen to far left
36) Antoninus Pius seated left, crowning King of Armenia
37) Antoninus Pius seated left, holding branch and scepter.
38) Antoninus Pius seated left, holding globe; being crowned by Victory hovering to right
39) Antoninus Pius standing left on right, touching Armenian king to left
40) Antoninus Pius standing left, holding branch and spear.
41) Antoninus Pius standing left, holding coin counter
42) Antoninus Pius standing left, holding globe.
43) Antoninus Pius standing left, sacrificing over altar
44) Antoninus Pius standing left, sacrificing over altar; bull by altar.
45) Antoninus Pius standing right on left, holding Concordia, shaking hands with Faustina I to right
46) Antoninus Pius standing right on left, holding Concordia, shaking hands with Faustina I to right; Marcus Aurelius and Faustina below in center, also shaking
hands.
47) Antoninus Pius standing right, sacrificing over altar; two witnesses to right and temple in background.
48) Apollo seated left, holding branch; statue on column to right
49) Apollo standing, facing, holding patera and lyre.
50) Asia standing left, holding crown and anchor.
51) Asia standing left, holding crown and anchor; galley prow to left.
52) Britannia seated left, holding spear.
53) Britannia seated left, holding standard and spear; shield to right
54) Britannia seated left, holding standard.
55) Britannia seated left, resting head on hand; shield and scepter to left
56) Cappadocia standing left, holding crown and vexillum.
57) Capricornii (2) back to back over globe
58) Ceres seated left, holding scepter and grain ears.
59) Ceres seated left, holding torch and grain ears.
60) Ceres standing right on left, holding grain ears next to Proserpina to right, holding pomegranate.
61) Clementia seated left, holding patera and scepter.
62) Clementia standing left, holding patera and raising skirt.
63) Clementia standing left, holding patera and scepter
64) Club and winged caduceus, crossed.
65) Column with statue of Antoninus Pius atop.
66) Concordia seated left, holding patera and resting arm on Spes
67) Concordia standing left, holding patera and scepter
68) Concordia standing left, holding patera and two cornucopiae
69) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand
70) Concordia standing left, holding vexillum and cornucopia
71) Concordia standing left, holding Victory and standard
72) Concordia standing left, leaning on column, holding patera
73) Concordia standing, facing, holding scepter and cornucopia
74) Cornucopia
75) Cornucopiae (2), crossed, caduceus in between.
76) Cornucopiae (2), crossed, child’s head atop each.
77) Cornucopiae (2), crossed, winged caduceus in between.
78) Eagle standing center on thunderbolts with owl on globe to left and peacock to right
79) Eagle standing center with owl to left and peacock to right
80) Eagle standing center with peacock to left and owl to right
81) Eagle standing left on globe
82) Eagle standing right
83) Eagle standing right on altar
84) Eagle standing right on globe.
85) Elephant advancing left.
 112
86) Elephant advancing right.
87) Faustina I draped bust right
88) Felicitas standing left, holding branch and caduceus
89) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and branch
90) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
91) Felicitas standing left, holding capricornus and caduceus.
92) Felicitas standing left, holding globe and cornucopia
93) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus
94) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding globe and cornucopia
95) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand.
96) Fides standing right, holding grain ears and fruit dish
97) Fides standing, facing, holding a standard in each hand.
98) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
99) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia.
100) Fortuna standing right, holding rudder and cornucopia.
101) Fortuna standing right, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia.
102) Funeral pyre.
103) Genius standing left, holding branch and scepter.
104) Genius standing left, holding patera and grain ears.
105) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
106) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears.
107) Genius standing, facing, holding scepter and cornucopia.
108) Hands, in handshake, grasping winged caduceus and grain ears.
109) Hercules seated on cuirass, facing, holding club and arrows.
110) Hercules standing left, holding club and bow with arrow.
111) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia.
112) Hispania standing left, holding crown and branch; rabbit by feet.
113) Honos standing, facing, holding branch and cornucopia
114) Honos standing, facing, holding rudder and cornucopia.
115) Indulgentia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter.
116) Italia seated left on globe, holding cornucopia and scepter.
117) Janus standing, facing, holding scepter.
118) Juno advancing right, aiming spear and holding spear; snake to right
119) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
120) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter
121) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left.
122) Jupiter standing, facing, holding scepter and thunderbolt.
123) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter
124) Jupiter standing, facing, resting hand on hip and holding scepter; eagle to lower right.
125) Justitia seated left, holding patera and globe.
126) Justitia seated left, holding patera and scepter.
127) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia
128) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and scepter
129) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and vexillum
130) Liberalitas standing left, holding vexillum and cornucopia
131) Liberalitas standing left, pouring out cornucopia.
132) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter
133) Libertas standing left, raising hand and holding pileus.
134) Libertas standing right, holding pileus and raising hand.
135) Luna (Diana) standing right, holding arrow and bow
136) Marcus Aurelius bare head left
137) Marcus Aurelius bare head right
138) Marcus Aurelius bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust left
139) Marcus Aurelius bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right
140) Marcus Aurelius bare headed, draped bust left
141) Marcus Aurelius bare headed, draped bust right
142) Marcus Aurelius laureate head right.
143) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
144) Mars hovering right on left, facing Rhea Sylvia lying left
145) Mars standing left, holding Victory and spear.
146) Mars standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
147) Mars standing right, holding spear with shield
148) Mauretania standing left, holding crown and spear.
149) Mauretania standing left, holding crown and two spears.
150) Minerva advancing right, aiming javelin and holding shield.
151) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield.
152) Modius with grain ears
153) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
154) Munificentia standing left, holding wreath and scepter; lion by feet.
155) Ops seated left, holding scepter and pulling veil
156) Ops seated left, resting hand on globe and cradling scepter.
157) Parthia standing left, holding crown and quiver with arrows and bow.
158) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter
159) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia.
160) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
161) Pax standing left, setting fire to pile of weapons and holding torch.
162) Phoenicia standing left, holding wreath and scepter; galley prow to left and palm tree to right.
163) Pietas seated left, holding patera and scepter.
164) Pietas standing left, holding baby in each arm; child on either side.
165) Pietas standing left, holding globe and baby, child on either side.
166) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar
167) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box
168) Pietas standing right, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box.
169) Pietas standing, facing, holding deer hind quarter and fruit basket over modius.
170) Pig with piglets kneeling right under tree
171) Providentia standing left, raising hand over globe and holding scepter.
172) Roma seated left leaning on shield on galley prow, holding Victory and spear
173) Roma seated left, holding Palladium and spear; shield to side.
174) Roma seated left, holding spear; shield to side
 113
175) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear
176) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear; shield to side.
177) Romulus advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
178) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged)
179) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar
180) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder on globe
181) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter.
182) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar
183) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder on globe.
184) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter.
185) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake
186) Scythia standing left, holding crown and grain ears.
187) Securitas seated left, holding patera.
188) Securitas seated left, holding scepter
189) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand.
190) Securitas seated right, resting head on hand and holding scepter
191) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter.
192) Shields (2) with extensions top and bottom.
193) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
194) Standards (3)
195) Syria standing left, holding crown and cornucopia.
196) Temple with (2) columns, Antoninus Pius standing within, holding scepter with eagle atop and branch
197) Temple with (4) columns, Vesta standing within, holding branch and Palladium
198) Temple with (8) columns, Augustus and Livia within
199) Temple with ten columns
200) Temple with ten columns, Roma seated within.
201) Thracia standing left, holding crown and palm.
202) Throne with winged thunderbolt
203) Thunderbolt, winged
204) Tiber lying left, holding reed.
205) Tranquilitas standing left, holding rudder and grain ears.
206) Tranquilitas standing right, holding rudder and grain ears.
207) Venus standing left, holding apple and cornucopia.
208) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter.
209) Vesta standing left, holding simpulum and Palladium.
210) Vesta standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding Palladium
211) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading BRITAN
212) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading SPQR
213) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
214) Victory advancing right, holding trophy
215) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
216) Victory flying left, placing opened wreath on shield on column.
217) Victory riding quadriga right.
218) Victory seated left, holding patera and palm
219) Victory seated left, holding wreath and palm
220) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm
221) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm
222) Virtus standing left, holding spear and parazonium
223) Virtus standing right, stepping on globe, holding spear and parazonium
224) Wolf standing left, suckling Remus and Romulus
225) Wolf standing right, suckling Remus and Romulus
226) Wolf standing right, suckling Remus and Romulus; cave ceiling above
227) Wolf standing right, suckling Remus and Romulus; tree in background.
228) Wreath, AN F F OPTIMO PRINCIPI within.
229) Wreath, PRIMI / DECEN / COS IIII within
230) Wreath, PRIMI / DECEN / NALES / COS IIII within.
231) Wreath, SECVND DECEM ANNALES COS IIII within.
232) Wreath, SPQR / OPTIMO / PRINCIPI within
233) Wreath, SPQR AMPLIATORI CIVIVM within
234) Wreath, SPQR AN F F OPTIMO PRINCIPI within
235) Wreath, TR POT / XIX / COS IIII within.

Mint:
1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B02, O15, R040, T002 RIC III 177, C 237
2) B02, O17, R081, T060 RIC III 199a, C 477
3) B02, O35, R180, T042 RIC III 214
4) B02, O35, R180, T160 Exe: PAX RIC III 216a
5) B02, O37, R192, T066 Exe: CONCORD RIC 453 (III, Hadrian), C 477
6) B02, O39, R013, T166 RIC III 14b
7) B08, O10, R018, T141 RIC III 421c
8) B08, O10, R021, T137 C 20
9) B08, O10, R211, T223 RIC III 105a, C 1172
10) B08, O11, R165, T151 RIC III 158, C 1147
11) B08, O19, R040, T042 RIC III 206, C 305
12) B08, O21, R040, T042 RIC III 233e, C 314
13) B09, O08, R185, T213 RIC III 266, C 1013
14) B09, O10, R021, T137
15) B09, O10, R134, T181
16) B09, O11, R211, T034 Exe: LIB IIII RIC III 141, C 495
17) B09, O15, R040, T002 RIC III 48, C 239
 114
18) B09, O19, R093, T129 RIC III 207
19) B09, O20, R040, T042 RIC III 226c, C 309
20) B09, O25, R208, T043 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 294a
21) B14, O04, R165, T173 RIC III 147d
22) B14, O15, R151, T076 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 185, C 812
23) B14, O21, R040, T042 RIC III 233a

AU Aureus (Posthumous) Reference(s)

24) B02, O31, R036, T102 RIC 435 (III, M. Aurelius), C 163

AR Antoninianus (Posthumous)
25) B16, O30, R036, T011 RIC 90 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 1189

AR Denarius
26) B01, O41, R013, T002 RIC III 10d, C 78
27) B02, O04, R153, T215
28) B02, O04, R157, T152 RIC III 58b, C 875
29) B02, O04, R157, T159 RIC III 51, C 857a
30) B02, O04, R160, T226 RIC III 95a, C 914
31) B02, O10, R011, T049 RIC III 63b(a), C 59
32) B02, O10, R029, T063 RIC III 64a, S 4061, C 123
33) B02, O10, R031, T073 RIC III 65a, C 135
34) B02, O37, R123, T096 RIC III 5a, C 668
35) B02, O37, R192, T068
36) B02, O37, R192, T135 RIC 447a (III, Hadrian), C 1058
37) B02, O37, R192, T151 RIC 448 (III, Hadrian), C 1057
38) B02, O39, R013, T090 RIC III 11a
39) B02, O39, R013, T159 RIC III 23a, C 84
40) B02, O39, R015, T099 RIC III 34
41) B02, O39, R015, T159 RIC III 35
42) B02, O39, R015, T215 RIC III 25, C 86
43) B02, O39, R192, T090
44) B02, O41, R013, T096 RIC III 12a, C 79
45) B02, O41, R013, T002 RIC III 10a, S 4053, C 78
46) B02, O41, R013, T151 RIC III 9a, S 4052, C 67
47) B02, O41, R123, T090 RIC 446 (III, Hadrian)
48) B07, O08, R179, T179 RIC III 254, S 4126, C 982
49) B08, O15, R040, T098
50) B09, O04, R039, T159 RIC III 117, C 187
51) B09, O04, R039, T222 RIC III 118, S 4064
52) B09, O04, R040, T002 RIC III 127a, S 4066
53) B09, O04, R040, T067 RIC III 129, S 4070, C 203
54) B09, O04, R040, T088 RIC III 130, C 258
55) B09, O04, R040, T108 RIC III 136, C 344
56) B09, O04, R040, T202 RIC III 137, S 4079, C 345
57) B09, O04, R149, T198 RIC III 143d, C 809
58) B09, O04, R153, T108 RIC III 43, C 833
59) B09, O04, R153, T152 RIC III 44, C 814
60) B09, O04, R153, T159 RIC III 42, C 831
61) B09, O04, R153, T178 RIC III 46, C 836
62) B09, O04, R157, T098 RIC III 49, C 836
63) B09, O04, R157, T108 RIC III 54b, C 873
64) B09, O04, R157, T132 RIC III 50, C 861
65) B09, O04, R157, T152 RIC III 58a, C 875
66) B09, O04, R157, T178 RIC III 56, C 876
67) B09, O04, R160, T226 RIC III 95c, C 915
68) B09, O04, R165, T127 LIB IIII across fields RIC III 155, C 491
69) B09, O04, R165, T127 RIC III 150, C 940
70) B09, O04, R165, T130 Exe: LIB IIII RIC III 156, S 4089, C 490
71) B09, O04, R165, T159 RIC III 153
72) B09, O04, R165, T222 RIC III 154, S 4121, C 945
73) B09, O04, R204, T044 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 291a
74) B09, O04, R208, T043 Exe: COS IIII C 1115
75) B09, O04, R208, T043 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 283a
76) B09, O06, R101, T153 RIC III 76b
77) B09, O06, R109, T159 RIC III 78b
78) B09, O08, R121, T014 RIC III 262, C 1021
79) B09, O08, R121, T025 RIC III 260, C 1016
80) B09, O08, R121, T059 RIC III 259, S 4127, C 1006
81) B09, O08, R121, T179 RIC III 264, C 1023
82) B09, O08, R179, T014 RIC III 250, C 985
83) B09, O08, R179, T016
84) B09, O08, R179, T017 RIC III 249, C 983
85) B09, O08, R179, T101 RIC III 251, C 987
86) B09, O08, R179, T159 RIC III 252, C 979
87) B09, O08, R186, T020 RIC III 274, S 4131, C 1038
88) B09, O08, R186, T026 RIC III 275, C 1039
89) B09, O10, R003, T002 RIC III 61a, S 4049, C 13
90) B09, O10, R008, T152 RIC III 62b, C 33
91) B09, O10, R018, T137
92) B09, O10, R018, T140 RIC III 63b(c), C 60
93) B09, O10, R018, T141 RIC III 417b, C 14
94) B09, O10, R031, T068 RIC III 66, C 136
 115
95) B09, O10, R064, T103 RIC III 69a, S 4084, C 398
96) B09, O10, R065, T107 RIC III 70d, C 407
97) B09, O10, R072, T219 RIC III 111a
98) B09, O10, R112, T167 RIC III 79, C 619
99) B09, O10, R127, T203 RIC III 80a, C 681
100) B09, O10, R202, T222 RIC III 102c
101) B09, O10, R202, T223 RIC III 105c, C 1176b
102) B09, O12, R150, T198
103) B09, O13, R040, T017 RIC III 163, C 286
104) B09, O13, R040, T019 RIC III 162, S 4067, C 283
105) B09, O13, R040, T043 RIC III 164, C 217
106) B09, O13, R040, T043 RIC III 168d, C 301
107) B09, O13, R040, T180 RIC III 167, C 280
108) B09, O13, R211, T229 RIC III 171a, C 670
109) B09, O13, R211, T230 RIC III 172, C 673
110) B09, O15, R040, T002 RIC III 177a, C 238
111) B09, O15, R040, T019 RIC III 175, C 284
112) B09, O15, R040, T043 RIC III 183, C 304
113) B09, O15, R040, T090 RIC III 178, S 4071, C 252
114) B09, O15, R040, T098 RIC III 179, C 263
115) B09, O15, R040, T104 RIC III 180, C 218
116) B09, O15, R040, T183 RIC III 181, S 4075
117) B09, O16, R040, T104 RIC III 189, C 219
118) B09, O17, R040, T099 RIC III 194, C 265
119) B09, O17, R040, T104 RIC III 196, C 220
120) B09, O18, R040, T017 RIC III 244a, C 293
121) B09, O18, R040, T159 RIC III 246, C 256
122) B09, O18, R040, T210 RIC III 243, C 202
123) B09, O19, R040, T017 RIC III 204, C 288
124) B09, O19, R040, T099 RIC III 205, C 267
125) B09, O19, R040, T209 RIC III 203, C 196
126) B09, O20, R040, T017 RIC III 221, C 290
127) B09, O20, R040, T101 RIC III 222, S 4073
128) B09, O20, R040, T209 RIC III 219, S 4065, C 197
129) B09, O21, R040, T017 RIC III 231, C 291
130) B09, O21, R040, T100 RIC III 232, C 291
131) B09, O21, R040, T209 RIC III 229a, C 198
132) B09, O21, R040, T210 RIC III 229b, C 200
133) B09, O21, R093, T041 RIC III 237, C 518
134) B09, O21, R093, T131 RIC III 234
135) B09, O22, R040, T017 RIC III 239, C 292
136) B09, O22, R040, T017 RIC III 240, C 272
137) B09, O22, R040, T209
138) B09, O22, R040, T210 RIC III 238, C 201
139) B09, O22, R113, T164 RIC III 313c, S 4098
140) B09, O22, R139, T184 RIC III 305, C 741
141) B09, O25, R001, T198 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 284, C 2
142) B09, O25, R040, T196 RIC III 285, S 4077, C 331
143) B09, O25, R063, T098 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 286, S 4083, C 390
144) B09, O25, R139, T184 RIC III 288, C 740
145) B09, O25, R149, T198 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 272a, C 802
146) B09, O25, R149, T198 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 290a, S 4107, C 804
147) B09, O25, R150, T198 Exe: COS IIII C 799
148) B09, O25, R205, T044 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 292a, S 4139, C 111
149) B09, O25, R207, T043 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 293a, s 4140
150) B09, O26, R051, T093 RIC III 298, S 4080, C 360
151) B09, O26, R056, T092 RIC III 299, C 374
152) B09, O26, R061, T101 RIC III 300a, C 383
153) B09, O26, R107, T160 RIC III 301, C 573
154) B09, O26, R131, T175 RIC III 303, S 4104, C 696
155) B09, O26, R136, T184 RIC III 304, C 735
156) B09, O35, R172, T160 Exe: PAX RIC III 200c, S 4095, C 582
157) B09, O35, R172, T206 Exe: TRANQ RIC III 202
158) B09, O35, R180, T017 RIC III 210, S 4123
159) B09, O35, R180, T160 Exe: PAX RIC III 216a, C 585
160) B09, O35, R180, T169 RIC III 217, S 4097, C 617
161) B09, O35, R180, T206 RIC III 218, C 826
162) B09, O39, R014, T108 RIC III 26, C 91
163) B09, O41, R013, T096 RIC III 12c, S 4055, C 80

AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

164) B02, O31, R036, T082 RIC 429 (III, M. Aurelius), C 247
165) B02, O31, R036, T083 RIC 430 (III, M. Aurelius), C 155
166) B02, O31, R036, T102 RIC 436 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5193
167) B02, O31, R050, T037 RIC 442 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5194

AE Medallion
168) B09, O14, R211, T048

AE Sestertius
169) B02, O45, R193, T167 PIE TAS and S C across fields RIC 1093 (III, Hadrian), C 610
170) B07, O09, R069, T113
171) B07, O10, R046, T183
 116
172) B08, O21, R076, T115 Exe: SC RIC III 914 anecdotal
173) B09, O04, R154, T118
174) B09, O04, R156, T225 Exe: SC RIC III 788
175) B09, O04, R157, T090 RIC III 545a
176) B09, O04, R157, T096 RIC III 546, S 4238, C 846
177) B09, O04, R160, T225 Exe: SC RIC III 648, C 917
178) B09, O04, R160, T226 Exe: SC RIC III 650
179) B09, O04, R204, T044 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 792, C 1107
180) B09, O04, R208, T043 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 794
181) B09, O06, R018, T141 Exe: SC RIC III 1212, C 34
182) B09, O07, R052, T091 RIC III 770, C 363
183) B09, O08, R179, T097 RIC III 943a, C 988
184) B09, O08, R185, T026 RIC III 964, C 1017
185) B09, O08, R185, T188 Exe: SC RIC III 967, C 1008
186) B09, O09, R040, T035 Exe: LIBERALITAS / AVG IIII RIC III 774, C 498
187) B09, O09, R040, T040 RIC III 765, C 318
188) B09, O09, R040, T161 PAX AVG and S C across fields RIC III 777, C 594
189) B09, O09, R040, T172 Exe: SC RIC III 759, C 225
190) B09, O09, R069, T113 RIC III 772, C 414
191) B09, O09, R211, T032 Exe: COS IIII / SC RIC III 767a, C 320
192) B09, O10, R008, T024 RIC III 597
193) B09, O10, R011, T049 RIC III 598, C 62
194) B09, O10, R033, T071 RIC III 600, C 139
195) B09, O10, R034, T046 RIC III 601, C 146
196) B09, O10, R064, T103 RIC III 605, S 4177, C 400
197) B09, O10, R072, T053 Exe: BRITANNIA RIC III 745, C 119
198) B09, O10, R072, T096 RIC III 716, C 426
199) B09, O10, R072, T214 RIC III 717a, C 433
200) B09, O10, R072, T220 BRI TAN and S C across fields RIC III 719, C 114
201) B09, O10, R078, T122 RIC III 607, C 460
202) B09, O10, R098, T146 RIC III 609, C 550
203) B09, O10, R101, T153 RIC III 610, C 556
204) B09, O10, R105, T155 Exe: SC RIC III 612
205) B09, O10, R109, T159 RIC III 616, S 4200, C 589
206) B09, O10, R128, T039 Exe: SC RIC III 619, C 686
207) B09, O10, R132, T199 RIC III 622, C 699
208) B09, O10, R132, T200 Exe: SC RIC III 623, C 703
209) B09, O10, R133, T170 Exe: SC RIC III 629, C 775
210) B09, O10, R134, T184 RIC III 635a, C 710
211) B09, O10, R141, T191 RIC III 640
212) B09, O10, R198, T199 Exe: SC RIC III 651, C 1075
213) B09, O10, R211, T116 Exe: IATALIA RIC III 746, C 464
214) B09, O10, R211, T170 Exe: SC RIC III 628
215) B09, O10, R211, T193 RIC III 626, C 754
216) B09, O10, R211, T217 Exe: VICTORIA AVG / SC RIC III 654
217) B09, O11, R087, T034 Exe: SC RIC III 775, C 511
218) B09, O11, R211, T143 RIC III 778, C 751
219) B09, O11, R211, T151 RIC III 779, C 745
220) B09, O11, R211, T175 Exe: SC RIC III 780, C 753
221) B09, O13, R008, T019 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 840, C 39
222) B09, O15, R040, T002 RIC III 855, C 232
223) B09, O15, R151, T076 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 857, C 813
224) B09, O19, R040, T101 RIC III 885, C 268
225) B09, O19, R139, T184 RIC III 886, C 728
226) B09, O20, R136, T184 RIC III 906, C 732
227) B09, O22, R095, T132 RIC III 929, C 543
228) B09, O22, R095, T134 RIC III 916a, C 535
229) B09, O25, R040, T196 Exe: SC RIC III 999, C 332
230) B09, O25, R149, T198 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 1004, C 805
231) B09, O25, R204, T043 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 1026, C 1105
232) B09, O25, R208, T043 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 1010
233) B09, O26, R113, T165 RIC III 1031, C 621
234) B09, O27, R113, T164 RIC III 1045, C 628
235) B09, O27, R113, T167 PIE TAS and S C across fields RIC 1083a (III, Hadrian), C 604
236) B09, O35, R118, T096 RIC III 530b, C 653
237) B09, O35, R172, T038 Exe: SC RIC III 889
238) B09, O35, R172, T174 RIC III 874, C 690
239) B12, O10, R134, T184 RIC III 635b, C 712

AE Sestertius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

240) B02, O31, R036, T102 RIC 1266 (III, M. Aurelius), C 165
241) B09, O31, R036, T081 RIC 1265 (III, M. Aurelius), C 162

AE Dupondius

242) B16, O08, R179, T014 Exe: SC RIC III 956, C 986
243) B16, O08, R179, T120
244) B16, O08, R179, T171
245) B16, O08, R179, T171 RIC III 953, C 978
246) B16, O09, R037, T183 RIC III 551
247) B16, O09, R069, T113 RIC III 802, C 415
248) B16, O10, R008, T024 RIC III 656, S 4264, C 36
249) B16, O10, R052, T089 RIC III 658
250) B16, O10, R052, T091 RIC III 659
251) B16, O10, R064, T103 RIC III 660a, C 403
252) B16, O10, R072, T214
 117
253) B16, O10, R134, T184 RIC III 668, S 4283, C 714
254) B16, O11, R211, T143 RIC III 807, C 752
255) B16, O15, R040, T002 RIC III 858, C 233
256) B16, O18, R095, T132 RIC III 950, C 545
257) B16, O20, R136, T184 RIC III 909a, C 733
258) B16, O22, R095, T134 RIC III 932, C 541
259) B16, O22, R179, T208
260) B16, O26, R113, T165 RIC III 1035, C 625
261) B16, O35, R172, T012 Exe: ANNONA RIC III 898, C 51

AE As Reference(s)
262) B02, O45, R192, T108 Exe: SC RIC III 1088a, S 4322, C 1066
263) B08, O04, R160, T190 Exe: SC
264) B09, O04, R058, T098 RIC III 533b, C 650
265) B09, O04, R058, T098 RIC III 558
266) B09, O04, R157, T096 RIC III 546, C 846
267) B09, O04, R157, T150 RIC III 563, C 842
268) B09, O04, R157. T090 RIC III 565, C 854
269) B09, O04, R160, T099 RIC III 700a
270) B09, O04, R160, T144 RIC III 694, C 885
271) B09, O06, R072, T170 RIC III 733, C 450
272) B09, O08, R179, T014 Exe: SC RIC III 956, C 986
273) B09, O08, R179, T097 RIC III 943a, C 988
274) B09, O08, R179, T159 RIC III 945, C 980
275) B09, O08, R179, T171 RIC III 957, C 977
276) B09, O08, R211, T235 RIC III 958, C 999 Exe: SC
277) B09, O09, R040, T098 RIC III 760
278) B09, O10, R023, T106 RIC III 676, C 106
279) B09, O10, R033, T071 RIC III 678, C 140
280) B09, O10, R072, T132 Exe: LIBERT RIC III 738, C 533
281) B09, O10, R072, T192 Exe: ANCILIA RIC III 736a, C 30
282) B09, O11, R211, T049 RIC III 824, C 748
283) B09, O11, R211, T232 Exe: SC RIC III 827a, C 791
284) B09, O13, R008, T019 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 840
285) B09, O15, R040, T196 Exe: SC
286) B09, O18, R040, T159 RIC III 955, C 257
287) B09, O21, R009, T024 RIC III 921, C 45
288) B09, O22, R027, T055 Exe: SC RIC III 934, C 117
289) B09, O22, R052, T089 RIC III 937
290) B09, O22, R052, T090 RIC III 936, C 372
291) B09, O35, R172, T126 Exe: IVSTITIA RIC III 881, C 474
292) B12, O04, R160, T144 RIC III 694c, S 4315, C 885

AE As (Posthumous)

293) B02, O31, R036, T084 RIC 1262 (III, M. Aurelius)

AE Quadrans
294) B09, O04, R040, T057 RIC III 711, C 181
295) Ba, O36, R040, T202

Antoninus Pius Busts

 118
Antoninus Pius Types
 119
Antoninus Pius Types (continued)
 120
Antoninus Pius Types (continued)
 121

Wife of Antoninus Pius. Her death was deeply mourned

Faustina I by Antoninus despite widely circulating rumors of her
being unfaithful to him. Her daughter Faustina II, another
woman of questionable repute, married Marcus Aurelius
b. ca.100 - d.141 who would also eventually go on to grieve the loss of his
wife.

Busts:
Among the most common of empresses to be found
1) Diademed, draped bust left
2) Diademed, draped bust right are the “Faustinas”. This mother-daughter duo were
3) Draped bust right both honored while living and quite a while
4) Veiled bust left
5) Veiled bust right
posthumously. In fact, in the case of Faustina
6) Veiled, diademed bust left senior the bulk of her coinage happens after her
7) Veiled, diademed bust right death.
Obverses: Marginal coins of Faustina start at under $10 and a
1) DIVA AVG FAVSTINA
nice Denarius can be bought for around $30 or so.
2) DIVA AVGVSTA FAVSTINA There is much to be seen in the bronzes, especially
3) DIVA FAVSTINA lower grade Asses which also typically cost only a
4) DIVAE FAVSTINAE
5) DIVA I FAVSTINA few dollars but with bronzes as the coin’s grade
6) FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG increases the price does so exponentially.
7) FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PP
8) FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PII PP
9) FAVSTINA AVGVSTA

Reverses:

1) AED DIV FAVSTINAE 12) FAVSTINIANAE 23) PVELLAE FAVSTINIANAE

2) AETERNITAS 13) IMP II 24) SALVTI AVG
3) AVGVSTA 14) IMPERATOR II 25) SALVTI AVGVSTAE
4) CERES 15) IVNO 26) TR P VI IMP IIII COS II PAX
5) CONCORDIA AVG 16) IVNONI LVCINAE 27) TR POT COS II
6) CONCORDIAE 17) IVNONI REGINAE 28) VENERI AVGVSTAE
7) CONSECRATIO 18) MATRI DEVM SALVTARI 29) VENVS
8) COS IIII 19) PIET AVG 30) VESTA
9) DEDICATIO AEDIS 20) PIETAS AVG 31) VOTA PVBLICA
10) DIVA FAVSTINA 21) PM TR P VI IMP IIII 32) No legend
11) EX SENATVS CONSVLTO 22) PROV DEOR TR P COS II

Types:
1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
2) Aeternitas advancing left, holding starry mantle overhead
3) Aeternitas seated left on globe, raising hand and holding scepter.
4) Aeternitas seated left, holding Phoenix on globe and scepter
5) Aeternitas standing left, holding Phoenix and raising skirt
6) Aeternitas standing right, pulling veil and holding scepter
7) Altar
8) Carpentum pulled by two mules right
9) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch.
10) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch.
11) Ceres standing left, holding torch and grain ears
12) Ceres standing right, holding scepter and grain ears.
13) Concordia seated left, holding patera and resting arm on cornucopia
14) Concordia seated left, holding patera and resting arm on Spes
15) Concordia seated left, holding Spes and scepter.
16) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia
17) Concordia standing left, leaning on column, holding patera and cornucopia.
18) Concordia standing left, leaning on column, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
19) Concordia standing right, holding scepter and cornucopia
20) Cornucopiae (2), crossed, caduceus in between
21) Crescent, seven stars above.
22) Cybele riding lion left, holding drum
23) Cybele seated left, holding drum and branch
24) Cybele seated right, holding drum; lion on either side.
25) Cybele, holding drum, riding carriage led by two lions left
26) Dove standing right
27) Eagle standing right
28) Faustina I and Antoninus Pius riding quadriga left
29) Faustina I and Antoninus Pius standing on pedestal, together holding Fortuna; Marcus Aurelius and Faustina II beneath, shaking hands over altar.
30) Faustina I and her family in diagram of a two storey house; adults in upper floor and children in lower.
31) Faustina I draped bust right
32) Faustina I riding biga left.
33) Faustina I riding quadriga right, holding torch.
34) Faustina I standing by Antoninus Pius, seated left, both on platform, receiving their children from assistants.
 122
35) Faustina I standing left on right, holding scepter, shaking hands with Antoninus Pius to left, holding scroll.
36) Faustina I, holding grain ears and torch, riding carriage with two elephants left
37) Faustina I, holding scepter, riding carriage with two elephants left
38) Faustina I, holding scepter, riding carriage with two elephants right
39) Faustina I, holding scepter, riding eagle left, upwards.
40) Faustina I, holding scepter, riding eagle right, upwards.
41) Faustina I, holding torch and grain ears, riding carriage with two elephants left
42) Faustina I, holding torch and grain ears, riding carriage with two elephants right
43) Faustina I, holding torch, riding carriage with two elephants right
44) Fecunditas standing right, holding scepter and baby.
45) Fortuna standing left, holding globe and rudder
46) Fortuna standing left, holding patera and rudder
47) Fortuna standing left, holding patera and rudder on globe
48) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia
49) Funeral pyre, Faustina I riding biga right atop.
50) Isis riding oncoming dog, holding sistrum
51) Juno seated right, holding scepter.
52) Juno standing left raising hand and skirt.
53) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter.
54) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left.
55) Juno standing left, holding torch and raising skirt
56) Juno standing left, holding torch and scepter
57) Juno standing left, holding torch in each hand
58) Juno standing left, raising hand and holding torch
59) Juno standing right, holding scepter
60) Juno standing right, raising hand and holding scepter.
61) Juno standing, facing, raising hand and holding scepter
62) Marcus Aurelius and Faustina II standing, shaking hands; Concordia between them in background.
63) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia.
64) Pax standing, facing, holding branch and scepter
65) Peacock advancing left
66) Peacock advancing right
67) Peacock standing, facing, with tail spread.
68) Pietas standing left, raising hand and holding incense box
69) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and holding incense box
70) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar
71) Providentia standing left, holding globe and veil over head
72) Providentia standing left, holding globe and cornucopia
73) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter.
74) Providentia standing left, raising hand and holding globe
75) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar
76) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter
77) Salus standing left, holding snake and leaning on tree
78) Star
79) Temple with (6) columns.
80) Temple with (6) columns; Faustina I seated within
81) Throne; peacock in front, standing left
82) Throne with scepter.
83) Throne with scepter; peacock in front, facing.
84) Throne with scepter; peacock in front, standing right.
85) Throne with wreath and scepter.
86) Throne with wreath and scepter; peacock to left, fruit basket to right.
87) Venus standing left, holding apple and resting hand on shield.
88) Venus standing left, holding arrow and bow
89) Venus standing right, pulling dress and holding apple.
90) Venus standing right, pulling veil and holding apple.
91) Venus standing, facing, pulling veil and holding scepter.
92) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter
93) Vesta seated left, holding patera and scepter
94) Vesta seated left, holding scepter
95) Vesta standing left, holding Palladium and scepter
96) Vesta standing left, holding Palladium and torch.
97) Vesta standing left, holding simpulum and Palladium
98) Vesta standing left, holding torch and Palladium
99) Vesta standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding Palladium.
100) Vesta standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding torch.
101) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.

Mint:
1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B2, O9, R17, T054 RIC 338 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 214

AU Aureus (Posthumous)
2) B2, O1, R02, T047 RIC 349a (III, Antoninus Pius), BMC 285
3) B2, O1, R32, T061 RIC 404c (III, Antoninus Pius)
4) B2, O2, R20, T069 RIC 394c (III, Antoninus Pius), C 232
5) B2, O3, R02, T080 RIC 354 (III, Antoninus Pius), BMC 83, C 64
6) B2, O3, R03, T056 RIC 356 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 97
7) B6, O3, R03, T057 RIC 375a (III, Antoninus Pius), BMC 406, C 76
 123
AR Denarius Reference(s)

8) B2, O7, R05, T013 RIC 328a (III, Antoninus Pius), C 148
9) B2, O9, R17, T054 RIC 338d (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4669, C 215
10) B2, O9, R17, T083 RIC 339a (III, Antoninus Pius), C 214
11) B2, O9, R30, T092 RIC 342a (III, Antoninus Pius)
12) B9, O9, R17, T081 Tom Mullally collection

AR Denarius (Posthumous)
13) B2, O1, R02, T073 RIC 350a (III, Antoninus Pius), C 35
14) B2, O1, R02, T078 RIC 355 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 63
15) B2, O1, R02, T091 RIC 346b (III, Antoninus Pius), C 41
16) B2, O1, R06, T035 RIC 381b (III, Antoninus Pius), C 159
17) B2, O1, R07, T058 RIC 382a (III, Antoninus Pius), C 32
18) B2, O1, R09, T079 RIC 388 (III, Antoninus Pius)
19) B2, O1, R20, T069 RIC 394 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4598, C 234
20) B2, O1, R32, T012 RIC 404b (III, Antoninus Pius)
21) B2, O3, R01, T080 RIC 343 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4573, C 1
22) B2, O3, R02, T005 RIC 347 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4576, C 11
23) B2, O3, R02, T046 RIC 348 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4577, C 6
24) B2, O3, R02, T061 RIC 344 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4574, C 26
25) B2, O3, R02, T071 RIC 351 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4578, C 32
26) B2, O3, R02, T084 RIC 353a (III, Antoninus Pius), C 61
27) B2, O3, R03, T010 RIC 360a (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4582
28) B2, O3, R03, T012 RIC 358 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4581, C 94
29) B2, O3, R03, T051 RIC 363 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 128
30) B2, O3, R03, T055 RIC 362 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4584, C 104
31) B2, O3, R03, T056 RIC 356 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 96
32) B2, O3, R03, T059 RIC 361 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 101
33) B2, O3, R03, T069 RIC 373 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4589, C 124
34) B2, O3, R03, T082 RIC 377 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4590, C 131
35) B2, O3, R03, T087 RIC 366 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 73
36) B2, O3, R03, T092 RIC 400 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4601, C 291
37) B2, O3, R03, T093 RIC 371 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4588, C 72
38) B2, O3, R03, T095 RIC 369a (III, Antoninus Pius), C 109
39) B2, O3, R03, T097 RIC 368 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 108
40) B2, O3, R03, T099 RIC 370 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 116
41) B2, O3, R04, T009 RIC 379a (III, Antoninus Pius), C 144
42) B2, O3, R04, T010 RIC 378a (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4591
43) B2, O3, R07, T058 RIC 382b (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4593, C 165
44) B2, O3, R07, T066 RIC 384a (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4584, C 175
45) B2, O3, R15, T053 RIC 391 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4597, C 209
46) B2, O3, R23, T034 RIC 399 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 262
47) B2, O5, R13, T020
48) B3, O3, R07, T007
49) B3, O3, R04, T010 RIC 359 (III, Antoninus Pius)
50) B7, O1, R04, T027 RIC 387 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 181
51) B7, O1, R20, T069
52) B7, O3, R02, T061 RIC 345 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 27
53) B7, O3, R02, T084 RIC 353b (III, Antoninus Pius), C 61

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

54) B2, O1, R03, T010 RIC 1169 (III, Antoninus Pius)
55) B2, O2, R07, T049 RIC 1135 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 186
56) B2, O2, R15, T053 RIC 1143 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 210
57) B2, O2, R20, T069 RIC 1146a (III, Antoninus Pius), C 240
58) B2, O2, R20, T079 RIC 1147 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 254
59) B2, O2, R32, T008 RIC 1141 (III, Antoninus Pius)
60) B2, O2, R32, T041 RIC 1140 (III, Antoninus Pius)
61) B2, O3, R02, T004 RIC 1103 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 15
62) B2, O3, R02, T005 RIC 1105 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 12
63) B2, O3, R02, T041 RIC 1113 (III, Antoninus Pius)
64) B2, O3, R02, T061 RIC 1102 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 28
65) B2, O3, R03, T011 RIC 1118 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 88
66) B7, O2, R02, T073 RIC 1108 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 37

AE Dupondius (Posthumous)
67) B2, O2, R20, T069 C 241

AE As
68) B2, O8, R05, T013 RIC 1087 (III, Antoninus Pius)
69) B2, O8, R05, T014 RIC 1086 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 149
70) B2, O8, R05, T018 RIC 1088 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 152
71) B2, O8, R17, T083 RIC 1092 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 226
72) B2, O8, R28, T089 RIC 1097 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4685, C 152

AE As (Posthumous)
 124
73) B2, O1, R02, T004
74) B2, O1, R02, T069 C 343
75) B2, O2, R02, T073 RIC 1163a (III, Antoninus Pius), C 38
76) B2, O2, R19, T007 Exe: SC RIC 1191 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4654, C 258
77) B2, O2, R20, T070 RIC 1194 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 252
78) B2, O2, R20, T079 Exe: SC RIC 1195 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 255
79) B2, O3, R02, T004 RIC 1156a (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4637, C 18
80) B2, O3, R02, T073 RIC 1163b (III, Antoninus Pius)
81) B2, O3, R03, T096 RIC 1178 (III, Antoninus Pius)
82) B2, O3, R03, T099 RIC 1126 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4619, C 117
83) B2, O3, R03, T100 RIC 1180 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 118
84) B7, O2, R32, T021 Exe: SC RIC 1199 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 276

Faustina I Busts

Faustina I Types
 125
Faustina I Types (continued)
 126
Marcus Aurelius owes much of him becoming Augustus to

Marcus Aurelius Hadrian who groomed him from childhood for the post. He
became Caesar shortly after Hadrian died and the political
grooming continued under Antoninus Pius. He had to wait
another twenty years or so to become Augustus himself in the
Augustus 161-180 year 161. No sooner did this happen than he was thrust in a
series of wars that would eat up the rest of his time in office.
He died while fighting the ever-harassing tribes of the Germanic region and power then passed to his son
Commodus.

During his lengthy reign he is remembered as being among the noblest and most even-keeled of emperors. He
preferred to use the considerable power of his post to pursue a period of enlightenment out of character not only
for his age but clear across time to our very own. Gibbon summarizes that he "was severe to himself, indulgent to
the imperfections of others, just and beneficent to all mankind."

Busts:
From awesome, big Sestertii to pristine Denarii to
1) Bare bust right gorgeous Aureii Marcus Aurelius continues to
2) Bare head left
3) Bare head right
offer us the finest of Roman classical art on coins.
4) Bare headed, cuirassed bust left While low grade material is ubiquitous and cheap
5) Bare headed, cuirassed bust right the collector can’t help but notice the often very
6) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust left
7) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right affordable coins that have passed down through
8) Bare headed, draped bust left the ages with nary a scratch.
9) Bare headed, draped bust right
10) Laureate head left
11) Laureate head right Having enjoyed a long reign starting with his
12) Laureate, cuirassed bust left
13) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
Caesarship soon after Antoninus Pius came to
14) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right power we are left with delicate renderings of his
15) Laureate, draped bust left portraits as he passed from childhood into
16) Laureate, draped bust right
17) Radiate head right adolescence and then into the grave, bearded
18) Radiate, cuirassed bust right maturity of the wise philosopher-king.
19) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

a) Eagle, standard on either side; LEG VI across lower fields And because of the continued golden age of the
b) Woman’s laureate, draped bust right empire we are assured of a good supply of these
coins today. As a general pointer, superbly
Obverses: preserved Denarii can be bought in the $100
1) ANTONINVS AVG
region on Ebay or somewhat more directly from a
2) ANTONINVS AVG ARMENIACVS coin dealer. While museum-grade bronze pieces
3) ANTONINVS ET VERVS AVG REST will undoubtedly cost an arm and a leg many will
4) ANTONIVS AVGVR III VIR R P C
5) AVRELIVS CAES ANTON AVG P II F find comfort in knowing they can own a downright
6) AVRELIVS CAES ANTON AVG P II FIL handsome Sestertius, Dupondius or As for just a
7) AVRELIVS CAES AVG P II FIL
8) AVRELIVS CAESAR ANTONINI AVG P II F
few hundred dollars that may well become the
9) AVRELIVS CAESAR ANTONINI AVG P II FIL highlight of their collection.
10) AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG P II F
11) AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG P II F COS
12) AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG P II F COS II
13) AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG P II FIL
14) CAES M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG COS III
15) DIVVS M ANTONINVS PIVS
16) IMP CAES M AVR ANTONINVS AVG
17) IMP CAES M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG
18) IMP CAES M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG PM
19) IMP M ANTONINVS AVG
20) IMP M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXV
21) IMP M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG
22) IMP M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG PM
23) M ANTONINVS AVG
24) M ANTONINVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX
25) M ANTONINVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX MEDIC
26) M ANTONINVS AVG ARMEN PM
27) M ANTONINVS AVG ARMENIACVS
28) M ANTONINVS AVG ARMENIACVS PM
29) M ANTONINVS AVG GERM
30) M ANTONINVS AVG GERM SARM
31) M ANTONINVS AVG GERM SARM TR P XXXI
32) M ANTONINVS AVG GERM SARMATICVS
33) M ANTONINVS AVG GERM TR P XXIX
34) M ANTONINVS AVG GERM TR P XXX
35) M ANTONINVS AVG GERM TR P XXX PP
36) M ANTONINVS AVG IMP II
37) M ANTONINVS AVG PM
 127
38) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XX 50) M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG ARMENIACVS PM
39) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXIII 51) M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG GERM SARM
40) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXIIII 52) M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG PM
41) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXIX 53) M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXXII
42) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXV 54) M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXXIII
43) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXVI 55) M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXXIIII
44) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXVII 56) M AVREL CAESAR AVG F II FIL
45) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXVIII 57) M AVRELIVS CAESAR ANTONINI AVG P II FIL
46) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXXI 58) M AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG P II F
47) M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG 59) M AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG P II F COS
48) M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG ARM PARTH 60) M AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG P II FIL
49) M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX 61) No legend

Reverses:
1) ANNONA AVG IMP VII COS III 63) LIB AVGVSTOR TR P XV COS III 124) TR P XXXII IMP VIIII COS III PP
2) ANTONIVS AVGVR 64) LIB AVGVSTOR TR POT XX IMP III 125) TR P XXXIII IMP VIIII COS III PP
3) CLEMENTIA AVG IMP VI COS III COS III 126) TR P XXXIII IMP X COS III PP
4) CLEMENTIA AVG TR P XXX IMP VIII COS III 65) LIBERAL AVG TR P XIX IMP II COS III 127) TR P XXXIII IMP X COS III PP
5) COMMODVS CAES AVG FIL GERM 66) LIBERAL AVG V COS III 128) TR P XXXIIII IMP X COS III
6) CONCORD AVG TR P XV 67) LIBERAL AVG VI IMP VII COS III 129) TR P XXXIIII IMP X COS III PP
7) CONCORD AVG TR P XVI 68) LIBERAL AVGVSTOR IMP VIII COS III 130) TR POT COS II
8) CONCORD AVG TR P XVII 69) LIBERALITAS AVG VI IMP VII COS III 131) TR POT COS III
9) CONCORD AVG TR P XVIII 70) LIBERALITAS AVG VII IMP VII COS III 132) TR POT II COS II
10) CONCORD AVGVSTOR TR P XV 71) LIBERALITAS AVG VII IMP VIIII COS III 133) TR POT III COS II
11) CONCORD AVGVSTOR TR P XVI PP 134) TR POT III COS II CLE
12) CONCORD EXERC IMP VII 72) M ANTONINVS AVG 135) TR POT III COS II CLEM
13) CONCORDIA 73) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXVIII 136) TR POT III COS II HONOS
14) CONCORDIA COS II 74) MARTI VICTORI IMP VI COS III 137) TR POT III COS II IVVENTAS
15) CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM COS III 75) MARTI VICTORI IMP VII COS III 138) TR POT III COS II PIETAS
16) CONCORDIA TR POT III 76) PAX AVG TR P XX COS III 139) TR POT III COS II VIRTVS
17) CONCORDIAE AVGVSTOR TR P XV COS III 77) PIET AVG TR P XXXI IMP VIII COS III 140) TR POT IIII COS II
18) CONCORDIAE AVGVSTOR TR P XVI COS III PP 141) TR POT IIII COS II HONOS
19) CONG AVG III TR P XX IMP III COS III 78) PIETAS AVG 142) TR POT IIII COS II VIRTVS
20) CONG AVG III TR POT XX IMP III COS III 79) PIETAS AVG IMP VIII COS III 143) TR POT VI COS II
21) CONG AVG IIII TR P XXI IMP IIII COS III 80) PIETAS AVG IMP VIIII COS III PP 144) TR POT VI COS II HONOS
22) CONSECRATIO 81) PIETAS AVG TR P XX COS III 145) TR POT VI COS II VIRTVS
23) COS DES II 82) PM TR P XIX IMP II COS III 146) TR POT VII COS II
24) COS II 83) PM TR P XIX IMP III COS III 147) TR POT VIII COS II
25) COS III 84) PM TR P XVIII COS III 148) TR POT VIIII COS II
26) COS III PP 85) PM TR P XVIII IMP II COS III 149) TR POT X COS II
27) DES II 86) PM TR P XX IMP III COS III 150) TR POT XI COS II
28) DIVVS VERVS 87) PROPVGNATORI IMP VIIII COS III 151) TR POT XII COS II
29) FAVSTINAE AVG P II AVG F COMMOD 88) PROV DEOR TR P COS II 152) TR POT XIII COS II
CAES FIL AVG 89) PROV DEOR TR P XV COS III 153) TR POT XIIII COS II
30) FEL TEMP TR P XV COS III 90) PROV DEOR TR P XVI COS III 154) TR POT XIIII COS II DESIG III
31) FELIC AVG IMP VI COS III 91) PROV DEOR TR P XVII COS III 155) TR POT XIX IMP II COS III
32) FELICITAS AVG COS III 92) PROV DEOR TR P XVIII COS III 156) TR POT XIX IMP III COS III
33) FELICITAS AVG IMP VI COS III 93) RELIG AVG IMP VI COS III 157) TR POT XV COS II DESIG III
34) FELICITAS AVG IMP VIIII COS III PP 94) RESTITVTORI ITALIAE IMP VI COS III 158) TR POT XV COS II VIRTVS
35) FELICITAS AVG IMP X COS III PP 95) SALVTI AVG COS III 159) TR POT XV COS III
36) FELICITATI CAES 96) SALVTI AVGVSTAE 160) TR POT XX IMP II COS III
37) FIDES EXERCITVVM 97) SALVTI AVGVSTOR TR P XV 161) TR POT XX IMP III COS III
38) FIDES EXERCITVVM IMP VIIII COS III PP 98) SALVTI AVGVSTOR TR P XVI 162) TR POT XX IMP IIII COS III
39) FORT DVCI TR P XXX IMP VIII COS III 99) SALVTI AVGVSTOR TR P XVII 163) TR POT XXI IMP IIII COS III
40) FORT RED COS III 100) SALVTI AVGVSTOR TR P XVIII 164) TR POT XXII IMP IIII COS III
41) FORT RED TR P XXI IMP V 101) SECVRIT PVB TR P XXIX 165) TR POT XXII IMP V COS III
42) FORT RED TR P XXIII IMP V 102) SECVRIT PVB TR P XXX 166) TR POT XXIII IMP V COS III
43) GERMANIA SVBACTA IMP VI COS III 103) SECVRITAS PVBLICA IMP VI COS III 167) VENERI GENETRICI
44) GERMANICO AVG IMP VI COS III 104) TR P XIX IMP II COS III 168) VICT AVG COS III
45) HILARITAS 105) TR P XV COS II VIRTVS 169) VICT AVG COS III PP
46) HONOS 106) TR P XV COS III 170) VICT AVG TR P XVIII IMP II COS III
47) IMP CAES L AVREL VERVS AVG 107) TR P XVII IMP II COS III 171) VICT AVG TR P XX COS III
48) IMP VI COS III 108) TR P XVIII COS III 172) VICT AVG TR P XX IMP IIII COS III
49) IMP VII COS III 109) TR P XVIII IMP II COS III 173) VICT AVG TR POT XX IMP III COS III
50) IMP VIII COS III 110) TR P XX IMP III COS III 174) VICT AVG TR POT XX IMP IIII COS III
51) IMP VIII COS III CLEMENTIA AVG 111) TR P XX IMP IIII COS III 175) VIRTVS AVG IMP X COS III PP
52) IMP VIII COS III DE GERMANIS 112) TR P XXI COS IIII 176) VIRTVS COS II
53) IMP VIII COS III PAX AETERNA AVG 113) TR P XXI IMP IIII COS III 177) VOTA DEC ANN SVSC TR P XX IMP IIII
54) IMP VIII COS III PP PAX AETERNA AVG 114) TR P XXII IMP IIII COS III COS III
55) IMP VIIII COS III PP 115) TR P XXII IMP V COS III 178) VOTA PVBLICA
56) IMP X COS III PP 116) TR P XXIII IMP V COS III 179) VOTA PVBLICA IMP VIIII COS III
57) IMPERATOR II 117) TR P XXIIII COS III 180) VOTA PVBLICA IMP VIIII COS III PP
58) IVSTITIA AVG TR P XXXIII IMP X COS III PP 118) TR P XXIX IMP VIII COS III 181) VOTA SOL DECENN COS III
59) IVVENTAS 119) TR P XXVI COS III 182) VOTA SOLVTA DECENNALIVM COS III
60) L AVREL COMMODVS CAES AVG FIL 120) TR P XXVII IMP VI COS III 183) VOTA SVSCEP DECENN II
GERM 121) TR P XXX IMP VIII COS III 184) No legend
61) LIB AVG III TR P XX COS III 122) TR P XXX IMP VIII COS III PP
62) LIB AVGVSTOR TR P XV 123) TR P XXXI IMP VIII COS III PP

Types:
1) Aequitas seated left, holding scale and cornucopia.
2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and scepter.
3) Aesculapius standing left, holding staff with snake coiled around it.
4) Altar, eagle atop
 128
5) Altar, FORT REDVCI within
6) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia; galley prow to right
7) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.
8) Annona standing left, pouring cornucopia into modius.
9) Annona standing right, holding grain ears and fruit basket.
10) Apollo standing left, holding patera and lyre.
11) Armenia seated left, resting head on hand; trophy to right.
12) Armenia seated left, shield and vexillum behind in background.
13) Captive seated left, trophy in background.
14) Captive seated right, trophy in background.
15) Captive seated right, trophy, spear and shield in background.
16) Captives (2), seated back to back on shields, trophy in between.
17) Clementia standing left holding patera
18) Clementia standing left, holding patera and raising skirt.
19) Clementia standing left, holding patera and scepter
20) Clementia standing left, holding patera in each hand
21) Commodus bare-headed, cuirassed bust right.
22) Commodus bare-headed, draped bust right.
23) Commodus head right.
24) Concordia seated left, holding patera and resting arm on Spes on cornucopia
25) Concordia standing left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
26) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand.
27) Diana standing left, holding arrow and bow.
28) Eagle flying right, scepter in claws
29) Eagle standing left on altar
30) Eagle standing left on globe
31) Eagle standing left, wreath in beak
32) Eagle standing right
33) Eagle standing right on altar
34) Eagle standing right on globe
35) Eagle standing right on thunderbolt
36) Eagle standing right, wreath in beak
37) Faustina II head right facing Commodus head left.
38) Felicitas seated right, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
39) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
40) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia; globe to lower left.
41) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter.
42) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and standard
43) Felicitas standing left, holding patera and caduceus.
44) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus and scepter.
45) Fides standing left, holding globe and standard
46) Fides standing left, holding spear; two standards on either side
47) Fides standing left, holding Victory and standard.
48) Fides standing right, holding grain ears and fruit basket.
49) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
50) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair
51) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia.
52) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
53) Fortuna standing left, raising skirt and holding rudder.
54) Fortuna standing right, holding rudder and raising skirt.
55) Funeral pyre
56) Galley sailing left
57) Galley sailing right
58) Genius standing left, holding patera and grain ears.
59) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears
60) Genius standing right, holding scepter and cornucopia.
61) Germania seated left; trophy in background.
62) Germania seated left; trophy with weapons in background.
63) Germania seated right; trophy in background.
64) Germania seated right; trophy with weapons in background.
65) Hands, in handshake, holding caduceus.
66) Hands, in handshake, holding grain ears
67) Hands, in handshake, holding legionary eagle.
68) Hands, in handshake, holding standard.
69) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia.
70) Honos standing left, holding branch and cornucopia
71) Honos standing, facing, holding scepter and cornucopia
72) Jupiter head right
73) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
74) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter.
75) Jupiter standing right, aiming thunderbolt at enemy lying to right.
76) Justitia seated left, holding patera and scepter.
77) Juventas standing left, holding branch and scepter.
78) Juventas standing left, sacrificing over candelabrum and holding patera.
79) Juventas standing left, holding branch; trophy to right with shield at base
80) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
81) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter.
82) Lucius Verus bare head right.
83) Marcus Aurelius advancing left over bridge followed by 2 soldiers; three boats under bridge.
84) Marcus Aurelius advancing left over bridge followed by 5 soldiers; three boats under bridge.
85) Marcus Aurelius advancing left over bridge followed by 6 soldiers; three boats under bridge.
86) Marcus Aurelius and Commodus riding quadriga right.
87) Marcus Aurelius and Commodus seated left on platform, attended by lictor and officer giving donative to citizen on steps to lower left.
88) Marcus Aurelius and Commodus seated left on platform; Liberalitas to left, holding coin counter and scepter, citizen on steps to lower left.
89) Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus riding quadriga left.
90) Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus seated left on platform, attended by lictor and officer giving donative to citizen on steps to lower left.
91) Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus seated left on platform; Liberalitas to left, holding coin counter and scepter, citizen on steps to lower left.
92) Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus standing, facing each other, shaking hands.
93) Marcus Aurelius bare head right.
 129
94) Marcus Aurelius laureate head right
95) Marcus Aurelius riding eagle right, holding scepter.
96) Marcus Aurelius riding elephant quadriga right
97) Marcus Aurelius riding horse right, holding spear, soldier to right and 2 soldiers to left
98) Marcus Aurelius riding horse right, holding spear, soldier to right and 3 soldiers to left
99) Marcus Aurelius riding horse right, raising hand and holding parazonium.
100) Marcus Aurelius riding quadriga left, holding scepter with eagle atop.
101) Marcus Aurelius riding quadriga right.
102) Marcus Aurelius left on right, holding hand of kneeling Italia, holding globe, and scepter.
103) Marcus Aurelius left on right, shaking hands with Faustina II to left; Concordia between them, in background
104) Marcus Aurelius seated left, holding branch and scepter.
105) Marcus Aurelius standing left, holding branch and scepter.
106) Marcus Aurelius standing left, holding globe.
107) Marcus Aurelius standing left, holding thunderbolt and spear, being crowned by Victory from behind, holding palm.
108) Marcus Aurelius standing left, sacrificing over altar
109) Marcus Aurelius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter
110) Marcus Aurelius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding standard
111) Marcus Aurelius standing left, sacrificing over altar; bull to left
112) Marcus Aurelius standing right on platform, attended by two lictors, addressing three soldiers below.
113) Mars advancing left, holding trophy and spear.
114) Mars advancing left, holding Victory and trophy.
115) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
116) Mars standing right, holding shield reading SC and spear.
117) Mars standing right, holding shield reading SC on captive and spear
118) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus.
119) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus; cock by feet.
120) Minerva advancing right, aiming spear and holding shield.
121) Minerva seated right, holding spear and pulling veil; shield to side.
122) Minerva seated right, holding spear and shield.
123) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear with shield
124) Minerva standing left, holding owl and resting hand on shield.
125) Minerva standing left, holding owl and spear with shield.
126) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield.
127) Minerva standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
128) Modius with grain ears
129) Pax seated left, holding branch and cornucopia.
130) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia.
131) Pax standing left, setting weapons on fire and holding cornucopia
132) Pietas standing left, holding baby in either arm; child on either side.
133) Pietas standing left, holding patera and scepter.
134) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and holding incense box.
135) Pietas standing left, raising hand over child and holding baby.
136) Pietas standing left, raising hand over child and holding incense box
137) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box.
138) Pietas standing left, touching child to left and holding baby.
139) Pietas standing, facing, holding patera and scepter.
140) Providentia standing left, holding globe and cornucopia.
141) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter.
142) Providentia standing left, leaning on column, raising hand over globe and holding scepter.
143) Roma seated left, holding Palladium and parazonium; shield below
144) Roma seated left, holding Palladium and spear; shield below
145) Roma seated left, holding spear; shield below
146) Roma seated left, holding Victory and cornucopia.
147) Roma seated left, holding Victory and parazonium.
148) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear; shield below
149) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear
150) Roma standing left, stepping on helmet, holding Victory and spear.
151) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged)
152) Salus seated left, feeding snake
153) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar.
154) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar
155) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter.
156) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake.
157) Securitas seated left, holding scepter
158) Securitas seated right, resting head on hand and cradling scepter.
159) Securitas standing left, holding wreath and palm.
160) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, raising hand and holding scepter.
161) Securitas standing right, holding wreath over head and palm.
162) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
163) Spes standing left, leaning on column, holding flower.
164) Temple with (4) columns, Mercury within.
165) Thunderbolt, winged
166) Tiber lying left, resting arm on boat and cradling scepter.
167) Trophies (3)
168) Trophy; seated captive to left, standing captive to right.
169) Trophy; standing captive to left, seated captive to right.
170) Venus standing left, raising hand and holding shield.
171) Vesta standing right, holding Palladium and scepter.
172) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath with both hands.
173) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and wreath.
174) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
175) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and trophy
176) Victory advancing right, holding trophy and wreath.
177) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
178) Victory seated left, holding patera and palm.
179) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm.
180) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and trophy.
181) Victory standing left, holding wreath and trophy.
182) Victory standing right, holding palm and shield reading VIC / AVG on palm
 130
183) Victory standing right, holding palm and shield reading VIC / GER on palm
184) Victory standing right, holding palm and shield reading VIC / PAR on palm
185) Victory standing right, holding trophy; seated captive to right.
186) Virtus seated left, holding parazonium and spear.
187) Virtus seated left, holding patera and palm.
188) Virtus seated right, holding spear and parazonium.
189) Virtus standing left, holding parazonium and spear.
190) Virtus standing left, holding Victory and parazonium
191) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
192) Virtus standing right, stepping on helmet, holding spear and parazonium.
193) Weapons, in a pile.
194) Wolf standing right, suckling Romulus and Remus
195) Wreath, METAL / AVRELIA / NIS within
196) Wreath, IVVENTVS within
197) Wreath, PRIMI / DECEN / NALES / COS / III within
198) Wreath, VICT / GERM / IMP VI / COS III within
199) Wreath, VICT / GERMA / IMP VI / COS III within
200) Wreath, VOTA PVBLICA within.

Mints:
1) Caesarea
2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B02, O09, R143, T018 RIC 456c (III, A. Pius), C 26

2) B03, O11, R045, T069 RIC 432a (III, A. Pius), BMC 606, C 233
3) B03, O11, R078, T151 RIC 424a (III, A Pius), BMC 276, C 450
4) B03, O12, R178, T103 RIC 434 (III, A. Pius), BMC 610, C 1021
5) B06, O19, R099, T155 Exe: COS III RIC 77 (III, M. Aurelius), BMC 226, C 560
6) B07, O07, R153, T115 RIC 481 (III, A. Pius), C 753
7) B07, O09, R146, T147 RIC 457b (III, A. Pius), C 660
8) B07, O24, R113, T184
9) B09, O10, R132, T127 RIC 438a (III, A. Pius), C 606
10) B09, O11, R045, T069 RIC 432b (III, A. Pius), BMC 608, C 234
11) B11, O24, R115, T001 RIC 189 (III, M. Aurelius), BMC 465, C 898
12) B13, O45, R048, T099 RIC 295 (III, M. Aurelius)
13) B14, O17, R089, T140 RIC 20 (III, M. Aurelius), BMC 14
14) B14, O20, R182, T106 RIC 250 (III, M. Aurelius), BMC 552a
15) B14, O24, R113, T174 RIC 174 (III, M. Aurelius), C 883
16) B14, O26, R107, T011 Exe: ARMEN RIC 86 (III, M. Aurelius), C 11
17) B14, O27, R083, T040 RIC 136 (III, M. Aurelius), BMC 375, C 479
18) B14, O30, R121, T041
19) B14, O47, R129, T109 RIC 408 (III, M. Aurelius), BMC 792

AU Quinarius
20) B03, O13, R146, T190 RIC 457a (III, A. Pius), C 26

AR Denarius

21) B03, O02, R082, T191 RIC 123 (III, M. Aurelius), C 472
22) B03, O02, R085, T191 RIC 91 (III, M. Aurelius), C 468
23) B03, O05, R149, T002 RIC 466a (III, A. Pius), S 4792
24) B03, O05, R149, T189 RIC 468 (III, A. Pius)
25) B03, O05, R150, T041 RIC 470 (III, A. Pius), C 709
26) B03, O05, R150, T189 RIC 473 (III, A. Pius), C 721
27) B03, O05, R151, T041 RIC 475a (III, A. Pius), C 727
28) B03, O05, R151, T162 RIC 476 (III, A. Pius), C 731
29) B03, O10, R023, T070 RIC 426 (III, A. Pius), C 100
30) B03, O10, R024, T163 RIC 431 (III, A. Pius), S 4783
31) B03, O10, R130, T192 RIC 433 (III, A. Pius), C 1006
32) B03, O10, R132, T048 RIC 436 (III, A. Pius), C 602
33) B03, O10, R133, T127 RIC 438b (III, A. Pius), C 608
34) B03, O10, R149, T002 RIC 466b (III, A. Pius), C 701
35) B03, O11, R024, T070 RIC 429a (III, A. Pius), S 4784, C 105
36) B03, O11, R046, T070 RIC 422 (III, A. Pius), C 236
37) B03, O11, R078, T151 RIC 424 (III, A. Pius), S 4786, C 451
38) B03, O13, R133, T018 RIC 448b (III, A. Pius), S 4781
39) B03, O13, R133, T141 RIC 446 (III, A. Pius), S 4789, C 628
40) B03, O13, R143, T110 RIC 453 (III, A. Pius), C 645
41) B03, O13, R146, T110 RIC 458 (III, A. Pius), C 661
42) B03, O13, R147, T110 RIC 461 (III, A. Pius), C 673
43) B03, O13, R148, T125 RIC 463a (III, A. Pius), C 676
44) B03, O13, R153, T120 RIC 483 (III, A. Pius), C 762
45) B03, O19, R008, T024 Exe: COS III RIC 59 (III, M. Aurelius)
46) B03, O21, R006, T024 Exe: COS III RIC 2 (III, M. Aurelius), C 30
47) B03, O21, R007, T024 Exe: COS III RIC 35 (III, M. Aurelius), C 35
48) B03, O21, R089, T140 RIC 22 (III, M. Aurelius), C 507
49) B03, O21, R090, T140 RIC 50 (III, M. Aurelius), C 519
50) B03, O36, R008, T024 Exe: COS III RIC 62 (III, M. Aurelius), C 42
51) B03, O36, R091, T140 RIC 70 (III, M. Aurelius), C 526
 131
52) B03, O36, R108, T038 RIC 110 (III, M. Aurelius), C 852
53) B03, O36, R108, T123 RIC 102 (III, M. Aurelius), C 847
54) B11, O02, R082, T008 RIC 125 (III, M. Aurelius), C 474
55) B11, O02, R082, T012 Exe: ARMEN RIC 122 (III, M. Aurelius), C 9
56) B11, O02, R082, T040 RIC 132 (III, M. Aurelius), C 476
57) B11, O02, R082, T191 RIC 124 (III, M. Aurelius), C 473
58) B11, O02, R085, T012 Exe: ARMEN RIC 81 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4881
59) B11, O02, R085, T191 RIC 92 (III, M. Aurelius), C 469
60) B11, O16, R006, T024 Exe: COS III RIC 1 (III, M. Aurelius),C 32
61) B11, O19, R008, T024 Exe: COS III RIC 60 (III, M. Aurelius), C 40
62) B11, O19, R091, T140 RIC 73 (III, M. Aurelius), C 525
63) B11, O20, R025, T073 RIC 228 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4884, C 114
64) B11, O20, R183, T108 Exe: COS III RIC 251 (III, M. Aurelius), C 1036
65) B11, O20, R184, T197 RIC 245 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4924, C 493
66) B11, O21, R006, T024 Exe: COS III RIC 3 (III, M. Aurelius), C 31
67) B11, O21, R007, T024 Exe: COS III RIC 37 (III, M. Aurelius), BMC 185, C 36
68) B11, O21, R030, T039 RIC 14 (III, M. Aurelius), C 196
69) B11, O21, R089, T140 RIC 23 (III, M. Aurelius), C 508
70) B11, O21, R090, T140 RIC 51 (III, M. Aurelius), C 518
71) B11, O23, R026, T191 RIC 418 (III, M. Aurelius), C 147
72) B11, O24, R041, T049 RIC 185 (III, M. Aurelius), C 208
73) B11, O24, R081, T137 RIC 149 (III, M. Aurelius), C 464
74) B11, O24, R111, T130 RIC 164 (III, M. Aurelius), C 880
75) B11, O24, R111, T184 RIC 163 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4933, C 878
76) B11, O24, R113, T002 RIC 171 (III, M. Aurelius), C 882
77) B11, O24, R113, T141 RIC 170 (III, M. Aurelius), C 881
78) B11, O24, R114, T002 RIC 178 (III, M. Aurelius), C 892
79) B11, O24, R114, T141 RIC 176 (III, M. Aurelius), C 890
80) B11, O24, R115, T001 RIC 191 (III, M. Aurelius), C 899
81) B11, O24, R115, T002 RIC 192 (III, M. Aurelius), C 901
82) B11, O26, R109, T191 RIC 120 (III, M. Aurelius), C 868
83) B11, O27, R081, T137 RIC 148 (III, M. Aurelius), C 463
84) B11, O27, R083, T006 RIC 142 (III, M. Aurelius), C 484
85) B11, O27, R083, T144 RIC 138 (III, M. Aurelius), C 481
86) B11, O30, R077, T133 RIC 380 (III, M. Aurelius), C 442
87) B11, O30, R101, T157 RIC 325 (III, M. Aurelius)
88) B11, O30, R118, T058 RIC 327 (III, M. Aurelius), C 917
89) B11, O30, R121, T002 RIC 359 (III, M. Aurelius), C 938
90) B11, O30, R121, T039 RIC 356 (III, M. Aurelius), C 93
91) B11, O30, R121, T115 RIC 349 (III, M. Aurelius), C 926
92) B11, O30, R121, T149 RIC 352 (III, M. Aurelius)
93) B11, O30, R123, T045 RIC 374 (III, M. Aurelius), C 945
94) B11, O30, R123, T069 RIC 375 (III, M. Aurelius), C 946
95) B11, O30, R123, T174 RIC 378 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4944, C 949
96) B11, O30, R123, T193 RIC 367 (III, M. Aurelius), C 173
97) B11, O36, R108, T038 RIC 112 (III, M. Aurelius)
98) B11, O39, R032, T041 RIC 203 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4498
99) B11, O39, R066, T080 RIC 206 (III, M. Aurelius)
100) B11, O39, R095, T155 RIC 207 (III, M. Aurelius), C 543
101) B11, O40, R025, T027 RIC 212 (III, M. Aurelius), C 130
102) B11, O40, R025, T120 RIC 211 (III, M. Aurelius), C 211
103) B11, O40, R025, T156 RIC 216 (III, M. Aurelius), C 139
104) B11, O40, R040, T049 RIC 220 (III, M. Aurelius), C 205
105) B11, O40, R095, T155 RIC 222 (III, M. Aurelius), C 546
106) B11, O40, R168, T175 RIC 225 (III, M. Aurelius), 9
107) B11, O41, R049, T039 RIC 314 (III, M. Aurelius)
108) B11, O41, R049, T115 RIC 310 (III, M. Aurelius), C 315
109) B11, O41, R049, T149 RIC 316 (III, M. Aurelius), C 341
110) B11, O41, R049, T178 RIC 312 (III, M. Aurelius)
111) B11, O41, R050, T178 RIC 324 (III, M. Aurelius), C 355
112) B11, O42, R025, T074 RIC 227 (III, M. Aurelius), C 113
113) B11, O42, R048, T174 RIC 237 (III, M. Aurelius)
114) B11, O43, R048, T002 RIC 252 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4903
115) B11, O43, R048, T148 RIC 259 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4902, C 280
116) B11, O43, R048, T191 RIC 261 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4901, C 290
117) B11, O44, R048, T015 RIC 278 (III, M. Aurelius), C 297
118) B11, O44, R048, T105 RIC 282 (III, M. Aurelius)
119) B11, O44, R048, T177 RIC 273 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4904, C 261
120) B11, O44, R048, T191 RIC 276 (III, M. Aurelius), C 292
121) B11, O45, R031, T043 RIC 285b (III, M. Aurelius)
122) B11, O45, R048, T014 RIC 289 (III, M. Aurelius), C 298
123) B11, O45, R048, T106 RIC 296 (III, M. Aurelius), C 306
124) B11, O45, R048, T115 RIC 286 (III, M. Aurelius), C 254
125) B11, O45, R048, T177 RIC 287 (III, M. Aurelius), C 263
126) B11, O45, R049, T039 RIC 304 (III, M. Aurelius), C 331
127) B11, O47, R026, T147 RIC 420 (III, M. Aurelius), C 148
128) B11, O47, R124, T152 RIC 385 (III, M. Aurelius), C 954
129) B11, O47, R125, T153 RIC 399 (III, M. Aurelius), C 965
130) B11, O47, R125, T191 RIC 396 (III, M. Aurelius), C 963
131) B11, O47, R129, T153 RIC 403 (III, M. Aurelius), C 968
132) B13, O02, R082, T008 RIC 126 (III, M. Aurelius)
133) B13, O23, R026, T006 RIC 424 (III, A. Pius), C 151
134) B13, O43, R048, T191 RIC 262 (III, M. Aurelius), C 291
135) B13, O44, R048, T148
136) B14, O24, R113, T002
137) B14, O27, R085, T012 Exe: ARMEN RIC 82a (III, M. Aurelius), C 7d
138) B14, O44, R048, T105 RIC 283 (III, M. Aurelius)
139) B14, O45, R048, T177 RIC 288 (III, M. Aurelius), C 264
140) B14, O47, R129, T050 RIC 409 (III, M. Aurelius), C 972
 132
141) B16, O21, R089, T140 RIC 25 (III, M. Aurelius), C 510
142) Ba, O03, R002, T058 RIC 443 (III, M. Aurelius)

AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

143) B03, O15, R022, T030 RIC 274 (III, Commodus), C 88

144) B03, O15, R022, T031 RIC 267 (III, Commodus), C 80
145) B03, O15, R022, T032 RIC 265 (III, Commodus)
146) B03, O15, R022, T033 RIC 272 (III, Commodus), C 84
147) B03, O15, R022, T034 RIC 273 (III, Commodus), C 91
148) B03, O15, R022, T035 RIC 269 (III, Commodus), C 83
149) B03, O15, R022, T055 RIC 275 (III, Commodus), C 97
150) Ba, O02, R002, T056 RIC 443 (III, Commodus)

AE Sestertius
151) B03, O12, R184, T120 RIC 1243a (III, A. Pius), C 576
152) B03, O18, R010, T092 Exe: COS III RIC 795 (III, M. Aurelius)
153) B03, O54, R132, T048 RIC 1270 (III, A. Pius), C 614
154) B03, O59, R059, T079 RIC 1233a (III, A. Pius), C 394
155) B03, O59, R078, T151 Exe: SC RIC 1234a (III, A. Pius), C 454
156) B09, O60, R148, T125 RIC 1321 (III, A. Pius), C 678
157) B11, O18, R011, T092 Exe: COS III RIC 826 (III, M. Aurelius), C 54
158) B11, O18, R098, T155 Exe: COS III RIC 835 (III, M. Aurelius)
159) B11, O18, R099, T155 Exe: COS III RIC 844 (III, M. Aurelius), C 564
160) B11, O31, R055, T193 Exe: DE GERMANIS RIC 1184 (III, M. Aurelius), C 163
161) B11, O40, R025, T098 Exe: PROFECTIO AVG / SC RIC 977 (III, M. Aurelius), C 502
162) B11, O40, R095, T155 RIC 979 (III, M. Aurelius), C 547
163) B11, O41, R050, T042 RIC 1136 (III, M. Aurelius), C 163
164) B11, O42, R025, T073 RIC 989 (III, M. Aurelius)
165) B11, O42, R025, T115 RIC 992 (III, M. Aurelius), C 127
166) B11, O42, R048, T183 RIC 1001 (III, M. Aurelius), C 269
167) B11, O42, R184, T197 RIC 1003 (III, M. Aurelius), C 495
168) B11, O43, R043, T013 RIC 1021 (III, M. Aurelius)
169) B11, O43, R048, T183 RIC 1029 (III, M. Aurelius), C 272
170) B11, O44, R044. T168 Exe: SC RIC 1062 (III, M. Aurelius), C 229
171) B11, O44, R184, T198 Exe: SC RIC 1090 (III, M. Aurelius), C 995
172) B11, O48, R161, T184 RIC 931 (III, M. Aurelius), C 807
173) B11, O50, R160, T191 RIC 898 (III, M. Aurelius), C 796
174) B13, O44, R048, T164 Exe: RELIG AVG RIC 1076 (III, M. Aurelius), C 534
175) B13, O54, R034, T041 RIC 1237 (III, A. Pius), C 185
176) B13, O55, R175, T188 RIC 1250 (III, M. Aurelius), C 576

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

177) B03, O15, R022, T029 RIC 658 (III, Commodus)

178) B03, O15, R022, T033 RIC 657 (III, Commodus)
179) B03, O15, R022, T055 RIC 662 (III, Commodus), C 98

AE Dupondius
180) B17, O18, R011, T092 Exe: COS III RIC 828 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5021, C 58
181) B17, O20, R037, T047 RIC 999 (III, M. Aurelius), C 200
182) B17, O39, R095, T155 RIC 965 (III, M. Aurelius)
183) B17, O42, R184, T197 RIC 1004 (III, M. Aurelius), C 496
184) B17, O43, R048, T148 RIC 1035 (III, M. Aurelius)

AE As
185) B03, O05, R149, T071 HO NOS and S C across fields RIC 1279 (III, A. Pius), S 4803, C 242
186) B03, O07, R176, T192
187) B03, O10, R130, T048 RIC 1288 (III, A. Pius)
188) B03, O10, R152, T192
189) B03, O11, R045, T069 RIC 1260 (III, A. Pius)
190) B03, O11, R078, T151 Exe: SC RIC 1240a (III, A. Pius), S 4834, C 455
191) B03, O12, R184, T127 RIC 1264 (III, A. Pius), C 573
192) B09, O05, R149, T137 RIC 1333 (III, A. Pius)
193) B09, O11, R078, T151 Exe: SC RIC 1234b (III, A. Pius), C 457
194) B11, O44, R103, T161 RIC 1083 (III, M. Aurelius), C 584
195) B11, O46, R054, T131 RIC 1202 (M. Aurelius), C 363

AE As (Posthumous)

196) B03, O15, R022, T033 RIC 664 (III, Commodus), C 86

AE Semis
197) Bb, O61, R184, T195
 133
Marcus Aurelius Busts

Marcus Aurelius Types

 134
Marcus Aurelius Types (continued)
 135
Marcus Aurelius Types (continued)
 136

Daughter of Antoninus Pius and Faustina Sr. and wife of

Faustina II Marcus Aurelius. She was also the mother of
Commodus and Lucilla, wife of Lucius Verus. Her claim
to fame, or rather notoriety, was her rampant
b. ca.128 - d.175 unfaithfulness to Marcus Aurelius who, it seemed, was
the only Roman who wasn't on to her. Upon her death a
mournful Aurelius asked for her deification. Alarmed at
the possible scandal but unwilling to test the will of the beloved emperor the Senate complied.

Busts:
Just as with the rest of the coins of this period the
1) Diademed, draped bust right Denarius becomes the default denomination that
2) Draped bust left
3) Draped bust right
collectors will find available. But her bronze series is
4) Veiled, draped bust right well represented as well with the three main
denominations of the Sestertius, Dupondius and As.
Obverses: Many of these can be located in very nice grades
although, as usual, the truly top end coins are
1) DIVA AVG FAVSTINA normally carried via the bigger numismatic firms.
2) DIVA FAVSTINA PIA
3) DIVAE FAVSTIN AVG MATR CASTROR
4) DIVAE FAVSTINAE PIAE A decent Denarius can be had for as little as $20
5) FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG
6) FAVSTINA AVG P II AVG FIL and a very nice example for just two or three times
7) FAVSTINA AVGVSTA that much.
8) FAVSTINA AVGVSTA AVG P II F
9) FAVSTINA AVGVSTA AVG P II FIL
10) FAVSTINA AVGVSTA P II AVG FIL
11) FAVSTINAE AVG ANTONINI AVG P II FIL
12) FAVSTINAE AVG P II AVG F
13) FAVSTINAE AVG P II AVG FIL

Reverses:

1) AETERNITAS 16) FORTVNAE MVLIEBRI 31) SALVS

2) AVGVSTA 17) HILARITAS 32) SALVTI AVG COS TRIB POT
3) AVGVSTI P II FIL 18) INDVLGENTIA AVG 33) SALVTI AVGVSTAE
4) CERES 19) IVNO 34) SIDERIBVS RECEPTA
5) CONCORDIA 20) IVNONI LVCINAE 35) TEMPOR FELIC
6) CONCORDIA AVG 21) IVNONI REGINAE 36) VENERI AVGVSTAE
7) CONSECRATIO 22) LAETITIA 37) VENERI FELICI
8) DIANA LVCIF 23) LAETITIA PVB 38) VENERI GENETRICI
9) DIANA LVCINA 24) LAETITIA PVBLICAE 39) VENERI VICTRICI
10) DIVA FAVSTINA 25) LAETITIAE PVBLICAE 40) VENVS
11) FECVND AVGVSTAE 26) MATRI CASTRORVM 41) VENVS FELIX
12) FECVNDITAS 27) MATRI MAGNAE 42) VENVS GENETRIX
13) FECVNDITAS AVGVST 28) PIETAS 43) VENVS VICTRIX
14) FECVNDITAS AVGVSTAE 29) PVDICITIA 44) VESTA
15) FELICITAS 30) SAECVLI FELICIT 45) No legend

Types:
1) Aeternitas standing left, holding globe and pulling veil.
2) Aeternitas standing left, holding globe and raising skirt.
3) Aeternitas standing left, leaning on column, holding phoenix on globe.
4) Aeternitas standing, facing, pulling veil and holding torch.
5) Altar
6) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and raising skirt.
7) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch.
8) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch.
9) Children (2) seated, facing, stars above
10) Concordia seated left, holding flower; globe below.
11) Concordia seated left, holding patera.
12) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
13) Concordia standing left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
14) Concordia standing, facing, raising skirt and holding cornucopia.
15) Crescent surrounded by seven stars
16) Cybele seated left, holding branch and resting arm on drum; lion below
17) Cybele seated left, holding drum; lion on either side.
18) Cybele seated right, holding drum; lion on either side.
19) Dove standing right
20) Eagle
21) Faustina II riding biga right
22) Faustina II riding eagle left, upwards
23) Faustina II riding elephant biga left, holding scepter.
24) Faustina II seated left, holding scepter and phoenix on globe; standards (2) to left.
25) Faustina II seated left, holding scepter and phoenix on globe; standards (3) to left.
26) Faustina II seated left, holding scepter, dancer with veil overhead on either side.
 137
27) Faustina II standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box; standards (2) in background.
28) Faustina II standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box; standards (3) in background.
29) Fecunditas standing left, holding baby in each arm; child on either side.
30) Fecunditas standing left, holding scepter and baby.
31) Fecunditas standing right, holding baby in each arm; child on either side.
32) Fecunditas standing right, holding baby; child on either side.
33) Fecunditas standing right, holding scepter and baby.
34) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia
35) Funeral pyre
36) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia.
37) Hilaritas standing right, pulling veil and holding palm.
38) Indulgentia seated left, holding patera.
39) Juno seated left, holding child on lap and scepter; another child to left, holding grain ears.
40) Juno seated left, holding patera and scepter.
41) Juno seated left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left.
42) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter.
43) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left.
44) Laetitia standing left, holding globe and scepter.
45) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and scepter.
46) Laetitia standing right, holding scepter and wreath
47) Luna (Diana) standing left, holding arrow and bow
48) Luna (Diana) standing left, holding arrow and resting hand on bow
49) Luna (Diana) standing left, holding scepter with both hands
50) Luna (Diana) standing left, holding torch with both hands.
51) Luna (Diana) standing right, holding scepter with both hands
52) Luna (Diana) standing right, holding torch with both hands.
53) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
54) Peacock flying left, bearing Faustina II towards heaven.
55) Peacock standing left
56) Peacock standing right
57) Peacock standing, facing
58) Pietas seated left, raising skirt and holding cornucopia; child to left.
59) Pietas standing left, holding flower and cornucopia; child to left.
60) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter.
61) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil
62) Pudicitia standing left, pulling veil and raising skirt.
63) Pudicitia standing left, raising hand and pulling dress
64) Pudicitia standing left, sacrificing over altar.
65) Pudicitia standing left, touching head.
66) Pudicitia standing, facing, raising skirt and holding cornucopia
67) Sacrificial ceremony with six members in front of temple with six columns.
68) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar
69) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter.
70) Spes standing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
71) Throne with two children
72) Throne with two children; stars above.
73) Throne with scepter across and peacock in front
74) Venus seated left, holding Victory and scepter.
75) Venus standing left, holding apple and rudder on dove
76) Venus standing left, holding apple and rudder with dolphin coiled around
77) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter
78) Venus standing left, holding apple and touching head.
79) Venus standing left, holding apples and baby wrapped in blankets.
80) Venus standing left, holding dove and scepter.
81) Venus standing left, holding rudder
82) Venus standing left, holding rudder with dolphin coiled around
83) Venus standing left, holding Victory and resting hand on shield
84) Venus standing left, holding Victory and resting hand on shield on helmet.
85) Venus standing left, pulling veil and holding apple.
86) Venus standing right on left, holding arm of Mars to right, holding shield.
87) Venus standing right, holding scepter and apple.
88) Venus standing right, leaning on column, holding spear and helmet
89) Venus standing, facing, pulling veil and holding apple
90) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter.
91) Vesta seated left, holding simpulum and Palladium.
92) Vesta standing left, holding globe and scepter
93) Victory advancing right, holding torch, carrying Faustina II upwards
94) Wreath, PRIMI DECENNALES COS III within.

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O07, R33, T68 RIC 717a (III, M. Aurelius), C 199
2) B2, O07, R03, T47 RIC 494b (III, Ant. Pius), C 19
3) B3, O06, R05, T19 RIC 503a (III, Ant. Pius), C 61
4) B3, O13, R40, T76 RIC 515b (III, Ant. Pius), C 260
5) B3, O13, R40, T89 RIC 514 (III, Ant. Pius), C 256

AU Quinarius(s)
6) B3, O13, R40, T89 RIC 514 (III, A. Pius), BMC 1061, C 256
 138
AR Denarius Reference(s)

7) B1, O07, R21, T41 RIC 698 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5257, C 145
8) B1, O07, R21, T43 RIC 696 (III, M. Aurelius)
9) B1, O07, R22, T45 RIC 701 (III, M. Aurelius), C 148
10) B1, O07, R30, T71 RIC 712 (III, M. Aurelius), C 191
11) B1, O13, R25, T45 RIC 506c (III, Ant. Pius), S 4705
12) B2, O06, R05, T10 RIC 502b (III, Ant. Pius), C 55
13) B2, O07, R03, T84 RIC 495b (III, Ant. Pius), C 15a
14) B3, O05, R06, T13
15) B3, O06, R05, T11 RIC 502a (III, Ant. Pius), S 4704, C 54
16) B3, O06, R29, T66 Curtis Clay collection
17) B3, O07, R03, T70 RIC 497 (III, Ant. Pius), S 4702, C 24
18) B3, O07, R03, T84 RIC 495a (III, Ant. Pius), S 4700, C 15
19) B3, O07, R05, T07 RIC 669 (III, M. Aurelius), C 35
20) B3, O07, R08, T50 RIC 674 (III, M. Aurelius), C 85
21) B3, O07, R11, T31 RIC 676 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5251, C 95
22) B3, O07, R12, T33 RIC 677 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5252, C 99
23) B3, O07, R15, T34 RIC 683 (III, M. Aurelius), C 107
24) B3, O07, R17, T36 RIC 686 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5254, C 111
25) B3, O07, R19, T41 RIC 689 (III, M. Aurelius), C 126
26) B3, O07, R19, T42 RIC 690 (III, M. Aurelius)
27) B3, O07, R19, T43 RIC 688 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5255, C 120
28) B3, O07, R21, T41 RIC 697 (III, M. Aurelius), C 144
29) B3, O07, R21, T43 RIC 694 (III, M. Aurelius), C 141
30) B3, O07, R27, T16 RIC 706 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5259, C 172
31) B3, O07, R29, T64 RIC 708 (III, M. Aurelius)
32) B3, O07, R30, T71 RIC 711 (III, M. Aurelius)
33) B3, O07, R31, T68 RIC 714 (III, M. Aurelius), C 195
34) B3, O07, R31, T69 RIC 715 (III, M. Aurelius), C 197
35) B3, O07, R35, T29 RIC 719 (III, M. Aurelius), C 221
36) B3, O07, R36, T74 RIC 721 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5264, C 226
37) B3, O07, R40, T77 RIC 728 (III, M. Aurelius), C 249
38) B3, O07, R40, T80 RIC 730 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5266
39) B3, O07, R42, T74 RIC 735 (III, M. Aurelius), C 281
40) B3, O07, R42, T83 RIC 734 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5268, C 280
41) B3, O07, R44, T90 RIC 737 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5270, C 286
42) B3, O08, R29, T64 RIC 508a (III, Ant. Pius), C 184
43) B3, O11, R05, T14 RIC 500b (III, Ant. Pius), S 4703, C 42
44) B3, O13, R29, T62 RIC 507a (III, Ant. Pius), C 176
45) B3, O13, R40, T75 RIC 515b (III, Ant. Pius), C 261
46) B3, O13, R40, T76 RIC 517a (III, Ant. Pius), C 266

AR Denarius (Posthumous)

47) B3, O02, R01, T03 RIC 740 (III, M. Aurelius), C 6

48) B3, O02, R01, T04 RIC 739 (III, M. Aurelius), C 2
49) B3, O02, R07, T05 RIC 746 (III, M. Aurelius), C 75
50) B3, O02, R07, T15 RIC 750 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5219, C 83
51) B3, O02, R07, T56 RIC 744 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5215, C 71
52) B3, O02, R07, T57 RIC 743 (III, M. Aurelius), C 70
53) B3, O02, R07, T73 RIC 745 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5216, C 73
54) B4, O02, R07, T35 RIC 747 (III, M. Aurelius), C 77

AE Sestertius

55) B1, O07, R12, T33 RIC 1638 (III, M. Aurelius), C 100
56) B1, O07, R21, T43 RIC 1651 (III, M. Aurelius), C 142
57) B1, O07, R33, T68 Exe: SC RIC 1668 (III, M. Aurelius), C 200
58) B1, O07, R38, T84 RIC 1679 (III, M. Aurelius)
59) B1, O13, R29, T61 RIC 1404b (III, Ant. Pius), C 187
60) B3, O06, R28, T59 RIC 1379 (III, Ant. Pius), S 4715, C 173
61) B3, O07, R22, T45 RIC 1654 (III, M. Aurelius), C 149
62) B3, O07, R30, T71
63) B3, O07, R30, T71 Exe: SC
64) B3, O09, R44, T92 RIC 1387 (III, Ant. Pius), C 250
65) B3, O09, R45, T48 RIC 1383 (III, Ant. Pius), C 210

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)
66) B3, O02, R01, T03
67) B3, O02, R01, T26
68) B3, O02, R01, T93
69) B3, O02, R07, T05
70) B3, O02, R07, T55
71) B3, O02, R07, T73
72) B3, O02, R34, T21
73) B3, O02, R34, T50
74) B3, O02, R34, T52
RIC 1692 (III, M. Aurelius), C 4
RIC 1697 (III, M. Aurelius), C 10
RIC 1699 (III, M. Aurelius), C 12
RIC 1706 (III, M. Aurelius), C 72
RIC 1703 (III, M. Aurelius), C 72
RIC 1705 (III, M. Aurelius)
RIC 1717 (III, M. Aurelius), C 217
RIC 1716 (III, M. Aurelius), C 216
RIC 1715 (III, M. Aurelius), C 215

AE Dupondius

75) B3, O09, R45, T48 RIC 1383 (III, Ant. Pius), C 211
 139
AE As Reference(s)

76) B1, O07, R05, T11 RIC 1626 (III, M. Aurelius), C 59

77) B1, O07, R33, T68 Exe: SC RIC 1671 (III, M. Aurelius), C 201
78) B1, O13, R25, T45 RIC 1401c (III, Ant. Pius)
79) B3, O07, R39, T86 RIC 1680 (III, M. Aurelius), C 241
80) B3, O07, R45, T15 Exe: SC RIC 1714 (III, M. Aurelius), C 213
81) B3, O13, R29, T62 RIC 1403 (III, Ant. Pius), C 179

Faustina II Busts

Faustina II Types
 140
Faustina II Types (continued)
 141

Sharing the title of Augustus with his brother Marcus Aurelius,

Lucius Verus history records Verus in a less-than-glowing light. Although an
intelligent and handsome man, he didn't seem much interested in
political or military affairs. Going through the motions, he followed
Augustus 161-169 his war generals who did the dirty work while it was noted he
enjoyed a hedonistic lifestyle on the road complete with a traveling
theater and frequent banquets to entertain him. It was on the return
of one of these battles that he died after a stroke. Consensus holds that his greatest accomplishment was,
unflatteringly enough, that he delegated administrative duties to his much more capable brother.

Busts:
1) Bare head left Many choice, well-preserved coins remain for
2) Bare head right this emperor. Most commonly offered will be
3) Bare headed, cuirassed bust right
4) Bare headed, draped bust left Denarii some of which may cost less than $100
5) Bare headed, draped bust right and still be very attractive. Even mint state ones
6) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right
7) Laureate head right
will not cost significantly more.
8) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
9) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right The story changes, predictably, for bronzes
10) Laureate, draped bust right
11) Radiate head right which, largely in part due to the weathering of
12) Radiate, cuirassed bust right nearly two millennia, are much more difficult to
13) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
14) Radiate, draped bust right find in the higher grades. While an As or
Dupondius may cost only $20 or $30 do not
Obverses: expect it to be especially attractive at these
prices. A nearly flawless Sestertius will easily
1) DIVVS VERVS cost several thousand dollars of this or any
2) IMP CAES L AVREL VERVS AVG
3) IMP CAES L VERVS AVG
other “common” emperor.
4) IMP CAESAR L AVRELIVS VERVS AVG
5) IMP L AVREL VERVS AVG Gold, too, is available although it hardly need be
6) IMP L VERVS AVG
7) L AVREL VERVS ARMENIACVS mentioned that an Aureus, regardless of
8) L AVREL VERVS AVG emperor, is likely to cost thousands of dollars
9) L AVREL VERVS AVG ARMENIACVS
10) L VERVS AVG except for the worn and/or problem coins.
11) L VERVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX
12) L VERVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX MEDIC
13) L VERVS AVG ARMENIACVS
14) VERVS AVG
15) VERVS AVG IMP PARTH MAX

Reverses:

1) ADLOCVT AVG 33) PAX AVG TR P VI COS II

2) CONCORD AVG COS II 34) PIETAS
3) CONCORD AVG TR P 35) PIETAS AVG TR P VI COS II
4) CONCORD AVGVSTOR 36) PROFECTIO AVG TR P II COS II
5) CONCORD AVGVSTOR COS II 37) PROFECTIO AVG TR P III COS II
6) CONCORD AVGVSTOR TR P 38) PROV DEOR TR P COS II
7) CONCORD AVGVSTOR TR P COS II 39) PROV DEOR TR P II COS II
8) CONCORD AVGVSTOR TR P II 40) PROV DEOR TR P III COS II
9) CONCORDIAE AVGVSTOR 41) SALVTI AVGSTOR TR P III
10) CONCORDIAE AVGVSTOR COS II 42) SALVTI AVGVSTAE
11) CONCORDIAE AVGVSTOR TR P 43) SALVTI AVGVSTOR TR P II COS II
12) CONCORDIAE AVGVSTOR TR P II 44) TR P II COS II
13) CONCORDIAE AVGVSTORVM COS II 45) TR P III IMP II COS II
14) CONG AVG IIII TR P VII IMP IIII COS III 46) TR P IIII COS II
15) CONSECRATIO 47) TR P IIII IMP II COS II
16) COS II 48) TR P V IMP II COS II
17) FEL TEM COS II 49) TR P V IMP III COS II
18) FELIC AVG TR P III 50) TR P VI IMP III COS II
19) FORT RED TR P V IMP II COS II 51) TR P VI IMP IIII COS II
20) FORT RED TR P VIII IMP V 52) TR P VII COS III
21) FORT RED TR P VIIII IMP V COS III 53) TR P VII IMP IIII COS III
22) FORT RED TR POT II COS II 54) TR P VIII COS III
23) FORT RED TR POT III 55) TR P VIII IMP IIII COS III
24) HERC PAC TR P IIII IMP II COS II 56) TR P VIII IMP V COS III
25) HILARITAS 57) TR P VIIII IMP V COS III
26) IMP II TR P IIII COS II 58) TR P XIX IMP II COS III
27) INDVLGENTIA AVG 59) TR POT COS II
28) IVNO 60) TR POT II COS II
29) L VERVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX 61) TR POT III COS II
30) LIB AVG III TR P VI COS II 62) TR POT IIII IMP II COS II
31) LIB AVGVSTOR TR P COS II 63) TR POT V IMP II COS II
32) LIBERAL AVG TR P V IMP II COS II 64) TR POT V IMP III COS II
 142
65) TR POT VI IMP III COS II 72) VENVS
66) TR POT VII IMP IIII COS III 73) VICT AVG TR P III IMP II COS II
67) TR POT VIII IMP IIII COS III 74) VICT AVG TR P IIII IMP II COS II
68) TR POT VIII IMP V COS III 75) VICT AVG TR P VI COS II
69) TR POT VIIII COS III 76) VICT AVG TR POT VI IMP III COS II
70) TR POT VIIII IMP V COS III 77) No legend
71) TR POT XIIII COS IIII

Types:
1) Aequitas seated left, holding scale and cornucopia.
2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
3) Annona standing left, holding roll and oar; modius on galley prow to left.
4) Armenia seated left, resting head on hand, shield and standard behind.
5) Armenia seated left, resting head on hand; trophy behind.
6) Captive, bound, seated right by weapons and trophy.
7) Captive, bound, seated right by weapons.
8) Concordia seated left, holding patera
9) Cybele seated left, holding drum; lion below.
10) Eagle
11) Eagle perched on globe
12) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
13) Funeral pyre
14) Galley sailing left
15) Galley sailing left, Nike at prow
16) Galley sailing right, Nike at prow
17) Hercules standing, facing, holding branch and club with lion skin.
18) Hercules standing, facing, holding branch and club.
19) Indulgentia seated left, holding scepter.
20) Juno standing left, holoding patera and scepter; peacock to lower left.
21) Liberalitas standing, facing, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
22) Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius riding quadriga left, one holding scepter with eagle atop, the other a branch.
23) Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius seated left on platform, citizen on steps to lower left.
24) Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius seated left on platform, Liberalitas holding coin counter and citizen on steps to lower left.
25) Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius standing, facing each other, shaking hands.
26) Lucius Verus laureate head right
27) Lucius Verus riding elephant quadriga left
28) Lucius Verus riding elephant quadriga right
29) Lucius Verus riding horse right, holding spear.
30) Lucius Verus riding horse right, spearing enemy.
31) Lucius Verus seated left on platform, attended by two lictors; Armenian king Soemias to lower left, touching head.
32) Lucius Verus standing left on platform, attended by lictor, addressing several soldiers.
33) Lucius Verus standing left, holding globe.
34) Lucius Verus standing right on left, receiving Victory on globe from Roma seated to right, holding spear; shield to side.
35) Lucius Verus standing right on left, shaking hands with Roma seated to right, holding spear.
36) Mars advancing left, holding spear and trophy
37) Mars advancing left, holding trophy and parazonium
38) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
39) Mars standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
40) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear with shield
41) Minerva standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield
42) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia
43) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box.
44) Providentia standing left, holding globe and cornucopia
45) Roma advancing left, holding Victory and trophy.
46) Roma standing left, stepping on helmet, holding Victory and spear.
47) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar
48) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter
49) Trophies (3)
50) Trophies (3); seated captive in front of each one.
51) Two hands holding standard
52) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter
53) Victory advancing left, holding open wreath with both hands.
54) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
55) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm.
56) Victory standing left, touching trophy with shield by base.
57) Victory standing left, touching trophy.
58) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VIC / AVG on palm.
59) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VIC / PAR on palm.
60) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VIC / PAR on palm; shield leaning against palm.
61) Victory standing right, holding trophy with Armenia seated by its base.

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B02, O13, R45, T58 RIC 522 (III, Marcus Aurelius), BMC 294
2) B02, O13, R46, T31 Exe: REX ARMEN / DAT RIC 512 (III, Marcus Aurelius), BMC 300
3) B06, O02, R41, T48 Exe: COS II RIC 496 (III, Marcus Aurelius), BMC 232
4) B06, O13, R46, T05 Exe: ARMEN BMC 236
5) B07, O02, R11, T25 Exe: COS II RIC 456 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 51
6) B08, O11, R56, T30 RIC 543 (III, Marcus Aurelius), BMC 391
7) B09, O11, R14, T21 RIC 658 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 52
 143
8) B10, O11, R33, T42 RIC 559 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 30
9) B10, O13, R45, T58 RIC 525 (III, Marcus Aurelius)

AR Denarius Reference(s)

10) B02, O05, R03, T08 Exe: COS II RIC 447 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 21
11) B02, O05, R38, T44 RIC 463 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 144
12) B02, O05, R39, T44 RIC 482 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 155
13) B02, O06, R40, T44 RIC 491 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 156
14) B02, O13, R47, T04 Exe: ARMEN RIC 501 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 6
15) B02, O13, R47, T39 RIC 515 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 229
16) B06, O02, R16, T33 RIC 457 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 61
17) B07, O11, R20, T12 RIC 586 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 111
18) B07, O11, R33, T42 RIC 555 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 127
19) B07, O11, R49, T07 RIC 540 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 273
20) B07, O11, R50, T07 RIC 548 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 286
21) B07, O11, R51, T42 Exe: PAX RIC 561 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 126
22) B07, O11, R51, T59 RIC 566 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 279
23) B07, O11, R53, T02 RIC 576 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 297
24) B07, O11, R55, T02 RIC 578 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 310
25) B07, O11, R56, T02 RIC 590 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 316
26) B07, O11, R56, T54 RIC 581 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 313
27) B07, O11, R75, T53 RIC 553 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 339
28) B07, O13, R48, T39 RIC 529 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 263
29) B07, O13, R48, T45 RIC 537 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 270
30) B08, O11, R51, T59
31) B08, O13, R47, T39 RIC 514 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 228
32) B10, O05, R38, T44

AR Denarius (Posthumous)
33) B02, O01, R15, T10 RIC 596a (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 55
34) B02, O01, R15, T13 RIC 596b (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 58

AE Medallion

35) B09, O11, R53, T32 C 288

AE Sestertius
36) B02, O02, R60, T12 Exe: FORT RED RIC 1317 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 87
37) B02, O11, R51, T06 RIC 1443 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 201
38) B07, O02, R06, T25 Exe: COS II RIC 1284 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 161
39) B07, O02, R08, T25 Exe: COS II RIC 1309 (III, Marcus Aurelius)
40) B07, O02, R18, T16 Exe: COS II C 83
41) B07, O09, R47, T58 RIC 1397 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 250
42) B07, O11, R53, T35 Exe: SC RIC 1463 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 299
43) B08, O09, R47, T31 Exe: REX ARMEN DAT RIC 1371 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 161

AR Sestertius (Posthumous)
44) B02, O01, R15, T13 RIC 1511 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 59

AE Dupondius
45) B11, O11, R66, T54 RIC 1462 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 210
46) B12, O02, R18, T14 Exe: COS II RIC 1330 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 75

AE As
47) B02, O13, R45, T30 RIC 1404 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 257
48) B07, O11, R57, T03 RIC 1489 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 326
 144
Lucius Verus Busts

Lucius Verus Types

 145

Lucilla was the wife of Lucius Verus. After his death she
Lucilla remained influential through the marriage of a senator. In
182 a plot to overthrow Commodus was uncovered in
which she played a role and she was subsequently
c.149 –182 banished to the island of Capri. Fearing that this might
not be enough to prevent any future plans of the sort,
Commodus had her executed shortly afterwards.

Bust:
nd
1) Draped bust right Compared to the two Faustinae, the easiest of the 2
century empresses to find, Lucilla’s coins are not
Obverses: considerably more difficult to locate and not much
more expensive either.
1) LVCILLA AVG ANTONINI AVG F
2) LVCILLA AVGVSTA
3) LVCILLAE AVG ANTONINI AVG F
4) LVCILLAE AVGVSTAE
Her coins are well represented in all denominations of
the period but finding high grade copper will be
Reverses: challenging. An Aureus may be found in pricey
auctions with reasonable frequency. This leaves
1) CERES Denarii as the most commonly available coins
2) CONCORDIA
3) DIANA LVCIFERA featuring this empress.
4) FECVNDITAS
5) FECVNDITAS AVGVSTA
6) HILARITAS In terms of rarity and prices her coins are right on par
7) IVNO REGINA with those of Crispina.
8) IVNONI LVCINAE
9) LAETITIA
10) MATRI MAGNAE
11) PIETAS
12) PVDICITIA
13) SALVS
14) VENERI GENETRICI
15) VENVS
16) VENVS GENETRIX
17) VENVS VICTRIX
18) VESTA
19) VOTA PVBLICA
20) No legend

Types:

1) Altar
2) Ceres seated right, holding grain ears and torch
3) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch.
4) Concordia seated left, holding patera
5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia.
6) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
7) Concordia seated left, holding patera; cornucopia under seat.
8) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
9) Cybele seated, holding drum; lion on either side.
10) Diana standing left, holding torch with both hands.
11) Diana standing right, holding torch with both hands.
12) Fecunditas seated left, holding baby; child on either side.
13) Fecunditas seated left, raising hand; child to right.
14) Fecunditas seated right, holding baby; child on either side.
15) Fecunditas seated right, holding baby; child to left.
16) Fecunditas seated right, holding baby; child to right.
17) Fecunditas standing left, holding patera and scepter.
18) Fecunditas standing right, holding baby and scepter.
19) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia
20) Juno seated left, holding flower and baby.
21) Juno seated left, holding patera and scepter.
22) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left.
23) Juno standing left, raising hand and holding baby.
24) Laetitia standing, facing, holding wreath and rudder.
25) Pietas seated left, holding incense box; lit altar to left.
26) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and holding incense box.
27) Pudicitia seated left, holding hand over chest
28) Pudicitia seated left, touching head.
29) Pudicitia standing left, holding hand over chest
30) Pudicitia standing left, pulling veil and raising skirt.
31) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar.
32) Salus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter.
33) Venus seated left, holding apple and scepter; Cupid to left.
 146
34) Venus seated left, holding Victory and scepter.
35) Venus standing left, holding apple and lifting dress off shoulder.
36) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter.
37) Venus standing left, holding Victory and resting hand on shield on helmet.
38) Venus standing left, holding Victory and resting hand on shield.
39) Venus standing left, raising hand and holding scepter.
40) Vesta standing left, holding simpulum and Palladium.
41) Vesta standing left, holding simpulum over altar and Palladium.
42) Vesta standing left, holding simpulum over altar and torch.
43) Vestal Virgins (6) sacrificing over altar; Temple of Vesta in background.
44) Wreath, dot within
45) Wreath, VOTA / PVBLI / CA within.

Mint:
1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O3, R11, T26 RIC 773 (III, Marcus Aurelius)

2) B1, O3, R15, T36 RIC 783 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 69
3) B1, O3, R20, T45 RIC 790 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 97

AR Denarius
4) B1, O2, R04, T16 RIC 765 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 19
5) B1, O2, R06, T19 RIC 769 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 28
6) B1, O2, R08, T20 RIC 770 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 36
7) B1, O2, R08, T23 Curtis Clay collection
8) B1, O2, R12, T27 RIC 781 (III, Marcus Aurelius), S 5490
9) B1, O2, R12, T29 RIC 780 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 80
10) B1, O2, R15, T36 RIC 785 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 71
11) B1, O2, R16, T38 RIC 786 (III, Marcus Aurelius), S 5492
12) B1, O2, R20, T45 RIC 791 (III, Marcus Aurelius), S 5494
13) B1, O3, R02, T04 RIC 758 (III, Marcus Aurelius), S 5479
14) B1, O3, R02, T06 RIC 759 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 7
15) B1, O3, R03, T10 RIC 762 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 14
16) B1, O3, R08, T23 RIC 771 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 38
17) B1, O3, R11, T26 RIC 775 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 50
18) B1, O3, R15, T36 RIC 784 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 70
19) B1, O3, R18, T41 RIC 788 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 92
20) B1, O3, R18, T42 RIC 789 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 93

AE Medallion

21) B1, O3, R20, T43 C 105

AE Sestertius
22) B1, O2, R04, T14 RIC 1736 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 21
23) B1, O3, R02, T04 RIC 1730 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 8
24) B1, O3, R03, T11 RIC 1734 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 15
25) B1, O3, R08, T20 RIC 1747 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 37
26) B1, O3, R10, T26 RIC 1756 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 54
27) B1, O3, R15, T35 RIC 1767 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 77
28) B1, O3, R15, T36 RIC 1763 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 72
29) B1, O3, R18, T41 RIC 1779 (III, Marcus Aurelius), S 5510

AE As

30) B1, O3, R12, T27 RIC 1759 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 64
31) B1, O3, R13, T32 RIC 1761 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 61
32) B1, O3, R15, T36 RIC 1764 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 73
 147

Lucilla Bust

Lucilla Types
 148
Commodus vies with Caligula and Nero as Roman history's
Commodus most perverse and sadistic of rulers. Like Caligula and Nero
before, Commodus was an ordinary (by imperial standards) ruler
who succeeded Marcus Aurelius, his father, upon his death. In his
Augustus 177-192 one major positive deed, Commodus called off the expedition
against the Germans which his father had commenced on terms
favorable to Rome. He sped off to Rome where he much preferred
living the perks of an emperor to the dirty business of waging wars. While he whiled away his time pursuing a
hedonistic lifestyle he was happy to delegate administrative responsibilities to others.

Unfortunately, his appointees never seemed to last long on the job. Whether through incompetence, bad luck or
corruption, one by one these fell and needed replacement. Commodus little by little began gaining a taste for
power as the shuffling of his foremen took place and, finally, he decided to manage the empire himself. It is
starting with this period that Commodus began to act increasingly unpredictably and cruel. A botched conspiracy
against him, orchestrated by no less than his beloved sister Lucilla, was discovered and his surviving the episode
turned him afterwards into a highly paranoid individual who had countless officials executed for disloyalty
imagined or real.

In his final year of life he shocked Romans of all classes by personally moonlighting as a gladiator. Of course,
these fights were arranged so that he could invariably come out the victor. Because of this a record-breaking 700+
victories were scored in his name, each one ending in the deaths of one or more gladiators and/or wild beasts at
the Colosseum. A successful conspiracy against him was finally hatched by one of his lovers who first tried
poisoning him but he threw up and a wrestler was summoned who strangled him to death on the last day of the
year 192.

Busts:

1) Bare head right For the period, Commodus’s coins are no different in terms of
2) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right
3) Bare headed, draped bust right
prices and availability compared to that of his immediate
4) Head right, wearing lion skin predecessors. However, it is somewhat surprising that few Denarii
5) Laureate bust left remain in mint state or even close to it. While the ever declining
6) Laureate head left
7) Laureate head right fineness of the silver content in the coins themselves is partly to
8) Laureate, cuirassed bust right blame one may wonder about the even baser Denarii of Caracalla
9) Laureate, cuirassed torso right
10) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left or Elagabalus which are downright plentiful in truly gem condition.
11) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
12) Laureate, draped bust right
13) Radiate bust right, with lion skin and club
Because of the historical significance, coins featuring Commodus’s
14) Radiate head right portrait wearing a lion’s head skin, the symbolism of which is
15) Radiate, cuirassed bust right associated with Hercules, are particularly prized.
16) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
17) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses:
1) COMM ANT AVG P BRIT 24) M COMM ANT AVG P BRIT FEL
2) COMMODO CAES AVG FIL GERM 25) M COMM ANT AVG PIVS BRIT
3) COMMODO CAES AVG FIL GERM SARM 26) M COMM ANT P FEL AVG BRIT
4) COMMODVS ANTONINVS AVG 27) M COMM ANT P FEL AVG BRIT PP
5) COMMODVS CAES AVG FIL 28) M COMM ANT P FELIX AVG BRIT
6) COMMODVS CAES AVG FIL GERM SARM 29) M COMM ANT P FELIX AVG BRIT PP
7) COMMODVS CAES AVG FIL GERM SARM COS 30) M COMM ANT P PEL AVG BRIT
8) DIVO COMMODO 31) M COMM ANTO AVG PIVS FEL
9) IMP CAES L AVREL COMMODVS GERM SARM 32) M COMM ANTON AVG PIVS BRIT
10) IMP L AVREL COMMODVS AVG GERM SARM 33) M COMM ANTON AVG PIVS FEL
11) L AEL AVR COM AVG PF 34) M COMM ANTONIN AVG BRIT
12) L AEL AVR COMM AVG P FEL 35) M COMMOD ANT P FELIX AVG BRIT PP
13) L AEL AVREL COMM AVG P FEL 36) M COMMODVS ANT AVG P BRIT FELIX
14) L AVREL COMMODO CAES AVG FIL GERM 37) M COMMODVS ANT FELIX AVG P BRIT
15) L AVREL COMMODO CAES AVG FIL GERM SARM 38) M COMMODVS ANT P FELIX AVG BRIT
16) L AVREL COMMODVS AVG 39) M COMMODVS ANTON AVG PIVS
17) L AVREL COMMODVS AVG GERM SARM 40) M COMMODVS ANTON AVG PIVS BRIT
18) L AVREL COMMODVS AVG TR P III 41) M COMMODVS ANTONINVS AVG
19) L AVREL COMMODVS AVG TR P IIII 42) M COMMODVS ANTONINVS AVG PIVS
20) L AVREL COMMODVS AVG TR P V 43) M COMMODVS ANTONINVS PIVS FELIX AVG BRIT
21) L AVREL COMMODVS CAES AVG FIL GERM 44) M COMMODVS AVG PIVS BRIT
22) L COMMODVS AVG 45) M COMMODVS N AVG PIVS BRIT
23) M ANTONINVS COMMODVS AVG
 149
Reverses:

1) ADVENTVS AVG IMP IIII COS II PP 87) IOVI CONSERVATORI

2) ADVENTVS CAES 88) IOVI DEFENS SALVTIS AVG
3) ANN AVG 89) IOVI DEFENS SALVTIS AVG COS VI
4) ANN AVG PM TR P VIIII IMP VI COS IIII PP 90) IOVI EXSVPER PM TR P XI IMP VIII COS V PP
5) ANN AVG TR P VI IMP IIII COS III PP 91) IOVI EXSVPER PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP
6) ANN AVG TR P VII IMP IIII COS III 92) IOVI EXSVPER PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII COS V PP
7) ANN AVG TR P VII IMP IIII COS III PP 93) IOVI IVVENI PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII COS V PP
8) ANN AVG TR P VIIII IMP VI COS IIII PP 94) IOVI VICTORI IMP III COS II PP
9) ANN PM TR P VIIII IMP VII COS IIII PP 95) IOVI VLTORI
10) ANN PM TR P X IMP VII COS IIII PP 96) IVNO REGINA
11) ANNO AVG TR P VIIII IMP VII COS IIII PP 97) IVPPITER CONSERVATOR
12) APOL MONET PM TR P XV 98) IVPPITER COSERVATOR TR P V IMP IIII COS II PP
13) APOL MONETAE PM TR P XV IMP VIII COS VI 99) LAET AVG PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP
14) APOL MONETAE PM TR P XVI IMP VIII COS VI 100) LAETITIA
15) APOL PAL 101) LAETITIAE AVG
16) APOL PAL PM TR P XVI COS VI 102) LIB AVG IIII
17) APOL PALAT PM TR P XVI COS VI 103) LIB AVG IIII TR P VI IMP IIII COS III PP
18) APOLLINI PALATINO 104) LIB AVG PM TR P XV COS VI
19) AVCT PIET PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP 105) LIB AVG PM TR P XVII COS VII PP
20) AVCTOR PIETAT PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP 106) LIB AVG TR P V IMP IIII COS II PP
21) AVCTOR PIETAT PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII COS V PP 107) LIB AVG V TR P VII IMP IIII COS III PP
22) BRITT PM TR P VIIII IMP VII COS IIII PP 108) LIB AVG VI
23) CONC COM PM TR P XVI COS VI 109) LIB AVG VI PM TR P XI IMP VII COS V PP
24) CONC COMMODI 110) LIB AVG VIII
25) CONC MIL 111) LIB AVG VIII PM TR P XVII COS VII PP
26) CONC MIL PM TR P X IMP VII COS IIII PP 112) LIB AVG VIIII
27) CONC MIL PM TR P XI IMP VII COS IIII PP 113) LIBERAL AVG VI
28) CONC MIL PM TR P XI IMP VII COS V PP 114) LIBERAL AVG VII
29) CONCOR COMMODI 115) LIBERAL V
30) CONCORDIAE COMMODI AVG 116) LIBERALITAS AVG
31) CONSECRATIO 117) LIBERALITAS AVG II
32) COS PP 118) LIBERALITAS AVG II TR P III
33) COS VI PP 119) LIBERALITAS AVG TR P V IMP IIII COS II PP
34) COS VII PP 120) LIBERALITAS AVG VII
35) DPRC 121) LIBERT AVG
36) DE GERMANIS 122) LIBERT AVG PM TR P XI IMP VII COS V PP
37) DE SARMATIS 123) LIBERT PM TR P XIII IMP VIIII COS V PP
38) FEL 124) LIBERTAS AVG IMP II COS PP
39) FEL AVG TR P VI IMP IIII COS III PP 125) LIBERTAS AVG TR P VI IMP IIII COS III
40) FEL PVBLICA 126) MART PAC
41) FELIC COM PM TR P XVII COS VII PP 127) MART PAC PM TR P XIIII COS V DES VI
42) FELIC PERPETVAE AVG 128) MART PAC PM TR P XIIII COS V PP
43) FELIC PERPETVAE AVG COS VI 129) MART PACAT PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII COS V PP
44) FELICITATI CAES 130) MARTI VLTORI AVG
45) FID EXERC 131) MARTI VLTORI AVG COS VI
46) FID EXERC PM TR P X IMP VII COS IIII PP 132) MARTI VLTORI AVG COS VI PP
47) FID EXERCIT 133) MATRI DEV CONSERV AVG
48) FIDEI COH PM TR P XII COS V 134) MATRI DEVM CONSERV AVG COS VI
49) FIDEI COH PM TR P XVI COS VI 135) MAVRETANIA
50) FIDEI COH PM TR P XVII COS VI 136) MIN AVG PM TR P XVI COS VI
51) FIDEI COHORTIVM AVG 137) MIN VICT PM TR P XIIII COS V DES VI
52) FOR FEL PM TR P XIIII COS V DES VI 138) MINER AVG
53) FOR RED 139) MINER AVG PM TR P XVI
54) FOR RED PM TR P X IMP VII COS IIII PP 140) MINER PAC
55) FOR RED PM TR P XI IMP VII COS V PP 141) MINER VICT
56) FOR RED PM TR P XIII IMP VIII COS V PP 142) MINER VICT PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII COS V
57) FORT FEL PM TR P XIIII COS V PP 143) MINER VICT PM TR P XV IMP VIII COS VI
58) FORT FELI PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII COS V DES VI 144) MVNIFICENTIA AVG TR P VIII IMP VI COS IIII PP
59) FORT FELI PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII COS V PP 145) MVNIFICENTIA AVG TR P VIIII IMP VI COS IIII PP
60) FORT MANENT PM TR P XIIII COS V PP 146) NOBILIT AVG PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP
61) FORT RED 147) NOBILITAS AVG
62) FORTVNAE MANENTI 148) OPTIME MAXIME
63) GEN AVG FELIC COS VI 149) PACI AETER PM TR P XIIII COS V PP
64) HER ROM COND COS VII PP 150) PACI AETER PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII
65) HERC COM PM TR P XVI COS VI 151) PACI AETERNAE COS V PP
66) HERC COMMODIANO 152) PACI AETERNAE CV PP
67) HERC COMMODIANO PM TR P XVI COS VI 153) PAT SENAT
68) HERC ROM CONDITORI COS VII PP 154) PATER SENAT PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP
69) HERC ROM CONDITORI PM TR P XVII IMP VIII COS VII PP 155) PATER SENATVS
70) HERCVLI COMITI 156) PIET SENAT PM TR P XIIII COS V PP
71) HERCVLI ROMANO AVG 157) PIETAS AVG
72) HERCVLI ROMANO AVGVSTO 158) PIETATI AETERNAE COS V PP
73) HILAR AVG 159) PIETATI SENATVS
74) HILARIT AVG 160) PIETATI SENATVS CV PP
75) HILARIT AVG PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP 161) PM TR P VIII IMP VI COS IIII PP
76) HILARITAS 162) PM TR P VIIII IMP VI COS IIII PP
77) HILARITAS AVG 163) PM TR P VIIII IMP VII COS IIII PP
78) HILARITAS AVG TR P VIII IMP V COS III PP 164) PM TR P X IMP VII COS IIII PP
79) IMP II COS II PP 165) PM TR P XI IMP VII COS IIII PP
80) IMP III COS II PP 166) PM TR P XI IMP VII COS V PP
81) IOM SPONSOR SEC AVG 167) PM TR P XI IMP VIII COS V PP
82) IOM SPONSOR SEC AVG COS VI PP 168) PM TR P XII IMP VII COS V PP
83) IOV EXSVP PM TR P XI IMP VIII 169) PM TR P XII IMP VIII
84) IOV EXSVP PM TR P XII IMP VIII 170) PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP
85) IOV IVVEN PM TR P XIIII COS V DES VI 171) PM TR P XIII IMP VIII COS V PP
86) IOV IVVEN PM TR P XIIII COS V PP 172) PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII COS V PP
 150
173) PM TR P XV IMP VIII COS VI 218) TR P III IMP II COS PP
174) PM TR P XVI COS VI 219) TR P IIII IMP II COS PP
175) PM TR P XVII IMP VIII COS VII PP 220) TR P IIII IMP II COS II PP
176) PM TR P XVIII IMP VIII COS VII PP 221) TR P IIII IMP III COS II PP
177) PONTIF 222) TR P V IMP III COS II PP
178) PRINC IVVENT 223) TR P V IMP IIII COS II PP
179) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 224) TR P VI IMP IIII COS III PP
180) PROV AVG TR P VIII IMP VI COS IIII PP 225) TR P VII IMP III COS III PP
181) PROV DEOR TR P VI IMP IIII COS III PP 226) TR P VII IMP IIII COS III PP
182) PROVID AVG 227) TR P VII IMP V COS III PP
183) PROVIDENTIAE AVG 228) TR P VIII IMP V COS IIII PP
184) PVBLIC FEL PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP 229) TR P VIII IMP VI COS IIII PP
185) PVBLICA FEL 230) TR P VIIII IMP VI COS IIII PP
186) ROM FEL PM TR P XVI COS VI 231) TR P VIIII IMP VII COS IIII PP
187) ROMAE AETERNAE COS V PP 232) TR P X IMP VII COS IIII PP
188) ROMAE AETERNAE CV PP 233) TR P XI IMP VII COS V PP
189) ROMAE FELICI 234) TR P XV IMP VIII COS VI
190) ROMAE FELICI COS VI 235) TR P XVII IMP VIII COS VII PP
191) SAEC FEL PM TR P XI IMP VII COS V PP 236) TR POT COS
192) SAECVLI FELIC 237) TR POT II COS
193) SAL GEN HVM 238) TR POT II COS DE GERM
194) SAL GEN HVM COS VI PP 239) TR POT II COS PP
195) SALVS AVG 240) VICTORIAE FELICI
196) SALVS AVG TR P VII IMP V COS III PP 241) VIRT AETER AVG
197) SALVS AVG TR P VIII IMP V COS IIII PP 242) VIRTVS AVG TR P V IMP III COS II PP
198) SEC ORB PM TRP XIIII COS V DES VI 243) VIRTVT AVG PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP
199) SECVR ORB PM TR P XIIII 244) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI TR P VII IMP IIII COS III PP
200) SECVRIT ORB 245) VOT SOL DEC PM TR P XI IMP VIII
201) SECVRITAS PVBLICA 246) VOT SOLV PRO SAL PR
202) SECVRITAS PVBLICA TR P VI IMP III COS III PP 247) VOT SVSC DEC
203) SERAPIDI CONSERV AVG 248) VOT SVSC DEC PM TR P VIIII IMP VII COS IIII PP
204) SERAPIDI CONSERV AVG COS VI PP 249) VOT SVSC DEC PM TR P X IMP VII COS IIII PP
205) SERAPIDI COSERV AVG COS VI PP 250) VOTA DEC ANN SVSC
206) SPES PVBLICA 251) VOTA DEC ANN SVSC TR P VI IMP IIII COS III PP
207) TEMP FELI 252) VOTA P
208) TEMP FELIC 253) VOTA PVBLICA
209) TEMP FELIC PM TR P XV IMP VIII COS VI 254) VOTA PVBLICA IMP II COS II PP
210) TEMP FELIC PM TR P XV IMP VIIII COS VI 255) VOTA SOLV PRO SAL PR
211) TEMP FELIC PM TR P XVI COS VI 256) VOTA SVSCEP DECEN TR P VIIII IMP VII
212) TEMPOR FELIC 257) No legend
213) TEMPORVM FELICITAS
214) TR P II COS PP
215) TR P II COS PP DE GERM
216) TR P II COS PP DE SARM
217) TR P II IMP II COS

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia

2) Aequitas standing left, holding scales over globe and cornucopia.
3) Aesculapius standing left, holding hand of kneeling Salus to left and staff with snake coiled around.
4) Altar
5) Altar reading FORT REDVCI
6) Annona standing left, holding Ceres over modius and cornucopia; galley prow to right, two people within.
7) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.
8) Apollo standing right, leaning on column and with legs crossed, resting head on hand.
9) Apollo standing, facing, holding patera and lyre.
10) Apollo standing, facing, holding plectrum and lyre on column.
11) Archway, Janus within, holding scepter.
12) Bow, club and quiver
13) Bow, quiver, club with lion skin and trident.
14) Britannia standing left, holding scythe and wreath
15) Castor leading horse left, holding spear.
16) Ceres standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding torch and cornucopia.
17) Commodus bare head right.
18) Commodus laureate head right
19) Commodus leading oxen right
20) Commodus riding horse right, holding spear, led by soldier and followed by three other soldiers.
21) Commodus riding horse right, raising hand.
22) Commodus riding horse right, spearing enemy.
23) Commodus riding horse right, spearing lion.
24) Commodus riding horse right, spearing panther.
25) Commodus riding quadriga left, holding branch and scepter; Victory crowning him from behind.
26) Commodus riding quadriga left, holding scepter with eagle atop
27) Commodus riding quadriga left, holding scepter with eagle atop, Victory crowning him.
28) Commodus riding quadriga right, holding scepter with eagle atop
29) Commodus seated left on platform accompanied by Liberalitas, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen on steps to lower left.
30) Commodus seated left on platform accompanied by lictor and Liberalitas, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen on steps to lower left.
31) Commodus seated left, holding branch and scepter.
32) Commodus seated left, holding globe, being crowned by hovering Victory from behind.
33) Commodus seated left, holding globe.
34) Commodus standing left on platform, raising hand and holding scepter, facing (3) soldiers below.
35) Commodus standing left on platform, raising hand and holding scepter, facing (4) soldiers below.
36) Commodus standing left on platform, raising hand and holding scepter, facing (5) soldiers below.
37) Commodus standing left on platform, raising hand and holding scepter, facing (6) soldiers below.
38) Commodus standing left on right, being crowned by Victory, shaking hands with Serapis and Isis to left; Isis holds sistrum.
39) Commodus standing left on right, holding cornucopia, shaking hands with Felicitas to left, holding caduceus.
 151
40) Commodus standing left, holding branch and cradling scepter.
41) Commodus standing left, holding branch and scepter; trophy to right with weapons at its base.
42) Commodus standing left, holding globe and scepter; Jupiter behind him, standing left, touching his shoulder and holding thunderbolt.
43) Commodus standing left, sacrificing over altar.
44) Commodus standing left, sacrificing over altar; bull lying at altar’s base.
45) Commodus standing left, sacrificing over altar; child by altar, citizen slaying bull to left and musicians in background.
46) Commodus standing left, sacrificing over altar; victimarius with bull to left.
47) Commodus standing right on left, holding scepter, shaking hands with Senator to right, holding scepter.
48) Commodus standing right on left, raising hands, facing Victory on column to right; star in field.
49) Commodus standing to left, facing, holding branch and scepter, next to Jupiter to right, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
50) Commodus standing, facing, holding spear and parazonium.
51) Concordia standing left, holding patera and scepter.
52) Concordia standing, facing, holding standard in each hand.
53) Cornucopiae (2) crossed, caduceus within
54) Cornucopiae (2) crossed, winged caduceus within
55) Cybele riding lion right, holding drum and scepter.
56) Eagle standing left on globe
57) Eagle standing right
58) Elephant standing right
59) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
60) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia; modius to left.
61) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter.
62) Felicitas standing left, holding patera and scepter.
63) Felicitas standing left, holding Victory and winged caduceus.
64) Fides standing left, holding globe and standard.
65) Fides standing left, holding grain ears and standard.
66) Fides standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia.
67) Fides standing left, holding standard and cornucopia
68) Fides standing right, holding grain ears and fruit basket
69) Fides standing right, holding standard and cornucopia.
70) Fortuna seated left, holding horse by bridle and cornucopia.
71) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
72) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair.
73) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia.
74) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia; wheel under chair.
75) Fortuna seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
76) Fortuna standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
77) Fortuna standing right, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia.
78) Four Seasons frolicking
79) Galley sailing left
80) Galley sailing right
81) Genius standing left, holding patera and grain ears.
82) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears.
83) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
84) Hercules leading oxen left
85) Hercules leading oxen left, holding club with lion skin.
86) Hercules standing left on right, holding club and receiving grain ears from Africa to left, holding sistrum; lion by her feet.
87) Hercules standing left on right, stepping on galley prow, holding club with lion skin and receiving grain ears from Africa to left, holding sistrum.
88) Hercules standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia; tree to left with lion skin.
89) Hercules standing left, touching trophy and holding club with lion skin.
90) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding bow.
91) Hercules standing, facing, hand on hip and resting hand on club with lion skin.
92) Hercules standing, facing, holding club and bow.
93) Hercules standing, facing, holding patera and club.
94) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia.
95) Italia seated left on globe, holding cornucopia and scepter.
96) Juno advancing right, aiming spear at snake to lower right and holding shield.
97) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left.
98) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; seven stars in field.
99) Jupiter seated left, holding branch and scepter
100) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
101) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter.
102) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
103) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left.
104) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; small Commodus to left, holding trophy.
105) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left.
106) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory; eagle to left.
107) Laetitia standing left, holding branch and palm.
108) Laetitia standing left, holding grain ears and rudder on globe.
109) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder.
110) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
111) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter.
112) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
113) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear.
114) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear; weapons by feet.
115) Mars standing left, stepping on cuirass, holding branch and spear.
116) Mars standing right, holding spear and shield
117) Mauretania standing in front of horse, holding its bridle and scepter.
118) Minerva advancing right, aiming spear and holding shield.
119) Minerva advancing right, aiming spear and holding shield; owl to right.
120) Minerva advancing right, holding branch and shield.
121) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
122) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and spear; shield to left, trophy to right.
123) Minerva standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding spear with shield.
124) Modius with grain ears.
125) Monetae (3) holding scale and cornucopia.
126) Nobilitas standing right, holding scepter and Palladium
127) Pax seated left, holding branch and cornucopia.
128) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter
 152
129) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia.
130) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia; shield to left.
131) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
132) Pax standing left, setting fire to weapons and holding scepter.
133) Pietas seated left, raising hand and holding scepter.
134) Pietas seated left, raising hand and holding scepter; child to left.
135) Pietas standing left, holding scepter and hand of kneeling child.
136) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box.
137) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter
138) Roma seated left, holding Victory and cornucopia
139) Roma seated left, holding Victory and parazonium
140) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear.
141) Roma seated right, holding Victory and parazonium
142) Roma standing left, holding spear.
143) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear.
144) Romulus advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
145) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged)
146) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar.
147) Salus seated left, holding branch over snake.
148) Salus seated left, Sphinx under chair, feeding snake to left under tree and next to column with statue atop.
149) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter.
150) Salus standing left, holding patera and scepter.
151) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake
152) Securitas seated left, holding globe.
153) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand.
154) Securitas seated left, holding scepter.
155) Securitas seated right, holding scepter.
156) Serapis standing right, raising hand and holding scepter.
157) Serapis standing, facing, holding branch and scepter.
158) Shield, EQVESTER / ORDO / PRINCIPI / IVVENT within
159) Sol radiate, draped bust right.
160) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
161) Temple with (2) columns, Janus standing within, holding scepter.
162) Trophy; seated captive on either side.
163) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath over shield on cippus.
164) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath over shield reading SC on cippus reading COS V PP
165) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath over two shields over base reading C V PP
166) Victory advancing left, holding trophy with both hands.
167) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
168) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and trophy.
169) Victory advancing right, holding trophy with both hands.
170) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm
171) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and trophy.
172) Victory seated left, holding patera and palm.
173) Victory seated right, holding shield
174) Victory standing right, holding shield on palm.
175) Victory standing right, holding shield on palm; seated captive to right of palm.
176) Victory standing right, holding Victory on globe on column
177) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield on palm reading VO / DE
178) Virtus seated left, holding Victory and spear.
179) Virtus seated right, holding spear and parazonium.
180) Virtus standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield.
181) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
182) Weapons in a pile
183) Wreath, club within; HER CVL / RO MAN / AV GV across fields
184) Wreath, EQVESTER ORDO PRINCIPI IVVENT within
185) Wreath, MAGN / IFICENT / IAE AVG / COS VII / PP within.
186) Wreath, PRIMI / DECEN PM / TR P X IMP VII / COS IIII PP / SC within.
187) Wreath, SPQR LAETITIAE CV within.
188) Wreath, TEMPORVM FELICITAS within
189) Wreath, VOT XX within
190) Wreath, VOTIS XX COS VI within

Mint:
1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B02, O03, R002, T021 RIC 604 (III, Marcus Aurelius), BMC 641, C 1
2) B02, O03, R178, T041 Exe: PROVID AVG Calico 2316a
3) B08, O26, R167, T079
4) B08, O39, R162, T100 RIC III 69e, BMC 118
5) B11, O12, R071, T089 RIC 254b, C 201
6) B11, O16, R221, T112 RIC 659 (III, Marcus Aurelius), BMC 795, C 768
7) B11, O27, R065, T088 RIC III 221, C 180
8) B12, O10, R214, T182 Exe: DE GERM RIC 633 (III, Marcus Aurelius)
9) B12, O13, R111, T110 RIC III 239a, BMC 311
10) B12, O16, R218, T015 RIC 648 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 760
11) B12, O24, R164, T034 Exe: FID EXERC RIC III 110, C 139
12) B12, O26, R169, T161 Exe: COS V PP

AU Quinarius

13) B11, O27, R173, T170 RIC III 211, BMC 279, C 553
 153
AR Antoninianus (Posthumous) Reference(s)

14) B14, O08, R031, T057 RIC 93 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 1009

AR Denarius
15) B01, O02, R116, T110 RIC 599 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 291
16) B01, O02, R178, T041 RIC 603 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 608
17) B03, O03, R036, T162 RIC 606 (III, Marcus Aurelius), S 5543, C 77a
18) B03, O03, R178, T041 RIC 617 (III, Marcus Aurelius)
19) B03, O03, R205, T161 RIC 622 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 709
20) B04, O13, R257, T183 RIC III 251d, C 190
21) B07, O01, R231, T059 Exe: FEL RIC III 97
22) B07, O01, R231, T100 RIC III 88, C 457
23) B07, O01, R231, T124 RIC III 94, C 467
24) B07, O01, R231, T138 Exe: ROM RIC III 98a, S 5689, C 660
25) B07, O01, R231, T143 RIC III 90c, C 460
26) B07, O01, R232, T006 Exe: ANN RIC III 106, C 18
27) B07, O01, R232, T059 Exe: FEL RIC III 108, C 117
28) B07, O01, R232, T100 RIC III 101, C 472
29) B07, O01, R232, T138 Exe: ROM RIC III 112
30) B07, O01, R232, T143 RIC III 102, C 476
31) B07, O13, R042, T039 RIC III 249, C 120
32) B07, O13, R071, T089 RIC III 254a, S 5646
33) B07, O13, R081, T042 RIC III 255, S 5648, C 239
34) B07, O13, R088, T098 RIC III 256, C 245
35) B07, O13, R105, T111 RIC III 241, C 288
36) B07, O13, R111, T110 RIC III 239, C 325
37) B07, O13, R130, T180 RIC III 257, C 346
38) B07, O13, R175, T016 RIC III 230, C 582
39) B07, O13, R175, T067 * in left field RIC III 233, C 583
40) B07, O13, R175, T067 RIC III 232, C 584
41) B07, O13, R175, T076 * in left field RIC III 235, S 5685
42) B07, O13, R175, T134 * in left field RIC III 236, S 5686, C 575
43) B07, O13, R175, T167 * in left field RIC III 237, C 568
44) B07, O13, R183, T087 RIC III 259, C 643
45) B07, O13, R203, T157 RIC III 261, C 703
46) B07, O13, R246, T043 RIC III 262, S 5725, C 984
47) B07, O13, R257, T185 RIC III 248
48) B07, O16, R220, T147 RIC 663 (III, Marcus Aurelius)
49) B07, O16, R220, T168 RIC 664 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 774
50) B07, O16, R221, T173 RIC 666 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 775
51) B07, O23, R224, T007 RIC III 14b, C 811
52) B07, O23, R224, T059 RIC III 15b, C 805
53) B07, O23, R226, T007 RIC III 28, C 835
54) B07, O23, R226, T061 RIC III 29a, C 831
55) B07, O24, R168, T034
56) B07, O25, R146, T126 RIC III 155, S 5663, C 385
57) B07, O26, R019, T136 RIC III 146, S 5630, C 34
58) B07, O26, R057, T076 RIC III 172, C 162
59) B07, O26, R062, T070 Exe: CVPP RIC III 191a, S 5642
60) B07, O26, R083, T098 Exe: COSVPP RIC III 138, C 241
61) B07, O26, R084, T099 RIC III 152, C 242
62) B07, O26, R086, T103 RIC III 173, S 5650, C 259
63) B07, O26, R099, T107 RIC III 154, C 278
64) B07, O26, R101, T108 RIC III 201, S 5653, C 279
65) B07, O26, R122, T111 RIC III 135, C 340
66) B07, O26, R128, T113 RIC III 175, S 5659, C 350
67) B07, O26, R148, T102 Exe: CVPP RIC III 192, C 387
68) B07, O26, R167, T061 RIC III 137, C 514
69) B07, O26, R170, T059 RIC III 143, C 523
70) B07, O26, R170, T111 RIC III 144, C 521
71) B07, O26, R171, T001 RIC III 164d, C 537
72) B07, O26, R171, T073 RIC III 166a, C 540
73) B07, O26, R171, T081 RIC III 167, C 532
74) B07, O26, R171, T082 RIC III 384, C 532
75) B07, O26, R171, T111 RIC III 168, S 5681, C 542
76) B07, O26, R171, T146 RIC III 169, S 5682
77) B07, O26, R191, T177 RIC III 136, C 664
78) B07, O26, R199, T152 Exe: COSVPP RIC III 179, C 697
79) B07, O26, R233, T001 RIC III 120, C 499
80) B07, O26, R233, T032 RIC III 125, C 505
81) B07, O26, R233, T052 RIC III 126, C 53
82) B07, O26, R233, T073 RIC III 131, C 150
83) B07, O26, R233, T100 RIC III 117, C 486
84) B07, O26, R233, T167 RIC III 122a, C 492
85) B07, O26, R240, T165 RIC III 196, C 952
86) B07, O26, R243, T180 RIC III 160, C 966
87) B07, O26, R245, T044 RIC III 140, C 1000
88) B07, O27, R012, T008 COS VI across fields RIC III 205, C 22
89) B07, O27, R016, T010 RIC III 218, S 5629, C 24
90) B07, O27, R023, T051 RIC III 219, S 5631
91) B07, O27, R049, T065 RIC III 220, C 127
92) B07, O27, R063, T083 RIC III 227, S 5643
93) B07, O27, R085, T103 RIC III 187, C 260
94) B07, O27, R104, T111 RIC III 208d, S 5654, C 282
95) B07, O27, R120, T110 RIC III 202a, C 323
 154
96) B07, O27, R127, T113 RIC III 188, C 351
97) B07, O27, R136, T120 RIC III 222, C 358
98) B07, O27, R137, T122 RIC III 189, C 366
99) B07, O27, R139, T120 RIC III 223a
100) B07, O27, R173, T031 RIC III 212, S 5683
101) B07, O27, R186, T140 RIC III 224, C 655
102) B07, O27, R198, T152 RIC III 190, C 695
103) B07, O27, R211, T053 RIC III 209, C 719
104) B07, O32, R154, T040 RIC III 157, C 397
105) B07, O32, R184, T062 RIC III 159, C 646
106) B07, O32, R230, T181
107) B07, O32, R231, T167 RIC III 93, S 5674, C 466
108) B07, O39, R227, T137 RIC III 44, C 846
109) B07, O39, R229, T112 RIC III 54
110) B07, O39, R229, T118 RIC III 56
111) B07, O39, R229, T129 RIC III 64
112) B07, O39, R229, T143 RIC III 58, C 885
113) B07, O39, R229, T149 RIC III 66, C 903
114) B07, O39, R230, T060 RIC III 74, C 445
115) B07, O39, R230, T068 RIC III 75, C 448
116) B07, O39, R230, T081 RIC III 76, C 435
117) B07, O39, R230, T119 RIC III 72, C 424
118) B07, O39, R230, T124 RIC III 81, C 447
119) B07, O39, R230, T130 RIC III 86, C 940
120) B07, O39, R230, T181 RIC III 71, C 427
121) B07, O41 R224, T007 RIC III 14a, C 812
122) B07, O41, R103, T110 RIC III 22, C 307
123) B07, O41, R106, T110 RIC III 10, C 302
124) B07, O41, R107, T109 RIC III 133, C 316
125) B07, O41, R107, T110 RIC III 36a, S 5655, C 311
126) B07, O41, R223, T162 RIC III 9a, S 5706, C 791
127) B07, O41, R224, T059 RIC III 15a, S 5711, C 805
128) B07, O41, R224, T129 RIC III 17, C 806
129) B07, O41, R224, T137 RIC III 19, C 804
130) B07, O41, R224, T140 RIC III 12, S 5707, C 803
131) B07, O41, R227, T112 RIC III 46, C 842
132) B07, O41, R228, T143 RIC III 49, C 854
133) B08, O09, R237, T149 RIC 626 (III, Marcus Aurelius)
134) B08, O16, R222, T179
135) B08, O39, R229, T129
136) B11, O09, R237, T101 RIC 636 (III, Marcus Aurelius)
137) B11, O09, R237, T149 RIC 641 (III, Marcus Aurelius), S 5698
138) B11, O09, R237, T167 RIC 642 (III, Marcus Aurelius)
139) B11, O16, R032, T144 RIC 651 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 64
140) B11, O16, R218, T144 RIC 650 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 761
141) B11, O16, R218, T146 RIC 649 (III, Marcus Aurelius), S 5702
142) B11, O16, R222, T074 RIC III 2, C 779
143) B11, O17, R218, T147 RIC 647 (III, Marcus Aurelius)
144) B11, O22, R032, T148 RIC 654 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 66

AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

145) B07, O33, R031, T056 RIC 72a (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 61

AR Quinarius
146) B12, O16, R032, T167 RIC 656 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 65

AE Medallion
147) B09, O43, R150, T129 Exe: COSVPP

AE Sestertius
148) B04, O13, R257, T184 RIC III 637, C 192
149) B07, O12, R071, T089 Exe: SC RIC III 640, C 203
150) B07, O12, R183, T087 Exe: SC RIC III 641, C 644
151) B07, O13, R175, T059 RIC III 607
152) B07, O13, R175, T176 * over SC in field RIC III 613, C 590
153) B07, O38, R129, T114 RIC III 527, C 352
154) B07, O38, R142, T123 RIC III 528, C 369
155) B07, O38, R146, T127 RIC III 501
156) B07, O38, R159, T047 Exe: COS V PP RIC III 549, C 410
157) B07, O38, R166, T032 RIC III 463, C 506
158) B07, O38, R166, T161 RIC III 460, C 489
159) B07, O38, R171, T073 Exe: FOR RED RIC III 513, C 153
160) B07, O40, R256, T043 Exe: COS IIII PP RIC III 441, C 988
161) B07, O41, R181, T138 RIC III 312, C 627
162) B07, O41, R224, T030 Exe: LIB AVG IIII RIC III 310, C 310
163) B07, O41, R226, T006 RIC III 325
164) B07, O41, R227, T006 RIC III 344
165) B07, O41, R228, T106 RIC III 348, C 850
166) B07, O41, R244, T023 Exe: SC RIC III 332a, C 972
167) B07, O42, R180, T138 RIC III 379, C 620
168) B07, O42, R229, T169 RIC III 374, C898
 155
169) B08, O18, R254, T046 Exe: SC RIC 1595 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 979
170) B11, O19, R079, T123 RIC 1602 (III, Marcus Aurelius)

AE Dupondius Reference(s)
171) B14, O20, R242, T179 RIC III 292a, C 961
172) B14, O28, R171, T001
173) B14, O41, R125, T112 RIC III 315, C 336
174) B14, O42, R229, T119 RIC III 368b, C 881

AE As
175) B02, O07, R206, T161 RIC 1545 (III, Marcus Aurelius)
176) B03, O07, R076, T094 RIC 1547 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 218
177) B04, O13, R257, T183 Exe: SC RIC III 644, C 193
178) B07, O28, R171, T001 RIC III 517

Commodus Busts

Commodus Types
 156
Commodus Types (continued)
 157
Commodus Types (continued)
 158

The wife of Commodus, upon discovering Crispina had

Crispina been unfaithful to him he had her exiled to an island and
executed some time afterwards.

? – d.183

Busts:

1) Draped bust left It’s easier to find a bronze Sestertius or Dupondius of

2) Draped bust right
Crispina than it is a Denarius which is atypical of
Obverses: second century Roman imperial coinage. It’s unlikely
that this was any sort of intentional design apart from
1) CRISPINA AVG an administrative oddity. While the abundance of total
2) CRISPINA AVG IMP COMMODI AVG coins of Crispina and Lucilla are far less than the
3) CRISPINA AVGVSTA
Faustinas of the previous generation the Denarii are
Reverses: not hard to find and often can be found in pristine
condition.
1) CERES
2) CONCORDIA Due to the wide range of conditions available in
3) DIANA LVCIFERA
4) DIS CONIVGALIBVS bronze it’s hard to give any sort of meaningful price
5) DIS GENITALIBVS range but a $100 should buy a fairly nice Crispina
6) FECVNDITAS
7) HILARITAS bronze or, for that matter, a Denarius too.
8) IVNO
9) IVNO LVCINA
10) IVNO REGINA
11) LAETITIA
12) PVDICITIA
13) ROMAE AETERNAE
14) SALVS
15) VENVS
16) VENVS FELIX
17) VENVS VICTRIX

Types:
1) Altar
2) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch.
3) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch.
4) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia.
5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
6) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia
7) Diana standing right, holding torch with both hands.
8) Hands, in handshake.
9) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia.
10) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter.
11) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to lower left.
12) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder on globe.
13) Pudicitia seated left, touching chest
14) Pudicitia standing left, pulling veil.
15) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear.
16) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar.
17) Venus seated left, holding Minerva
18) Venus seated left, holding Minerva and scepter.
19) Venus seated left, holding Victory and scepter; dove under chair.
20) Venus standing left, holding apple and pulling dress from shoulder.
21) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter.
22) Venus standing right, facing away, leaning on column, holding helmet and scepter.

Mint:
1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B2 O3 R16 T18 RIC 287 (Commodus)

AR Denarius
2) B2 O1 R05 T01 RIC 281 (Commodus), C 15
3) B2 O3 R01 T03 RIC 276 (Commodus), C 1
4) B2 O3 R02 T06 RIC 278 (Commodus), C 5
 159
5) B2 O3 R02 T08 RIC 279 (Commodus), C 8
6) B2 O3 R07 T09 RIC 282 (Commodus), S 6000
7) B2 O3 R08 T11 RIC 283 (Commodus), C 21
8) B2 O3 R15 T20 RIC 286a (Commodus), S 6002, C 35
9) B2 O3 R16 T18

AE Sestertius
10) B2 O2 R14 T16 RIC 672 (Commodus) C 32
11) B2 O3 R02 T04 RIC 665 (Commodus), C 6
12) B2 O3 R07 T09 RIC 678 (Commodus), C 20
13) B2 O3 R11 T12 RIC 669 (Commodus), C 27
14) B2 O3 R12 T13 RIC 670 (Commodus), C 30
15) B2 O3 R16 T18 RIC 673 (Commodus), S 1690, C 40

AE As
16) B2 O3 R11 T12 RIC 683 (Commodus)
17) B2 O3 T09 T10 RIC 680 (Commodus)

Crispina Busts

Crispina Types
 160
A former grammar teacher, Pertinax dabbled in the army
Pertinax where he found great success and climbed the ranks
eventually landing several high ranking army and civil posts.
He was then nominated Augustus following the murder of
Augustus 193 Commodus by a Senate only too willing to put the Commodus
legacy behind them.

With prompt resolve, he immediately began deconstructing the corrupt machinery that had been operating under
the former administration and restoring civil liberties, a liberalized economy and the dignity of the Senate. Loved
then by both the public and the Senate, his key misfortune was securing the favor of the army entrusted to protect
him. Financially incapable of providing a large donative as was by now customary upon the accession of a new
emperor (Commodus had drained the imperial treasury to just a few hundred thousand Denarii) as well as the
promise of restoring the traditionally strict discipline of the army (again, under Commodus the army, too, had
become corrupted with all sorts of bribes and other ill-gotten wealth) all amounted to a deep dissatisfaction within
the army. The hushed complaints broke out into an impromptu mob that then advanced towards the palace. Naive
but ever the patriot Pertinax personally met the discontented to attempt to reason with them and instead wound up
skewered before help could arrive. No sooner had his blood been spilled than the whole empire wept for the
insensible loss of so bright a leader. His reign lasted all of 86 days and his death eventually precipitated a major
civil war.

Busts:

1) Bare head right

Scoring a Pertinax takes a bit of patience and a lot
2) Bare headed, draped bust right of cash. Coins are “available” in all three metals but
3) Laureate head right all are very rare. Prices for a Denarius, the most
4) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
5) Laureate, draped bust right abundant denomination, start in the low- to mid-
6) Radiate head right hundreds of dollars for a barely recognizable coin
and go up quickly from there based on condition.
Obverses:
Septimius Severus honored Pertinax posthumously
1) DIVVS PERT PIVS PATER
2) IMP CAES P HELV PERT AVG on a few coins. These, unfortunately, are also quite
3) IMP CAES P HELV PERTIN AVG rare.
4) IMP CAES P HELV PERTINAX AVG

Reverses:

1) AEQVIT AVG TR P COS II

2) CONSECRATIO
3) DIS CVSTODIBVS
4) DIS GENITORIBVS
5) IANO CONSERVAT
6) LAETITIA TEMPOR COS II
7) LAETITIA TEMPORVM COS II
8) LIB AVG TR P COS II
9) MENTI LAVDANDAE
10) OPI DIVIN TR P COS II
11) OPI DIVINAE TR P COS II
12) PON M TR P COS II
13) PROVID DEOR COS II
14) PROVIDEN DEORVM COS II
15) PROVIDENTIAE DEORVM COS II
16) ROMAE AETERNAE
17) SAECVLO FRVGIFERO
18) VOT DECEN TR P COS II
19) No legend

Types:
1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
2) Caduceus with grain ears attached on either side.
3) Eagle perched on globe
4) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia
5) Funeral pyre, quadriga atop.
6) Janus standing, facing, holding scepter and resting hand on hip.
7) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and scepter.
8) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
9) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter
10) Ops seated left, holding grain ears
11) Pertinas seated left on platform, raising hand, facing citizen on steps to lower left; lictor and Liberalitas in background.
12) Pertinax standing left, sacrificing over altar.
13) Pietas standing, facing, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box; child to right.
14) Providentia standing left, raising hands toward star.
15) Roma seated left on shield, holding Victory and spear
 161
16) Wreath, PRIMI DENNALES COS II within.

Mints:
1) Alexandria
2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B3, O3, R01, T01 RIC IVi 1, BMC 14, C 1
2) B3, O3, R06, T07 RIC IVi 4, C 19
3) B5, O3, R13, T14 RIC IVi 11, BMC 12, C 41

AR Denarius
4) B3, O3, R01, T01 RIC IVi 1, C 2
5) B3, O3, R05, T06 RIC IVi 3, C 17
6) B3, O3, R06, T07 RIC IVi 4, S 6041, C 20
7) B3, O3, R10, T10 RIC IVi 8, S 6045, C 33
8) B3, O3, R13, T14 RIC IVi 10, C 40
9) B3, O3, R17, T02 RIC IVi 12
10) B3, O3, R18, T12 RIC IVi 13

AR Denarius (Posthumous)
11) B1, O1, R02, T03 RIC 24a (IVi, Septimius Severus)

AE Sestertius

12) B3, O4, R15, T14 RIC IVi 21, C 49

13) B3, O4, R18, T12 RIC IVi 24

AE As

14) B3, O3, R10, T10 RIC IVi 35

Pertinax Busts

Pertinax Types
 162

In what was to become one of the most shameful episodes in the

Didius Julianus political annals of the empire, the death of Pertinax launched a
frantic search for an imperial replacement. The imperial guard, who
held de facto power, decided to "right the wrongs" of Pertinax in a
Augustus 193 most self-serving manner: by auctioning off the throne! Two of
Rome's richest Senators, Didius Julianus and Sulpicianus bid back
and forth the donative to be given to each soldier until the sum of
about 25,000 Sestertii was reached by Julianus. He was at this point declared the winner amid a joyous uproar. A
joyous uproar, of course, by the soldiers who managed such a princely sum for themselves. The rest of Rome
cowered in angst at what fate may bring them in the near future. Gibbon, the famous Roman historian of the
eighteenth century, called it the "most insolent excess of military licence" and recalls that after the initial festivities
of the day were over Julianus "...passed a sleepless night; revolving most probably in his mind his own rash folly,
the fate of his virtuous predecessor, and the doubtful and dangerous tenure of an empire, which had not been
acquired by merit, but purchased by money."

And if he did worry he had ample reason to: as soon as news of this travesty reached the various legions
scattered about the empire generals were driven to condemn the new emperor and set out to seek the position for
themselves, backed by their veteran legions. Septimius Severus, the first to reach the capital, quickly deposed
and executed Julianus and then went on to defeat the other rival contenders in a bloody and prolonged civil war.

Busts: With only two months in power, Rome’s mint officials barely had
enough time to get new dies ready before the order came to
1) Laureate head right
2) Laureate bust right throw them all away and start working on ones for Septimius
3) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right Severus.
4) Radiate head right

But there are a few coins left of this emperor, even gold ones,
Obverses: and all are highly prized by collectors. How prized? A collectable
1) IMP CAES M DID IVLIAN AVG
Denarius will cost a couple thousand dollars or thereabouts.
2) IMP CAES M DID IVLIAN SEVER AVG Bronze denominations have more variance because of the wider
3) IMP CAES M DID SEVER IVLIAN AVG states of preservation but even a very low grade coin will still be
several hundred dollars as long as it can be positively attributed
Reverses: to his reign.
1) CONCORD MILIT
2) PM TR P COS
3) RECTOR ORBIS
4) SECVRITAS PR

Types:

1) Concordia standing, facing, holding legionary eagle and standard

2) Didius Julianus seated left, holding globe.
3) Didius Julianus standing left, holding globe and scroll.
4) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia
5) Securitas standing left, holding wreath and scepter.

Mint:
1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R2, T4 RIC IVi 2, BMC 4, C 8
2) B3, O1, R3, T3 RIC IVi 3, C 14
3) B3, O3, R1, T1 RIC IVi 5, BMC 9, C 1

AR Denarius

4) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC IVi 1, C 2

5) B1, O1, R2, T4 RIC IVi 2
6) B1, O1, R3, T3 RIC IVi 3, C 15

AE Sestertius
7) B1, O3, R1, T1 RIC IVi 14, C 3
 163
8) B1, O3, R3, T3 RIC IVi 16, C 17

AE Dupondius Reference(s)
9) B4, O1, R2, T4 RIC IVi 12, C 13

Didius Julianus Busts

Didius Julianus Types

 164

Manlia Scantilla Wife of Didius Julianus.

?-?

Bust:
Although Didius Julianus seems to have been more
generous than most other emperors when it came to
1) Draped bust right
honoring his wife (and daughter) by way of striking coins
with her likeness this doesn’t translate into their easy
Obverses:
availability for no other reason than his very short reign. It
1) MANL SCANTILLA AVG is worth noting however that for the first time in Roman
2) MANLIA SCANTILLA AVG imperial history an empress appears with nearly the same
frequency on coins as her husband. In fact, only one other
Reverses: emperor, the ultra-rare usurper Regalianus, will show as
much devotion to his wife in this manner.
1) IVNO REGINA
2) PIETAS PVBLICA
Known in the gold Aureus, the silver Denarius and in
Types: copper Sestertii and Dupondii, all can be expected to cost
1) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter
several hundred dollars even when barely recognizable.
2) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left More typically, a decent Denarius or Sestertius will cost
3) Pietas raising hands towards altar between $2,000-$5,000.
Mint:
1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R1, T2 RIC 7 (IV, Didius Julianus), C 1

AR Denarius
2) B1, O1, R1, T2 RIC 7 (IV, Didius Julianus), C 2

AE Sestertius
3) B1, O2, R1, T2 RIC 18a (IV, Didius Julianus)
 165
Daughter of Didius Julianus, reputedly the most beautiful

Didia Clara woman in Rome at the time.

?-?
Bust: Very rare in either silver or bronze (and
of course, just about unheard of in gold),
1) Draped bust right coins of Didia Clara do turn up on a fairly
regular basis along the numismatic
Obverse: auction house circuit. And they always
sell for thousands of dollars each.
1) DIDIA CLARA AVG

Reverse:
1) HILAR TEMPOR

Type:
1) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia.

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC 10 (IV.i, Didius Julianus), C 2

AR Denarius
2) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC 10 (IV.i, Didius Julianus), C 3

AE Sestertius

3) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC 20 (IV.i, Didius Julianus), C 4

 166
Niger was the governor of Syria at the time of Pertinax's
Pescennius Niger murder. When he heard what had happened he decided he
was the right man for the job. His soldiers quickly fell in line
and off they went to Rome. A little kink in their plans cropped
Augustus 193-194 up when news reached them that the army of Septimius
Severus had the same plans. Niger judiciously figured that his
chances of defeating Severus in the open field were not good
so he retreated at once back to Syria to await Severus on his own turf. Although this made things a bit more
difficult for Severus, however, he was still able to defeat his rival in separate battles and then executed.

Busts:
1) Laureate head right
2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
As far as the collector is concerned, locating a coin of
3) Laureate, draped bust right Pescennius Niger is not very difficult. However, they
are fairly pricey. Regardless of condition, so long as
Obverses: the coin can be positively identified expect to pay a
minimum of around $500. Due to imperial bronze
1) IMP ACES C PESCE NIGER IVSTI AV coins being mostly issued from Rome itself during
2) IMP C NIGER IVS AVG COS II
3) IMP C PESC NIGER AVG this period, there are no available Sestertii, Dupondii
4) IMP C PESC NIGER IVS AVG COS II or Asses. Other than a few exceedingly rare Aurei
5) IMP C PESCE NIGER AVG
6) IMP CAES C PES NIGER IVS A this leaves only Denarii.
7) IMP CAES C PES NIGER IVS AV
8) IMP CAES C PES NIGER IVS AVG COS II
9) IMP CAES C PESC NGER
If an abbreviated choice of denominations from which
10) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER to choose is somewhat disappointing, the bewildering
11) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER AVG amount of variations from one Denarius to the next
12) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVS
13) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVS AV will make up for it. Given the nature of Niger’s rise to
14) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVS AVG COS II power coins had to be rushed into production from a
15) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVS COS II
16) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST A provincial mint that did not have extensive familiarity
17) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AV with minting mainstream Denarii. The legends are
18) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG
19) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG COS II
often erratic and blundered and the rendition of the
20) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST COS II typical numismatic themes of the day seem odd,
21) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVSTI A crude and carelessly executed.
22) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVSTI AV
23) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVSTVS AVG
24) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVSTVS AVG COS II None of this takes away the charm of the coins
25) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVT AV
26) IMP CAES C PESCE NIGER ISTI A themselves but it does make cataloguing the corpus
27) IMP CAES C PESCE NIGER ISTI AVG of his series very challenging. It should therefore not
28) IMP CAES C PESCE NIGER IVS COS
29) IMP CAES C PESCE NIGER IVST AVG
be surprising to find new varieties.
30) IMP CAES C PESCE NIGER IVSTI AV
31) IMP CAES C PESCEN NIGER IVST A
32) IMP CAES C PESCEN NIGER IVST AV
33) IMP CAES C PESCEN NIGER IVST AVG
34) IMP CAES C PESCEN NIGER IVSTI A
35) IMP CAES C PESCEN NIGER IVSTI AV
36) IMP CAES C PESE NIGER AVG
37) IMP CAES C PESE NIGER IV A
38) IMP CAES C PISE NIGER AVG
39) IMP CAES PESC NIGER IVS COS II
40) IMP CAES PESC NIGER IVST AV
41) IMP CAES PESC NIGER IVST AVG
42) IMP CAES PESC NIGER IVT AV
43) IMP CAES PESCE NIGER ISTI AVG
44) IMP CAES PESCE NIGER IVST

Reverses:
1) AETERNITAS AVG 17) FORTVNA PP
2) APOLLINI SANCTO 18) FORTVNA RED
3) BONAS SPEI 19) FORTVNA REDVCI
4) BONI EVENTVS 20) FORTVNAE RED
5) CELERI FRVGIFER 21) FORTVNAE REDV
6) CERER FRVG 22) FORTVNAE REDVC
7) CERERI FRVFER 23) FORTVNAE REDVCI
8) CERERI FRVGIF 24) HILARITAS AVG
9) CERERI FRVGIFER 25) IMVISTO IMPER
10) CERERI FRVGIFERI 26) INVIC IMP
11) CONCORDIA 27) INVICT IMPERAT
12) FELICIA TEMPORA 28) INVICTO IMP
13) FELICIT TEMPOR 29) INVICTO IMP TA
14) FELICITAS TEMPOR 30) INVICTO IMP TROPAE
15) FELICITAS TEMPORVM 31) INVICTO IMP TROPAEA
16) FIDEI EXERCITVI 32) INVICTO IMP TROPHAEA
 167
33) INVICTO MPERAI 54) MONETE AVG
34) IOVI CAP PR VRB 55) PIETATI AVG
35) IOVI CONSER 56) ROMAE AETERN
36) IOVI CONSERVATORI 57) ROMAE AETERNA
37) IOVI PRAE 58) ROMAE AETERNAE
38) IOVI PRAE ORBIS 59) ROMAE ATERAE
39) IVSTI AVG 60) SAECVLI FELICITAS
40) IVSTITIA AVG 61) SAECVLI FLICITAS
41) IVSTITIA AVGV 62) SALVTI AVG
42) IVSTITIA AVGVSTI 63) SALVTI AVGVS
43) MARTI AVG 64) SALVTI AVGVSTI
44) MARTI AVGVSTO 65) VICTO IMP TROPAEA
45) MARTI INVICTO 66) VICTOR IVST AVG
46) MARTI VICTOR 67) VICTOR IVSTI AV
47) MARTI VICTORI 68) VICTOR IVSTI AVG
48) MINER VICT 69) VICTORIA AVG
49) MINER VICTRIS 70) VICTORIAE
50) MONET AVG 71) VICTORIAE AVG
51) MONETA AVG 72) VIRTVS AVG
52) MONETA COS 73) VIRTVTI AVG
53) MONETAE AVG

Types:
1) Apollo standing left, leaning on column, holding branch and resting hand on hip
2) Capricorns (2) facing away from each other, hind quarters covered by shield; globe with stars within above and between them.
3) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and scepter
4) Ceres standing left, holding torch in each hand
5) Concordia standing left, raising hand and holding cornucopiae
6) Cornucopiae (2), crossed
7) Cornucopiae (2), crossed, grain ear in between
8) Crescent with seven stars above
9) Fides standing, facing, holding grain ears and fruit basket
10) Fides standing, facing, holding fruit basket and grain ears.
11) Fides standing, facing, holding wreath and grain ears.
12) Fortuna seated left, holding branch and cornucopia
13) Fortuna seated left, holding branch and wreath
14) Fortuna seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
15) Fortuna seated left, holding patera and wreath
16) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia
17) Fortuna seated left, holding scale and cornucopia
18) Fortuna standing left, holding palm and cornucopia.
19) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
20) Jupiter seated left, holding eagle and scepter
21) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter.
22) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left.
23) Justitia standing, facing, holding globe and scepter
24) Justitia standing, facing, holding scale and cornucopia
25) Justitia standing, facing, holding scale and scepter.
26) Mars advancing left, holding spear and trophy
27) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
28) Mars standing left, holding trophy and spear
29) Mars standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield.
30) Mars standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
31) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield.
32) Modius, grain ears within
33) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
34) Moneta standing left, holding scale and raising skirt.
35) Pescennius Niger standing left, sacrificing over altar
36) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear; shield to side.
37) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear
38) Salus standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
39) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake; altar to lower right.
40) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
41) Trophy
42) Trophy with shields, spears, helmet, etc. (various positions, arrangements)
43) Vexillae (3); center vexillum with shield reading VI / CAV / G
44) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
45) Victory standing left, holding cornucopia and resting hand on hip.
46) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.
47) Victory standing left, holding shield reading AVG on column and palm
48) Victory standing left, holding shield reading AVG on trophy and palm.
49) Victory standing right, holding wreath and palm
50) Virtus advancing right, holding spear and shield
51) Victory advancing right, holding wreath with both hands
52) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
53) Virtus standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield

Mints:
1) Antioch
2) Caesarea Capadociae
 168
AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B2, O18, R17, T19

2) B2, O18, R34, T21

AR Denarius
3) B1, O11, R54, T34 RIC IVi 66b
4) B1, O12, R49, T31
5) B1, O13, R14, T06
6) B1, O14, R48, T31 RIC IVi 59, C 53
7) B1, O14, R53, T33 C 56e
8) B1, O14, R66, T44
9) B1, O17, R23, T19 RIC IVi 26c, C 28
10) B1, O17, R40, T24 RIC IVi 45a, C 43
11) B1, O18, R16, T43
12) B1, O18, R23, T14
13) B1, O18, R58, T37
14) B1, O18, R60, T08 RIC IVi 73
15) B1, O18, R62, T39 RIC IVi 75b, C 66a
16) B1, O27, R21, T12
17) B1, O27, R67, T44
18) B1, O31, R23, T18
19) B1, O33, R53, T33 RIC Ivi 64b
20) B1, O41, R62, T39
21) B1, O41, R64, T39 RIC Ivi 77, C 68
22) B1, O41, R71, T47
23) B1, O41, R73, T52 RIC Ivi 92b, C 80a
24) B1, O42, R37, T21

Pescennius Niger Busts

Pescennius Niger Types

 169

Albinus was the Governor of Britain when the bloody shakeout and
Clodius Albinus high-emperor turnover was happening in Rome. He struck a deal
with Septimius Severus under which he acknowledged Severus as
Augustus in return for the title of Caesar. Initially this setup was
Augustus 195-196 agreeable to Albinus but Severus little by little began positioning
himself in the customary fashion of a dynast. Albinus recognized
that if Severus's sons were being groomed for imperial roles this
could only lead to contesting of the initial agreement down the road and, so, he took matters into his own hands
and had himself declared emperor.

His timing was good because Severus had his hands full at the time warring in Persia and the Senate despised
Severus anyway. Albinus then packed up the main body of his army and began moving towards Rome to solidify
his claim there. However, Severus acted quickly and withdrew from the conflicts out east to settle the score with
Albinus. By careful maneuvering he was able to intercept the main forces of Albinus, cut off their supplies and
engage his weakened armies which were subsequently obliterated. For his part Albinus committed suicide when
all was lost for certain. Severus then returned to Rome where he had those in the Senate who had vouched for
Albinus executed for treason.

Busts:
1) Bare head right The coinage of Clodius Albinus is split into two main groups.
2) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right
3) Bare headed, draped bust right
The first comprises those coins that were minted in Rome
4) Laureate head right while he was recognized as Caesar and the second of him as
5) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right rebel contender which were struck out of his homebase of
6) Laureate, draped bust right
Lugdunum (now Lyons, France).
Obverses:
The Denarii of the first set are considerably easier to find and
1) D CL SEPT ALBIN CAES afford but tend to run fairly low grade as offered by coin
2) D CL SEPT ALBINO CAE dealers and usually the flans are a bit small making complete
3) D CLO SEP ALBIN CAES
4) D CLOD SEPT ALBIN CAES legends a rarity. On the other hand the Denarii minted in
5) D CLODIVS ALBIN CAES Lugdunum, while rarer, are often of better quality.
6) D CLODIVS ALBINVS CAES
7) IMP C D CLO SEP ALBIN AVG
8) IMP CAE D CLO SEP ALB AVG Bronze denominations are scarce across the board and run on
9) IMP CAE D CLO SEP ALBINV the poorer side of preservation when available.
10) IMP CAES D CL ALBIN AVG
11) IMP CAES D CLO ALBIN AVG
12) IMP CAES D CLO SEP ALB AVG A typically preserved Rome-struck Denarius will cost about
13) IMP CAES D CLO SEP AVG
14) IMP CAES D CLOD SEP ALB AVG $100. High-grade Lugdunum Denarii will likely cost over $500.
15) IMP CAES D CLOD SEPT ALBIN AVG

Reverses:
1) AEQVITAS AVG COS II 16) FORTVNAE REDVCI COS II 31) PROVIDENT AVG COS II
2) ANNONA AVG COS II 17) GEN LVG COS II 32) PROVIDENTIA AVG COS II
3) CLEMENTIA AVG COS 18) IOVI VICTORI 33) ROMAE AETERNAE
4) CONCORDIA 19) IOVI VICTORI COS II 34) SAEC FEL COS II
5) COS II 20) IOVIS VICTORIAE COS II 35) SAEC FRVGIF COS II
6) FEL AVG COS II 21) MAR VLT COS II 36) SAECVLI FEL COS II
7) FELICITAS AVG COS II 22) MARS PATER COS II 37) SAECVLO FRVGIFERO
8) FELICITAS COS II 23) MIN PAC COS II 38) SAECVLO FRVGIFERO COS II
9) FIDES AVG COS II 24) MINER PACIF COS II 39) SALVTI AVG COS II
10) FIDES LEGION COS II 25) MONET AVG COS II 40) SPE AVG COS II
11) FORT REDVCI COS II 26) PAX AVG COS II 41) SPES AVG COS II
12) FORT REDVCT COS II 27) PM TR P COS III FEL PR 42) VICT AVG COS II
13) FORTITVDO AVG INVICTA 28) PROV AVG COS II 43) VIRTVTI AVG COS II
14) FORTVNA AVG COS II 29) PROVID AVG COS 44) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI
15) FORTVNAE AVG COS II 30) PROVIDEN AVG COS II

Types:
1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
2) Aesculapius standing left, holding staff with snake coiled around it.
3) Annona standing left, holding grain ears and cornucopia.
4) Clementia standing left, holding patera and scepter.
5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae
6) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
7) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and branch.
8) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter.
9) Fides standing right, holding grain ears and fruit basket.
 170

10) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia.

11) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia; wheel under chair
12) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
13) Genius standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia; eagle to left.
14) Hands, in handshake, holding legionary eagle.
15) Hercules standing left, resting hand on club and holding globe.
16) Jupiter seated left, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
17) Jupiter standing, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left.
18) Legionary eagle, standard on either side.
19) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
20) Mars standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield
21) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear with shield
22) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
23) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia.
24) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter.
25) Roma seated left, holding Palladium and scepter.
26) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar.
27) Salus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter.
28) Saeculum Frugiferum standing left, holding caduceus and trident
29) Saturn seated left, raising hand and holding grain ears; sphinx on either side.
30) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
31) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
32) Victory seated right, holding palm and shield
33) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm.
34) Virtus standing left, holding parazonium and spear.

Mints:
1) Alexandria
2) Lugdunum
3) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O04, R37, T27 RIC IVi 9b, C 70

AR Denarius
2) B1, O01, R11, T11 Exe: SC RIC IVi 53
3) B1, O02, R12, T10
4) B1, O04, R05, T02 RIC IVi 2, S 6140, C 9
5) B1, O04, R08, T08 RIC IVi 4, C 15
6) B1, O04, R24, T21 RIC IVi 7, C 48
7) B1, O04, R33, T25 RIC IVi 11, C 61
8) B1, O06, R29, T24 RIC IVi 1, C 58
9) B4, O11, R17, T13 RIC IVi 23c, C 40
10) B4, O11, R21, T20
11) B4, O12, R10, T14 RIC IVi 20, C 24
12) B4, O12, R17, T13 RIC IVi 23b, C 40
13) B4, O12, R42, T32 RIC IVi 47
14) B4, O12, R42, T33

AE Sestertius
15) B1, O01, R11, T11 RIC IVi 53b
16) B1, O04, R04, T05 RIC IVi 62, C 7
17) B1, O04, R08, T08 RIC IVi 52b
18) B1, O04, R24, T21 RIC IVi 54a

AE As

19) B1, O01, R38, T28 RIC IVi 61b, C 72

20) B1, O04, R08, T08 RIC IVi 58, C 17
 171

Clodius Albinus Busts

Clodius Albinus Types

 172
Septimius Severus was the remaining emperor of a bloody

Septimius Severus shakeout period which saw the violent demise of no less
than five emperors in less than two years. A Governor in a
sleepy quarter of the Empire, Septimius saw a golden
opportunity after the murder of Pertinax and with the
Augustus 193-211 pretense of avenging his murder he recruited an army and
advanced towards Rome. The situation in Rome, meanwhile,
was so chaotic that the Senate saw no way out of it but to save their skin by turning tail and declaring Septimius
emperor in absentia. He would arrive a few days later to restore order to the city where he was welcomed as a
savior. However, any love the Senate had for him quickly dissipated as he too, like Commodus before him (the
last emperor of durable reign) was to systematically undermine and terrorize its members. Fortunately for them,
Septimius would die a few years later during a campaign against the Scots in Britain.

Busts: The collector who wishes to start off in silver Roman imperial
coins will find those of Septimius Severus among the easiest
1) Bare head right to locate and afford… and usually very attractive as well. For
2) Laureate head left
3) Laureate head right example, a mint state (or nearly so) Denarius for this period
4) Laureate bust right, wearing lion skin may well cost less than $100. Think about it, an 1,800 year
5) Laureate, cuirassed bust left
6) Laureate, cuirassed bust right old coin that looks as though it was made a few days ago for
7) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right the cost of a modern collectible coin!
8) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right of Septimius Severus
over Caracalla laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
9) Laureate, draped bust right Bronze coins are now suddenly considerably scarcer. With
10) Radiate head right Commodus’s death the mint in Rome suddenly finds itself
with a lot less copper with which to make coins out of. Or,
Obverses: perhaps better put, the amount of copper it takes to make a
1) DIVO SEPTIMIO SEVERO PIO
Sestertius is now so expensive that the coin threatens to be
2) DIVO SEVERO worth more as bullion than as coin. The State cannot afford
3) DIVO SEVERO PIO to strike coins which will be melted down immediately
4) FELICITAS PVBLICA
5) IMP C L SEP SEVERVS AVG afterwards and sold at profit so its only choice is to either
6) IMP C L SEP SEVERVS P AV make them lighter or stop making them altogether. And that
7) IMP C L SEP SEVERVS P AVG
8) IMP C L SEPTI SEVERVS PP AVG
is exactly what happened although the change was very
9) IMP CA L SE SEVER AG COS II gradual and mint policies often reversed themselves, briefly
10) IMP CA L SEP SEV PER AVG COS II and with hesitation, before abandoning big copper altogether
11) IMP CA L SEP SEV PERT AVG OCS
12) IMP CAE L SEP PERT AVG COS II by the mid-third century. Apart from the practical necessities
13) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PER AVG COS II of a still-vibrant economy, the Sestertius, Dupondius and As
14) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG
15) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG C II were an integral part of Roman culture for hundreds of years
16) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG C II C and there may well have been a wistful sense of loss in
17) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG CO II
18) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG CO III
discontinuing these denominations.
19) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG COS I
20) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG COS II No matter what, a gold Aureus is always a big-ticket item.
21) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG II
22) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG II C The fact that in antiquity they circulated so sparingly means
23) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG II CO that they’re typically found today with very little wear which
24) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERTI AVG IIII
25) IMP CAE L SEPT SEV PERT AVG only helps keep these beauties that much more expensive.
26) IMP CAE L SEPT SEV PERT AVG N C Still, as with silver, those who can afford one will find that
27) IMP CAES L SEP SEVERVS PERT AVG
28) IMP CAES L SEPT SEV PERT AVG
those of Septimius are among the most easily available.
29) IMP CAES SEVE PERTINAX AVG Depending largely on the selling venue, a problem-free
30) IMP L CAES SEPT SEV PERT AVG TR P VI Aureus of this age will cost anywhere from $1,000 to over
31) IMPP INVICT PII AVGG
32) L SEP SEVERVS PER AVG I M IMP XI $10,000 for even the most banal of designs. Even with this
33) L SEP SEVERVS PER AVG IMP XI wide of a price swing the collector should expect to pay near
34) L SEP SEVERVS PER AVG P V IMP XI PARP M
35) L SEP SEVERVS PER AVG PM IMP XI the higher end of this range and should absolutely not be
36) L SEP SEVERVS PER AVG PM IMP XI PAR D N surprised to see an Aureus go for twenty or thirty-thousand
37) L SEPT SEV AVG IMP XI
38) L SEPT SEV AVG IMP XI PART MAX
dollars given an extraordinary design and/or exceptional
39) L SEPT SEV PERET AVG IMP I craftsmanship.
40) L SEPT SEV PERET AVG IMP II
41) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP
42) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP I
43) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP II
44) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP III
45) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP IIII
46) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP V
47) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP VI
48) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP VII
49) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP VIII
50) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP VIIII
51) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP X 53) L SEPT SEV PERTE AVG IMP II
52) L SEPT SEV PERTE AVG IMP 54) L SEPT SEV PRTE AVG IMP II
 173
55) L SEPT SEVER PERET IMP I 66) SEVERVS AVG PART MAX
56) L SEPT SEVER PERT AVG IMP VIII 67) SEVERVS AVG PART MAX PM TR P VIII
57) L SEPT SEVERVS AVG PART MAX PM TR P VIIII 68) SEVERVS AVG PART MAX PM TR P VIIII
58) L SEPT SEVERVS PER AVG PIV IMP XI PART MAX 69) SEVERVS PIVS AVG
59) L SEPT SEVERVS PER AVG PM IMP XI 70) SEVERVS PIVS AVG BRIT
60) L SEPT SEVERVS PIVS AVG 71) SEVERVS PIVS AVG PM TR P VIIII
61) L SEPT SEVERVS PIVS AVG BRIT 72) SEVERVS PIVS AVG PM TR P X
62) L SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS PERTINAX AVG IMP IIII 73) SEVERVS PIVS AVG PM TR P XI
63) L SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS PIVS AVG 74) SEVERVS PIVS AVG PM TR P XII
64) SEVER P AVG PM TR P X COS III 75) SEVERVS PIVS AVGVSTVS
65) SEVER P AVG PM TR P XI COS III

Reverses:
1) ADVENT AVGG 74) FIDEI LEG TR P COS 147) LIBERAL AVG TR P COS II
2) ADVENTV AVG FELICISSIMO 75) FORETVN REDVC 148) LIBERALITAS
3) ADVENTVI AVG FELICISSIMO 76) FORT RDEVC 149) LIBERALITAS AVG
4) ADVENTVS AVGVST 77) FORT RDVC 150) LIBERALITAS AVG II
5) ADVENTVS AVGVSTI 78) FORT RED PM TR P XIX COS III PP 151) LIBERALITAS AVG V
6) ADVENTVS AVGVSTOR 79) FORT REDEVC 152) LIBERALITAS AVG VI
7) AEQVIT AVG TR P COS II 80) FORT REDVCI COS II 153) LIBERALITAS AVGG IIII
8) AEQVITAS AVG 81) FORT REDVC 154) LIBERALITAS AVGG V
9) AEQVITAS AVGG 82) FORTA REDVC 155) LIBERO PATRI
10) AEQVITAS II 83) FORTV REDV 156) LIBERT AVG
11) AEQVITAS PP 84) FORTV REDVC 157) LIBERTA AVG
12) AEQVITATI AVGG 85) FORTVI REDVC 158) LIBERTAS AVG
13) AEQVITATI PVBLICAE 86) FORTVN AVG 159) LIBERTAS AVGG
14) AETERNIT IMPERI 87) FORTVN REDV 160) LIR AVG
15) AETERNITAS AVG 88) FORTVN REDVC 161) MAREI VICT
16) AFRICA 89) FORTVNA REDVC 162) MARS PACATOR
17) ANNONA AVG CERES 90) FORTVNA REDVX 163) MARS PATER
18) ANNONA AVG COS II 91) FORTVNAE AVGG 164) MART VICT
19) ANNONA AVG COS II PP 92) FORTVNAE REDVCI 165) MART VICTO
20) ANNONAE AVG 93) FVNDAT PACIS 166) MART VICTOR
21) ANNONAE AVG COS 94) FVNDATOR PACIS 167) MART VICTORI
22) ANNONAE AVGG 95) FVRTVNAE FELICI 168) MARTI PACIFERO
23) ANTONIN PIVS AVG PON TR P V 96) GENIVS PR 169) MARTI PACIFERO PM TR P V COS II
24) ANTONINVS AVG PON TR P IIII 97) HERCVLI DEFENS PP
25) ANTONINVS AVG PON TR P V 98) IIII LIBERALITAS AVGG 170) MARTI VICT
26) ANTONINVS AVG PONT TR P IIII 99) IMPERII FELICITAS 171) MARTI VICTOR
27) ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS 100) INDVLGENTIA AVG 172) MARTI VICTORI
28) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG 101) INDVLGENTIA AVGG 173) MINER VICT
29) APOLLINI AVGVSTO 102) INVICT IMP 174) MINER VICT PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII
30) AR AD TR P VI COS II PP 103) INVICTA VIRTVS COS E C
31) ARAB ADIAB COS II PP 104) INVICTO IMP 175) MINER VICTRIC
32) ARAB ADIABENIC 105) INVICTO IMP I 176) MINER VICTRIX
33) ARCVS AVGG 106) INVICTO IMP TROPAE 177) MINERVA SANCT
34) AVGVSTI COS 107) INVICTO IMP TROPAEA 178) MONE AVG
35) BON EVENT 108) INVICTO IMP TROPAEA II 179) MONET AVG
36) BONA SEPS 109) INVICTO IMP TROPEI 180) MONET AVG COS II PP
37) BONA SPEI 110) IOBI VICT 181) MONETA AVG
38) BONA SPES 111) IOVI CONSERVATORI 182) MONETA AVG COS II PP
39) BONAE SPEI 112) IOVI INVICTO 183) MONETA AVGG
40) BONI EVENT 113) IOVI PRAE ORBIS 184) MONETA II AVG
41) BONI EVENTV 114) IOVI PROPVGNATORI 185) MONETAE AVG
42) BONI EVENTVC 115) IOVI VICT 186) MVNIFICENTIA AVG
43) BONI EVENTVS 116) IOVI VICT PM TR P XV COS III PP 187) NOBILITAS
44) BONI SPES 117) IOVI VICTORI 188) ORT RDEVC
45) CERER FRVG 118) IVLIA AVGVSTA 189) P MAX TR P VIII COS II PP
46) CERER FRVG II COS 119) IVNO AVGVSTAE 190) P SEPT GETA CAES PONT
47) CERER FRVGIF COS 120) IVSTITIA 191) P SEPTIMIVS GETA CAES
48) CERER FRVGIFER 121) L SEPTIMIVS GETA CAES 192) PACATOR ORBIS
49) CERERI FRVG 122) LAETITIA / TEMPORVM 193) PACI AET PM TR P VI
50) CONCORDIA 123) LAETITIA AVGG 194) PACI AETERNAE
51) CONCORDIA / MILIT 124) LEG I ADIVT 195) PACI AVGVSTI
52) CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM 125) LEG I ITAL 196) PAR AR AD TR P VI
53) CONCORDIAE AETERNAE 126) LEG I MIN 197) PART ARAB PART ADIAB
54) CONCORDIAE AVGG 127) LEG II ADIVT 198) PART MAX PM TR P VIIII
55) CONCORDIAE MILITVM 128) LEG II ITAL 199) PART MAX PM TR P X
56) CONSECRATIO 129) LEG III IT 200) PART MAX PM TR P X COS III PP
57) COS II PP 130) LEG III ITAL 201) PART MAX PONT TR P IIII
58) COS III 131) LEG IIII FL 202) PART MAXIMVS COS II PP
59) COS III LVDOS SAECVL FEC 132) LEG V MAC 203) PAX AETERNA
60) COS III PP 133) LEG VII CL 204) PERPETVA CONCORDIA
61) DI PATRII 134) LEG VIII AVG 205) PIETAS
62) DIS AVSPICIB TR P II 135) LEG XI CL 206) PIETAT AVG
63) DIS AVSPICIBVS PM TR P III COS II PP 136) LEG XIII GEM 207) PM TR IIII COS II PP
64) DIVI M P II F PM TR P III COS II PP 137) LEG XIIII GEM M V 208) PM TR P COS
65) FEIICII TEMPOM 138) LEG XXII 209) PM TR P II COS II
66) FELICIT TEMPO 139) LEG XXII PRI 210) PM TR P II COS II PP
67) FELICIT TEMPOR 140) LEG XXX VL 211) PM TR P III COS II PP
68) FELICITAS / SAECVLI 141) LEG XXX VLP 212) PM TR P IIII COS II PP
69) FELICITAS AVGG 142) LIB AVG III PM TR P X COS III PP 213) PM TR P V COS II PP
70) FELICITAS PVBLICA 143) LIBER AVG 214) PM TR P VI COS II PP
71) FELICITAS TEMPO 144) LIBERA AVG 215) PM TR P VII COS II PP
72) FELICITAS TEMPOR 145) LIBERAL AVG 216) PM TR P VIII COS II PP
73) FELICITAS TEMPORVM II COS 146) LIBERAL AVG COS 217) PM TR P VIIII COS II PP
 174
218) PM TR P X COS III PP 261) SAECVLI FELICITAS 304) VICT PARTHIC AVGG PM TR P
219) PM TR P XI COS III PP 262) SAECVLI FELICITAS COS II VIIII
220) PM TR P XII COS III PP 263) SAECVLI FELICITAS COS III 305) VICT PARTHICAE
221) PM TR P XIII COS III PP 264) SAECVLI FELICITAS COS III PP 306) VICTOR ANTONINI AVG
222) PM TR P XIIII COS III PP 265) SAECVLL FELLCIT 307) VICTOR AVG
223) PM TR P XIX COS III PP 266) SAECVLO FRVGIFERO COS II 308) VICTOR AVG TR P COS
224) PM TR P XIX COS III PP FORT RED 267) SAECVLO FRVGIFERO TR P COS 309) VICTOR IVST AVG
225) PM TR P XIX COS III PP VICT BRIT 268) SALVTI AVG 310) VICTOR IVST AVG II COS
226) PM TR P XV COS III PP 269) SALVTI AVG PM TR P VI COS II PP 311) VICTOR SEVER AG
227) PM TR P XVI 270) SALVTI AVGG 312) VICTOR SEVER AVG
228) PM TR P XVI COS III PP 271) SECVRITAS PVBLICA 313) VICTOR SEVER C AVG
229) PM TR P XVII COS III PP 272) SEVERI AVG P II FIL 314) VICTORI AVG
230) PM TR P XVIII COS III PP 273) SOSPITATORI / IOVI 315) VICTORIA AVGG
231) PONT III COS II 274) SPQR OPTIMO PRINC 316) VICTORIA AVGVSTI
232) PONTIF COS II 275) SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI 317) VICTORIA PARTHICA MAXIMA
233) PONTIF TR P VII COS II 276) TELLVS STABIL PM TR POT VIII COS II PP 318) VICTORIAE
234) PONTIF TR P VIII COS II 277) TR P COS 319) VICTORIAE AVG
235) PONTIF TR P VIIII COS II 278) TR P III IMP V COS II 320) VICTORIAE AVGG
236) PONTIF TR P X COS II 279) TR P IMP III COS II PP 321) VICTORIAE AVGG FEL
237) PONTIF TR P X COS III 280) TR P V IMP COS II PP 322) VICTORIAE BRIT
238) PONTIF TR P XI COS II 281) TR P V IMP III COS II 323) VICTORIAE BRITTANNICAE
239) PONTIF TR P XI COS III 282) TR P VII COS II PP 324) VICTORIVS T AVG
240) PONTIF TR P XII COS III 283) TR P XIX COS III PP FORT RED 325) VIRT AVG P COS
241) PROFECT AVGG FEL 284) TR P XVIII COS III PP 326) VIRT AVG TR P COS
242) PROFECTIO AVG 285) VENERI VIC 327) VIRT AVG TR P II COS II PP
243) PROVID AVG 286) VENERI VICTR 328) VIRT AVGG
244) PROVID AVGG 287) VENV P VICT 329) VIRTVS AVG
245) PROVIDENTIA 288) VENVS GENETRIX 330) VIRTVS AVG COS II
246) PROVIDENTIA AVG 289) VIC AVG 331) VIRTVS AVGVST
247) PVDICITIA 290) VIC AVG TR P COS 332) VIRTVS AVGVSTI
248) RECTOR ORBIS 291) VIC AVGG COS II PP 333) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM
249) RESTITVTOR VRBIS 292) VIC PAR MAX AVG 334) VIRTVTE AVG
250) RESTITVTORI VRBIS 293) VICT AETERN 335) VIRTVTI AVG
251) ROI EVENTVS 294) VICT AETERNAE 336) VIRTVTI AVGG
252) ROMA AETERNA 295) VICT AVG 337) VOT SVSC DEC PM TR P X COS III PP
253) ROMAE AETERNAE 296) VICT AVG COS II PP 338) VOTA PVBLICA
254) SACRA SAECVLARIA 297) VICT AVG PM TR P III COS II PP 339) VOTA SOLVT DEC COS III
255) SAEC FELICIT 298) VICT AVG TR P COS 340) VOTA SVSCEP DECEN
256) SAEC FRVGIF COS 299) VICT AVG TR P II COS II 341) VOTA SVSCEPTA X
257) SAECV FELICIT 300) VICT AVG TR P II COS II PP 342) VOTA SVSCEPTA XX
258) SAECVL FELICIT 301) VICT AVGG COS II PP 343) VOTA SVSCEPTA XX COS III PP
259) SAECVLI FELICIT 302) VICT BRIT PM TR P XIX COS III PP 344) VRBI ROMAE
260) SAECVLI FELICITA 303) VICT PART MAX 345) No legend

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.

2) Africa lying left, holding scorpion and cornucopia; basket with grain ears within to left.
3) Africa standing right, resting hand on hip and holding grain ears; lion to right
4) Altar, lit
5) Annona seated right, holding grain ears; child to right.
6) Annona seated right, holding grain ears; modius to right
7) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.
8) Annona standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding grain ears and cornucopia.
9) Annona standing right on left, holding cornucopia, facing Ceres seated to right, holding patera and torch; modius in center and galley in background.
10) Apollo standing left, holding patera and lyre
11) Basket; fruits and grains within
12) Bridge, boat below
13) Captive seated right; weapons in backround
14) Captives (2) seated back to back on shields
15) Caracalla bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right
16) Caracalla laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, facing Geta bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust left
17) Caracalla laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
18) Caracalla laureate, draped bust right
19) Caracalla laureate head right facing Geta bare head left
20) Caracalla standing right on left, holding Victory together with Geta to right
21) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch
22) Circus: bird’s eye view of façade and interior, gladiators within
23) Concordia sacrificing left, holding two cornucopiae.
24) Concordia seated left, holding patera and scepter
25) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
26) Concordia standing left, holding standard and scepter; two more standards to left and three to right
27) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand
28) Cornucopiae (2) crossed, corn ear in between.
29) Crescent, seven stars above
30) Dea Caelestis riding lion right over flowing water, holding drum and scepter
31) Dea Caelestis riding lion right over flowing water, holding drum.
32) Dea Caelestis riding lion right over flowing water, holding thunderbolt.
33) Dea Caelestis riding lion right over flowing water, holding thunderbolt and scepter
34) Eagle standing left on cippus, standard on either side.
35) Eagle standing on globe, facing
36) Eagle standing on thunderbolt, facing
37) Eagle standing right
38) Eagle standing right on altar
39) Eagle standing, facing
40) Elephant advancing right
41) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
42) Felicitas standing left, pouring out cornucopia for two citizens, three more waiting their turn.
 175
43) Felicitas standing left, pulling on dress and holding cornucopia; six children to left.
44) Fides standing left, holding fruit basket and grain ears.
45) Fides standing left, holding Victory and standard
46) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia
47) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia; wheel under chair
48) Fortuna standing left, holding branch and cornucopia
49) Fortuna standing left, holding cornucopia in each hand
50) Fortuna standing left, holding palm and cornucopia
51) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia
52) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia
53) Fortuna standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia
54) Fortuna standing, facing, holding cornucopia and rudder; galley prow to left.
55) Funeral pyre
56) Galley sailing left
57) Galley sailing left, animals below and four quadrigae above
58) Genius standing left, holding fruit dish and grain ears
59) Genius standing left, holding patera and two cornucopiae
60) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia
61) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears.
62) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar.
63) Geta bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right
64) Geta bare headed, draped bust right
65) Hercules standing left on left, resting hand on club and holding lion skin and Liber to right, pouring cup out over panther and holding thrysus.
66) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin
67) Indulgentia seated left, holding patera
68) Italia seated left on globe, holding cornucopia and scepter
69) Julia Domna draped bust facing in center with laureate, draped bust of Caracalla to left and bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust of Geta to right
70) Julia Domna draped bust right
71) Juno seated left, holding flower and baby
72) Jupiter advancing right, aiming thunderbolt and raising hand
73) Jupiter riding quadriga right, aiming thunderbolt at two giants.
74) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter.
75) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left.
76) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; child on either side
77) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left.
78) Jupiter standing, facing, aiming thunderbolt and raising hand
79) Justitia seated left, holding patera and scepter.
80) Liber standing left, pouring cup over panther and holding thrysus.
81) Liber standing right on left, holding cup over panther and thrysus, facing Hercules to right, resting hand on club and holding lion skin.
82) Liber standing right, touching head and holding thrysus; panther to left
83) Liberalitas seated left, holding coin counter and cornucopia
84) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia
85) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter
86) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
87) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear
88) Mars standing left, stepping on helmet, holding branch and spear
89) Mars standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield
90) Mars standing right, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
91) Mars standing right, resting hand on shield on captive and holding spear
92) Medusa head, facing over aegis
93) Minerva helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust right
94) Minerva standing left, holding spear and shield.
95) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and spear.
96) Minerva standing left, resting hand on shield.
97) Moneta seated left, holding scale and cornucopia.
98) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
99) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia
100) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coin piles by their feet.
101) Neptune standing left, stepping on rocks, resting hand on lap and holding trident.
102) Neptune standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding trident and acrostolium
103) Nobilitas standing right, holding scepter and Palladium.
104) Pax seated left, holding branch and cornucopia.
105) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter.
106) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter.
107) Pudicitia seated left, holding scepter in each hand
108) River God lying right, holding shell and rudder
109) Roma helmeted bust right
110) Roma seated left, holding Palladium and scepter; shield below
111) Roma seated left, holding Victory and parazonium
112) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear
113) Roma seated left, sacrificing over altar and holding spear.
114) Roma seated right, holding Palladium and scepter; kneeling captive to right
115) Roma seated, facing, holding Victory and globe resting on atlas; flying Victory crowning Roma.
116) Roma standing left, holding parazonium and spear with shield
117) Sacrificial procession attended by five veiled members; three of whom are sacrificing over altar and the other two musicians.
118) Saeculum Frugiferum standing left, holding winged caduceus and trident
119) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar
120) Salus seated left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter.
121) Securitas seated left, holding globe
122) Septimius Severus and Caracalla seated right, lictor behind, soldier to right
123) Septimius Severus laureate draped and cuirassed bust right, facing Caracalla, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left.
124) Septimius Severus riding horse left, holding spear
125) Septimius Severus riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear.
126) Septimius Severus riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear; soldier to left leading the horse.
127) Septimius Severus riding horse left, spearing enemy
128) Septimius Severus riding horse right, holding spear
129) Septimius Severus riding horse right, raising hand
130) Septimius Severus riding horse right, raising hand, being led by soldier to right
131) Septimius Severus riding horse right, spearing enemy
 176
132) Septimius Severus riding rearing horse right, holding spear
133) Septimius Severus seated left on right, raising hand and holding scepter, facing Aequitas standing to left, holding a scale and cornucopia
134) Septimius Severus seated left, holding globe and being crowned by Victory hovering to right
135) Septimius Severus seated, facing, holding Victory and shield on kneeling captive, being crowned by Victory hovering to right
136) Septimius Severus standing left on left, holding Victory and spear, being crowned by Roma to right, holding parazonium.
137) Septimius Severus standing left on right, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter, facing Roma seated to left on shield, holding Palladium and spear.
138) Septimius Severus standing left on right, sacrificing over altar with Caracalla standing to left; musicians behind and temple in background.
139) Septimius Severus standing left, holding branch
140) Septimius Severus standing left, holding globe and spear.
141) Septimius Severus standing left, sacrificing over altar
142) Septimius Severus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding spear
143) Septimius Severus standing right on left, holding spear, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter.
144) Septimius Severus standing right on left, sacrificing over altar in center facing Caracalla to right, also sacrificing; both being crowned by Victory
145) Septimius Severus standing right on left, sacrificing over altar in center; Fortuna to right, seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
146) Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Geta each riding horse left, raising hand.
147) Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Geta each riding horse right
148) Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Geta seated left on platform accompanied by lictor to right and Liberalitas to left; citizen to lower left
149) Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Geta seated right on platform sccompanied by lector to right; citizen to lower right
150) Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Geta standing right, addressing citizen to lower right; two more attendants in background.
151) Septmius Severus standing left, sacrificing over altar and lictor to left and musician to right.
152) Sol radiate, draped bust right
153) Sol riding quadriga left upwards; river god lying on lower right, holding cornucopia.
154) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip.
155) Spes seated left, holding flower
156) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt
157) Temple with (2) columns, Aesculapius within, snake on either side
158) Temple with (2) columns, Jupiter standing within, holding patera and scepter
159) Temple with (6) columns, Roma seated within
160) Throne with wreath atop
161) Triumphal arch
162) Trophy with weapons at base
163) Trophy; captive leaning on either side
164) Trophy; captive seated right at base
165) Trophy; seated captive on either side
166) Trophy; seated captive to left and standing captive to right
167) Venus standing right, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding apple and palm
168) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding shield on palm with seated captives on either side of its base
169) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath over shield
170) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath over shield reading SP / QR
171) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
172) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left.
173) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and trophy.
174) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and trophy; seated captive to left.
175) Victory advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy
176) Victory advancing right, holding shield reading VIC / PAR
177) Victory advancing right, holding trophy with both hands.
178) Victory advancing right, holding trophy with both hands; seated captive to right.
179) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm
180) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and trophy.
181) Victory riding biga right, holding whip
182) Victory riding quadriga right
183) Victory seated left, holding shield reading A / VG and palm
184) Victory seated left, holding wreath and palm
185) Victory seated right, holding palm and shield; trophy to right.
186) Victory seated right, holding shield on palm.
187) Victory seated right, holding shield; trophy to right.
188) Victory standing left, holding shield on cippus and palm.
189) Victory standing left, holding shield reading AVG on cippus and palm
190) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm
191) Victory standing left, stepping on globe, holding shield with both hands.
192) Victory standing right, holding vexillum with both hands; seated captive on either side.
193) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield on palm
194) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading SC on cippus and palm
195) Victory standing, facing, holding palm and shield on palm
196) Virtus seated left, holding Victory and parazonium; shield to side.
197) Virtus standing left, holding Victory and spear
198) Virtus standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield.
199) Virtus standing right, holding spear and parazonium.
200) Wreath, VOTIS / DECEN / NALI / BVS within

Mints:
1) Alexandria
2) Emesa
3) Laodicea ad Mare
4) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B02, O69, R152, T084 RIC IVi 278b, C 297
2) B02, O69, R318, T181
3) B03, O14, R134, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 11, BMC 13
4) B03, O14, R137, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 14, C 271
5) B03, O14, R326, T197 RIC IVi 24, BMC 32
6) B03, O20, R145, T084 RIC IVi 400, BMC 372
 177
7) B03, O20, R252, T112
8) B03, O43, R062, T065 Exe: COS II PP RIC IVi 25, BMC 58, C 113
9) B03, O43, R299, T171 RIC IVi 29, BMC 61
10) B03, O44, R210, T179 RIC IVi 36, C 382
11) B03, O48, R064, T173 RIC IVi 66
12) B03, O66, R014, T016 RIC IVi 155c, BMC 184
13) B03, O66, R094, T139 RIC IVi 160, BMC 189
14) B03, O66, R249, T141 RIC IVi 167b, BMC 201
15) B03, O69, R051, T026 RIC IVi 256, BMC 313
16) B03, O69, R122, T057 RIC IVi 274, C 254
17) B03, O69, R148, T148 RIC IVi 279, BMC 352, C 300
18) B03, O69, R152, T084 RIC IVi 278a
19) B03, O69, R192, T134
20) B03, O69, R192, T152 RIC IVi 282, BMC 353
21) B03, O69, R221, T077 RIC IVi 196, BMC 469
22) B03, O69, R221, T124
23) B03, O69, R226, T093 RIC IVi 206
24) B03, O69, R228, T185 RIC IVi 257, BMC 314, C 108
25) B03, O69, R230, R175 RIC IVi 237
26) B03, O69, R249, T110 RIC IVi 288, BMC 358, C 605
27) B03, O69, R252, T110 RIC IVi 291
28) B03, O69, R254, T084 RIC IVi 277, BMC 346, C 295
29) B03, O69, R303, T171 RIC IVi 295, C 743
30) B03, O69, R318, T181 RIC IVi 299, BMC 369
31) B03, O69, R333, T146 RIC IVi 305, BMC 374, C 770
32) B03, O71, R014, T016 RIC IVi 174, BMC 254
33) B04, O66, R118, T070 RIC IVi 161b, BMC 192, C 1
34) B07, O38, R012, T001 RIC IVi 122, C 20
35) B07, O38, R055, T027 RIC IVi 502a, C 77
36) B07, O38, R183, T097 RIC IVi 510b
37) B07, O38, R305, T174 RIC IVi 142b
38) B07, O51, R214, T154
39) B07, O64, R014, T016 RIC IVi 178b
40) B07, O64, R068, T069 RIC IVi 181a, BMC 379, C 5
41) B07, O69, R101, T033 Exe: IN CARTH
42) B07, O69, R137, T046 RIC IVi 189a, C 460
43) B08, O31, R317, T171 RIC IVi 311, BMC 265, C 8
44) B09, O66, R328, T198 RIC IVi 171b

AR Tetradrachm Reference(s)
45) B03, O06, R345, T034 AVGVS / TORVM across fields RIC IVi 528, C 55

AR Tridrachm (~9 gm.)

46) B03, O06, R319, T170 RIC IVi 533

AR Antoninianus (Posthumous)
47) B10, O02, R056, T004 RIC 96 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 800
48) B10, O02, R056, T037 RIC 95 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 799

AR Denarius
49) B02, O20, R107, T162
50) B02, O20, R324, T171
51) B02, O38, R345, T200
52) B03, O14, R043, T058 RIC IVi 347, C 66
53) B03, O14, R073, T011
54) B03, O14, R074, T045 RIC IVi 349, C 146
55) B03, O14, R124, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 2
56) B03, O14, R126, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 4, C 259
57) B03, O14, R127, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 5
58) B03, O14, R128, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 3, C 256
59) B03, O14, R130, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 7
60) B03, O14, R131, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 8
61) B03, O14, R132, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 9
62) B03, O14, R133, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 10
63) B03, O14, R134, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 11
64) B03, O14, R135, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 12
65) B03, O14, R136, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 13
66) B03, O14, R137, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 14
67) B03, O14, R138, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 15
68) B03, O14, R139, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 16
69) B03, O14, R141, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 17
70) B03, O14, R146, T034 RIC IVi 18
71) B03, O14, R285, T167
72) B03, O14, R298, T171 RIC IVi 22, S 6369, C 682
73) B03, O14, R326, T197 RIC IVi 24, S 6386
74) B03, O19, R043, T058 C 68a
75) B03, O19, R260, T029
76) B03, O20, R037, T156 RIC IVi 365, C 60
77) B03, O20, R038, T156 RIC IVi 364, S 6266, C 58
78) B03, O20, R042, T058
79) B03, O20, R043, T058 RIC IVi 369, C 68
 178
80) B03, O20, R045, T021 RIC IVi 370, C 60
81) B03, O20, R058, T102
82) B03, O20, R065, T028
83) B03, O20, R067, T028 RIC IVi 373
84) B03, O20, R072, T028 RIC IVi 374a
85) B03, O20, R084, T050
86) B03, O20, R088, T046 RIC IVi 379, C 173a
87) B03, O20, R088, T050 RIC IVi 383
88) B03, O20, R088, T051 RIC IVi 376b
89) B03, O20, R104, T162 RIC IVi 389, S 6288, C 232
90) B03, O20, R106, T162 RIC IVi 391, C 234
91) B03, O20, R137, T034 RIC IVi 397
92) B03, O20, R144, T084 RIC IVi 399
93) B03, O20, R145, T084 RIC IVi 400d, C 283
94) B03, O20, R171, T086
95) B03, O20, R179, T098 RIC IVi 411a, S 6314, C 346
96) B03, O20, R258, T029 RIC IVi 417, C 628a
97) B03, O20, R278, T013 RIC IVi 433, C 659
98) B03, O20, R278, T163 RIC IVi 435, C 658
99) B03, O20, R295, T171 C 677
100) B03, O20, R295, T171 RIC IVi 424, C 675
101) B03, O20, R307, T171 RIC IVi 425, C 697
102) B03, O20, R307, T179 RIC IVi 423a
103) B03, O20, R307, T182 C 700b
104) B03, O20, R312, T171 RIC IVi 428, C 749
105) B03, O20, R318, T189
106) B03, O20, R322, T177
107) B03, O20, R334, T199 RIC IVi 431, C 771
108) B03, O23, R039, T156 RIC IVi 366a
109) B03, O35, R196, T165 Exe: COS II PP RIC IVi 494b
110) B03, O35, R196, T171 RIC IVi 495, C 361
111) B03, O35, R270, T119 RIC IVi 497, C 642
112) B03, O35, R291, T171 RIC IVi 499, C 695
113) B03, O38, R009, T001 RIC IVi 122c, C 21
114) B03, O38, R012, T001 RIC IVi 500, S 6259, C 21
115) B03, O38, R022, T008 RIC IVi 501
116) B03, O38, R026, T019
117) B03, O38, R055, T027 RIC IVi 502b
118) B03, O38, R057, T171 RIC IVi 125a, C 96
119) B03, O38, R060, T171 RIC IVi 504, C 100
120) B03, O38, R091, T054 RIC IVi 126a, S 6280, C 195
121) B03, O38, R111, T074 RIC IVi 130, C 238
122) B03, O38, R114, T072 RIC IVi 131, S 6291
123) B03, O38, R120, T079 RIC IVi 505, S 6295, C 251
124) B03, O38, R121, T015 RIC IVi 506, C 4
125) B03, O38, R159, T085 RIC IVi 133, S 6308, C 306
126) B03, O38, R172, T091 RIC IVi 134, C 320
127) B03, O38, R183, T098 RIC IVi 510a, C 342
128) B03, O38, R189, T058 RIC IVi 511a, C 455a
129) B03, O38, R215, T054 RIC IVi 136, S 6332, C 452
130) B03, O38, R241, T132 RIC IVi 138
131) B03, O38, R249, T142 RIC IVi 512a, C 600
132) B03, O38, R301, T171 RIC IVi 141a, C 694a
133) B03, O38, R305, T172 RIC IVi 142a, C 741
134) B03, O38, R321, T169 RIC IVi 144b, S 6381, C 719
135) B03, O38, R328, T198 RIC IVi 145a, C 762
136) B03, O38, R329, T131 RIC IVi 146a, C 763
137) B03, O38, R345, T200 RIC IVi 520a, C 798
138) B03, O39, R102, T164
139) B03, O40, R076, T053
140) B03, O40, R079, T051
141) B03, O40, R089, T049
142) B03, O43, R155, T080 RIC IVi 27a
143) B03, O44, R155, T080 RIC IVi 32, S 6307, C 301
144) B03, O44, R195, T104 RIC IVi 37, S 6320
145) B03, O44, R210, T074 RIC IVi 48, S 6325
146) B03, O44, R210, T094 RIC IVi 49, S 6326, C 381
147) B03, O45, R029, T010 RIC IVi 40, C 42
148) B03, O45, R096, T060 RIC IVi 43, S 6283, C 209
149) B03, O45, R155, T080 RIC IVi 44, C 302
150) B03, O45, R162, T087 RIC IVi 45, C 309
151) B03, O45, R163, T086 RIC IVi 46, C 311
152) B03, O45, R211, T074 RIC IVi 53a
153) B03, O45, R211, T086 RIC IVi 52
154) B03, O45, R271, T121 RIC IVi 56, C 646
155) B03, O46, R031, T173 RIC IVi 58, C 48
156) B03, O46, R197, T164 Exe: COS II PP RIC IVi 62, S 6322, C 363
157) B03, O46, R211, T086 RIC IVi 60, C 396
158) B03, O46, R211, T094 RIC IVi 61, C 390
159) B03, O48, R081, T046 RIC IVi 470, C 265
160) B03, O48, R211, T052 RIC IVi 69, C 404
161) B03, O48, R211, T086 RIC IVi 67, C 397
162) B03, O48, R211, T094 RIC IVi 68, C 391
163) B03, O49, R003, T129 RIC IVi 74, S 6256, C 6
164) B03, O49, R076, T049
165) B03, O49, R092, T047 RIC IVi 78a, S 6281
166) B03, O49, R097, T066 RIC IVi 210, C 442
167) B03, O49, R100, T067 RIC IVi 80, C 216
168) B03, O49, R186, T040 RIC IVi 82, C 348
 179
169) B03, O49, R212, T104 RIC IVi 85, C 429
170) B03, O49, R212, T171 RIC IVi 86, S 6328, C 419
171) B03, O49, R213, T052 RIC IVi 84, C 424
172) B03, O49, R213, T060 RIC IVi 87, C 436
173) B03, O49, R213, T105 RIC IVi 88, C 444
174) B03, O49, R246, T106 RIC IVi 92a, S 6356, C 592
175) B03, O49, R271, T121 RIC IVi 93, C 647
176) B03, O49, R338, T141 RIC IVi 96a, C 777
177) B03, O50, R097, T066 RIC IVi 97, S 6284, C 512
178) B03, O50, R155, T084 RIC IVi 99, C 304
179) B03, O50, R213, T052 RIC IVi 104, C 442
180) B03, O50, R213, T052 RIC IVi 493
181) B03, O50, R213, T154 RIC IVi 101, S 6331, C 433
182) B03, O50, R242, T128 RIC IVi 106, S 6353, C 580
183) B03, O51, R022, T008 RIC IVi 107, C 37
184) B03, O51, R055, T027 RIC IVi 108, C 76
185) B03, O51, R111, T074 RIC IVi 111a, S 6289, C 236
186) B03, O51, R168, T088 RIC IVi 113, S 6311, C 315
187) B03, O51, R194, T105 RIC IVi 118, S 6319, C 357
188) B03, O51, R214, T154 RIC IVi 117, C 449
189) B03, O51, R301, T171 RIC IVi 120c, C 694
190) B03, O53, R307, T194
191) B03, O56, R081, T051 RIC IVi 477, C 164
192) B03, O66, R022, T006 RIC IVi 156, C 41
193) B03, O66, R027, T017 RIC IVi 157, C 2
194) B03, O66, R094, T139 RIC IVi 160d, C 203
195) B03, O66, R118, T070 RIC IVi 161a, C 2
196) B03, O66, R216, T169 RIC IVi 150, C 454
197) B03, O66, R244, T106 RIC IVi 166, S 6354, C 586
198) B03, O66, R249, T142 RIC IVi 167a, S 6357
199) B03, O66, R293, T169 RIC IVi 170, C 670
200) B03, O66, R328, T198 RIC IVi 171, C 671
201) B03, O69, R001, T126 RIC IVi 248
202) B03, O69, R009, T133
203) B03, O69, R014, T016 RIC IVi 251, C 6
204) B03, O69, R014, T019 RIC IVi 252
205) B03, O69, R014, T123 RIC IVi 250, C 1
206) B03, O69, R016, T002 RIC IVi 254, C 31
207) B03, O69, R016, T003 RIC IVi 253
208) B03, O69, R059, T083 RIC IVi 257, C 109
209) B03, O69, R060, T161 RIC IVi 259, C 104
210) B03, O69, R060, T171 RIC IVi 526, C 201
211) B03, O69, R068, T149 RIC IVi 263, C 134
212) B03, O69, R069, T041 RIC IVi 261, C 135
213) B03, O69, R090, T047 RIC IVi 264, S 6279, C 181
214) B03, O69, R094, T139 RIC IVi 265, S 6282, C 205
215) B03, O69, R098, T084 RIC IVi 276, C 293
216) B03, O69, R101, T033 RIC IVi 266, S 6285, C 222
217) B03, O69, R122, T057 RIC IVi 274
218) B03, O69, R151, T084
219) B03, O69, R152, T084 RIC IVi 278, C 298
220) B03, O69, R154, T084 RIC IVi 277, C 296
221) B03, O69, R192, T152 RIC IVi 282
222) B03, O69, R198, T165 RIC IVi 176, C 370
223) B03, O69, R200, T165 RIC IVi 185, S 6323, C 373
224) B03, O69, R219, T047 RIC IVi 189b, S 6334, C 461
225) B03, O69, R220, T061 RIC IVi 195, S 6335, C 464
226) B03, O69, R221, T007 RIC IVi 198, C 472
227) B03, O69, R221, T077 RIC IVi 196, S 6336, C 469
228) B03, O69, R221, T197 RIC IVi 197, S 6337, C 470
229) B03, O69, R222, T007 RIC IVi 200, S 6338, C 476
230) B03, O69, R222, T061 RIC IVi 201, C 475
231) B03, O69, R222, T132 RIC IVi 202, C 480
232) B03, O69, R226, T003 RIC IVi 207a, C 493
233) B03, O69, R226, T061 RIC IVi 209, C 487
234) B03, O69, R226, T124 RIC IVi 213a, C 495
235) B03, O69, R226, T166 RIC IVi 214, C 498
236) B03, O69, R226, T186 RIC IVi 211, S 6340, C 489
237) B03, O69, R228, T024 RIC IVi 218, C 514
238) B03, O69, R228, T024 RIC IVi 221, C 517
239) B03, O69, R228, T059 RIC IVi 219, C 504
240) B03, O69, R228, T060 RIC IVi 220, C 505
241) B03, O69, R228, T078 RIC IVi 216, C 501
242) B03, O69, R228, T187 RIC IVi 224, C 510
243) B03, O69, R229, T076 RIC IVi 226, C 525
244) B03, O69, R229, T101 RIC IVi 228, S 6346
245) B03, O69, R229, T108 RIC IVi 229
246) B03, O69, R229, T119 RIC IVi 230, C 531
247) B03, O69, R229, T155 RIC IVi 232, C 535
248) B03, O69, R230, T076 RIC IVi 233, C 539
249) B03, O69, R230, T101 RIC IVi 234, C 543
250) B03, O69, R230, T119 RIC IVi 236, S 6348, C 548
251) B03, O69, R245, T092 RIC IVi 286, C 592
252) B03, O69, R249, T110 RIC IVi 288, S 6358, C 606b
253) B03, O69, R273, T158 RIC IVi 271, C 245
254) B03, O69, R303, T171 RIC IVi 295, S 6372, C 744
255) B03, O69, R318, T182 RIC IVi 299, C 713a
256) B03, O69, R320, T135 RIC IVi 301, BMC 371
257) B03, O69, R337, T139 RIC IVi 186, C 786
 180
258) B03, O69, R342, T139 RIC IVi 308, S 6393
259) B03, O69, R342, T144 RIC IVi 309
260) B03, O70, R223, T076 RIC IVi 243, C 563
261) B03, O70, R223, T101 RIC IVi 244, C 564
262) B03, O70, R223, T119 RIC IVi 245, C 565
263) B03, O70, R230, T076 RIC IVi 240, C 540
264) B03, O70, R230, T101 RIC IVi 241, C 542
265) B03, O70, R230, T119 RIC IVi 242, C 549
266) B03, O70, R322, T179 RIC IVi 332, C 727
267) B03, O70, R322, T195 RIC IVi 336, C 730
268) B06, O49, R246, T106 RIC IVi 491b, C 593

AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

269) B01, O03, R056, T035 RIC 191c (IVi, Caracalla), C 84
270) B01, O03, R056, T036 RIC 191b (IVi, Caracalla), C 82
271) B01, O03, R056, T038 RIC 191d (IVi, Caracalla), C 86
272) B01, O03, R056, T055 RIC 191f (IVi, Caracalla), C 89
273) B01, O03, R056, T160 RIC 191e (IVi, Caracalla), C 87

AR Quinarius
274) B03, O69, R060, T171 RIC IVi 258, C 103

AE Medallion

275) B06, O62, R297, T179 C 678

276) B07, O62, R063, T065

AE Sestertius

277) B02, O44, R182, T099 Exe: SC RIC IVi 670d, C 335
278) B02, O49, R003, T130 Exe: SC RIC IVi 719, C 8
279) B03, O44, R016, T003 RIC IVi 668, C 26
280) B03, O45, R016, T003 RIC IVi 676, C 28
281) B03, O48, R064, T136 Exe: SC RIC IVi 702, C 128
282) B03, O49, R186, T040 Exe: SC RIC IVi 721, C 351
283) B03, O60, R230, T168 Exe: SC C 547
284) B03, O60, R232, T168 Exe: SC RIC IVi 818, C 732
285) B07, O66, R304, T179 RIC IVi 754

AE Dupondius

286) B10, O44, R016, T003 RIC IVi 680, C 30

287) B10, O69, R230, T114 Exe: SC RIC IVi 802, C 550

AE As
288) B03, O69, R227, T012 Exe: COS III PP / SC RIC IVi 786a, C 523
289) B03, O69, R230, T114 Exe: SC RIC IVi 804, C 552
290) B03, O70, R302, T192 Exe: SC RIC IVi 812b, C 724

Septimius Severus Busts

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Septimius Severus Types
 182
Septimius Severus Types (continued)
 183
Septimius Severus Types (continued)
 184
Septimius Severus Types (continued)
 185

Julia Domna was the wife of Septimius Severus and

Julia Domna mother of Geta and Caracalla. She died in exile of either
as a result of breast cancer or after a self-imposed
hunger strike following Caracalla's murder.
b. ca.170 - d.217

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust left Among the Denarii of Roman empresses those of Julia Domna are
2) Diademed, draped bust right
3) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent
among the most common. Gold, too, is comparatively abundant but
4) Draped bust left bronzes are very difficult to find in all but the sorriest grades.
5) Draped bust right
6) Veiled, draped bust right
This is also the first empress who has a significant portion of her
Obverses: coinage struck in the middle east. Because there is as yet no
systematic form of mintmarks on the coins themselves the collector
1) DIVA IVLIA AVGVSTA will have to learn the “styles” of each mint. While those of Rome
2) IVLA DOMNA AVG follow the classical lines of portraiture the eastern mints take a more
3) IVLIA AVGVSTA
4) IVLIA DOMINA AVG stylized approach with a considerably greater degree of individualistic
5) IVLIA DOMNA AVG touches from die to die.
6) IVLIA DOMNA AVGVSTA
7) IVLIA PIA FELIX AVG
8) IVLIA PIA MATER CASTR To complicate (if that’s the right word) matters, there is a very wide
variety of portraits and hairstyles for her simply because she was an
Reverses: Augusta for over twenty years. The celators zealously marked the
progress of her aging as well as the fashion of the day over the
1) AEQVITAS AVG
2) AEQVITAS AVGG course of all those years.
3) AEQVITAS II
4) AEQVITAS PVBLICA
5) AEQVITATI AVG
Expect a nice Denarius to cost between $40-$75.
6) AEQVITATI AVGG
7) AEQVITATI PVBLICAAE
8) AETERNIT IMPERI
9) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG
10) BONA SPES
11) BONAE SPEI
12) BONI EVENTVS
13) CERER FRVG
14) CERERE AVG 43) IVNONI LVCINAE 72) PVDICITIA
15) CERERE AVGVS 44) LAETITIA 73) ROMAE AETERNAE
16) CERERI FRVGIF 45) LIBERAL AVG 74) SAECVL FELICIT
17) CERES 46) LVNA LVCIFERA 75) SAECVLI FELICITAS
18) CONCORDIA 47) MAT AVGG MAT SEN M PATR 76) SECVRITAS IMPERII
19) CONCORDIA FELIX 48) MATER 77) VENER VICT
20) CONSECRATIO 49) MATER AVGG 78) VENER VICTOR
21) DIANA LVCIFERA 50) MATER CASTRORVM 79) VENERI GENETRICI
22) FECVNDITAS 51) MATER DEVM 80) VENERI VICT
23) FELICIT TEMPOR 52) MATRI CASTR 81) VENERI VICTOR
24) FELICITAS 53) MATRI CASTRORVM 82) VENERI VICTR
25) FELICITAS AVGG 54) MATRI DEVM 83) VENERI VICTRICI
26) FELICITAS PVBLICA 55) MATRI MAGNAE 84) VENVS CAELESTIS
27) FELICITAS TEMPOR 56) MONET AVG 85) VENVS FELIX
28) FORT R AVG 57) MONETA AVG 86) VENVS GENETRIX
29) FORT RED TR P III COS II 58) MONETA AVG II COS 87) VENVS GENITRIX
30) FORT REDVC 59) NOBILITAS 88) VENVS VICTRIX
31) FORT REDVCI COS 60) P SEPT GETA CAES PONT 89) VESTA
32) FORTVN REDVC 61) PELICITAS 90) VESTA MATER
33) FORTVN REDVCI 62) PIETAS 91) VESTA SANCTAE
34) FORTVNAE FELICI 63) PIETAS AVG 92) VESTAE SANCTAE
35) FORTVNAE REDVCI 64) PIETAS AVGG 93) VICT AVG TR P II COS II PP
36) FVNDATOR PACIS 65) PIETAS PVBLICA 94) VICTOR IVST AV
37) HILARITAS 66) PIETATI 95) VICTORIAE AVGG FE
38) INDVLGENTIA AVGG IN CARTH 67) PIETATI AVGVSTAE 96) VIRTVS AVG COS
39) IVNO 68) PM TR P VIII COS II PP 97) VOTA PVBLICA
40) IVNO CONSERVATRIX 69) PM TR P XII COS II PP 98) VOTA SVSCEPTA XX
41) IVNO REGINA 70) PM TR P XVI COS III PP 99) No legend
42) IVNONEM 71) PROVID AVGG

Types:
1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
2) Caracalla laureate bust right
3) Caracalla laureate head right
4) Caracalla laureate, draped bust right
5) Caracalla laureate, draped bust right facing Geta bare-headed, draped bust left
 186
6) Caracalla laureate, draped bust right facing Geta laureate, draped bust left
7) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch.
8) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch.
9) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears over modius and scepter.
10) Ceres standing left, holding torch and grain ears.
11) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae
12) Genius standing left, holding fruit basket and grain ears
13) Grain ears in bundle.
14) Cornucopiae (2), grain ear within
15) Crescent, seven stars above.
16) Cybele riding lion quadriga left, holding branch
17) Cybele seated left, holding branch and scepter; lion on either side.
18) Cybele seated left, holding branch; lion on either side.
19) Cybele standing left, holding branch and drum; lion to left.
20) Cybele standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding drum and scepter; lion to left.
21) Cybele standing, facing, holding drum and scepter.
22) Cybele standing, facing, holding drum.
23) Dea Celestis riding lion right over flowing water.
24) Diana standing left, holding torch with both hands.
25) Fecunditas lying left with hand on globe, the Four Seasons frolicking to left and background.
26) Fecunditas seated right, holding baby; baby in cradle to right
27) Fecunditas seated right, holding baby; child to right.
28) Fecunditas standing left, holding baby; child on either side.
29) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
30) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter
31) Felicitas standing left, holding coin counter and scepter
32) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus.
33) Fortuna seated left, holding caduceus and rudder on globe
34) Fortuna seated left, holding caduceus and rudder on globe; child to left.
35) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
36) Fortuna standing left, holding cornucopia and resting arm on rudder
37) Fortuna standing left, holding grain ears and cornucopia
38) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
39) Fruit basket
40) Genius standing left, holding fruit basket and grain ears.
41) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
42) Geta bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust right.
43) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia.
44) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia; child to either side.
45) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and scepter
46) Isis standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding baby; rudder in front of altar to left
47) Julia Domna riding peacock right, upwards.
48) Julia Domna seated left, holding branch and scepter
49) Julia Domna seated left, holding phoenix on globe and scepter; (2) standards to left.
50) Julia Domna seated left, holding phoenix on globe and scepter; (3) standards to left.
51) Julia Domna standing left, holding branch and scepter.
52) Julia Domna standing left, sacrificing over altar
53) Julia Domna standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus; three standards in background to left.
54) Julia Domna standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box; three standards in background to left.
55) Julia Domna standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter; three standards in background to left.
56) Julia Domna standing, facing, behind Septimius Severus to left and Caracalla to right, holding together globe.
57) Julia Domna, holding scepter, riding peacock right, upwards
58) Juno seated left, holding flower and bundle of rods.
59) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter.
60) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left.
61) Juno standing right, holding patera and scepter.
62) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder.
63) Legionary eagle, standard on either side.
64) Liberalitas seated left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
65) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
66) Luna riding biga left
67) Modius with grain ears.
68) Moneta seated left, holding scale and cornucopia.
69) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
70) Monetae (3) standing left, holding scale and cornucopia; piles of coins by feet.
71) Nobilitas standing, facing, holding scepter and Palladium.
72) Peacock advancing left
73) Peacock standing left, tail spread
74) Pietas seated left, holding Palladium
75) Pietas seated left, holding Victory and scepter.
76) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar
77) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box.
78) Pietas standing right, holding scepter and baby.
79) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and holding scepter.
80) Pudicitia seated left, touching chest
81) Pudicitia seated left, touching chest and holding scepter.
82) Roma seated left on shield, holding Victory and spear.
83) Securitas seated right, holding globe.
84) Septimius Severus and Julia Domna standing, shaking hands.
85) Septimius Severus laureate bust right facing Caracalla laureate bust left.
86) Septimius Severus laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right facing Caracalla laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left.
87) Septimius Severus standing left, holding branch.
88) Septimius Severus standing left, sacrificing over altar.
89) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
90) Temple with (4) columns, Vesta standing left, sacrificing over lit altar in temple’s center.
91) Temple with (6) columns, Pietas within
92) Venus seated left, holding apple and scepter; Cupid to left.
93) Venus seated left, raising hand and holding scepter.
94) Venus seated left, raising hand and holding scepter; child to left.
 187
95) Venus standing left, holding apple and pulling dress
96) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter.
97) Venus standing left, holding patera and scepter.
98) Venus standing left, leaning on column, holding helmet and palm; shield to left
99) Venus standing left, raising hand and holding scepter.
100) Venus standing right, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding apple and palm
101) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter.
102) Vesta seated left, holding simpulum and scepter.
103) Vesta standing left, holding Palladium and scepter
104) Vesta standing left, holding patera and scepter
105) Vestals (2) sacrificing over altar in between them, one holding simpulum and the other a patera; temple in background.
106) Vestals (4), attended by two children, sacrificing over altar; temple in background.
107) Victory advancing left, holding garland over shield on base.
108) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
109) Victory seated left, holding wreath and palm.

Mints:
1) Alexandria 2) Emesa 3) Laodicea ad Mare 4) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B5, O3, R08, T005 RIC 540 (IVi, S. Severus), BMC 3 (S. Severus)
2) B5, O3, R21, T024 RIC 548 anecdotal (IVi, S. Severus), BMC 14 (S. Severus), C 31
3) B5, O3, R39, T060 RIC 559 (IVi, S. Severus), BMC 37 (S. Severus)
4) B5, O3, R44, T064
5) B5, O3, R48, T016 Exe: AVGG RIC 562 (IVi, S. Severus), BMC 47 (S. Severus), C 116
6) B5, O5, R86, T092 RIC 537 (IVi, S. Severus), C 203
7) B5, O6, R82, T100 RIC 536 (IVi, S. Severus), BMC 48 (S. Severus), C 193
8) B5, O7, R47, T048 RIC 381 (IVi, Caracalla), BMC 11a (Caracalla), C 110

AR Antoninianus
9) B3, O7, R46, T066 RIC 379a (IVi, Caracalla), C 106
10) B2, O7, R79, T099
11) B3, O7, R86, T093 RIC 388a (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 211

AR Denarius

12) B2, O7, R79, T099 RIC 387 (IVi, Caracalla), C 186
13) B4, O3, R85, T096
14) B4, O3, R85, T096 RIC 605 (IVi, Septimius Severus)
15) B5, O2, R03, T001
16) B5, O3, R08, T005 RIC 540 (IVi, Septimius Severus)
17) B5, O3, R08, T086 RIC 539b (IVi, Septimius Severus)
18) B5, O3, R09, T004 RIC 544 (IVi, Septimius Severus)
19) B5, O3, R16, T007 RIC 546 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6576
20) B5, O3, R18, T011 RIC 637 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6577
21) B5, O3, R21, T024 RIC 548 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 27
22) B5, O3, R22, T025 RIC 549 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 35
23) B5, O3, R24, T030 RIC 551 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 47
24) B5, O3, R34, T033 RIC 554 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 57
25) B5, O3, R34, T036 RIC 552 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6583, C 55
26) B5, O3, R37, T043 RIC 556 (IVi, Septimius Severus)
27) B5, O3, R37, T044 RIC 557 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6585
28) B5, O3, R39, T060 RIC 559 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6588, C 82
29) B5, O3, R41, T060 RIC 560 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 97
30) B5, O3, R44, T062 RIC 561 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6590, C 101
31) B5, O3, R49, T016 RIC 562 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 117
32) B5, O3, R50, T049 RIC 568 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6596, C 131
33) B5, O3, R51, T017 RIC 564 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6593, C 123
34) B5, O3, R60, T042 RIC 571 (IVi, Septimius Severus)
35) B5, O3, R61, T031
36) B5, O3, R64, T077 RIC 572 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6600
37) B5, O3, R65, T076 RIC 574 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6601, C 156
38) B5, O3, R72, T080 RIC 576 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6602, C 168
39) B5, O3, R72, T081 RIC 575 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6603, C 170
40) B5, O3, R75, T046 RIC 577 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6606, C 177
41) B5, O3, R79, T097 RIC 578 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6607, C 185
42) B5, O3, R82, T100
43) B5, O3, R85, T095 RIC 580 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 198
44) B5, O3, R88, T098 RIC 581 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6610
45) B5, O3, R89, T101 RIC 582 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 223
46) B5, O3, R90, T090 RIC 584 (IVi, Septimius Severus)
47) B5, O3, R90, T101 RIC 583 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6612, C 245
48) B5, O3, R92, T104 RIC 587 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6614, C 246
49) B5, O4, R89, T101
50) B5, O5, R11, T089 RIC 615 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 9
51) B5, O5, R12, T012 RIC 608 (IVi, Septimius Severus)
52) B5, O5, R23, T039 RIC 619 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 52
53) B5, O5, R33, T037 RIC 625 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 66
54) B5, O5, R77, T096 RIC 630 (IVi, Septimius Severus)
55) B5, O5, R82, T100 RIC 536 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6608, C 194
56) B5, O5, R89, T101
57) B5, O7, R21, T024 RIC 373a (IVi, Caracalla), S 7100, C 32
 188
58) B5, O7, R46, T066 RIC 379c (IVi, Caracalla)
59) B5, O7, R47, T051 RIC 380 (IVi, Caracalla), S 7102, C 114
60) B5, O7, R54, T020 RIC 382 (IVi, Caracalla), C 137
61) B5, O7, R72, T081 RIC 385 (IVi, Caracalla), C 165
62) B5, O7, R86, T092 RIC 389b (IVi, Caracalla), S 7107, C 205
63) B5, O7, R86, T093 RIC 388c (IVi, Caracalla), S 7106, C 212
64) B5, O7, R89, T102 RIC 391 (IVi, Caracalla), S 7109, C 226
65) B5, O7, R89, T103 RIC 390 (IVi, Caracalla), S 7108, C 230
66) B5, O7, R97, T052

AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

67) B6, O1, R20, T073 RIC 396 (IVi, Caracalla) & 715 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 24

AR Quinarius
68) B5, O3, R39, T060 RIC 559 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 83

AE Sestertius
69) B2, O7, R42, T060 RIC 585 (IVi, Caracalla), C 88
70) B5, O3, R37, T043 RIC 877 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 74
71) B5, O3, R51, T017 Exe: SC RIC 859 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 124
72) B5, O7, R47, T048 Exe: SC RIC 588 (IVi, Caracalla), C 112
73) B5, O7, R75, T042 RIC 590 (IVi, Caracalla), C 178

AE As

74) B5, O3, R49, T016 RIC 879 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 119
75) B5, O7, R39, T060 RIC 598 (IVi, Caracalla), C 86
76) B5, O7, R89, T106 Exe: SC RIC 607 (IVi, Caracalla), C 234

Julia Domna Busts

Julia Domna Types

 189
Julia Domna Types (continued)
 190
Caracalla's real name was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. He got
Caracalla the nickname from his habit of wearing a cloak by the same name.
Caracalla was the elder son of Septimius Severus and brother of
Geta whom he positively hated. Hated so much, in fact, that he had
Augustus 197-217 him murdered a few years later. In the mayhem that followed,
Caracalla's men went on a killing spree of anyone suspected of
being a Geta sympathizer. In the massacre, it's estimated up to
20,000 people lost their lives. Caracalla would go on to rule for another five years but his bad karma caught up
with him and he was assassinated in a plot perpetrated by Macrinus.

As an emperor Caracalla possessed few redeeming qualities and among the worst of them would be his ruinous
drain on the treasury. Because he knew everyone hated him he sought the protection of the army. And the surest
way of getting this protection was to buy it outright. He raised the pay of the solider to about four denarii per day,
nearly quadrupling the salary of just a few years prior. And on top of their regular salary he heaped endless
bonuses and other concessions meant to endear them. This money could only have come by the oppressive
taxation of ordinary citizens as well as the seizures of property of the wealthy under trumped-up charges. This not
only intensified the hatred against him but also had the effect of corrupting the military who had become
accustomed to this life of luxury and throwing the economy into lasting disarray.

Busts:
As is the case with the coins of his parents, Caracalla is also very well
1) Bare head right represented in the silver Denarius but pretty scarce in the copper
2) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed right
3) Bare-headed, draped bust right
denominations. These Denarii today can cost as little as $20 for a
4) Laureate head left. well-preserved one.
5) Laureate head right
6) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
7) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left Sometime after his Dad had died – and had his brother murdered –
8) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right Caracalla’s economists presented him with a grim picture that must
9) Laureate, draped bust left
10) Laureate, draped bust right have sent shivers down his spine. Basically, his silver mines were
11) Radiate head right shutting down and the inbound treasure from all corners of the empire
12) Radiate, cuirassed bust left
13) Radiate, cuirassed bust right
was dwindling. At the same time his soldiers were getting ever more
14) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left used to fat paychecks in turn for their loyalty.
15) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
16) Radiate, draped bust left
17) Radiate, draped bust right Something had to be done. The scheme he (they?) came up with was
a classic inflationary swindle. They would create a new coin, the
Obverses: Antoninianus, worth twice as much as the Denarius but with a small
catch: it was to contain only 80% of the silver of two regular Denarii.
1) ANT PIVS AVG PON TR P VI This was great business for the imperial treasury which could now
2) ANTON P AVG PON TR P IV COS
3) ANTON P AVG PON TR P V turn a tidy profit if it could pay its debts in Ants but demand that taxes
4) ANTON P AVG PON TR P V COS be paid in Denarii.
5) ANTON P AVG PON TR P VI
6) ANTON P AVG PON TR P VI COS
7) ANTON P AVG PONT TR P VI Why this plan didn’t kick off a massive civil war is left to speculation.
8) ANTON PIVS AVG PON TR P VI Probably because it wasn’t introduced cold turkey and on a massive
9) ANTONIN PIVS AVG PONT TR P V
10) ANTONINVS AVG PON TR P V COS scale. Indeed, his Antoniniani are quite a bit harder to find than the
11) ANTONINVS AVG PONT TR P III Denarius and it wouldn’t be until another twenty years later that the
12) ANTONINVS AVG PONT TR P IIII
13) ANTONINVS AVG PONT TR P V COS new denomination caught on and the venerable Denarius retired.
14) ANTONINVS AVGVSTV
15) ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS
16) ANTONINVS PI AVG BRIT
17) ANTONINVS PI AVGV BRIT
18) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG
19) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG BRIT
20) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM
21) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG PON TR P IIII
22) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG PON TR P V
23) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG PONT TR P IIII
24) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG PONT TR P VI
25) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG PONT TR P VII
26) ANTONINVS PIVS FEL AVG
27) DIVO ANTONINO MAGNO 38) M AVR ANTON CAES PONTIF
28) IM C M AVR ANTONINVS AVG 39) M AVR ANTONINVS CAES
29) IMP C M AVR ANTON AVG P TR P 40) M AVR ANTONINVS PIVS AVG
30) IMP C M AVR ANTONINVS AVG 41) M AVR ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM MAX
31) IMP C M AVR ANTONINVS PONT AVG 42) M AVR ANTONINVS PIVS FELIX AVG
32) IMP CAE M AVR ANT AVG 43) M AVREL ANTONINVS PIVS AVG
33) IMP CAE M AVR ANT AVG P TR P 44) M AVREL ANTONINVS PIVS AVG BRIT
34) IMP CAE M AVR ANT AVG P TR P II 45) M AVREL ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM
35) IMP CAES M AVR ANTON AVG 46) M AVREL ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM MAX
36) IMP CAES M AVR ANTONINVS AVG 47) M AVREL ANTONINVS PIVS FELIX AVG
37) IMP M AVR ANTONINVS PIVS AVG PM TR P XIII 48) M AVRELIVS ANTON AVG
 191
Reverses:

1) ADVENT AVGG 67) LIBERALITAS AVGVS 133) PROF AVGG PONTIF TR P XII COS III
2) ADVENTVI AVG 68) LIBERTAS AVG 134) PROF PONTIF TR P XI COS III
3) ADVENTVS / AVGVSTOR 69) MARS VICTOR 135) PROFECTIO AVG
4) ADVENTVS AVGVSTI 70) MARS VLTOR 136) PROPAGO IMPERI
5) AEQVITAS AVGG 71) MARTI PACATORI 137) PROVIDENTIA
6) AEQVITATI PVBLICAE 72) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 138) PROVIDENTIAE DEORVM
7) AETERNIT IMPERI 73) MARTI VLTORI 139) RECTOR ORBIS
8) ANNONA AVG 74) MATRI DEVM 140) RECTORI ORBIS
9) ARCVS AVGG 75) MINER VICTRIX 141) RESTITVTOR VRBIS
10) AVGVSTI COS 76) MONETA AVG 142) ROMA AETERNA
11) BONVS EVENTVS 77) MONETA AVGG 143) ROMAE AETERNAE
12) CERERI FRVGIS 78) NOBILITAS 144) SACRA SAECVLARIA
13) CONCORDIA 79) P MAX TR P III 145) SAECVLI FELICITAS
14) CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM 80) P MAX TR P IIII COS 146) SAL GEN HVM
15) CONCORDIA FELIX 81) P SEPT GETA CAES PONT 147) SALVS ANTONINI AVG
16) CONCORDIA MILIT 82) PACATOR ORBIS 148) SECVRIT IMPERI
17) CONCORDIAE AETERNAE 83) PACI AETERNAE 149) SECVRIT ORBIS
18) CONCORDIAE AVGG 84) PART MAX PM TR P VIIII 150) SECVRITAS PERPETVA
19) CONSECRATIO 85) PART MAX PM TR P X 151) SECVRITAS PVBLICA
20) COS II 86) PART MAX PON TR P V COS 152) SECVRITAS TEMPORVM
21) COS III 87) PART MAX PONT TR P IIII 153) SECVRITATI BRITTANNICAE
22) COS III PP 88) PART MAX PONT TR P V 154) SECVRITATI PERPETVAE
23) COS IIII PP 89) PIETAS 155) SEVERI AVG P II FIL
24) COS LVD SAECVL FEC 90) PLAVTILLA AVGVSTA 156) SEVERI P II AVG FIL
25) COS LVDOS SAECVL FEC 91) PLAVTILLAE AVGVSTAE 157) SOSPITATORI
26) DESTINATO IMPERAT 92) PM TR P VIII COS II PP 158) SPEI PERPETVAE
27) DI PATRII 93) PM TR P XIIII COS III PP 159) SPES PVBLICA
28) FELICIA / TEMPORA 94) PM TR P XIIII COS III PP FORT RED 160) TRAIECTVS PONTIF TR P XI COS III
29) FELICITAS 95) PM TR P XV COS III PP 161) VENERI VICTRICI
30) FELICITAS AVGG 96) PM TR P XV COS III PP IOV VIC 162) VENVS VICTRIX
31) FELICITAS PVBLICA 97) PM TR P XV COS IIII PP 163) VIC PART PM TR P XX COS IIII PP
32) FELICITAS SAECVLI 98) PM TR P XVI COS IIII PP 164) VICT AETERN
33) FELICITAS TEMPOR 99) PM TR P XVI IMP II 165) VICT AETERNAE
34) FELICITATEM PVBLICAM 100) PM TR P XVII COS III PP 166) VICT BRIT PM TR P XIIII COS III
35) FIDEI EXERCITVS 101) PM TR P XVII COS IIII PP 167) VICT PART MAX
36) FIDES PVBLICA 102) PM TR P XVII IMP III COS IIII PP 168) VICT PARTHICA
37) FORT RED PM TR P XIIII COS III PP 103) PM TR P XVIII COS IIII PP 169) VICTORIA AVG
38) FORTVNA REDVX 104) PM TR P XVIII IMP III COS IIII PP 170) VICTORIA AVGG
39) FORTVNAE FELICI 105) PM TR P XVIIII COS IIII PP 171) VICTORIA AVGVSTI
40) FVNDATOR PACIS 106) PM TR P XX COS IIII PP 172) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
41) GENIO SENATVS 107) PM TR P XX IMP III COS IIII PP 173) VICTORIA BRIT
42) IMP ET CAESAR AVG FILI COS 108) PONT TR P II 174) VICTORIA GERMANICA
43) IMPERII FELICITAS 109) PONT TR P VI COS 175) VICTORIA PARTH MAX
44) INDVL FECVNDAE 110) PONTIF TR P II 176) VICTORIA PARTHICA MAXIMA
45) INDVLGENTIA AVGG 111) PONTIF TR P III 177) VICTORIAE
46) INDVLGENTIAE AVG 112) PONTIF TR P IIII 178) VICTORIAE / AVGG
47) INVICTA VIRTVS 113) PONTIF TR P VI COS 179) VICTORIAE AVGG
48) IOVI CONSERVATORI 114) PONTIF TR P VII COS 180) VICTORIAE BRIT
49) IVLIA AVGVSTA 115) PONTIF TR P VIII COS II 181) VICTORIAE BRITTANICAE
50) IVSTITIA 116) PONTIF TR P VIIII COS II 182) VICTORIAE PARTHICA
51) IVSTITIA TR P 117) PONTIF TR P X 183) VICTORIAE PARTHICAE
52) IVVENTA IMPERII 118) PONTIF TR P X COS II 184) VIRT AVGG
53) LAETITIA / TEMPORVM 119) PONTIF TR P XI 185) VIRTVS AVGG
54) LIB AVGG VI ET V 120) PONTIF TR P XI COS III 186) VIRTVS AVGG PONT TR P IIII
55) LIBERAL AVG VIIII 121) PONTIF TR P XII COS III 187) VIRTVS AVGVSTOR
56) LIBERALITAS AVG 122) PONTIF TR P XIII COS III 188) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM
57) LIBERALITAS AVG IIII 123) PONTIF TR P XIIII COS III 189) VOT SOL DEC PONTIF TR P XI COS III
58) LIBERALITAS AVG V 124) PONTIFEX TR P II 190) VOT SVSC DEC PON TR P V COS
59) LIBERALITAS AVG VI 125) PONTIFEX TR P III 191) VOTA PVBLICA
60) LIBERALITAS AVG VII 126) PONTIFEX TR P X COS II 192) VOTA SOLVT DEC
61) LIBERALITAS AVG VIII 127) PRINC IVVENT 193) VOTA SOLVT DEC COS III
62) LIBERALITAS AVGG 128) PRINC IVVENTVTIS 194) VOTA SVSCEPTA X
63) LIBERALITAS AVGG COS II 129) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 195) VOTA SVSCEPTA XX
64) LIBERALITAS AVGG IIII 130) PROF AVG PONT M TR P XIX 196) No legend
65) LIBERALITAS AVGG V 131) PROF AVGG PONTIF TR P XI COS III
66) LIBERALITAS AVGG VI 132) PROF AVGG PONTIF TR P XII

Types:
1) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding wand with snake around it; globe to right.
2) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding wand with serpent wound around it; Telesphorus to left, globe to right.
3) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding wand with serpent wound around it; Telesphorus to left.
4) Annona seated left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.
5) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.
6) Apollo seated left, holding branch and resting arm on lyre.
7) Apollo seated right, resting arm on lyre and holding branch
8) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre on column
9) Apollo standing left, holding branch and spear.
10) Bridge with two soldiers, boats passing under.
11) Caracalla and Geta seated left on platform, accompanied by Liberalitas and; citizen to lower left
12) Caracalla and Geta standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar; three soldiers holding standards and seated captive in background
13) Caracalla and Geta standing, facing, together holding Victory
14) Caracalla and Septimius Severus sacrificing over altar; Concordia behind them, musicians on either side, temple in background.
15) Caracalla and Septimius Severus seated right; attendant behind, citizen in front.
 192
16) Caracalla laureate, draped bust right facing Geta bare-headed draped bust left.
17) Caracalla riding horse left over enemy
18) Caracalla riding horse left, holding spear
19) Caracalla riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear
20) Caracalla riding horse left, spearing enemy
21) Caracalla riding horse right, holding spear
22) Caracalla riding horse right, holding spear; captive to right
23) Caracalla riding horse right, holding spear; soldier to right
24) Caracalla riding horse right, holding spear; soldier to right and another to left
25) Caracalla riding horse right, holding spear; soldier to right and two to left
26) Caracalla riding horse right, spearing enemy
27) Caracalla riding quadriga left, holding scepter with eagle atop.
28) Caracalla riding quadriga right, being crowned by Victory
29) Caracalla riding quadriga right, holding scepter with eagle atop.
30) Caracalla riding rearing horse right, holding spear.
31) Caracalla seated left, accompanied by lictor to right and Liberalitas to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen to lower left
32) Caracalla seated left, holding scepter, facing Aequitas standing to left, holding scale and cornucopia.
33) Caracalla seated left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter
34) Caracalla standing left on right, shaking hands with Plautilla to left
35) Caracalla standing left on right, stepping on crocodile, holding scepter, receiving grain ears from Isis to left, holding sistrum.
36) Caracalla standing left, holding branch and scepter.
37) Caracalla standing left, holding branch and scepter; trophy with shield at base to right
38) Caracalla standing left, holding branch.
39) Caracalla standing left, holding globe and scepter, being crowned by Victory to right; seated captive to left
40) Caracalla standing left, holding parazonium and spear; seated captive to left
41) Caracalla standing left, holding Victory and spear
42) Caracalla standing left, holding Victory and spear; seated captive on either side
43) Caracalla standing left, holding Victory and spear; Victory crowning him.
44) Caracalla standing left, holding Victory on globe and spear; seated captive to left
45) Caracalla standing left, holding Victory on globe with wreath and spear; seated captive to lower left.
46) Caracalla standing left, holding wand and spear; trophy to right.
47) Caracalla standing left, sacrificing over altar
48) Caracalla standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter
49) Caracalla standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter; bull behind altar
50) Caracalla standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding spear; Aesculapius and child to left in temple with four columns and witness to right
51) Caracalla standing left, sacrificing over altar in front of temple of Vesta; two Vestals to left and two witnesses and child to right
52) Caracalla standing left, sacrificing over altar, facing victimarius with bull to left and musician in center background
53) Caracalla standing left, stepping on captive, holding parazonium and spear
54) Caracalla standing left, stepping on crocodile, holding scepter and receiving corn ears from Isis to left, holding sistrum
55) Caracalla standing left, touching trophy with seated captive on either side of its base.
56) Caracalla standing right on left, holding spear, being crowned by Victory, shaking hands with Geta to right, holding scepter, being browned by Hercules
57) Caracalla standing right on left, sacrificing over altar, facing Geta to right, holding scepter; musician in center background.
58) Caracalla standing right on left, sacrificing over altar, facing victimarius with bull to right; musician in center background
59) Caracalla standing right on left, shaking hands with Geta to right.
60) Caracalla standing right on left, shaking hands with Plautilla on right; Concordia between them.
61) Caracalla standing right on left, shaking hands with Plautilla to right.
62) Caracalla standing right on platform, accompanied by two lictors, facing soldiers to right
63) Caracalla standing right, holding spear; soldier holding standard to left.
64) Caracalla standing right, holding spear; two standards to left.
65) Caracalla standing, facing, holding spear and parazonium; river god to left, another two lying down to right.
66) Caracalla, Septimius Severus and Geta each riding horse left, raising hand.
67) Caracalla, Septimius Severus and Geta seated left with Liberalitas in front, soldier behind and citizen on steps to lower left.
68) Caracalla, Septimius Severus and Geta seated on platform accompanied by two lictors
69) Caracalla, Septimius Severus and Geta seated right, accompanied by lictor; citizen to lower right
70) Caracalla, Septimius Severus and Geta seated, facing, on platform
71) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch
72) Circus Maximus: bird’s eye view of galley and animals within.
73) Circus Maximus: bird’s eye view of structure within, obelisk and chariots
74) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae
75) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding two cornucopiae
76) Dea Caelestis riding lion right over flowing water, holding thunderbolt and scepter
77) Eagle standing left on altar
78) Eagle standing left on globe
79) Eagle standing left on vexillum; standard on either side
80) Elephant advancing left
81) Elephant advancing right
82) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and baby.
83) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
84) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter
85) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus.
86) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand
87) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand; another standard to right.
88) Fides standing left, standard on either side.
89) Fides standing, facing, holding grain ears and fruit basket
90) Fides standing right, holding grain ears and fruit basket
91) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair
92) Fortuna standing left, leaning on column, holding cornucopia.
93) Fortuna standing left, leaning on column, holding cornucopia; wheel to left
94) Fortuna standing left, holding cornucopia and rudder.
95) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia
96) Four Seasons frolicking.
97) Galley sailing left
98) Galley sailing left; animals below and four quadrigae above
99) Galley sailing right
100) Genius standing left, holding branch
101) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears.
102) Geta bare headed draped and cuirassed bust right
103) Hercules seated at table with companions and servants
104) Hercules standing left, holding branch and club with lion skin
 193
105) Indulgentia seated left, holding patera and scepter.
106) Indulgentia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter.
107) Italia seated left on globe, holding cornucopia and scepter.
108) Jupiter seated left, holding patera and scepter
109) Jupiter seated left, holding patera and scepter; eagle to left
110) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left.
111) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter
112) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter
113) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left
114) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left and two standards to right
115) Justitia seated left, holding globe.
116) Justitia seated left, holding patera and scepter.
117) Liber standing right on left, holding cup over panther and thrysus, facing four leopards to right
118) Liber standing right on left, holding cup over panther and thrysus, facing Hercules to right; holding club and lion skin
119) Liber standing right on left, holding cup over panther and thrysus, facing Hercules to right, holding club and lion skin; cippus reading COS / LVD / SAEC / FEC
in between
120) Liberalitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
121) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
122) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia; globe to left
123) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia.
124) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter.
125) Lion advancing left, holding thunderbolt in mouth
126) Lion leaping left, holding thunderbolt in mouth
127) Luna riding chariot pulled by two bulls to left
128) Mars advancing left, holding branch and trophy.
129) Mars advancing left, holding spear and trophy.
130) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
131) Mars standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield; seated captive to left.
132) Mars standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear
133) Mars standing left, stepping on helmet, holding branch and spear.
134) Mars standing right, holding spear and shield.
135) Mars standing, facing, holding branch and spear with shield.
136) Medusa’s head, on aegis.
137) Medusa’s head, winged
138) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and spear; shield to left and trophy to right.
139) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and spear; trophy to right
140) Minerva standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear
141) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
142) Monetae (3) standing, facing, each holding a scale; coins piled by their feet.
143) Nobilitas standing right, holding scepter and Palladium; shield to right
144) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter
145) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter
146) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and holding incense box.
147) Plautilla draped bust right.
148) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter.
149) Roma helmeted bust left.
150) Roma helmeted bust right.
151) Roma seated left, holding Palladium and spear
152) Roma seated left, holding spear and Palladium.
153) Roma seated left, holding Victory and parazonium
154) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear; kneeling captive to left
155) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear
156) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear
157) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged)
158) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar
159) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar and holding cornucopia
160) Salus standing left, holding hand of kneeling citizen and scepter with snake coiled around it.
161) Securitas seated left, holding globe.
162) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand
163) Securitas seated right, resting head on hand and holding palm.
164) Securitas seated right, resting head on hand and holding scepter.
165) Securitas seated right, resting head on hand and holding scepter; altar to right
166) Septimius Severus laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right facing Caracalla, laureate draped and cuirassed bust left.
167) Septimius Severus radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right over Julia Domna draped bust on crescent.
168) Serapis seated left, raising hand and holding scepter
169) Serapis seated left, raising hand and holding scepter; Cerberus to left
170) Serapis standing left, holding unidentified object and scepter
171) Serapis standing left, raising hand and holding scepter.
172) Sol radiate, draped bust right
173) Sol riding quadriga left, raising hand and holding whip
174) Sol standing, facing, holding globe and spear.
175) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe
176) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding whip
177) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
178) Temple with (2) columns, Jupiter standing within, holding thunderbolt and scepter
179) Temple with (4) columns, Jupiter standing within, holding thunderbolt and scepter
180) Temple with (6) columns; Roma within in center and outer statues
181) Triumphal arch
182) Trophy; seated captive on either side.
183) Venus standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield
184) Venus standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield; captive on either side.
185) Vexillae (2), standard on each side.
186) Vexillum, standard on each side.
187) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, placing shield on palm with seated captive on each side.
188) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath over shield
189) Victory advancing left, holding trophy; seated captive to left
190) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
191) Victory advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy.
192) Victory advancing right, holding trophy with both hands.
 194
193) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
194) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and trophy.
195) Victory riding biga right.
196) Victory seated left, holding shield and palm.
197) Victory seated right, holding shield placed on altar
198) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VO / XX
199) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VO / XX; shield, cuirass and helmet below
200) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VO / XX; trophy to right with seated captive on either side
201) Victory seated right, holding shield; shield below
202) Victory standing left, holding trophy; kneeling captive to left.
203) Victory standing left, holding trophy; seated captive to left.
204) Victory standing left, holding trophy; supplicant kneeling to left.
205) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm
206) Victory standing right on galley prow, holding wreath and palm
207) Victory standing right on left, stepping on helmet, touching trophy to right with seated captive on either side
208) Victory standing right on left, stepping on helmet, touching trophy to right with seated captive at its base; Britannica standing to right, facing
209) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield on palm
210) Virtus seated left, holding Victory and parazonium.
211) Virtus standing left, holding spear and shield.
212) Virtus standing left, holding Victory and spear.
213) Virtus standing left, stepping on helmet, holding parazonium and spear; trophy to left with seated captive by its base.
214) Virtus standing right, holding Victory and spear.
215) Virtus standing right, stepping on helmet, holding spear and parazonium.
216) Wreath, IMP CAES M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG PM within
217) Wreath, IMP CAES M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG within

Mints:

1) Laodicea ad Mare
2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B03, O39, R155, T157 RIC IVi 3, BMC 183, C 582

2) B05, O18, R014, T013 RIC IVi 152
3) B05, O18, R121, T128 RIC IVi 109a
4) B05, O18, R178, T195 RIC IVi 170
5) B05, O18, R180, T196 RIC IVi 174, BMC 519, C 633
6) B05, O18, R188, T066
7) B05, O18, R193, T058 RIC IVi 205, BMC 576, C 683
8) B05, O19, R054, T011 RIC IVi 215c
9) B05, O19, R093, T005
10) B05, O19, R097, T110 Exe: IOV VIC RIC IVi 200, BMC 34
11) B05, O19, R138, T148 RIC IVi 227, C 528
12) B05, O19, R154, T165 RIC IVi 229, BMC 101, C 575
13) B06, O19, R099, T029 Exe: COS IIII PP RIC IVi 210, BMC 55, C 232
14) B06, O20, R106, T173 RIC IVi 294b, BMC 195, C 391
15) B06, O20, R154, T165 RIC IVi 309a
16) B07, O20, R101, T051
17) B07, O20, R103, T054 RIC IVi 257b
18) B08, O04, R017, T167 RIC IVi 59a
19) B08, O09, R081, T102
20) B08, O12, R017, T167 RIC IVi 52, BMC 260, C 1
21) B08, O15, R081, T102 RIC IVi 38, C 1
22) B08, O15, R139, T174 RIC IVi 39b, BMC 163, C 541
23) B08, O15, R183, T189 RIC IVi 253
24) B08, O18, R053, T098 RIC IVi 133, BMC 263, C 117
25) B08, O18, R141, T151
26) B08, O18, R167, T190 RIC IVi 144a, BMC 295, C 660
27) B08, O20, R102, T169 RIC IVi 242, BMC 96, C 253
28) B08, O20, R103, T050 RIC IVi 270a, BMC 148, C 317
29) B08, O20, R105, T125 RIC IVi 283a, C 366
30) B08, O20, R105, T171 RIC IVi 280a, BMC 164, C 347
31) B08, O20, R106, T170 RIC IVi 289a, BMC 186
32) B08, O20, R138, T148 RIC IVi 309b, BMC 76, C 530
33) B08, O33, R075, T138 RIC IVi 25a
34) B08, O33, R159, T177 RIC IVi 26b, C 598
35) B08, O36, R052, T044 RIC IVi 20
36) B08, O36, R124, T044 RIC IVi 27b, BMC 152, C 405
37) B10, O18, R115, T133 RIC IVi 80b

AR Cistophoric Tetradrachm

38) B05, O36, R196, T079

AR Antoninianus
39) B12, O20, R103, T111 RIC IVi 258b
40) B12, O20, R103, T125 RIC IVi 273d, C 322
41) B12, O20, R103, T171 RIC IVi 263d
42) B12, O20, R103, T173 RIC IVi 265, S 6773, C 289
43) B15, O20, R103, T110 RIC IVi 260b, C 277a
44) B15, O20, R103, T111 RIC IVi 258a, C 279
 195
45) B15, O20, R103, T126 C 402
46) B15, O20, R103, T127 RIC IVi 256b, C 294
47) B15, O20, R103, T171 RIC IVi 263e, C 295
48) B15, O20, R103, T175 RIC IVi 264c, C 287
49) B15, O20, R106, T173 RIC IVi 284a
50) B15, O20, R162, T183 RIC IVi 311d
51) B15, O20, R162, T184 RIC IVi 312a, C 612
52) B15, O20, R163, T039 RIC IVi 299d, C 654
53) B15, O20, R168, T199 RIC IVi 314b
54) B17, O20, R103, T112 RIC IVi 275b, C 338
55) B17, O20, R103, T125 RIC IVi 283b, C 368
56) B17, O20, R103, T127 RIC IVi 274d
57) B17, O20, R103, T171 RIC IVi 263c, C 295d
58) B17, O20, R103, T173
59) B17, O20, R105, T171 RIC IVi 280d, C 349
60) B17, O20, R105, T173 RIC IVi 282e, C 356
61) B17, O20, R105, T175 RIC IVi 281a, C 358

AR Denarius Reference(s)
62) B02, O38, R026, T157 RIC IVi 6, S 6672, C 53
63) B02, O38, R089, T146 RIC IVi 12, C 180
64) B02, O38, R129, T046 RIC IVi 13b, C 505
65) B02, O38, R150, T140 RIC IVi 330, C 566
66) B02, O38, R158, T177 RIC IVi 16, S 6681, C 597
67) B02, O39, R150, T140 RIC IVi 2, C 562
68) B02, O39, R155, T157 RIC IVi 4, S 6679, C 587
69) B02, O39, R158, T177 RIC IVi 5d, C 594
70) B03, O38, R034, T084 RIC IVi 7, S 6673, C 74
71) B03, O38, R043, T082 RIC IVi 9, C 95
72) B03, O38, R073, T130 RIC IVi 11, C 154
73) B05, O18, R028, T096 RIC IVi 153
74) B05, O18, R047, T020 RIC IVi 155, C 108
75) B05, O18, R053, T098 RIC IVi 157
76) B05, O18, R059, T121 RIC IVi 158, S 6815, C 128
77) B05, O18, R068, T124 RIC IVi 161, S 6817, C 143
78) B05, O18, R082, T172 RIC IVi 163d, C 171
79) B05, O18, R100, T158
80) B05, O18, R115, T132
81) B05, O18, R116, T021 RIC IVi 84, C 427
82) B05, O18, R116, T132 RIC IVi 83a, C 424
83) B05, O18, R117, T097 Exe: COS II RIC IVi 98
84) B05, O18, R118, T021 RIC IVi 97, C 436
85) B05, O18, R118, T065 RIC IVi 96, S 6865, C 441
86) B05, O18, R118, T130 RIC IVi 88, C 431
87) B05, O18, R118, T165 RIC IVi 92, S 6863, C 434
88) B05, O18, R118, T190 RIC IVi 94
89) B05, O18, R118, T215 RIC IVi 95, S 6864, C 440
90) B05, O18, R119, T027 Exe: COS III RIC IVi 104, C 451
91) B05, O18, R120, T021 RIC IVi 107, C 511
92) B05, O18, R120, T022 Exe: PROF RIC IVi 108, C 510
93) B05, O18, R120, T023 Exe: PROF RIC IVi 107 anecdotal, C 512
94) B05, O18, R120, T070 RIC IVi 106, C 456
95) B05, O18, R120, T134 RIC IVi 100, S 6867
96) B05, O18, R120, T190 RIC IVi 101
97) B05, O18, R121, T075 RIC IVi 111, S 6868, C 465
98) B05, O18, R121, T215 RIC IVi 112, S 6869, C 464
99) B05, O18, R122, T075 RIC IVi 116a, C 484
100) B05, O18, R122, T215 RIC IVi 117a, C 477
101) B05, O18, R141, T156 RIC IVi 166, S 6882, C 422
102) B05, O18, R157, T178 Exe: IOVI RIC IVi 156, C 108
103) B05, O18, R187, T153 RIC IVi 176, C 672
104) B05, O18, R192, T058 RIC IVi 205, C 684
105) B05, O18, R193, T049 RIC IVi 204, S 6906, C 682
106) B05, O18, R194, T047 RIC IVi 150, S 6909
107) B05, O18, R195, T057 RIC IVi 181, C 693
108) B05, O18, R196, T029 Exe: COS III RIC IVi 87, C 38
109) B05, O19, R004, T019 RIC IVi 212
110) B05, O19, R029, T084
111) B05, O19, R035, T087 RIC IVi 213, S 6800, C 76
112) B05, O19, R037, T093 RIC IVi 189, C 84
113) B05, O19, R044, T106 RIC IVi 214, C 104
114) B05, O19, R059, T121 RIC IVi 216
115) B05, O19, R061, T121 RIC IVi 219, C 134
116) B05, O19, R071, T135 RIC IVi 222, S 6818, C 149
117) B05, O19, R072, T129 RIC IVi 223, S 6819, C 150
118) B05, O19, R076, T141 RIC IVi 224, C 165
119) B05, O19, R093, T206 RIC IVi 185, C 188
120) B05, O19, R093, T206 RIC IVi 190, S 6823, C 188
121) B05, O19, R095, T004 RIC IVi 195, S 6825
122) B05, O19, R095, T104 RIC IVi 192, C 196
123) B05, O19, R095, T159 RIC IVi 196, S 6826, C 206
124) B05, O19, R095, T171 RIC IVi 194, C 195
125) B05, O19, R098, T104 RIC IVi 206a, S 6828, C 220
126) B05, O19, R098, T124 RIC IVi 209a, S 6830, C 224
127) B05, O19, R098, T171 RIC IVi 208a, S 6829, C 211
128) B05, O19, R100, T081 RIC IVi 211a, C 230
129) B05, O19, R122, T020 RIC IVi 118b
 196
130) B05, O19, R122, T075 RIC IVi 116b, C 483
131) B05, O19, R122, T215 RIC IVi 117b
132) B05, O19, R123, T074 RIC IVi 183, C 192
133) B05, O19, R123, T144 RIC IVi 184, C 190
134) B05, O19, R123, T215 RIC IVi 191, C 494
135) B05, O19, R135, T064 RIC IVi 225, S 6876, C 509
136) B05, O19, R138, T148 RIC IVi 227d, C 529
137) B05, O19, R180, T190 RIC IVi 231, C 632
138) B05, O19, R180, T192 RIC IVi 231a, C 629
139) B05, O20, R046, T105 RIC IVi 300, S 6808, C 103
140) B05, O20, R055, T121 RIC IVi 302, C 139
141) B05, O20, R072, T129 RIC IVi 307, C 152
142) B05, O20, R098, T104 RIC IVi 206c, C 222
143) B05, O20, R098, T171 RIC IVi 208c, C 213
144) B05, O20, R101, T006 RIC IVi 238a, C 242
145) B05, O20, R101, T007
146) B05, O20, R101, T036 RIC IVi 246, C 247
147) B05, O20, R101, T081 RIC IVi 250a
148) B05, O20, R101, T104 RIC IVi 239, C 244
149) B05, O20, R101, T113 RIC IVi 240, S 6832, C 239
150) B05, O20, R101, T171 RIC IVi 244, C 241
151) B05, O20, R103, T001 RIC IVi 251, S 6834, C 302
152) B05, O20, R103, T002 RIC IVi 253, C 307
153) B05, O20, R103, T008 RIC IVi 254, S 6835, C 282
154) B05, O20, R103, T039 RIC IVi 299e, C 655
155) B05, O20, R103, T086 RIC IVi 266, S 6840, C 315
156) B05, O20, R103, T111 RIC IVi 258c, S 6836
157) B05, O20, R103, T125 RIC IVi 273e
158) B05, O20, R103, T145 RIC IVi 255, S 6841, C 284
159) B05, O20, R103, T156 C 246
160) B05, O20, R103, T169
161) B05, O20, R103, T171 RIC IVi 263
162) B05, O20, R103, T175 RIC IVi 264a, S 6839
163) B05, O20, R105, T110 RIC IVi 277c, C 343
164) B05, O20, R105, T111 RIC IVi 275a, C 337
165) B05, O20, R105, T112 RIC IVi 276, C 340
166) B05, O20, R105, T125 RIC IVi 283c, C 367
167) B05, O20, R105, T126
168) B05, O20, R105, T127 RIC IVi 274a
169) B05, O20, R105, T171 RIC IVi 280c, C 348
170) B05, O20, R105, T173 RIC IVi 282f
171) B05, O20, R105, T175 RIC IVi 281b, C 359
172) B05, O20, R106, T108 RIC IVi 287a
173) B05, O20, R106, T112 RIC IVi 285a
174) B05, O20, R106, T127 RIC IVi 284d
175) B05, O20, R106, T170 RIC IVi 289c, C 382
176) B05, O20, R106, T173 RIC IVi 294c, C 391a
177) B05, O20, R106, T176 RIC IVi 293d, S 6848
178) B05, O20, R106, T200 RIC IVi 297e
179) B05, O20, R162, T183 RIC IVi 311b, S 6890, C 606
180) B05, O20, R162, T184 RIC IVi 312d, C 613
181) B05, O26, R072, T129 RIC IVi 235, S 6815
182) B05, O26, R076, T141 RIC IVi 236, C 166
183) B05, O26, R098, T104 RIC IVi 206b, C 221
184) B06, O15, R156, T044
185) B07, O15, R149, T162
186) B08, O15, R007, T166 RIC IVi 32b
187) B08, O15, R011, T101 RIC IVi 33, C 19
188) B08, O15, R030, T083 RIC IVi 35
189) B08, O15, R087, T182 RIC IVi 346, C 177a
190) B08, O15, R111, T174 RIC IVi 30a, S 6857, C 413
191) B08, O15, R112, T174 RIC IVi 55a
192) B08, O15, R139, T174 RIC IVi 39a, C 542
193) B08, O15, R146, T160 RIC IVi 42c, S 6883, C 558a
194) B08, O15, R149, T162 RIC 351b
195) B08, O15, R149, T162 RIC IVi 43d, C 572
196) B08, O15, R156, T044 RIC IVi 45d, C 590
197) B08, O15, R164, T188 RIC IVi 47a
198) B08, O15, R184, T212 RIC IVi 354, S 6902, C 664
199) B08, O18, R087, T182
200) B08, O18, R185, T212 RIC IVi 149b, S 6903, C 667
201) B08, O31, R151, T161 RIC IVi 332, C 568
202) B08, O33, R036, T089 RIC IVi 24a, C 82
203) B08, O33, R036, T090 RIC IVi 334, C 82
204) B08, O33, R075, T138 RIC IVi 336b, C 159
205) B08, O33, R075, T139 RIC IVi 25d, C 159
206) B08, O33, R077, T141 RIC IVi 337b, C 168
207) B08, O33, R159, T177 RIC IVi 26a, C 599
208) B08, O34, R159, T177 RIC IVi 28, C 600a
209) B08, O35, R124, T044 RIC IVi 27a
210) B08, O35, R149, T165 RIC IVi 22a
211) B10, O15, R030, T083
212) B10, O18, R001, T097 RIC IVi 120, C 3
213) B10, O18, R003, T097 RIC IVi 121
214) B10, O18, R015, T034 RIC IVi 124a, S 6794
215) B10, O18, R017, T167 RIC IVi 125a, C 5a
216) B10, O18, R025, T118 RIC IVi 74a
217) B10, O18, R030, T083 RIC IVi 127, S 6799
218) B10, O18, R045, T076 RIC IVi 130a, S 6806, C 97
 197
219) B10, O18, R057, T121 RIC IVi 135, C 122
220) B10, O18, R062, T121 RIC IVi 134a, C 121
221) B10, O18, R065, T121 RIC IVi 136b, C 124
222) B10, O18, R087, T182 RIC IVi 54b, S 6853, C 175
223) B10, O18, R088, T182 RIC IVi 63, C 178
224) B10, O18, R109, T155 RIC IVi 69, S 6856, C 499
225) B10, O18, R115, T132 RIC IVi 81, S 6859, C 421
226) B10, O18, R115, T133 RIC IVi 80, S 6858, C 420
227) B10, O18, R115, T158 RIC IVi 82, S 6860, C 422
228) B10, O18, R139, T174 RIC IVi 141
229) B10, O18, R167, T190 RIC IVi 144b, C 658
230) B10, O18, R175, T190 RIC IVi 145, S 6898, C 661
231) B10, O18, R179, T188
232) B10, O18, R185, T212 RIC IVi 149a, C 667
233) B10, O18, R190, T047 RIC IVi 68, S 6908
234) B10, O33, R159, T177 RIC IVi 338b, C 599
235) B10, O34, R030, T083 RIC IVi 339, S 6798, C 62

AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

236) B01, O27, R019, T078 RIC 717 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 32

AR Quinarius

237) B05, O18, R078, T143 RIC IVi 162, C 169

238) B05, O19, R022, T190 RIC IVi 202b, C 42
239) B08, O20, R023, T190 RIC IVi 317a, C 45a

AE Sestertius
240) B05, O43, R122, T128 RIC IVi 450b, C 474
241) B05, O43, R181, T208 Exe: SC RIC IVi 464, C 639
242) B05, O44, R018, T056 Exe: SC RIC IVi 508c, C 29
243) B05, O44, R138, T148 RIC IVi 511a, C 532
244) B05, O44, R154, T165 Exe: SC RIC IVi 512d, C 577
245) B06, O42, R102, T062 Exe: SC
246) B06, O44, R138, T148
247) B06, O44, R154, T165 Exe: SC RIC IVi 512a
248) B08, O39, R158, T177 RIC IVi 401, C 595
249) B08, O42, R102, T062 Exe: SC RIC IVi 525c
250) B08, O44, R098, T124 RIC IVi 498a, C 229
251) B08, O44, R098, T131 RIC IVi 496b
252) B08, O44, R099, T073 Exe: COS IIII PP / SC RIC IVi 500a, C 236
253) B08, O45, R104, T035 Exe: SC RIC IVi 544, C 334
254) B08, O45, R154, T165 Exe: SC RIC IVi 573a, C 580

AE Dupondius
255) B11, O18, R181, T209 RIC IVi 467, C 637

AE As
256) B03, O39, R155, T157 Exe: SC RIC IVi 404, C 586
257) B05, O18, R122, T213 Exe: SC RIC IVi 458, C 479
258) B05, O18, R122, T213 Exe: SC RIC IVi 458b
259) B05, O19, R181, T209
260) B05, O20, R102, T204 RIC IVi 534, C 268
261) B05, O20, R103, T002 RIC IVi 554a, C 309
262) B08, O20, R103, T002
263) B08, O20, R103, T002 RIC IVi 554b
264) B08, O25, R025, T118 Exe: SC RIC IVi 421
 198
Caracalla Busts

Caracalla Types
 199
Caracalla Types (continued)
 200
Caracalla Types (continued)
 201
Caracalla Types (continued)
 202
Plautilla was the wife of Caracalla. This unhappy union

Plautilla came about by insistence of Septimius Severus,

Caracalla's father, who wanted to show his appreciation
and support for Plautianus, his Praetorian Prefect.
Caracalla apparently hated her for her imperious and
? – d.211 snobby ways and warned her that the only reason she
was with him in the first place was in deference to his father's wishes.

Alarmed at what Caracalla might do to her, Plautianus then set up a hasty plot to kill his friend Severus but the plot
was revealed and he was executed. Shortly after Severus's death Caracalla made good on his threats and exiled
her to an island. This not being good enough he had her executed sometime after.

Bust:
As with other coins of this period, while the
1) Draped bust right Denarius is now seriously debased (of roughly
50% finenesss) and the Sestertius is suffering
Obverses: from an unhealthy weight loss, at least the artistry
of the portraiture continues to be of high grade.
1) PLAVTILLA AVG
2) PLAVTILLA AVGVSTA
3) PLAVTILLAE AVGVSTAE Many of coins of Plautilla remain in top notch
grades and while nowhere as common as those of
Reverses: her husband Caracalla they are still available at a
moment’s notice from any coin dealer and often
1) CONCORDIA AVGG
2) CONCORDIA FELIX on Ebay.
3) CONCORDIAE
4) CONCORDIAE AETERNAE
5) DIANA LVCIFERA
The average Denarius will sell for somewhere
6) HILARITAS between $50 and $100. Even a truly wonderful
7) PIETAS AVGG piece should not cost much above $200.
8) PROPAGO IMPERI
9) VENVS FELIX
10) VENVS VICTRIX Any other denomination is likely to be prohibitive
in cost if in decent shape.
Types:
1) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia
2) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae
3) Concordia standing left, holding patera and scepter.
4) Diana standing left, holding torch with both hands.
5) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia.
6) Pietas standing, facing, holding scepter and child.
7) Plautilla standing right on left, shaking hands with Caracalla to right
8) Venus standing left, holding apple and pulling dress from shoulder.
9) Venus standing left, leaning on shield, holding apple and cradling palm; cupid to lower left.

Mints:
1) Laodicea ad Mare
2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O2, R05, T4 RIC 366 (IVi, Caracalla)
2) B1, O2, R07, T6 RIC 367 (IVi, Caracalla), C 15

AR Denarius
3) B1, O2, R01, T3 RIC 363 (IVi, Caracalla), S 7065, C 1
4) B1, O2, R02, T7 RIC 365 (IVi, Caracalla), C 12
5) B1, O2, R05, T4 RIC 366 (IVi, Caracalla), C 13
6) B1, O2, R06, T5 RIC 371 (IVi, Caracalla), S 7071, C 14
7) B1, O2, R07, T6 RIC 367 (IVi, Caracalla), S 7072, C 16
8) B1, O2, R10, T9 RIC 369 (IVi, Caracalla), S 7074
9) B1, O3, R01, T3 RIC 359 (IVi, Caracalla), S 7065
10) B1, O3, R03, T2 RIC 370 (IVi, Caracalla), C 7
11) B1, O3, R03, T2 RIC 360 (Ivi, Caracalla), C 7
12) B1, O3, R04, T7 RIC 361 (Ivi, Caracalla), S 7069, C 10
13) B1, O3, R08, T7 RIC 362 (Ivi, Caracalla), S 7073, C 21
 203
AR Quinarius Reference(s)

14) B1, O2, R09, T8 RIC 368 (Ivi, Caracalla), C 23

AE As
15) B1, O3, R01, T2 RIC 580 (Ivi, Caracalla), C 5
16) B1, O3, R07, T6 RIC 581 (IVi, Caracalla), C 19

Plautilla Bust

Plautilla Types
 204

Geta was Caracalla's brother and son of Septimius Severus. He

Geta served as Caesar from 198 until his father's death in 211 at which
point he became Augustus, sharing the top slot with Caracalla.
Caracalla, in turn, wanted none of this and prepared to rid himself
Augustus 198-212 of his unwelcome sidekick. Tricking Geta into a feigned peace
summit to be convened on the neutral grounds of their mother's
residence, Geta was instead ambushed by a detachment of
Caracalla's troops and cold-heartedly slain as he desperately sought refuge in his mother's arms.

Bust s:
A bit scarcer than either Caracalla’s or Septimius
1) Bare head right Severus’s coins, Geta’s own coins are still widely available
2) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust left
3) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust right in all grades from the $5 “junk” Denarii to the multi-
4) Bare-headed, draped bust left thousand dollar Aureus and everything in between.
5) Bare-headed, draped bust right
6) Laureate head right
7) Radiate head right As should be no surprise by now, the Denarius is by far
the most well-represented denomination for this boy
Obverses: emperor. For some years now the bronzes have been
getting much scarcer. By the early 200’s a Sestertius is a
1) GETA CAES PONT COS
2) GETA CAES PONTIF
rare coin although they will continue to be struck, along
3) GETA CAES PONTIF COS with the Dupondius and the As, for at least another half
4) GETA CAES PONTIFEX century. Likewise, any of these bronzes will be rare for
5) IMP CAE L SEPT GETA AVG COS II
6) IMP CAES P SEPT GETA PIVS AVG Geta, especially in a high grade.
7) L SEPT GETA CAES PONT
8) L SEPTIMIVS GETA CAES
9) P SEPT GETA CAES PONT Geta begins his appearance on coins as a young child and
10) P SEPT GETA CAES PONT COS over the years matures into a young adult. By the time of
11) P SEPT GETA PIVS AVG BRIT
12) P SEPTIMIVS GETA CAES his murder he is already shown as a young, bearded man.
13) P SEPTIMIVS GETA CAESAR
14) P SEPTIMIVS GETA PIVS AVG BRIT

Reverses:
1) ADVENTVS AVGVSTI 29) LIBERALITAS AVG VI 57) PRINC IVVENTVTIS
2) AEQVITATI PVBLICAE 30) LIBERALITAS AVGG IIII 58) PRINCIPI IVVENT COS
3) AETERNIT IMPERII 31) LIBERALITAS AVGG VI ET V 59) PROVID DEORVM
4) BONVS EVENTVS 32) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTORVM 60) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM
5) CASTOR 33) MARTI VICTORI 61) RESTITVTOR VRBIS
6) CONCORDIA 34) MINER VICTRIX 62) RESTITVTORI VRBIS
7) CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM 35) MINERV SANCT 63) ROMAE AETERNAE
8) CONCORDIA MILIT 36) MINERVA 64) SAECVLARIA SACRA
9) CONCORDIAE AETERNAE 37) MINERVA PACIFERA 65) SECVRIT IMPERII
10) CONCORDIAE AVGG 38) MINERVAE VICTRICI 66) SEVER INVICTI AVG P II FIL
11) COS 39) NOBILITAS 67) SEVERI P II AVG FIL
12) DI PATRII 40) PACATOR ORBIS 68) SPEI PERPETVAE
13) FELICIA TEMPORA 41) PIETAS 69) SPES PVBLICA
14) FELICITAS AVGG 42) PIETAS AVG 70) TR P III COS II PP
15) FELICITAS PVBLICA 43) PIETAS PVBLICA 71) TR P IIII COS II FORT RED
16) FELICITAS SAECVLI 44) PM TR P II COS II PP 72) TR P IIII COS II PP
17) FELICITAS TEMPOR 45) PONTIF COS 73) VICT AETERN
18) FID EXERC TR P III COS II 46) PONTIF COS II 74) VICT BRIT TR P III COS II
19) FORT RED TR P III 47) PONTIF TR P COS II 75) VICT BRIT TR P IIII COS II
20) FORT RED TR P III COS II PP 48) PONTIF TR P II COS II 76) VICTORIAE AVGG
21) IMP ET CAESAR AVG FILI COS 49) PONTIF TR P III COS II 77) VICTORIAE AVGVSTORVM
22) IOVI SOSPITATORI 50) PONTIF TR P III COS II PP 78) VICTORIAE BRIT
23) IVLIA AVGVSTA 51) PONTIF TR P III PP 79) VICTORIAE BRITTANICAE
24) IVLIA PIA FELIX AVG 52) PONTIFEX 80) VIRTVS AVGVSTOR
25) LAETITIA PVBL 53) PONTIFEX COS II 81) VOTA PVBLICA
26) LAETITIA TEMPORVM 54) PRINC IVVENT 82) VOTA SVSCEPTA X
27) LIB AVGG V ET VI 55) PRINC IVVENT COS 83) No legend
28) LIBERALITAS AVG V 56) PRINC IVVENTVT

Types:
1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia; coins piled by feet
2) Caracalla radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand
3) Castor standing left, holding horse by rein and spear.
4) Concordia standing left, holding standard and scepter; two standards to left and three to right.
5) Diana standing left, holding torch and globe
6) Elephant advancing right.
7) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
8) Felicitas standing left, holding cornucopia and caduceus
9) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand; another standard to right.
 205
10) Fides standing left, holding standard; another standard to right.
11) Fortuna lying right on wheel, holding cornucopia.
12) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia
13) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair.
14) Four Seasons frolicking
15) Galley sailing left; circus animals below, two quadrigae above.
16) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears.
17) Geta and Caracalla seated left on platform with Liberalitas to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen to lower left.
18) Geta and Caracalla seated, facing each other; Septimius Severus standing in between them, facing forward.
19) Geta and Caracalla seated, facing each other; Septimius Severus seated between them, facing forward.
20) Geta and Caracalla standing left, each raising hand and holding a spear; three soldiers in background and seated captive to lower left.
21) Geta and Caracalla standing, facing each other, each holding a spear, shaking hands; Liber, holding thrysus, crowning emperor on left and Hercules, holding
club, crowning emperor on right
22) Geta and Caracalla standing, facing each other, holding together globe; Victory between them over trophy with seated captive at its base.
23) Geta and Caracalla standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar; musician between them in background.
24) Geta and Caracalla standing, facing each other, shaking hands over altar; Victory between them, crowning each.
25) Geta and Caracalla standing, facing each other, shaking hands.
26) Geta riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter.
27) Geta riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear; soldier leading in front, holding standard.
28) Geta riding horse left, spearing enemy.
29) Geta riding quadriga left, holding scepter with eagle atop
30) Geta riding quadriga right, holding scepter with eagle atop.
31) Geta riding quadriga right, raising hand
32) Geta standing left on right, holding cornucopia, shaking hands with Felicitas to left, holding caduceus.
33) Geta standing left, holding branch and spear.
34) Geta standing left, holding branch and spear; trophy to right with shield at base.
35) Geta standing left, holding globe and scepter.
36) Geta standing left, holding scepter and spear; trophy to right.
37) Geta standing left, sacrificing over altar.
38) Geta standing left, sacrificing over altar; bull by altar.
39) Geta, Caracalla and Septimius Severus, each riding a horse right
40) Janus standing left, holding spear and thunderbolt.
41) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder on globe.
42) Liber standing right by leopard, holding cup and thrysus, facing Hercules to right, holding club and lion skin.
43) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia
44) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia; globe to lower left.
45) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
46) Mars standing left, crowning trophy and holding spear with shield.
47) Minerva advancing right, holding branch and spear with shield.
48) Minerva helmeted head right
49) Minerva seated left, feeding snake on tree and holding spear.
50) Minerva seated left, feeding snake on tree and holding spear; owl on shield to right.
51) Minerva standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
52) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia.
53) Nobilitas standing right, holding scepter and Palladium
54) Pietas seated left, holding scepter and cornucopia; two children under chair.
55) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and holding incense box.
56) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar
57) Pietas standing right, holding scepter and pulling veil; two children to right.
58) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter.
59) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear.
60) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged)
61) Securitas seated left, holding globe.
62) Securitas seated left, resting head on hand and holding scepter; altar to left.
63) Septimius Severus laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, facing Caracalla laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left.
64) Sol radiate, draped bust right
65) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip.
66) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt
67) Temple with (2) columns; Aesculapius standing with, holding scepter with snake coiled around and snake on either side.
68) Temple with (2) columns; Jupiter standing within, holding scepter.
69) Temple with (6) columns; Roma seated within.
70) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield on palm tree with seated captives at its base.
71) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath over shield
72) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
73) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
74) Victory riding biga right, holding whip
75) Victory seated right, holding shield.
76) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.
77) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, touching trophy; Britannia standing to right, facing, with captive by feet.
78) Virtus seated left, holding Victory and parazonium.
79) Virtus standing left, stepping on captive, holding parazonium and spear.
80) Wreath, TEM / POR FELI / CITAS within.

Mints:

1) Laodicea ad Mare
2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B3, O01, R81, T37 RIC IVi 38a, BMC 441
2) B3, O09, R15, T07 RIC IVi 9b, C 37
3) B3, O12, R54, T39 Exe: COS RIC IVi 37a, C 161
4) B5, O08, R67, T60 RIC IVi 3
5) B5, O09, R66, T02 RIC IVi 21, BMC 244
 206
AR Denarius Reference(s)

6) B1, O12, R46, T16 RIC IVi 59b

7) B3, O08, R17, T32
8) B3, O08, R68, T66 RIC IVi 96, C 192
9) B3, O09, R41, T55 RIC IVi 99, S 7185, C 97
10) B3, O09, R54, T33 RIC IVi 15b, C 159
11) B3, O09, R65, T61 RIC IVi 20b, C 183a
12) B3, O09, R73, T71 RIC IVi 101, C 206
13) B3, O12, R35, T51
14) B3, O12, R46, T35 RIC IVi 61b, C 117
15) B3, O12, R54, T39 C 162a
16) B5, O01, R14, T07 RIC IVi 29, C 35
17) B5, O01, R36, T51 RIC IVi 30, C 78
18) B5, O01, R81, T37 RIC IVi 38b, S 7207
19) B5, O02, R36, T51 RIC IVi 25, C 79
20) B5, O07, R83, T80
21) B5, O08, R17, T07 RIC IVi 2, S 7174, C 44
22) B5, O08, R67, T60 RIC IVi 3, C 188
23) B5, O08, R69, T66 RIC IVi 4, S 7203, C 193
24) B5, O09, R03, T63 RIC IVi 5, C 1a
25) B5, O09, R05, T03 RIC IVi 6, C 12
26) B5, O09, R14, T07 RIC IVi 8, C 36
27) B5, O09, R15, T07 RIC IVi 9a, S 7173
28) B5, O09, R32, T43 RIC IVi 11, S 7178
29) B5, O09, R39, T53 RIC IVi 13a, S 7184
30) B5, O09, R54, T33 RIC IVi 15a, C 159
31) B5, O09, R57, T34 RIC IVi 18, S 7196
32) B5, O09, R65, T61 RIC IVi 20a, S 7200, C 183
33) B5, O09, R69, T66 RIC IVi 21a, C 195
34) B5, O09, R73, T71 RIC IVi 23, S 7205
35) B5, O09, R83, T80
36) B5, O12, R11, T29 Exe: COS RIC IVi 28, C 28
37) B5, O12, R29, T43 RIC IVi 44, C 69
38) B5, O12, R33, T45 RIC IVi 103, C 76
39) B5, O12, R35, T51 RIC IVi 45, S 7181, C 83
40) B5, O12, R36, T51 RIC IVi 46, C 77
41) B5, O12, R37, T47 Exe: COS RIC IVi 31, C 81
42) B5, O12, R45, T51 RIC IVi 34b, S 7186
43) B5, O12, R46, T16 RIC IVi 59a, S 7187, C 114
44) B5, O12, R46, T35 RIC IVi 61a, S 7188, C 117
45) B5, O12, R46, T37 RIC IVi 62b, C 119
46) B5, O12, R52, T30 RIC IVi 66, C 103b
47) B5, O12, R54, T39 RIC IVi 37b, C 162a
48) B5, O12, R59, T58 RIC IVi 51, S 7197
49) B5, O12, R61, T59 RIC IVi 52, C 172
50) B5, O12, R67, T60
51) B5, O12, R81, T37 RIC IVi 57, C 227
52) B6, O06, R47, T16 RIC IVi 67, C 129
53) B6, O06, R48, T08 RIC IVi 69a, C 137
54) B6, O06, R48, T16 RIC IVi 70b, C 140
55) B6, O11, R01, T26 RIC IVi 84
56) B6, O11, R19, T11 C 62a
57) B6, O11, R20, T11 RIC IVi 77, C 62
58) B6, O11, R20, T12 RIC IVi 76d, C 59
59) B6, O11, R28, T43 RIC IVi 88
60) B6, O11, R28, T44 RIC IVi 89, C 68
61) B6, O11, R48, T08 RIC IVi 69b, C 137
62) B6, O11, R49, T08 RIC IVi 78a, S 7520
63) B6, O11, R70, T05 RIC IVi 81, C 200
64) B6, O11, R70, T08 RIC IVi 80, S 7523, C 198
65) B6, O11, R70, T40 RIC IVi 79, C 197
66) B6, O11, R78, T73 RIC IVi 91, C 220
67) B6, O11, R78, T76 RIC IVi 92, C 219

AR Quinarius
68) B1, O12, R39, T53 RIC IVi 49, C 93c

AE Sestertius
69) B6, O06, R48, T20 Exe: SC RIC IVi 157b, C 146
70) B6, O06, R48, T23 Exe: SC RIC IVi 156, C 145
71) B6, O14, R10, T21 Exe: SC RIC IVi 184, C 25
72) B6, O14, R20, T13 Exe: SC RIC IVi 168, C 52
73) B6, O14, R31, T17 Exe: SC RIC IVi 185, C 71
74) B6, O14, R74, T75 Exe: SC RIC IVi 172b, C 210

AE Dupondius

75) B7, O14, R47, T57 RIC IVi 174a, C 153

 207
AE As Reference(s)

76) B6, O06, R47, T46 Exe: SC RIC IVi 152

77) B6, O06, R48, T57 RIC IVi 163, C 133
78) B6, O14, R20, T13 Exe: SC RIC IVi 176, C 60

Geta Busts

Geta Types
 208
Geta Busts (continued)

Macrinus was well respected in the military circles and he

Macrinus eventually gained the position of Praetorian Prefect under
Caracalla, which was the highest military position short of
Imperator (otherwise equivalent to Emperor). In the spring of 217 it
Augustus 217-218 is believed that Caracalla consulted a soothsayer who told him the
next emperor would be Macrinus. As soon as Macrinus heard of
this, he understood that Caracalla would kill him at the first chance
he got just to remove any validity to the prophecy. Gaining the support of his closest guardsmen, a plot to
assassinate Caracalla was put together as a preemptive strike and the assassination was carried out successfully.
He was then hailed as Augustus by the army and soon after by the Senate.

But Macrinus would prove a weak leader. He had no choice but to introduce lower pay scales for the army and
settled for a demeaning peace against the Parthians. This one-two punch engendered a great deal of
dissatisfaction at home and abroad and gave birth to a rebellion headed by the teenager Elagalabus. Macrinus
moved to quell the revolt but was defeated and forced to flee. Unluckily for him, he was found, captured and
executed.
 209
Busts:
Despite being a “short-termer” as far as imperial tenures
1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right go, Macrinus had enough coins minted in his name that
3) Laureate, draped bust right today finding one is a rather easy affair. Call it a benefit of
4) Radiate, cuirassed bust right
5) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
the troubled times. As it takes a massive amount of money
6) Radiate, draped bust right to wage war, in his case a civil war no less, there’s a
correspondingly higher incidence of them having survived
Obverses: the melting pot.
1) IMP C M OPEL SEV MACRINVS AVG So as with the rest of the emperors around this time
2) IMP CA ES M OPEL SEV MACRINVS AVG
3) M OPEL SEV MACRINVS AVG period, the Denarius is still king despite the recent
introduction of the Antoninianus which would eventually
Reverses: replace it as the principal form of Roman money.
Macrinus’ Denarii can today be found for $75-$150 a piece
1) AEQVITAS AVG on Ebay or about double that at a coin shop. He also
2) ANNONA AVG
3) COS II made the Antoninianus too which is far scarcer but not
4) FELICITAS TEMPORVM appreciably more expensive. Other denominations,
5) FIDES MIL PM TR P
6) FIDES MILITVM
particularly the bronzes, are sometimes offered for sale
7) FIDES PVBLICA but with the exception of the very worn or coins with other
8) IOVI CONSERVATORI problems they tend to be pricey items usually sold via
9) LIBERALITAS AVG
10) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI established auction houses.
11) PM TR P II COS PP
12) PONT MAX TR P COS PP
13) PONTIF MAX TR P COS PP
14) PONTIF MAX TR P II
15) PONTIF MAX TR P II COS II
16) PONTIF MAX TR P II COS II PP
17) PONTIF MAX TR P II COS PP
18) PONTIF MAX TR P PP
19) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM
20) RESTITVTOR VRBIS
21) SALVS PVBL PM TR P
22) SALVS PVBLICA
23) SECVRITAS TEMPORVM
24) VICT PART PM TR P II COS II PP
25) VICTORIA AVG
26) VICTORIA PARTHICA
27) VOTA PVBL PM TR P

Types:
1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
2) Annona seated left, holding grain ears and cornucopia
3) Annona seated left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia
4) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia
5) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
6) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter
7) Fides standing, facing, holding two standards in each hand
8) Fides standing, facing,stepping on helmet, holding standard in each hand
9) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
10) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; Macrinus to left
11) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia
12) Macrinus and Diadumenian seated left on platform, Liberalitas to left, soldier behind and citizen below
13) Macrinus riding quadriga left, holding branch and scepter with eagle atop, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm
14) Macrinus seated left, holding globe and scepter
15) Macrinus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter
16) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia
17) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter
18) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand; altar to left
19) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter
20) Victory advancing left holding a wreath in each hand; shield on column on either side
21) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm
22) Victory seated right, holding shield
23) Victory standing, holding wreath and palm

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R04, T05 RIC IVii 57, BMC 61
2) B2, O1, R11, T04 RIC IVii 25, C 46
3) B2, O1, R13, T09 RIC IVii 16, BMC 30
 210
AR Antoninianus Reference(s)

4) B4, O1, R04, T06 RIC IVii 63, C 20a

5) B4, O1, R06, T07 RIC IVii 69
6) B4, O1, R08, T10 RIC IVii 77e, C 38
7) B4, O1, R22, T17 RIC IVii 88
8) B4, O1, R23, T18 RIC IVii 95, S 7325
9) B5, O1, R08, T10

AR Denarius
10) B1, O1, R02, T03 RIC IVii 55b, C 8
11) B1, O1, R04, T05 RIC IVii 59, S 7332
12) B1, O1, R06, T07 RIC IVii 68, S 7334
13) B1, O1, R08, T09 RIC IVii 72, C 33
14) B1, O1, R08, T09 RIC IVii 73c, S 7338
15) B1, O1, R08, T10 RIC IVii 76c, S 7337, C 37
16) B1, O1, R13, T05 RIC IVii 32
17) B1, O1, R13, T08 RIC IVii 22, S 7345
18) B1, O1, R13, T09 RIC IVii 15, S 7342
19) B1, O1, R13, T17 RIC IVii 23, S 7343
20) B1, O1, R13, T19 RIC IVii 24, S 7347, C 61
21) B1, O1, R16, T19 RIC IVii 46, C 98
22) B1, O1, R18, T05 RIC IVii 4, C 79
23) B1, O1, R18, T09 RIC IVii 2, C 70
24) B1, O1, R22, T17 RIC IVii 84, C 114
25) B1, O1, R23, T18 RIC IVii 94b, C 128
26) B1, O1, R23, T19 RIC IVii 91
27) B1, O1, R24, T21 RIC IVii 49, C 137
28) B1, O1, R27, T06 RIC IVii 6b, C 147
29) B1, O1, R27, T10 RIC IVii 5b, C 142a
30) B2, O1, R19, T16 RIC IVii 80a, C 108
31) B3, O1, R01, T01 RIC IVii 53, S 7329, C 2
32) B3, O1, R06, T08 RIC IVii 67c, C 23
33) B3, O1, R11, T04 RIC IVii 26, S 7340
34) B3, O1, R11, T04 RIC IVii 39, C 102
35) B3, O1, R11, T14 RIC IVii 27, S 7341, C 51

AE Sestertius
36) B1, O2, R18, T05 RIC IVii 121
37) B1, O2, R22, T17 Exe: SC RIC IVii 198, C 117
38) B1, O2, R23, T19 RIC IVii 21, C 123
39) B2, O2, R02, T03 Exe: SC RIC IVii 169
40) B2, O2, R13, T03 RIC IVii 137, C 58
41) B2, O2, R13, T09 RIC IVii 136
42) B2, O2, R18, T09 RIC IVii 119, C 72

AE As
43) B1, O2, R14, T13 Exe: COS II PP RIC IVii 162, C 107
44) B1, O2, R16, T05 RIC IVii 156, C 94
45) B1, O2, R16, T09 RIC IVii 154, C 90

Macrinus Busts
 211
Macrinus Types

Macrinus named his son Diadumenian co-Augustus within a year

Diadumenian after his own accession but both perished at the hands of their
soldiers soon afterwards. Diadumenian however outlived his father
for some time by escaping under disguise and managed to get on
Augustus 218 a ship bound for Rome but was apprehended at a midway port and
then executed.

Busts:

1) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right

A couple hundred dollars is all you need to get your hands
2) Bare headed, draped bust right on this rare emperor. Well, a coin featuring him as Caesar
3) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right anyway since those of him as emperor are impossibly
4) Radiate, draped head right
rare.
Obverses:
But the Denarius is easy enough to locate though by no
1) IMP C M OPEL ANT DIADVMENIAN AVG means should it be considered a common type
2) M OPEL ANT DIADVMENIAN CAES occurrence. And don’t expect an object of great beauty for
3) M OPEL ANTONINVS DIADVMENIANVS CAES
4) M OPEL DIADVMENIANVS CAES that price. Well-preserved silver of his can go for two or
three times that much.
Reverses:
An even cheaper alternative are the provincial bronzes
1) FIDES MILITVM minted in Greek-speaking regions of Asia. These are
2) PRINC IVVENTVTIS
3) SPES
particularly abundant and affordable though their study is
4) SPES PVBLICA a field beyond the scope of this book.
5) FELICITAS TEMPORVM

Types:

1) Diadumenian standing left, holding standard and scepter; two standards to right.
2) Diadumenian standing left, holding wand and scepter; two standards to right.
3) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand; another standard on either side.
4) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
 212
Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R4, T4 RIC 115 (IVii, Macrinus), S 7445, C 22

2) B2, O2, R2, T1 BMC 83a, C 2

AR Antoninianus
3) B3, O2, R2, T2 RIC 106 (IVii, Macrinus)

AR Denarius
4) B1, O2, R2, T1 RIC 102b (IVii, Macrinus)
5) B1, O2, R2, T2 RIC 108 (IVii, Macrinus), C 14a
6) B1, O2, R4, T4 RIC 117 (IVii, Macrinus)
7) B2, O2, R2, T1 RIC 104 (IVii, Macrinus)
8) B2, O2, R2, T2 RIC 107 (IVii, Macrinus), C 12
9) B2, O2, R4, T4 RIC 116 (IVii, Macrinus)

AE Sestertius

10) B1, O3, R2, T1 Exe: SC RIC 211 (IVii, Macrinus), C 7

AE As

11) B1, O3, R2, T1 RIC 212 (IVii, Macrinus)

Diadumenian Busts

Diadumenian Types
 213

This teenager's big break came directly as a result of the revolt his
Elagabalus grandmother, Julia Maesa, instigated against Macrinus. Claiming
that Elagabalus was the son of Caracalla, (Julia Maesa was Julia
Domna's sister, Caracalla's mother) the army was induced to revolt
Augustus 218-222 against Macrinus and restore the supposed dynasty. Macrinus was
ill-prepared for the sudden revolt and still in the early stages of
recovering from the heavy hand of Caracalla's rule. Finding only
lukewarm support from within his own legions, Macrinus was defeated by the upstart in battle. Elagabalus and his
puppeteers were able to restore peace at a local level and make their way to Rome to legitimize their claim. On
arrival Elagalabus quickly became hated by imposing his Syrian religion as the official state religion and forcing all
the members of the Senate to follow its rituals. Add to this the scandal of his open homosexuality and marrying,
divorcing and then remarrying a Vestal Virgin which was a taboo of the highest order. He gained so many
enemies, in fact, that none other than Julia Maesa herself arranged to have him murdered.

Busts:
1) Laureate head left
2) Laureate head right Elagabalus is one of the most prolific issuers of coins in
3) Laureate, cuirassed bust right the third century. While there are few bronzes his
4) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
5) Laureate, draped bust left Denarii are so common that they can often be bought for
6) Laureate, draped bust right just a few dollars each. The Antoninianus introduced by
7) Laureate, horned, draped and cuirassed bust right
8) Laureate, horned, draped bust right Caracalla is continued by although it is still nowhere
9) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right near as popular as the Denarius itself.
10) Radiate, draped bust right

His most sought after coins are the ones depicting the
Obverses:
object of his obsession, the conical stone of the Sun god
1) ANTONINVS FEL PIVS AVG
Elagabalus, from which the emperor gets his nickname.
2) ANTONINVS P FEL AVG This stone, widely thought to be a meteorite, would be
3) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG dragged around the streets of Rome in religious
4) ANTONINVS PIVS FEL AVG
5) ANTONINVS PIVS FELIX AVG processions that were quite foreign to the average
6) IMP ANTONINVS AVG Roman citizen but whose worship was much more
7) IMP ANTONINVS PIVS AVG
8) IMP C M AVR ANTONINVS PF AVG mainstream back in Elagabalus’s native Syria.
9) IMP CAES ANTONINVS AVG
10) IMP CAES M AVR ANTONINVS AVG
11) IMP CAES M AVR ANTONINVS PF AVG
12) IMP CAES M AVR ANTONINVS PIVS AVG
13) IMP CAES M AVR SE ANTONINVS AVG
14) IMP M AVR ANTONIN PIVS AVG

Reverses:

1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 31) IOVI CONSERVATORI 61) PROVID DEORVM

2) ADVENTVS AVG 32) IOVI VICTORI 62) RECTOR ORBIS
3) ADVENTVS AVG TR P III 33) IVL AQVIL SEV AVG 63) SACER DEO SOLI ELAGABAL
4) ADVENTVS AVGVSTI 34) IVLIA MAESA AVG 64) SACERD DEI SOLIS ELAGAB
5) AEQVITAS AVGVST 35) LAETITIA PVBL 65) SALVS ANTONINI AVG
6) AEQVITAS PVBLICA 36) LIB AVG II COS II PP 66) SALVS AVGVSTI
7) AETERNITAS AVG 37) LIBERALITAS AVG 67) SANCT DEO SOLI
8) ANNIA FAVSTINA AVGVSTA 38) LIBERALITAS AVG II 68) SECVRITAS PERPETVA
9) ANNONA AVGVSTI 39) LIBERALITAS AVG III 69) SECVRITAS SAECVLI
10) BONVS EVENTVS 40) LIBERALITAS AVG IIII 70) SOLI PROPVGNATOR
11) CONCORDIA 41) LIBERALITAS AVGVST III 71) SPEI PERPETVAE
12) CONS II PP 42) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI II 72) SPES BONA
13) CONSERVATOR AVG 43) LIBERTAS AVG 73) SVMMVS SACERDOS AVG
14) CONSERVATOR AVGVSTI 44) LIBERTAS AVGVSTI 74) TEMPORVM FEL
15) CONSVL II 45) MARS VICTOR 75) TEMPORVM FELICITAS
16) CONSVL II PP 46) NOBILITAS 76) TR P II PP COS II
17) COS III PP 47) PAX AVGVSTI 77) TR POT II COS II PP
18) DIVI ANTONININI PII FIL 48) PIETAS AVG 78) TRIB P COS II PP
19) FECVNDITAS 49) PM TR P COS II PP 79) TRIB P II COS II PP
20) FELICITAS AVG 50) PM TR P COS PP 80) VENVS CAELESTIS
21) FELICITAS 51) PM TR P II COS II PP 81) VENVS GENETRIX
22) FIDES EXERCITVS 52) PM TR P III COS III PP 82) VICTOR ANTONINI AVG
23) FIDES MILITVM 53) PM TR P IIII COS III 83) VICTOR ANTONINVS AVG
24) FIDES PVBLICA 54) PM TR P IIII COS III PP 84) VICTORIA ANTONINI AVG
25) FORTVNA AVG 55) PM TR P V COS IIII PP 85) VICTORIA AVG
26) FORTVNA REDVX 56) PONT MAX TR P II COS II 86) VIRTVS AVGVSTOR
27) FORTVNAE AVG 57) PONTIF MAX TR P 87) VOTA PVBLICA
28) FORTVNAE REDVCI 58) PONTIF MAX TR P II COS II 88) No legend
29) HILARITAS AVG 59) PONTIF MAX TR P II COS II PP
30) INVICTVS SACERDOS AVG 60) PONTIF MAX TR P III COS III PP
 214
Types:

1) Abundantia standing left, pouring out cornucopia

2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
3) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and rudder on globe
4) Elagabalus advancing right, holding spear; one soldier to right, holding standard and another to left, also holding a standard
5) Elagabalus riding horse left, holding spear
6) Elagabalus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter.
7) Elagabalus riding horse right, raising hand.
8) Elagabalus riding quadriga left, being crowned by Victory
9) Elagabalus riding quadriga left, holding branch and scepter
10) Elagabalus riding quadriga right, holding scepter with eagle atop
11) Elagabalus seated left, holding globe and scepter
12) Elagabalus seated left, holding scepter, Liberalitas standing to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia, citizen on steps to lower left
13) Elagabalus standing left, holding globe and spear.
14) Elagabalus standing left, holding patera and club
15) Elagabalus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
16) Elagabalus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia, staff on either side (one with wreath atop, the other with pileus)
17) Elagabalus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia, staff to right
18) Elagabalus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia, two staffs to right (one with wreath atop, the other with pileus)
19) Elagabalus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding palm
20) Elagabalus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding palm; bull lying by altar
21) Elagabalus standing left, sacrificing over altar; horn to left
22) Elagabalus standing right, sacrificing over altar and holding palm
23) Elephant standing right, star above.
24) Fecunditas seated left, holding branch and scepter; child to either side.
25) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
26) Felicitas standing left, holding patera and caduceus
27) Fides seated left, holding eagle and standard; standard to left
28) Fides standing left, holding vexillum and trophy
29) Fides standing right, holding grain ears and fruit basket.
30) Fides standing, facing, two standards on either side, holding one of them in each hand.
31) Fortuna seated left, holding patera and cornucopia; wheel under chair
32) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia; wheel under chair
33) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia.
34) Galley sailing right
35) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears.
36) Hilaritas standing left, holding patera and palm, child on either side.
37) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to lower left
38) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left, two standards to right.
39) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left, standard to right.
40) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder on globe.
41) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia
42) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and resting arm on cornucopia on vase
43) Libertas seated left, holding pileus and scepter
44) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia
45) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter
46) Mars advancing left, holding branch and trophy.
47) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
48) Monetae (3) holding scale and cornucopiae, coins by feet.
49) Nobilitas standing, holding spear and Victory
50) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter.
51) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box.
52) Providentia standing left with legs crossed and leaning on column, holding wand over globe and cornucopia
53) Providentia standing left, globe to lower left
54) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.
55) Quadriga riding left, carrying stone of Elagabalus with eagle atop; star above
56) Quadriga riding right, carrying stone of Elagabalus with eagle atop; four parasols behind.
57) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter; shield below
58) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder
59) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder on globe.
60) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake
61) Securitas seated right, resting head on hand and holding scepter.
62) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip
63) Sol advancing right, holding thunderbolt and raising hand.
64) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip.
65) Sol standing, facing, holding whip
66) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
67) Standards (2), vexillum on either side.
68) Standards (3), center standard with eagle atop
69) Standards (3), center standard with eagle atop; shields on ground.
70) Stone of Elagabalus with eagle and stars.
71) Venus seated left, holding apple and scepter
72) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
73) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
74) Victory advancing right, holding wreath.
75) Victory standing left, holding opened wreath
76) Victory standing left, holding opened wreath; shield on either side by feet

Mints:
1) Antioch
2) Roma
 215
AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B03, O07, R13, T55 RIC IVii 61, BMC 198, C 16

2) B03, O08, R67, T56 Exe: ELAGABAL
3) B04, O07, R52, T09 * above RIC IVii 35, BMC 183, C 171
4) B04, O08, R67, T56 Exe: ELAGABAL RIC IVii 143, BMC 273, C 265
5) B04, O10, R22, T27 RIC IVii 69, BMC 10, C 34
6) B04, O10, R59, T57 RIC IVii 26, BMC 90
7) B04, O10, R82, T73 RIC IVii 154, BMC 39, C 288

AR Antoninianus
8) B09, O06, R31, T38 RIC IVii 90f, C 66
9) B09, O06, R35, T40 RIC IVii 94f
10) B09, O06, R51, T32 RIC IVii 18f, C 149
11) B09, O06, R51, T52 RIC IVii 22f, C 146
12) B09, O06, R61, T52 RIC IVii 129f, C 112
13) B09, O06, R75, T25 RIC IVii 149f, C 280
14) B09, O09, R45, T47 RIC IVii 120f, C 111
15) B09, O09, R50, T57 RIC IVii 2f
16) B09, O09, R65, T60 RIC IVii 137f, C 260
17) B09, O09, R82, T73 RIC IVii 152f, C 294
18) B09, O10, R22, T27 RIC IVii 67f, S 7847, C 31
19) B09, O10, R45. T47 RIC IVii 122f, S 7491, C 112
20) B09, O10, R50, T57 RIC IVii 1f, C 126
21) B09, O10, R51, T57 RIC IVii 12f, C 139
22) B09, O10, R65, T60 RIC IVii 138f, C 254
23) B09, O10, R82, T73 RIC IVii 155f, C 291
24) B10, O09, R65, T60 RIC IVii 137e, C 260

AR Denarius

25) B02, O04, R29, T36 RIC IVii 190a, C 55

26) B02, O07, R53, T54 * in left field RIC IVii 42, S 7534, C 189
27) B04, O02, R58, T46
28) B04, O04, R12, T57 RIC IVii 165
29) B04, O04, R15, T02 RIC IVii 166d, C 21
30) B04, O04, R67, T56 Exe: ELAGABAL RIC IVii 195d, C 268
31) B04, O04, R74, T26 Rev. legend as TEMPORVM . FEL .. RIC IVii 201d, C 279
32) B04, O04, R74, T26 Rev. legend as TEMPORVM FEL .. RIC IVii 201d, C 279
33) B04, O04, R85, T72
34) B04, O04, R87, T19 RIC IVii 202d, C 306
35) B04, O05, R11, T67 Exe: MILIT RIC IVii 187d, C 15
36) B04, O05, R21, T34 Exe: TEMP RIC IVii 188d, S 7510, C 27
37) B04, O06, R10, T35 RIC IVii 186d
38) B04, O06, R16, T02 RIC IVii 168d, C 23
39) B04, O06, R67, T56 RIC IVii 144
40) B04, O06, R71, T66 RIC IVii 199d, S 7547, C 273
41) B04, O06, R81, T71
42) B04, O06, R85, T72 RIC IVii 162, S 7555, C 304
43) B04, O06, R87, T19 RIC IVii 203d
44) B04, O07, R01, T01 * in left field RIC IVii 56d, S 7501, C 1
45) B04, O07, R53, T76 * in right field RIC IVii 45d, C 195
46) B04, O07, R55, T19 * in left field RIC IVii 52d, S 7538, C 213
47) B06, O04, R29, T36 RIC IVii 190b, S 7517
48) B06, O06, R09, T03 RIC IVii 59b, C 13
49) B06, O06, R23, T28 RIC IVii 73b, S 7512, C 38
50) B06, O06, R31, T39 RIC IVii 91b
51) B06, O06, R35, T40 RIC IVii 95b, S 7520
52) B06, O06, R38, T42 RIC IVii 102b, C 79
53) B06, O06, R44, T43 RIC IVii 115b, S 7525
54) B06, O06, R61, T52 RIC IVii 128, C 242
55) B06, O06, R66, T59 RIC IVii 141, S 7544, C 264
56) B06, O06, R75, T25 RIC IVii 150b, S 7551, C 282
57) B06, O07, R13, T62 * in left field RIC IVii 63b, C 19
58) B06, O07, R23, T69 RIC IVii 78b, S 7514, C 44
59) B06, O07, R27, T33 RIC IVii 82b, C 48
60) B06, O07, R28, T33 RIC IVii 83b, S 7516
61) B06, O07, R38, T41 RIC IVii 100
62) B06, O07, R39, T41 * in left field RIC IVii 103, S 7522, C 86
63) B06, O07, R40, T41 * in left field RIC IVii 104, C 88
64) B06, O07, R43, T45 RIC IVii 107b, S 7523, C 92
65) B06, O07, R47, T50 RIC IVii 125, S 7527
66) B06, O07, R51, T32 RIC IVii 19b, S 7529
67) B06, O07, R51, T50 RIC IVii 21b, C 143
68) B06, O07, R51, T52 RIC IVii 23b, C 144
69) B06, O07, R51, T57 RIC IVii 16b, C 142
70) B06, O07, R51, T64 RIC IVii 17b, C 134
71) B06, O07, R52, T37 RIC IVii 27b, S 7532
72) B06, O07, R52, T62 * in left field RIC IVii 28b, C 153
73) B06, O07, R53, T62 * in left field RIC IVii 40b, C 184
74) B06, O07, R64, T22 RIC IVii 131, S 7542
75) B06, O07, R69, T61 RIC IVii 145, S 7546
76) B06, O07, R85, T75 * in right field RIC IVii 161b, S 7554, C 300
 216
77) B06, O09, R22, T27 RIC IVii 68b, C 30
78) B06, O09, R45, T47 RIC IVii 121b, C 109
79) B06, O09, R65, T60 RIC IVii 139, C 261
80) B06, O09, R82, T73 RIC IVii 153b, C 293
81) B06, O10, R22, T27 RIC IVii 71b, S 7511, C 32
82) B06, O10, R45, T47 RIC IVii 123b, S 7526
83) B06, O10, R50, T57 RIC IVii 3b, S 7528, C 127
84) B06, O10, R51, T57 RIC IVii 13b, C 136
85) B06, O10, R57, T57 RIC IVii 8b
86) B06, O10, R65, T60 RIC IVii 140, S 7543, C 256
87) B06, O10, R82, T73 RIC IVii 156b, C 289a
88) B07, O07, R30, T20 * in left field RIC IVii 88, S 7518, C 62
89) B07, O07, R53, T19 * in left field RIC IVii 46d, S 7536, C 196
90) B07, O07, R73, T19 RIC IVii 146b, S 7549, C 276

AE Sestertius Reference(s)
91) B02, O12, R44, T45 RIC IVii 358, C 103
92) B04, O12, R22, T27 Exe: SC RIC IVii 345, C 35
93) B04, O12, R51, T12 Exe: LIBERAL AVG / SC RIC IVii 290, C 76
94) B04, O12, R84, T73 RIC IVii 377
95) B06, O12, R52, T09 Exe: SC RIC IVii 311, C 176

AE Dupondius

96) B09, O03, R86, T57 Exe: SC Curtis Clay collection

97) B09, O12, R84, T73 RIC IVii 301, C 159

AE As

98) B04, O12, R47, T50

99) B04, O12, R52, T11 Exe: SC RIC IVii 306, C 169

Elagabalus Busts

Elagabalus Types
 217
Elagabalus Types (continued)
 218

Grandmother of Elagabalus and Severus Alexander.

Julia Maesa
? - d.223

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust left This domineering lady made sure that her puppet grandson would
2) Diademed, draped bust right
3) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent
feature her prominently among the currency of the day. It is easy
4) Draped bust right and cheap to locate a coin of hers even if one those of Elagabalus
5) Veiled bust right himself are much more common.
Obverses: This is now the age of silver. Bronze has become too expensive
for its own good. The silver coins being made at the mint are in
1) DIVA MAESA AVG
2) DIVA MAESA AVGVSTA actuality by now less than 50% pure. This means it only takes
3) IVLIA MAESA AVG about a gram and a half of silver to make a typical Denarius.
4) IVLIA MAESA AVGVSTA
Compared to the ten grams it takes to make an As or upwards of
Reverses: 20 to make a Sestertius it makes little economical sense to make
much effort in producing those lesser valued coins.
1) AEQVITAS PVBLICA
2) CONSECRATIO So it’s rather rare to see those old-fashioned bronzes by the third
3) FECVNDITAS
4) FECVNDITAS AVG century and in the case with Julia Maesa they will be much, much
5) FECVNDITAS AVGVSTAE rarer than her Denarii. These can be found for around $50 or less
6) FELICITAS PVBLICA
7) FORTVNAE REDVCI for the average to above-average quality coin. More expensive will
8) IVNO be the still-exotic and recently introduced Antoninianus which
9) IVNO CONSERVATRIX
10) IVNO REG
looks to all the world like a slightly heftier Denarius but with the
11) IVNO REGI empress’s bust resting on a crescent.
12) IVNO REGINA
13) LAETITIA PVBL
14) PAX ETERNA This convention serves as an easy visual distinction between the
15) PIETAS AVG two denominations. At the same time it symbolizes her association
16) PVDICITIA
17) SAECVLI FELICITAS with the Moon in contrast to the emperor whose radiate crown
18) TEMPORVM FEL symbolizes the Sun.
19) VENVS VICTRIX
20) VESTA
21) VIRTVS AVG

Types:

1) Fecunditas seated left, holding flower and scepter; child on either side.
2) Fecunditas standing left, holding cornucopia; child on either side.
3) Fecunditas standing left, raising hand over child and holding cornucopia.
4) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
5) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus
6) Funeral pyre
7) Julia Maesa, holding scepter, riding eagle right, upwards.
8) Julia Maesa, holding scepter, riding peacock right, upwards.
9) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter.
10) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left.
11) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder on globe.
12) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by feet.
13) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
14) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and holding incense box.
15) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar.
16) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter
17) Pudicitia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter
18) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear with shield.

Mint:
1) Antioch
2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B4, O3, R08, T10, M1 RIC 255 (IVii, Elagabalus)
 219
AR Antoninianus Reference(s)

2) B3, O3, R15, T14 RIC 264 (IVii, Elagabalus)

AR Denarius
3) B4, O3, R04, T03 RIC 249 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 8
4) B4, O3, R04, T01
5) B4, O3, R08, T09 RIC 254 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7750
6) B2, O3, R08, T10 RIC 256 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 21
7) B2, O3, R10, T10
8) B4, O3, R13, T11 RIC 261 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 26
9) B4, O3, R15, T14 RIC 263 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 29
10) B4, O3, R15, T15 RIC 266 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7755, C 34a
11) B4, O3, R16, T16 RIC 268 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7756, C 36
12) B4, O3, R17, T05 * in right field RIC 271 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7757, C 45
13) B4, O3, R17, T05 * in left field RIC 272 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7757, C 45
14) A coin exists with corrupted obverse legend “IVLIA MAMIAS AVG” as No. 5 above; the engraver mistakenly using part of Soaemias’s name.

AR Denarius (Posthumous)
15) B4, O1, R02, T08 RIC 378 (IVii, Severus Alexander), C 3

AE Sestertius
16) B2, O4, R15, T14 RIC 414 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 31

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)
17) B5, O2, R02, T06 Exe: SC RIC 712 (IVii, Severus Alexander)

AE As

18) B2, O4, R15, T14 RIC 416 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 32

19) Same error as noted in No. 14 above but with diademed, draped bust right

Julia Maesa Busts

Julia Maesa Types

 220

Mother of Elagabalus.
Julia Soaemias
? - 222

Busts:
Elagabalus sets a record for most women
relatives honored on Roman coins with no less
1) Diademed, draped bust left
2) Diademed, draped bust right than five empresses, four of them Julias.
3) Draped bust right
4) Draped bust right on crescent
Among these, Julia Soaemias comes in second
after Julia Maesa among the most commonly
Obverses:
found of these ladies.
1) IVLIA SOAEMIAS AVG
2) IVLIA SOAEMIAS AVGVSTA However, to say “common” is relative though.
th
Less than 1/10 of 1 percent of Roman coins
Reverses: bear her name and portrait but that’s not enough
to make her coins particularly difficult to find nor
1) ANNONA AVG
2) IVNO REGINA expensive.
3) MATER DEVM
4) PVDICITIA
5) SAECVLI FELICITAS A decent Denarius should cost around $75 or
6) VENVS CAELESTIS less on Ebay and a little more from a “brick and
7) VESTA
mortar” dealer.
Types:
1) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.
2) Cybele seated left, holding branch and resting arm on drum; lion on either side.
3) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus.
4) Juno standing right, holding scepter and Palladium.
5) Pudicitia seated left, touching head and holding scepter.
6) Venus seated left, holding apple and scepter; child to left.
7) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter.
8) Vesta seated left, holding simpulum and scepter.
9) Vesta standing left, holding Palladium and spear.

Mint:

1) Roma

AR Denarius Reference(s)
1) B3, O1, R6, T6 RIC 243 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7720, C 14
2) B3, O1, R6, T7 * in left field RIC 241 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7719, C 8
3) B3, O1, R6, T7 * in right field RIC 241 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7719, C 8
4) B3, O2, R2, T4 RIC 237 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7718, C 3

AR Quinarius

5) B3, O1, R6, T7 * in right field RIC 242 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 10

AE Sestertius

6) B2, O1, R6, T6 Exe: SC RIC 406 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 18

Julia Soaemias Busts Julia Soaemias Types

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First wife of Elagabalus.

Julia Paula
? -?

Busts:
Her coins are not especially hard to find but they don’t
1) Diademed, draped bust right appear everywhere either (as is the case with her
2) Draped bust left (braided hair)
3) Draped bust right (braided hair) husband). A low grade Denarius can often be found for as
4) Draped bust right (combed hair) little as $20 or $30 but are more typically priced in the
$100-$250 region.
Obverses:
Still, of Elagabalus’s three wives, Julia Paula’s coins are
1) IVLIA PAVLA AVG
2) IVLIA PAVLA AVGVSTA the most common and are available in all grades. This
makes it easier for many collectors to use lesser coins as
Reverses: “stepping stones” to higher grade coins by way of trading
up. Bronze and gold coins are practically unknown in the
1) AEQVITAS PVBLICA marketplace.
2) CONCORDIA
3) CONCORDIA AETERNA
4) CONCORDIA AVGG
5) FELICIT TEMPOR
6) FORTVN FELIC
7) FORTVNA FELIC
8) IVNO CONSERVATRIX
9) IVSTITIA
10) PIETAS
11) PIETAS AVG
12) PVDICITIA
13) PVDICITIA AVG
14) VENVS GENETRIX
15) VENVS VICTRIX
16) VESTA

Types:

1) Concordia seated left, holding patera

2) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia
3) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae
4) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
5) Fortuna seated left, holding globe and cornucopia
6) Julia Paula standing left on right, shaking hands with Elagabalus to left.
7) Julia Paula standing left on right, shaking hands with Elagabalus to left; Concordia standing in between.
8) Juno standing left, holding patera over peacock and scepter.
9) Justitia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter.
10) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by their feet.
11) Pietas standing left, raising hand and holding incense box.
12) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar.
13) Venus seated left, holding globe and scepter

Mints:
1) Antioch
2) Roma

AR Denarius Reference(s)

1) B3, O1, R02, T01 * in left field RIC 211 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7655, C 6
2) B3, O1, R02, T06 RIC 214 (IVii, Elagabalus)
3) B3, O1, R04, T03 RIC 216 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 16a
4) B3, O1, R14, T13 RIC 222 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7658, C 21
5) B4, O1, R02, T01 * in left field RIC 211 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7655, C 6
6) B4, O1, R14, T13 RIC 222 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7658, C 21

AR Quinarius
7) B1, O1, R02, T01 RIC 213 (IVii, Elagabalus)

AE Sestertius

8) B4, O1, R02, T03 Exe: SC * in left field RIC 381 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 8
 222
AE As Reference(s)

9) B3, O1, R03, T07 Exe: SC RIC 387 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 15

Julia Paula Busts

Julia Paula Types

 223

Aquilia was Elagabalus's second wife, having married

Aquilia Severa her in the summer of 220. He divorced her shortly
afterwards and immediately married Annia Faustina only
to divorce her, too, just a few weeks later. He finally
? remarried Aquilia and stayed married to her until he was
murdered a couple of years later but she never bore him
children.

Busts:
Aquilia’s coins are quite a bit less common than Julia
Paula’s; perhaps only half or a third as many are to be
1) Diademed, draped bust right
2) Draped bust right found. It is therefore rare to see one on sale for less than
$100 even in marginal condition. Typically, a Denarius
Obverse: will cost around $200-$400.

1) IVLIA AQVILIA SEVERA AVG

Reverses:
1) AEQVITAS PVBLICA
2) CONCORDIA
3) LAETITIA
4) VENVS CAELESTIS
5) VENVS FELIX
6) VESTA

Types:
1) Aquilia Severa standing right on left, shaking hands with Elagabalus to right
2) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding two cornucopiae
3) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder on globe.
4) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia.
5) Venus seated left, holding apple and scepter
6) Vesta standing left, holding branch and scepter.

Mint:

1) Roma

AR Denarius Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R2, T1 * in center field RIC 228 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 6

2) B2, O1, R2, T1 * in left field RIC 228 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 6
3) B2, O1, R2, T2 * in left field RIC 225 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 2
4) B2, O1, R2, T2 * in right field RIC 226 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7679, C 2

AE Sestertius
5) B1, O1, R2, T1 RIC 390 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 4

AE As

6) B1, O1, R2, T1 * in left field RIC 394 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 7

Aquilia Severa Busts Aquilia Severa Types

 224

Annia Faustina Third wife of Elagabalus and great-granddaughter of

Marcus Aurelius. Her brief marriage to Elagabalus
accounts for the extreme rarity of coin bearing her name.
? -? It is unclear when she died and under what
circumstances as the divorce, although no fault of her
own, sent her into obscurity, if not a worse fate.
If Julia Paulas and Aquilia Severas are hard to find then
Bust: you might as well give up all hope on an Annia Faustina.
This is one of those truly impossible empresses to
1) Diademed, draped bust right acquire… at least insofar as getting a Rome-made coin of
hers.
Obverse:
Things improve a bit if you’re willing to “settle” for a
1) ANNIA FAVSTINA AVGVSTA provincial with her name in Greek. These are still difficult
to locate and the few that are out there nearly always in
Reverse:
very poor shape but at least it provides a reasonable
1) CONCORDIA shot at getting one of her coins.

Type: The Sestertius pictured below, the only coin of hers to

have sold at auction within recent memory, realized just
1) Annia Faustina standing right on left, shaking hands with shy of $10,000 in an auction held by the German auction
Elagabalus to right
house Numismatik Lanz in 2000.
Mint:

1) Roma

AE Sestertius Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T1 Exe: SC RIC 399 (IVii, Elagabalus)

 225

Severus Alexander was a beloved cousin of Elagabalus

Severus Alexander and who was named Caesar while Elagabalus was still
emperor. As his popularity grew, Elagabalus recognized in
him the growing menace of a future rival and sought to
Augustus 222-235 oust him. But this only served to infuriate the army which
by now had taken the young Caesar under its wings.
Rather than let Elagabalus depose Alexander by civil or
violent means they instead mutinied and murdered the emperor clearing the way for Alexander's accession.
Alexander went on to rule for thirteen years of relative peace. Not since the time of Marcus Aurelius did Romans
enjoy a monarch whose ambitions were for their welfare and the pursuit of the arts. His one singular weakness,
which eventually proved to be fatal, was his absolute reverence for his untactful mother. Like no other woman until
then, Julia Mamaea styled herself an empress in every sense of the word and the unapologetic exercise of her
rule and the incessant meddling in the affairs of state was a constant embarrassment and irritation to the
prevailing sensibilities of the army, the Senate and the rest of the Roman citizenry. Hushed whispers grew over
time to outspoken protestations to, eventually, open mutiny. The mild-mannered Alexander was either unable or
unwilling to rectify the situation by removing his mother from the political limelight and, thus, both were corralled in
a mutiny and massacred.

Busts:
Severus Alexander is another prominent emperor of the
1) Bare headed, draped bust right third century and his coins are downright plentiful. As in
2) Laureate head/bust right
3) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
Denarii… other denominations exist but are far less
4) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right common.
5) Laureate, draped bust right
6) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right of Severus Alexander facing
Julia Mamaea, diademed draped bust left Production of the Antoninianus is mysteriously
7) Laureate, draped bust left suspended during his entire reign and will not be re-
8) Radiate head right
9) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right introduced until the reign of Gordian III who, in turn, will
see to it intentionally or otherwise that the Denarius is
Obverses: phased out for good.

1) DIVO ALEXANDRO The bronzes continue their slide into obscurity but may
2) IMP ALEXANDER PIVS AVG
3) IMP ALEXANDER PIVS AVG IVLIA MAMAEA AVG
still be found on occasion.
4) IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAN AVG
5) IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG The average Denarius will cost around $30. Common
6) IMP C M SEV ALEXAND AVG
7) IMP CAE MAR AV SEV ALX but high-grade specimens will rarely cost over $100.
8) IMP CAES M AVR SEV ALEXANDER AVG
9) IMP MAR COS AVR SEV AL AV
10) IMP SEV ALEXAND AVG
11) IMP SEV ALEXAND AVG IVLIA MAMAEA AVG
12) IMP SEV ALEXAND AVG IVLIA MAMAEA AVG MAT AVG
13) IMP SEV ALEXANDER AVG
14) IMP SEV ALEXANDER AVG IVLIA MAMAEA AVG
15) M AVR ALEXANDER CAES

Reverses:
1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 25) IOVI PROPVGNATORI 49) MARTI PACIFERO
2) ADLOCVTIO AVGVSTI 26) IOVI STATORI 50) MARTI VICTORI
3) ADLOCVTIO AVGVSTI COS III PP 27) IOVI VLTORI 51) MON RESTITVTA
4) AEQVITAS AVG 28) IOVI VLTORI PM TR P III COS PP 52) MONETA AVG
5) AEQVITAS AVGVSTI 29) IVCVNDITATI AVG 53) MONETA AVGVSTI
6) AEQVITAS PVBLICA 30) IVLIA MAMAEA AVG 54) NOBILITAS
7) AETERNITATIBVS 31) IVSTITIA AVGVSTI 55) PAX AETERNA AVG
8) ANNONA AVG 32) LIBERALITAS AVG 56) PAX AETERNAE AVG
9) ANNONA AVGVSTI 33) LIBERALITAS AVG II 57) PAX AVG
10) CONCORD AVGVSTORVM 34) LIBERALITAS AVG III 58) PAX AVGVSTI
11) CONCORDIA 35) LIBERALITAS AVG IIII 59) PERPETVITATI AVG
12) CONSECRATIO 36) LIBERALITAS AVG V 60) PIETAS AVG
13) DIANA LVCIFERA 37) LIBERALITAS AVGG 61) PIETAS MILITVM
14) FECVND AVGVSTAE 38) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI 62) PM TR P COS
15) FELICITAS AVG 39) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI II 63) PM TR P COS II PP
16) FELICITAS PERPETVA AVG 40) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI III 64) PM TR P COS PP
17) FELICITAS TEMPORVM 41) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI IIII 65) PM TR P II COS PP
18) FIDES EXERCIT 42) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI V 66) PM TR P II COS II PP
19) FIDES EXERCITVS 43) LIBERITAS AVG 67) PM TR P II COS PP
20) FIDES MILITVM 44) LIBERTAS AVG 68) PM TR P III COS PP
21) FORTVNAE FELICI 45) MAISI AVG 69) PM TR P IIII COS PP
22) FORTVNAE REDVCI 46) MARS PROPVG 70) PM TR P V COS II PP
23) INDVLGENTIA AVG 47) MARS VICTOR 71) PM TR P V COS PP II
24) IOVI CONSERVATORI 48) MARS VLTOR 72) PM TR P VI COS II PP
 226
73) PM TR P VII COS II PP 90) PONTIF MAX TR P VII COS II PP 107) SALVS PSVLAS
74) PM TR P VII COS III PP 91) PONTIF MAX TR P X COS III 108) SALVS PVBLICA
75) PM TR P VIII COS III PP 92) PONTIFEX COS 109) SECVLI FELICITAS
76) PM TR P VIIII 93) POTESTAS PERPETV 110) SECVRITAS PERPETVA
77) PM TR P VIIII COS III PP 94) PRINC IVVENTVTIS 111) SPES PVBLICA
78) PM TR P VIIII OS II PP 95) PROFECTIO AVG 112) TEMPORVM FELICITAS
79) PM TR P X COS III PP 96) PROFECTIO AVGVSTI 113) VENVS CAELISTIS
80) PM TR P XI COS III PP 97) PROVAD DEORVM 114) VENVS VICTRIX
81) PM TR P XII COS III PP 98) PROVID DEORVM 115) VICTORIA AVG
82) PM TR P XIII COS III PP 99) PROVIDENTIA AVG 116) VICTORIA AVGVSTI
83) PM TR P XIIII COS III PP 100) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM 117) VIRTVS AVG
84) PONT M II COS PP 101) PVDICITIA 118) VIRTVS AVGVSTI
85) PONTIF MAX TR P II COS II PP 102) RESTITVT MON 119) No legend
86) PONTIF MAX TR P II COS III PP 103) RESTITVTOR MON
87) PONTIF MAX TR P II COS PP 104) ROMAE AETERNAE
88) PONTIF MAX TR P III COS PP 105) SACERDOS VRBIS
89) PONTIF MAX TR P IIII COS PP 106) SALVS AVGVSTI

Types:
1) Abundantia standing left, pouring out cornucopia
2) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia
3) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
4) Altar
5) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and anchor
6) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia
7) Annona standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding grain ears and cornucopia.
8) Annona standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding rudder on globe and modius.
9) Baths and ancillary buildings
10) Colisseum; bird’s eye view with arena visible (two gladiators within), three citizens to side and partial view of another building.
11) Diana advancing left, holding torch.
12) Diana standing left, holding torch.
13) Eagle standing left
14) Felicitas seated left, holding Palladium and scepter
15) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
16) Felicitas standing left, holding patera over modius with grain ears and caduceus.
17) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus.
18) Fides seated left, holding standard and cornucopia.
19) Fides seated left, holding standard in each hand.
20) Fides seated left, holding standard; another standard to right
21) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand
22) Fides standing left, holding vexillum and standard.
23) Fides standing right, holding standard and vexillum.
24) Fides standing right, holding standard in each hand
25) Fortuna seated left, holding cornucopia
26) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia
27) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia
28) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia
29) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and scepter
30) Jucunditas seated right, holding globe and scepter.
31) Julia Mamaea diademed, draped bust right
32) Julia Mamaea draped bust right
33) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and eagle
34) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt.
35) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter.
36) Jupiter standing left, holding branch and spear
37) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
38) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; Severus Alexander to lower left.
39) Jupiter standing right, aiming thunderbolt
40) Jupiter standing right, aiming thunderbolt and holding eagle
41) Jupiter standing, facing, holding scepter and thunderbolt
42) Justitia seated left, holding patera and scepter.
43) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia
44) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia
45) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter
46) Mars advancing left, holding branch and resting hand on shield
47) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
48) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield
49) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
50) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear
51) Mars standing left, holding standard with shield and spear.
52) Mars standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
53) Mars standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield
54) Mars standing right, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
55) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by their feet.
56) Nymphaeum fountain façade
57) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter
58) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter.
59) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter
60) Perpetuitas standing left, leaning on column, holding globe and scepter.
61) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and holding incense box
62) Pietas standing, facing, holding standard; another standard behind.
63) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter.
64) Providentia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.
65) Providentia standing left, leaning on column, holding globe and scepter
66) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear; shield to side.
67) Sacrificial implements: lituus, simpulum, cruet, etc. (variously arranged)
 227
68) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar
69) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake.
70) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand; altar to left
71) Severus Alexander advancing right, holding spear and club
72) Severus Alexander advancing right, holding spear and club; shield by feet.
73) Severus Alexander advancing right, holding spear and globe.
74) Severus Alexander advancing right, holding spear and trophy
75) Severus Alexander riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear.
76) Severus Alexander riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear; Victory to left, holding wreath and palm, two soldiers to right.
77) Severus Alexander riding horse right, following Victory, holding wreath and palm.
78) Severus Alexander riding horse right, holding spear
79) Severus Alexander riding horse right, holding spear; Victory to right, holding wreath and palm
80) Severus Alexander riding horse right, holding spear; Victory to right, holding wreath and palm and soldier to left, holding spear
81) Severus Alexander riding horse right, spearing seated captive; Victory to right, soldier to left.
82) Severus Alexander riding quadriga left, holding branch and scepter
83) Severus Alexander riding quadriga right, holding branch and scepter with eagle atop
84) Severus Alexander standing left, raising hand and holding scepter
85) Severus Alexander standing left, sacrificing over altar and surrounded by witnesses; temple in background.
86) Severus Alexander sacrificing right over altar, being crowned by Mars, facing Fides, with two standards behind him.
87) Severus Alexander sacrificing right over altar, being crowned by Virtus, facing Jupiter, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
88) Severus Alexander seated left on platform; Liberalitas standing to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia and citizen to lower left
89) Severus Alexander seated left on platform; lictor behind him, Liberalitas standing to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia and citizen to lower left
90) Severus Alexander seated left on platform; two lictors to right and Liberalitas standing to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia and citizen to lower left
91) Severus Alexander seated left, holding globe and scroll, being crowned by Victory, facing Felicitas and attendant.
92) Severus Alexander seated left, holding Victory and scepter, being crowned by Victory to right and facing Virtus to left, holding shield reading VOT / XC and
parazonium
93) Severus Alexander standing left, sacrificing over altar
94) Severus Alexander standing left, holding branch and scepter; altar to left.
95) Severus Alexander standing left, holding globe and spear
96) Severus Alexander standing left, holding wand and scepter; two standards to right.
97) Severus Alexander standing left, stepping on helmet, holding globe and spear
98) Severus Alexander standing right, holding spear and globe
99) Severus Alexander standing right, holding wand and scepter; two standards to right.
100) Severus Alexander standing right, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter, being crowned by Mars to left and facing Jupiter to right, holding thunderbolt and
scepter; two standards to right in background
101) Severus Alexander standing, facing, holding branch and scepter
102) Severus Alexander to left, facing Jupiter, reaching for him and holding thunderbolt and scepter.
103) Severus Alexander to right, holding spear and receiving Victory from Spes; two soldiers behind.
104) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip
105) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe
106) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip.
107) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe.
108) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt
109) Temple with (6) columns, Jupiter seated within
110) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
111) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
112) Victory standing left, holding shield and palm; seated captive by feet.
113) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.
114) Victory standing left, touching trophy and holding palm; seated captive by trophy.
115) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield reading VOT / X
116) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield reading VOT / X on palm
117) Virtus seated left, holding branch and scepter
118) Virtus standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield
119) Virtus standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding spear and parazonium
120) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
121) Virtus standing right, stepping on helmet, holding scepter and parazonium.
122) Wreath, SPQR ANN N F F OPTIMO PRINCIPI PIO within
123) Wreath, VOTIS / VICEN / NALI / BVS within
124) Wreath, VOTIS VICENNALIBVS COS III PP within

Mints:
1) Antioch
2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B02, O10, R024, T038 RIC IVii 199b, BMC 688
2) B02, O10, R064, T049 RIC IVii 103, BMC 620
3) B04, O02, R036, T043 RIC IVii 242, C 141
4) B04, O05, R038, T043 RIC IVii 149, BMC 1, C 1
5) B04, O05, R049, T050 RIC IVii 159, C 62
6) B04, O05, R064, T037 RIC IVii 4, BMC 12, C 203
7) B04, O05, R070, T056 RIC IVii 58, C 298
8) B04, O05, R070, T088 Exe: LIB AVG III
9) B05, O05, R069, T003 RIC IVii 63, BMC 393, C 311
10) B05, O05, R069, T095 RIC IVii 43, BMC 177, C 268

AU Quinarius
11) B02, O02, R099, T006
 228
AR Medallion Reference(s)

12) B06, O03, R006, T055 Twelve Denarii weight

AR Antoninianus (Posthumous)
13) B08, O01, R012, T004 RIC 98 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 598
14) B08, O01, R012, T013 RIC 97 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 599

AR Denarius
15) B01, O15, R023, T108 RIC IVii 2
16) B01, O15, R060, T067 RIC IVii 3, C 198
17) B02, O02, R079, T052 RIC IVii 108, C 409
18) B02, O02, R099, T005 RIC IVii 250a, C 501
19) B02, O02, R099, T005 RIC IVii 252a, C 508
20) B02, O02, R099, T006 RIC IVii 250b, S 7922, C 501b
21) B02, O05, R027, T035 RIC IVii 74, C 336
22) B02, O05, R073, T053 RIC IVii 83a, C 337
23) B02, O10, R001, T002 RIC IVii 124, S 7855, C 452
24) B02, O10, R008, T005 RIC IVii 188, C 29
25) B02, O10, R008, T008 RIC IVii 190a, C 32
26) B02, O10, R020, T019 RIC IVii 193, S 7863
27) B02, O10, R022, T028 RIC IVii 196, C 63
28) B02, O10, R024, T038 RIC IVii 198, C 71
29) B02, O10, R026, T041 RIC IVii 202, C 92
30) B02, O10, R035, T043 RIC IVii 205, S 7878, C 133
31) B02, O10, R059, T065 RIC IVii 208, S 7888
32) B02, O10, R073, T049 RIC IVii 85, S 7906, C 351
33) B02, O10, R075, T045 RIC IVii 95, C 371
34) B02, O10, R075, T047 RIC IVii 92, C 365
35) B02, O10, R075, T053 RIC IVii 91, C 364
36) B02, O10, R077, T098 RIC IVii 105, S 7911, C 401
37) B02, O10, R077, T106 RIC IVii 101b, S 7910, C 388a
38) B02, O10, R077, T107 RIC IVii 101a, C 388
39) B02, O10, R079, T052 RIC IVii 107, C 410
40) B02, O10, R115, T113 RIC IVii 212a, S 7928, C 556
41) B02, O10, R116, T115 RIC IVii 218a
42) B02, O10, R117, T049 RIC IVii 224, S 7933, C 584
43) B02, O10, R117, T097 RIC IVii 226, C 586
44) B02, O10, R117, T117 RIC IVii 221, C 580
45) B02, O10, R117, T118 RIC IVii 220, C 579
46) B04, O02, R025, T039 RIC IVii 235, S 7870, C 76
47) B04, O02, R025, T040 RIC IVii 238, S 7871, C 83
48) B04, O02, R048, T048 RIC IVii 246d, C 161a
49) B04, O02, R079, T105 RIC IVii 109, C 411
50) B04, O02, R080, T104 RIC IVii 112c
51) B04, O02, R080, T105 RIC IVii 112d, S 7914
52) B04, O02, R111, T108 RIC IVii 254d, C 546
53) B04, O02, R119, T123 RIC IVii 261
54) B04, O02, R182, T104 RIC IVii 123, C 448
55) B04, O05, R032, T047 RIC IVii 281, S 7875
56) B04, O05, R033, T043 RIC IVii 148, C 108a
57) B04, O05, R049, T050 RIC IVii 160, X 173a
58) B04, O05, R055, T059 RIC IVii 165, S 7886, C 183
59) B04, O05, R085, T066 RIC IVii 271, C 470
60) B04, O05, R098, T063 RIC IVii 294, C 495
61) B04, O05, R108, T068 RIC IVii 178, C 532
62) B04, O10, R115, T111 RIC IVii 301, S 7929, C 561
63) B05, O02, R048, T048 RIC IVii 239, S 7871, C 84
64) B05, O02, R080, T104 RIC IVii 114c, C 434
65) B05, O02, R081, T104 RIC IVii 120, C 440
66) B05, O05, R004, T003 * in left field RIC IVii 274, S 7856, C 11
67) B05, O05, R004, T003 RIC IVii 127, C 91
68) B05, O05, R008, T006 RIC IVii 133, S 7857, C 23
69) B05, O05, R020, T021 RIC IVii 139c, S 7864, C 52
70) B05, O05, R024, T037 RIC IVii 141, C 70
71) B05, O05, R035, T043 RIC IVii 154c, S 7877
72) B05, O05, R044, T044 RIC IVii 156, S 7881
73) B05, O05, R057, T057 RIC IVii 168, S 7887
74) B05, O05, R059, T065 RIC IVii 169, C 192
75) B05, O05, R060, T061 RIC IVii 170, S 7889, C 196
76) B05, O05, R064, T037 RIC IVii 5, S 7891, C 204
77) B05, O05, R064, T050 RIC IVii 7, C 207
78) B05, O05, R064, T068 RIC IVii 14c, C 218
79) B05, O05, R065, T028 * in left field RIC IVii 268
80) B05, O05, R067, T037 RIC IVii 19, C 229
81) B05, O05, R067, T050 RIC IVii 23, S 7895, C 231
82) B05, O05, R067, T059 RIC IVii 27, S 7896, C 236
83) B05, O05, R067, T068 RIC IVii 32, C 239
84) B05, O05, R068, T037 RIC IVii 35, C 249
85) B05, O05, R068, T050 RIC IVii 37, C 251
86) B05, O05, R068, T049 RIC IVii 45, S 7898
87) B05, O05, R068, T059 RIC IVii 40, C 254
88) B05, O05, R068, T068 RIC IVii 42, C 255
89) B05, O05, R068, T095 RIC IVii 44c, C 256
 229
90) B05, O05, R069, T093 RIC IVii 50, C 276
91) B05, O05, R070, T049 RIC IVii 53, C 281
92) B05, O05, R070, T082 RIC IVii 56a, C 294
93) B05, O05, R070, T093 RIC IVii 55, S 7899, C 289
94) B05, O05, R072, T003 RIC IVii 64, S 7902, C 312
95) B05, O05, R072, T006 RIC IVii 65, C 318
96) B05, O05, R072, T049 RIC IVii 61, C 305
97) B05, O05, R072, T057 RIC IVii 67, C 319
98) B05, O05, R072, T093 RIC IVii 70, C 325
99) B05, O05, R073, T093 RIC IVii 81, C 357
100) B05, O05, R099, T063 RIC IVii 174, C 512
101) B05, O05, R106, T069 RIC IVii 176, S 7924, C 528
102) B05, O05, R115, T110 RIC IVii 180a, S 7931, C 564
103) B05, O05, R115, T111 * in right field RIC IVii 300, C 559
104) B05, O05, R117, T120 RIC IVii 182c, S 7934, C 576
105) B05, O10, R062, T050 * in left field RIC IVii 262, C 201
106) B05, O10, R062, T050 RIC IVii 262, C 201
107) B05, O10, R108, T068 RIC IVii 298, C 535

AE Medallion Reference(s)

108) B02, O13, R070, T092 Exe: COS III P

109) B06, O14, R020, T100 BMC 734

AE Sestertius
110) B02, O02, R081, T104 RIC IVii 537, C 443
111) B02, O02, R099, T006 RIC IVii 642, C 503
112) B02, O02, R118, T116 RIC IVii 616, C 567
113) B02, O10, R075, T083 RIC IVii 498
114) B02, O13, R009, T005 RIC IVii 549, C 36
115) B02, O13, R077, T106 RIC IVii 500, C 390
116) B02, O13, R077, T107 RIC IVii 503, C 393
117) B02, O13, R079, T106 RIC IVii 511
118) B02, O13, R096, T079 RIC IVii 596, C 492
119) B04, O02, R081, T104 RIC IVii 535, C 441
120) B04, O02, R111, T108 RIC IVii 648, C 549
121) B04, O08, R087, T070 Exe: SC RIC IVii 407, C 463
122) B05, O02, R080, T104 RIC IVii 525
123) B05, O02, R082, T104 RIC IVii 538, C 449
124) B05, O08, R005, T003 RIC IVii 547, C 20
125) B05, O08, R058, T057 RIC IVii 592, S 7984, C 189
126) B05, O08, R072, T057 RIC IVii 465, C 320
127) B05, O08, R072, T093 RIC IVii 468, C 326

AE Dupondius
128) B08, O13, R075, T083 Exe: SC RIC IVii 497
129) B08, O13, R103, T084 RIC IVii 601, C 517
130) B09, O13, R038, T043 RIC IVii 565, C 112

AE As
131) B02, O13, R077, T097 RIC IVii 509
132) B05, O13, R088, T063 RIC IVii 416, C 472

Severus Alexander Busts

 230
Severus Alexander Types
 231
Severus Alexander Types (continued)
 232

Mother of Severus Alexander. Mamaea was made Augusta by

Julia Mamaea Severus shortly after his accession and she shared his fatal fate on
the night of the coup started by Maximinus. In fact, it was her
constant meddling in the political affairs of the day and her
c.190 - 235 intractable influence over Alexander that was one of the primary
reasons the soldiers revolted against them both.

Busts:
1) Diademed, draped bust left Being a mama’s boy much the same way his cousin Elagabalus was a
2) Diademed, draped bust right
3) Diademed, draped bust right, holding cornucopia
grandma’s boy means Ms. Mamaea will be prominently featured in
and torch; peacock wings to left the money minted during his reign. And sure enough, her coins today
4) Draped bust right are hardly any scarcer than those of Severus Alexander. Even big
copper, by now a seriously outmoded form of coin, has a brief
Obverses: resurgence and a Sestertius, Dupondius or As of hers may be
available from time to time.
1) IVLIA MAMAEA AVG
2) IVLIA MAMAEA AVGVSTA
3) IVLIA MAMIAS AVG As discussed under the section for Severus Alexander the
4) IVLIA MAMMAEA AVG
Antoninianus has been temporarily shelved and this goes for her as
Reverses: well. The coppers, regardless of their resurgence, are still only bit
players in the economy as are the way-rare gold issues. So this is all
1) ABVNDANTIA AVG to say that better than 9 out of 10 coins of Mamaea to be found will be
2) AEQVITAS AVG the venerable Denarius.
3) ANNONA AVG
4) CONCOBDIA
5) CONCORDIA And one can find a good Denarius of hers for $50 or less, even a gem
6) CONCORDIA AVGG
7) FECVND AVGVSTAE of a coin can be had for not much more than a hundred dollars.
8) FECVNDITAS AVGVSTAE
9) FELICITAS AVG
10) FELICITAS EXERCI
11) FELICITAS PERPETVA
12) FELICITAS PVBLICA
13) FELICITAS TEM
14) FELICITAS TEMP
15) FIDES MILITVM
16) FORTVNA REDVX
17) IVNO
18) IVNO AVGVSTAE
19) IVNO CONSERVATRIX
20) LIBERALITAS AVG IIII
21) LIBERTAS AVG
22) LIBERTAS AVGVSTI
23) MATER AVG ET CASTRORVM
24) PAX AETERNA AVG
25) PIETAS AVGVSTAE
26) PM TR P VI COS II PP
27) PONTIF TR P III
28) PVDICITIA
29) SAECVLI FELICITAS
30) SALVS AVGVST
31) VENERI FELICI
32) VENVS FELIX
33) VENVS GENETRIX
34) VENVS VICTRIX
35) VESTA
36) VICTOR AVG
37) VICTORIA AVG

Types:
1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
2) Annona standing left, holding cornucopia and grain ears.
3) Annona standing, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia
4) Concordia seated left, holding two cornucopiae
5) Concordia standing left, holding two cornucopiae
6) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding two cornucopiae
7) Fecunditas seated left, raising hand; child to left
8) Fecunditas standing left, raising hand and holding cornucopia; child to left
9) Felicitas seated left; two attendants standing to left and one standing to right, holding caduceus
10) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
11) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia; eagle to left and standard to right.
12) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
13) Felicitas standing left, holding patera and caduceus; altar to left
14) Felicitas standing left, holding patera and scepter; woman standing to left, holding scepter and another standing to right, holding cornucopia
15) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding caduceus.
16) Fortuna standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
 233
17) Julia Mamaea seated left, holding cornucopia; Pietas standing to left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box and two standards to right
18) Julia Mamaea seated left, holding patera and scepter; woman standing to left, holding scepter and Felicitas standing to right, holding caduceus.
19) Julia Mamaea seated left, holding scepter; two women standing to left, one holding globe and Felicitas standing to right, holding caduceus.
20) Julia Mamaea seated left, two standards to left and attendant to right
21) Juno seated left, holding flower and torch
22) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter
23) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left
24) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia
25) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter
26) Monetae (3) standing, holding scale and cornucopia
27) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter
28) Pietas standing left by lit altar, raising hand and holding incense box.
29) Pudicitia seated left, holding hand to lips with right hand and scepter with left
30) Venus seated left, holding Cupid and scepter
31) Venus standing left, holding helmet and scepter; Cupid to left
32) Venus standing left, holding helmet and scepter; shield to left
33) Venus standing left, holding scepter and Cupid
34) Venus standing right, holding scepter and Cupid
35) Venus standing, facing, holding scepter and Cupid
36) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter
37) Vesta standing left, holding Palladium and scepter
38) Vesta standing left, holding patera and scepter
39) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm
40) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm

Mints:
1) Antioch
2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B4, O1, R19, T23 RIC IVii 342, C 36

AR Denarius
2) B2, O1, R07, T07 RIC 332 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8208, C 6
3) B2, O1, R07, T08 RIC 331 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8207, C 5
4) B2, O1, R12, T10 RIC 338 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8210, C 24
5) B2, O1, R12, T15 RIC 335 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8209, C 17
6) B2, O1, R18, T21 RIC 341 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8211, C 32
7) B2, O1, R31, T35 RIC 351 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 60
8) B2, O1, R33, T31 RIC 355 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8215, C 72
9) B2, O1, R34, T32 RIC 358 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8216, C 76
10) B2, O1, R35, T30 RIC 364 (IVii, S. Alexander)
11) B2, O1, R35, T37 RIC 360 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8217, C 81
12) B2, O1, R35, T38 RIC 362 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8218, C 85
13) B4, O1, R19, T23 RIC 343 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8212, C 35

AE Medallion

14) B3, O2, R11, T09

AE Sestertius

15) B2, O2, R08, T08 RIC 668 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 8

16) B2, O2, R09, T12 RIC 670 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 10
17) B2, O2, R12, T10 Exe: SC RIC 679 (IVii, S. Alexander)
18) B2, O2, R12, T15 RIC 676 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 21
19) B2, O2, R31, T34 RIC 694 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 62
20) B2, O2, R32, T30 Exe: SC RIC 701 (IVii, S. Alexander)
21) B2, O2, R34, T32 RIC 705 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 78
22) B2, O2, R35, T37 RIC 708 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 83

AE Dupondius
23) B2, O2, R14, T12 RIC 682 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 29
24) B2, O2, R35, T37 RIC 709 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 84

AE As
25) B2, O2, R08, T08 RIC 669 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 9
 234
Julia Mamaea Busts

Julia Mamaea Types

Wife of Severus Alexander. Orbiana was exiled to Africa

Orbiana not long after having wed Alexander because of the

jealousy of his mother, Julia Mamaea. The emperor did
not dare to object to his mother's orders and this
unhappy event was forever remembered by the Romans
? who hated her as well as his own cowardice in not
confronting her.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right While not terribly difficult to find, coins of Orbiana are
2) Draped bust right never cheap. Expect to pay at least a hundred dollars
and up for a mediocre sample. A high grade Denarius
Obverse: will inevitably cost several hundred as will good
bronzes.
1) SALL BARBIA ORBIANA AVG

Reverses: While there are relatively many types noted for this
ephemeral empress, only those of a seated
1) CONCORDIA AVGG Concordia are common. All others are very rare.
2) CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM
3) CONCORDIA AVGVSTIRVM
4) MINERVA VICTRIX
5) PROPAGA IMPERI
6) PVDICITIA
7) SAECVLI FELICITAS
8) VENVS GENETRIX
 235
Types:

1) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.

2) Concordia standing left, holding two cornucopiae.
3) Fecunditas seated left, holding hand of child to left.
4) Fecunditas standing left, raising hand and holding cornucopia; child to left.
5) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
6) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed.
7) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus
8) Juno seated left, holding flower and torch.
9) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter.
10) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left.
11) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by feet.
12) Orbiana standing left on right, facing Severus Alexander, shaking hands.
13) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
14) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box.
15) Pudicitia seated left, touching head and holding scepter.
16) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter; Cupid to left.
17) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter
18) Vesta standing left, holding patera and scepter.

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1 O1 R1 T01 RIC 321 (IVii, Severus Alexander)

AR Denarius
2) B1 O1 R1 T01 RIC 319 (IVii, Severus Alexander)

AR Quinarius
3) B1 O1 R1 T01 RIC 320 (IVii, Severus Alexander)

AE Sestertius
4) B1 O1 R2 T01 RIC 655 (IVii, Severus Alexander)
5) B1 O1 R2 T12 RIC 657 (IVii, Severus Alexander)

Orbiana Bust Orbiana Types

 236
Maximinus rose to power via the army where he served as
Maximinus I legion commander during a turbulent period of battles against
the Germanic tribes. The soldiers under his command,
displeased with the wishy-washy way of their current emperor
Augustus 235-238 (Severus Alexander), voted with their swords and proclaimed
Maximinus emperor. Although he scored a number of
successes against the barbarians his dealings in civilian
matters were another story entirely. He terrorized the Senate and raised taxes drastically. His tyranical ways,
which included a seething contempt for aristocracy, the arts and religion, soon became known throughout the
empire. In desperation, the Senate brought the Balbinus-Pupienus duo to a joint emperorship while Maximinus
was still approaching Rome. Pupienus's army was smaller than Maximinus's but they followed a scorched-earth
policy in calculated retreats and guerilla strikes. This so wore down Maximinus's soldiers that they got fed up and
killed him just three years into his reign.

The reign of Maximinus also signals the first time during the imperial period that a man of barbarian birth assumed
the throne (Caracalla's edict of extending Roman citizenship to the provincials made him, technically, a Roman).
Of him it was said that he was taller than eight feet and could eat thirty to fourt pounds of meat and eight gallons of
wine daily. Notwithstanding this likely exaggeration it still should give one pause as to his physical attributions.

Busts:
1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right For the period, the coins of Maximinus are somewhat scarcer
2) Laureate, draped bust right than those of his immediate predecessor (Severus Alexander)
3) Radiate, draped bust right
4) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right and those of his successor (Gordian III). But this was at a time
when the mints were very active so his coins are nonetheless
Obverses: readily available.

1) IMP MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG As with Severus Alexander, the Antoninianus continues to be
2) MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG GERM
suspended from production while the Denarius now looks very
much like it; that is, struck on rather thin but broad flans with
Reverses:
shallower relief. These Denarii will typically cost around $50
1) AEQVITAS AVG
and up depending on concition and, to a lesser extent, the
2) AEQVITAS AVGVSTI rarity of the reverse type. Actually, the greater part of the
3) FELICITAS PVBLICA Denarii in circulation among dealers and collectors today is of
4) FIDES MILITVM
5) INDVLGENTIA AVG relatively high grade with many of them being fully “mint state”.
6) LIBERALITAS AVG
7) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI
8) MARTI PACIFERO
9) PAX AVGG
10) PAX AVGVSTI
11) PM TR P COS PP
12) PM TR P II COS PP
13) PM TR P III COS PP
14) PM TR P IIII COS PP
15) PM TR P PP
16) PM TR P VI COS II PP
17) PM TR P VIII COS III PP
18) PROVIDENTIA AVG
19) SALVS AVGVSTI
20) SPES PVBLICA
21) VICT AETERN
22) VICTORIA AVG
23) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
24) VICTORIA GERM
25) VICTORIA GERMANICA
26) No legend

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia

2) Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand.
3) Indulgentia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter.
4) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia
5) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter
6) Mars standing left, stepping on helmet, holding branch and scepter.
7) Maximinus and Maximus standing, facing each other, together holding Victory; soldier standing on either of their sides and two seated captives in center.
8) Maximinus riding quadriga left, holding branch and scepter, being crowned by Victory.
9) Maximinus seated left on platform accompanied by Liberalitas, holding scale and cornucopia.
10) Maximinus seated left on platform accompanied by Liberalitas, holding scale and cornucopia; citizen on steps to lower left.
11) Maximinus standing left, raising hand and holding spear; standard on either side
12) Maximinus standing left, raising hand and holding spear; two standards on either side Exe: SC.
13) Maximinus standing left, raising hand and holding spear; two standards to left and one to right.
 237
14) Maximinus standing left, raising hand, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm
15) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by feet.
16) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
17) Providentia standing left, holing wand over globe and cornucopia.
18) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar.
19) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip
20) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
21) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
22) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
23) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left.
24) Wreath, VOTIS / DECENNA / LIBVS within.

Mint:
1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B2, O1, R19, T18 RIC IVii 14, BMC 20, C 83

AR Denarius
2) B1, O1, R04, T02 RIC IVii 7a, C 7
3) B1, O1, R10, T16 RIC IVii 12, C 31
4) B1, O1, R12, T11 RIC IVii 3, C 55
5) B1, O1, R12, T11 RIC IVii 4, C 56
6) B1, O1, R15, T11 RIC IVii 1, C 46
7) B1, O1, R17, T05 RIC IVii 100
8) B1, O1, R18, T17 RIC IVii 13, C 77
9) B1, O1, R19, T18 RIC IVii 14, C 85
10) B1, O1, R22, T22 RIC IVii 16, C 99
11) B1, O2, R04, T02 RIC IVii 18a, C 9
12) B1, O2, R10, T16 RIC IVii 19, C 37
13) B1, O2, R13, T11 RIC IVii 5, C 65
14) B1, O2, R18, T17 RIC IVii 20, C 75
15) B1, O2, R24, T23 RIC IVii 23, C 105

AE Sestertius
16) B1, O1, R04, T02 RIC IVii 43, C 10
17) B1, O1, R10, T16 RIC IVii 58, C 34
18) B1, O1, R12, T13 RIC IVii 33, C 58
19) B1, O1, R18, T17 RIC IVii 61, C 80
20) B1, O1, R19, T18 Exe: SC RIC IVii 64, C 88
21) B1, O1, R22, T22 RIC IVii 67, C 100
22) B1, O2, R04, T02 RIC IVii 78, C 13
23) B1, O2, R10, T16 RIC IVii 81, C 38
24) B1, O2, R14, T13 RIC IVii 40, C 71
25) B1, O2, R19, T18 RIC IVii 85, C 92
26) B1, O2, R25, T14 Exe: SC RIC IVii 93
27) B1, O2, R25, T23 Exe: SC RIC IVii 90, C 109

AE Dupondius
28) B4, O1, R10, T16 RIC IVii 59, C 36
29) B4, O1, R13, T13 RIC IVii 38, C 69

Maximinus I Busts
 238
Maximinus I Types

Wife of Maximinus and likely mother of Maximus. She

Paulina died shortly after Maximinus became emperor.

? – d.235

Bust:
The coins of Paulina, all posthumous issues, are
1) Veiled, draped bust right pretty rare and not always available from even well-
stocked coin dealers. When they come to market
Obverse: they’re aggressively sought after and this, naturally,
1) DIVA PAVLINA
drives up the price.

Reverse: An Antoninianus, the typical offering, will normally

cost upwards of $500. However, the good news is
1) CONSECRATIO that the better portion of these Antoniniani survive in
very nice condition; some are even honest-to-
Types: goodness mint state though it hardly needs to be
mentioned that those will fetch top dollar.
1) Diana riding biga right, holding torch
2) Paulina riding peacock right, towards heaven From time to time a few As-sized bronze coins may
3) Peacock standing, facing, tail spread.
be found as well.
Mint:
1) Roma

AU Aureus (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T2 RIC IVii 2

 239
AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

2) B1, O1, R1, T2 RIC IVii 2, C 1

3) B1, O1, R1, T3 RIC IVii 1, C 1

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)
4) B1, O1, R1, T2 RIC IVii 3, C 3

Paulina Bust Paulina Types

Young son of Maximinus who was proclaimed Caesar at

Maximus the same time his father was hailed as Augustus
immediately after the murders of Severus Alexander and
his mother. Both were killed in a mutiny prior to a battle
Caesar 235-238 with the forces of Pupienus.

Bust:
To find any Roman personage of the third century whose coins
1) Bare headed, draped bust right are more readily available in bronze denominations rather than
silver is a bit anachronistic for the period. Yet that is what we
Obverses: have here with this little-known Caesar.
1) C IVL VERVS MAXIMVS CAES
2) IVL VERVS MAXIMVS CAES These bronzes come in two predominant sizes but weights
3) MAXIMVS CAES GERM vary and there are no radiate portraits so we’ll assume the
4) MAXIMVS CAESAR GERM
Dupondius was not part of the lineup. Either one should cost in
Reverses: the low hundreds for a relatively collectible specimen. The
Denarius is much rarer than a three-year reign during this
1) PIETAS AVG period might suggest. They go for $500-$1,000 a piece.
2) PM TR P III COS PP
3) PRINC IVVENTVTIS
4) PRINCIPI IVVENT
5) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS
6) SALVS AVGVSTI

Types:
1) Maximus standing left, holding globe and spear.
2) Maximus standing left, holding wand and spear; two standards to right.
3) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged)
4) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar.

Mint:
1) Roma

AR Denarius Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R1, T3 RIC IVii 1, C 1

2) B1, O3, R3, T2 RIC IVii 3, C 10

AE Sestertius
3) B1, O1, R1, T3 Exe: SC RIC IVii 6, C 5
4) B1, O3, R1, T3 Exe: SC RIC IVii 11, C 7
5) B1, O3, R5, T2 RIC IVii 13, C 14
6) B1, O3, R5, T3 RIC IVii 9, C 14
 240
AE As Reference(s)

7) B1, O3, R1, T3 Exe: SC RIC IVii 7, C 8

8) B1, O3, R5, T2 RIC IVii 14, C 15

Maximus Bust Maximus Types

Gordian came from an influential Roman family and had served in

Gordian I several high-ranking posts. He was appointed Governor of
Carthage and some years into his duties a serious tax revolt
erupted because of the drastic taxing Maximinus was imposing to
Augustus 238 fund his war machine. The elderly Gordian saw that the revolt
would culminate in his own death unless he took action. In a life-
saving marketing move he came across as the friend of the people
and equally disgusted with the situation and was named emperor. The Roman Senate went along with this since
they much preferred him to Maximinus.

Although he made preparations to go to Rome, Gordian and his son (who he made co-Augustus) were unable to
overcome the obstacle that was the neighboring Governor of Numidia, Capellianus, a long-time rival of Gordian.
Because Capellianus was in command of the only legion in Africa he remained loyal to Maximinus if only to spite
his nemesis. He sent the legion against the Gordians whose army consisted of nothing but undisciplined militia
men and, as expected, were crushed almost immediately. With all hope lost he hung himself at the age of 87.

Bust:
For having been in power for less than two months it is
1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right to be expected that coins of Gordian senior and junior
would be very hard to come by. And certainly, they are
Obverse: much more difficult to locate than the fairly rare duo of
emperors that was to follow them, Pupienus and
1) IMP M ANT GORDIANVS AFR AVG
Balbinus, who ruled for not much more than that.
Reverses:
The good news is that for the most part the coins that
1) PM TR P COS PP have come to market in recent years tend to be higher
2) PROVIDENTIA AVGG grade material. The bad news is the price, which can
3) ROMAE AETERNAE
4) SECVRITAS AVGG invariably be expected to reach at least a thousand
5) VIRTVS AVGG dollars per piece and often quite a bit more than that.
6) VIRT EXERCIT

Types:

1) Gordian I standing left, holding branch and scepter.

2) Gordian I standing left, sacrificing over altar.
3) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter
4) Providentia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.
5) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter.
6) Securitas seated left, holding scepter.
7) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
8) Virtus standing left, holding branch and spear
9) Virtus standing left, holding Victory and spear.

Mint:
1) Roma
 241
AR Denarius Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC IVii 1

2) B1, O1, R3, T5 RIC IVii 4, C 8
3) B1, O1, R4, T6 RIC IVii 5

AR Sestertius
4) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC IVii 7, C 3
5) B1, O1, R2, T4 RIC IVii 9, C 6
6) B1, O1, R4, T6 RIC IVii 11, C 11
7) B1, O1, R7, T7 RIC IVii 12, C 14

Gordian I Bust

Gordian I Types
 242
Gordian was the son of the father of the same name. He led a
Gordian II hopelessly outclassed militia army against a Roman legion headed
by Capellianus and died in battle.

Augustus 238

Bust:
There isn’t really much to say regarding Gordian II that
1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
hasn’t already been said for Gordian I. Both had exactly
the same amount of minting time – which was about
Obverses: three months – and number of coins struck in their name.
1) CAES M ANT GORDIANVS AFR AVG
2) IMP CAES M ANT GORDIANVS AFR AVG Because both father and son used the same legends
they can only be differentiated by the style of the
Reverses: portrait. The easiest way to tell who is who is by
observing the hairline features. Gordian I is shown bald
1) PM TR P COS PP forward of the top of his laurel wreath while the younger
2) PROVIDENTIA AVGG
3) ROMAE AETERNAE Gordian retains a full head of hair.
4) SECVRITAS AVGG
5) VICTORIA AVGG
6) VIRTVS AVGG

Types:
1) Gordian I standing left, holding branch and scepter
2) Providentia standing left, with legs crossed and leaning on column, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.
3) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear
4) Securitas seated left, holding scepter
5) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
6) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.

Mint:
1) Roma

AR Denarius Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R1, T1 RIC IVii 1

2) B1, O2, R3, T3 RIC IVii 4, C 8
3) B1, O2, R4, T4 RIC IVii 5

AE Sestertius

4) B1, O2, R1, T1 RIC IVii 7, C 3

5) B1, O2, R2, T2 RIC IVii 9, C 6
6) B1, O2, R4, T4 Exe: SC RIC IVii 11, C 11
7) B1, O2, R5, T5 RIC IVii 12, C 14

Gordian II Bust

Gordian II Types
 243

Balbinus was one of the two nominees to the transfer of power

Balbinus following the disappointing crushing of the revolt led by Gordian I
and II. As they were both chosen by the Senate to protect their
own interests, both the Praetorian Guard as well as the public in
Augustus 238 general found the decision intolerable. Instead, they had wanted
for a successor of pedigree. Understanding that gaining the
support of the civilians and army was essential, they then found
the teenager grandson of Gordian I and named him Caesar. Balbinus for his part had a deep mistrust for Pupienus
(who felt likewise about Balbinus) and the two never got along despite public appearances to the contrary. The
Praetorian Guard got whipped up into an unrelated frenzy but vented on the hapless two because they were such
easy targets. Both were thus killed on the same day after a reign of only about three months.

Busts:

1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right

2) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Despite being fairly scarce, most of the silver coins of this
emperor appear on the market very well preserved. Bronzes
Obverses: are available too but are in the usual states of preservation for
these types of coins.
1) IMP C D CAEL BALBINVS AVG
2) IMP CAES D CAEL BALBINVS AVG The Denarii and Antoniniani are available with roughly equal
frequency and the denomination itself is not usually a factor in
Reverses: the price. The going rate for one of these being in the mid-
hundreds a piece.
1) CONCORDIA AVGG
2) FELICITAS AVGVSTORVM
3) FELICITAS TEMPORV AVGG
4) FIDES MVTVA AVGG
5) IOVI CONSERVATORI
6) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTORVM
7) PAX PVBLICA
8) PIETAS MVTVA AVGG
9) PM TR P COS II PP
10) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM
11) VICTORIA AVGG

Types:
1) Balbinus, Pupienus and Gordian III seated left on platform, accompanied by soldier and Liberalitas, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen to lower
right.
2) Balbinus standing left, holding branch and parazonium.
3) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia.
4) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter.
5) Hands, in handshake.
6) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
7) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
8) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter.
9) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.
10) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath and palm.
11) Wreath, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS within.

Mint:
1) Roma

AR Antoninianus Reference(s)
1) B2, O2, R01, T05 RIC IVii 10, C 3
2) B2, O2, R04, T05 RIC IVii 11
3) B2, O2, R07, T08
4) B2, O2, R08, T05 RIC IVii 12, C 17

AR Denarius
5) B1, O1, R01, T03 RIC IVii 1
6) B1, O1, R05, T06 RIC IVii 2, C 8
7) B1, O1, R09, T02 RIC IVii 5, C 20
8) B1, O1, R10, T09 RIC IVii 7, C 23
9) B1, O1, R11, T10 RIC IVii 8, C 27
 244
AE Sestertius Reference(s)

10) B1, O2, R06, T07 RIC IVii 15, C 11

11) B1, O2, R09, T02 RIC IVii 16, C 21
12) B1, O2, R10, T09 RIC IVii 19, C 24
13) B1, O2, R11, T10 RIC IVii 25, C 29

AE Dupondius
14) B2, O2, R05, T06 RIC IVii 13, C 9

AE As
15) B1, O2, R01, T03 Exe: SC RIC IVii 23, C 5

Balbinus Busts

Balbinus Types
 245

One of the joint emperors along with Balbinus, Pupienus's

Pupienus short career as emperor began when the rebellion of the
Gordiani in Northern Africa failed. The Senate fearful of the
oncoming army of Maximinus hastily hailed both as the new
Augustus 238 Augusti. While Balbinus was left in charge of consolidating
power in Rome, Pupienus led an army to meet Maximinus.
Following good advice from his generals, Maximinus fell into a
trap and his angry soldiers murdered him and pledged allegiance to the army of Pupienus. On his return, however,
Pupienus was not received as a hero but rather as a puppet of the Senate. Add to this a deep mistrust of and by
Balbinus that was evident to the Praetorian Guard and the whole issue was put to rest when the latter massacred
both of them on the same day.

Busts:
When it comes to coins, Pupienus is often
1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
2) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right mentioned in the same breath as Balbinus.
That’s because the two shared the limelight
Obverses: for an equally short period of time. Still for as
short as those days were they sure kept the
1) IMP C M CLOD PVPIENVS AVG mint in Rome working hard. Hundreds, or
2) IMP CAES M CLOD PVPIENVS AVG
3) IMP CAES PVPIEN MAXIMVS AVG
perhaps thousands, of coins of the two survive
to this day and many of those are fully mint
Reverses: state or nearly so.

1) AMOR MVTVVS AVGG But don’t let that fool you. Although not
2) CARITAS MVTVA AVGG especially hard to find, a coin of either of
3) CONCORDIA AVGG
4) IOVI CONSERVATORI these two will still cost hundreds of dollars
5) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTORVM each.
6) PATRES SENATVS
7) PAX PVBLICA
8) PM TR P COS II PP
9) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM
10) VICTORIA AVGG
11) No legend

Types:
1) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
2) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter
3) Hands, in handshake
4) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
5) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
6) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter.
7) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia
8) Pupienus standing left, holding branch and parazonium
9) Pupienus, Balbinus and Gordian III seated left on platform, accompanied by Liberalitas, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen on steps to lower left
10) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
11) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath and palm.
12) Wreath, VOTIS / DECENNA / LIBVS within.

Mint:
1) Roma

AR Denarius Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R03, T01 RIC IVii 1, C 6
2) B1, O1, R07, T06 RIC IVii 4, C 22
3) B1, O1, R08, T08 RIC IVii 5, C 29
4) B1, O2, R05, T05 RIC IVii 3
5) B1, O2, R08, T02 RIC IVii 6, C 26

AR Antoninianus
6) B2, O2, R01, T03 RIC IVii 9a, C 1
7) B2, O2, R06, T03 RIC IVii 11a, C 19
8) B2, O3, R02, T03 RIC IVii 10b, C 3
9) B2, O3, R03, T03 C5
10) B2, O3, R06, T03 RIC IVii 11b, C 21
 246
AE Sestertius Reference(s)

11) B1, O2, R05, T05 RIC IVii 14, C 15

12) B1, O2, R07, T07 Exe: SC RIC IVii 22a, C 23
13) B1, O2, R09, T07 RIC IVii 17, C 34
14) B1, O2, R10, T11 RIC IVii 23a, C 38

AE Dupondius
15) B2, O2, R11, T11 RIC IVii 24, C 39
16) B2, O2, R12, T12 RIC IVii 19

Pupienus Busts

Pupienus Types
 247

When the revolt of Gordian I & II in Northern Africa failed the

Gordian III Senate appointed Pupienus and Balbinus as joint emperors.

However, this choice proved to be so unpopular that the Senate
sought and found the grandson of Gordian I and named him
Caesar so as to give an air of a dynastic lineage. Balbinus and
Augustus 238-244 Pupienus were murdered soon after leaving the teenage Gordian I
as sole emperor. Gordian III then spent the next several years in
relative obscurity participating in various wars. He was killed by agents of his Praetorian Prefect, Philip, who had
ambitions to become emperor himself.

Busts:
1) Bare-headed, draped bust right
2) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield
3) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over left shoulder Of all the ancient Roman coins, the silver Antoniniani
4) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding Victory and scepter. of Gordian III are the cheapest and easiest to find. In
5) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left.
6) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
fact, they are so cheap that even the collector on a
7) Radiate, cuirassed bust left limited budget need not settle for lower grade
8) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right specimens. Several different types may be found in a
condition similar to what they looked like shortly after
Obverses: being minted nearly 1,800 years ago for $20 or $30
and often less than that on the Internet.
1) IMP C M ANT GORDIANVS AVG
2) IMP CAES GORDIANVS PIVS AVG
3) IMP CAES M ANT GORDIANVS AVG Gordian III was also the last emperor who struck the
4) IMP CAES M ANT GORDIANVS PIVS AVG
5) IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Denarius which had been until then one of the longest
6) IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FELIX AVG lived fixtures in the then-known world economies. The
7) M ANT GORDIANVS CAES
cheaper to make but twice as nominally valuable
Antoninianus spelled doom for the venerable
Reverses: Denarius. It also started the quick downfall of the
1) ABVNDANTIA AVG
economy of the Roman empire. Within another 20
2) ADLOCVTIO AVGVSTI years silver practically vanished from circulation to be
3) ADVENTVS AVG replaced with intrinsically worthless money.
4) AEQVITAS AVG
5) AEQVITAS AVGG
6) AEQVITAS AVGVSTI Happily, the last of the Denarii (a handful were made
7) AETERNITAS AVGVSTI
8) AETERNITATI AVG by later emperors on special occasions) are also
9) ANNONA AVGG inexpensive even in pristine condition.
10) APOL CONSERVAT
11) CONCORDIA AVG
12) CONCORDIA AVGG Ironically, the large bronze coins of the previous
13) CONCORDIA MILIT century become increasingly scarce and would be
14) DIANA LVCIFERA
15) FELICIT TEMP largely elminated within the next decade or so.
16) FELICIT TEMPOR
17) FELICITAS PVBLICA
18) FELICITAS TEMPORVM
19) FIDES EXERCITVS
20) FIDES MILIT AG
21) FIDES MILITVM
22) FORT REDVX
23) FORTVNA AVG
24) FORTVNA REDVX
25) IOVI CONSERVATORI
26) IOVI STATORI 47) PAX AVGVS
27) IOVIS STATOR 48) PAX AVGVSTI
28) LAETIT FVNDAT 49) PIETAS AVGG
29) LAETITIA AVG N 50) PIETAS AVGVSTI
30) LIBERALITAS AVG 51) PM TR I P CON PP
31) LIBERALITAS AVG II 52) PM TR P II COS
32) LIBERALITAS AVG III 53) PM TR P II COS PP
33) LIBERALITAS AVG IIII 54) PM TR P III COS II PP
34) LIBERALITAS AVGG III 55) PM TR P III COS PP
35) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI II 56) PM TR P III COS PP
36) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI III 57) PM TR P IIII COS II PP
37) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTORVM 58) PM TR P IIII COS PP
38) LIBERTAS AVGG 59) PM TR P V COS II PP
39) MARS PROPVG 60) PM TR P V N COS III PP
40) MARS PROPVGNAT 61) PM TR P VI COS II PP
41) MARTEM POPVGNATOREM 62) PM TR P VII COS II PP
42) MARTI PACIFERO 63) POMAE AETERNAE
43) MVNIFICENTIA GORDIANI AVG 64) PONTIFEX MAX TR P III
44) ORIENS AVG 65) PONTIFEX MAX TR P IIII
45) PAX AETERNA 66) PRINCIPI IVVENT
46) PAX AVGSTI 67) PROVID AVG
 248
68) PROVIDENT AVG 82) SECVRITAS PERPETVA
69) PROVIDENTI AVG 83) SECVRITAS PVBLICA
70) PROVIDENTIA AVG 84) SPES PVPLICA
71) PVDICITIA AVG 85) TRAIECTVS AVG
72) RESTITVTOR ORBIS 86) VENVS VICTRIX
73) ROMAE AETERNAE 87) VICTOR AETER
74) SAECVLARES AVGG 88) VICTORIA AETER
75) SAECVLI FELICITAS 89) VICTORIA AETERNA
76) SALVS AVG 90) VICTORIA AVG
77) SALVS AVGVSTI 91) VICTORIA AVGVSTI
78) SECVRIT PERP 92) VICTORIA GORDIANI AVG
79) SECVRIT PERPET 93) VIRTVS AVG
80) SECVRIT PERPETVA 94) VIRTVS AVGVSTI
81) SECVRITAS AVG 95) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI

Types:
1) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia
2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
3) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.
4) Apollo seated left, holding branch and resting hand on lyre.
5) Colosseum with bull and elephant wrestling inside; Colossus of Nero and Meta Sudans on either side.
6) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia.
7) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
8) Concordia standing left, holding globe and scepter.
9) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
10) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
11) Diana standing right, holding torch with both hands.
12) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
13) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus.
14) Fides seated left, holding standard and cornucopia.
15) Fides standing left, holding standard and cornucopia.
16) Fides standing left, holding standard.
17) Fides standing left, holding standard and scepter.
18) Fides standing, facing, holding standard in each hand.
19) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
20) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair.
21) Galley sailing right.
22) Gordian III and Tranquillina seated left, raising hands.
23) Gordian III riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter; Victory to left, holding wreath and palm.
24) Gordian III riding horse left, raising hand
25) Gordian III riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear.
26) Gordian III riding horse right, raising hand
27) Gordian III riding horse right, raising hand and holding scepter
28) Gordian III riding horse right, spearing enemy.
29) Gordian III riding horse right.
30) Gordian III riding oncoming quadriga; two soldiers in front, on left and right, leading the horses by bridle.
31) Gordian III riding quadriga left, holding branch and scepter, being crowned by Victory; two soldiers leading the horses.
32) Gordian III riding quadriga left, holding patera.
33) Gordian III riding quadriga right, holding scepter with eagle atop.
34) Gordian III seated left on platform, accompanied by two lictors; citizen on steps to lower left.
35) Gordian III seated left, being crowned by Victory to right, facing Pax standing to left, holding branch; two standards in background.
36) Gordian III seated left, being crowned by Victory to right, facing Virtus to left, holding shield and branch with two standards in background.
37) Gordian III seated left, being crowned by Victory to right, facing Pax standing to left, holding branch
38) Gordian III standing left on right, receiving globe from Sol to left and being crowned by Virtus to right; two standards in center background, two captives
seated below and soldier on left, holding spear and vexillum.
39) Gordian III standing left on right, sacrificing over altar, Nike standing behind crowning him; Sol riding oncoming quadriga in center with Tigris and Euphrates
laying to center left.
40) Gordian III standing left, holding globe and scepter.
41) Gordian III standing left, holding hand of kneeling woman.
42) Gordian III standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter.
43) Gordian III standing right on platform, facing three soldiers; horse and standards in background.
44) Gordian III standing right, holding spear and globe.
45) Hercules standing right, holding club and bow.
46) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin.
47) Jupiter seated left, holding globe; eagle to left.
48) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
49) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left.
50) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; Gordian III to lower left.
51) Jupiter standing, facing, holding scepter and thunderbolt.
52) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor
53) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
54) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and two cornucopiae.
55) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter.
56) Lion advancing right
57) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
58) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield.
59) Mars standing, facing, holding spear and shield
60) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coin piles by feet.
61) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter.
62) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia.
63) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter
64) Pietas standing, facing, raising hands.
65) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.
66) Providentia standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
67) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter.
68) Providentia standing left, raising hand over globe and holding scepter
 249
69) Providentia standing, facing, holding globe and scepter.
70) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter
71) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear.
72) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged
73) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake.
74) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand.
75) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand; altar to left.
76) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter.
77) Serapis standing left, raising hand and holding scepter
78) Sol standing, facing, holding globe and whip.
79) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe.
80) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
81) Venus standing left, holding helmet and cradling scepter; shield to right.
82) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
83) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
84) Victory standing left, resting hand on shield and holding palm; seated captive to lower left.
85) Virtus standing, facing, holding branch and spear; shield to left.
86) Virtus standing, facing, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
87) Wreath, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS within

Mints:
1) Antioch 2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B6 O3 R03 T27 Curtis Clay collection
2) B6 O3 R30 T53 RIC IViii 42, C 129
3) B6 O5 R08 T79 RIC IViii 97, C 37
4) B6 O5 R14 T11 RIC IViii 121, C 39
5) B6 O5 R95 T46 RIC IViii 108, C 401

AR Antoninianus
6) B7 O5 R21 T18 RIC IViii 209, C 92
7) B7 O5 R24 T19 RIC IViii 210, C 98
8) B7 O5 R42 T57 RIC IViii 212, C 162
9) B7 O5 R44 T79 RIC IViii 213, C 167
10) B7 O5 R48 T61 RIC IViii 214e, C 179
11) B7 O5 R59 T45 RIC IViii 206e, C 264
12) B7 O5 R75 T44 RIC IViii 216, C 319
13) B8 O2 R04 T02 RIC IViii 51, C 22
14) B8 O2 R11 T07 RIC IViii 52, C 53
15) B8 O2 R31 T54 RIC IViii 53, C 133
16) B8 O2 R53 T42 RIC IViii 54, C 212
17) B8 O2 R73 T71 RIC IViii 55, C 313
18) B8 O2 R93 T86 RIC IViii 56, C 386
19) B8 O3 R04 T02 RIC IViii 34, C 17
20) B8 O3 R11 T06 RIC IViii 180, C 52
21) B8 O3 R11 T07 RIC IViii 35, C 50
22) B8 O3 R11 T10 RIC IViii 178a, C 58
23) B8 O3 R20 T17
24) B8 O3 R21 T15 RIC IViii 183a, C 90
25) B8 O3 R21 T17 RIC IViii 1, C 86
26) B8 O3 R25 T50 RIC IViii 2, C 105
27) B8 O3 R31 T54 RIC IViii 36, C 130
28) B8 O3 R31 T55 RIC IViii 187a, C 126
29) B8 O3 R48 T63 RIC IViii 3, C 173
30) B8 O3 R51 T42 RIC IViii 169, C 187
31) B8 O3 R51 T77 Curtis Clay collection
32) B8 O3 R52 T33 Curtis Clay Collection
33) B8 O3 R53 T17 RIC IViii 15, C 205
34) B8 O3 R53 T32
35) B8 O3 R53 T42 RIC IViii 37, C 210
36) B8 O3 R53 T47 RIC IViii 27, C 190
37) B8 O3 R53 T50 RIC IViii 16, C 189
38) B8 O3 R53 T63 RIC IViii 17, C 203
39) B8 O3 R53 T69 RIC IViii 18, C 196
40) B8 O3 R53 T70 RIC IViii 172, C 196
41) B8 O3 R53 T82 RIC IViii 19, C 199
42) B8 O3 R53 T86 RIC IViii 20, C 194
43) B8 O3 R62 T58 RIC IViii 167a, C 280
44) B8 O3 R70 T69 RIC IViii 4, C 302
45) B8 O3 R73 T71 RIC IViii 38, C 312
46) B8 O3 R90 T83 RIC IViii 5, C 357
47) B8 O3 R93 T86 RIC IViii 6, C 381
48) B8 O5 R04 T02 RIC IViii 63, C 25
49) B8 O5 R08 T79 RIC IViii 83, C 41
50) B8 O5 R11 T07 RIC IViii 64, C 52
51) B8 O5 R13 T07 RIC IViii 65, C 62
52) B8 O5 R15 T12 RIC IViii 140, C 71
53) B8 O5 R16 T12 RIC IViii 141, C 72
54) B8 O5 R18 T12 RIC IViii 142, C 81
55) B8 O5 R21 T19 RIC IViii 143, C 97
56) B8 O5 R23 T21 RIC IViii 144, C 98
57) B8 O5 R25 T52 RIC IViii 84, C 109
 250
58) B8 O5 R26 T52 RIC IViii 85, C 115
59) B8 O5 R28 T53 RIC IViii 86, C 121
60) B8 O5 R31 T54 RIC IViii 67, C 142
61) B8 O5 R38 T59 RIC IViii 145, C 155
62) B8 O5 R39 T59 RIC IViii 146, C 156
63) B8 O5 R40 T59 RIC IViii 147, C 160
64) B8 O5 R47 T62 RIC IViii 214b, C 179
65) B8 O5 R51 T43 RIC IViii 68, C 216
66) B8 O5 R53 T45 RIC IViii 91, C 242
67) B8 O5 R54 T04 RIC IViii 87, C 237
68) B8 O5 R56 T04 RIC IViii 88, C 250
69) B8 O5 R58 T04 RIC IViii 89, C 262
70) B8 O5 R58 T45 RIC IViii 93, C 266
71) B8 O5 R60 T04 RIC IViii 90, C 272
72) B8 O5 R60 T45 RIC IViii 94, C 276
73) B8 O5 R66 T68 RIC IViii 148, C 296
74) B8 O5 R67 T68 RIC IViii 149, C 298
75) B8 O5 R69 T68 RIC IViii 150, C 299
76) B8 O5 R72 T72 RIC IViii 70, C 314
77) B8 O5 R77 T77 RIC IViii 151, C 327
78) B8 O5 R78 T77 RIC IViii 152, C 328
79) B8 O5 R81 T77 RIC IViii 153, C 336
80) B8 O5 R86 T85 RIC IViii 154, C 348
81) B8 O5 R87 T85 RIC IViii 155, C 349
82) B8 O5 R88 T85 RIC IViii 156, C 353
83) B8 O5 R92 T86 RIC IViii 71, C 388
84) B8 O5 R94 T47 RIC IViii 95, C 404

AR Denarius Reference(s)
85) B1 O7 R48 T73 RIC IVii 1, C 182
86) B6 O5 R08 T80 RIC IViii 111, C 39
87) B6 O5 R14 T11 RIC IViii 127, C 69
88) B6 O5 R26 T52 RIC IViii 112, C 113
89) B6 O5 R28 T53 RIC IViii 113, C 120
90) B6 O5 R49 T65 RIC IViii 129, C 186
91) B6 O5 R53 T04 RIC IViii 114, C 238
92) B6 O5 R53 T45 RIC IViii 115, C 243
93) B6 O5 R54 T25 RIC IViii 81, C 234
94) B6 O5 R76 T74 RIC IViii 129a, C 325
95) B6 O5 R82 T75 RIC IViii 130, C 340
96) B6 O5 R85 T82 RIC IViii 131, C 347
97) B6 O5 R94 T47 RIC IViii 116, C 403

AR Quinarius
98) B6 O5 R13 T07 RIC IViii 75, C 63

AE Medallion
99) B2 O6 R44 T40
100) B2 O6 R93 T31
101) B3 O6 R64 T31
102) B4 O6 R42 T05

AE Sestertius
103) B6 O3 R20 T17 RIC IViii 254, C 89
104) B6 O3 R30 T55 RIC IViii 269a, C 136
105) B6 O3 R89 T83 RIC IViii 258a, C 538
106) B6 O5 R04 T02 RIC IViii 286a, C 26
107) B6 O5 R08 T81 RIC IViii 297a, C 43
108) B6 O5 R23 T21 RIC IViii 331a, C 99
109) B6 O5 R26 T51 RIC IViii 298a, C 111
110) B6 O5 R28 T53 RIC IViii 300a, C 122
111) B6 O5 R41 T58 RIC IViii 333, C 161
112) B6 O5 R51 T43 RIC IViii 291, C 217
113) B6 O5 R58 T45 RIC IViii 307a, C 267
114) B6 O5 R59 T04 RIC IViii 303a, C 262
115) B6 O5 R78 T76 RIC IViii 335a, C 329
116) B6 O5 R81 T74 RIC IViii 311a, C 333
117) B6 O5 R87 T85 RIC IViii 337a, C 351
118) B6 O5 R88 T85 RIC IViii 338a, C 354
119) B6 O5 R91 T23 Exe: SC RIC IVii 325, C 377
120) B6 O6 R08 T80 RIC IViii 297 anecdotal
121) B6 O7 R49 T72 Exe: SC RIC IVii 3, C 183

AE As
122) B6 O3 R04 T02 RIC IViii 267b, C 89
123) B6 O3 R53 T71 Exe: SC RIC IViii 264b, C 208
124) B6 O5 R64 T32 RIC IViii 321a, C 289
125) B6 O5 R93 T36 RIC IViii 326
126) B6 O6 R78 T77 RIC IViii 335c
 251
Gordian III Busts

Gordian III Types

 252
Gordian III Types (continued)
 253

Wife of Gordian III.

Tranquillina
?-?

Busts:
While Greek bronzes honoring Gordian’s wife
1) Diademed, draped bust left abound, Rome is much less effusive in
2) Diademed, draped bust right recognizing the empress.
3) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent

Obverse: Those coins that have come to light and offered

for sale are outrageously expensive. In the lot
1) SABINIA TRANQVILLINA AVG listings of recent numismatic auction catalogs
only two have sold; a Denarius for $5,000 and
Reverses: an Antoninianus for $10,000.
1) CONCORDIA AVGG
2) CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM
3) FELICITAS TEMPORVM

Types:

1) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopiae

2) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
3) Tranquillina standing right on left, shaking hands with Gordian III to right

Mint:
1) Roma

AR Antoninianus Reference(s)
1) B3 O1 R1 T3 RIC 250 (IViii, Gordian III)

AR Denarius

2) B2 O1 R1 T1 RIC 252 (IViii, Gordian III)

Tranquillina Busts

Tranquillina Types
 254

Gordian III was a fairly popular ruler when Philip, a Romanized

Philip I Arabian, was selected as Praetorian Prefect. This was a highly

influential post and one of Philip's duties under Gordian was
the control of military supply logistics. Because he was
ambitious and longed to be emperor himself he manipulated
Augustus 244-249 and purposefully mismanaged the soldiers' food supply in
hopes of pinning the blame on the emperor. This worked quite
well and the hungry soldiers mutinied and killed Gordian. Before the treasonous conspiracy could be investigated,
Philip finished the game plan by proclaiming himself emperor and the Senate went along.

Philip turned out to be a successful leader on the battlefield. He negotiated a peace treaty with the Persians and
headed back to Rome. When new revolts sprouted along the Danube, he sent off Trajan Decius to take care of
them. This was poor judgment on his part because Decius would wind up doing such a good job that his soldiers
arbitrarily promoted him to Augustus. Philip mustered an army to take on Decius but was beaten and killed in the
battle.

Busts: Philip I is another very common emperor. The bulk of

his coins are represented in the Antoniniani of which
1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
2) Radiate, cuirassed bust left there are many reverse types. Larger bronzes are also
3) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left relatively common but choice specimens are very
4) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
rare.
Obverses: Philip is also the last emperor to mint the legendary
1) CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM
Denarius. The denomination had been run out of the
2) IMP C M IVL PHILIPPVS PF AVG PM economy slowly over the past couple of decades and
3) IMP CAES M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG essentially stopped under Gordian III. For old times’
4) IMP IVL PHILIPPVS PIVS FEL AVG PM
5) IMP IVL PHILIPPVS PIVS FELIX AVG PM sakes Philip made a few more which today are
6) IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG extreme rarities, probably even rarer than his Aurei but
7) IMP PHILIPPVS AVG
8) M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG M IVL PHILIPPVS N C no less expensive.

Reverses: But for “the people’s coins” you will find that a well
preserved Antoninianus can usually be found for less
1) ADLOCVTIO AVGVSTORVM than fifty dollars. For what it’s worth, a look on Ebay
2) ADVENTVS AVGG
3) AEQVITAS AVG
on any given day is bound to show over 100 coins of
4) AEQVITAS AVGG Philip I on auction.
5) AEQVITAS AVGVSTI
6) AEQVITAS PVBLICA
7) AETERNIT IMPERI
8) AETERNITAS AVGG
9) AETERNITATI AVGG
10) ANNONA AVGG
11) CONCORDIA AVGG
12) COS II PP 41) PM TR P COS PP
13) DE PIA MATRE PIVS FILIVS 42) PM TR P II COS PP
14) FELICIT TEMPOR 43) PM TR P III COS II PP
15) FELICITAS TEMP 44) PM TR P III COS PP
16) FID EXERCIT 45) PM TR P IIII COS II PP
17) FIDES EXERCITVS 46) PM TR P IIII COS PP
18) FIDES MILIT 47) PM TR P V COS II PP
19) FIDES MILITVM 48) PM TR P V COS III PP
20) FORTVNA REDVX 49) PM TR P VI COS PP
21) IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG 50) PONTIFEX MAX TR P V COS III PP
22) IMP PHILIPPVS AVG 51) PROVIDENT AVG
23) IOVI STATORI 52) PROVIDENTIA AVG
24) LAET FVNDATA 53) ROMAE AETERNAE
25) LAETIT FVNDAT 54) SACVLVM NOVVM
26) LAETITIA AVG N 55) SAECVLARES AVGG
27) LIBERALITAS AVG 56) SALVS AVG
28) LIBERALITAS AVG II 57) SALVS AVGG
29) LIBERALITAS AVG III 58) SECVRIT ORBIS
30) LIBERALITAS AVGG II 59) SECVRITAS ORBIS
31) MARCIA OTACIL SEVERA AVG 60) SPES FELICTATIS ORBIS
32) MILIARIVM SAECVLVM 61) SPES PVBLICA
33) NOBILITAS AVGG 62) TRANQVILLITAS AVGG
34) PACE FVNDATA 63) VICTORIA AVG
35) PAX AETERN 64) VICTORIA AVGG
36) PAX AETERNA 65) VICTORIA CARPICA
37) PAX AVG 66) VIRTVS AVG
38) PAX AVGVSTI 67) VIRTVS AVGG
39) PAX FVNDATA 68) VIRTVS EXERCITVS
40) PIETAS AVGG 69) No legend
 255
Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.

2) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over galley prow and cornucopia.
3) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.
4) Antelope advancing left.
5) Antelope advancing right
6) Apollo seated left, holding branch and resting arm on lyre.
7) Cippus reading COS / III
8) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia.
9) Concordia seated left, holding scale and cornucopia.
10) Concordia seated left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
11) Concordia standing left, holding patera and scepter.
12) Deer advancing left.
13) Deer advancing right.
14) Elephant (with rider) advancing left
15) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
16) Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand.
17) Fides standing left, holding scepter and standard.
18) Fides standing left, holding vexillum and standard.
19) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair.
20) Goat advancing left.
21) Hippopotamus standing right
22) Jupiter standing, facing, holding scepter and thunderbolt
23) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor.
24) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder
25) Laetitia standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding patera and rudder
26) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
27) Lion advancing left
28) Lion advancing right
29) Mars standing left, holding branch and resting hand on shield.
30) Minerva standing left, stepping on helmet, holding branch
31) Nobilitas standing left, holding scepter and globe.
32) Nobilitas standing right, holding scepter and globe
33) Otacilia Severa diademed, draped bust right on crescent.
34) Otacilia Severa diademed, draped bust right.
35) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter.
36) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
37) Philip I advancing left, among three soldiers; two standards in background.
38) Philip I and Philip II each riding a horse right, raising hand and one holding a spear.
39) Philip I and Philip II riding oncoming quadriga; one holding branch and being crowned by Victory and the other raising hand; soldier on each side.
40) Philip I and Philip II seated left on platform accompanied by Liberalitas, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen on steps to lower left.
41) Philip I riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear.
42) Philip I seated left, holding globe and scepter.
43) Philip I standing left, sacrificing over altar.
44) Philip I standing left, raising hand and holding scepter; three soldiers standing by and two standards in background.
45) Philip II laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, facing Otacilia Severa diademed, draped bust left.
46) Philip II laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
47) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter.
48) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter; altar to left.
49) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder.
50) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake.
51) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand.
52) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip.
53) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe.
54) Spes advancing left, holding spear and raising skirt.
55) Standards (4)
56) Temple with (6) columns; Roma standing within.
57) Temple with (8) columns, Roma standing within.
58) Tranquillitas standing left, holding Capricornus and scepter.
59) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
60) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
61) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.
62) Virtus seated left, holding branch and spear.
63) Virtus standing left, stepping on helmet, holding branch and spear.
64) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
65) Wolf standing left, suckling Romulus and Remus
66) Wolf standing right, right, suckling Romulus and Remus
67) Wreath, FELI / CITAS / IMPP within.
68) Wreath, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS within.

Mints:

1) Antioch 3) Roma
2) Asia, locality uncertain 4) Viminacium

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O6, R10, T03 RIC IViii 28a, C 23
2) B1, O6, R18, T17 RIC IViii 32a, C 56
3) B1, O6, R54, T46 RIC IViii 44a, C 168
4) B1, O7, R34, T01
5) B1, O7, R56, T07 RIC IViii 24a, C 191
 256
AU Quinarius Reference(s)

6) B1, O6, R18, T17 RIC IViii 32a, C 56

AR Antoninianus
7) B2, O6, R02, T41 RIC IViii 81, C 4
8) B2, O6, R11, T08 RIC IViii 83
9) B2, O6, R46, T15 RIC IViii 76, C 135
10) B3, O6, R53, T47 RIC IViii 85, C 167
11) B4, O2, R39, T36 RIC IViii 69, C 113
12) B4, O2, R60, T54 RIC IViii 70, C 221
13) B4, O2, R68, T64 RIC IViii 71, C 243
14) B4, O6, R02, T41 RIC IViii 26b, C 3
15) B4, O6, R03, T01
16) B4, O6, R04, T01 RIC IViii 27b, C 9
17) B4, O6, R10, T02 RIC IViii 29, C 32
18) B4, O6, R10, T03 RIC IViii 28c, C 25
19) B4, O6, R15, T15 RIC IViii 31, C 43
20) B4, O6, R18, T16 RIC IViii 32b, C 55
21) B4, O6, R18, T17 RIC IViii 33b, C 54
22) B4, O6, R19, T16 RIC IViii 34b, C 58
23) B4, O6, R24, T24 RIC IViii 35b, C 72
24) B4, O6, R28, T26 RIC IViii 38b, C 87
25) B4, O6, R28, T26 RIC IViii 38b, C 87
26) B4, O6, R35, T35 RIC IViii 41, C 102
27) B4, O6, R35, T36 RIC IViii 40b, C 103
28) B4, O6, R42, T42 RIC IViii 2b
29) B4, O6, R44, T15 RIC IViii 3, C 124
30) B4, O6, R45, T15 RIC IViii 4, C 136
31) B4, O6, R46, T15 RIC IViii 75a, C 130
32) B4, O6, R49, T15 RIC IViii 78, C 155
33) B4, O6, R49, T27
34) B4, O6, R53, T47 RIC IViii 44b, C 169
35) B4, O6, R53, T48 RIC IViii 45, C 170
36) B4, O6, R56, T49 RIC IViii 47b, C 205
37) B4, O6, R58, T51 RIC IViii 48b, C 215
38) B4, O6, R60, T54 RIC IViii 73, C 220
39) B4, O6, R62, T59 RIC IViii 50, C 231
40) B4, O6, R62, T60 RIC IViii 49b, C 227
41) B4, O6, R62, T61 RIC IViii 51, C 235
42) B4, O6, R66, T62 RIC IViii 53, C 240
43) B4, O6, R66, T63 RIC IViii 52, C 239
44) B4, O6, R68, T64 RIC IViii 74, C 245
45) B4, O7, R04, T01 RIC IViii 57, C 12
46) B4, O7, R08, T14 RIC IViii 58, C 17
47) B4, O7, R10, T03 RIC IViii 59, C 33
48) B4, O7, R17, T18 RIC IViii 61, C 49
49) B4, O7, R17, T54 RIC IViii 62, C 50
50) B4, O7, R17, T54 RIC IViii 84a
51) B4, O7, R20, T18 RIC IViii 63b, C 65
52) B4, O7, R33, T32 RIC IViii 8, C 98
53) B4, O7, R32, T32 ¿ in left field RIC IViii 8, C 98
54) B4, O7, R45, T15 RIC IViii 5, C 137
55) B4, O7, R47, T29 A in left field RIC IViii 7, C 145
56) B4, O7, R53, T48 RIC IViii 65, C 171
57) B4, O7, R54, T56 RIC IViii 25b, C 198
58) B4, O7, R54, T56 RIC IViii 86b
59) B4, O7, R55, T04 Exe: UI RIC IViii 21, C 189
60) B4, O7, R55, T07 RIC IViii 24c, C 193
61) B4, O7, R55, T12 Exe: III RIC IViii 17, C 186
62) B4, O7, R55, T13 Exe: U RIC IViii 19, C 182
63) B4, O7, R55, T28 Exe: I RIC IViii 12
64) B4, O7, R55, T65 Exe: II RIC IViii 15, C 178
65) B4, O7, R62, T58 B in left field RIC IViii 9, C 223
66) B4, O7, R67, T38 RIC IViii 10, C 241
67) B4, O7, R69, T67 RIC IViii 60, C 39

AR Denarius
68) B1, O6, R28, T26
69) B1, O6, R40, T45 C5

AE Medallion
70) B1, O3, R41, T44 Gnecchi 4, C 115

AE Sestertius

71) B1, O6, R04, T01 RIC IViii 166a, C 10

72) B1, O6, R08, T14 Exe: SC RIC IViii 167a, C 18
73) B1, O6, R10, T03 RIC IViii 168a, C 26
74) B1, O6, R15, T15 RIC IViii 169a, C 44
75) B1, O6, R17, T55 Exe: SC RIC IViii 171a, C 51
 257
76) B1, O6, R19, T16 RIC IViii 172a, C 59
77) B1, O6, R20, T19 Exe: SC RIC IViii 174a, C 67
78) B1, O6, R24, T25 RIC IViii 176a, C 76
79) B1, O6, R28, T26 RIC IViii 180a, C 88
80) B1, O6, R39, T36 RIC IViii 184a, C 105
81) B1, O6, R42, T42 Exe: SC RIC IViii 148a, C 121
82) B1, O6, R44, T15 RIC IViii 149a, C 123
83) B1, O6, R54, T57 Exe: SC RIC IViii 164, C 201
84) B1, O6, R55, T04 Exe: SC RIC IViii 161, C 190
85) B1, O6, R55, T05 Exe: SC RIC IViii 160a, C 183
86) B1, O6, R55, T28 Exe: SC RIC IViii 158, C 176
87) B1, O6, R55, T65 Exe: SC RIC IViii 159, C 248
88) B1, O6, R58, T51 Exe: SC RIC IViii 190, C 216
89) B1, O7, R45, T15 RIC IViii 150c, C 140
90) B1, O7, R48, T42 Exe: SC RIC IViii 154a, C 151

AE Dupondius Reference(s)
91) B4, O6, R19, T16 RIC IViii 172c, C 61
92) B4, O6, R33, T32 RIC IViii 155, C 99

AE As
93) B1, O6, R19, T16 RIC IViii 172b, C 60
94) B1, O6, R28, T26 RIC IViii 180b, C 89
95) B1, O6, R55, T05 Exe: SC RIC IViii 160b,C 184
96) B1, O6, R55, T07 RIC IViii 162b, C 196

Philip I Busts

Philip I Types
 258
Philip I Types (continued)
 259

Wife of Philip I.
Otacilia Severa
?-?

Busts:
While not much can be said about Otacilia the
1) Diademed, draped bust left person, her coins sure are plentiful enough.
2) Diademed, draped bust right
3) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent This being the age of the cheap silver coins you
can find her Antoniniani in any ancient coin
Obverses: dealer’s inventory or in online auctions. These
typically go from $20-$50 for problem-free
1) M OTACIL SEVERA AVG coins of little or no wear.
2) MARC OTACIL SEVERA AVG
3) MARCIA OTACIL SEVERA AVG
4) OTACIL SEVERA AVG Bronzes turn up regularly with the Sestertius
probably being the most commonly available
Reverses: denomination. Asides from weighing
considerably less than the Sestertii of a century
1) AEQVITAS AVG
2) AETERNITATI AVG before, they are still substantial coins.
3) ANNONA AVG
4) CONCORDIA AVGG
5) CONCORDIA AVGVSTI
6) FECVNDITAS TEMPORVM
7) IVNO CONSERVAT
8) IVNO CONSERVATRIX
9) IVNO LVCINA
10) MILIARVM SAECVLVM
11) PAX AVGG
12) PIETAS AVG
13) PIETAS AVG N
14) PIETAS AVGG
15) PIETAS AVGVSTAE
16) PM TR P IIII COS II PP
17) PVDICITIA AVG
18) ROMAE AETERNAE
19) SAECVLARES AVGG
20) SAECVLVM NOVVM
21) SALVS AVG
22) SECVRIT ORBIS

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia

2) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.
3) Antelope advancing left.
4) Cippus
5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia.
6) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
7) Concordia seated left, sacrificing over altar and holding two cornucopiae.
8) Fecunditas seated left, holding globe and scepter; child to left, another in background
9) Fecunditas seated left, holding grain ears and cornucopia; child to left, another in background.
10) Hippopotamus standing right
11) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter.
12) Otacilia Severa standing right on left, shaking hands with Philip I to right, holding scepter
13) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
14) Philip I laureate bust right facing Philip II bare head left
15) Philip I standing left, sacrificing over altar.
16) Pietas standing left, raising hand and holding incense box.
17) Pietas standing left, raising hand and holding incense box; child to left.
18) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and holding incense box.
19) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box.
20) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter.
21) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter; child to left.
22) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter; two children to left and Felicitas to right, holding caduceus and cornucopia
23) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter; altar to left.
24) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter.
25) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand.
26) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe.
27) Temple with (6) columns, Roma within.

Mints:
1) Antioch
2) Roma
 260
AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R04, T06 RIC 125a (IViii, Philip 1), C 2

2) B2, O3, R12, T17 RIC 122a (IViii, Philip I), C 36
3) B2, O3, R17, T20 RIC 123a (IViii, Philip I), C 51

AR Antoninianus
4) B3, O1, R04, T06 RIC 125c (IViii, Philip I), C 4
5) B3, O1, R04, T07 RIC 126 (IViii, Philip I), C 17
6) B3, O1, R07, T11 RIC 127 (IViii, Philip I), C 20
7) B3, O1, R08, T11 RIC 128 (IViii, Philip I), C 21
8) B3, O1, R16, T15
9) B3, O3, R05, T12
10) B3, O3, R12, T17 RIC 122b (IViii, Philip I), C 37
11) B3, O3, R14, T19 RIC 121 (IViii, Philip I), C 34
12) B3, O3, R17, T20 RIC 123c (IViii, Philip I), C 53
13) B3, O4, R14, T19 RIC 115 (IViii, Philip I), C 39
14) B3, O4, R15, T16 RIC 130 (IViii, Philip I), C 43
15) B3, O4, R19, T10 Exe: IIII RIC 116b (IViii, Philip I), C 64

AR Denarius
16) B2, O3, R17, T20 RIC 123b (IViii, Philip I), C 52

AE Medallion
17) B1, O3, R17, T22

AE Sestertius
18) B2, O3, R04, T05 Exe: SC RIC 204 (IViii, Philip I), C 15
19) B2, O3, R04, T06 Exe: SC RIC 203a (IViii, Philip I), C 10
20) B2, O3, R14, T19 RIC 208a (IViii, Philip I), C 46
21) B2, O3, R17, T20 Exe: SC RIC 209a (IViii, Philip I), C 55
22) B2, O3, R19, T10 Exe: SC RIC 200a (IViii, Philip I), C 65
23) B2, O4, R04. T06 Exe: SC RIC 203e (IViii, Philip I), C 10

AE Dupondius

24) B2, O3, R04, T06 Exe: SC

25) B2, O3, R17, T21 Exe: SC
26) B2, O3, R19, T04
27) B2, O4, R19, T04
28) B3, O4, R19, T04

AE As

29) B2, O3, R04, T06 Exe: SC RIC 203a (IViii, Philip I), C 10
30) B2, O3, R15, T16 RIC 208b (IViii, Philip I), C 47
 261
Otacilia Severa Busts

Otacilia Severa Types

Philip II was the son of Philip who named him co-Augustus just
Philip II before he set out to fight the army of Trajan Decius. Philip was
only about 10 years old and when news reached Rome of
Decius's victory the boy could do little to stem the growing
Augustus 247-249 momentum against his father's killer. Briefly, he remained sole
emperor but the troops in Rome were no match for the
approaching army of Decius, especially considering that
Philip's own captured troops were now fighting alongside him. As expected, rather than fight a losing battle, the
Praetorian Guard just murdered the boy and avoided the confrontation.

Busts:

1) Bare-headed, draped bust right

The coinage series for Philip junior closely mimics
2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right that of senior in quantity and substance so that
3) Radiate, cuirassed bust left the two are equally abundant despite his father’s
4) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left
5) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right two-year-plus headstart.

Obverses:
1) M IVL PHILIPPVS CAES
2) M IVL PHILIPPVS NOBIL CAES
3) IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG
4) IMP PHILIPPVS AVG

Reverses:

1) AEQVITAS AVG 11) IOVI CONSERVAT 21) PM TR P IIII COS PP

2) AEQVITAS AVGG 12) IOVI CONSERVATORI 22) PM TR P VI COS PP
3) AETERNIT IMPERI 13) LIBERALITAS AVG IIII 23) PRINCIPI IVVENT
4) AETERNITAS AVGG 14) LIBERALITAS AVGG II 24) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS
5) ANNONA AVGG 15) LIBERALITAS AVGG III 25) ROMAE AETERNAE
6) AVG PATRI AVG MATRI 16) MILIARIVM SAECVLVM 26) SAECVLARES AVGG
7) CONCORDIA AVGG 17) PAX AETERNA 27) SAECVLVM NOVVM
8) CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM 18) PIETAS AVGVSTOR 28) SPES PVBLICA
9) FELICIT IMPP 19) PIETAS AVGVSTORVM 29) VIRTVS AVGG
10) FIDES EXERCITVS 20) PM TR P IIII COS II PP 30) No legend
 262
Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia

2) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia
3) Cippus, COS / II within
4) Cippus, COS / III within
5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia.
6) Elephant with rider advancing left
7) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
8) Goat advancing left
9) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
10) Lion (radiate) advancing left
11) Lion (radiate) advancing left with thunderbolt in jaws.
12) Lion (radiate) advancing right
13) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
14) Monetae (3) standing left, holding scale and cornucopiae
15) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
16) Philip I and Philip II seated left; emperor on left raising hand and the one on right holding scepter
17) Philip I and Philip II seated left, facing citizen
18) Philip I laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right facing Otacilia Severa diademed, draped bust left.
19) Philip II standing left, holding globe and spear.
20) Philip II standing left, holding globe and spear; seated captive to left.
21) Philip II standing left, holding globe and standard.
22) Philip II standing left, holding globe and standard; seated captive to left.
23) Philip II standing left, holding standard and spear.
24) Philip II standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter
25) Philip II standing right, holding spear and globe.
26) Philip II standing right, holding spear and globe; Philip I standing to left.
27) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged)
28) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear
29) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip
30) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
31) Standards (4)
32) Temple with (6) columns, Roma within
33) Wreath, FELICITAS IMPP within
34) Wreath, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS within.

Mints:
1) Antioch
2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R23, T19 RIC 218a (IViii, Philip I), C 46
2) B1, O1, R23, T25 RIC 216a (IViii, Philip I), C 52
3) B2, O4, R26, T03 RIC 225 (IViii, Philip I), C 77

AR Antoninianus

4) B3, O3, R25, T28 RIC 243 (IViii, Philip I)

5) B4, O3, R20, T07
6) B5, O1, R11, T09 RIC 213 (IViii, Philip I), C 13
7) B5, O1, R23, T19 RIC 218d (IViii, Philip I), C 48
8) B5, O1, R23, T20 RIC 219 (IViii, Philip I), C 57
9) B5, O1, R23, T25 RIC 216c (IViii, Philip I), C 54
10) B5, O1, R26, T08 RIC 224 (IViii, Philip I), C 72
11) B5, O3, R01, T01
12) B5, O3, R02, T01 RIC 240a (IViii, Philip I)
13) B5, O3, R03, T29 RIC 226 (IViii, Philip I), C 6
14) B5, O3, R04, T06 RIC 246a (IViii, Philip I), C 5
15) B5, O3, R07, T05 RIC 241 (IViii, Philip I)
16) B5, O3, R17, T15 RIC 227 (IViii, Philip I)
17) B5, O3, R20, T07 RIC 233 (IViii, Philip I), C 34
18) B5, O3, R21, T07 RIC 232 (IViii, Philip I)
19) B5, O3, R22, T07 RIC 235 (IViii, Philip I)
20) B5, O3, R22, T11
21) B5, O3, R22, T24 RIC 236 (IViii, Philip I)
22) B5, O3, R26, T04
23) B5, O3, R27, T32 RIC 244 (IViii, Philip I), C 8
24) B5, O4, R15, T16 RIC 230 (IViii, Philip I), C 17
25) B5, O4, R17, T15 RIC 231c (IViii, Philip I), C 23

AR Denarius
26) B1, O1, R23, T25 RIC 216b (IViii, Philip I), C 53

AE Sestertius
27) B1, O1, R23, T19 RIC 256a (IViii, Philip I), C 49
28) B1, O1, R23, T25 RIC 255a (IViii, Philip I), C 55
29) B2, O3, R17, T15 RIC 268c (IViii, Philip I), C 25
 263
30) B2, O3, R26, T08 RIC 264a (IViii, Philip I), C 73

AE As Reference(s)
31) B1, O1, R24, T23 RIC 258a (IViii, Philip I), C 62

Philip II Busts

Philip II Types
 264
A very obscure emperor, Pacatian was raised by his
Pacatian troops as emperor in Moesia (modern-day Bulgaria) then killed
by them soon after. Due to his obscurity, the coins of Pacatian
command hefty auction prices.
Augustus c.248-249

Busts:
1) Radiate, draped bust right
Coins of Pacatian are so rare that there is little
point in attempting to set market values for them.
Obverses: It basically comes down to bidding wars among a
few wealthy collectors when one comes up for
1) IMP TI CL MAR PACATIANVS AVG sale.
2) IMP TI CL MAR PACATIANVS FP A
3) IMP TI CL MAR PACATIANVS PF AV
4) IMP TI CL MAR PACATIANVS PF AVG All of the coins are comprised of silver Antoniniani
5) IMP TI CL MAR PACATIANVS PF IN of erratic quality both in terms of original design
6) IMP TI CL MAR PACATIANVS PT AVG
and execution as well as preservation. The better
coins have gone for between $5,000-$10,000 but,
Reverses:
again, the “going rate” is more often than not set
1) CONCORDIA MILITVM by the whim of the buyers and sellers without
2) FELICITAS PVBL much regard to past sales.
3) FIDES MILITVM
4) FORTVNA REDVX
5) PAX AETERNA In an interesting side note, we can date the coins
6) ROMAE AETER AN MILL ET PRIMO of this usurper to the year 249 thanks to a reverse
7) VICTORIA AVGG th
he used celebrating the 1,000 year of Rome’s
Types: founding placing his brief rule during that of Trajan
Decius.
1) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
2) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
3) Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand.
4) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair.
5) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter
6) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear
7) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.

Mint:
1) Viminacium

AR Antoninianus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R4, T4 RIC IViii 4

2) B1, O2, R5, T5
3) B1, O4, R1, T1 RIC IViii 1b, C 1
4) B1, O4, R5, T5 RIC IViii 5, C 6
5) B1, O5, R6, T6 RIC IViii 6
6) B1, O6, R4, T4

Pacatian Bust Pacatian Types

 265

This ruler was one of the usurpers who gave Philip ulcers. Raised
Jotapian by his soldiers as emperor, he had under his control the entire
region of Syria and made his capital Antioch. For unknown
reasons, however, those same soldiers killed him some time
Augustus c.248 afterward before Rome could settle the issue militarily.

Busts: The handful of coins left today of this fleeting

emperor survive in ineffably horrid condition. And
1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
2) Radiate, cuirassed bust right we can only blame the ravages of time so much.
They were probably little better the day they were
Obverses: made in some military workshop; cobbled together
with whatever scrap silver was handy by soldiers
1) IM C M F R IOTAPIANVS AV consigned to new, artistic duties previously
2) IMP C M F R V IOTAPIANVS
3) IMP M F R IOTAPIANVS
unfamiliar to them.
4) IMP M F R IOTAPIANVS A
5) IMP M F R V IOTAPIANVS Ah, but for the handful that are left there sure are
6) IMP M F R V IOTAPIANVS AV
a lot of hands that wish to get one of these pieces.
Reverse: Unless you can swing, say, $10,000 on a coin
you’re not even in the running for one of these
1) VICTORIA AVG “beauties”.

Types:

1) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm

2) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm

Mint:

1) Emesa?

AR Antoninianus Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R1, T1

2) B2, O2, R1, T1 RIC IViii 2c, C 2

AR Denarius

3) B1, O5, R1, T1

Jotapian Busts

Jotapian Type
 266

Decius was a leading commander in the employ of the emperor

Trajan Decius Philip I. When several revolts broke out in different quarters of the
empire Decius was selected to push back the Goths. Dutifully, he
went on his way and did so effective a job of handling the invaders
Augustus 249-251 that the soldiers hailed him as their emperor on the spot. Philip
was none too amused at this and gathered his army to meet the
new usurper. A major battle was fought at their meeting point in
Verona ending with Philip's defeat.

On arrival to Rome he was well received by the people and the Senate. However, he hardly earned any brownie
points when he became a rather energetic persecutor of Christians. Before long he was engaged in another bout
of incursions from the Goths. This time luck was not on his side and a tactical error on his part led to the early
death of his son and co-Augustus Herennius Etruscus. Trying to marshall the spirits of his men he is recorded as
brushing off the loss with "The death of one soldier but hardly bothers me". Despite this bit of battlefield hubris his
own death was to come moments later. Speculation of contemporary biographers look suspiciously on
Trebonianus Gallus, who became emperor immediately afterwards.

Busts:
Despite a relatively short two year reign, Trajan Decius is not a hard
1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right emperor to find on coins. His Antoniniani are plentiful and rarely go for
2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
3) Laureate, draped bust right
more than $40 or so for a nicely preserved sample.
4) Radiate, cuirassed bust right
5) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right Perhaps the most interesting event of numismatic interest during his
6) Radiate, draped bust right
rule is the striking of a special series commemorating eleven of the
Obverses: most important and fondly remembered emperors up to that point.
These emperors, all solemnly deified, span the range from Augustus
1) IMP C DECIVS AVG through Severus Alexander and include, curiously, the hated tyrant
2) IMP C M Q TRAIANVS DEVIS AVG Commodus. Regardless, the series is historically important not only
3) IMP CAE TRA DEC AVG
4) IMP CAE TRA DECIVS AVG because we get to see who contemporary Romans considered as
5) IMP CAES C MESS Q DECIO TRAI AVG their own best leaders but also because they were issued in
6) IMP CAES C MESS TRAI Q DECIO AVG th
7) IMP TRAIANVS DECIVS AVG celebration of the 1,000 year of Rome’s founding in 249.

Reverses:

1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 16) LIBERTAS AVG

2) ADVENTVS AVG 17) PANNONIAE
3) AEQVITAS AVG 18) PAX AETERN
4) AEQVITAS AVGG 19) PAX AETERNA
5) CONCORDIA AVGG 20) PAX AVGVSTI
6) DACIA 21) PIETAS AVGG
7) DACIA FELIX 22) PRINCIPI IVVENT
8) EXERCITVS INLVRICVS 23) ROMAE AETERNAE
9) FECVNDITAS AVG 24) SAECVLARES AVGG
10) FELICITAS SAECVLI 25) SECVRITAS AVG
11) GEN ILLVRICI 26) VBERITAS AVG
12) GENIVS EXERC ILLVRICIANI 27) VICTORIA AVG
13) GENIVS EXERCITVS ILLVRICIANI 28) VICTORIA GERMANICA
14) HERENNIA ETRVSCILLA AVG 29) VIRTVS AVG
15) LIBERALITAS AVG 30) No legend

Types:
1) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia.
2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
3) Dacia standing left, holding staff with ass’s head atop.
4) Dacia standing left, holding standard.
5) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
6) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand.
7) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
8) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia; standard to right.
9) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
10) Goat standing left.
11) Herennia Etruscilla diademed, draped bust right on crescent facing Herennius Etruscus over Hostilian radiate draped busts left.
12) Herennia Etruscilla diademed, draped bust right on crescent.
13) Herennius Etruscus bare headed, draped bust right facing Hostilian bare headed, draped bust left.
14) Herennius Etruscus radiate, draped bust right facing Hostilian radiate, draped bust left.
15) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
16) Pannonia standing, facing, raising hand and holding standard
17) Pannoniae (2) standing either side of a standard.
18) Pannoniae (2) standing facing, each raising a hand; Pannonia on left has standard behind her, one on right is holding a standard.
 267
19) Pannoniae (2) standing, facing, each holding a standard.
20) Pannoniae (2) standing, shaking hands; standard behind them.
21) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter.
22) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
23) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter.
24) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear.
25) Securitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia.
26) Trajan Decius riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter.
27) Trajan Decius seated left on platform accompanied by lictor and Liberalitas, facing citizen on steps to lower left.
28) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia
29) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
30) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
31) Virtus seated left on cuirass, holding branch and spear.
32) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
33) Wreath, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS within

Mints:
1) Antioch
2) Mediolanum
3) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O2, R01, T01 RIC IViii 10a, C 1
2) B1, O2, R12, T08 RIC IViii 16a, C 48
3) B1, O2, R17, T18 RIC IViii 21, C 85
4) B1, O2, R26, T28 RIC IViii 28, C 104
5) B2, O2, R02, T26 RIC IViii 11, C 3
6) B2, O2, R06, T03

AR Antoninianus

7) B5, O2, R01, T01 RIC IViii 10b, C 2

8) B5, O2, R02, T26 RIC IViii 11b, C 4
9) B5, O2, R04, T02 RIC IViii 45c, C 9b
10) B5, O2, R06, T03 RIC IViii 12b, C 16
11) B5, O2, R06, T04 RIC IViii 13, C 27
12) B5, O2, R12, T08 RIC IViii 16c, C 49
13) B5, O2, R13, T08 RIC IViii 18, C 64
14) B5, O2, R17, T18 RIC IViii 21b, C 86
15) B5, O2, R17, T19
16) B5, O2, R17, T20 RIC IViii 26, C 81
17) B5, O2, R26, T28 RIC IViii 28b, C 105
18) B5, O2, R27, T29 RIC IViii 29c
19) B5, O3, R11, T07 RIC IViii 38a corrected, C 43
20) B5, O3, R17, T20 RIC IViii 41a, C 82
21) B5, O7, R02, T26 RIC IViii 1, C 6
22) B5, O7, R11, T07 RIC IViii 9, C 45
23) B5, O7, R13, T08 RIC IViii 4, C 63
24) B5, O7, R27, T29 RIC IViii 7c, C 111

AR Antoninianus Commemorative Series (listed separately under featured emperor)

AE Double Sestertius
25) B4, O2, R10, T05 RIC IViii 115a, C 39
26) B5, O2, R10, T05 RIC IViii 115c, C 40
27) B5, O2, R27, T29

AE Sestertius
28) B1, O2, R06, T03 RIC IViii 112a, C 18
29) B1, O2, R07, T04 RIC IViii 114b, C 35
30) B1, O2, R11, T07 RIC IViii 116a, C 47
31) B1, O2, R11, T08 RIC IViii 119a, C 66
32) B1, O2, R15, T27 RIC IViii 121
33) B1, O2, R17, T18 RIC IViii 124a, C 87
34) B1, O2, R27, T29 RIC IViii 126d, C 117

AE Dupondius
35) B4, O2, R12, T08 RIC IViii 117d, C 55
36) B4, O2, R15, T15 RIC IViii 120c, C 72

AE As
37) B1, O2, R15, T15 RIC IViii 120a, C 71
 268
Trajan Decius Busts

Trajan Decius Types

 269

Herennia Etruscilla Wife of Trajan Decius.

?-?

Busts:
Etruscilla is one of the easier empresses to find thanks to
1) Diademed, draped bust right the copius amount of coins produced during the reign of her
2) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent
husband. The Antoninianus is again the primary
Obverses: denomination but the bronzes are found with some
frequency too.
1) HER ETRVSC AVG
2) HER ETRVSCILLA AVG
3) HER ETVSCILLA AVG
Although the listings here show a rather lengthy roster of
4) HERENNIA ETRVSCILLA AVG reverse types were used those featuring the goddess
Pudicitia are far and away the most commonly found.
Reverses:

1) ABVNDANTIA AVG The typical Antoninianus should run about $40.

2) ADVENTVS AVG
3) AEQVITAS AVG
4) AEQVITAS AVGG
5) CONCORDIA AVG
6) CONCORDIA AVGG
7) FECVNDITAS AVG
8) FECVNDITAS AVGG
9) IVNO REGINA
10) PVDICITIA AVG
11) PVDICITIA AVGG
12) PVDICITIA AVGVSTA
13) ROMAE AETERNAE AVG
14) SAECVLVM NOVVM
15) VBERITAS AVG
16) VERITAS AVG
17) VICTORIA AVG
18) VICTORIA GERMANICA

Types:
1) Abundantia standing left, pouring out cornucopia from each hand
2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
3) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia
4) Fecunditas standing left, holding hand over child and cornucopia
5) Juno standing left, holding patera over peacock and scepter
6) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter
7) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter; Salus to left, holding and feeding snake and Felicitas to right, leaning on column, holding caduceus.
8) Pudicitia standing left, pulling veil and holding scepter
9) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear
10) Temple with (6) columns, statue within
11) Trajan Decius riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter
12) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia
13) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
14) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm

Mints:
1) Antioch
2) Mediolanum
3) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O2, R10, T06 RIC 59a (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 18
2) B1, O2, R10, T08 RIC 58a (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 16

AR Antoninianus

3) B2, O2, R02, T11 Obv. Exe: .. RIC 62 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 2
4) B2, O2, R03, T02 Obv. Exe: .... RIC 63d (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 3
5) B2, O2, R07, T04 RIC 55b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 8
6) B2, O2, R09, T05 RIC 57 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 14
7) B2, O2, R10, T06 RIC 59b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 19
8) B2, O2, R10, T08 RIC 58b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 17
 270
AE Double Sestertius

9) B2, O4, R10, T06 Exe: SC RIC 136a (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 21

AE Sestertius
10) B1, O4, R10, T06 Exe: SC RIC 136b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 22

AE Dupondius
11) B2, O4, R10, T06 Exe: SC RIC 136d (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 24

AE As

12) B1, O4, R07, T04 RIC 135b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 13

Herennia Etruscilla Busts

Herennia Etruscilla Types

 271

Taking the male form of his mother's name, Etruscus

Herennius Etruscus was the son of Trajan Decius. Together with his father
and younger brother Hostilian, the three were briefly co-
emperors before he was killed in a battle with the Goths
Augustus 251 in Moesia (present Bulgaria) along with Decius himself.

Busts:
1) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right During this period of many short-term emperors one would
2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right expect that many of them would be hopelessly rare today. All
3) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
other things being equal that would be a fine assumption. But
the fact is that it was a time when the mints were making coins in
Obverses: record numbers.
1) HEREN ETRV MES Q V DECIVS CAESAR
2) HEREN TRV MES Q V DECIVS CAESAR On a rarity scale for these years he is somewhat scarcer than
3) IMP C Q HER ETR MES DECIO AVG Volusian and Trebonianus Gallus but considerably less so than
4) IMP C Q HER ETR MES DECIVS AVG
5) Q HER ETR MES DECIVS AVG a Hostilian or Aemilian.
6) Q HER ETR MES DECIVS NOB C
7) Q HERINNIVS ETR MES DECIVS NOB C
The main bulk of the coins available, to no one’s surprise, will be
the Antoninianus a sample of which one can buy off Ebay in
Reverses:
relatively nice condition for between $50-$100. Among these the
1) AEQVITAS AVG most common will be those with the various sacrificial devices
2) CONCORDIA AVGG used in the religious rituals of the day. This is the predominant
3) GENIVS EXERC ILLVRICIANI
4) MAR PROP
type used for Princes of the third century who were being
5) MARS PROPVG groomed for the imperial position.
6) MARTI PROPVGNATORI
7) PANNONIAE
8) PIETAS AVGG Coins of Herennius Etruscus as Augustus, which he appears to
9) PIETAS AVGVSTORVM have been only for a few weeks, are very rare.
10) PRINC IVVENT
11) PRINC IVVENTVTIS
12) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS
13) PVDICITIA AVG
14) SAECVLARES AVGG
15) SPES PVBLICA
16) VICTORIA AVG
17) VICTORIA GERMANICA

Types:
1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
2) Apollo seated left, holding branch.
3) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia; standard to right.
4) Goat advancing left
5) Hands, in handshake
6) Herennius Etruscus riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear.
7) Herennius Etruscus standing left, holding standard and spear
8) Herennius Etruscus standing left, holding wand and spear
9) Herennius Etruscus standing left, sacrificing over altar
10) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield
11) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus
12) Pannonia standing, facing, holding helmet and standard.
13) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar.
14) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter.
15) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged)
16) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
17) Temple with (6) columns, statue within
18) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia
19) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
20) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm
21) Wreath, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS within

Mints:
1) Mediolanum
2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O6, R12, T08 RIC 147a (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 25
 272
AR Antoninianus Reference(s)

2) B3, O3, R08, T11 RIC 151a (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 13a
3) B3, O3, R17, T20 RIC 154 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 41
4) B3, O6, R02, T05 RIC 138 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 4
5) B3, O6, R08, T11 RIC 142b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 11
6) B3, O6, R09, T15 RIC 143 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 14
7) B3, O6, R12, T02 RIC 146 (IViii, Trajan Decius)
8) B3, O6, R12, T08 RIC 147c (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 26
9) B3, O6, R15, T16 RIC 149 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 39

AR Quinarius
10) B1, O6, R12, T08 RIC 147b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 27

AE Sestertius
11) B1, O6, R09, T15 Exe: SC RIC 168a (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 15
12) B1, O6, R10, T02
13) B1, O6, R12, T08 RIC 171a (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 28

AE As
14) B1, O6, R08, T11 RIC 167b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 13

Herennius Etruscus Busts

Herennius Etruscus Types

 273

Hostilian was the son of Trajan Decius and brother of Herennius

Hostilian Etruscus. He was made Augustus along with his father and brother
shortly before heading out to meet a barbarian army. Both Decius
and Etruscus died in battle leaving him as sole emperor, briefly,
Augustus 250-251 before one of Decius's generals, Trebonianus Gallus, was also
elevated to the throne by the surviving soldiers. Hostilian died soon
after of the plague at a young age.

Busts:

1) Bare head right This is a tough emperor to find for your collection. He is well
2) Bare-headed, draped bust right
3) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right represented among the silver Antoniniani, the bronzes which
4) Laureate, draped bust right are for the most part euphemistically called “Sestertii” but are
5) Radiate, draped bust right
often fairly lightweight (and often misshapen) and, yes, even
the mighty gold Aureus can be found if you can withstand the
Obverses:
sticker shock.
1) C OVAL OSTIL MES COVINTVS AVG
2) C OVAL OSTIL MES COVINTVS CAESAR A nice Antoninianus will cost around $150 give or take fifty
3) C OVAL OSTIL MES COVINVS CAESAR
4) C OVL OSTIL MES COVINTVS CAESAR
dollars or so depending on who’s selling it and, of course, the
5) C VAL HOS MES QVINTVS N C condition of the coin. A premium is often added for coins
6) C VAL HOST M QVINT CAES bearing a legend denoting him as Augustus rather than Caesar
7) C VAL HOST MES QVINTVS CAESAR
8) C VAL HOSTIL MES QVINTVS CAESAR and mint state coins will also command significantly higher
9) C VALENS HOS MES QVINTVS N C prices.
10) C VALENS HOSTIL MES QVINTVS N C
11) C VALENS HOTIL MES QVINTVS N C
12) C VALE QVT M OSTILIAN N C Also to consider are the various bronze coins struck in Greece
13) IMP CAE C VAL HOS MES QVINTVS AVG
14) IMP CAES C VAL HOST MES Q AVG during his reign, the so-called provincial issues. While these
15) IMP CAES C VAL HOSTIL MES QVINT AVG are not catalogued here, having Greek inscriptions and meant
for trade within the Greek-speaking regions of the empire, they
Reverses: are abundantly available and considerably cheaper than the
imperial issues.
1) ADVENTVS AVG
2) AEQVITAS AVG
3) CONCORDIA AVGG
4) IVNONI MARTIALI
5) MAR PROP
6) MARS PROPVG
7) MARTI PROPVGNATORI
8) PANNONIAE 18) ROM AETERNAE AVG
9) PIETAS AVGG 19) ROMAE AETERNAE
10) PIETAS AVGVST 20) SAECVLVM NOVVM
11) PIETAS AVGVSTORVM 21) SALVS AVGVS
12) PM TR P II COS V 22) SECVRITAS AVGG
13) PRINC IVVENT 23) SPES PVBLICA
14) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 24) VBERITAS AVG
15) PROVIDENTIA AVG 25) VICTORIA AVG
16) PVDICITIA AVG 26) VICTORIA GERMANICA
17) QVINTO FELIX 27) No legend

Types:
1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
2) Apollo seated left, holding branch and leaning on lyre
3) Hands, in handshake
4) Hostilian riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear.
5) Hostilian standing left, holding standard and spear.
6) Hostilian standing left, holding wand and spear.
7) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield
8) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus
9) Pannonia standing right, holding helmet and standard
10) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter
11) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged)
12) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter
13) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter.
14) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear; shield to side.
15) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter
16) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column and with legs crossed, resting head on hand.
17) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
18) Temple with (2) columns, Juno seated within
19) Temple with (6) columns, Roma standing within
20) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia.
21) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
22) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm
 274
23) Wreath, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS within

Mints:
1) Antioch
2) Mediolanum?
3) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B2, O10, R14, T05 RIC 181b (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 33
2) B2, O10, R14, T06 RIC 183b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 37
3) B4, O12, R15, T12

AR Antoninianus

4) B5, O01, R02, T01 Obv. Exe: IIV C 3b

5) B5, O01, R20, T19 RIC 205 (IViii, Trajan Decius)
6) B5, O01, R24, T20 RIC 207 (IViii, Trajan Decius)
7) B5, O01, R25, T22 RIC 209d (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 67
8) B5, O02, R02, T01 Obv: Exe: IIV RIC 194a (IViii, Trajan Decius)
9) B5, O02, R20, T19 Obv. Exe: IIV RIC 199a (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 54
10) B5, O02, R25, T21 RIC 201 (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 65
11) B5, O05, R06, T07 RIC 176a (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 12
12) B5, O10, R07, T07 RIC 177b (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 15
13) B5, O10, R14, T05 RIC 181d (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 33
14) B5, O13, R04, T16 RIC 191a (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 59

AE Sestertius

15) B2, O10, R14, T02 Exe: SC

16) B2, O10, R14, T02 Exe: SC RIC 215 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 31
17) B2, O10, R14, T05 RIC 216a (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 33
18) B2, O10, R22, T16 RIC 225 (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 60
19) B2, O10, R27, T23 Exe: SC RIC 226 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 71

AE As
20) B2, O10, R14, T02 Exe: SC RIC 215b (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 32

Hostilian Busts

Hostilian Types
 275
Gallus rose through the ranks in the army and received a

Trebonianus Gallus high enough stature that when Trajan Decius died in
battle the army chose him to be the next emperor. His
popularity with the army and public waned inexorably
ever more for the rest of his reign. His first mistake, and
Augustus 251-253 not one which he could have easily done much about,
was to settle the same war that killed Decius by buying
off the enemy. For right or wrong this was viewed as an act of cowardice bordering on treason. Then came a
plague that decimated the population and even claimed Hostilian who was co-Augustus with Gallus. As both
disease and the withering attacks of the barbarians eroded support for the emperor he had to face yet another
blow. Aemilian rose to challenge for the purple following a series of successful battles with the barbarians that
gave him and his army the confidence to attempt to overthrow the troubled ruler. Gallus went through the motions
and approached to confront Aemilian in battle but his commanders had had enough and killed him along with his
son Volusian just before the engagement.

Busts:

1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right

2) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
3) Trebonianus Gallus laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right facing Volusian laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left

Obverses:

1) GALLVS PIVS AVG

2) IMP C C VIB TREB GALLVS PF AVG
3) IMP C GALLVS AVG Despite a rather brief two-year reign, Trebonianus
4) IMP CAE C VIB TREB GALLVS AVG Gallus has plenty of coins left over. You can find
5) IMP CAES C VIBIVS TREBONIANVS GALLVS AVG
his Antoniniani easily on the Internet and often for
very little money. However, by now the Ants are
Reverses: heavily debased and the cheap metal alloys from
1) ADVENTVS AVG
which they were struck fared poorly after going
2) ADVENTVS AVGG into circulation and fared even worse once buried.
3) AEQVITAS AVGG
4) AETERNITAS AVGG
5) ANNONA AVGG Therefore, a gem Antoninianus will cost
6) APOLL SALVTARI considerably more than your average condition
7) APOLLO SALVTARI
8) CONCORDIA AVGG coin. Still, $100 would buy a very nice coin indeed.
9) FELICITAS AVG Finding them is more of the real problem.
10) FELICITAS AVGG
11) FELICITAS PVBL
12) FELICITAS PVBLICA Bronzes of assorted sizes also frequent the online
13) IVNO MARTIALIS auctions and these, too, often range from the
14) IVNONI MARTIALI
15) LIBERALITAS AVGG eyesore to the barely collectible.
16) LIBERALITAS AVGG III
17) LIBERTAS AVGG
18) LIBERTAS PVBLICA
19) MARTEM PROPVGNATOREM
20) MARTI PACIFERO
21) MONETA AVGG
22) PAX AETERNA
23) PAX AVGG
24) PAX AVGVS
25) PIETAS AVGG
26) PM TR P IIII COS II 36) SAECVLLVM NOVVM
27) PM TR P IIII COS II PP 37) SAECVLVM NOVVM
28) PONTIF MAX TR P II COS II 38) SALVS AVGG
29) PRIN IVVENT 39) SALVS AVGVS
30) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 40) SECVRITAS AVGG
31) PROVIDENTIA AVG 41) VBERITAS AVG
32) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 42) VICTORIA AVGG
33) PVDICITIA AVG 43) VIRTVS AVGG
34) ROMAE AETERNAE AVG 44) No legend
35) ROMAE AETERNAE G AVG

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia

2) Aeternitas standing left, holding phoenix on globe and raising skirt
3) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia
4) Annona standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding rudder and grain ears
5) Apollo seated left, holding branch
6) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre on rock
7) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
8) Concordia standing left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
 276
9) Felicitas seated left, holding grain ears and scepter.
10) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
11) Felicitas standing, facing, leaning on column, holding caduceus and cornucopia
12) Felicitas standing, facing, leaning on column, holding caduceus and scepter.
13) Juno seated left, holding grain ears and globe
14) Juno seated left, holding grain ears and scepter
15) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
16) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter.
17) Libertas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding pileus and scepter
18) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear.
19) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield
20) Monetae (3) standing left, holding scale and cornucopia; piles of coins by feet.
21) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter
22) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar
23) Pietas standing, facing, raising hands
24) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter
25) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter
26) Pudicitia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter
27) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear.
28) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar
29) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake
30) Securitas standing right, leaning on column and with legs crossed, resting head on hand.
31) Temple with (2) columns, Juno seated within, peacock by feet
32) Temple with (4) columns, Juno seated within, peacock by feet
33) Temple with (6) columns, Roma within
34) Trebonianus Gallus and Volusian each riding horse right, led by Victory and soldier; soldier, standards in background.
35) Trebonianus Gallus and Volusian riding oncoming quadriga, being crowned by Victory between them, one soldier to left, two more to right
36) Trebonianus Gallus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter
37) Trebonianus Gallus standing left, holding branch and scepter
38) Trebonianus Gallus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter
39) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia.
40) Uberitas standing left, leaning on column, holding purse and scepter.
41) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
42) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
43) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.
44) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm.
45) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
46) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
47) Wreath, VOTIS / DECENNA / LIBVS within

Mints:
1) Antioch 2) Mediolanum 3) Roma

AU Binio Reference(s)

1) B2, O4, R08, T08 RIC Iviii 6, C 28

2) B2, O4, R38, T29 RIC Iviii 13, C 113

AU Aureus

3) B1, O4, R17, T16 RIC Iviii 9, C 62

AR Antoninianus
4) B2, O2, R01, T36 RIC IViii 79, C 1
5) B2, O2, R03, T01 RIC IViii 80, C 6
6) B2, O2, R09, T10
7) B2, O2, R11, T09
8) B2, O2, R11, T10 RIC IViii 82, C 34
9) B2, O2, R13, T14 RIC IViii 83, C 47
10) B2, O2, R18, T16 RIC IViii 70, C 68
11) B2, O2, R19, T19 RIC IViii 84, C 70
12) B2, O2, R20, T18 RIC IViii 85, C 72
13) B2, O2, R22, T21 RIC IViii 71, C 76
14) B2, O2, R24, T21 RIC IViii 86, C 80
15) B2, O2, R25, T22 RIC IViii 72, C 88
16) B2, O2, R34, T27 Exe: .... RIC IViii 89, C 107
17) B2, O2, R35, T27 Exe: VII William Roth collection
18) B2, O2, R36, T33 Exe: .. RIC IViii 91, C 111
19) B2, O2, R36, T33 RIC IViii 90, C 110
20) B2, O2, R41, T39 RIC IViii 92, C 125
21) B2, O4, R04, T02 RIC IViii 30, C 13
22) B2, O4, R05, T04 RIC IViii 31, C 17
23) B2, O4, R06, T06 RIC IViii 32, C 20
24) B2, O4, R12, T10 RIC IViii 33, C 37
25) B2, O4, R17, T15 * in right field RIC IViii 38, C 63
26) B2, O4, R17, T17 RIC IViii 39, C 67
27) B2, O4, R18, T16 RIC IViii 50, C 69
28) B2, O4, R23, T21
29) B2, O4, R25, T23 * in right field RIC IViii 42, C 84
30) B2, O4, R42, T43 RIC IViii 48a, C 128
 277
AE Sestertius Reference(s)

31) B1, O5, R04, T02 RIC IViii 102

32) B1, O5, R14, T13 Exe: SC RIC IViii 109
33) B1, O5, R14, T31 RIC IViii 110a
34) B1, O5, R17, T16 RIC IViii 114a, C 64
35) B1, O5, R25, T22 RIC IViii 117
36) B1, O5, R27, T38 RIC Iviii 100
37) B1, O5, R38, T29 RIC IViii 121a
38) B1, O5, R43, T45 RIC IViii 126, C 134
39) B1, O5, R44, T47 Exe: SC RIC IViii 127, C 137

Trebonianus Gallus Busts

Trebonianus Gallus Types

 278

Volusian was in his early twenties when Trebonianus Gallus, his

Volusian father, became emperor. Shortly thereafter Volusian was made
emperor as well. Before he could make much of a mark on history
he as well as his Dad were killed by his own soldiers just prior to
Augustus 253 the battle against the forces of Aemilian.

Busts:
Even though Volusian was emperor for less than a
1) Bare-headed, draped bust right year enough coins were put into circulation that
2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right today finding one of them is not very difficult. Most
3) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
4) Radiate, draped bust right available pieces will be the Antonianus which has by
now become the de facto unit of commerce.
Obverses:
Old fashioned bronzes like the As and the Sestertius
1) C VIBIO VOLVSIANO CAES continue to be produced on a smaller scale and
2) IM C AF GAL VEND VOLVSIANO AVG
3) IM C AF GAL VEND VOLVSINO AVG have suffered a gradual attrition but they are
4) IM C V AF G M VEND VOLVSIANO AVG available these days although they are much
5) IM C V AF GAL VEND VOLVSIANO AVG
6) IMP C C VIB VOLVSIANVS AVG
scarcer than the Ants.
7) IMP C V AF GAL VEND VOLVSIANO AVG
8) IMP C V AF GAL VEND VOLVSIANVS AVG
9) IMP C VOLVSIANO AVG
10) IMP C VOLVSIANVS AVG
11) IMP CAE C VIB VOLVSIANO AVG
12) VOLVSIANVS PIVS AVG

Reverses:

1) ADVENTVS AVG 24) PAX AVGG

2) AEQVITAS AVG 25) PAX AVGVS
3) AEQVITAS AVGG 26) PIETAS AVGG
4) AEQVTAS AVG 27) PM TR P IIII COS II
5) AETERNITAS AVGG 28) PM TR P IIII COS II PP
6) APOLL SALVTARI 29) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS
7) CONCOR MIL 30) PROVIDENTIA AVGG
8) CONCORDIA AVGG 31) PVDICITIA AVG
9) FELIC PVBL 32) PVDICITIA AVGG
10) FELICITAS AVG 33) ROMAE AETERNAE
11) FELICITAS PVBL 34) ROMAE AETERNAE AVG
12) FELICITAS PVBLICA 35) SAECVLVM NOVVM
13) IOVI CONSERVAT 36) SALVS AVGG
14) IVNO MARTIALIS 37) SALVS AVGVS
15) IVNONI MARTIALI 38) SECVRITAS AVG
16) LIBERALITAS AVGG 39) SECVRITAS AVGG
17) LIBERTAS AVGG 40) VBERITAS AVG
18) LIBERTAS PVBLICA 41) VICTORIA AVG
19) MARTEM PROPVGNATOREM 42) VICTORIA AVGG
20) MARTI PACIFERO 43) VIRTVS AVGG
21) MONETA AVGG 44) No legend
22) PAX AETERNA
23) PAX AVG

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.

2) Aeternitas standing left, holding Phoenix on globe and raising skirt.
3) Apollo standing left, holding branch and resting hand on lyre
4) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
5) Concordia standing left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
6) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
7) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus and scepter
8) Juno seated left, holding grain ears and globe.
9) Juno seated left, holding grain ears and scepter
10) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
11) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter.
12) Libertas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding pileus and scepter.
13) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear.
14) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield
15) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by feet.
16) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter
17) Pax standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding branch and scepter.
18) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar.
19) Pietas standing left, raising hands.
20) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter.
21) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter.
22) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear.
 279
23) Salus standing right, feeding snake on altar.
24) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake.
25) Securitas standing right, leaning on column and with legs crossed, resting head on hand.
26) Temple with (2) columns; Juno seated within, peacock by feet.
27) Temple with (2) columns; Juno seated within.
28) Temple with (4) columns; Juno seated within, peacock by feet.
29) Temple with (6) columns, Roma within.
30) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia.
31) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
32) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.
33) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm.
34) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
35) Volusian riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear.
36) Volusian standing left, holding branch and scepter.
37) Volusian standing left, holding scepter and spear.
38) Volusian standing left, holding standard and spear.
39) Volusian standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter
40) Wreath, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS within.

Mints:
1) Antioch
2) Mediolanum
3) Roma

AU Binio Reference(s)
1) B3, O11, R08, T05 RIC 143 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 19
2) B3, O11, R26, T18 RIC 151 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 82

AU Aureus

3) B2, O11, R05, T02 RIC 154 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 10

AR Antoninianus

4) B3, O05, R40, T30 RIC 237 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus)

5) B3, O06, R11, T06 RIC 205 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 32
6) B3, O06, R20, T13 RIC 220 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus)
7) B3, O06, R33, T22 RIC 221 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus)
8) B3, O06, R35, T29 RIC 236 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus)
9) B3, O06, R43, T34 RIC 206 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 133
10) B3, O11, R03, T01 RIC 166 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 8
11) B3, O11, R08, T04 * in right field RIC 169 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 25
12) B3, O11, R08, T04 RIC 168 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 25
13) B3, O11, R08, T05 RIC 167 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 20
14) B3, O11, R15, T08 RIC 177 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 39
15) B3, O11, R15, T26 RIC 172 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 43
16) B3, O11, R15, T28 RIC 175 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus)
17) B3, O11, R24, T16 * in right field RIC 180 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus)
18) B3, O11, R24, T16 RIC 179 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 70
19) B3, O11, R26, T18 RIC 182 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus)
20) B3, O11, R27, T39 RIC 141 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 95
21) B3, O11, R36, T24 RIC 184 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 118

AE Sestertius

22) B2, O11, R06, T03 RIC 253a (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 15
23) B2, O11, R08, T04 RIC 250a (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 26
24) B2, O11, R08, T05 RIC 249a (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 21
25) B2, O11, R15, T08 RIC 252a (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 41
26) B2, O11, R15, T27 RIC 253a (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 46
27) B2, O11, R16, T10 RIC 254a (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 50
28) B2, O11, R24, T16 RIC 256a (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus)
29) B2, O11, R44, T40 Exe: SC RIC 264 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus)

AE As

30) B2, O11, R08, T04 Exe: SC RIC 250b (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 27
31) B2, O11, R12, T07 RIC 251b (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 36
32) B2, O11, R15, T08 Exe: SC
33) B2, O11, R15, T27 RIC 253b (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus)
 280
Volusian Busts

Volusian Types
 281
Those who live by the sword die by the sword. This old cliché
Aemilian could well have been phrased after the life and death of Aemilian.
When Trebonianus Gallus's hold on power had weakened after a
series of setbacks, the troops of Aemilian who were battling
Augustus 253 barbarians along the Danube declared him Augustus and he
seized the opportunity to depose Gallus. The plan worked just as
expected and Aemilian subsequently enjoyed a brief reign.
Valerian, one of the generals commissioned under Gallus, heard of the news and refused to accept the new
emperor. Finding it favorable among his own troops, he was promptly declared emperor himself and headed to
Rome to avenge the death of his old boss. Aemilian for his part answered the challenge and went with his army to
confront Valerian. When it became evident that Valerian's forces were larger, however, his soldiers killed him
rather than risk their own lives.

Busts:
With only three months on the job Aemilian is definitely
1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right one of the more obscure emperors of the period. His coins
2) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
3) Radiate, draped bust right are not excruciatingly difficult to find but they don’t turn up
everywhere either. And even the low grade specimens can
Obverses: still be expected to cost at least a hundred dollars so long
as they can be positively identified.
1) IMP AEMILIANVS PF AVG
2) IMP AEMILIANVS PIVS FEL AVG
3) IMP CAES AEMILIANVS PF AVG
A nice Antoninianus will cost in the neighborhood of $200-
4) IMP M AEMIL AEMILIANVS PF AVG $300 with truly choice specimens being so rare that there
can be no dependable estimates.
Reverses:

1) AETERNITAS AVGG
2) APOL CONSERVAT
3) APOLL SALVTARI
4) CONCORDIA AVG
5) CONCORDIA AVGG
6) DIANAE VICTRI
7) ERCVL VICTORI
8) IOVI CONSERVAT
9) IOVI CONSERVATORI
10) MARTI PACIF 16) PM TR P IIII COS II PP 22) SALVS AVGVSTI
11) MARTI PROPVGNAT 17) PM TR POT 23) SPES PVBLICA
12) MARTI PROPVGT 18) ROMA AETERN 24) VICTORIA AVG
13) PACI AVG 19) ROMAE AETERN 25) VIRTVS AVG
14) PAXS AVG 20) ROMAE AETERNAE 26) No legend
15) PM TR P I PP 21) SALVS AVG

Types:
1) Aemilian standing left, holding branch and scepter.
2) Aemilian standing left, holding patera and spear.
3) Aemilian standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter
4) Aemilian standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter; standard to left
5) Aeternitas standing, facing, holding phoenix on globe and raising skirt.
6) Apollo standing left, holding branch and resting hand on lyre on rock
7) Diana standing left, holding arrow and bow
8) Hands, in handshake
9) Hercules standing left, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin
10) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin
11) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; Aemilian to lower left.
12) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
13) Mars standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
14) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter
15) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter
16) Pax standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding branch and cradling scepter.
17) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box
18) Roma standing left, holding phoenix on globe and spear; shield to side
19) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar.
20) Spes advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
21) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
22) Victory standing left, wheel by feet.
23) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
24) Virtus standing left, stepping on helmet, holding branch and spear
25) Wreath, VOTIS / DECEN / NALIBVS within

Mint:
1) Roma
 282
AR Antoninianus Reference(s)

1) B2, O3, R08, T11 RIC IViii 14, C 17

2) B2, O3, R10, T12 RIC IViii 15, C 23
3) B2, O3, R15, T04 RIC IViii 16, C 33
4) B2, O3, R23, T20 RIC IViii 20, C 48
5) B2, O3, R24, T21 RIC IViii 21, C 52
6) B2, O3, R25, T24 RIC IViii 22, C 59
7) B3, O2, R02, T06 RIC IViii 1, C 2
8) B3, O2, R06, T07 RIC IViii 2b, C 10
9) B3, O2, R07, T10 RIC IViii 3b, C 13
10) B3, O2, R10, T12 RIC IViii 5b, C 22
11) B3, O2, R12, T13 RIC IViii 6, C 25
12) B3, O2, R13, T16 RIC IViii 8, C 26
13) B3, O2, R19, T18 RIC IViii 9, C 41
14) B3, O2, R23, T20 RIC IViii 10, C 47
15) B3, O2, R24, T21 RIC IViii 11, C 53
16) B3, O2, R26, T25 RIC IViii 13, C 64
17) B3, O3, R07, T10

AE Sestertius
18) B1, O2, R26, T25 Exe: SC RIC IViii 42a, C 65
19) B1, O3, R01, T05 RIC IViii 55, C 1
20) B1, O3, R02, T06 RIC IViii 43, C 3
21) B1, O3, R25, T24 RIC IViii 53, C 62
22) B1, O3, R26, T25 Exe: SC RIC IViii 54, C 67

AE As
23) B2, O1, R23, T20 RIC IViii 51b, C 50

Aemilian Busts

Aemilian Types
 283

Based on the extant numismatic evidence, Cornelia was

Cornelia Supera most likely the wife of Aemilian. However, it's impossible
to tell for sure as there is no surviving historical
reference about her.
?-?

Bust:
Over the last few years a half dozen or so Ants of
1) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent Cornelia have shown up on the market typically
realizing about $5,000 a piece so certainly this isn’t
Obverses: the type of coin you just bump into all the time.
1) C CORNEL SVPERA AVG
2) COR SVPERA AVG Provincials are cheaper but no less rare and, being
made of delicate copper-based alloys, usually in very
Reverses: poor states of preservation.
1) CONCORDIA AVGG
2) IVNONI AVG
3) VESTA

Types:
1) Cornelia Supera and Aemilian standing, shaking hands
2) Juno seated left, holding flower and baby
3) Vesta standing left, holding patera and scepter

Mint:
1) Roma

AU Antoninianus Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R3, T3 RIC 30 (IViii, Aemilian). C 5
2) B1, O2, R2, T2 RIC 31 (IViii, Aemilian), C 3

Cornelia Supera Bust

Cornelia Supera Types

 284

Legendary for the extreme rarity of his coins, Silbannacus is known

Silbannacus to history thanks to the very fact that a coin was found with his
name on it. No written record of his accession, background or fate
is recorded anywhere. It is suspected he was a military leader
Augustus 253 along the Rhine who opportunistically usurped the throne with the
aid of his soldiers during the reign of Philip I, a time of
unprecedented civil strife in the empire.

Bust:
Long the Holy Grail of Roman coin collectors, Silbannacus
1) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
now has two coins known to the numismatic world which
puts him int the same league as Domitian II and
Obverse:
Saturninus both of whom also have two each.
1) IMP MAR SILBANNACVS AVG
The one pictured below is from a cast taken from the
Reverse: specimen in the British Museum in London.

1) MARTI PROPVGT
2) VICTORIA AVG

Type:

1) Mars standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear

2) Mercury standing left, holding Victory and caduceus

Mint:

1) Gaul, uncertain locality

AR Antoninianus Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R2, T2 RIC 1
 285
A minor player in a tempestuous period involving a

Uranius Antoninus large-scale civil war, Uranius Antoninus hailed from

Syria where he appropriated the throne and title of
emperor. History leaves no record of rise nor fall of this
usurper and all that is known for certain is that his days
Augustus c.253-254 in power were short-lived. It is speculated that the nature
of his usurpation may have had more to do with his
Persian enemy, King Shapur, than to defiance against Rome.

Busts:
Due to the nature of his rise to power and the short amount of
1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left time he lasted on the throne it’s a foregone conclusion that the
2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
coins of this usurper would be rare. This rarity however is
Obverses: compounded by the fact that he issued only gold and silver
coinage in the imperial style and with Latin inscriptions. The
1) L IVL AVR SVL ANTONINVS copper coinage made for general circulation were featured Greek
2) L IVL AVR SVLP ANTONINVS legends and retained the “look and feel” of the provincial coinage
3) L IVL AVR SVLP VRA ANTONINVS
for this region.
Reverses:
For some reason the silver Denarii are just as rare as the Aureus.
1) CONSERVATOR AVG And this is to say that both are supremely rare nowadays. Still,
2) FECVNDITAS AVG they do turn up every couple of years or so listed in the most
3) FORTVNA REDVX
4) FORTVNA PEDVX
exclusive of numismatic auctions. In fact, all of the known Aureii
5) MINERVA VICTRIX have come from a single hoard of gold coins found in Syria.
6) PM TR P XVIIII COS IIII PP During the last three years two or three of these have sold for an
7) SAECVLARES AVGG
8) SOL ELAGABALVS average of $16,000 each minus the considerable auction house
9) VICTORIA AVG fees.

Types:

1) Altar with parasols to either side; stone of Sol with eagle atop to left
2) Cippus reading COS I
3) Fecunditas standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia
4) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel below
5) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia
6) Lion advancing right
7) Minerva standing left, holding spear and shield
8) Quadriga riding left carrying stone of Sol, parasol on either side
9) Stone of Sol; parasol on either side
10) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm

Mint:
1) Emesa

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R2, T05 RIC IViii 3a

2) B2, O2, R2, T05 RIC IViii 3, C 3
3) B2, O2, R4, T04 RIC IViii 4

AR Denarius
4) B2, O3, R2, T05

Uranius Antoninus Busts Uranius Antoninus Types

 286
Valerian was proclaimed Augustus by his own troops following the

Valerian I death of Trebonianus Gallus. He was another one of the emperors

whose legacy was that of fighting war after war during his reign. He
was the first emperor who realized that the Empire was getting just
too big and unwieldy to manage and granted co-emperor status to
Augustus 253-260 his son Gallienus so that he could focus wholeheartedly to the
business of putting out the fires. More sensationally, he stands
alone in the roster of Roman Emperors for having been kidnapped by a foreigner, in this case the Persian king
Shapur. To add insult to injury, it was reported that after killing him he was stuffed and turned into a footstool!

Busts:
Valerian, along with his family, are the last to make Antoniniani that
1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right can be called silver. By the mid-250’s there was so little silver in
2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
3) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right of Valerian I these pieces that they started falling apart soon after leaving the
facing Gallienus laureate, draped and cuirassed bust mint. Even those minted early in his reign were so debased that the
left
4) Laureate, draped bust right
coins were very delicate. Once they were lost in the ground they
5) Laureate, draped bust right of Valerian I facing tended to lose much of the base metal making up the bulk of the
Gallienus laureate, draped bust left coin leaving behind a spongy-looking mess. Look for these on Ebay
6) Radiate, cuirassed bust left
7) Radiate, cuirassed bust right and coin dealer’s “junk bins”.
8) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
9) Radiate, draped bust right
The very earliest Ants, those from 253-255, can sometimes be
found in “nice metal” and tend to be prized as portrait coins in
Obverses:
collector sets.
1) CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM
2) FELICIBVS AVGG By now true bronze coins are rare. The emperors were using that
3) IMP C LIC VALERIANO AVG
4) IMP C P LIC VALERIANO AVG
copper to make Antoniniani and, in effect, it was wasteful to make
5) IMP C P LIC VALERIANVS AVG coins that were essentially just as expensive to make, if not more,
6) IMP C P LIC VALERIANVS P AVG but had a lower face value. Strangely, the Dupondius is the bigger
7) IMP C P LIC VALERIANVS PF AVG
8) IMP C VALERIANVS PF AVG casualty as it just simply vanishes. Bona fide coppers are struck with
9) IMP CAES P LIC VALERIANVS AVG laureate portraits in roughly lighter and heavier versions which we
10) IMP P LIC VALERIANO AVG
11) IMP VALERIANVS P AVG take to mean they were nominally equivalent to the Sestertius and
12) IMP VALERIANVS PF AVG As, respectively. Another bizarre practice begins to emerge in that
13) IMP VALERIANVS PIVS AVG these coins along with having wildly fluctuating weights are also
14) IMP VALERIANVS PIVS FEL AVG
15) PIETAS AVGVSTORVM often found today misshapen and often of a “squarish” appearance.
16) VALERIANVS PF AVG It’s unclear whether they were struck this way or it was just practice
to chop off coin sides to make small small change.
Reverses:
1) ADLOCVTIO AVGVSTORVM 36) IOVI CONSERVA
2) AEQVITAS AVGG 37) IOVI CONSERVAT
3) AETERNIT AVGG 38) IOVI CONSERVATORI
4) AETERNITAS AVGG 39) IOVI STATORI
5) AETERNITATI AVGG 40) IVNO REGINA
6) ANNONA AVGG 41) LAETITIA AVGG
7) APOLINI CONSERVA 42) LIBERALITAS AVG I
8) APOLINI CONSERVAT 43) LIBERALITAS AVG III
9) APOLINI PROPVG 44) LIBERALITAS AVGG
10) APOLINI PROPVGN 45) LIBERALITAS AVGG II
11) APOLL SALVTARI 46) LIBERALITAS AVGG III
12) APOLLINI CONSERVA 47) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTORVM
13) BONAE FORTVNAE 48) LIBERTAS AVGG
14) BONVS EVENT AVG 49) MARTI PACIF
15) CONCOR EXERC 50) MARTI PACIFERO
16) CONCOR LEGG 51) MONETA AVGG
17) CONCOR MIL 52) ORIENS AVGG
18) CONCORDIA AVGG 53) PACATORI ORBIS
19) CONCORDIA EXERCIT 54) PAX AVGG
20) CONCORDIA EXERCITI 55) PAX AVGVSTI
21) CONCORDIAE AVGG 56) PIETAS AVGG
22) CONSACRATIO 57) PIETATI AVGG
23) CONSERVAT AVGG 58) PM TR P II COS II PP
24) CONSERVT AVGG 59) PM TR P II COS PP
25) DEO VOLKANO 60) PM TR P III COS II PP
26) DIANA LVCIFERA 61) PM TR P III COS III
27) FELICIT AVGVSTORVM 62) PM TR P III COS III PP
28) FELICITAS AVGG 63) PM TR P IIII COS II PP
29) FELICITAS EXERCITI 64) PM TR P V COS II PP
30) FELICITAS SAECVLI 65) PM TR P V COS III PP
31) FIDES MILITVM 66) PM TR P V COS IIII PP
32) FORTVNA REDVX 67) PROVIDENTIA AVG
33) GALLIENVS CVM EXERCSVO 68) PROVIDENTIA AVGG
34) GERMANICVS MAX TER 69) RELIGIO AVGG
35) IOVI CONSERV 70) RESTITVT GENER HVMANI
 287
71) RESTITVT ORIENTIS 88) VICT PART
72) RESTITVTI GENER HVMANI 89) VICT PARTICA
73) RESTITVTOR ORBIS 90) VICTOR AETER
74) RESTITVTORI ORBIS 91) VICTORIA AETER
75) ROMAE AETERNAE 92) VICTORIA AVG
76) ROMAE AETERNE 93) VICTORIA AVGG
77) SAECVLI FELICITAS 94) VICTORIA EXERCIT
78) SALVS AVG 95) VICTORIA GERM
79) SALVS AVGG 96) VICTORIA GERMANICA
80) SALVS PVBLICA 97) VICTORIA PARTHICA
81) SECVLI FELICITAS 98) VICTORIAE
82) SECVRIT PERP 99) VICTORIAE AVGG
83) SECVRITAS AVGG 100) VICTORIAE AVGG IT GERM
84) SPES PVBLICA 101) VIRTVS AVG
85) VENVS VICTRIX 102) VIRTVS AVGG
86) VESTA 103) VOTA ORBIS
87) VICT AVGG 104) No legend

Types:

1) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.
2) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre on rock
3) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre on rock, next to Luna (Diana), also standing left, with bow and arrow.
4) Apollo standing right, aiming with bow and arrow.
5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
6) Concordia standing left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
7) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
8) Concordia standing, facing, holding standard in each hand.
9) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
10) Felicitas standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia.
11) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand.
12) Fides standing, facing, holding vexillum and scepter.
13) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
14) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears.
15) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter.
16) Jupiter seated left, holding patera and scepter; eagle to left.
17) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
18) Jupiter standing on cippus reading IOVI VICTORI, holding Victory and scepter.
19) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor.
20) Laetitia standing right, holding wreath and anchor.
21) Legend QVATERNIO
22) Liberalitas seated left, holding coin counter and cornucopia
23) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia
24) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter
25) Luna (Diana) advancing right, holding torch.
26) Luna (Diana) standing left, pulling arrow from quiver and holding bow.
27) Luna (Diana) standing right, holding torch.
28) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
29) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear.
30) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
31) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus.
32) Monetae (3) standing left, holding scale and cornucopia; piles of coins by their feet.
33) Pax standing, facing, holding branch and scepter
34) Pietas standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter.
35) Sacrificial implements: lituus, cruet, simpulum, etc. (variously arranged)
36) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter.
37) Roma helmeted bust right
38) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear.
39) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter
40) Saturn standing right, holding scepter.
41) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter.
42) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, resting head on hand.
43) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding globe
44) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip
45) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip.
46) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
47) Temple with (4) columns, Vulcan within, holding hammer over anvil and tongs.
48) Trophy, seated captive on either side.
49) Valerian I advancing right, raising hand and holding globe.
50) Valerian I and Gallienus seated left on platform with two lictors, Liberalitas to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia and citizen on steps to lower left
51) Valerian I and Gallienus seated left, lictor between and behind them.
52) Valerian I and Gallienus standing right on platform, attended by lictor, addressing several soldiers.
53) Valerian I and Gallienus standing, facing each other, two shields and two spears between them.
54) Valerian I and Gallienus standing, facing each other; emperor on left holding scepter and globe and one on right holding Victory and spear.
55) Valerian I and Gallienus standing, sacrificing over altar in between.
56) Valerian I riding biga right, being crowned by Victory.
57) Valerian I riding eagle right, flying towards heaven.
58) Valerian I riding horse left, led by Victory and followed by soldier
59) Valerian I seated left, holding globe and scepter.
60) Valerian I seated left, holding patera and scepter; eagle to left.
61) Valerian I standing left on right, holding spear, holding hand of kneeling Orbis to left
62) Valerian I standing left on right, holding spear, receiving wreath from Oriens to left, holding scepter.
63) Valerian I standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
64) Valerian I standing left, resting hand on shield.
65) Valerian I standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter.
66) Valerian I standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter with eagle atop.
 288
67) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear
68) Venus standing left, raising hand and holding palm; shield to side.
69) Vesta standing left, holding patera and scepter.
70) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together shield reading SC on palm tree.
71) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
72) Victory advancing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and palm.
73) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
74) Victory riding biga right.
75) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.
76) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left.
77) Victory standing left, holding wreath and resting hand on shield
78) Victory standing left, resting hand on shield and holding palm.
79) Victory standing left, resting hand on shield and holding palm; seated captive by feet.
80) Virtus standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield.
81) Virtus standing left, holding Victory.
82) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
83) Wreath, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS within

Mints:
1) Antioch 3) Mediolanum 5) Samosata
2) Lugdunum 4) Roma 6) Viminacium

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O16, R025, T47 RIC Vi 1

2) B2, O07, R028, T09 RIC Vi 34, C 52
3) B2, O07, R052, T45 RIC Vi 46, C 133
4) B2, O07, R093, T75

AR Medallion

5) B1, O07, R051, T32

AR Antoninianus

6) B6, O05, R103, T70 RIC Vi 296, C 281

7) B8, O01, R056, T55 RIC Vi 285, C 152
8) B8, O05, R005, T40 RIC Vi 67
9) B8, O05, R009, T04 RIC Vi 74, C 25
10) B8, O05, R028, T09 RIC Vi 86, C 55
11) B8, O05, R030, T25 RIC Vi 213, C 61
12) B8, O05, R031, T11 RIC Vi 89, C 65
13) B8, O05, R041, T19 RIC Vi 41, C 100
14) B8, O05, R053, T16 RIC Vi 218, C 145
15) B8, O05, R057, T34 RIC Vi 219, C 155
16) B8, O05, R066, T53 RIC Vi 277, C 169
17) B8, O05, R070, T48 RIC Vi 220, C 179
18) B8, O05, R071, T62 RIC Vi 287, C 189
19) B8, O05, R074, T60 RIC Vi 119, C 180
20) B8, O05, R079, T39 RIC Vi 121
21) B8, O05, R092, T75 RIC Vi 125, C 230
22) B8, O05, R093, T75 RIC Vi 124
23) B8, O05, R102, T54 RIC Vi 292
24) B8, O05, R102, T65 RIC Vi 140, C 254
25) B8, O05, R102, T82 RIC Vi 133, C 263
26) B8, O05, R103, T70 RIC Vi 295, C 279
27) B8, O06, R102, T80 RIC Vi 268, C 272
28) B8, O07, R006, T01 RIC Vi 69, C 13
29) B8, O07, R023, T03 RIC Vi 85, C 50
30) B8, O07, R028, T09 RIC Vi 87, C 53
31) B8, O07, R041, T19 RIC Vi 216
32) B8, O07, R043, T23 RIC Vi 44, C 118
33) B8, O07, R069, T26 Q in right field RIC Vi 115, C 177
34) B8, O07, R071, T62 RIC Vi 286, C 188
35) B8, O07, R073, T61 RIC Vi 50
36) B8, O07, R085, T67 RIC Vi 222, C 212
37) B8, O07, R093, T75 RIC Vi 261, C 223
38) B8, O07, R093, T78 RIC Vi 128, C 224
39) B8, O07, R102, T54 RIC Vi 293, C 276
40) B8, O07, R102, T82 RIC Vi 227
41) B8, O16, R051, T43 RIC Vi 12, C 143a
42) B9, O06, R016, T05 RIC Vi 236, C 44
43) B9, O06, R031, T12 RIC Vi 241, C 71
44) B9, O06, R054, T33 RIC Vi 245, C 147
45) B9, O06, R084, T46 RIC Vi 257, C 205
46) B9, O10, R031, T12 RIC Vi 240, C 74

AE Sestertius Reference(s)
47) B1, O06, R092, T75 RIC Vi 178, C 233
 289
48) B1, O07, R092, T75 RIC Vi 202, C 227
49) B2, O05, R092, T75 RIC Vi 177, C 234
50) B2, O05, R102, T82 RIC Vi 182, C 219
51) B2, O05, R104, T83 RIC Vi 184, C 283
52) B2, O07, R044, T23 RIC Vi 165, C 121

AE As
53) B2, O06, R016, T07
54) B2, O07, R007, T02 RIC Vi 190, C 23
55) B2, O07, R038, T17 RIC Vi 195

Valerian I Busts

Valerian I Types
 290
Valerian I Types (continued)

Wife of Valerian. All coins in her name were minted

Mariniana posthumously.

?-?

Busts: Mariniana falls into the category of coins where if you have the
money you can always locate one or two but it may take a bit of
1) Veiled, diademed, draped bust right on crescent luck and patience to find one you are pleased with.
2) Veiled, draped bust right
3) Veiled, draped bust right on crescent
Her Ants were minted during that difficult time when the coins
Obverse: had so little silver in them, less than 20%, that the coin looks
“silvery” only if the right set of conditions presented itself at the
1) DIVAE MARINIANAE time of loss. Otherwise, they can look awful with porosity being
the main problem. As the bulk of the coin corroded away a
Reverse: spongy, silver-rich core remained.
1) CONSECRATIO
Interestingly, there are also many bronzes which are loosely
Types: categorized under the old denominations of Sestertius,
Dupondius and As depending on their weights. However, there
1) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
2) Mariniana flying peacock left, upwards are no hard and fast rules because there appears to have been
3) Mariniana flying peacock right, upwards no specific coin weight range in mind by this time in Roman
4) Peacock advancing right
5) Peacock standing, facing
history. And at this point these coins probably traded hands at
the marketplace by weight so that half a pound of copper coins
Mint: was needed to buy X amount of Y.

1) Roma
One such bronze coin if well preserved will surely cost a few
hundred dollars at a minimum. The Ants, too, will cost two or
three hundred dollars a piece if in good shape.
 291
AR Antoninianus (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T4 RIC Vi 5, C 11

2) B1, O1, R1, T5 RIC Vi 3, C 2
3) B3, O1, R1, T2 RIC Vi 6, C 14
4) B3, O1, R1, T3 RIC Vi 6, C 16

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)
5) B2, O1, R1, T5 RIC Vi 9, C 7

AE Dupondius (Posthumous)
6) B2, O1, R1, T5 RIC Vi 11, C 8

AE As (Posthumous)

7) B2, O1, R1, T5 Exe: ` RIC Vi 11

Mariniana Busts

Mariniana Types
 292

Son of Gallienus (or possibly Valerian). This young boy

Valerian II was left in the care of Ingenuus, a trusted general under
the employ of Gallienus. Valerian died under mysterious
circumstances not too long after and Ingenuus rebelled.
Caesar c.273-274 The easiest conclusion to make is that Ingenuus
murdered him to pursue his imperatorial career.
However, it is just as likely that Valerian died of natural
causes and that Ingenuus, afraid of being blamed, took the drastic step of usurping the throne as a precautionary
step.

Busts:
1) Bare head right While not rare, Valerian II is an obscure Caesar whose coins for the
2) Bare headed bust right
3) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right most part survive in deplorable condition. This keeps prices down
4) Bare headed, draped bust right but also keeps interest down in his series as well.
5) Radiate head right
6) Radiate, draped bust right
While the young Valerian was alive a modest run of coins was
Obverses: issued in his name and after dying a somewhat longer series of
posthumous coins of the deified prince was put into circulation.
1) C P L VALERIANVS CAES
2) COR LIC VALERIANVS CAES Most of these coins, no big surprise, were of the severely debased
3) COR VALERIANVS CAESAR
4) DIVO CAES VALERIANO silver Antoniniani type. Finding one that has survived in mint state
5) DIVO CAESAR VALERIANO condition is likely a pipe dream but reasonably appealing coins can
6) DIVO CAESARI VALERIANO
7) DIVO VALERIANO CAES be bought for under $100 largely thanks to slipping “under the
8) LIC VALERIANVS CAES radar” of many collectors.
9) P C L VALERIANVS CAES
10) P C L VALERIANVS N C
11) P C L VALERIANVS NOB C
12) P C L VALERIANVS NOB CAES
13) P LIC COR VALERIANVS CAES
14) P LIC VALERIANVS CAES
15) VALERIANVS CAES
16) VALERIANVS NOBIL CAES

Reverses:
1) CONSACRATIO 8) ORIENS 15) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS
2) CONSECRATIO 9) PIETAS AGG 16) RESTITVTOR GALLIARVM
3) DEO VOLKANO 10) PIETAS AVGG 17) SPES PVBLICA
4) FIDES MILITVM 11) PIETAS AVGVSTORVM 18) VICTORIA GERMAN
5) IOVI CRESCENTI 12) PM TR P V COS IIII PP 19) VICTORIA PART
6) LIBERALITAS AVGG 13) PRINC IVVENTVTIS
7) MONETA AVGG 14) PRINCIPI IVVENT

Types:
1) Altar
2) Eagle standing left.
3) Eagle standing right
4) Eagle, standard on either side.
5) Funeral pyre
6) Gallienus seated left, holding globe and scepter
7) Jupiter riding goat left
8) Jupiter riding goat right.
9) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
10) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding scale and cornucopia
11) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged).
12) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
13) Standards (3)
14) Temple with (4) columns, Vulcan within, holding hammer and tongs with anvil to lower left.
15) Valerian II riding eagle right, upwards
16) Valerian II standing left, crowning trophy and holding spear with shield.
17) Valerian II standing left, holding globe and spear.
18) Valerian II standing left, holding hand of kneeling Gallia to left and scepter.
19) Valerian II standing left, holding standard and scepter.
20) Valerian II standing left, holding standard and spear.
21) Valerian II standing left, holding wand and scepter
22) Valerian II standing left, holding wand and spear; two standards to right.
23) Valerian II standing left on right, holding spear, receiving wreath from Victory to left, holding palm

Mints:
1) Antioch 3) Roma
2) Lugdunum
 293
AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B3, O12, R15, T18 RIC Vi 11

AR Antoninianus
2) B6, O12, R10, T11 RIC Vi 20, C 50
3) B6, O13, R10, T11 RIC Vi 19
4) B6, O13, R15, T21
5) B6, O13, R18, T23 RIC Vi 53
6) B6, O13, R19, T23 RIC Vi 54
7) B6, O14, R05, T08 RIC Vi 13
8) B6, O15, R05, T08 RIC Vi 3, C 26
9) B6, O15, R10, T11 RIC Vi 4, C 52
10) B6, O16, R04, T13 RIC Vi 46, C 24
11) B6, O16, R13, T16 RIC Vi 49, C 67

AR Antoninianus (Posthumous)
12) B5, O04, R02, T03 Exe: S
13) B6, O04, R02, T01 RIC Vi 24a, C 13
14) B6, O07, R01, T15 RIC Vi 9

AR Quinarius

15) B3, O12, R15, T19 RIC Vi 30, C 80

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

16) B3, O04, R02, T05 Exe: SC RIC Vi 35, C 17

Valerian II Busts

Valerian II Types
 294

The son of Valerian, Gallienus became emperor when his father

Gallienus was taken prisoner by a Persian King. His greatest contribution to
military history was the first commissioning of a cavalry-only unit
which could be dispatched anywhere within the empire within short
Augustus 260-268 order. He was also successful in repelling wave after wave of
barbarian invaders as well as finally defeating Postumus after a
prolonged period which saw the two in battlefields three times.
Gallienus met a bloody end himself during the siege of another usurper, Aureolus, at the hands of his own
soldiers.

Busts:
Sometime during the reign of Gallienus, in an
1) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right
2) Helmeted head right
imperceptibly gradual process perhaps, Roman coins
3) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield stopped being issued with anything resembling
4) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right quality control. More regrettably, the use of currency
5) Helmeted, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
6) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield as an art venue gave way to its most utilitarian uses.
7) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle There was now less care in the execution and
8) Laureate bust right
9) Laureate head left craftsmanship of the dies, less variety of types and a
10) Laureate head right generalized who-cares-what-they-look-like attitude
11) Laureate torso right
12) Laureate, cuirassed bust left
that was pervasive from one corner of the empire to
13) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield the next. Even the mighty Aureus had to suffer the
14) Laureate, cuirassed bust right indignity of wild swings in weights. Even the up-until-
15) Laureate, cuirassed torso left
16) Laureate, cuirassed torso left, holding spear and shield. then sacrosanct purity of the gold itself dipped.
17) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left
18) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
19) Laureate, draped bust right But while the most drastic changes appear to have
20) Laureate, draped torso right, holding caduceus happened during the tenure of Gallienus there were
21) Radiate bust left, holding trophy and shield
22) Radiate head left
still, thankfully, many exceptions to the rule. The
23) Radiate head right Antoninianus was still being made in reasonably
24) Radiate torso left, holding scepter good metal during his first couple of years on the
25) Radiate torso right
26) Radiate, cuirassed bust left throne and one may actually find one today in good
27) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear shape at a not-exorbitant cost. Just be aware that for
28) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield
29) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield every one of those there will be a cartful of
30) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, raising hand deplorable coins available which, it must be
31) Radiate, cuirassed bust right
32) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder
remembered, were already unrecognizable before
33) Radiate, cuirassed torso left, holding spear and shield leaving the mint.
34) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder
35) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
36) Radiate, draped bust left
37) Radiate, draped bust left, holding club
38) Radiate, draped bust right
39) Radiate, draped torso left
40) Reed-crowned head left

Obverses:
1) DIVO CAES GALLIENO 21) IMP C P LICIN GALLIENVS AVG
2) DIVO CAES Q GALLIENO 22) IMP CAES GALLIENVS AVG
3) GALLIENAE AVGVSTAE 23) IMP GALLIENVS AVG
4) GALLIENO PF AVG 24) IMP GALLIENVS AVG COS II
5) GALLIENVM AVG PR 25) IMP GALLIENVS AVG COS V
6) GALLIENVM AVG SENATVS 26) IMP GALLIENVS AVG GER
7) GALLIENVM PR 27) IMP GALLIENVS AVG GERM
8) GALLIENVM PRINC PR 28) IMP GALLIENVS F AVG
9) GALLIENVS AVG 29) IMP GALLIENVS P AVG
10) GALLIENVS AVG GERM 30) IMP GALLIENVS P AVG GERM
11) GALLIENVS AVG GERM 31) IMP GALLIENVS PF AVG
12) GALLIENVS AVG GERM V 32) IMP GALLIENVS PF AVG GERM
13) GALLIENVS P AVG 33) IMP GALLIENVS PF AVG GM
14) GALLIENVS PF AVG 34) IMP GALLIENVS PIVS AVG
15) GALLIENVS PF AVG GERM 35) IMP GALLIENVS PIVS F AVG
16) GALLIENVS PIVS F AVG 36) IMP GALLIENVS PIVS FEL AVG
17) GALLIENVS PIVS FEL AVG GERM 37) IMP GALLIENVS PIVS FEL AVG GERM
18) IMP C P GALLIENVS PF AVG 38) IMP GALLIENVS PIVS FELIX AVG
19) IMP C P LIC GALLIENVS AVG 39) IMP LIC GALLIENVS AVG
20) IMP C P LIC GALLIENVS PF AVG 40) IMP P LIC GALLIENVS AVG
 295
Reverses:

1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 87) FORTVNA REDVX 173) LEG XXX VLP VI P VI F

2) ADLOCVTIO AVGG 88) FORTVNAE REDVCI 174) LEG XXX VLP VII P VII F
3) ADLOCVTIO AVGVSTI 89) GALLIENVS AVG 175) LIB AVG
4) ADVENTVS AVG 90) GENIO AVG 176) LIBERAL AVG
5) ADVENTVS AVGG 91) GENIV AVG 177) LIBERALIT AVG
6) AEQVIT AVG 92) GENIVS AVG 178) LIBERALITAS AVG II
7) AEQVITAS AVG 93) GENIVS EXE 179) LIBERALITAS AVG III
8) AEQVITAS PVBLICA 94) GERMAN MAX TR P 180) LIBERALITAS AVGG
9) AEQVTAS AVG 95) GERMANCVS MAX V 181) LIBERO P CONS AVG
10) AET AVG 96) GERMANICVS MAX TER 182) LIBERT AVG
11) AETERNITAS AVG 97) GERMANICVS MAX V 183) LIBERTAS AVG
12) AETERNITAS AVGG 98) GERMANICVS MAXIMVS 184) LIBERTAS AVGG
13) AETERNITATI AVG 99) HERCVLI CONS AVG 185) LVNA LVCIF
14) AETERNITATI AVGG 100) HERCVLO CONS AVG 186) LVNA LVCIFERA
15) ALACRITATI 101) IANO PATRI 187) MARS RED AVG
16) ALACRITATI AVG 102) INDVLG AVG 188) MARS VICTOR
17) ANNONA AVG 103) INDVLGENT AVG 189) MARS VLTOR
18) APOLINI CONS AVG 104) INDVLGENTIA AVG 190) MARTI PACIF
19) APOLINI CONSERVA 105) INVICTO AVG 191) MARTI PACIFE
20) APOLINI PROPVG 106) INVICTVS 192) MARTI PACIFER
21) APOLL CONSERVAT 107) INVICTVS AVG 193) MARTI PACIFERO
22) APOLLI PAL 108) IO CANTAB 194) MARTI PROPVGN
23) APOLLINI CON AVG 109) IOVI CONS AVG 195) MARTI PROPVGNAT
24) APOLLINI CONS AVG 110) IOVI CONSERVA 196) MARTI PROPVGNATORI
25) APOLLINI CONSERVA 111) IOVI CONSERVAT 197) MARTI VICTORI AVG
26) APOLLINI PAL 112) IOVI CONSERVATORI 198) MERCVRIO CONS AVG
27) APOLLO CONSER 113) IOVI CRESCENTI 199) MINERVA AVG
28) APOLLO CONSERV 114) IOVI PATRI 200) MONETA AVG
29) APOLLO CONSERVA 115) IOVI PROPVG 201) MONETA AVGG
30) APOLLO COS AVG 116) IOVI PROPVGNAT 202) NEPTVNO CONS AVG
31) BON EVEN AVG 117) IOVI PROPVGNATOR 203) OB CONSERVAT SALVT
32) BON EVENT AVG 118) IOVI STATORI 204) OB CONSERVATIONEM PATRIAE
33) BONAE FORTVNAE 119) IOVI VICTORI 205) OB CONSERVATIONEM SALVTIS
34) BONVS EVENTVS AVG 120) IOVI VLTORI 206) OB LIBERTAT REC
35) CHORS TERTIA PRAETORIA 121) IOVIS STATOR 207) OB LIBERTATEM RECEPTAM
36) CLEMENTIA TEMP 122) IOVIS STATORI 208) OB REDDIT LIBERT
37) COH H PRAET VI P VI F 123) IVNO CONSERVAT 209) ORIENS AVG
38) COH H PRAET VII P VI F 124) IVNO REGINA 210) ORIENS AVGG
39) COH H PRAET VII P VII F 125) IVNONI CONS AVG 211) PACATORI ORBIS
40) CONCOR AVG 126) LAETIA AVGG 212) PAX AETERNA
41) CONCOR EQVIT 127) LAETIT TEMP 213) PAX AETERNA AVG
42) CONCORD PRET MILIT 128) LAETITIA AVG 214) PAX AVG
43) CONCORDIA AVG 129) LAETITIA AVGG 215) PAX AVGG
44) CONCORDIA AVGG 130) LEG I ADI V P V F 216) PAX AVGVSTI
45) CONCORDIA EXERC 131) LEG I ADI VI P VI E 217) PAX FVNDATA
46) CONCORDIA EXERCIT 132) LEG I ADI VI P VI F 218) PAX PVBLICA
47) CONCORDIA MILIT 133) LEG I ADI VII P VII F 219) PERPETVITATI AVG
48) CONCORDIAE AVGG 134) LEG I AVG VI P VI F 220) PIETAS AVG
49) CONSECRATIO 135) LEG I ITAL VI P VI F 221) PIETAS AVGG
50) CONSERVAT AVG 136) LEG I ITAL VII P VII F 222) PIETATI AVGG
51) CONSERVAT PIETAT 137) LEG I MIN VI P VI F 223) PM TR P COS II
52) CONSERVATOR AVG 138) LEG I MIN VII P VII F 224) PM TR P II COS
53) CONSERVATOR EXERC 139) LEG II AD VII P VII F 225) PM TR P II COS II PP
54) COS IIII PP 140) LEG II ADI VI P VI F 226) PM TR P II COS PP
55) DEO AVGVSTO 141) LEG II CL ADI VI P VI F 227) PM TR P III COS
56) DEO MARTI 142) LEG II ITAL VI P VI F 228) PM TR P III COS III PP
57) DEO VOLCANO 143) LEG II ITAL VII P VII F 229) PM TR P IIII COS II
58) DIANA FELIX 144) LEG II PART V P V F 230) PM TR P IIII COS III PP
59) DIANA LVCIFERA 145) LEG II PART VI P VI F 231) PM TR P IMP VI COS V PP
60) DIANAE CONS AVG 146) LEG II PART VII P VII F 232) PM TR P V COS III
61) DONA AVG 147) LEG III ITAL VI P VI F 233) PM TR P V COS III PP
62) FECVNDITAS AVG 148) LEG III ITAL VII P VII F 234) PM TR P V COS IIII PP
63) FELICI AET 149) LEG IIII FL VI P VI F 235) PM TR P VII COS
64) FELICI AVG 150) LEG IIII FL VII P VII F 236) PM TR P VII COS III PP
65) FELICIT AVG 151) LEG IIXX VI P VI F 237) PM TR P VII COS IIII
66) FELICIT DEORVM 152) LEG IIXX VII P VII F 238) PM TR P VII COS IIII PP
67) FELICIT PVBL 153) LEG V MAC VI P VI F 239) PM TR P VII COS PP
68) FELICITAS AVG 154) LEG V MAC VII P VIII F 240) PM TR P VIIII COS IIII PP
69) FELICITAS SAECVLI 155) LEG VI CL VI P VI F 241) PM TR P X COS IIII
70) FELICITATI AVGVSTI 156) LEG VI MAC VII P VII F 242) PM TR P X COS IIII PP
71) FID MILIT 157) LEG VII CL VI P VI F 243) PM TR P XII
72) FID MILITVM 158) LEG VII CLA VI P VI F 244) PM TR P XII COS V PP
73) FID PRAET 159) LEG VII CLA VII P VII F 245) PM TR P XIII
74) FIDEI LEG 160) LEG VIII AVG V P V F 246) PM TR P XV COS VII
75) FIDEI PRAET 161) LEG VIII AVG VI P VI F 247) PM TR P XV PP
76) FIDEI PRAET VOTA X 162) LEG VIII AVG VII P VII F 248) PM TR P XVI
77) FIDES AVG 163) LEG VIIII AVG VI P VI F 249) PM TR P XVI COS VII
78) FIDES EXERC VIII 164) LEG VIIII VI P VI F 250) PM TR P XVII
79) FIDES EXERCITVS 165) LEG X GEM VI P VI F 251) PRINC IVVENT
80) FIDES LEG 166) LEG X GEM VII P VII F 252) PRINCIP IVVENTVT
81) FIDES MIL 167) LEG XI CL VI P VI F 253) PROVI AVG
82) FIDES MILIT 168) LEG XIII GEM VI P VI F 254) PROVID AVG
83) FIDES MILITVM 169) LEG XIIII GEM VI P VI F 255) PROVIDENTI AVG
84) FORT REDVX 170) LEG XX VI P VI F 256) PROVIDENTIA AVG
85) FORTVNA AVG 171) LEG XXI GEM VI P VI F 257) PROVIDENTIA AVGG
86) FORTVNA RED 172) LEG XXII VI P VI F 258) PVDICITIA
 296
259) RESTIT GALLIAR 291) SPES PVB 323) VICTORIA AVG
260) RESTITVT GALLIAR 292) SPES PVBLICA 324) VICTORIA AVGG
261) RESTITVT GENER HVMANI 293) TR P XII C VI PP 325) VICTORIA AVGVSTI
262) RESTITVT ORIENTIS 294) TRIB POT COS II 326) VICTORIA GERM
263) RESTITVTOR GALLIAR 295) TRIB POT COS PP 327) VICTORIA GERMANICA
264) RESTITVTOR GALLIARVM 296) TRIB POT VIII COS III 328) VICTORIA PART
265) RESTITVTOR ORBIS 297) VBERITAS AVG 329) VICTORIAE AVG
266) ROMAE AETERNAE 298) VBERTAS AVG 330) VICTORIAE AVG GERMANICA
267) SPQR 299) VBIQVE PAX 331) VICTORIAE AVGG
268) SAECVLARES AVG 300) VENERI VICTRICI 332) VICTORIAE AVGG IT GERM
269) SALVS AVG 301) VENERI VICTRIX 333) VIRT GALLIENI AVG
270) SALVS AVGG 302) VENVS AVG 334) VIRTVS AVG
271) SALVS AVGVSTI 303) VENVS FELIX 335) VIRTVS AVGG
272) SALVS ITAL 304) VENVS VICTRIX 336) VIRTVS AVGVSTI
273) SALVS PVBLICA 305) VESTA 337) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM
274) SECVLI FELICITAS 306) VESTA FELIX 338) VIRTVS FALERI
275) SECVR TEMPO 307) VIC GAL AVG 339) VIRTVS GALLIENI AVG
276) SECVRIT AVG 308) VICT AET AVG 340) VIRTVS GALLIENI AVGVSTI
277) SECVRIT ORBIS 309) VICT GAL AVG 341) VIRTVTI AVG
278) SECVRIT PERP 310) VICT GAL AVG III 342) VIRTVTIS AVGVSTI
279) SECVRIT PERPET 311) VICT GALL AVG 343) VOTA DECENNALIA
280) SECVRIT PVBL 312) VICT GALLIENI AVG 344) VOTA ORBIS
281) SECVRITAS AVG 313) VICT GER II 345) VOTA VICENNALIA
282) SECVRITAS AVGG 314) VICT GERMANICA 346) No legend
283) SECVRITAS ORBIS 315) VICTORIA AET
284) SECVRITAS PVB 316) VICTORIA AVG
285) SECVRITAS PVBL 317) VICTORIA AVG II
286) SECVRT AVG 318) VICTORIA AVG III
287) SISCIA AVG 319) VICTORIA AVG VI
288) SOLI COMTI AVG 320) VICTORIA AVG VII
289) SOLI CONS AVG 321) VICTORIA AVG VIII
290) SOLI INVICTO 322) VICTORIA AVG VIIII

Types:

1) Abundantia standing left, holding grain ears over modius and anchor
2) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia
3) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
4) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding staff with snake coiled around it.
5) Aeternitas standing right, holding scepter
6) Altar
7) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.
8) Annona standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
9) Annona standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and grain ears over modius.
10) Antelope advancing left
11) Antelope advancing right
12) Apollo standing left, aiming with bow and arrow.
13) Apollo standing left, holding branch
14) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre on rock.
15) Apollo standing left, holding branch and resting arm on altar
16) Apollo standing left, holding globe and scepter.
17) Apollo standing left, touching head and holding lyre.
18) Augustus laureate head right
19) Augustus laureate, cuirassed bust right
20) Boar advancing right
21) Bull standing right
22) Capricornus advancing right
23) Centaur advancing left, aiming with bow and arrow
24) Centaur advancing right, aiming with bow and arrow
25) Centaur advancing right, holding club.
26) Centaur standing left, holding globe and club
27) Centaur standing left, holding globe and trophy
28) Centaur standing left, holding globe.
29) Centaur standing right, holding club
30) Clementia standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter.
31) Concordia standing left, holding patera and (1) cornucopia
32) Concordia standing left, holding patera and (2) cornucopiae.
33) Concordia standing left, holding patera and rudder on globe.
34) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand.
35) Deer standing left
36) Deer standing right
37) Diana (Luna) standing right, holding torch with both hands.
38) Diana advancing right, holding torch.
39) Diana advancing right, pulling arrow and holding bow; dog to right
40) Diana standing left, aiming with bow and arrow
41) Diana standing right, holding spear and bow; dog to right
42) Eagle
43) Eagle perched on globe, standard on either side
44) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
45) Felicitas standing left, holding globe and caduceus.
46) Felicitas standing left, holding globe and scepter
47) Felicitas standing right, holding caduceus and cornucopia
48) Felicitas standing right, holding caduceus and scepter.
49) Fides standing left, holding standard and scepter
50) Fides standing left, holding standard and scepter; another standard to right
51) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand.
52) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
 297
53) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia
54) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
55) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia.
56) Fortuna standing left, holding wreath and cornucopia.
57) Fortuna standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
58) Galley sailing left
59) Gallienus advancing left, holding standard in each hand
60) Gallienus advancing right, raising hand and holding globe
61) Gallienus advancing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield.
62) Gallienus and Valerian I seated left; lictor standing to right
63) Gallienus and Valerian I standing, facing each other, resting hand on shield; two spears behind each.
64) Gallienus and Valerian I standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar
65) Gallienus and Valerian I standing, facing each other; emperor on left holding a spear and globe and one on right a Victory and scepter
66) Gallienus riding horse left, holding spear.
67) Gallienus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter.
68) Gallienus riding horse left, Victory to right and soldier to left
69) Gallienus riding horse right over two enemies; soldier to left
70) Gallienus riding horse right, spearing enemy.
71) Gallienus riding horse right, spearing lion.
72) Gallienus riding quadriga left, being crowned by Victory.
73) Gallienus riding quadriga left, holding scepter.
74) Gallienus seated left on right, receiving branch from soldier to left and being crowned by Victory to right
75) Gallienus seated left, holding globe and scepter.
76) Gallienus standing left on left, holding globe and scepter, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm
77) Gallienus standing left on right, holding globe and scepter, facing Victory to left, holding wreath and palm.
78) Gallienus standing left on right, holding scepter and hand of kneeling Orbis to left
79) Gallienus standing left on right, holding scepter and hand of kneeling Gallia to left
80) Gallienus standing left on right, holding scepter and hand of kneeling person to left
81) Gallienus standing left on right, holding scepter, receiving wreath from Oriens to left
82) Gallienus standing left on right, holding scepter, receiving wreath from Victory to left
83) Gallienus standing left on right, holding scepter, shaking hands with Sol to left, holding wreath
84) Gallienus standing left, holding globe and scepter.
85) Gallienus standing left, holding spear and trophy
86) Gallienus standing left, holding spear in each hand; standard to right.
87) Gallienus standing left, sacrificing over altar
88) Gallienus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter
89) Gallienus standing left, stepping on helmet, holding globe and scepter.
90) Gallienus standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter
91) Gallienus standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving wreath from Jupiter to right, holding scepter
92) Gallienus standing right on left, receiving Victory from Roma seated to right, holding spear with shield
93) Gallienus standing right, holding globe and scepter
94) Gallienus standing right, holding globe and spear; captive on either side.
95) Gallienus standing right, holding spear and standard.
96) Gallienus standing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield.
97) Gallienus standing, facing, holding spear; two standards on either side.
98) Gallienus standing, holding parazonium and spear; river god on either side.
99) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
100) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia; standard to right
101) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia
102) Goat advancing left
103) Goat advancing right
104) Goat suckling baby Jupiter
105) Gryphon advancing left
106) Gryphon advancing right
107) Gryphon seated left
108) Gryphon seated right
109) Hands, in handshake.
110) Hercules standing left, holding branch and club with lion skin.
111) Hercules standing left, resting hand on club and holding apple
112) Hercules standing right, holding branch and club
113) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding apples with lion skin
114) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin.
115) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin
116) Hippocamp advancing right
117) Indulgentia seated left, holding branch and scepter.
118) Indulgentia seated left, holding patera and scepter
119) Indulgentia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over wheel and cornucopia
120) Janus standing, holding patera and scepter
121) Juno standing left, holding patera and cornucopia
122) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter.
123) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left.
124) Jupiter (as child) riding goat left
125) Jupiter (as child) riding goat right
126) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
127) Jupiter seated left, holding patera and scepter; eagle to left.
128) Jupiter standing left on cippus reading IMP C E S, holding Victory and scepter
129) Jupiter standing left, holding globe and scepter.
130) Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt
131) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
132) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left.
133) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; effigy of Gallienus to lower left.
134) Jupiter standing right, aiming thunderbolt and holding scepter
135) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor.
136) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
137) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter
138) Libertas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding pileus and scepter
139) Lion advancing left
140) Lion advancing left with bull’s head in mouth
141) Lion advancing right
 298
142) Lion advancing right, eagle on back.
143) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield
144) Mars advancing right, holding branch and shield.
145) Mars advancing right, holding globe and spear.
146) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield.
147) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
148) Mars helmeted head left
149) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
150) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear.
151) Mars standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
152) Mars standing right, holding shield and spearing enemy.
153) Mars standing right, holding spear and trophy.
154) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus
155) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus; dog by feet.
156) Minerva seated left, holding Victory and spear.
157) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and resting hand on shield.
158) Minerva standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield
159) Monetae (3) each holding a scale and cornucopia; piles of coins by their feet.
160) Moose advancing right
161) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow and holding trident
162) Panther advancing left
163) Panther advancing right
164) Pax advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
165) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter.
166) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
167) Pegasus rearing left
168) Pegasus rearing right
169) Pietas seated left, holding scepter; child on either side.
170) Pietas standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia; wheel by feet.
171) Pietas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over wheel.
172) Pietas standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter.
173) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar.
174) Providentia standing left, holding wand and cornucopia
175) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.
176) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter
177) Providentia standing left, leaning on column, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.
178) Pudicitia standing left, pulling veil and holding scepter.
179) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear.
180) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged)
181) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar
182) Salus standing left, leaning on column, pouring out patera
183) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake.
184) Saturn standing right, holding scepter.
185) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand.
186) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter
187) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head
188) Serapis standing left, holding scepter
189) Serapis standing left, raising hand and holding spear; rabbit by feet.
190) Siscia seated left; swimming nymph below
191) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip.
192) Sol riding quadriga left
193) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe
194) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip.
195) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
196) Standards (3)
197) Stork standing right
198) Temple with (4) columns; Mars standing within, holding shield and spear
199) Trophies (3)
200) Trophy; seated captive on either side
201) Uberitas standing left, holding grapes and cornucopia
202) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter
203) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear with shield
204) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear with shield; seated captive to left
205) Vesta seated left, holding simpulum and scepter.
206) Vesta seated left, holding wreath and scepter.
207) Vesta standing left, holding simpulum and scepter.
208) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield reading SC on palm
209) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding Victory on globe
210) Victories (3) standing left
211) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath; shield on either side
212) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
213) Victory advancing left, placing garland over shield on cippus
214) Victory advancing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and palm.
215) Victory advancing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and trophy.
216) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and trophy.
217) Victory riding biga left
218) Victory riding biga right, holding whip
219) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.
220) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left.
221) Victory standing left, resting hand on shield and holding palm.
222) Victory standing on globe, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side
223) Victory standing right on shield, holding palm.
224) Victory standing right, holding shield on palm tree
225) Victory standing right, holding shield on palm tree reading III
226) Victory standing right, holding wreath and palm; eagle to right.
227) Victory standing right, holding wreath and palm; lion to right.
228) Victory standing, facing, holding opened wreath with both hands; shield on either side.
229) Virtus standing left, holding globe and spear.
230) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear
 299
231) Virtus standing left, stepping on helmet, holding branch and spear.
232) Virtus standing right, holding spear and globe
233) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield
234) Virtus standing right, holding spear and shield
235) Wolf standing right, suckling Romulus and Remus
236) Wreath, COHORT PRAET PRINCIPI SVO within
237) Wreath, FIDEI EQVITVM within
238) Wreath, FIDES MILITVM within
239) Wreath, SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI within
240) Wreath, VOT within
241) Wreath, VOT / X / ET / XX within
242) Wreath, VOTIS / DECENNA / LIB within
243) Wreath, VOTIS / DECENNA / LIBVS within
244) Wreath, VOTIS within
245) Wreath, VOTIS X ET XX within
246) Wreath, VOTIS X within

Mints:
1) Asia, locality uncertain 4) Mediolanum
2) Balkans, locality uncertain 5) Roma
3) Lugdunum 6) Siscia

AU Medallion Reference(s)

1) B03, O23, R083, T051, M5 Four Aurei weight RIC 10 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 230
2) B40, O37, R042, T109, M5 Eight Aurei weight

AU Binio

3) B40, O14, R316, T076, M5 RIC 81 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1112

4) B31, O09, R318, T213, M5 T in left field RIC 84 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1116
5) B23, O09, R346, T242, M4 RIC 96 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1353

AU Aureus

6) B40, O14, R299, T219, M5 RIC 72 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1018

7) B18, O19, R184, T137, M5
8) B14, O20, R025, T014, M5

AU Quinarius
9) B10, O09, R209, T194, M5 C 696
10) B10, O09, R297, T201, M5 RIC 120 (Vi, Sole Reign)
11) B14, O20, R334, T230, M5 C 1217

AR Medallion
12) B18, O19, R201, T119, M5

Billon Antoninianus
13) B06, O09, R147, T198, M4 RIC 339 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 492
14) B06, O09, R193, T143, M4 RIC 492 (Vi, Sole Reign)
15) B22, O09, R140, T168, M4 RIC 324 (Vi, Joint Reign)
16) B22, O09, R188, T146, M2 Exe: ¬ RIC 649 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 607a
17) B22, O09, R245, T140, M2 Exe: CVI PP over ± RIC 602 (Vi, Sole Reign)
18) B23, O09, R001, T002, M5 B in left field RIC 157k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 5
19) B23, O09, R006, T003, M5 RIC 159k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 25
20) B23, O09, R011, T194, M5 G in left field RIC 160k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 38
21) B23, O09, R017, T007, M6 RIC 557k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 56
22) B23, O09, R018, T024, M5 Exe: H RIC 164k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 73
23) B23, O09, R018, T024, M5 Exe: Z RIC 163k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 72
24) B23, O09, R027, T013, M5 RIC 168k (Vi, Sole Reign)
25) B23, O09, R027, T014, M5 RIC 169k (Vi, Sole Reign)
26) B23, O09, R051, T080, M5 RIC 171A (Vi, Sole Reign), C 144
27) B23, O09, R058, T041, M4 RIC 473k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 173
28) B23, O09, R060, T010, M5 Exe: X RIC 179k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 160
29) B23, O09, R060, T010, M5 Exe: XII RIC 181k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 165
30) B23, O09, R060, T036, M5 Exe: E
31) B23, O09, R060, T160, M4
32) B23, O09, R065, T047, M5 RIC 187k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 181
33) B23, O09, R083, T049, M5 N in right field RIC 192k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 246
34) B23, O09, R087, T055, M6 ¿ in right field RIC 572k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 265
35) B23, O09, R099, T020, M5 Exe: E RIC 202k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 317
36) B23, O09, R103, T119, M5 XI in right field RIC 206k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 331
37) B23, O09, R109, T103, M5 Exe: ¿ RIC 207k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 345
38) B23, O09, R110, T131, M5 N in left field RIC 208k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 354
39) B23, O09, R111, T131, M5 N in left field RIC 210k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 361
40) B23, O09, R116, T126, M5 XI in left field RIC 214k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 382
 300
41) B23, O09, R120, T134, M5 ¿ in left field RIC 221k (Vi, Sole Reign)
42) B23, O09, R125, T102, M5 Exe: J RIC 224k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 491
43) B23, O09, R128, T135, M5 RIC 226k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 426
44) B23, O09, R175, T136, M5 ¿ in left field RIC 227k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 562
45) B23, O09, R181, T162, M5 Exe: B RIC 230k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 588
46) B23, O09, R182, T137, M5 S in right field RIC 232k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 593
47) B23, O09, R183, T137, M5 XI in right field RIC 233k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 596
48) B23, O09, R193, T149, M5 H in left field RIC 236k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 617a
49) B23, O09, R202, T116, M5 Exe: N RIC 244k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 669
50) B23, O09, R209, T192, M5 Z in left field RIC 249k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 699
51) B23, O09, R214, T166, M4 RIC 499k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 739
52) B23, O09, R214, T166, M6 S in left field, I in right RIC 575k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 729
53) B23, O09, R214, T166, M6 RIC 575k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 727
54) B23, O09, R218, T166, M5 Exe: V RIC 260k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 773
55) B23, O09, R220, T173, M4 RIC 507k (Vi, Sole Reign)
56) B23, O09, R253, T175, M5 RIC 267k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 854
57) B23, O09, R253, T175, M6 II in right field RIC 580k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 872
58) B23, O09, R269, T181, M6 I in right field RIC 581k (Vi, Sole Reign)
59) B23, O09, R269, T182, M5 P in left field RIC 275k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 935
60) B23, O09, R269, T184, M5 XII in right field RIC 274Ak (Vi, Sole Reign), C 932
61) B23, O09, R275, T186, M4 Exe: MS RIC 513k (Vi, Sole Reign)
62) B23, O09, R277, T186, M5 Exe: VI RIC 278k (Vi, Sole Reign)
63) B23, O09, R279, T187, M5 H in right field RIC 280k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 961
64) B23, O09, R289, T021, M5 Exe: XI RIC 285k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 983
65) B23, O09, R289, T168, M5 RIC 283k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 979
66) B23, O09, R292, T195, M6 RIC 584k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 996
67) B23, O09, R297, T201, M6 E in right field C 1008
68) B23, O09, R304, T204, M5 RIC 289k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1024
69) B23, O09, R315, T219, M5 Z in left field RIC 297f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1072
70) B23, O09, R334, T230, M2 RIC 668k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1237
71) B23, O09, R336, T231, M5 X in left field
72) B23, O09, R336, T232, M5 X in left field RIC 330k (Vi, Sole Reign)
73) B23, O23, R018, T105, M5 Exe: J RIC 166k (Vi, Sole Reign)
74) B23, O23, R060, T036, M5 Exe: E RIC 177k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 154
75) B23, O23, R082, T049, M4 Exe: MD RIC 481 (Vi, Sole Reign)
76) B23, O23, R092, T100, M5 VI in left field RIC 198k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 300
77) B23, O23, R212, T166, M5 J in left field RIC 252k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 716
78) B23, O23, R254, T176, M4 Exe: MD RIC 509k (Vi, Sole Reign)
79) B23, O23, R269, T004, M4 Exe: P RIC 511Bk (Vi, Sole Reign)
80) B28, O09, R137, T157, M5 RIC 332 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 462
81) B29, O12, R263, T079, M3
82) B29, O14, R097, T201, M3 RIC 18 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 308
83) B31, O09, R006, T003, M6 VI in right field RIC 553f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 20
84) B31, O09, R007, T003, M2 * in left field
85) B31, O09, R017, T007, M6 I in right field RIC 557f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 55
86) B31, O09, R037, T141, M4 RIC 370f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 105
87) B31, O09, R052, T004, M2 RIC 632f (Vi, Sole Reign)
88) B31, O09, R067, T044, M5 Exe: T RIC 192f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 193
89) B31, O09, R077, T154, M2 Exe: PXV RIC 607f (Vi, Sole Reign)
90) B31, O09, R103, T118, M5 Exe: P RIC 205f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 327
91) B31, O09, R109, T102, M5 Exe: ¿ RIC 207f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 341
92) B31, O09, R111, T129, M2 Exe: PXV RIC 608f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 376
93) B31, O09, R112, T129, M5
94) B31, O09, R120, T134, M5 ¿ in left field RIC 221f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 402
95) B31, O09, R132, T022, M4 RIC 315f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 447
96) B31, O09, R135, T020, M4 RIC 320f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 455
97) B31, O09, R140, T168, M4 RIC 324f (Vi, Joint Reign)
98) B31, O09, R145, T025, M4 RIC 336f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 483
99) B31, O09, R145, T029, M4 RIC 336k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 483
100) B31, O09, R161, T021, M4 RIC 353f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 522
101) B31, O09, R185, T037, M2 Exe: PXV RIC 609f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 600
102) B31, O09, R193, T149, M4 RIC 492f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 613
103) B31, O09, R198, T116, M5 Exe: N RIC 242k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 631
104) B31, O09, R254, T175, M5 X in right field RIC 267f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 855
105) B31, O09, R268, T036, M2 Exe: ¬ C 925b
106) B31, O09, R269, T015, M2 Exe: PXV RIC 610f (Vi, Sole Reign)
107) B31, O09, R269, T181, M6 RIC 581f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 934
108) B31, O09, R269, T182, M5 Exe: PXV
109) B31, O09, R276, T188, M5 RIC 277k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 951
110) B31, O09, R279, T187, M5 H in right field RIC 280f (Vi, Sole Reign)
111) B31, O09, R287, T190, M6 RIC 582f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 976
112) B31, O09, R297, T201, M6 RIC 585f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1009
113) B31, O09, R300, T203, M2 RIC 660f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1020
114) B31, O09, R316, T211, M5 RIC 298f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1079
115) B31, O09, R318, T212, M5 T in left field RIC 305f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1119
116) B31, O09, R321, T212, M4 RIC 527f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1135
117) B31, O09, R328, T219, M5 S in left field RIC 309f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1190
118) B31, O09, R334, T113, M2 Exe: VIIC. RIC 623a (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1250
119) B31, O09, R334, T150, M5 P in right field RIC 321f (Vi, Sole Reign)
120) B31, O09, R334, T234, M2 RIC 669c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1246a
121) B31, O14, R007, T003, M2
122) B31, O14, R007, T003, M2 * in left field RIC 626f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 28
123) B31, O14, R013, T193, M2 * in left field RIC 629f (Vi, Sole Reign)
124) B31, O14, R056, T199, M3 RIC 10 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 149a
125) B31, O14, R097, T201, M3 RIC 18f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 308
126) B31, O14, R118, T130, M2 RIC 644f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 396
127) B31, O14, R244, T189, M2 RIC 600 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 839
128) B31, O14, R266, T179, M2 RIC 654f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 920
 301
129) B31, O14, R314, T215, M3 258-259 RIC 45 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1048
130) B31, O14, R314, T222, M3 258-259 RIC 49 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1062
131) B31, O14, R334, T230, M2 * in left field RIC 667f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1235
132) B31, O14, R335, T095, M3 RIC 58 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1309
133) B31, O14, R336, T114, M2 Exe: * RIC 672f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1321
134) B31, O19, R046, T032, M5 RIC 132f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 131a
135) B31, O20, R110, T131, M5 RIC 143f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 363
136) B31, O20, R180, T136, M5 RIC 148f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 571
137) B31, O20, R324, T175, M5 RIC 158f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 889
138) B31, O23, R058, T039, M4 RIC 380f (Vi, Joint Reign)
139) B31, O23, R269, T184, M5 RIC 274f (Vi, Sole Reign)
140) B31, O23, R323, T212, M4 RIC 405f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1148
141) B31, O23, R328, T077, M1 RIC 453 (Vi, Joint Reign)
142) B31, O29, R119, T129, M3 RIC 21f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 398
143) B31, O29, R215, T166, M4 RIC 392f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 752
144) B31, O29, R254, T174, M4 * in right field
145) B31, O29, R292, T196, M5 RIC 403 (Vi, Sole Reign)
146) B31, O32, R335, T147, M5
147) B32, O09, R132, T022, M4 RIC 315 (Vi, Joint Reign)
148) B35, O09, R001, T002, M5 D in left field
149) B35, O09, R006, T003, M5 RIC 159c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 20
150) B35, O09, R007, T003, M2 * in left field RIC 627c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 24
151) B35, O09, R013, T193, M6 * in left field RIC 555c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 51
152) B35, O09, R037, T141, M4
153) B35, O09, R087, T055, M5 ¿ in right field
154) B35, O09, R092, T101, M2 Exe: ± RIC 638c (Vi, Sole Reign)
155) B35, O09, R199, T158, M2 Exe: ¬ RIC 651c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 632
156) B35, O09, R217, T200, M2 Exe: ¬ RIC 652c (Vi, Sole Reign)
157) B35, O09, R220, T088, M2 Exe: VIIC RIC 618f (Vi, Sole Reign)
158) B35, O09, R266, T179, M2 Exe: * RIC 655c (Vi, Sole Reign)
159) B35, O09, R290, T193, M2
160) B35, O09, R290, T194, M2 RIC 658c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 987
161) B35, O09, R300, T203, M2 RIC 660c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1021e
162) B35, O09, R316, T212, M2 * in left field RIC 663c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1094
163) B35, O09, R334, T232, M2 Exe: ¬ RIC 670c (Vi, Sole Reign)
164) B35, O09, R336, T114, M2 * in right field RIC 673c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1320
165) B35, O09, R341, T200, M2 Exe: SPQR RIC 675c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1331
166) B35, O09, R346, T243, M5 RIC 92 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1337
167) B35, O19, R044, T109, M5 RIC 131c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 125
168) B35, O19, R087, T154, M2 RIC 292c (Vi, Joint Reign)
169) B35, O19, R087, T154, M5 RIC 75 (Vi, Joint Reign)
170) B35, O19, R211, T127, M4 RIC 294c (Vi, Joint Reign)
171) B35, O19, R222, T172, M2 RIC 295c (Vi, Joint Reign)
172) B35, O19, R261, T060, M2 RIC 296c (Vi, Joint Reign)
173) B35, O19, R335, T231, M5 RIC 181c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1288
174) B35, O19, R344, T209, M1 RIC 459c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1335
175) B35, O20, R112, T091, M1 = in upper center rev. field RIC 440c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 378
176) B35, O20, R209, T083, M1 = in upper center rev. field RIC 445c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 705
177) B35, O20, R221, T064, M1 RIC 446c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 793
178) B35, O20, R323, T082, M1 > in upper center rev. field RIC 450c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1109
179) B35, O20, R335, T065, M1 RIC 456 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1310
180) B36, O09, R269, T183, M2
181) B37, O09, R186, T037, M2 RIC 646f (Vi, Sole Reign)
182) B38, O09, R007, T003, M2 * in left field RIC 627a (Vi, Sole Reign), C 25
183) B38, O09, R007, T003, M2 Exe: .
184) B38, O09, R011, T005, M2 Exe: PXV RIC 606a (Vi, Sole Reign)
185) B38, O09, R011, T235, M2 Exe: ¬ RIC 628f (Vi, Sole Reign)
186) B38, O09, R013, T193, M2 * in left field RIC 630a (Vi, Sole Reign)
187) B38, O09, R118, T130, M2 * in right field RIC 645a (Vi, Sole Reign)
188) B38, O09, R118, T130, M2 Exe: *
189) B38, O09, R128, T135, M2 Exe: VIIC RIC 616a (Vi, Sole Reign), C 425
190) B38, O09, R214, T166, M6 RIC 575c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 728
191) B38, O09, R245, T140, M2 Exe: CVIPP
192) B38, O09, R247, T161, M2 Exe: VIIC. RIC 603a (Vi, Sole Reign), C 849
193) B38, O09, R256, T154, M2 C 875
194) B38, O09, R290, T193, M2 Exe: PXV RIC 611a (Vi, Sole Reign)
195) B38, O09, R334, T230, M2 * in left field RIC 668a (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1237
196) B38, O09, R334, T233, M1 RIC 612a (Vi, Sole Reign)
197) B38, O19, R069, T038, M2 RIC 291a (Vi, Joint Reign)
198) B38, O20, R209, T081, M5
199) B38, O20, R221, T064, M1 RIC 446a (Vi, Joint Reign)
200) B38, O20, R262, T081, M1 Exe: .. RIC 448a (Vi, Joint Reign), C 902
201) B38, O23, R292, T195, M6 C 995

AE Sestertius Reference(s)
202) B14, O20, R046, T031, M5 RIC 209 (Vi, Joint Reign)
203) B14, O20, R068, T047, M5 RIC 211 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 203
204) B14, O20, R324, T221, M5 RIC 242 (Vi, Joint Reign)
205) B14, O23, R214, T165, M5 RIC 391 (Vi, Joint Reign)
206) B14, O31, R318, T212, M5
207) B14, O32, R040, T194, M5 RIC 273 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 712
208) B14, O32, R326, T220, M5 RIC 284 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1168
209) B18, O20, R335, T230, M5 RIC 248 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1295
 302
Gallienus Busts

Gllienus Types
 303
Gallienus Types (continued)
 304
Gallienus Types (continued)
 305

Wife of Gallienus, murdered alongside her husband

Salonina during the siege of Mediolanum. Salonina was said to be
if not an outright Christian at least sympathetic to their
fledgling sect.
? – d.268

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right Locating a coin of Salonina is cheap and easy. In
2) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent
fact, of all the empresses her coins are the most
plentiful. By and large the available ones fall under
Obverses:
the category of rather poorly preserved Antoniniani
1) COR SALONINA AVG but coins made with just enough silver to retain a
2) COR SALONINA PF AVG silvery look are found with regularity. These go
3) CORN SALONINA AVG
4) CORNEL SALONINA AVG
anywhere from a few dollars each to over $100 for a
5) CORNELIA SALONINA AVG very nice sample.
6) CORNELIA SALONINA AVGVSTA
7) SALONINA AVG

Reverses:
1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 25) IVNO AVG 49) ROMAE AETERNAE
2) AEQVITAS AVG 26) IVNO CONSERVAT 50) SALVS AVG
3) AEQVITAS PVBLICA 27) IVNO REGINA 51) SECVRIT ORBIS
4) AVG IN PACE 28) IVNO VICTRIX 52) SECVRIT PERPET
5) AVGVSTA IN PACE 29) IVNONI CONS AVG 53) SECVRIT PVBL
6) CERERI AVG 30) IVNONI REGINAE 54) VBERITAS AVG
7) CERES SEGESTAE 31) LAETITIA AVG 55) VBERTAS AVG
8) CONCOR AVG 32) LIBERAL AVG 56) VENEREM GENETRICEM
9) CONCORD AET 33) LVNA LVCIF 57) VENERI GENETRICI
10) CONCORDIA AVG 34) MINERVA AVG 58) VENERI GENETRIX
11) CONCORDIA AVGG 35) MONETA AVGG 59) VENVS AVG
12) DEAE SEGETIAE 36) ORIENS AVGG 60) VENVS FELIX
13) DIANA LVCIFERA 37) PAX AVG 61) VENVS GENETRIX
14) DIANAE CONS AVG 38) PAX PVBLICA 62) VENVS VICT
15) FECVNDITAS AVG 39) PIETAS AVG 63) VENVS VICTRIX
16) FELICIT PVBL 40) PIETAS AVGG 64) VESTA
17) FELICITAS AVGG 41) PIETAS AVGVST 65) VESTA AETERNA
18) FELICITAS PVBLICA 42) PROVI AVG 66) VESTA FELIX
19) FELICITAS SAECVLI 43) PROVID AVG 67) VICTORIA AET
20) FIDES MILITVM 44) PROVIDENTIA AVG 68) VINO REGINA
21) FORTVNA AVG 45) PVDICITA AVG
22) FORTVNA RED 46) PVDICITIA
23) FORTVNA REDVX 47) PVDICITIAE AVGVSTAE
24) INDVLGENT AVG 48) RESTITVTOR ORBIS

Types:
1) Abundantia standing left, pouring out cornucopia.
2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
3) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch.
4) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia.
5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
6) Deer advancing left
7) Diana standing left, holding torch in both hands.
8) Fecunditas standing left, raising hand and holding baby; child to left.
9) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
10) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
11) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
12) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia
13) Gallienus standing right on left, receiving Victory from Roma seated to right
14) Indulgentia seated left, holding patera and scepter.
15) Juno seated left, holding flower and baby
16) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter.
17) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock left.
18) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor.
19) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by feet.
20) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter
21) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter
22) Peacock standing, facing, spread-tailed
23) Pietas seated left, holding scepter; three children to left
24) Pietas seated left, holding scepter; two children to left, one under chair
25) Pietas standing left, raising hand and holding incense box
26) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box.
27) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter.
28) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.
 306
29) Pudicitia seated left, holding scepter and pulling veil; Salus standing to left, holding and feeding snake and Felicitas to right, leaning on column and with
legs crossed
30) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter.
31) Pudicitia standing left, pulling veil and holding scepter.
32) Salonina and Gallienus standing, facing each other, shaking hands.
33) Salonina draped bust right, facing Gallienus laureate, cuirassed bust left.
34) Salonina seated left, holding branch and scepter
35) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake
36) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and touching head.
37) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and wish legs crossed, holding scepter.
38) Sol standing left, holding globe
39) Temple with (4) columns, Segetia standing within, raising hands
40) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia.
41) Venus seated left, holding scepter.
42) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter; Cupid to left.
43) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear
44) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear with shield
45) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear; shield to left.
46) Venus standing left, leaning on column, holding helmet and palm.
47) Venus standing left, leaning on column.
48) Vesta seated left, holding patera and scepter
49) Vesta seated left, holding Victory and scepter.
50) Vesta standing left, holding patera and scepter
51) Vesta standing left, holding Victory and scepter
52) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.

Mints:

1) Lugdunum
2) Mediolanum
3) Roma
4) Asia, uncertain locality

AR Quinarius Reference(s)

1) B1, O7, R27, T16, M2 RIC 40 (Gallienus (Joint Reign)), C 61

AE Medallion
2) B1, O5, R03, T19, M5 RIC 17 (Gallienus (Joint Reign)), C 61

Billon Antoninianus

3) B2, O1, R29, T06 Exe: J RIC 16 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 70

4) B2, O3, R04, T34 Exe: MS RIC 57 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 18
5) B2, O3, R08, T05 RIC 71 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 24
6) B2, O3, R10, T32
7) B2, O3, R11, T32 RIC 63 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 31
8) B2, O3, R39, T25 RIC 21 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 78
9) B2, O7, R02, T02 Exe: ©/VIIC.
10) B2, O7, R06, T03 Exe: ±
11) B2, O7, R06, T03 RIC 90 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 22
12) B2, O7, R10, T04 Exe: II RIC 72 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 28
13) B2, O7, R11, T04
14) B2, O7, R12, T39 RIC 5 (Gallienus (Joint Reign))
15) B2, O7, R15, T08 RIC 5a (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 39
16) B2, O7, R25, T15 Exe: MS RIC 62 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 55
17) B2, O7, R26, T17 N in right field RIC 11 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 56
18) B2, O7, R27, T16 RIC 13 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 60
19) B2, O7, R27, T17 * in left field RIC 12 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 67
20) B2, O7, R27, T17 RIC 92 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 67
21) B2, O7, R28, T16 RIC 31 (Gallienus (Joint Reign)), C 68
22) B2, O7, R39, T25 D in left field, II in right RIC 78 (Gallienus (Sole Reign))
23) B2, O7, R39, T25 Exe: P RIC 22 (Gallienus (Sole Reign))
24) B2, O7, R39, T26 RIC 79 (Gallienus (Sole Reign))
25) B2, O7, R40, T23 RIC 35 (Gallienus (Joint Reign)), C 84
26) B2, O7, R46, T30 Exe: VI RIC 25 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 94
27) B2, O7, R46, T31 RIC 24 (Gallienus (Sole Reign))
28) B2, O7, R49, T13 RIC 67 (Gallienus (Joint Reign))
29) B2, O7, R50, T35
30) B2, O7, R50, T35 Exe: VIIC. RIC 88 (Gallienus (Sole Reign))
31) B2, O7, R59, T44 Exe: PXV RIC 86 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 113
32) B2, O7, R61, T42 RIC 30 (Gallienus (Sole Reign))
33) B2, O7, R63, T45 RIC 31 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 129
34) B2, O7, R64, T48 Exe: Q RIC 32 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 143
35) B2, O7, R64, T49 RIC 68 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 139
36) B2, O7, R64, T50
37) B2, O7, R68, T17 * in left field Ed Flinn collection

AE Sestertius
38) B2, O5, R27, T16 RIC 46 (Gallienus (Joint Reign)), C 62
39) B2, O5, R40, T24 Exe: SC
 307
Salonina Busts

Salonina Types
 308

Saloninus was the son of Gallienus and became Caesar upon

Saloninus the death of his brother Valerian II. He led his armies on a
mission to quell barbarian revolts in Germany but Postumus,
his leading general, revolted and had himself declared
Augustus 260 Augustus. Saloninus, still only Caesar, fled with a group of
loyalist troops but were soon surrounded by Postumus. The
soldiers dug into their quarters and raised Saloninus to the
rank of emperor but the siege wore them down and Postumus finally captured and executed him.

Busts:
1) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right Due to a brief reign as Caesar, and an even briefer one as
2) Bare headed, draped bust right
3) Laureate, draped bust right
Augustus, a coin of Saloninus is rather difficult to come by.
4) Radiate head right
5) Radiate, draped bust right Low grade Antoniniani are pretty cheap when available but
anything else is both expensive and rare. Especially rare
Obverses: are the few remaining coins of Saloninus as emperor.
1) IMP SALON VALERIANVS AVG
2) LIC COR SAL VALERIANVS N CAES
3) P COR SAL VALERIANO CES
4) P COR SAL VALERIANVS CAES
5) SAL VALERIANVS C
6) SAL VALERIANVS CS
7) SAL VALERIANVS NOB CAES
8) SALON VALERIANVS CAES
9) SALON VALERIANVS NOB CAES

Reverses:
1) ADVENTVS AVGG 6) MONETA AVGG 11) PRINC IVVENT
2) CONSACRATIO 7) ORIENS AVGG 12) PRINCIPI IVVENT
3) DEO MARTI 8) PAX AVGG 13) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS
4) DIINVTRITORES 9) PIETAS AVG 14) RELIGIO AVGG
5) FELICITAS AVGG 10) PIETAS AVGG 15) SPES PVBLICA

Types:
1) Diana standing left, holding bow
2) Eagle
3) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia
4) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
5) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged)
6) Saloninus riding horse right, holding spear
7) Saloninus standing left, holding globe and scepter; seated captive to left
8) Saloninus standing left, holding scepter and spear; standard to right.
9) Saloninus standing left, holding scepter and spear; trophy with shields at base to left.
10) Saloninus standing left, holding scepter and spear; trophy with shields at base to right.
11) Saloninus standing left, holding scepter and spear; trophy with two captives at base to left
12) Saloninus standing left, holding scepter and spear; two standards to right.
13) Saloninus standing left, holding scepter and trophy
14) Saloninus standing left, holding standard and scepter
15) Saloninus standing left, stepping on captive, holding standard and spear.
16) Saloninus standing right on left, holding spear, receiving flower from Spes to right, raising skirt
17) Saloninus standing right on left, receiving Victory from Jupiter to right, holding scepter
18) Sol standing left, holding whip.
19) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
20) Temple with (4) columns, Mars within

Mints:

1) Antioch
2) Colonia Agrippinensis
3) Lugdunum
4) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B2, O8, R15, T16

AE Antoninianus

2) B5, O1, R15, T19 RIC Vi 14, C 94

3) B5, O2, R11, T05 RIC Vi 26, C 49
 309
4) B5, O2, R11, T07 P in right field RIC Vi 28, C 63
5) B5, O4, R04, T17 RIC Vi 35, C 21
6) B5, O6, R11, T07 RIC Vi 10, C 61
7) B5, O8, R09, T05 RIC Vi 9, C 41
8) B5, O9, R15, T16 = above RIC Vi 36, C 95
9) B5, O9, R15, T16 RIC Vi 36, C 95

AE As Reference(s)
10) B2, O4, R13, T07 RIC Vi 34, C 90

Saloninus Busts

Saloninus Types
 310

Regalianus was a usurper under the reign of Gallienus shortly

Regalianus after the capture of Valerian. His soldiers revolted against the
tyrannical nature of Gallienus and his oppression in the region.
Regalianus lasted for a short time before he fell to either an
Augustus c.260 undocumented battle with Gallienus or at the hands of his own
supporters. All of his coins are exceedingly rare and often
overstruck over older Denarii of previous emperors.

Bust:
Regalianus. For collectors of Roman coins the
1) Radiate head right name is enough to make their mouth water.
They are probably the most wretched looking
Obverses: things in the entire corpus of Roman imperial
coinage and quite probably an
1) IMP C P C REGALINAVS AVG (and many other variants) embarrassment to the emperor whose access
to skilled metalsmiths and celators was
Reverses: evidently nonexistent.
1) AEQVITAS AVG
2) CONCORDIA AVGG
But with ancient coins at least, price and
3) FIDES MILITVM desirability are inversely proportional to
4) IOVI CONSERVATORI(?) historical popularity and since Regalianus
5) LIBERALITAS AVGG(?)
6) ORIENS AVG scores as one of the most obscure characters
7) ORIENS AVGG his few remaining coins receive top bids on
8) PROVIDENTIA AVGG
the rare occasions they’re offered for sale.
Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia

2) Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand.
3) Regalianus and Dryantilla standing, facing each other; altar in between
4) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
5) Liberalitas standing left, holding pileus and scepter
6) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding whip
7) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.

Mint:

1) Carnuntum

AR Antoninianus Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R1, T1 M&M Auction 92 Lot #233
2) B1, O1, R7, T6 RIC Vi 7, C 4
3) B1, O1, R8, T7 RIC Vi 8, C 5

Regalianus Bust Regalianus Types

 311

Wife of Regalianus. Together with the coins of her

Dryantilla obscure husband, these are among the greatest rarities
in the Roman Imperial series.

? - 261? Typically these coins are so crude in manufacture that

deciphering the legends involves guesswork. The
catalog below shows what are believed to be the major
intended types.

Bust:
Competing in the “so ugly they’re cute” coin
1) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent sweepstakes, Dryantilla puts in a strong bid. History
does not mention whether she herself was homely or
Obverse: not but her coins sure don’t make a strong case for
beauty.
1) SVLP DRYANTILLA AVG

Reverses: But this is all academic, of course, considering there

are probably less than a dozen coins of her left. And
1) AEQVITAS AVGG most of these are in museums.
2) IVNO REDINE

Types: Pinning down a “market value” for such epic rarities

is just a tad pointless. It really depends on how much
1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia the seller wants and how eager the buyer is. And it’s
2) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter.
a seller’s market.
Mint:
The coin below, struck over a Lucius Verus Denarius,
1) Carnuntum sold at auction in 2000 for over $12,000.

AE Antoninianus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R2, T2 RIC 2, C 1

 312

Postumus remained Gallienus's nemesis for most of his reign

Postumus and, with the aid of the traitor Aureolus, his eventual killer.
Postumus came on the scene following a dispute with
Saloninus over the distribution of captured war loot. Because
Augustus 260-269 Postumus was in command of the military, Saloninus had little
to defend him except for his title and official recognition.
Postumus had himself named emperor and captured and
executed Saloninus sealing his fate with the rest of the empire. However, the rest of the empire could do little at
the moment. Gallienus was embroiled with battling several usurpers out east and could not avenge his brother's
death. Neither could Rome do anything about it. And so for the time being Postumus held the western half of the
empire as de facto ruler.

When Gallienus finally returned from the east he would find Postumus entrenched in Gaul and having snatched
Britain and Spain away from the empire as well. Because his power had grown during Gallienus's absence, he
had had time to consolidate his leadership and posed a bigger threat. However, for one reason or another,
Postumus never made preparations to attack Rome or mount an offensive against Gallienus and contented
himself with this secessionist state. But he knew Gallienus was mulling over his options all the meanwhile and had
on his agenda the recapturing of the lost lands. Gallienus mounted several expeditions to depose Postumus but
all failed. Still, Gallienus would most likely have ultimately been the ultimate victor had Postumus not gained the
aid of one of Gallienus's trusted men, Aureolus, who engineered a successful conspiracy ending with the murder
of Gallienus. Postumus would meet a deadly fate himself the following year following a revolt from within
instigated by one of his own earlier leading generals, Laelianus, in a move very reminiscent of his own rise to
power.

Busts:

1) Bare head facing Postumus kicks off the Gallic empire with
2) Bare headed cuirassed bust facing well-made, high-grade coins and by the time
3) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left
4) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right of his fall both have suffered considerably in
5) Helmeted, draped bust left tandem with the coinage elsewhere in the
6) Helmeted, draped bust right
7) Laureate bust left of Postumus over Hercules bare headed bust left Roman world.
8) Laureate bust left of Postumus over Hercules laureate bust left
9) Laureate bust right of Postumus over Hercules laureate bust right
10) Laureate head left
While the Aureus and its multiples will be
11) Laureate head right priced into the stratosphere, the ordinary
12) Laureate head right left of Postumus over Hercules laureate bust left Antoninianus is easily available and
13) Laureate head right right of Postumus over Hercules laureate bust right
14) Laureate, cuirassed bust left affordable. Expect, however, to find these to
15) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, raising hand be fairly lousy in quality overall. Although
16) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
17) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right there are better grade coins, and even mint
18) Laureate, draped bust left, raising hand state gem ones, these are more often
19) Laureate, draped bust left, raising hand and holding shield
20) Laureate, draped bust right
available only through established
21) Radiate bust left, holding club and lion skin numismatic firms and at substantially higher
22) Radiate head right cost.
23) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding club
24) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
25) Radiate, draped bust right Early in his reign Postumus even
26) Radiate, helmeted bust right
27) Radiate, helmeted, cuirassed bust right reintroduces big copper with the double
Sestertius. These coins look similar to the
Obverses: old fashioned Dupondius with its radiate
crown but at a weight more comparable to
1) IMP C LAT POSTVMVS PF AVG that of the once mighty Sestertius.
2) IMP C M CAS LAT POSTVMVS AV
3) IMP C M CAS LAT POSTVMVS AVG
4) IMP C M CAS LAT POTVMVS Coins attributed to the Mediolanum (now
5) IMP C M CASS LAT POSTVMVS AV Milan) mint were issued by an associate
6) IMP C M CASS LAT POSTVMVS AVG
7) IMP C M CASS LAT POSTVMVS P AVG usurper named Aureolus.
8) IMP C M CASS LAT POSTVMVS P I AVG
9) IMP C M CASS LAT POSTVMVS PF AVG
10) IMP C M CASS LAT POSTVMVS PIVS F AVG Postumus’s portraits, as well as those of his
11) IMP C POSTVMVS Gallic successors, give him an appearance
12) IMP C POSTVMVS AVG
13) IMP C POSTVMVS P AV
reminiscent of Santa Clause.
14) IMP C POSTVMVS P I AVG
15) IMP C POSTVMVS PF AVG
16) IMP C POSTVMVS PF AVG COS III
17) IMP C POSTVMVS PIVS F AVG
18) IMP C POSTVMVS PIVS FEL AVG
 313
19) IMP POSTVMVS AVG
20) IMP POSTVMVS PF AVG
21) IMP POSTVMVS PIVS AVG
22) IMP POSTVMVS PIVS F AVG
23) M CAS LAT POSTVMVS PF AVG
24) POSTVMVS AVG
25) POSTVMVS PF AVG
26) POSTVMVS PF AVG COS
27) POSTVMVS PF AVGVSTVS T P
28) POSTVMVS PIVS AVG
29) POSTVMVS PIVS FEL AVG
30) POSTVMVS PIVS FELIX AVG
31) VIRTVS POSTVMI AVG

Reverses:
1) ADVENTVS AVG 56) HERCVLI PISAEO 111) PM TR P VIIII COS IIII PP
2) AEQVITAS AVG 57) HERCVLI ROM 112) PM TR P X COS V PP
3) AETERNITAS AVG 58) HERCVLI ROMA 113) POSTVMVS AVG
4) ANNONA AVG 59) HERCVLI ROMANO 114) POSTVMVS AVGVSTVS
5) CASTOR 60) HERCVLI ROMANO AVG 115) POSTVMVS PF AVG
6) CCAA COS IIII 61) HERCVLI THRACIO 116) PROFECTIO AVGVSTI
7) CLARITAS AVG 62) HILARITAS AVG 117) PROVID DEOR COS III
8) COL CL AGRIP COS IIII 63) I O M SPONSORI SAECVLI 118) PROVIDENTIA AVG
9) COMITI AVG 64) IM C POSTVMVS PF AVG 119) PROVIDENTIA DEOR
10) CONCORD EQVIT 65) IMP X COS V 120) QVINQVENNALES AVG
11) CONCORD EQVITVM 66) INDVLG PIA POSTVMI AVG 121) QVINQVENNALES POSTVMI AVG
12) CONCORDIA EQVIT 67) INVICTO AVG 122) REST GALLIARVM
13) CONSERVATORES AVG 68) IOVI CONSERVAT 123) REST ORBIS
14) CONSERVATORI AVG 69) IOVI CONSERVATORI 124) RESTIT GALLIAR
15) COS III 70) IOVI PROPVGNAT 125) RESTIT GALLIARVM
16) COS IIII 71) IOVI PROPVGNATORI 126) RESTIT ORBIS
17) COS V 72) IOVI STATORI 127) RESTITOR GALLIAE
18) DIANAE LVCIFERAE 73) IOVI VICTORI 128) RESTITOR GALLIAR
19) DIANAE LVCIFERE 74) LAETI 129) RESTITVTOR GALLIAR
20) DIANAE REDVCI 75) LAETITIA 130) RESTITVTOR GALLIARVM
21) EXERCITVS AVG 76) LAETITIA AVG 131) RESTITVTOR ORBIS
22) FELICITA 77) LIBERALITAS 132) ROMAE AETERNAE
23) FELICITAS 78) LIBERALITAS AVG 133) SAECVLI FELICITAS
24) FELICITAS AVG 79) LIBERTAS AVG 134) SAECVLI FRVGIFERO
25) FELICITAS PVBLICA 80) MARS VICTOR 135) SAECVLO FRVGIFERO
26) FELICITAS TEMP 81) MERCVRIO FELICI 136) SAECVLVM AVGG
27) FIDES AEQVIT 82) MERCVRIO PACIFERO 137) SALVS AVG
28) FIDES EQVIT 83) MINER FAVTR 138) SALVS EXERCITI
29) FIDES EQVITVM 84) MINERVA AVG 139) SALVS POSTVMI AVG
30) FIDES EXERC 85) MONET AVG 140) SALVS PROVINCIARVM
31) FIDES EXERCITAS 86) MONETA AVG 141) SARAPIDI COMITI AVG
32) FIDES EXERCITI 87) MONITA AVG 142) SERAPI COMITI AVG
33) FIDES EXERCITVS 88) NEPT COMITI 143) SERAPI COMITI AVG
34) FIDES MILITVM 89) NEPTVNO REDVCI 144) SPEI PERPETVAE
35) FORTVNA AVG 90) ORIENS 145) TR P X COS V PP
36) FORTVNA RAEDVX 91) ORIENS AVG 146) TRIB POT X COS V
37) FORTVNA REDVX 92) PACATOR ORBIS 147) VBERITAS AVG
38) GERMANICVS MAX V 93) PAX AVG 148) VBERTAS AVG
39) HER DEVS ONIENS 94) PAX AVGVSTI 149) VICT COMES AVG
40) HERC DEVS ONIENSI 95) PAX EQVITVM 150) VICT GERM PM TR P V COS III PP
41) HERC PACIFER 96) PIETAS AVG 151) VICT GERM TR P V COS III PP
42) HERC PACIFERO 97) PM G M T P COS III PP 152) VICT GERMANICA
43) HERCVLI ARCADIO 98) PM T P COS 153) VICTORI AVG
44) HERCVLI ARGIVO 99) PM T P COS IIII PP 154) VICTORIA
45) HERCVLI AVG 100) PM TR P COS I PP 155) VICTORIA AVG
46) HERCVLI CRETENCI 101) PM TR P COS II PP 156) VICTORIA GERMANICA
47) HERCVLI CRETENSI 102) PM TR P COS III PP 157) VICTORIAE AVG
48) HERCVLI DEVS ONIENSI 103) PM TR P COS IIII PP 158) VIRTVS AEQVIT
49) HERCVLI ERVMANTINO 104) PM TR P COS PP 159) VIRTVS AVG
50) HERCVLI GADITANO 105) PM TR P COS V 160) VIRTVS EQVIT
51) HERCVLI IMMORTALI 106) PM TR P III COS III PP 161) VIRTVS EXERCITVS
52) HERCVLI INVICTO 107) PM TR P IIII COS III PP 162) VIRTVS POSTVMI AVG
53) HERCVLI LIBVCO 108) PM TR P IMP V COS III PP 163) VIRTVTI AVG
54) HERCVLI MAGVSANO 109) PM TR P VI COS III PP 164) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI
55) HERCVLI NEMAEO 110) PM TR P VII COS III PP 165) VOT PVBL

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.

2) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding staff with snake coiled around it
3) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding staff with snake coiled around it; globe to lower right.
4) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.
5) Busts (3), radiate; center one facing, other two facing towards center.
6) Caduceus, winged.
7) Castor riding horse right.
8) Castor standing left, holding spear; horse to side.
9) Club; bow to left and quiver to right
10) Diana advancing right, holding bow; deer to right.
11) Diana advancing right, holding torch with both hands.
 314
12) Diana advancing right, holding torch with both hands; dog to right.
13) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
14) Fides seated left, holding patera and standard.
15) Fides standing, facing, holding standard in each hand.
16) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
17) Fortuna standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding patera and rudder on globe.
18) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
19) Galley sailing left
20) Galley sailing right
21) Hercules advancing left, holding pickax; jug by feet.
22) Hercules advancing right, dragging Cerberus and holding club.
23) Hercules advancing right, holding the boar of Erymanthos; jar by feet.
24) Hercules laureate bust left.
25) Hercules laureate head right
26) Hercules standing in garden of Hesperides: apple tree and three nymphs.
27) Hercules standing left, clubbing hydra of Lerna.
28) Hercules standing left, holding branch and club with lion skin.
29) Hercules standing left, wrestling lion of Nemea.
30) Hercules standing left, wrestling Queen Hippolyte.
31) Hercules standing right, fighting the three-bodied Geryon.
32) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding apples.
33) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin.
34) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding wand.
35) Hercules standing right, wrestling bull of Crete.
36) Hercules standing right, wrestling deer of Ceryneia.
37) Hercules standing right, wrestling the horses of Diomedes.
38) Hercules standing, facing, holding bow and lion skin, driving the birds of Stymphalos.
39) Hercules torso left, holding club.
40) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia; child on either side.
41) Jupiter advancing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt
42) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and eagle.
43) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and raising hand.
44) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and raising hand; seven stars in field, eagle between feet.
45) Jupiter advancing right, holding thunderbolt and eagle.
46) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter.
47) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
48) Jupiter standing, facing, aiming thunderbolt and holding shield.
49) Jupiter standing, facing, holding scepter and thunderbolt
50) Laureate head right of Victorinus over Hercules laureate bust right.
51) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
52) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia
53) Lion advancing right.
54) Lion, radiate, advancing left, thunderbolt in mouth
55) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
56) Mars standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
57) Mars standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
58) Mercury standing, facing, holding purse and caduceus.
59) Minerva advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
60) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear.
61) Minerva standing left, raising hand and holding shield.
62) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
63) Neptune standing left, holding dolphin and trident; galley prow to left.
64) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding dolphin and trident
65) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter.
66) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
67) Pietas standing, facing, holding baby in either arm; child to either side.
68) Pietas standing, facing, raising hands.
69) Postumus advancing left, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield.
70) Postumus advancing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield.
71) Postumus bare head right.
72) Postumus bare headed, cuirassed bust facing.
73) Postumus cuirassed torso left, holding spear over shoulder.
74) Postumus helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield.
75) Postumus helmeted, cuirassed bust right over Victory, holding wreath and palm.
76) Postumus helmeted, cuirassed bust right.
77) Postumus laureate bust right facing Hercules bust left.
78) Postumus laureate bust right over Jupiter, holding thunderbolt.
79) Postumus laureate bust right over Virtus helmeted bust right
80) Postumus radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter over shoulder.
81) Postumus riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear.
82) Postumus riding horse left, soldiers (3) to left
83) Postumus riding horse left, soldiers (4) to left
84) Postumus riding horse right, holding spear, following Victory, holding wreath and trophy.
85) Postumus riding oncoming quadriga, holding branch, accompanied by Victory, holding palm; soldier on either side of horses.
86) Postumus riding quadriga left, holding branch.
87) Postumus seated left on platform, attended by lictor and Liberalitas, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen on steps to lower left.
88) Postumus seated left, holding globe and scepter.
89) Postumus seated left, raising hand; kneeling citizen to left
90) Postumus standing left on right, holding spear and holding hand of kneeling Gallia to left, holding branch.
91) Postumus standing left on right, holding spear and holding hand of kneeling Gallia to left, holding cornucopia.
92) Postumus standing left on right, sacrificing over altar and holding spear, facing Jupiter standing to left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
93) Postumus standing left on right, stepping on captive, holding spear and holding hands of kneeling Gallia to left, holding cornucopia.
94) Postumus standing left, holding globe and spear, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm.
95) Postumus standing left, holding globe and spear.
96) Postumus standing left, holding spear and crowning trophy; captive seated either side of trophy.
97) Postumus standing left, holding spear and wreath, being crowned by Hercules, holding club with lion skin.
98) Postumus standing left, sacrificing over altar among witnesses.
99) Postumus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter
100) Postumus standing left, sacrificing over altar; Mercury to left, holding purse and caduceus.
 315
101) Postumus standing right on left, holding scepter and holding hand of kneeling Orbis to left, holding cornucopia.
102) Postumus standing right on left, holding scepter, shaking hands with Roma seated to right; shield to side.
103) Postumus standing right, holding spear and crowning trophy; captive seated either side of trophy.
104) Postumus standing right, holding spear and globe.
105) Postumus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
106) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter.
107) Providentia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.
108) Providentia standing left, raising hand towards flaming globe.
109) Rhine lying left, resting hand on boat prow and cradling anchor.
110) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter.
111) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder.
112) Salus standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding and feeding snake.
113) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake.
114) Salus standing to left, holding and feeding snake, facing Aesculapius to right, holding staff with snake coiled around it.
115) Serapis standing left, raising hand and holding scepter.
116) Serapis standing left, raising hand and holding scepter; galley prow to left.
117) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip.
118) Sol radiate, draped bust right.
119) Sol, radiate bust right over Luna with crescent behind neck.
120) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
121) Standards (4)
122) Temple with (4) columns, Hercules standing within, resting hand on club and holding lion skin.
123) Triumphal arch, trophy with captive on either side above.
124) Trophy; seated captive on either side.
125) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia.
126) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield on palm; seated captive on either side.
127) Victory advancing left, holding branch and spear.
128) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left.
129) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
130) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and spear.
131) Victory advancing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and palm.
132) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
133) Victory bust right, holding wreath and palm over Felicitas, holding branch.
134) Victory draped torso right, holding wreath and palm over Felicitas bust right, holding branch.
135) Victory draped torso right, writing VOT / XX on shield.
136) Victory riding biga left, holding whip.
137) Victory riding biga right, holding whip.
138) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and trophy, captive on either side.
139) Victory standing right on shield, holding wreath and palm; captive on either side.
140) Victory standing right, holding wreath and palm.
141) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading X
142) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading VOT X
143) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading VO / XX
144) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading V X
145) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading Q
146) Virtus advancing right, holding spear and shield.
147) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
148) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
149) Weapons in a pile.

Mints:
1) Colonia Agrippinensis
2) Lugdunum
3) Mediolanum

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B03, O24, R151, T090 RIC Vii 15

2) B09, O30, R146, T086
3) B11, O15, R154, T137 Exe: AVG RIC Vii 42
4) B11, O28, R019, T012
5) B11, O28, R066, T089 RIC Vii 276, C 145
6) B11, O28, R165, T085

AR Antoninianus
7) B21, O24, R072, T049 RIC Vii 310, C 160
8) B21, O24, R111, T009 RIC Vii 292, C 282
9) B24, O15, R016, T140 RIC Vii 287c, C 31
10) B24, O15, R017, T140 RIC Vii 288c, C 32a
11) B24, O15, R018, T011 RIC Vii 299c, C 33
12) B24, O15, R024, T013 RIC Vii 58c
13) B24, O15, R033, T121
14) B24, O15, R040, T121 RIC Vii 66c
15) B24, O15, R042, T028 RIC Vii 67c
16) B24, O15, R049, T033 RIC Vii 64c, C 91a
17) B24, O15, R072, T049 RIC Vii 278c, C 158
18) B24, O15, R072, T049 RIC Vii 309c, C 159a
19) B24, O15, R073, T048 RIC Vii 311c, C 161a
20) B24, O15, R075, T020 Exe: AVG RIC Vii 73c, C 167
21) B24, O15, R081, T058 RIC Vii 313c, C 192
22) B24, O15, R086, T062 RIC Vii 315c, C 199a
23) B24, O15, R086, T062 RIC Vii 75c, C 199
 316
24) B24, O15, R089, T063 RIC Vii 76c, C 205
25) B24, O15, R091, T117 RIC Vii 316c, C 213c
26) B24, O15, R092, T118 RIC Vii 317c, C 214
27) B24, O15, R093, T065 RIC Vii 219c, C 226
28) B24, O15, R093, T066 RIC Vii 219c, C 225
29) B24, O15, R093, T066 RIC Vii 318c, C 215
30) B24, O15, R095, T066 Exe: T RIC Vii 381, C 228a
31) B24, O15, R096, T067 RIC Vii 320, C 230a
32) B24, O15, R102, T091 RIC Vii 54c, C 243
33) B24, O15, R108, T055 RIC Vii 57c, C 73a
34) B24, O15, R111, T009 RIC Vii 291c, C 281
35) B24, O15, R112, T143 RIC Vii 295c, C 285
36) B24, O15, R118, T106 RIC Vii 221c, C 295a
37) B24, O15, R118, T106 RIC Vii 323c, C 295a
38) B24, O15, R133, T098 RIC Vii 83c, C 331
39) B24, O15, R135, T006
40) B24, O15, R137, T003 RIC Vii 326c, C 336
41) B24, O15, R138, T003 RIC Vii 327c, C 348
42) B24, O15, R139, T113 RIC Vii 328c, C 350
43) B24, O15, R140, T109 RIC Vii 87c
44) B24, O15, R142, T115 RIC Vii 329c, C 360a
45) B24, O15, R148, T125 RIC Vii 330c, C 365
46) B24, O15, R153, T128 RIC Vii 234c, C 386
47) B24, O15, R159, T148 RIC Vii 93c, C 419a
48) B24, O15, R163, T034 RIC Vii 333, C 19b
49) B24, O19, R010, T017 Exe: S RIC Vii 373c, C 19a
50) B24, O19, R028, T014

AR Denarius Reference(s)
51) B30, O12, R005, T007

AE Double Sestertius
52) B24, O09, R034, T015 RIC Vii 123c
53) B24, O09, R040, T122 RIC Vii 134, C 99
54) B24, O09, R042, T028 RIC Vii 135, C 106
55) B24, O09, R075, T020 Exe: AVG RIC Vii 143c, C 179
56) B24, O09, R101, T091 RIC Vii 106c
57) B24, O09, R102, T095 S G across fields
58) B24, O09, R155, T131 RIC Vii 169c, C 379
59) B24, O09, R159, T148 S in right field RIC Vii 179c, C 422

AE Sestertius

60) B17, O17, R076, T020 Exe: SC

61) B17, O17, R155, T128 RIC Vii 172, C 387

AE Dupondius
62) B24, O09, R038, T124 RIC Vii 198, C 86
63) B24, O15, R101, T095 RIC Vii 188, C 252

AE As
64) B17, O15, R155, T126 RIC Vii 167
 317
Postumus Busts

Postumus Types
 318

Postumus Types (Continued)

 319
Laelianus was a usurper against Postumus, himself another
Laelianus usurper, who was unable to rout the incumbent when their forces
met in battle. Laelianus thus had a tenure lasting from near the
beginning of the year 269 through no later than that summer.
Augustus 269 Because of this short time there was little time for him to make
much of a mark on history. His coins, however, are much sought
after for their rarity.
Busts:
1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
2) Radiate, cuirassed bust right Take any ten or twenty thousand Roman coins at random and
3) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right it wouldn’t be surprising if not a single one of them would be a
4) Radiate, draped bust right
Laelianus. He is even rare within the subset of Roman coins
that includes only the rebel emperors based in Gaul. Hoards
Obverses: that contain thousands of coins from this period and region
1) IMP C LAELIANVS PF AVG
may list only a handful of Laeliani.
2) IMP C VLP COR LAELIANVS
3) IMP C VLP CORN LAELIANVS With only the scantiest availability and many collectors
4) IMP LAELIANVS PF AVG
5) LAELIANVS AV interested in these emperors it’s a foregone conclusion that
when they do become available for sale they are anything but
Reverses: cheap. Antoniniani have been spotted in the $1,000-$2,000
range but availability is severely limited.
1) PAX AVG
2) TEMPORVM FELICITAS
3) VICTORIA AVG
4) VIRTVS AVG
5) VIRTVS MILITVM

Types:

1) Hispania lying left, holding branch and resting arm on rabbit

2) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter
3) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm branch
4) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm branch
5) Virtus holding standard and spear

Mint:
1) Colonia Agrippinensis

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R2, T1 RIC Vii 1, C 2

AE Antoninianus
2) B2, O1, R3, T4 RIC Vii 9, C 4

Laelianus Busts Laelianus Types

 320
There's next to nothing to be said for Marius because his reign

Marius was so short. The historian Eutropius writing about a hundred

years after his death records his reign as lasting all of three
days. Aurelius Victor, another historian contemporary to
Eutropius, has him murdered the following day. This is of
Augustus 269 course hyperbole as evidenced in the fact that relatively many
coins of him survive. The man was a blacksmith and how he
made the jump from that lowly career to becoming an emperor, however short his tenure, should be worth its own
"Movie of the Week" award. He succeeded Laelianus, another short-lived emperor, when the undisciplined troops
under his command were told to hold their positions following an initially successful attack on barbarian-controlled
Mainz. The soldiers wanted to recover war loot and wouldn't be held back by Laelianus so they murdered him and
named the head rabble-rouser, Marius, as their next emperor.

Busts:
Difficult to find, expensive to purchase and usually unappealing to
1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right behold, the coins of Marius are eagerly sought after the world
2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
3) Radiate, cuirassed bust right over. Being issued under what probably were emergency
4) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right conditions it’s understandable that quality control during their
striking was not the highest of priorities. Those Antoniniani that
Obverses: are left in the marketplace usually cost around $200 and up for a
lousy wreck. A well-preserved coin can easily cost three times
1) IMP C M AVR MARIVS AVG
2) IMP C M AVR MARIVS PF AVG that much.
3) IMP C MARIVS PF AVG
More importantly, the problem transcends one of mere
Reverses: affordability. Locating a Marius is a hit-and-miss kind of thing with
the various dealers in ancient coins. It might well be that if you’re
1) AEQVITAS AVG
2) CONCORD MILIT
after one your best bet is to have a dealer seek one on your
3) CONCORDIA MILIT behalf and then get back to you when it becomes available. Even
4) CONCORDIA MILITVM glitzy auction catalogues list them on rather rare occasions.
5) CONCORDIAE MILITVM
6) FELICITAS AVG
7) FIDES MILITVM
8) SAEC FELICITAS
9) SAECVLI FELICITAS
10) TEMPORVM FELICITAS
11) VICTORIA AVG
12) VIRTVS AVG

Types:
1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
2) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
3) Fides standing left, holding two standards
4) Hands, in handshake
5) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm
6) Victory standing left, holding palm and resting hand on shield.
7) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.

Mint:
1) Colonia Agrippinensis

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O2, R04, T4 RIC Vii 1, C 3

AE Antoninianus

1) B3, O1, R11, T6 RIC Vii 17, C 19

2) B4, O1, R11, T5 RIC Vii 18
3) B4, O1, R11, T6 RIC Vii 17, C 19
4) B4, O1, R12, T7 RIC Vii 19, C 22
5) B4, O3, R04, T4 RIC Vii 7, C 4
6) B4, O3, R08, T2 RIC Vii 10, C 13
 321
Marius Busts

Marius Types

Victorinus was a high-ranking commander during the secessionist

Victorinus regime of Postumus. After the brief accessions of Laelianus and
Marius he himself was elevated as Augustus by the troops. While
Victorinus was initially successful in bringing order after the
Augustus 269-271 chaotically implosive reigns of his two predecessors, the separate
empire's days were quickly waning. Spain withdrew its recognition
of Victorinus and transferred its loyalty back to the forces of
Claudius II and Rome. Then Victorinus himself died at the hands of one among his military staff, a certain
Attianus, reputedly because he had seduced his wife. The fledgling empire would linger on for three more years
under Tetricus and his son before being reabsorbed back into the greater empire.

Busts: Overall the coins of the Gallic emperors share

several loose traits. First of all there is the style that
1) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left
2) Laureate bust left of Victorinus over indeterminate bust left, draped is at once distinctive from the rest of the Roman
3) Laureate bust left of Victorinus over Sol, radiate empire but very similar from ruler to ruler. Then
4) Laureate bust right
5) Laureate bust right of Victorinus over Mars, laureate
there is the fact that the mints were decentralized
6) Laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle and apparently largely unregulated so that the
7) Laureate head right quality of craftsmanship both on the dies used as
8) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield
9) Laureate, cuirassed torso right, holding spear and shield well as the flans on which they were struck vary
10) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left from the supremely artistic to the unskilled. In fact,
11) Laureate, draped bust left
12) Laureate, draped bust right of Victorinus over Laureate, draped bust of Mars it isn’t often easy to distinguish between official
13) Radiate bust right issues and the so-called barbarous imitative coins
14) Radiate head right
15) Radiate, cuirassed bust left
made by and for Romanized Celts.
16) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield
17) Radiate, cuirassed bust right For Victorinus proper we may say that his coins are
18) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
19) Radiate, draped bust left slightly scarcer than those of Tetricus who
20) Radiate, draped bust left, holding spear and shield succeeds him and quite a bit less than those of
21) Radiate, draped bust right
Postumus, the last stable emperor. However, the
collector in search of his coins will find that this
Obverses:
relative scarcity is not enough to generally make a
1) DIVO VICTORINO PIO difference in price. A bigger test of patience will be
2) IMP C M PIAVVONIVS VICTORINVS PF AVG locating coins that are well enough preserved to be
3) IMP C PI VICTORINVS AVG
4) IMP C PI VICTORINVS PF AVG
collectable in the first place.
5) IMP C PIA VICTORINVS PF AVG
6) IMP C PIAV VICTORINVS PF AVG For a filler-grade coin one need only look to the
7) IMP C PIAVVONI VICTORINVS PF AVG
8) IMP C VICTORINVS AVG dregs available on Ebay with his name on it. Some
9) IMP C VICTORINVS P AVG of these coins go unsold at opening bids of $1.
10) IMP C VICTORINVS PF AVG
11) IMP CAES VICTORINVS PF AVG
 322
12) IMP PI VICTORINVS AVG 16) IMP VICTORINVS PF AVG
13) IMP PIAV VICTORINVS AVG 17) IMP VICTORINVS PIVS AVG
14) IMP PIAVVONIVS VICTORINVS PF AVG 18) VICTORINVS AVG
15) IMP VICTORINVS AVG 19) VICTORINVS PF AVG

Reverses:
1) ADIVTRIX AVG 30) LEG XX VAL VICTRIX P F
2) ADVENTVS AVG 31) LEG XXII P F
3) AEQVITAS AVG 32) LEG XXII PRIMIGENIE
4) COMES AVG 33) LEG XXX VLP VICT P F
5) CONCORD EQVIT 34) LEG XXX VLPIA PIA F
6) CONSACRATIO 35) MARS VICTOR
7) CONSECRATIO 36) MONIT AVG
8) COS II 37) ORIENS AVG
9) DEFENSOR ORBIS 38) PAX AVG
10) FELICITAS AVG 39) PIETAS AVG
11) FIDES MILITVM 40) PM TR P II COS II PP
12) FORT REDVX 41) PM TR P III COS II PP
13) FORTVNA AVG 42) PM TR P III COS III PP
14) INDVLGENTIA AVG 43) PROVID AVG
15) INVICTVS 44) PROVIDENTIA AVG
16) INVICTVS AVG 45) ROMAE AETERNAE
17) IOVI CONSERVATORI 46) SAECVLI FELICITAC
18) IOVI STATORI 47) SAECVLI FELICITAS
19) LAETITIA AVG 48) SALVS AVG
20) LEG II AVGVSTA P F 49) SECVRITAS AVGG
21) LEG II TRAIANA P F 50) SPES PVBLICA
22) LEG III GALLICA 51) TEMPOR FELICIT
23) LEG IIII FLAVIA P F 52) VBERTAS AVG
24) LEG PRIMA MINERVINA P F 53) VICTORIA AVG
25) LEG V MACIDONICA P F 54) VICTORIA V C S AVG
26) LEG X FRETENSIS P F 55) VIRTVS AVG
27) LEG X GEMINA P F 56) VOTA AVGVSTI
28) LEG XIII GEMINA
29) LEG XIII GEMINA P F

Types:
1) Abundantia standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding baby on lap; rudder to left.
2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
3) Boar standing left
4) Bull advancing right.
5) Concordia standing left, holding patera and rudder.
6) Eagle perched on column with wreath in beak.
7) Eagle perched on globe, with wreath in beak; capricornus to left.
8) Eagle perched on globe, with wreath in beak; standard to either side.
9) Eagle perched on globe.
10) Felicitas standing left, holding branch and scepter.
11) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
12) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand
13) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopiae.
14) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopiae.
15) Hercules advancing left, holding club.
16) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin
17) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin; capricornus to left.
18) Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt; capricornus to left.
19) Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt; captive by feet.
20) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
21) Lion advancing left
22) Lions (2) facing each other, Minerva helmeted bust right above and in between.
23) Luna bust right, holding bow and pulling arrow from quiver
24) Luna standing left, resting hand on deer and holding scepter.
25) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
26) Mars helmeted bust right
27) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
28) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
29) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box.
30) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter.
31) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar.
32) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.
33) Roma helmeted, draped bust right over Luna, holding bow
34) Roma helmeted, draped bust right.
35) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar.
36) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake.
37) Securitas seated left, holding scepter.
38) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip.
39) Sol diademed, bust right facing Luna diademed bust left, holding bow.
40) Sol radiate bust right
41) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
42) Ubertas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia.
43) Victorinus riding horse left over enemy.
44) Victorinus riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear.
45) Victorinus standing left, holding globe and spear.
46) Victorinus standing left, sacrificing over altar.
47) Victorinus to left, holding hand of kneeling Indulgentia to right, holding cornucopia.
 323
48) Victorinus to left, receiving globe from Roma seated to left; soldier in background.
49) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
50) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
51) Victory sacrificing over altar and holding trophy.
52) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm.
53) Victory standing left, holding wreath and cornucopia.
54) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.
55) Victory standing left, holding wreath; ram to right.
56) Victory torso right, holding wreath and palm.
57) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
58) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.

Mints:
1) Colonia Agrippinensis
2) Gaul, uncertain localities
3) Treveri

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B04, O11, R04, T54 RIC Vii 94, C 16

AE Antoninianus
2) B16, O10, R39, T29
3) B17, O10, R39, T29 RIC Vii 57, C 90
4) B17, O10, R44, T32 RIC Vii 61
5) B17, O10, R48, T36 RIC Vii 122, C 112
6) B17, O10, R48, T36 RIC Vii 67
7) B18, O06, R04, T50 RIC Vii 107
8) B18, O06, R11, T12 RIC Vii 109, C 36
9) B18, O06, R38, T28 RIC Vii 117, C 83
10) B18, O10, R15, T38 * in left field RIC Vii 114, C 49
11) B18, O10, R38, T28 V in left field, * in right field RIC Vii 118, C 79
12) B18, O10, R48, T35 RIC Vii 71
13) B18, O10, R50, T41 RIC Vii 73, C 120
14) B18, O10, R55, T58 RIC Vii 78, C 131

Victorinus Busts

Victorinus Types
 324
Only very recently has the identity of this extremely obscure

Domitian II emperor been confirmed. In the year 1900 a coin bearing the
legend IMP C DOMITIANVS PF AVG was discovered in a rural
area of France and given the unusual nature of the find quickly
written off as a forgery. In February of 2004 the British Museum
Augustus 271 announced that their own team had restored a coin among 5,000
others that had solidified together and been found recently as a
single lump by a metal detectorist. The coin again bore the same legend and this time there was no denying that
the emperor did in fact exist and that the earlier coin was genuine.

Straddling the short reign of Victorinus and that of Tetricus it now appears that in the wake of Victorinus's murder
a power struggle emerged and Domitian, a general, was hailed emperor by his subordinates. Politically, however,
Victoria (the mother of Victorinus) had much more influence and somehow managed to suppress Domitian's bid
and place her son on the throne instead. In all, Domitian probably enjoyed his precious Augustus title for only a
few days.

Bust:
With there being all of two coins known for this emperor,
1) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
both of them in museums, the acquisition of one of these
for a collector is about as hopeless a pursuit as pining
Obverse: away for an undiscovered Van Gogh.
1) IMP C DOMITIANVS PF AVG
Given that only one coin out of that mass of 5,000 was of
Reverse: this Domitian odds are that in the year 271 these coins
were instant rarities. Therefored only other as-yet
1) CONCORDIA MILITVM undiscovered large hoards provide any realistic hope of
future discoveries.
Type:
1) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.

Mint:

1) Gaul (Colonia Agrippinensis?)

AE Antoninianus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T1

 325

Tetricus was governor of Acquitaine in Gaul when Victorinus, the

Tetricus I emperor of this secessionist region, was murdered. Victorinus'
mother, who evidently had a certain degree of influence in the
army, then appointed the Governor to emperor. The reign of
Augustus 271-274 Tetricus was potmarked by a string of battles against loyalist
Romans, other secessionist states, would-be crown usurpers and
barbarians. It all finally ended when Tetricus arranged for
surrender to the forces of Aurelian in exchange for his life. The plot was carried off and Aurelian subsequently
pardoned him as well as appointed him to office either as governor of Lucania or as corrector of Italy.
Contemporary historians relate how the two former adversaries retained a strong friendship.

Busts:

1) Laureate bust right of Tetricus I, bareheaded bust left of Tetricus II

As a whole, the coins of Tetricus I (and his son too)
2) Laureate head left are easily available and cheap. The problem is that
3) Laureate head right finding coins of either of these guys in desirable
4) Laureate, cuirassed bust left
5) Laureate, cuirassed bust left holding scepter over shoulder and shield condition can be a challenge.
6) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
7) Radiate, cuirassed bust right
8) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right By the closing years of the Gallic empire the coins
were produced with wild carelessness and of very low
Obverses: grade metal. The dies, particularly obverse dies, were
typically used until they were worn smooth or broke
1) IMP C C P ESV TETRICVS AVG apart under ceaseless hammering. This left mint state
2) IMP C C P ESVVIVS TETRICVS AVG
3) IMP C P ESV TETRICVS AVG
coins nearly unrecognizable even back then. Add in
4) IMP C P ESVVIVS TETRICVS AVG over a dozen centuries of weathering and it’s
5) IMP C TETRICVS understandable that nice coins are hard to come by.
6) IMP C TETRICVS AVG
7) IMP C TETRICVS P AVG
8) IMP C TETRICVS PF AV To complicate matters, many of the coins for this reign
9) IMP C TETRICVS PF AVG
10) IMP C TETRICVS PIVS AVG were minted in territories nominally under Tetricus’s
11) IMP TETRICI AVGG control but more or less autonomous. The people who
12) IMP TETRICVS
13) IMP TETRICVS AVG
lived in these areas struck their own coins imitating
14) IMP TETRICVS P AVG the “official” Tetricus issues as best they could. These
15) IMP TETRICVS PF AVG barbarous coins, as they’re now termed, range in style
16) IMP TETRICVS PIVS AVG
17) IMPP TETRICI AVGG and workmanship from the good to the abominable
18) No Legend and, unfortunately, often blend elements of the official
coinage so close that telling the two apart is an
Reverses: academic exercise of little consequence.
1) ABVNDANTIA
2) ABVNDANTIA AVG
3) ADVENTVS AVG
4) AEQVITAS AVG
5) AEQVITAS AVGG V
6) AETERNIT AVG
7) AETERNITAS AVGG
8) CARITAS AVGG 34) IOVI CONSERVATORI
9) COMES AVG 35) IOVI STATORI
10) COMIT AVG 36) IOVI VICTORI
11) CONCORD 37) LAETITIA AVG
12) CONCORDIA AVG 38) LAETITIA AVG N
13) CONCORDIA AVGG 39) LAETITIA AVGG
14) CONSACRATIO 40) LIBERALITAS AVG
15) CONSECR 41) LIBERALITAS AVGG
16) CONSECRA 42) MARS VICTOR
17) CONSECRATIO 43) MONETA AVG
18) CONSERVAT AVG 44) NEPTVNO CONS AVG
19) COS III 45) NOBILITAS AVGG
20) FECVNDITAS 46) ORIENS AVG
21) FELICIT AVG 47) ORIENS AVGG
22) FELICITAS AVG 48) P I TETRICVS C
23) FELICITAS PVBLICA 49) PA PVBLIC
24) FIDES MILITVM 50) PAX AETERNA
25) FORTVNA AVG 51) PAX AVG
26) FORTVNA REDVX 52) PAX AVGG
27) HILARITAS 53) PIETAS AVG
28) HILARITAS AVG 54) PIETAS AVGG
29) HILARITAS AVGG 55) PIETAS AVGVSTO
30) IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG 56) PM TR P COS III PP
31) IMP C POSTVMVS PF AVG 57) PM TR P COS PP
32) IMP C VICTORINVS PF AVG 58) PM TR P I COS PP
33) INVICTVS 59) PM TR P II COS PP
 326
60) PM TR P III COS II PP 74) TVTELA
61) PM TR P III COS PP 75) VBERITAS AVGG
62) PRINC IVVENT 76) VBERTAS AVG
63) PRO AVG 77) VICTORIA
64) PROVID AVG 78) VICTORIA AVG
65) PROVIDENTIA AVG 79) VICTORIA AVG I
66) ROMAE AETERNAE 80) VICTORIA AVG IIII
67) SAEC FELICITAS 81) VICTORIA AVGG
68) SAECVLI FELICITAS 82) VICTORIA GERM
69) SALVS AVG 83) VIRTVS AVG
70) SALVS AVGG 84) VIRTVS AVGG
71) SPES AVG 85) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI
72) SPES AVGG 86) VOTA PVBLICA
73) SPES PVBLICA

Types:
1) Abundantia standing left, holding grain ears and cornucopia
2) Abundantia standing left, pouring cornucopia
3) Abundantia standing right, pouring cornucopia
4) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopiae
5) Aeternitas standing left, holding phoenix on globe and holding robe
6) Altar
7) Altar, Concordia standing by holding patera and cornucopia
8) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia
9) Eagle
10) Felicitas sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus
11) Felicitas standing left with crossed legs, leaning on column and holding caduceus
12) Felicitas standing left, holding patera and cornucopia
13) Felicitas standing, facing, holding caduceus and cornucopia
14) Feunditas standing left, holding two babies and two babies by feet
15) Fides standing left, holding standard and scepter
16) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand
17) Fortuna seated left on wheel, holding rudder and cornucopia
18) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia
19) Hercules standing right, leaning on club; lion skin lying on rock.
20) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia
21) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia, child on either side.
22) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia, two children on either side.
23) Hilaritas standing left, holding wreath and leaning on scepter.
24) Hippocamp advancing right.
25) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and spear
26) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter, Tetricus to lower left.
27) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter
28) Laetitia standing left, holding patera and rudder, child on right.
29) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor
30) Laetitia standing left, pouring cornucopia into vase
31) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia
32) Liberalitas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia
33) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
34) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear
35) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopiae
36) Nobilitas standing right, hold spear and globe. Galley prow by feet.
37) Pax standing left, holding anchor and feeding serpent on altar
38) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
39) Pax standing left, holding broken bow and cornucopiae
40) Pax standing left, holding palm and cornucopiae
41) Pax standing left, holding patera and scepter, facing snake.
42) Pax standing left, holding scale and two cornucopiae
43) Pax standing left, holding wreath and rudder
44) Pietas standing left, holding branch and cornucopiae
45) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding box
46) Providentia standing left, holding rudder and cornucopiae
47) Providentia standing left, holding wand and cornucopiae, globe by feet.
48) Providentia standing left, holding wand and cornucopiae.
49) Roma seated left by shield, holding Victory and spear.
50) Sacrificial implements: aspergillum, simpulum, cruet, lituus (variously arranged)
51) Sacrificial implements: cruet
52) Sacrificial implements: cruet with a lituus on either side
53) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder.
54) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter.
55) Salus standing left, holding wreath and anchor.
56) Salus standing left, holding wreath and anchor; altar by feet.
57) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding globe.
58) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip.
59) Sol standing right
60) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt
61) Spes standing left, holding flower and palm
62) Spes standing left, holding patera and scepter
63) Tetricus I and Tetricus II, facing each other, jointly holding Victory on globe
64) Tetricus I handing over globe to Tetricus II, both holding scepter, altar in between.
65) Tetricus I riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter
66) Tetricus I sacrificing over altar, standing next to Tetricus II, holding globe and being crowned by Victory.
67) Tetricus I seated left, holding branch and scepter
68) Tetricus I seated left, holding globe and scepter
69) Tetricus I standing left, holding globe and parazonium; seated captive to left.
70) Tetricus I standing left, holding globe and scepter
 327
71) Tetricus I standing left, holding wand and scepter
72) Tetricus I standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter
73) Tetricus I standing right, holding spear and globe
74) Tetricus I standing right, stepping on globe, holding spear and parazonium.
75) Tutela standing left, holding patera and spear
76) Uberitas standing left, holding grapes and cornucopiae
77) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
78) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and trophy
79) Victory advancing right, trampling enemy, holding wreath and trophy
80) Victory crowning globe held by Tetricus, captive by feet
81) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm
82) Victory standing left, in front of altar, holding wreath and palm
83) Victory standing right, holding trophy
84) Virtus seated left, holding branch and spear.
85) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
86) Virtus standing right, holding spear and leaning on shield.

Mints:
1) Colonia Agrippinensis
2) Gaul
3) Treveri

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B4, O16, R83, T69 RIC Vii 41, C 205

2) B5, O13, R83, T69
3) B6, O09, R60, T74 RIC Vii 7, C 130
4) B6, O09, R83, T84 RIC Vii 21, C 202

AE Antoninianus

5) B7, O09, R29, T20 RIC Vii 79

6) B7, O09, R78, T77 RIC Vii 141
7) B7, O13, R24, T16 RIC Vii 71, C 43
8) B7, O15, R29, T20 RIC Vii 80
9) B7, O15, R39, T29 RIC Vii 88
10) B7, O15, R49, T38
11) B7, O15, R70, T53 RIC Vii 127f, C 152
12) B8, O06, R22, T12
13) B8, O06, R24, T16 RIC Vii 69
14) B8, O09, R09, T81 RIC Vii 56, C 17
15) B8, O09, R51, T36 RIC Vii 100, C 95
16) B8, O09, R70, T53 RIC Vii 126c, C 154
17) B8, O09, R70, T53 RIC Vii 128
18) B8, O09, R73, T60 RIC Vii 136
19) B8, O09, R84, T85 RIC Vii 148
20) B8, O15, R09, T77 RIC Vii 57

Tetricus I Busts
 328
Tetricus I Types

Son of Tetricus I. He shared in the pardon of his father

Tetricus II and is said to have later been given the position of
Senator in which he served with distinction. He may also
have been promoted to the rank of co-augustus shortly
Caesar c.273-274 before the two capitulated to Aurelian. The evidence
rests on a coin or two featuring his portrait (distinguished
by the lack of beard as opposed to his father’s portrait)
bearing a legend ending in AVG.

Busts:
What goes for Tetricus I goes for II as well. The interesting point to
1) Bareheaded, draped bust right
2) Bare-headed, draped bust right, wearing
ponder is whether he made it to emperor or stayed Caesar until his
imperial mantle father’s abdication. One could make an argument that the title was
3) Radiate head right conferred shortly before based on the few coins of his with AVGs in their
4) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
5) Radiate, draped bust left legends. Or perhaps this was all due to the general apathy towards the
6) Radiate, draped bust right dies in their preparation. Either way, historians of the day say nothing of
the subject and consider it enough to state that they both surrendered to
Obverses: Aurelian.
1) C P E TETRICVS CAES
2) C P E TETRICVS CES Just about the only coins for Tetricus (either Tetricus) will be the
3) C P ES TETRICVS CAES Antoninianus. Initially, under Caracalla and until around the early 250’s,
4) C P ESV TETRICVS CAES
5) C P ESV TETRICVS CAES
these coins were silver coins about twice the size of the old Denarius.
6) C P TETRICVS CAE But by the time the Tetricus pair are making them they have shrunk to the
7) C P TETRICVS CAE CES size of a Denarius, often smaller and thinner, and made of a metal that
8) C P TETRICVS CAES CES
9) C PI ES TETRICVS CAE quickly turned black or dark brown.
10) C PIV ESV TETRICVS CAES
11) C PIV TETRICVS A
12) C PIV TETRICVS P AVG For this reason it will be nearly impossible to find a Tetricus that still looks
13) C PV TETRICVS CAES white and “new”. Even more challenging will be to find one whose both
14) C PV ESV TETRICVS CAES
15) PIV ESV TETRICVS AVGG
sides retain sharp details. Typically, the reverse die was used til worn
16) PIV ESV TETRICVS CAES nearly flat.

So forgetting about those nonexistent gem coins one is left more often
than not with a thin, black, ratty coin with a worn reverse. Price for these,
thankfully, should be only a few dollars.
 329
Reverses:

1) AEQVITAS AVG 17) LAETITIA AVGG 33) PROVIDENTIA AVG

2) COM IMP AVG 18) LAETITIA AVGVSTI 34) PROVIDENTIA AVGG
3) COMES AVG 19) LATITIA AVG 35) SALVS AVG
4) COMES AVGG 20) MARS VICTOR 36) SALVS AVGG
5) COMOLVTETIO 21) MONETA 37) SOLI CONSER
6) CONSECRATIO 22) NOBILITAS AVGG 38) SPEI PERPETVAE
7) FELICITAS AVG 23) ORIENS AVG 39) SPES AVGG
8) FIDES MILITVM 24) PAX AVG 40) SPES PVBLICA
9) HERC COMITI 25) PAX AVGG 41) VBERITAS AVG
10) HILARI AVGG 26) PIETAS AVGG 42) VBERTAS AVG
11) HILARITAS AVGG 27) PIETAS AVGVS PIETAS AVGVSTO 43) VICTORIA AVG
12) HILARITAS AVGG 28) PIETAS AVGVSTOR 44) VIRTVS AVG
13) INVICTVS 29) PIETAS AVSTO
14) IOVI STATORI 30) PRINC IVVENT
15) LAETITIA AVG 31) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS
16) LAETITIA AVG N 32) PROVID AVG

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia

2) Altar
3) Centaur holding bow
4) Eagle
5) Felicitas standing left, child on either side.
6) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand
7) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia
8) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia; child to either side of her.
9) Hilaritas standing left, holding wreath and anchor
10) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
11) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
12) Minerva sacrificing over altar and holding spear
13) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
14) Nobilitas standing, holding scepter and globe
15) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter
16) Pax standing left, holding palm and cornucopia
17) Pax standing left, holding scepter
18) Pax standing, holding two standards
19) Sacrificial implements: lituus, cruet, simpulum, etc. (variously arranged)
20) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter
21) Providentia standing left, holding wand and cornucopia
22) Salus standing left, feeding snake in altar and holding rudder.
23) Salus standing left, holding and feeding snake
24) Salus standing left, holding branch and anchor
25) Salus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding anchor
26) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip
27) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip.
28) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
29) Temple, Hercules within
30) Tetricus II standing left, holding branch and scepter
31) Tetricus II standing left, holding patera and scepter
32) Tetricus II standing left, holding standard in each hand
33) Tetricus II standing left, holding wand and standard
34) Tetricus II standing right, holding spear and globe
35) Uberitas holding grapes and cornucopia
36) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
37) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm
38) Virtus standing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.

Mints:

1) Gaul, various localities

2) Treveri

AE Antoninianus Reference(s)

1) B5, O10, R40, T28

2) B6, O01, R26, T19 RIC Vii 255, C 48
3) B6, O01, R28, T19 RIC Vii 259, C 60
4) B6, O10, R24, T20
5) B6, O10, R30, T30 RIC Vii 260, C 62
6) B6, O10, R40, T28 RIC Vii 270, C 88
7) B6, O10, R41, T28 RIC Vii 272, C 97
8) B6, O14, R40, T28
 330
Tetricus II Busts

Tetricus II Types

Quietus ascended the throne at the same time as his brother

Quietus Macrianus following the capture of Valerian, the former
emperor. However, after Macrianus and his army were unable
to defeat the forces of Gallienus he saw his support base
Augustus 261 dissipate and he fled his post. The troops of Gallienus were
able to track him down and execute him soon after thus ending
his brief reign. Quietus survived him scarcely any more time
before he, too, was located and executed.

Busts:
Quietus appears with modest frequency among the
1) Laureate bust right offerings of ancient coin dealers. With the exception of
2) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
3) Radiate, draped bust right some extreme rarities the coins will all be relatively poor
condition Antoniniani. Because they were minted
Obverse: exclusively in the Middle East these coins often sport
attractive “sandy patinas” that enhance the contrast of the
1) IMP C FVL QVIETVS PF AVG details.

Reverses: Condition being the key in determining value, one of these

Ants will go anywhere from about $100 to over $300.
1) AEQVITAS AVGG
2) AEQVTAS AVG
3) AEQVTAS AVGG
4) APOLINI CONSERVA
5) APOLLINI CONSERVA
6) FORT REDVX
7) INDVLGENTIAE AVG
8) INDVLGNTIAE AVG
9) IOVI CONSERVATORI
10) MARTI PROPVGNATORI
11) PIETAS AVG
12) ROMAE AETERNAE
13) SOL INVICTO
14) SPES PVBLICA
15) VICTORIA AVGG

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia

2) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre
3) Fortuna seated left on wheel, holding rudder and cornucopia
4) Indulgentia seated left, holding patera and scepter
5) Jupiter seated left, holding patera and scepter; eagle to left by feet.
6) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield.
7) Pietas standing left, holding purse and caduceus
8) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear; eagle to left
 331
9) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe
10) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt
11) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
12) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm

Mint:
1) Antioch

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R15, T11 RIC Vii 1

AE Antoninianus

2) B3, O1, R03, T01 * in left field RIC Vii 2, C 1

3) B3, O1, R04, T02 * in left field RIC Vii 3
4) B3, O1, R07, T04 * in left field RIC Vii 5
5) B3, O1, R09, T05 RIC Vii 6, C 8
6) B3, O1, R12, T08 Exe: •• and * in left field RIC Vii 9, C 11b
7) B3, O1, R13, T09 * in left field RIC Vii 10, C 12a
8) B3, O1, R14, T10 * in left field RIC Vii 11, C 14a

AE As

9) B1, O1, R03, T01 * in left field RIC Vii 13, C 2

Quietus Busts

Quietus Types
 332

The story of Macrianus is intimately connected with that of his

Macrianus brother Quietus. The two were sons of Macrianus Sr. who was one
of Valerian's highest-ranked generals. After Valerian was
kidnapped by a Persian king whom he was seeing on business of
Augustus 261 discussing war settlements the elder Macrianus chased the
Persians away and the soldiers offered him the post of Augustus.
He, in turn, declined and bestowed the titles jointly upon Macrianus
Jr. and Quietus. It was decided that Macrianus would now lead an expedition to depose Gallienus back in Rome
while Quietus would stay in the east to secure the region against any Persian reprisals. Macrianus's army suffered
a defeat and the troops loyal to Gallienus gave chase to a fleeing Quietus who was eventually captured and
executed. All coins from eastern mints, imperial issues only from Antioch.

Busts:

1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right

2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
3) Laureate, draped bust right
4) Radiate, cuirassed bust right For being an usurper and having a coin-striking
5) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right season lasting perhaps less than a full year, the
6) Radiate, draped bust right
coins of Macrianus are relatively easy to find.
That is, so long as your expectation stretches no
Obverse:
farther than a so-so condition Antoninianus of
1) IMP C FVL MACRIANVS PF AVG
very low grade silver.

Reverses: With that one caveat, you may expect to pay

about $100 for the average coin with premium
1) AEQVITAS AVGG coins doubling or tripling that amount.
2) AEQVTAS AVGG
3) APOLINI CONSERVA
4) CONSERVATRICI AVG
5) FORT REDVX
6) INDVLGENTIAE AVG
7) IOVI CONSERVATORI
8) MARTI PROPVGNATORI
9) ROMAE AETERNAE
10) SOL INVICTO
11) SPES PVBLICA
12) VICTORIA AVGG

Types:
1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
2) Apollo standing left, holding branch and resting hand on lyre.
3) Diana standing right, holding bow; deer to side.
4) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia
5) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair.
6) Indulgentia seated left, holding patera and scepter.
7) Jupiter seated left, holding patera and scepter; eagle to left.
8) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield.
9) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter
10) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe
11) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
12) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.

Mint:
1) Antioch

AE Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R09, T09 RIC Vii 2, C10

AE Antoninianus
2) B4, O1, R02, T01 * in left field RIC Vii 5, C1
3) B4, O1, R02, T01 RIC Vii 5, C1
4) B4, O1, R03, T02 RIC Vii 6, C 2
5) B4, O1, R06, T06 * in left field RIC Vii 8, C 6
6) B4, O1, R07, T07 * in left field RIC Vii 9, C 8
7) B4, O1, R08, T08 RIC Vii 10, C 9
8) B4, O1, R09, T09 * in left field RIC Vii 11, C 11
 333
9) B4, O1, R09, T09 RIC Vii 11, C 11
10) B4, O1, R10, T10 RIC Vii 12, C 12
11) B4, O1, R10, T10 * in left field RIC Vii 12, C 12
12) B4, O1, R11, T11 RIC Vii 13, C 13

Macrianus Busts

Macrianus Types
 334
Claudius was apparently one of the principal conspirators who
Claudius II instigated a lethal mutiny against Gallienus during his siege
against the usurper Aureolus. His claim that Gallienus designated
him his heir in his deathbed and absent any credible witnesses led
Augustus 268-270 many to doubt the story. Regardless, Claudius rose to power and
quelled any discontent over Gallienus's fate by giving each soldier
the princely sum of 20 Aurei and locating Aureolus who was
promptly executed.

The controversial accession besides, Claudius proved a remarkably able battlefield commander and he earned
the nickname Gothicus following the devastating blow he dealt to the Goths; accounts of which had the battle
ending with some 50,000 barbarians of this tribe being killed. Before he had much time to secure more honorary
titles for himself, however, he contracted plague and died in Sirmium two years later. The Senate dutifully praised
and deified him afterwards as one of the greatest emperors ever. Contemporary historians linked his family to that
of Constantine and evidently his memory was still popular enough half a century later that Constantine would be
able to exploit the public relations value of this link through a series of coins minted honoring his alleged dead
ancestor.

Busts: Claudius takes over during turbulent years. Coins are

being made by the millions but quality control has
1) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left
2) Laureate head left sunk to its lowest level yet ensuring that these coins
3) Laureate head right deteriorated soon after entering circulation. And what
4) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
5) Laureate, draped bust right
does this leave for those that have had to endure
6) Radiate bust left another 1,600 years?
7) Radiate bust left, holding globe and scepter
8) Radiate bust left, holding scepter
9) Radiate head left While the gold coinage escapes the poor quality
10) Radiate head right control issues there are so few of them that the point
11) Radiate torso left, holding globe and scepter
12) Radiate torso left, holding spear and shield is moot for the vast majority of collectors. This leaves
13) Radiate torso right, holding spear only the sorry Antoninianus as representative of this
14) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield
15) Radiate, cuirassed bust right
emperor.
16) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding globe
17) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right The Ants had been suffering a steady decline in their
18) Radiate, draped bust left
19) Radiate, draped bust left, holding shield fineness ever since their inception under Caracalla a
20) Radiate, draped bust left, holding spear half century before. By the 250’s there was so little
21) Radiate, draped bust right
22) Radiate, helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield silver in them that they no longer looked “silvery” or
23) Veiled, laureate head right did so only briefly before corrosion and wear
revealed them for being the essentially copper coins
Obverses: that they really were.
1) CLAVDIVS AVG
2) CLAVDIVS PF AVG
Under the reign of Gallienus, or perhaps that of
3) CLAVDIVS PIVS AVG INV Claudius II, a new process of silver washing was
4)
5)
DIVO CLAVDIO
DIVO CLAVDIO GOTHICO
developed to at least keep the appearance that these
6) DIVO CLAVDIO OPT IMP were silver coins still worth, in theory, two Denarii.
7) DIVO CLAVDIO OPTIMO This coating measured a meager few thousandths of
8) DIVO CLAVDIO OPTIMO IMP
9) DIVVS CLAVDIVS OPT IMP an inch and wore or flaked off quickly on the high
10) IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG points of the coin. Only a brand new coin buried in a
11) IMP C CLAVDIVS PF AVG
12) IMP C M AVR CLAVDIVS AVG
protective container could survive to this day with this
13) IMP C M AVR CLAVDIVS PF AVG silvering intact. And while they’re available today
14) IMP C M AVREL CLAVDIVS PF AVG they are rare and expensive.
15) IMP C V CLAVDIVS AVG
16) IMP CLAVDIVS AVG
17) IMP CLAVDIVS CAES AVG The process of silvering the Ants lasted until
18) IMP CLAVDIVS PF AVG
Diocletian’s reform a few years later. During this
Reverses: period, and certainly including Claudius, Ants will be
readily available with partial silvering but unless a
1) ABVNDANTIA AVG substantial amount survives they carry no premium
2) ADVENTVS AVG over an otherwise patinated coin.
3) AEQVITAS AVG
4) AETER AVG
5) AETERNIT AVG Low grade coins may be found among “uncleaned”
6) AETERNITAS AVG
7) ANNONA AVG coins or dealer’s “junk bins” for a few dollars each.
8) APOLLI CONS Nicer specimens quickly escalate in price.
9) APOLLINI CONS
10) APOLLINI P CONS
 335
11) CERES AVG 53) HILARITAS AVGG 95) PROVIDENT AVG
12) CONCO EXERC 54) INVICTVS AVG 96) PROVIDENTIA AVG
13) CONCOR AVG 55) IOVI CONSERV AVG 97) REGI ARTIS
14) CONCOR EXER 56) IOVI CONSERVATORI 98) REQVIES OPT MER
15) CONCOR EXERC 57) IOVI FVLGERAT 99) REQVIES OPTIMOR MERIT
16) CONCOR EXERCI 58) IOVI STATORI 100) REQVIES OPTIMORVM MERITORVM
17) CONCORD EXER 59) IOVI VICTORI 101) ROMAE AETERNAE
18) CONCORD LEGI 60) IVNO REGINA 102) SALVS AVG
19) CONCORDIA AVG 61) IVVENTAS AVG 103) SALVS AVGG
20) CONCORDIA EXERCITVS 62) IVVENTVS AVG 104) SECVRIT AVG
21) CONSACRATIO 63) LAETITIA AVG 105) SECVRITAS PERPETVA
22) CONSAECRATIO 64) LAETITIA AVG N 106) SOL AVG
23) CONSECR AVG 65) LIBERAL AVG 107) SOLI CONS AVG
24) CONSECRATIO 66) LIBERALITAS AVG 108) SPES AVG
25) CONSER AVG 67) LIBERITAS AVG 109) SPES PVBLIC
26) CONSERVAT AVG 68) LIBERO CONS AVG 110) SPES PVBLICA
27) CONSERVAT PIETAT 69) LIBERT AVG 111) TEMPORVM FELI
28) CONSERVATORES AVG 70) LIBERTAS AVG 112) TEMPORVM FELIC
29) COS III 71) MARS VICTOR 113) VBERITAS AVG
30) DACIA FELIX 72) MARS VLTOR 114) VBERTAS AVG
31) DEO CABIRO 73) MARTI PACIF 115) VENVS AVG
32) DIANA LVCIF 74) MARTI PACIFERO 116) VICTOR GERMAN
33) DIANAE CONS AVG 75) MARTI VICTORI 117) VICTORIA AVG
34) DIANAE VICTR 76) MEMORIAE AETERNAE 118) VICTORIA GERMAN
35) FECVND AVG 77) MINERVA AVG 119) VICTORIA GERMANIC
36) FECVNDITAS AVG 78) MONETA AVG 120) VICTORIA GM
37) FELIC AVG 79) NEPTVN AVG 121) VICTORIAE GOTHIC
38) FELIC TEMPO 80) NEPTVS AVG 122) VIRT AVG
39) FELICITAS AVG 81) ORIENS AVG 123) VIRTVS AVG
40) FELICITAS SAECVL 82) PAX AET 124) VIRTVSS AVG
41) FID MILITVM 83) PAX AETERNA 125) VIRTVS AVGVSTI
42) FIDES AVG 84) PAX AVG 126) VIRTVS CLAVDI AVG
43) FIDES EXERCI 85) PAX AVGVSTI 127) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI
44) FIDES MILIT 86) PAX EXERC 128) VOTA ORBIS
45) FIDES MILITVM 87) PIETAS 129) No legend
46) FORTVNA RED 88) PIETAS AVG
47) FORTVNA REDVX 89) PM TR P II COS PP
48) FORTVNAE RED 90) PM TR P O PP
49) FORTVNAE REDVCI 91) PROVENTI AVG
50) GENIVS AVG 92) PROVI AVG
51) GENIVS EXERCI 93) PROVID AVG
52) GENIVS POPVLI 94) PROVIDEN AVG

Types:
1) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia
2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
3) Aesculapius standing left, holding scepter with snake coiled around it.
4) Altar
5) Altar, lit.
6) Annona standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding grain ears and cornucopia.
7) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre on rock.
8) Cabirus standing right, holding hammer and nails
9) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.
10) Claudius II advancing left, holding scepter and globe.
11) Claudius II advancing right, holding scepter and globe.
12) Claudius II riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter.
13) Claudius II riding horse right, spearing barbarians
14) Claudius II seated left, holding scepter
15) Claudius II standing left, holding branch and scepter.
16) Claudius II standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter.
17) Claudius II standing to left, holding scepter, facing Fortuna to right, holding rudder and cornucopia.
18) Claudius II standing to right, holding scepter and hand of kneeling Pietas.
19) Concordia standing left, holding standard and cornucopia.
20) Concordia standing, facing, holding standard in each hand.
21) Concordiae (2) facing each other, each holding a torch and grain ears.
22) Dacia standing left, holding staff with donkey head atop
23) Deer advancing right.
24) Diana standing right, holding torch
25) Diana standing right, pulling arrow from quiver and holding bow; deer to right.
26) Diana standing right on left, pulling arrow from quiver and holding bow, facing Apollo to right, holding branch and resting hand on lyre.
27) Eagle standing left
28) Fecunditas standing left, touching child on head and holding cornucopia.
29) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
30) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter
31) Fides standing left, holding standard and scepter
32) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand
33) Fides standing left, holding vexillum and scepter
34) Fides standing right, holding standard in each hand.
35) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
36) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia
37) Fortuna standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia
38) Funeral pyre
39) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
40) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
41) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding apple.
42) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin.
 336
43) Hilaritas standing, holding palm and cornucopia; another cornucopia to right
44) Isis standing left, holding sistrum and basket.
45) Isis standing right on left, holding sistrum and basket, facing Serapis to right, holding scepter.
46) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter
47) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to lower left.
48) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
49) Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt
50) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
51) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
52) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter; Claudius II to lower right, holding scepter.
53) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor.
54) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and cornucopia.
55) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
56) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia.
57) Lion advancing right
58) Mars advancing right, holding branch and spear
59) Mars advancing right, holding branch and spear with shield.
60) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
61) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
62) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear.
63) Mars standing left, holding branch.
64) Mars standing left, holding parazonium and spear.
65) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus.
66) Monetae (3) standing, facing, each holding a scale and cornucopia.
67) Neptune standing left, holding dolphin and trident.
68) Panther advancing left
69) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter.
70) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter
71) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia.
72) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
73) Pax standing right, holding branch and scepter.
74) Pegasus advancing right
75) Pietas standing left, holding patera and spear.
76) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter.
77) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.
78) Providentia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.
79) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter; shield to side.
80) Roma seated left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
81) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter.
82) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake
83) Salus standing to left, holding and feeding snake, facing Aesculapius to right, holding staff with snake coiled around it.
84) Saturn standing left, holding scepter and scythe.
85) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter.
86) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding caduceus.
87) Serapis standing left, raising hand and holding scepter
88) Serapis standing right on left, holding scepter, facing Isis to right, holding sistrum and basket
89) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip.
90) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe.
91) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip
92) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe
93) Sol standing right on left, raising hand and holding whip, facing Luna (Diana) to right, holding torch
94) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt
95) Spes standing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
96) Table with vase atop
97) Temple; Roma within, holding Victory and spear.
98) Trophy; seated captive on either side.
99) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia.
100) Venus standing left, holding helmet and cradling spear; shield to right
101) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together shield on palm reading SC.
102) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
103) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
104) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm
105) Victory standing left, resting hand on shield and holding palm; two captives to left.
106) Virtus advancing right, holding spear and trophy
107) Virtus standing left, holding branch and spear; shield to left
108) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
109) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield
110) Vulcan standing right on left, holding hammer and nails, facing Minerva to right, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
111) Vulcan standing right, holding hammer and tongs
112) Wolf standing right, suckling Romulus and Remus

Mints:
1) Antioch 4) Roma
2) Cyzicus 5) Siscia
3) Mediolanum 6) Thessalonica

AU Medallion Reference(s)
1) B13, O04, R020, T020 8 Aurei weight

AU Aureus
2) B16, O02, R123, T106
 337
AE Antoninianus Reference(s)

3) B09, O10, R003, T002 RIC Vi 197l, C 8

4) B09, O10, R025, T088
5) B09, O10, R102, T007
6) B09, O10, R102, T026 RIC Vi 219l, C 260
7) B09, O10, R102, T044 RIC Vi 217l
8) B09, O10, R106, T089 RIC Vi 221l
9) B10, O16, R039, T029 RIC Vi 33
10) B10, O16, R043, T032
11) B10, O16, R045, T033 ` in right field
12) B10, O16, R047, T036 - in right field RIC Vi 41k
13) B10, O16, R050, T040 ` in right field RIC Vi 46k, C 109
14) B10, O16, R089, T011 D in right field RIC Vi 12k, C 216
15) B10, O16, R113, T099 ` in right field RIC Vi 193k, C 286
16) B10, O17, R003, T002
17) B10, O17, R040, T029 RIC Vi 179k
18) B10, O17, R117, T102
19) B10, O18, R093, T077 Exe: ` RIC Vi 163k
20) B10, O18, R110, T095 Exe: ` RIC Vi 168k, C 227
21) B15, O10, R002, T012 RIC Vi 13f, C 4
22) B15, O10, R003, T002 RIC Vi 14f, C 7
23) B15, O10, R007, T006 RIC Vi 18f, C 21
24) B15, O10, R039, T029
25) B15, O10, R043, T032 RIC Vi 34f, C 84
26) B15, O10, R059, T050 RIC Vi 54f, C 129
27) B15, O10, R066, T055 RIC Vi 57f, C 144
28) B15, O10, R095, T078 RIC Vi 91f, C 230
29) B15, O10, R102, T081 RIC Vi 98f
30) B15, O10, R110, T094 RIC Vi 102f
31) B15, O10, R117, T104 RIC Vi 104f, C 293
32) B15, O12, R115, T100 Exe: SPQR
33) B15, O12, R121, T098 Exe: SPQR Obv Exe: ••
34) B15, O16, R005, T090 RIC Vi 16f, C 16
35) B15, O16, R007, T006 RIC Vi 19f, C 22
36) B15, O16, R063, T054 ` in right field RIC Vi 181f, C 139
37) B15, O16, R069, T056 X in right field RIC Vi 63f, C 152
38) B15, O16, R108, T095 ` in left field RIC Vi 191f
39) B15, O16, R113, T099 RIC Vi 193f
40) B15, O16, R114, T099 RIC Vi 103f
41) B15, O16, R117, T104
42) B15, O18, R048, T035 Exe: ` RIC Vi 151f
43) B16, O12, R127, T042
44) B17, O10, R003, T002 Exe: •
45) B17, O10, R084, T072 C 198
46) B17, O10, R095, T078 RIC Vi 91c
47) B17, O10, R097, T111 RIC Vi 215a, C 239
48) B17, O10, R102, T081
49) B17, O13, R102, T044 Zachary Beasley collection
50) B17, O16, R003, T002 RIC Vi 15c, C 10
51) B17, O18, R045, T031 C 93
52) B17, O18, R047, T035 C 204
53) B17, O18, R081, T091
54) B17, O18, R121, T098 Obv Exe: ••
55) B17, O18, R121, T098 Exe: SPQR Obv Exe: ••
56) B17, O18, R123, T108
57) B21, O10, R003, T002 Exe: H RIC Vi 197a, C 6
58) B21, O10, R025, T087 Exe: ` RIC Vi 201a, C 58
59) B21, O10, R034, T025 RIC Vi 205a, C 67
60) B21, O10, R039, T029 RIC Vi 32a
61) B21, O10, R042, T065 RIC Vi 207a
62) B21, O10, R051, T039 RIC Vi 48a, C 114
63) B21, O10, R058, T049 RIC Vi 52a
64) B21, O10, R059, T050 RIC Vi 53a
65) B21, O10, R060, T047 Exe: •
66) B21, O10, R060, T047 Exe: ` RIC Vi 212, C 235
67) B21, O10, R062, T041 Exe: ` RIC Vi 213a, C 137
68) B21, O10, R072, T060 RIC Vi 66a
69) B21, O10, R079, T067 Exe: ` RIC Vi 214a, C 183
70) B21, O10, R102, T007 Exe: • RIC Vi 216a
71) B21, O10, R110, T095 RIC Vi 102a, C 281
72) B21, O10, R123, T107 RIC Vi 109a
73) B21, O10, R123, T109 Exe: ` RIC Vi 225a, C 317
74) B21, O12, R064, T053 M C across fields RIC Vi 235a, C 142
75) B21, O12, R083, T072 Exe: SPQR Obv Exe: ••• RIC Vi 237a, C 195
76) B21, O12, R129, T112 Exe: SPQR
77) B21, O13, R123, T107
78) B21, O16, R046, T035 RIC Vi 40a
79) B21, O16, R094, T077 ` in right field
80) B21, O17, R046, T035 ` in right field
81) B21, O18, R038, T030 Exe: ` RIC Vi 145a, C 74
82) B21, O18, R044, T032 Exe: ` RIC Vi 149, C 88
83) B21, O18, R081, T092 Exe: ` RIC Vi 153a, C 185
84) B21, O18, R084, T069 Exe: ` RIC Vi 157a, C 202
85) B21, O18, R117, T103 Exe: ` RIC Vi 171a, C 302
86) B21, O18, R123, T106 Exe: ` RIC Vi 172a, C 315
 338
AE Antoninianus (Posthumous) Reference(s)

87) B10, O04, R021, T005

88) B10, O04, R024, T005 RIC Vi 261k
89) B10, O04, R024, T027 RIC Vi 266k
90) B21, O04, R024, T005 Obv Exe: • RIC Vi 261a

AE Medallion

91) B05, O11, R078, T066 C 181

AE3 (Posthumous)

92) B23, O08, R100, T014 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 26 (VII, Thessalonica)
93) B23, O08, R100, T014 Exe: SIS RIC 43 (VII, Siscia)

Claudius II Busts

Claudius II Types
 339
Claudius II Types (continued)
 340

Quintillus came to power after the death of his brother

Quintillus Claudius II. Although loved by the Senate, Quintillus had no
strong ties with the army and when Aurelian claimed that
Claudius had meant for him to be the next successor what little
Augustus 270 loyalty Quintillus had evaporated. With Aurelian's forces
coming nearer, Quintillus had no muscle to contest the usurper
and committed suicide before testing Aurelian's mercy. He had
been emperor for only a few weeks.

Busts:
Well, he might have been emperor for only a few
1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right weeks but the mints sure were busy spitting out coins
2) Radiate head right
3) Radiate, cuirassed bust right for him the whole while. And while they may not be
4) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right very common nowadays, they’re not very expensive
5) Radiate, draped bust right
either. That probably has something to do with the fact
that very few survive in top condition. Most will be
Obverses:
Antoniniani that have seen better days… most,
1) IMP AVR CL QVINTILLVS AVG actually, have seen much better days.
2) IMP C L QVINTILLVS AVG
3) IMP C M AVR CL QVINTILLVS AVG
4) IMP C M AVR CL QVINTILLVS PF AVG
And these low grade Ants can be picked up on the
5) IMP C M AVR QVINTILLVS AVG internet for a few dollars each. Nicer ones tend to go
6) IMP C M AVREL QVINTILLVS AVG for around fifty dollars and rarely go for above $100.
7) IMP C M CL QVINTILLVS AVG
8) IMP CAES M AVR CL QVINTILLVS AVG But that, again, is because the grades are usually so
9) IMP QVINTILLVS disappointing. A mint state coin, if there is such a
10) IMP QVINTILLVS AVG
11) IMP QVINTILLVS PF AVG thing, would easily be worth several hundred dollars.
12) QVINTILLVS AVG

Reverses:
1) AEQVITAS AVG 19) FIDES MILITVM 37) PAX AVGVSTI
2) AETERNIT AVG 20) FORTVNA REDVX 38) PIETAS AVG
3) APOLLINI AVG 21) FORTVNAE RED 39) PM TR P COS PP
4) APOLLINI CONS 22) GENIVS AVG 40) PROVI AVG
5) APOLLINI CONSERVATORI 23) INVICTVS 41) PROVID AVG
6) CONC EXERC 24) IOVI CONSERVATORI 42) PROVIDENT AVG
7) CONCO EXER 25) IOVI VICTORI 43) SAECVLI FELICITAS
8) CONCO EXERC 26) LAETITIA AVG 44) SECVRIT AVG
9) CONCOR EXER 27) LIBERALITAS AVG 45) TEMPOR FELI
10) CONCORD EXER 28) LIBERITAS AVG 46) TEMPORVM FEL
11) CONCORD EXERC 29) LIBERTAS AVG 47) TEMPORVM FELI
12) CONCORDIA AVG 30) MARS VLTOR 48) VBERITAS AVG
13) CONSECRATIO 31) MARTI PAC 49) VICTORIA AVG
14) DIANA LVCIF 32) MARTI PACAT 50) VICTORIAE GOTHIC
15) FELICITAS AVG 33) MARTI PACI 51) VIRTVS AVG
16) FIDES EXER 34) MARTI PACIF
17) FIDES EXERCIT 35) MARTI PACIL
18) FIDES MILIT 36) PANNONIA

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia

2) Altar
3) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre on rock.
4) Concordia standing left, holding standard and cornucopia.
5) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand.
6) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding two cornucopiae.
7) Diana advancing right, holding torch with both hands.
8) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
9) Fides standing left, holding standard and cornucopia
10) Fides standing left, holding vexillum and spear.
11) Fides standing, facing, holding standard in each hand.
12) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia.
13) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and wreath.
14) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
15) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
16) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle by feet
17) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; Quintillus to lower left.
18) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor on globe.
19) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and cornucopia.
20) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
21) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia.
22) Mars advancing left, holding branch and shield.
23) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
 341
24) Mars advancing right, holding branch and spear.
25) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield.
26) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear.
27) Pannonia standing left, holding branch and standard.
28) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
29) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged)
30) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears and scepter.
31) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter.
32) Providentia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.
33) Providentia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over globe and scepter.
34) Quintillus standing, facing, holding spear and globe
35) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter.
36) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip.
37) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe
38) Trophy, seated captive on either side.
39) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia
40) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
41) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
42) Virtus standing left, holding branch and spear.
43) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.

Mints:
1) Cyzicus
2) Mediolanum
3) Roma
4) Siscia

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O05, R10, T04 Exe: T
2) B1, O03, R31, T26 Exe: P
3) B1, O05, R17, T11

AE Antoninianus

4) B3, O03, R47, T08 C 68

5) B3, O05, R48, T39 ` in right field RIC Vi 78f
6) B4, O11, R20, T08 RIC Vi 83c
7) B4, O11, R20, T08 RIC Vi 83c
8) B4, O11, R24, T15 RIC Vi 84c, C 36
9) B4, O11, R24, T15 RIC Vi 84c, C 36
10) B5, O03, R02, T37 RIC Vi 7, C 2
11) B5, O03, R04, T03 H in right field RIC Vi 9
12) B5, O03, R12, T06 Exe: Δ RIC Vi 13a
13) B5, O03, R19, T10 E in right field RIC Vi 18, C 28
14) B5, O03, R26, T18 Exe: XII RIC Vi 22a
15) B5, O03, R34, T23 X in left field RIC Vi 24a, C 49
16) B5, O03, R37, T28 RIC Vi 26
17) B5, O03, R41, T31 Exe: T
18) B5, O03, R42, T31 RIC Vi 29, C 61
19) B5, O03, R44, T35 XI in right field RIC Vi 31, C 63
20) B5, O03, R49, T41 Γ in right field RIC Vi 33, C 70
21) B5, O03, R51, T43 B in right field RIC Vi 35, C 73
22) B5, O10, R14, T07 Exe: `
23) B5, O10, R18, T11 Exe: S RIC Vi 52a, C 25
24) B5, O10, R21, T12 RIC Vi 54, C 33
25) B5, O10, R31, T26 RIC Vi 58a, C 47
26) B5, O11, R19, T10 RIC Vi 82, C 27
 342
Quintillus Busts

Quintillus Types
 343
Aurelian was an upwardly-mobile soldier who was eventually

Aurelian appointed commander of the cavalry by Claudius II. With the aid of
a sympathetic army he revolted against the accession of Quintillus
and a civil war was avoided when the latter committed suicide
following the growing popularity of his rival. Aurelian was then
Augustus 270 -275 hailed as emperor by the Senate and the rest of the legions alike.
His first mission was to strengthen the army by the introduction of
the strictest reforms and discipline as well as quelling the various uprisings that had broken out over the last two
decades. He thus spent the next five years until cut down by his own Praetorian Guard at the height of his glory. It
seems Aurelian's personal secretary, after being reprimanded by the emperor for attempted extortion, felt an
execution would follow. To guard against this possibility, he concocted a story about Aurelian intending to execute
his personal guard and then rushed to share with them this manufactured evidence. Naturally, afraid for their lives,
they entered the emperor's quarters and effected a preemptive strike. Somehow or other it was soon afterward
found out that the formerly beloved emperor had no such motives and his secretary himself was swiftly executed
for treason. When news reached Rome of what had happened Aurelian's wife seems to have actually been left
nominally in power while a new emperor was selected, a period that may have lasted several months. Although
history is a little hazy in this matter, it would mark the first and only time a Roman empress explicitly ruled the
empire.

Busts:
1) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield
2) Laureate, cuirassed bust left Aurelian leaves a very strong numismatic legacy
3) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder. for his five years as emperor of the Romans. His
4) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
5) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
coins, 99% or more of which are Antoniniani, are
6) Laureate, draped bust right ubiquitous in the inventory of any dealer who
7) Radiate bust facing away, looking left, holding spear and shield carries ancient Roman coins. Oodles, yes oodles,
8) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle and holding spear and shield
9) Radiate head right of these Ants are available on Ebay and other
10) Radiate, bust right, wearing imperial mantle and holding scepter internet outlets. They turn up regularly even on
11) Radiate, cuirassed bust left
12) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding shield. the dirt-on late Roman bronze coins the sort that
13) Radiate, cuirassed bust right are sold in bulk at a dollar or two each.
14) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder
15) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left
16) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right Aurelian is also the first emperor to really use the
17) Radiate, draped and cuirassed torso left, holding Victory on globe. cuirassed bust as a predominant type on his
18) Radiate, draped bust left.
19) Radiate, draped bust right coins. On some of the coins the cuirass shares
almost as much real estate as his head and, on
Obverses: rare instances, featuring elaborate designs within
the cuirass itself. In his portraits, his head often
1) AVRELIANVS AVG looks shrunken on top of an impossibly elongated
2) AVRELIANVS AVG CONS
3) AVRELIANVS P AVG neck. The effect makes for curious collectibles.
4) IMP AVRELIANVS AVG
5) IMP AVRELIANVS INVICT AVG
6) IMP AVRELIANVS INVICTVS AVG
And speaking of collectibles, fully silvered “gem”
7) IMP AVRELIANVS P AVG Ants can be found for less than $100 with some
8) IMP AVRELIANVS PF AVG difficulty but more typically for a little more than
9) IMP AVRELIANVS PIVS AVG
10) IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG that.
11) IMP C AVRELIANVS INVICTVS AVG
12) IMP C AVRELIANVS INVICTVS P AVG
13) IMP C AVRELIANVS P AVG
14) IMP C AVRELIANVS PF AVG
15) IMP C AVRELIANVS PIVS FEL AVG
16) IMP C D AVRELIANVS AVG
17) IMP C DOM AVRELIANVS AVG
18) IMP C L D AVRELIANVS AVG
19) IMP C L D AVRELIANVS PF AVG
20) IMP C L DOM AVRELIANVS AVG
21) IMP C L DOM AVRELIANVS P AVG
22) IMP C L DOM AVRELIANVS PF AVG
23) IMP CAES L DOM AVRELIANVS AVG
24) IMP DEO ET DOMINO NATO AVRELIANO AVG
25) SOL DOM IMP ROM
26) SOL DOM IMP ROMANI
27) SOL DOMINVS IMPERI ROMAN
 344
Reverses:

1) ADVENTVS AVG 41) IOVI CONSERV 81) RESTITVT SAECVLI

2) AEQVITAS AVG 42) IOVI CONSERVATORI 82) RESTITVTOR EXERCITI
3) AETERNIT AVG 43) IOVI STATORI 83) RESTITVTOR ORBIS
4) AETERNITAS AVG 44) IOVI VICTORI 84) RESTITVTOR ORIENT
5) ANNONA AVG 45) IVCTORIA AVG 85) RESTITVTOR ORIENTIS
6) APOL CONS AVG 46) LAETITIA AVG 86) RESTITVTORI GENTIS
7) APOLLINI CONS 47) LIBERALIT AVG 87) RESTITVTORI ORIENTIS
8) AVRELIANVS AVG CONS 48) LIBERITAS AVG 88) ROMA AET
9) CONC EXER 49) LIBERT AVG 89) ROMA AETER
10) CONCO EXER 50) LIBERTAS AVG 90) ROMAE AETER
11) CONCOR AVG 51) MARS INVICTVS 91) ROMAE AETERNAE
12) CONCORD LEGI 52) MART PACI 92) ROMAE AETERNE
13) CONCORD MILIT 53) MARTI INVICTO 93) SAECVLI FELICITAS
14) CONCORDI LEGI 54) MARTI PACIF 94) SECVRIT AVG
15) CONCORDIA AVG 55) MARTI PACIFERO 95) SEVERINA AVG
16) CONCORDIA AVGVSTOR 56) MINERVA AVG 96) SOLI CONSERVATORI
17) CONCORDIA LEGI 57) ORIEN AVG 97) SOLI INVICTO
18) CONCORDIA MILI 58) ORIENS AVG 98) VBERITAS AVG
19) CONCORDIA MILIT 59) PACATOR ORBIS 99) VENVS FELIX
20) CONCORDIA MILITVM 60) PACATOR ORIENTIS 100) VICTOR LEG
21) CONS PRINC AVG 61) PANNONIAE 101) VICTORIA AET
22) CONSECRATIO 62) PAX AETERNA 102) VICTORIA AVG
23) CONSERVAT AVG 63) PAX AVGVSTI 103) VICTORIA GERM
24) CONSERVATOR AVG 64) PIETAS AVG 104) VICTORIA GOTHIC
25) DACIA FELIX 65) PM TB P V II COS II PP 105) VICTORIA PARTICA
26) FELIC SAECV 66) PM TR P COS 106) VICTORIAE GOTHIC
27) FELIC SAECVLI 67) PM TR P COS PP 107) VIRT MILITVM
28) FELICIT TEMP 68) PM TR P I PP 108) VIRTVS AEQVIT
29) FELICITAS SAECVLI 69) PM TR P PP COS 109) VIRTVS AVG
30) FIDES EXERCITI 70) PM TR P VI COS II PP 110) VIRTVS AVGVSTI
31) FIDES MILI 71) PM TR P VII COS II PP 111) VIRTVS EQVIT
32) FIDES MILIT 72) PM TR PP 112) VIRTVS ILLVRICI
33) FIDES MILITVM 73) PROVIDEN AVG 113) VIRTVS MILITVM
34) FIDIS MILITVM 74) PROVIDEN DEOR
35) FORTVNA REDVX 75) PROVIDENT AVG
36) GENIVS EXERCI 76) RESTIT SAECVLI
37) GENIVS EXERCITI 77) RESTITV ORIENT
38) GENIVS ILLV 78) RESTITVT ORBIS
39) GENIVS ILLVR 79) RESTITVT ORIENT
40) IOVI CONSER 80) RESTITVT ORIENTIS

Types:

1) Aequitas standing right, holding scale and cornucopia.

2) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding staff with snake coiled around it.
3) Annona standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia.
4) Apollo seated left, holding branch and resting arm on lyre placed on rock.
5) Apollo standing left, holding branch and resting arm on lyre placed on rock.
6) Apollo standing left, leaning on column, touching head and holding branch.
7) Apollo standing left, leaning on altar, touching head and holding branch
8) Aurelian advancing left, raising hand and holding scepter.
9) Aurelian riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear
10) Aurelian riding horse left; seated captive to left.
11) Aurelian riding horse right over two barbarians.
12) Aurelian standing left on right, holding globe and scepter, facing soldier to left, holding Victory and spear.
13) Aurelian standing left on right, holding hand of kneeling Asia
14) Aurelian standing left on right, holding scepter and holding hand of kneeling Oriens to left.
15) Aurelian standing left on right, holding scepter, being crowned by Orbis to left.
16) Aurelian standing left on right, holding scepter, being crowned by Orbis to left; citizen kneeling in between.
17) Aurelian standing left on right, holding scepter, being crowned by Oriens to left.
18) Aurelian standing left on right, holding scepter, being crowned by Victory to left.
19) Aurelian standing left on right, holding scepter, receiving globe from soldier to left, holding spear.
20) Aurelian standing left on right, holding Victory and spear, facing soldier to left, holding spear and globe.
21) Aurelian standing left on right, shaking hands with Severina to left; Sol’s radiate bust above and between them.
22) Aurelian standing left, holding globe and scepter; Victory to right, crowning him.
23) Aurelian standing left, holding globe and spear.
24) Aurelian standing left, holding globe and spear; standard on either side.
25) Aurelian standing left, holding scepter and crowning trophy; seated captive on either side of trophy.
26) Aurelian standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter
27) Aurelian standing right on left, holding globe, facing Sol to right, stepping on captive, holding whip.
28) Aurelian standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter.
29) Aurelian standing right on left, holding scepter, sacrificing over altar, facing Pietas to right, also sacrificing over altar
30) Aurelian standing right on left, holding scepter, shaking hands with Concordia to right.
31) Aurelian standing right on left, receiving globe from Concordia to right.
32) Aurelian standing right on left, receiving globe from Sol to right, holding whip.
33) Aurelian standing right on left, receiving globe from Sol to right, holding whip; captive on either side of Sol.
34) Aurelian standing right on left, receiving Victory from Roma seated to right, holding spear.
35) Aurelian standing right, holding spear and parazonium.
36) Aurelian standing right, holding spear and globe.
37) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
38) Concordia seated left, holding standard in each hand.
39) Concordia seated left, patera and two cornucopiae.
40) Concordia standing left, holding standard and cornucopia
41) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand.
 345
42) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia
43) Concordia standing left, two standards on either side
44) Concordiae (2) each holding a standard and together holding a third standard in between.
45) Dacia standing left, holding staff with donkey head atop
46) Eagle
47) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus.
48) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
49) Fides standing left, holding spear and standard.
50) Fides standing left, holding standard and scepter.
51) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand
52) Fides standing to left, holding standard in each hand, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe.
53) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
54) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair.
55) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
56) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
57) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia; standard to right.
58) Hercules advancing left, holding bow and club.
59) Hercules standing right, with hand on hip and holding club with lion skin.
60) Hercules standing, facing, holding bow and club.
61) Hercules to right, stepping on captive, hand on club and receiving globe from Sol to right, holding whip.
62) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter, eagle to left.
63) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter
64) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor.
65) Laetitia standing right, holding patera and cornucopia.
66) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
67) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia.
68) Lion advancing left with thunderbolt in mouth
69) Lion advancing right
70) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
71) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
72) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive to right.
73) Mars standing left, holding branch and scepter.
74) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
75) Mars standing right on left, holding spear, receiving globe from Sol to right, holding whip.
76) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus.
77) Minerva advancing left, holding branch and shield.
78) Minerva standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
79) Neptune standing left, holding dolphin and trident.
80) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter.
81) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
82) Providentia standing left, holding purse and cornucopia; globe by feet.
83) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.
84) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter.
85) Providentia to left, holding standard in each hand, facing Sol to right, holding globe.
86) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear.
87) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, raising hand and holding scepter.
88) Severina draped bust right
89) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip
90) Sol advancing left, stepping on captive, raising hand and holding globe.
91) Sol advancing left, stepping on captive, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive to right.
92) Sol advancing left, stepping on captive, raising hand and holding whip; seated captive to right.
93) Sol advancing right, holding trophy and globe
94) Sol advancing right, stepping on captive, holding branch and bow.
95) Sol riding quadriga left, holding globe
96) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe
97) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive to left.
98) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe; captive by feet.
99) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe
100) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive on either side.
101) Trophy; seated captive on either side.
102) Uberitas standing left, holding grapes and cornucopia
103) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear with shield.
104) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
105) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left.
106) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
107) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm.
108) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.
109) Virtus advancing left, holding spear and shield; captive by feet.
110) Virtus standing left, holding branch and spear with shield
111) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
112) Wolf standing left, suckling Romulus and Remus

Mints:
1) Cyzicus
2) Lugdunum
3) Mediolanum
4) Roma
5) Serdica
6) Siscia
7) Tripolis
 346
AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B02, O10, R045, T106

2) B04, O10, R085, T099 RIC Vi 374
3) B04, O22, R106, T072 RIC Vi 182
4) B05, O10, R018, T038 RIC Vi 166, C 41
5) B05, O15, R055, T073
6) B05, O22, R109, T072 RIC Vi 15, C 269

AE Antoninianus

7) B03, O04, R042, T028 Exe: *`

8) B07, O04, R020, T030 Exe: `*
9) B09, O04, R037, T057 RIC Vi 345k
10) B09, O04, R040, T028 Exe: S
11) B09, O04, R042, T028 Exe: SERD C 113
12) B09, O04, R043, T063 Exe: `/SERD
13) B11, O10, R097, T097 * in left field RIC Vi 390, C 233
14) B11, O10, R097, T097 Exe: KA RIC Vi 390, C 233
15) B11, O22, R035, T054 Exe: `
16) B13, O01, R040, T028 Exe: P RIC Vi 261f
17) B13, O01, R058, T097 Exe: P RIC Vi 248f, C 142
18) B13, O01, R058, T097 Exe: VI RIC Vi 248f, C 142
19) B13, O01, R058, T100 Exe: S RIC Vi 135f, C 132
20) B13, O01, R078, T015 Exe: */KAB RIC Vi 290f
21) B13, O04, R015, T039 RIC Vi 213f, C 32
22) B13, O04, R019, T028 Exe: *C* RIC Vi 342f, C 23
23) B13, O04, R019, T030 Exe: Γ RIC Vi 343f, C 26
24) B13, O04, R020, T030 Exe: S RIC Vi 120f, C 61
25) B13, O04, R020, T030 Exe: *T RIC Vi 216f, C 61
26) B13, O04, R033, T028 Exe: C* RIC Vi 344f, C 92
27) B13, O04, R035, T054 Exe: T RIC Vi 128f, C 95
28) B13, O04, R035, T054 Exe: *P RIC Vi 171f, C 94
29) B13, O04, R039, T057 Exe: */Q RIC Vi 223f, C 103
30) B13, O04, R039, T057
31) B13, O04, R040, T028 Exe: B RIC Vi 48f, C 105
32) B13, O04, R040, T028 Exe: P RIC Vi 48f, C 105
33) B13, O04, R040, T028 Exe: *Q RIC Vi 225f, C 108
34) B13, O04, R040, T028 Exe: *S RIC Vi 225f, C 108
35) B13, O04, R051, T075 RIC Vi 357f, C 123
36) B13, O04, R058, T090 Exe: VI RIC Vi 247f, C 140
37) B13, O04, R058, T091 Exe: */ PXXI RIC Vi 62f, C 154
38) B13, O04, R058, T091 Exe: ?XX•I RIC Vi 62f, C 154
39) B13, O04, R058, T091 Exe: `/XXI* RIC Vi 62f, C 154
40) B13, O04, R058, T091 Exe: P RIC Vi 251f, C 146
41) B13, O04, R058, T091 Exe: XXIP RIC Vi 279f, C 145
42) B13, O04, R058, T091 Exe: ΔXXI RIC Vi 62f, C 154
43) B13, O04, R058, T091 RIC Vi 364f, C 154
44) B13, O04, R058, T092 Exe: B/XXIR RIC Vi 64f, C 159
45) B13, O04, R058, T092 Exe: S RIC Vi 137f, C 154
46) B13, O04, R058, T092 Exe: Γ/XXIR RIC Vi 64f, C 159
47) B13, O04, R058, T096 RIC Vi 136f
48) B13, O04, R058, T097 Exe: P RIC Vi 134f, C 140
49) B13, O04, R058, T100 Exe: S RIC Vi 249f, C 144
50) B13, O04, R058, T100 Exe: XXI¿ RIC Vi 63f, C 154
51) B13, O04, R058, T100 Exe: ΔXXIR RIC Vi 63f, C 154
52) B13, O04, R063, T080 * in left field and officina in right field RIC Vi 232f, C 169
53) B13, O04, R064, T029 Exe: T RIC V 138f, C 170
54) B13, O04, R078, T015 Exe: */KA•Γ• RIC Vi 289f, C 193
55) B13, O04, R078, T015 Exe: ? RIC Vi 53f, C 192
56) B13, O04, R082, T020 Exe: B/XXI RIC Vi 366f
57) B13, O04, R083, T015 Exe: A/XXI RIC Vi 369f, C 209
58) B13, O04, R090, T034 Exe: Q RIC Vi 142f, C 220
59) B13, O04, R093, T036 RIC Vi 352f, C 223
60) B13, O04, R097, T091 Exe: XXI•T• RIC Vi 308f, C 236
61) B13, O04, R101, T107
62) B13, O04, R102, T104 * in left field andS in right field RIC Vi 237f, C 248
63) B13, O04, R103, T104 RIC Vi 355f, C 259
64) B13, O04, R107, T020 Exe: T RIC Vi 56f, C 261
65) B16, O04, R113, T020 Exe: T C 286
66) B13, O04, R113, T020 Exe: Γ RIC Vi 408f, C 285
67) B13, O07, R078, T015 Exe: */KA•B• RIC Vi 298f, C 197
68) B13, O08, R040, T028 Exe: `
69) B13, O10, R018, T044 Exe: `
70) B13, O10, R020, T030 Exe: *` RIC Vi 244f, C 60
71) B13, O10, R020, T030 Exe: Q* RIC Vi 215f, C 60
72) B13, O10, R020, T030 Exe: S/XXI` RIC Vi 244f, C 60
73) B13, O10, R020, T030 Exe: VII RIC Vi 59f, C 60
74) B13, O10, R020, T030 Exe: XXIQ RIC Vi 244f, C 60
75) B13, O10, R023, T090 Exe: E RIC Vi 384f, C 68
76) B13, O10, R040, T028 Exe: P RIC Vi 259
77) B13, O10, R058, T091 Exe: QM RIC Vi 150f, C 153
78) B13, O10, R058, T091 Exe: T RIC Vi 61f, C 153
79) B13, O10, R058, T091 Exe: TXXT RIC Vi 151f, C 153
80) B13, O10, R058, T092 Exe: XXIT RIC Vi 255f, C 158
81) B13, O10, R058, T097 Exe: XXI
 347
82) B13, O10, R058, T097 RIC Vi 360f, C 151
83) B13, O10, R074, T052 Exe: KAΔ RIC Vi 284f, C 183
84) B13, O10, R074, T052 Exe: SXXT RIC Vi 152f, C 183
85) B13, O10, R078, T015 Exe: B RIC Vi 347f, C 210
86) B13, O10, R078, T015 Exe: */KA RIC Vi 389f
87) B13, O10, R078, T015 Exe: */KA•B• C 194
88) B13, O10, R078, T015 Exe: Z/XXI RIC Vi 386f
89) B13, O10, R083, T015 Exe: *B RIC Vi 349f
90) B13, O10, R083, T015 Exe: `C RIC Vi 368f, C 210
91) B13, O10, R083, T020 Exe: `C RIC Vi 367f, C 207
92) B13, O10, R097, T091 Exe: `XXT RIC Vi 154f, C 234
93) B13, O10, R097, T097 Exe: */KA RIC Vi 390f, C 232
94) B13, O11, R078, T015 Exe: */KA•`• RIC Vi 301f
95) B13, O14, R078, T015 Exe: */KA•`• RIC Vi 295f, C 196
96) B13, O21, R078, T015 Exe: */KA` RIC Vi 292f
97) B13, O22, R097, T092 Exe: XXI•`• RIC Vi 311f
98) B13, O24, R078, T015 Exe: */KA•`•
99) B14, O04, R078, T015 Exe: `
100) B15, O16, R033, T050 RIC Vi 328c, C 88
101) B16, O04, R019, T030 Exe: ` RIC Vi 343c, C 26
102) B16, O04, R040, T028 Exe: ` RIC Vi 129c, C 105
103) B16, O04, R042, T028 Exe: *` RIC Vi 227c, C 113
104) B16, O04, R086, T017 Exe: `
105) B16, O04, R113, T012 Exe: *` RIC Vi 242c, C 286
106) B16, O10, R018, T041 ` in right field RIC Vi 192c
107) B16, O10, R102, T108 Exe: SERD
108) B16, O16, R043, T063
109) B16, O17, R028, T048 RIC Vi 327c, C 77
110) B16, O20, R035, T055 RIC Vi 29c, C 97
111) B17, O04, R020, T030 Exe: *` RIC Vi 218
112) B19, O04, R056, T077 RIC Vi 334a
113) B19, O04, R068, T069 Exe: COS
114) B19, O04, R084, T017 Exe: *` RIC Vi 234a, C 201
115) B19, O04, R109, T020 Exe: ` RIC Vi 149a, C 276
116) B19, O04, R109, T111 RIC Vi 341a
117) B19, O10, R058, T097 Exe: XXI RIC Vi 360a, C 151
118) B19, O17, R035, T055 RIC Vi 331a, C 98

AE Denarius Reference(s)

119) B04, O04, R102, T107 Exe: ` RIC Vi 73, C 275

120) B04, O10, R085, T099

AE Sestertius

121) B04, O04, R102, T105 Exe: ` RIC Vi 1, C 1

AE As

122) B04, O04, R015, T021 Exe: ` RIC Vi 80

123) B05, O04, R015, T021
 348
Aurelian Busts

Aurelian Types
 349
Aurelian Types (continued)
 350

Severina was the wife of Aurelian and made Augusta in

Severina or around the year 274. When her husband was killed in
battle it's believed that she ruled, if only nominally,
during the interregnal period before Tacitus was
nominated the next emperor.
?-?

Busts: Perhaps less than 5% of the coins made during Aurelian’s

reign were earmarked to bear her name and portrait. Still,
1) Diademed, draped bust right because of the sheer numbers struck that still leaves lots of
2) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent
her coins available today.
Obverses:
Not surprising by now, the coinage is almost entirely made
1) SEVERINA AVG up of the silvered Antoninianus with very few Aurei or proper
2) SEVERINA AVGVSTA AE denominations. There is, curiously, a “Denarius” which is
3) SEVERINA PF AVG
4) SEVERINAE AVG so identified based on the lack of the crescent on the Ant
and the slightly smaller coin size. While not very rare they
Reverses: are considerably less frequently available and are worth a
premium. Why Aurelian made some of these “symbolic”
1) CONCORD MILIT Denarii is unclear since it must have been clearly known at
2) CONCORDIA AVG
3) CONCORDIA AVGG the time there was next to no difference in terms of intrinsic
4) CONCORDIAE MILITVM value between the two denominations.
5) IVNO REGINA
6) LAETITIA AVG
7) PROVIDEN DEOR The typically preserved Severina will cost around $20 with
8) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM
9) VENVS FELIX
well-silvered specimens costing up to ten times that much.

Types:

1) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia

2) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand
3) Fides standing to left, holding standard in each hand, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe
4) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter.
5) Juno standing left, holding patera over peacock and scepter.
6) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor
7) Severina standing right on left, shaking hands with Aurelian standing to right
8) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter

Mints:

1) Antioch 4) Roma 7) Ticinum

2) Cyzicus 5) Serdica
3) Lugdunum 6) Siscia

AE Antoninianus Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R3, T7, M4 Exe: `XXIR RIC Vi 3, C 2

2) B2, O1, R3, T7, M5 Exe: */KA•` RIC Vi 16, C 2
3) B2, O1, R3, T7, M5 Exe: */KA•`• RIC Vi 16, C 2
4) B2, O1, R4, T2, M2 Exe: XXI RIC Vi 18, C 7
5) B2, O1, R4, T2, M4 Exe: `/XXIR RIC Vi 4, C 4
6) B2, O1, R4, T2, M4 Exe: R/`/XXI RIC Vi 4, C 4
7) B2, O1, R4, T2, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vi 8, C 7
8) B2, O1, R7, T3, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vi 9, C 12
9) B2, O1, R7, T3, M7 Exe: YXXT RIC Vi 9, C 12
10) B2, O1, R7, T3, M7 Exe: ©XXT RIC Vi 9, C 12
11) B2, O3, R2, T7, M1 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vi 19, C 1
12) B2, O4, R4, T2, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vi 13, C 8
13) B2, O4, R4, T2, M6 Exe: `XXI RIC Vi 13, C 8

AE Denarius
14) B1, O1, R9, T8, M4 Officina in right field RIC Vi 6, C 14
15) B1, O1, R9, T8, M4 Exe: ` RIC Vi 6, C 14

AE As

16) B1, O1, R5, T5, M4 Exe: ` RIC Vi 7, C 9

 351
Severina Busts

Severina Types

The story of Zenobia is a fascinating account of

Zenobia rebellion. Her husband, an Egyptian general named

Odenathus, distinguished himself by recruiting an army,
without consent nor funds from Rome. He then set out to
meet the plundering army of Shapur, the King of Persia
?-? who had just defeated the army of Valerian and taken
him hostage. With an intense hatred towards Shapur his
small army attacked as best it could the victorious and far larger army of the Persian king. He managed to recover
part of the looted treasures of various sacked cities as well as captives and, apparently, cut short their rampage.
For his valor the Senate and people of Rome pressed Gallienus to recognize his patriotism. The emperor granted
him no less than with the position of Augustus of the East. Together with Zenobia the two turned out to rule wisely
and were beloved in the various eastern provinces.

But one of the sons of Odenathus held imperial ambitions and managed to kill his father as well as a half-brother
while the two were being entertained at a banquet. Zenobia, rather than simply mourn her husband's death,
immediately sent for the errant son's arrest and had him executed. She thus continued to rule with the assumed
title of Augusta, a title, of course, not granted her by Gallienus nor the Senate. As soon as Aurelian, who was by
now emperor, heard of this usurpation he set out with a large army to depose her. Personally leading her own
army the two of them met in battle and, despite her initial courage, was eventually defeated by the superior skills
of Aurelian. She was forced to flee back to her palace in Palmyra.

Aurelian then gave chase and besieged the city and again she fled but this time was apprehended and brought
alive to Aurelian. The emperor spared her life but saw fit to raze Palmyra to the ground because its inhabitants
refused to recognize him. Several months later Aurelian paraded her through the streets of Rome bound in golden
chains (along with Tetricus) and was subsequently pardoned and given an estate outside of Rome. She, and her
son Vabalathus, went on to live in peace and become part of the Roman nobility.

Bust:
Given that this was an age when millions of Antoniniani were
1) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent
being made every year a collector might be forgiven for
expecting a coin of hers to be easily available.
Obverse:

1) S ZENOBIA AVG They’re not.

Reverse:
In fact, they’re nearly impossible to find. A handful have gone
1) IVNO REGINA to private auction and reached several thousand dollars each.
 352
Types:

1) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left

2) Pietas seated left, holding hand of child and scepter.

Mint:
1) Palmyra

AE Antoninianus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T1 * in left field RIC Vii 2

As the power of the kingdom of Palmyra rose, the ruins of which

Vabalathus are in what is now Syria, Vabalathus appropriated for himself the
title of Augustus. Behind him his mother Zenobia was the
mastermind of a series of battles won against various Roman
detachments sent to depose this usurper. Aurelian finally took
Augustus 271-272 command of the situation and feigned a truce while launching a
concerted attack against Egypt which was under Palmyra's control.
When Egypt fell Palmyra lost its valuable trade routes and it was then a simple matter to regain control of the
Syrian province. Both Vabalathus and Zenobia were captured and taken back to Rome but it's not recorded
whether they were executed.

Bust: Technically speaking, the one readily available coin of Vabalathus

1) Radiate, draped bust right is properly attributed to Aurelian. It features Vabalathus on one
side and Aurelian on the other. The problem is that in this case if
a) Aurelian radiate, cuirassed bust right we go by the legends Aurelian is shown as Augustus while
Vabalathus is a mere associate ruler. Furthermore, the coin’s
Obverses: denomination, an Antoninianus, is represented by the ruler
wearing a radiate crown symbolically equating him with the sun
1) IM C VHABALATHVS AVG
2) IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG
god Sol. Vabalathus gets lesser billing with a laurel wreath.

Reverses: Still, it is featured here rather than on the chapter on Aurelian

because the few other coins available of Vabalathus, those with
1) AEQVITAS AVG his own radiate portrait and legend ending in “AVG” made during
2) AETERNITAS AVG his brief rebel rule, are so rare that their acquisition would be out
3) IOVI STATORI
4) IVENVS AVG of the reach of most collectors.
5) IVVENTVS AVG
6) VABALATHVS VCR IM D R
7) VENVS AVG This being said, the Ants featuring both emperors are somewhat
8) VICTORIA AVG common and may be found on the internet for around $100 and
9) VIRTVS AVG
often less if poorly preserved.
Types:
1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
2) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding apples.
3) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe.
4) Vabalathus laureate bust right
5) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear with shield.
 353
6) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
7) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
8) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.

Mint:
1) Antioch

AE Antoninianus Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R4, T2 * in left field RIC Vii 4, C 3
2) B1, O1, R9, T8 * in right field
3) Ba, O2, R6, T4 Exe: ` RIC Vii (Aurelian) 381, C 1
Vabalathus Busts

Vabalathus Types
 354
After the assassination of Aurelian who had left no heir, the
Tacitus Praetorian Guard took the unusual step of asking the Senate to
nominate their next leader. Several months passed without an
Augustus and then they chose fellow Senator Tacitus who was
Augustus 275-276 advanced in age. He died soon after before making many
headlines for himself. However, in his brief tenure he set in motion
important events that were to follow for the next couple of years.
First, he named his half-brother Florian Praetorian Prefect and next-in-line to Tacitus. He was then sent off to fight
barbarian invaders. Secondly, he appointed another relative, Maximinus, to the post of Governor in Syria.
Maximinus proved to be wildly unpopular and was murdered. There are two theories on as to what happened
next. The first holds that those who murdered Maximinus arranged for Tacitus's own murder for fear of retaliation
and the second, more plausible, that he simply died of old age.

Busts:

1) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield

Despite the brief rule, Tacitus’ coins are
2) Laureate, cuirassed bust right readily available in all grades. That is, so
3) Laureate, cuirassed torso left, holding spear and shield long as you don’t expect anything more
4) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
5) Laureate, draped bust right than Antoniniani. Coinage in other metals
6) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle and holding scepter with eagle on top and denominations are considerably
7) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle and holding scepter with eagle on top and mappa
8) Radiate head right
more difficult to find.
9) Radiate, cuirassed bust left
10) Radiate, cuirassed bust right
11) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left But the Ants are common enough and
12) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right even turn up in bulk lots of “uncleaned”
13) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear over left shoulder
14) Radiate, draped bust right lots with some regularity. A cheap coin of
this emperor, with at least readable
Obverses: legend, may cost less than $10 and while
fully silvered gems are not exactly a dime
1) IMP C CL TACITVS AVG a dozen a choice example may run $100-
2) IMP C M CL TACITVS AVG
3) IMP C M CL TACITVS INVICT AVG
$200.
4) IMP C M CL TACITVS P AVG
5) IMP C M CL TACITVS PF AVG
6) IMP C M CL TACITVS PF AVG VIRTVS The generally easy availability of coins of
7) IMP C M CLA TACITVS AVG this emperor are due solely to the
8) IMP C M CLA TACITVS P AVG
9) IMP C M TACITVS INVICTVS PF AVG
hyperactive mints during his reign which
10) IMP C TACITVS INVICTVS AVG placed millions of Antoniniani in
11) IMP C TACITVS PF INVICTVS AVG circulation during the mid to late 200’s.
12) IMP C TACTIVS AVG
13) IMP CL TACITVS AVG Tacitus’ coins are straddled by the even
14) IMP CL TACITVS PF AVG more prolific coins of Aurelian preceding
15) IMP TACITVS INVICTVS AVG
16) M CL TACITVS P AVG him and Probus succeeding.
17) M CL TACITVS PF AVG

Reverses:

1) AEQVITAS AVG 28) MARS VICTOR

2) AETERNITAS AVG 29) MARS VLTOR
3) ANNONA AVG 30) MARTI PACIF
4) ANNONA AVGVSTI 31) PAX AETERNA
5) CLEMENTIA TEMP 32) PAX AVG
6) CONCORD MILIT 33) PAX AVGVSTI
7) CONCORDIA MILITVM 34) PAX PERPETVA
8) CONSERVAT MILIT 35) PAX PVBLICA
9) CONSERVATOR AVG 36) PM T B P VI COS II PP
10) CONSERVATOR MILITVM 37) PM TR P CONSVL
11) FELIC TEM 38) PM TR POT COS DES II
12) FELIC TEMP 39) PROVID AVG
13) FELICIT TEM 40) PROVID DEOR
14) FELICIT TEMP 41) PROVIDD AVG
15) FELICITAS AVG 42) PROVIDE AVG
16) FELICITAS PVBLICA 43) PROVIDEN AVG
17) FELICITAS SAECVLI 44) PROVIDEN DEOR
18) FELICITAS TEMP 45) PROVIDENT AVG
19) FIDES MILIT 46) PROVIDENT DEOR
20) FIDES MILITVM 47) PROVIDENTIA AVG
21) IOVI STATORI 48) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM
22) LAETITIA AVG 49) RESTITVTOR ORBIS
23) LAETITIA FVND 50) ROMAE AETER
24) LAETITIAE FVND 51) ROMAE AETERNAE
25) LETITIA TEMP 52) SALS PVBLI
26) LIBERTAS AVG 53) SALVS AVG
27) MARS PACIF 54) SALVS PVBLI
 355
55) SALVS PVBLICA 64) VBERTAS AVG
56) SECVRIT PVBLICA 65) VICTORIA AVG
57) SECVRIT PERP 66) VICTORIA GOTHICA COS II
58) SECVRITAS PR 67) VICTORIA GOTTHI
59) SPES AVG 68) VICTORIA PERPETVA AVG
60) SPES PVBLICA 69) VICTORIA PONTICA AVG
61) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 70) VIRTVS AVG
62) TRANQVILLITAS AVG 71) VIRTVS MILITVM
63) VBERITAS AVG 72) VOTIS X ET X

Types:
1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
2) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia
3) Clementia standing left, with legs crossed and leaning on column, holding scepter.
4) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
5) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter
6) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus
7) Felicitas standing left, with legs crossed and leaning on column, holding caduceus.
8) Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand
9) Fides standing left, holding scepter and standard
10) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
11) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor.
12) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor on globe.
13) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia
14) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
15) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear.
16) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield
17) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
18) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive to right.
19) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter.
20) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
21) Pax standing left, leaning on column, holding branch and scepter.
22) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears and cornucopia
23) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter
24) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.
25) Providentia standing right on left, holding standard in each hand, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe.
26) Providentia standing right on left, holding standard, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe.
27) Roma seated left, holding globe and scepter.
28) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
29) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear.
30) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar.
31) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar
32) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake.
33) Securitas standing left, with legs crossed and leaning on column, holding scepter
34) Securitas standing left, with legs crossed and leaning on column, touching head.
35) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
36) Tacitus riding horse right, holding spear.
37) Tacitus seated left on globe being crowned by Victory, holding shield.
38) Tacitus seated left, holding globe and spear.
39) Tacitus standing left on right, being crowned by Mars, facing Victory to left, seated right, holding shield reading VOTIS XX
40) Tacitus standing left on right, holding scepter, receiving globe from Clementia to left, holding scepter.
41) Tacitus standing left on right, holding spear, receiving wreath from Victory to left, holding palm.
42) Tacitus standing right on left, holding spear and receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter.
43) Tacitus standing right on left, holding standard and receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter.
44) Tacitus standing right on left, shaking hands with Concordia to right.
45) Tranquilitas standing left, holding dolphin and scepter.
46) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia
47) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath; shield on either side.
48) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to right.
49) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.
50) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
51) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear

Mints:
1) Antioch
2) Gaul
3) Roma
4) Serdica
5) Siscia
6) Ticinum

AU Binio Reference(s)
1) B10 O02 R51 T28
2) B10 O02 R71 T34
3) B11 O02 R51 T27

AU Aureus
4) B4 O02 R36 T16
 356
5) B4 O02 R51 T27 RIC 75
6) B4 O02 R51 T28
7) B4 O04 R51 T27 C 112
8) B5 O02 R32 T19

AE Antoninianus Reference(s)
9) B08 O02 R05 T03 Exe: `/XXI
10) B08 O02 R23 T11 Exe: XXI` RIC 89k
11) B09 O05 R70 T49 RIC 67, C 171
12) B10 O02 R01 T01 Exe: `/XXI RIC 180f
13) B10 O02 R06 T44 Exe: ` RIC 130f, C 24
14) B10 O02 R22 T12 Exe: `
15) B10 O02 R30 T14 Exe: ` RIC 145f, C 60
16) B10 O02 R33 T20 Exe: P RIC 150f
17) B10 O02 R42 T23 Exe: ` RIC 152f, C 90
18) B10 O02 R54 T32 Exe: ` RIC 160f, C 126
19) B10 O04 R48 T24 Exe: ` RIC 153f, C 105
20) B10 O07 R01 T01 Exe: `
21) B12 O01 R70 T49
22) B12 O02 R01 T01 Exe: `/XXI RIC 82c, C 8
23) B12 O02 R01 T01 Exe: XXI/` RIC 82c, C 8
24) B12 O02 R04 T02 Exe: ` RIC 124c, C 13
25) B12 O02 R05 T03 Exe: XXI RIC 84c, C 16
26) B12 O02 R05 T03 Exe: XXI` RIC 84c, C 16
27) B12 O02 R05 T14 Exe: /KA RIC 214c, C 20
28) B12 O02 R05 T14 Exe: ` RIC 206c, C15
29) B12 O02 R05 T40 Exe: ` RIC 126c, C 19
30) B12 O02 R05 T40 Exe: `/XXI
31) B12 O02 R08 T42 Exe: `/KA RIC 193c, C 25
32) B12 O02 R10 T41 Exe: ` RIC 134c
33) B12 O02 R14 T05 Exe: ` RIC 140c
34) B12 O02 R15 T04 Exe: ` RIC 136c
35) B12 O02 R23 T11 Exe: XXI` RIC 89c, C 52
36) B12 O02 R33 T20 Exe: P RIC 150c, C 72
37) B12 O02 R44 T25 Exe: /KA` RIC 195c
38) B12 O02 R44 T25 Exe: KA` RIC 195c
39) B12 O02 R47 T24 Exe: XXI` RIC 92c, C 100
40) B12 O02 R48 T24 Exe: ` RIC 155c
41) B12 O02 R53 T29 Exe: `
42) B12 O02 R53 T31 Exe: XXI` RIC 93c, C 123
43) B12 O02 R57 T34 Exe: ` RIC 163c, C 121
44) B12 O02 R60 T41 Exe: `/KA RIC 207c, C 140
45) B12 O02 R67 T49 Exe: ` RIC 172c, C 157
46) B12 O04 R44 T25 Exe: KA`
47) B12 O05 R06 T44 Exe: XXI` C 21
48) B12 O05 R17 T05 Exe: C in left field,  in right RIC 21
49) B12 O05 R33 T19 Exe: /III RIC 43c, C 77
50) B12 O05 R61 T04 Exe: /I RIC 63
51) B12 O07 R04 T02 Exe: ` RIC 125c, C 14
52) B12 O05 R61 T04 Exe: Δ in left field,  in right RIC 63
53) B12 O14 R31 T19 Exe: B in right field, in right RIC 34
54) B12 O05 R44 T25 Exe: /KA`
55) B12 O07 R17 T06 Exe: ` RIC 138c
56) B12 O07 R22 T12 Exe: `
57) B12 O07 R33 T20 Exe: ` RIC 151c, C 75
58) B12 O13 R28 T18 B in right field, in right RIC 30c
59) B12 O13 R35 T21 RIC 44c
60) B12 O13 R55 T31 C in left field,  in right RIC 58c
61) B12 O13 R61 T04 A in right field
62) B12 O13 R61 T04 Δ in left field, A in right RIC 65c
63) B14 O02 R20 T08 Exe: BA RIC 25a, C 46
64) B14 O02 R20 T08 Exe: XXI` RIC 87a, C 45
65) B14 O02 R60 T41 Exe: ` RIC 167a
66) B14 O13 R20 T07 Exe: BA RIC 27a

Tacitus Busts
 357
Tacitus Types
 358
Florian was the half-brother of Tacitus who became ever-so-briefly the sole

Florian Senate-ratified emperor. While Tacitus was still alive, he sent Florian with a large
army off to confront Probus, self-proclaimed emperor. Probus outsmarted Florian on
the battlefield and emerged triumphant. Together with Florian's former army,
Probus then resumed his march towards Rome.
Augustus 276

Busts:
1) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield Sandwiched between the coin-filled reigns of
2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right Aurelian and Probus are the short reigns of
3) Laureate, draped bust right
4) Radiate, cuirassed bust right Tacitus and Florian. Although Florian was
5) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield emperor only briefly, a couple of months maybe,
6) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
7) Radiate, draped bust right
that was still enough time to get the various mints
to pump out literally millions of coins to pay the
Obverses: loyalist armies.

1) IMP ANNIVS FLORIANVS AVG And it’s a numbers game, of course. The more
2) IMP C AN FLORIANVS AVG that were made back then the more that can be
3) IMP C FLORIANVS AVG
4) IMP C FLORIANVS PIVS FELIX AVG expected to have survived to this day. And
5) IMP C M AN FLORIANVS AVG collectors will be pleased to find that Florian
6) IMP C M AN FLORIANVS P AVG
7) IMP C M AN FLORIANVS PF AVG Antoniniani are routinely available for only a few
8) IMP C M AN FLORIANVS PIVS F AVG dollars. Condition of these coins is usually
9) IMP C M ANN FLORIANVS AVG
10) IMP C M ANN FLORIANVS P AVG
somewhere between deplorable to good enough.
11) IMP C M ANNIVS FLORIANVS AVG However, fully-silvered Ants do exist and are not
12) IMP CM AN FLORIANVS P AVG outrageously expensive (when available). Expect
13) IMP FLORIANVS AVG
14) IMP M AN FLORIANVS AVG these to cost anywhere from $100-$300.
15) IMP M ANN FLORIANVS P AVG
16) IMP M ANNIVS FLORIANVS AVG
17) VIRTVS FLORIANI AVG

Reverses:
1) AEQVITAS AVG 27) PAX AVGVSTI
2) AETERNITAS AVG 28) PERPETVIT AVG
3) CLEMENTIA TEMP 29) PERPETVITA AVG
4) CLEMENTIA TEMPORVM 30) PERPETVITATE AVG
5) CONCORD MILIT 31) PRINCIPI IVVENT
6) CONCORDIA EXERCI 32) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT
7) CONCORDIA MILITVM 33) PROVIDE AVG
8) CONSERVATOR AVG 34) PROVIDEN AVG
9) FELICIT TEMP 35) PROVIDEN DEOR
10) FELICITAS AVG 36) PROVIDENTIA AVG
11) FELICITAS SEACVLI 37) REDITVS AVG
12) FIDES MILIT 38) ROMAE AETERNAE
13) FIDES MILITVM 39) SALVS AVG
14) FORTVNA REDVC 40) SALVS PVBLI
15) FORTVNA REDVX 41) SECVRITAS AVG
16) INDVLGENTIA AVG 42) SECVRITAS SAECVLI
17) IOVI CONSERVAT 43) TEMPORVM FELICITAS
18) IOVI STATORI 44) VBERTAS AVG
19) IOVI VICTORI 45) VICTORIA AVG
20) LAETITIA FVND 46) VICTORIA PERPET
21) MARTI PACIF 47) VICTORIA PERPETVA
22) MARTI PACIFERO 48) VICTORIAE AVGVSTI
23) MARTI VICTORI 49) VIRTVS AVG
24) MONETA AVG 50) VIRTVS AVGG
25) PACATOR ORBIS 51) VIRTVS AVGVSTI
26) PAX AETERNA

Types:
1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
2) Aeternitas standing left, holding globe and rudder.
3) Aeternitas standing left, holding globe and scepter.
4) Clementia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter.
5) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand.
6) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus.
7) Felicitas standing right, holding caduceus and cornucopia
8) Fides standing left, holding scepter and standard
9) Fides standing, facing, holding a standard in each hand.
10) Florian advancing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield.
11) Florian riding horse right, spearing enemy.
12) Florian standing left, holding globe and scepter.
13) Florian standing right, holding spear and globe.
 359
14) Florian standing to left, holding scepter, receiving globe from Roma seated to right, holding cornucopia.
15) Florian standing to left, holding scepter, receiving globe from Roma seated to right, holding spear; shield to side.
16) Florian standing to left, shaking hands with Concordia to right.
17) Florian standing to right, holding scepter, receiving wreath from Victory to left, holding palm.
18) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
19) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
20) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left.
21) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
22) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
23) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor.
24) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
25) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
26) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive to right.
27) Monetae (3) standing left, holding scale and cornucopia; piles of coins by their feet.
28) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter.
29) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
30) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter
31) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.
32) Providentia standing left, leaning on column, holding wand over globe and scepter.
33) Providentia standing to left, holding standard in each hand, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe.
34) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter; shield to side.
35) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter
36) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake.
37) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand.
38) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter
39) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, holding globe and scepter.
40) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip.
41) Sol riding quadriga left, raising hand and holding whip.
42) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
43) Spes standing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
44) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia.
45) Victories (2) standing, holding together shield reading VOT / X
46) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
47) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield on palm reading XXX

Mints:

1) Cyzicus
2) Lugdunum
3) Roma
4) Serdica
5) Siscia
6) Ticinum

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O17, R51, T26 RIC Vi 24, C 106

AE Medallion
1) B2, O09, R24, T27 Gnecchi 2

AE Antoninianus

1) B4, O04, R35, T33 Exe: */` RIC Vi 112f, C 72

2) B4, O05, R06, T05 Exe: VITI C 13
3) B4, O05, R35, T32 */`
4) B4, O06, R11, T06 Exe: ` RIC Vi 62f, C 22
5) B4, O06, R33, T30 Exe: III RIC Vi 82f, C 64
6) B5, O11, R35, T33 Exe: */KA•`•
7) B6, O02, R17, T19 Exe: TTI RIC Vi 71c, C 32
8) B6, O03, R01, T01 Exe: XXI` RIC Vi 25c, C 1
9) B6, O03, R12, T09 Exe: XXI` RIC Vi 30c, C 25
10) B6, O03, R20, T23 Exe: XXI` RIC Vi 33c, C 39
11) B6, O03, R36, T31 Exe: XXI` RIC 37c
12) B6, O03, R49, T13 Exe: XXI` RIC Vi 47c, C 97
13) B6, O04, R35, T33 Exe: */`
14) B6, O04, R35, T33 Exe: */KAB RIC Vi 112c, C 72
15) B6, O05, R31, T12 Exe: `TI C 61
16) B6, O05, R36, T31 Exe: III RIC Vi 10c
17) B6, O05, R36, T31 Exe: XXI` RIC Vi 37c
18) B6, O05, R51, T10 Exe: IIII RIC Vi 16c
19) B6, O06, R10, T06 RIC Vi 61c
20) B6, O07, R25, T40 Exe: III RIC Vi 7c, C 47
21) B6, O09, R51, T25
22) B6, O06, R42, T37 Exe: XXI` Tom Mullally collection
23) B6, O11, R13, T09 Exe: */KA`
24) B6, O13, R07, T17 Exe: ` RIC Vi 116c, C 1552
25) B6, O16, R30, T39 RIC Vi 77c
26) B7, O03, R39, T35 Exe: XXI` RIC Vi 40a, C 83
 360
AE As Reference(s)

27) B2, O09, R41, T37 RIC Vi 53, C 85

Florian Busts

Florian Types
 361
Coming from a military background under Valerian, Probus
Probus ascended the throne as usurper against Florian, under pretext
that he appropriated the imperial title without the Senate's
consent. Florian advanced against Probus and on first
Augustus 276-282 appearance it looked like his own army would be no match
against Florian's so he gambled that by artificially prolonging a
direct confrontation between the two he could frustrate the
enemy. The tactic paid off and within days Florian was killed by his own troops and the two armies joined as one
to march into Rome.

Probus then spent the next two years quelling numerous border wars and domestic rebellions. He was highly
successful in these regards and, having few wars left to fight retired to Rome. His glory days came to an end partly
due to his own military successes. Without battles to fight, the army felt increasingly alienated by Probus who was
now spearheading several civic projects meant to strengthen the empire. Malcontents in the army noted cynically
that they were soldiers, not peasants. His life thus came to a violent end during a minor moment of strife initiated
by some soldiers who had been ordered to clear a swamp. These drew their swords and gave fatal chase to the
emperor. Carus, the Praetorian Prefect, may or may not have incited the mutiny but either way Probus's assassins
named him emperor only to hear their death sentence as their reward.

Busts:
1) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left of Probus, holding spear and shield, over radiate Grab a handful of Antoniniani at random and
bust of Sol chances are several of them will be of Probus.
2) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield
3) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right
4) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left holding Victory and shield; spear over Along with Aurelian, Probus is king of this silver-
right shoulder
5) Helmeted, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield washed coin that succeeded the Denarius as the
6) Helmeted, radiate bust facing away, head looking left, holding spear and shield mainstay of the Roman economy. And there were
7) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield
8) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield
literally millions of these made during the six
9) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust right, raising hand and holding Victory on globe years he was emperor. Plenty of time to amass a
10) Helmeted, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield myriad different reverse types and try on the
11) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop
12) Laureate, bust left latest military gear that his mint artists could fit on
13) Laureate, cuirassed bust left his head and shoulders.
14) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield
15) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
16) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right Most of these Ants, of course, have not come
17) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right of Probus, holding spear and shield,
over Sol radiate bust right.
down through the ages in very good shape. They
18) Laureate, draped bust right turn up frequently, for instance, among uncleaned
19) Radiate bust left, holding spear and shield coins sold in bulk and with nary a trace of
20) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop
21) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with Victory atop silvering or, for that matter, anything else left but
22) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding Victory on globe a faint part of the PROBVS on the legend.
23) Radiate bust right, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop
24) Radiate, cuirassed bust left
25) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear But, on the other hand, there are many that were
26) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield
27) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield reading
lost or buried shortly after coming from the mint
VOTIS / X ET XX and given just the right conditions remain with
28) Radiate, cuirassed bust right their full coat of silvering intact or nearly so.
29) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding globe
30) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding scepter These beauties, needless to say, will cost
31) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear significantly more than their more corroded
32) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder
33) Radiate, cuirassed torso left, holding spear brethren. An ordinary Probus of an ordinary
34) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear reverse design which is spectacularly well
35) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
36) Radiate, draped bust right
preserved will still cost a couple hundred dollars
where the same coin type with no silvering and/or
Obverses: for whatever reason is unattractive may have no
buyers at a humble price tag of just $5.
1) AVR PROBVS AVG
2) BONO IMP C PROBO AVG Collectors specializing in Probus will seek out the
3) BONO IMP C PROBO INVICTO AVG
4) BONO IMP C PROBO PF INVICT AVG rarest bust types and unusual legends. It’s hard
5) BONO IMP PROBO AVG to gauge the cost for these because of their rarity
6) COMIS PROBI AVG
7) DEO ET DOMINO PROBO INVICTO AVG but Antoniniani have been known to fetch north of
8) IMP C M AVR PROBO AVG a cool grand at auction.
9) IMP C M AVR PROBVS AVG
10) IMP C M AVR PROBVS AVG CONS III
11) IMP C M AVR PROBVS AVG CONS IIII And that’s to say nothing of gold issues or exotic
12) IMP C M AVR PROBVS INV AVG denominations.
13) IMP C M AVR PROBVS INVICT AVG
14) IMP C M AVR PROBVS P AVG
 362
15) IMP C M AVR PROBVS PF AVG 38) IMP M AVR PROBVS PF AVG
16) IMP C M AVR PROBVS PF INVICT AVG 39) IMP PROBO INVICTO AVG
17) IMP C M AVR PROBVS PF INVICTVS AVG 40) IMP PROBVS AVG
18) IMP C M AVR PROBVS PIVS AVG 41) IMP PROBVS AVG CONS III
19) IMP C M AVREL PROBVS PF AVG 42) IMP PROBVS INV AVG
20) IMP C M PROBVS INVICT AVG 43) IMP PROBVS INVICTVS AVG
21) IMP C M PROBVS INVICT P AVG 44) IMP PROBVS P AVG
22) IMP C PROBVS AVG 45) IMP PROBVS PF AVG
23) IMP C PROBVS AVG CONS II 46) IMP PROBVS PIVS F AVG
24) IMP C PROBVS AVG CONS III 47) PERPETVO IMP C M AVR PROBO AVG
25) IMP C PROBVS AVG CONS IIII 48) PERPETVO IMP C PROBO AVG
26) IMP C PROBVS AVG CONS V 49) PERPETVO IMP C PROBO INVICT AVG
27) IMP C PROBVS AVG COS 50) PERPETVO IMP PROBO AVG
28) IMP C PROBVS AVG COS II 51) PERPETVO IMP PROBO P AVG
29) IMP C PROBVS AVG COS III 52) PROBVS AVG
30) IMP C PROBVS CONS II 53) PROBVS P AVG
31) IMP C PROBVS INV AVG 54) PROBVS PF AVG
32) IMP C PROBVS INVICTVS AVG 55) SOL COMES AVG
33) IMP C PROBVS INVICTVS P AVG 56) SOL COMES PROBI AVG
34) IMP C PROBVS P AVG 57) VIRTVS PROBI AVG
35) IMP C PROBVS PF AVG 58) VIRTVS PROBI INVICTI AVG
36) IMP C PROBVS PIVS F AVG
37) IMP DEO ET DOMINO PROBO AVG

Reverses:
1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 59) IOVI CONSERVAT 117) RESTITVTOR VRBIS
2) ADLOCVTIO AVG 60) IOVI CONSERVATO 118) ROMA AETER
3) ADVENTVS AVG 61) IOVI STATORI 119) ROMA AETERN
4) ADVENTVS AVGVSTI 62) LAETITIA AVG 120) ROMA AETERNA
5) ADVENTVS PROBI AVG 63) LAETITIA AVG N 121) ROMAE AETER
6) AEQVITAS AVG 64) LAETITIA AVGVSTI 122) ROMAE AETERN
7) AERCVLI PACIF 65) LAETITIA FVND 123) ROMAE AETERNAE
8) AETERNITAS AVG 66) MARS VICTOR 124) SALVS AVG
9) AETERNITATI AVG 67) MARS VLTOR 125) SALVS MILITVM
10) CALLIOPE AVG 68) MARTI PACIF 126) SALVS PVBLI
11) CLEMENTIA TEMP 69) MARTI PACIFERO 127) SALVS PVBLIC
12) COMES AVG 70) MARTI VICTORI AVG 128) SALVS PVBLICA
13) COMITI PROBI AVG 71) ORIENS AVG 129) SECVRIT PERP
14) CONCOR MIL 72) ORIENS AVGVSTI 130) SECVRIT PERPE
15) CONCOR MILI 73) ORIGINI AVG 131) SECVRIT PERPET
16) CONCORD AVG 74) PACATOR ORBIS 132) SECVRITAS ORBIS
17) CONCORD MIL 75) PACI PERPETVAE AVG 133) SECVRITAS PERPETVA
18) CONCORD MILI 76) PAX AETERNA 134) SECVRITAS SAECVLI
19) CONCORD MILIT 77) PAX AVG 135) SISCIA PROBI AVG
20) CONCORD MILITV 78) PAX AVGVSTI 136) SOLI INVI COM AVG
21) CONCORDIA AVG 79) PERPETVIT AVG 137) SOLI INVICTO
22) CONCORDIA EXERCI 80) PERPETVITA AVG 138) SOLI INVICTO A
23) CONCORDIA EXERCIT 81) PERPETVITATE AVG 139) SOLI INVICTO AVG
24) CONCORDIA MILIT 82) PIAETAS AVG 140) SOLI INVICTO COMITI
25) CONCORDIA MILITV 83) PIETAS AVG 141) SOLI INVICTO COMITI AVG
26) CONCORDIA MILITVM 84) PM TR I P 142) SPES AVG
27) CONSERVA AVG 85) PM TR I P COS 143) SPES AVG N
28) CONSERVAT AVG 86) PM TR I P COS II PP 144) SPES AVGVSTI NOSTRI
29) CONSERVATO AVG 87) PM TR I P COS III PP 145) SPES PROBI AVG
30) ERCVLI PACIF 88) PM TR P COS III 146) TEMP FELICITAS
31) ERCVLI PACIFER 89) PM TR P COS PP 147) TEMPOR FELIC
32) ERCVLI PACIFERO 90) PM TR P V COS 148) TEMPOR FELICI
33) FELICIA TEMPORA 91) PM TR P V COS IIII PP 149) TEMPOR FELICIT
34) FELICIT TEMP 92) PM TR P VI COS V PP 150) TEMPORVM FELICITAS
35) FELICITAS AVG 93) PRINCIPI IVVENT 151) TRI POT COS
36) FELICITAS AVG N 94) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 152) VBIQVE PAX
37) FELICITAS SAE 95) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 153) VICT PROBI AVG
38) FELICITAS SAECV 96) PROV PROBI AVG NOSTRI 154) VICT PROBI AVG NOSTRI
39) FELICITAS SAECVLI 97) PROVIDE AVG 155) VICTORIA AVG
40) FELICITAS SEC 98) PROVIDEN AVG 156) VICTORIA AVG N
41) FELICITAS SECV 99) PROVIDEN DEOR 157) VICTORIA GER
42) FELICITAS TEMP 100) PROVIDENT AVG 158) VICTORIA GERM
43) FIDES MILIT 101) PROVIDENTI AVGVSTI 159) VICTORIA GOTHIC
44) FIDES MILITVM 102) PROVIDENTIA AVG 160) VICTORIA PROBI AVG
45) FIDES VICTOR 103) PROVIDENTIA AVG N 161) VICTORIAE
46) FORTVNA REDVX 104) PROVIDENTIA AVGVSTI 162) VICTORIAE AVG
47) HERCVLI ARCADIO 105) RESTIT ILLVRICI 163) VICTORIAE AVGVSTI
48) HERCVLI ERYMANTHIO 106) RESTITVT ORBIS 164) VICTORIOSO SEMPER
49) HERCVLI INMORTALI 107) RESTITVT SAEC 165) VIRT PROBI AVG
50) HERCVLI PACIF 108) RESTITVT SAECVLI 166) VIRTVS AVG
51) HERCVLI PACIFERO 109) RESTITVT SEC 167) VIRTVS AVGVSTI
52) HERCVLI ROMANO AVG 110) RESTITVT SECVLI 168) VIRTVS AVGVSTI N
53) HVMANITAS AVG 111) RESTITVTOR EXERCITI 169) VIRTVS INVIC AVG
54) IMP PROBVS CONS II 112) RESTITVTOR ORBIS 170) VIRTVS INVICTI AVG
55) INDVLGENTIA AVG 113) RESTITVTOR S AVG 171) VIRTVS PROBI AVG
56) IOVI CONS AVG 114) RESTITVTOR SECV 172) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI
57) IOVI CONS PROB AVG 115) RESTITVTOR SECVL 173) VOTA SOLVTA X
58) IOVI CONS PROBI AVG 116) RESTITVTOR SECVLI
 363
Types:

1) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia

2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
3) Calliope standing right, playing lyre
4) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia
5) Concordia standing left, holding a standard in each hand
6) Concordia standing right on left, holding standard in each had, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe
7) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
8) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter.
9) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus
10) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia
11) Felicitas standing right, holding caduceus and cornucopia
12) Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand
13) Fides standing, facing, holding scepter and standard.
14) Fortuna seated left, holding wand and cornucopia
15) Four seasons frolicking
16) Hercules standing left, holding branch and club with lion skin.
17) Hercules standing left, raising hand over trophy and holding club with lion skin.
18) Hercules standing right, hand on hip and leaning on club with lion skin.
19) Hercules standing right, holding branch and club with lion skin.
20) Hercules standing right, wrestling Cerberus
21) Hercules standing right, wrestling deer
22) Hercules standing, facing, holding boar
23) Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt.
24) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
25) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor
26) Lion advancing left (with thunderbolt in mouth)
27) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
28) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield
29) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
30) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive to right
31) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
32) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear.
33) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
34) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter
35) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box.
36) Probus riding horse left over enemy.
37) Probus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter.
38) Probus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter; seated captive to left.
39) Probus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter; two captives under horse.
40) Probus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter; two standards behind and soldier to right.
41) Probus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter; Victory to right.
42) Probus riding horse left, spearing barbarian; shield under horse
43) Probus riding horse right, spearing barbarian; shield under horse
44) Probus riding quadriga left, holding branch and being crowned by Victory; one soldier and right and another on left leading horses
45) Probus riding quadriga left, holding branch
46) Probus riding quadriga left, holding branch and scepter
47) Probus riding quadriga right, raising hand and holding scepter with eagle atop.
48) Probus seated left on right, being crowned by Victory, receiving globe from Mars to left; soldier and two standards behind them
49) Probus standing left on platform, raising hand, accompanied by lictor to right and multitude of soldiers all around
50) Probus standing left on right, holding globe and scepter, facing Orbis to left, holding wreath
51) Probus standing left on right, holding spear, receiving globe from soldier to left, holding spear.
52) Probus standing left on right, holding spear, receiving wreath from Orbis to left
53) Probus standing left on right, holding spear, receiving wreath from Victory to left.
54) Probus standing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
55) Probus standing left, holding globe and spear with shield; seated captive by feet.
56) Probus standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield.
57) Probus standing left, raising hand and holding scepter; standard on either side.
58) Probus standing left, raising hand and holding spear; two supplicants on either side.
59) Probus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
60) Probus standing left, stepping on captive, holding spear and parazonium; seated captive to right.
61) Probus standing left, touching trophy and holding spear; seated captive to left of trophy
62) Probus standing left, touching trophy and holding spear; seated captive on either side of trophy
63) Probus standing right on left with assistant soldier holding standard, receiving Victory from Roma seated to right; standard in background.
64) Probus standing right on left, holding globe and scepter, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm.
65) Probus standing right on left, holding scepter with eagle atop, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter
66) Probus standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter.
67) Probus standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter
68) Probus standing right on left, receiving Victory from Roma seated to right, holding spear
69) Probus standing right on left, shaking hands with Concordia to right
70) Probus standing right on left, stepping on captive, holding globe and scepter, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm.
71) Probus standing right on left, stepping on captive, holding globe and spear, being crowned by Sol to right, holding whip
72) Probus standing right, holding spear and globe
73) Probus standing right, raising hand and holding scepter; standard on either side.
74) Probus standing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and parazonium; seated captive to left.
75) Probus standing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield.
76) Probus standing right, touching trophy and holding spear; two captives on either side of trophy.
77) Probus standing, facing, raising hand and holding scepter; standard on either side
78) Providentia standing left, holding globe and cornucopia
79) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter
80) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia
81) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter.
82) Providentia standing right on left, holding standard in each hand, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe.
83) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter
84) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield
85) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar
86) Salus seated right, feeding snake on altar.
 364
87) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar
88) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter
89) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake
90) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and touching head
91) Securitas standing left, holding scepter and touching head
92) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head
93) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter.
94) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding globe and scepter.
95) Siscia seated left, holding opened wreath with both hands, river god on either side, water below.
96) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive on either side.
97) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip.
98) Sol radiate bust right
99) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand
100) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand and holding whip
101) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand and holding whip with globe
102) Sol riding quadriga left, raising hand and holding globe
103) Sol riding quadriga left, raising hand and holding whip on globe
104) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe
105) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive on either side
106) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe
107) Sol standing, facing, stepping on captive, holding whip and bow.
108) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
109) Temple with (6) columns, Roma seated within, holding Victory and scepter.
110) Temple with (6) columns, Sol standing within, raising hand and holding whip.
111) Trophy, seated captive on either side.
112) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, shaking hands; palm behind.
113) Victories (2) holding shield on palm reading VOT X, captive on either side.
114) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left.
115) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and trophy.
116) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side.
117) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and trophy; seated captive on either side.
118) Victory crowning trophy to left, holding scepter; seated captive on either side of trophy.
119) Victory crowning trophy to right, holding palm; seated captive on either side of trophy.
120) Victory riding biga left
121) Victory riding biga right, holding palm.
122) Victory riding biga right, holding whip.
123) Victory riding quadriga left, holding wreath and palm.
124) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm
125) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side.
126) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side
127) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield
128) Wolf standing right, suckling Romulus and Remus
129) Women (2) standing, facing, each holding a standard and raising skirt.
130) Wreath, VOTIS / X ET XX / FEL within
131) Wreath, VOTIS / X PROBI / AVG ET / XX within

Mints:

1) Antioch 5) Serdica
2) Cyzicus 6) Siscia
3) Lugdunum 7) Ticinum
4) Roma 8) Tripolis

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B02, O09, R161, T123, M5 Exe: AVG RIC Vii 831, C 781
2) B05, O15, R084, T047 Exe: COS III
3) B11, O15, R048, T022
4) B13, O09, R028, T106
5) B15, O09, R187, T062 RIC Vii 12
6) B15, O35, R155, T125
7) B15, O45, R164, T058 Exe: = RIC Vii 143, C 794
8) B16, O09, R134, T090 RIC Vii 896
9) B16, O09, R134, T090, M6
10) B16, O09, R134, T090, M6 Exe: SIS RIC Vii 594, C 629
11) B16, O14, R066, T030, M5 RIC Vii 824, C 331
12) B16, O15, R028, T106 RIC Vii 891, C 175
13) B16, O15, R134, T090, M6 Exe: SIS RIC Vii 593, C 631

AU Quinarius

14) B15, O52, R044, T012 RIC Vii 147

AE Antoninianus

15) B06, O57, R050, T016, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 376, C 284
16) B07, O15, R171, T029, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 810g
17) B08, O05, R073, T128, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 701g
18) B08, O07, R100, T079, M7 Exe: Q/*/`XXI RIC Vii 491g, C 486
19) B08, O09, R011, T065, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 838g
20) B08, O09, R100, T079, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 719g
21) B08, O09, R137, T100, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 862g
22) B08, O09, R171, T038, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 887g, C 926
23) B08, O14, R003, T037, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 629g, C 50
 365
24) B08, O14, R137, T103, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 774g, C 659
25) B08, O14, R171, T029, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 816g, C 894
26) B08, O14, R171, T038, M5 Exe: KA•`• RIC Vii 888g, C 927
27) B08, O14, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA` C 912
28) B08, O15, R005, T038, M2 Exe: ` RIC Vii 903g, C 56
29) B08, O15, R028, T106, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 670g
30) B08, O15, R078, T034, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 711g, C 425
31) B08, O15, R137, T103, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 767g, C 663
32) B08, O15, R171, T038, M2 Exe: `/XXIMC RIC Vii 913g, C 928
33) B08, O15, R171, T038, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 886g, C 928
34) B08, O15, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA•`• RIC Vii 877g, C 912
35) B08, O16, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA•`• RIC Vii 882g
36) B08, O22, R019, T005, M7 Exe: E•/`XXI RIC Vii 481g, C 126
37) B08, O22, R123, T109, M4 Exe: R*` RIC Vii 194g
38) B08, O34, R124, T089, M6 Exe: `/XXI
39) B08, O35, R021, T004, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 660g
40) B08, O40, R003, T038, M4 Exe: R*` RIC Vii 157g, C 39
41) B08, O40, R118, T109, M4 Exe: R*` RIC Vii 186g, C 532
42) B08, O40, R123, T109, M4 Exe: R*` RIC Vii 195g, C 546
43) B08, O40, R155, T115, M4 Exe: R=¿ RIC Vii 214g
44) B08, O45, R021, T004, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 661g
45) B08, O57, R005, T038, M2 Exe: ` RIC Vii 904g, C 69
46) B08, O57, R028, T106, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 351g, C 200
47) B08, O57, R040, T007, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 361g
48) B08, O57, R068, T027, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 472g
49) B08, O57, R078, T034, M7 Exe: T/*/`XXI RIC Vii 517g, C 427
50) B08, O57, R124, T089, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 746g, C 569
51) B08, O57, R124, T089, M7 Exe: V/*/`XXI RIC Vii 500g, C 584
52) B08, O57, R129, T092, M6 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 758g, C 622
53) B08, O57, R129, T092, M7 Exe: */I/`XXI RIC Vii 526g
54) B08, O57, R166, T029, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 430g, C 807
55) B08, O58, R124, T089, M7 Exe: V/`XXI RIC Vii 501g, C 586
56) B08, O58, R129, T092, M7 Exe: I/`XXI RIC Vii 572g, C 618
57) B10, O57, R005, T038, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 634
58) B20, O09, R028, T106, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 348h, C 180
59) B20, O09, R137, T100, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 862h, C 574
60) B20, O09, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA•`• RIC Vii 878h, C 911
61) B20, O14, R011, T065, M6 Exe: • over `/KA RIC Vii 643h, C 91
62) B20, O14, R024, T069, M6 Exe: XXI`
63) B20, O14, R077, T034, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 709h
64) B20, O14, R137, T100, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 864h
65) B20, O14, R171, T029, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 816h, C 895
66) B20, O15, R005, T038, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 632h, C 57
67) B20, O15, R011, T065, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 838h
68) B20, O15, R019, T069, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 650h
69) B20, O15, R077, T034, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 704h, C 92
70) B20, O15, R123, T109, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 737h
71) B20, O15, R137, T101, M2 Exe: CM/XXIQ RIC Vii 911h, C 683
72) B20, O15, R137, T101, M2 Exe: CM/XXIT RIC Vii 911h, C 683
73) B20, O15, R137, T101, M2 Exe: CXXIM RIC Vii 911h, C 683
74) B20, O15, R137, T101, M4 Exe: R` RIC Vii 204h
75) B20, O15, R137, T101, M5 Exe: KA`
76) B20, O15, R137, T101, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 776h
77) B20, O15, R137, T103, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 767h, C 663
78) B20, O15, R171, T029, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 810h, C 904
79) B20, O15, R171, T042, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 818h, C 931
80) B20, O15, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 877h, C 917
81) B20, O22, R019, T005, M7 Exe: E/*/`XXI RIC Vii 480h, C 121
82) B20, O22, R068, T027, M7 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 507h, C 356
83) B20, O22, R068, T027, M7 Exe: I/`XXI RIC Vii 508h, C 352
84) B20, O22, R100, T079, M7 Exe: Q/*/`XXI RIC Vii 490h, C 478
85) B20, O22, R124, T089, M7 Exe: V/*/`XXI RIC Vii 499h, C 577
86) B20, O22, R137, T103, M4 Exe: R)` RIC Vii 201h
87) B20, O23, R028, T106, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 352h
88) B20, O35, R030, T016, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 375h
89) B20, O35, R035, T007, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 683c
90) B20, O35, R129, T092, M7 Exe: */I/`XXI RIC Vii 525h, C 612
91) B20, O35, R171, T029, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 812h, C 886
92) B20, O40, R118, T109, M4 Exe: R=` RIC Vii 185h, C 531
93) B20, O40, R137, T103, M4 Exe: R*` RIC Vii 202h, C 644
94) B20, O40, R137, T103, M4 Exe: R=` RIC Vii 202h, C 644
95) B20, O45, R010, T003
96) B20, O45, R078, T034, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 713h, C 416
97) B20, O45, R118, T109, M4 Exe: R)` C 533
98) B20, O45, R118, T109, M4 Exe: R=` RIC Vii 183h, C 533
99) B20, O45, R137, T103, M4 Exe: R)` RIC Vii 200h, C 648
100) B20, O54, R118, T109, M4 Exe: RV` RIC Vii 187h, C 528
101) B22, O09, R001, T001, M3
102) B22, O09, R166, T084, M3 Exe: IIII
103) B28, O03, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA•`•
104) B28, O04, R003, T038, M4 Exe: R)Z RIC Vii 155f, C 40
105) B28, O09, R006, T002, M4 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 150f, C 74
106) B28, O09, R019, T069, M6 Exe: `/XXI
107) B28, O09, R028, T106, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 671f, C 180
108) B28, O09, R028, T106, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 348f, C 180
109) B28, O09, R035, T010, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 676f, C 215
110) B28, O09, R043, T012, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 364f
 366
111) B28, O09, R043, T013, M4 Exe: XXI RIC Vii 151f, C 248
112) B28, O09, R044, T012, M3 Exe: III RIC Vii 28f, C 256
113) B28, O09, R064, T025, M3 Exe: IIII RIC Vii 31f, C 329
114) B28, O09, R066, T029, M3 Exe: II RIC Vii 37f
115) B28, O09, R071, T105, M3 Exe: I RIC Vii 44f, C 388
116) B28, O09, R089, T057, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 607f
117) B28, O09, R102, T080, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 725f, C 497
118) B28, O09, R102, T081, M3 Exe: II RIC Vii 47f
119) B28, O09, R124, T088, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 744f, C 567
120) B28, O09, R150, T011, M3 Exe: I RIC Vii 52f, C 729
121) B28, O09, R167, T075, M3 Exe: IIII RIC Vii 56f, C 869
122) B28, O09, R171, T029, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 811f, C 888
123) B28, O09, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA•`• RIC Vii 878f, C 910
124) B28, O14, R106, T050, M6 Exe: XXI•`•
125) B28, O15, R106, T050, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 731f
126) B28, O15, R137, T101, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 861f
127) B28, O15, R171, T029, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 810f, C 898
128) B28, O16, R137, T100, M5 Exe: KA` C 686
129) B28, O18, R137, T101, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 865f, C 684
130) B28, O22, R077, T034, M7 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 547f, C 399
131) B28, O22, R129, T092, M7 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 525f, C 611
132) B28, O35, R001, T001, M3 Exe: IIII RIC Vii 17f, C 1
133) B28, O35, R001, T001, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 619f
134) B28, O35, R002, T049, M6
135) B28, O35, R003, T037, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 626f, C 51
136) B28, O35, R013, T033, M3 Exe: I RIC Vii 69f, C 106
137) B28, O35, R019, T005, M7 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 531f
138) B28, O35, R024, T069, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 665f, C 164
139) B28, O35, R040, T007, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 360f, C 227
140) B28, O35, R044, T012, M3 Exe: III RIC Vii 29f
141) B28, O35, R050, T016, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 375f
142) B28, O35, R059, T066, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 387f, C 310
143) B28, O35, R064, T025, M3 Exe: IIII RIC Vii 32f, C 328
144) B28, O35, R066, T029, M3 Exe: II RIC Vii 38f, C 334
145) B28, O35, R066, T029, M3 Exe: III RIC Vii 84f
146) B28, O35, R068, T027, M7 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 541f, C 353
147) B28, O35, R073, T128, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 701f
148) B28, O35, R077, T034, M3 D in left field RIC Vii 119f
149) B28, O35, R077, T034, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 706f, C 402
150) B28, O35, R082, T035, M3 Exe: III RIC Vii 93f
151) B28, O35, R086, T026, M6 Exe: XXI` C 447
152) B28, O35, R087, T026, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 616f, C 457
153) B28, O35, R100, T079, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 720f, C 477
154) B28, O35, R102, T078, M3 Exe: III RIC Vii 46f, C 496
155) B28, O35, R124, T088, M3 B in right field RIC Vii 124f, C 567
156) B28, O35, R124, T089, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 747f, C 579
157) B28, O35, R127, T089, M7 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 567f, C 599
158) B28, O35, R142, T108, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 787f
159) B28, O35, R148, T011, M3 Exe: I RIC Vii 104f
160) B28, O35, R149, T011, M3 B in right field RIC Vii 129f, C 727
161) B28, O35, R149, T011, M3 Exe: B C 727
162) B28, O35, R150, T011, M3 Exe: II RIC Vii 53f, C 728
163) B28, O35, R166, T084, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 436f, C 817
164) B28, O40, R003, T038, M4 Exe: R©` RIC Vii 157f, C 37
165) B28, O40, R118, T109, M4 Exe: R*` RIC Vii 185f
166) B28, O42, R035, T010, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 679f, C 216
167) B28, O42, R103, T080, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 727f, C 500
168) B28, O45, R011, T066, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 647f, C 101
169) B28, O45, R021, T004, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 661f
170) B28, O45, R024, T069, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 666f, C 161
171) B28, O45, R044, T012, M4 Exe: R=`
172) B28, O45, R058, T024, M4 Exe: R)` C 306
173) B28, O45, R078, T034, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 713f, C 417
174) B28, O45, R112, T050, M6 Exe: XXI•`• RIC Vii 734f, C 506
175) B28, O45, R124, T089, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 748f, C 572
176) B28, O45, R137, T103, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 770f, C 647
177) B28, O45, R155, T115, M4 Exe: R)¿ RIC Vii 213f, C 744
178) B28, O46, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA`
179) B28, O54, R003, T038, M4 Exe: R)Z RIC Vii 158f
180) B28, O54, R008, T106, M4 Exe: RIZ RIC Vii 168f, C 78
181) B28, O54, R044, T012, M4 Exe: R)` C 252
182) B28, O54, R057, T024, M4 Exe: R)` C 305
183) B28, O54, R068, T031, M4 Exe: RQ` RIC Vii 177f, C 350
184) B28, O54, R102, T079, M4 Exe: RT` RIC Vii 181f, C 493
185) B28, O54, R155, T115, M4 Exe: RT¿ RIC Vii 215f, C 740
186) B28, O54, R158, T111, M4 Exe: RA` RIC Vii 223f, C 766
187) B30, O14, R137, T101, M5 Exe: KA`
188) B32, O14, R123, T109, M4 Exe: R
189) B35, O03, R137, T101, M5 Exe: KA`
190) B35, O09, R011, T065, M1 Exe: `•/XXI RIC Vii 921c
191) B35, O09, R011, T066, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 644c, C 87
192) B35, O09, R019, T069, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 651c
193) B35, O09, R019, T069, M7 Exe: •/`XXT RIC Vii 332c, C 137
194) B35, O09, R026, T053, M2 Exe: `/XXIMC RIC Vii 908c, C 172
195) B35, O09, R077, T034, M3 ( in right field C 404
196) B35, O09, R106, T050, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 851c, C 507
197) B35, O09, R171, T029, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 810c
198) B35, O09, R171, T111, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 821c, C 937
 367
199) B35, O09, R172, T061, M4 Exe: R
200) B35, O14, R106, T050, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 854c
201) B35, O14, R137, T100, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 864c, C 677
202) B35, O15, R011, T065, M8 Exe: */XXI RIC Vii 927c
203) B35, O15, R011, T067, M1 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 922c
204) B35, O15, R099, T082, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 844c
205) B35, O15, R106, T050, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 731c, C 509
206) B35, O15, R106, T050, M8 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 925c
207) B35, O16, R112, T066, M5 Exe: MS/KA` RIC Vii 858c
208) B35, O17, R099, T082, M5 Exe: */KA`
209) B35, O34, R106, T050, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 855c
210) B35, O35, R001, T001, M3 Exe: IIII RIC Vii 17c, C 1
211) B35, O35, R024, T069, M6 Exe: `/XXI
212) B35, O35, R106, T050, M6 Exe: */XXI` RIC Vii 733c
213) B35, O35, R142, T108, M3 & in left field RIC Vii 128c, C 701
214) B35, O42, R019, T069, M6 Exe: B/XXI RIC Vii 657c, C 147
215) B35, O42, R019, T069, M6 Exe: Γ/XXI RIC Vii 657c, C 147
216) B35, O42, R105, T129, M6 Exe: XXI RIC Vii 730c
217) B35, O45, R011, T067, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 647c, C 101
218) B35, O45, R026, T053, M2 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 907c
219) B35, O45, R137, T103, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 770c, C 647
220) B36, O09, R011, T065, M2 Exe: `/XXI* RIC Vii 907a
221) B36, O09, R011, T065, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 644a, C 87
222) B36, O09, R012, T033, M3 A in left field RIC Vii 115a
223) B36, O09, R035, T009, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 675c, C 214
224) B36, O09, R035, T010, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 674a
225) B36, O09, R043, T012, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 364a
226) B36, O09, R066, T029, M3 RIC Vii 83a
227) B36, O09, R097, T079, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 716a, C 467
228) B36, O09, R099, T081, M7 Exe: `TI RIC Vii 319a, C 470
229) B36, O09, R118, T068, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 407a
230) B36, O09, R166, T084, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 435a, C 819
231) B36, O15, R011, T067, M1 Exe: `•/XXI RIC Vii 920a
232) B36, O15, R137, T101, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 776a, C 677
233) B36, O15, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 877a, C 917
234) B36, O35, R028, T106, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 349a, C 193
235) B36, O35, R099, T082, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 846a, C 471
236) B36, O35, R106, T050, M6 Exe: */XXI` RIC Vii 733a
237) B36, O42, R144, T108, M6 Exe: XXI RIC Vii 791a, C 706
238) B38, O45, R155, T111, M4 Exe: R)` RIC Vii 217f, C 40

AE Medallion Reference(s)

239) B17, O43, R054, T044

AE Quinarius

240) B04, O57, R155, T126

241) B14, O40, R071, T103 C 391
 368
Probus Busts

Probus Types
 369
Probus Types (continued)
 370
Probus Types (continued)
 371

A very obscure usurper hailing from Alexandria, Egypt, all that

Saturninus is known for sure is that he was promoted to the position of

emperor by a mutinous army detachment formerly loyal to
Probus. Saturninus must have been either a commander or a
high-ranking civil servant. Speculation can point to Probus's
Augustus c.280 decision to partially demobilize the army and put them to work
in civic projects as a likely reason that spurred the seditious
troops to name an emperor of their own. In any event, Saturninus is said to have been very reluctant in becoming
a usurper. Pollio, a historian of the age, quotes him as greeting his new subjects "You have lost a useful
commander and gained a wretched emperor". His premonition proved correct as his reign ends soon afterwards.
Whether murdered or died of natural causes, again, is left to speculation but the safe bets have the money on the
more violent outcome.

Perhaps the greates of all rarities in ancient Roman coinage, there is only one Aureus struck with his name known
to numismatics. And, given the lack of any other coins of his, RIC even will only go so far as to state that its
authenticity is likely. There is anecdotal evidence of another usurper by the same name (and same region) during
the reign of Gallienus. No coins of this other Saturninus are known.

Bust:
1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
In 1991 the coin pictured below was sold at
Obverse: auction for $180,000.

1) IMP C IVL SATVRNINVS AVG It was a bargain.

Reverse: Barring a miracle find of more coins bearing his

name, Saturninus will remain hopelessly out of
1) VICTORIAE AVG
reach for even the wealthiest of collectors.
Type:
1) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm branch

Mint:

1) Alexandria

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1 O1 R1 T1 RIC 1
 372

The short reign of this emperor is clouded with differing accounts

Carus of his life. Whether he instigated a successful revolt that ended
with the death of Probus or that he was simply named emperor
upon hearing of his death is unsure. Either way, his accession was
Augustus 282-283 ratified by the Senate. He promptly set out with his armies to
counter recent tribal invasions along the empire's Germanic
borders and from there led a successful campaign against the
Persians. What happened next is also unsure but Carus died under suspicious conditions. Supposedly he was
stricken by lightning but this sounds too convenient and it can be suspected that because of the timing an aspiring
general may have played a role.

Busts:

1) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield
2) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust right Carus had a brief but active minting period
3) Helmeted, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right while he was emperor. Still, his coins are
4) Laureate head right
5) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield
somewhat undervalued for how often they
6) Laureate, cuirassed bust right turn up. These by and large will again be the
7) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left familiar silver-washed Antoninianus and most
8) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
9) Laureate, draped bust right are found in rather shabby condition. As is the
10) Radiate head right case with other coins of this age a handful are
11) Radiate, cuirassed bust right
12) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right breathtaking gems with intact silvering.
13) Radiate, draped bust right Because of the condition more so than
a) Sol radiate, draped bust right facing Carus radiate, cuirassed bust left
anything else you should expect to see such
coins sell for several hundred dollars.
Obverses:
For the rank and file Ants though, a $20 coin
1) DEO ET DOMINO CARO AVG should at least be presentable enough and
2) DEO ET DOMINO CARO INVIC AVG $100 should buy an outright beauty with the
3) DIVO CARO
4) DIVO CARO AVG understanding that it may be quite some time
5) DIVO CARO PARTHICO before such a coin is available.
6) DIVO CARO PERS
7) DIVO CARO PIO
8) IMP C CARVS AVG
9) IMP C CARVS PF AVG
10) IMP C KARVS PF AVG
11) IMP C M AVR CARVS AVG
12) IMP C M AVR CARVS P AVG
13) IMP C M AVR CARVS PF AVG
14) IMP C M AVR KARVS AVG
15) IMP C M AVR KARVS PF AVG
16) IMP C M AVREL CARVS AVG
17) IMP CAESAR M AVR CARVS AVG
18) IMP CARVS AVG
19) IMP CARVS P AVG
20) IMP CARVS PF AVG
21) IMP M AVR CARVS AVG
22) IMP M AVR CARVS PF AVG
23) VIRTVS CARI AVG

Reverses:
1) ABVNDANT AVG 16) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 31) PROVIDENTIA AVGG
2) ABVNDANTIA AVG 17) MONETA AVGG 32) RESTITVT ORBIS
3) AEQVITAS AVGG 18) ORIENS CARI AVG 33) ROMAE AETERNAE
4) AETERNIT IMPERI 19) PAX AETERNA 34) SECVRITAS PVBLICA
5) ANNONA AVG 20) PAX AVG 35) SPES PVBLICA
6) CLEMENTIA TEMP 21) PAX AVGG 36) VICTORI AVG
7) CONSECRATIO 22) PAX AVGVSTI 37) VICTORIA AVG
8) CONSECRATIOAVG 23) PAX AVGVSTORVM 38) VICTORIA AVGG
9) FELICITAS PVBLICA 24) PAX EXERCITI 39) VICTORIAE AVGG
10) FELICITAS REIPVBLICAE 25) PERPETVITATE AVG 40) VICTORIAE AVGG FEL
11) FIDE MILITVM 26) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 41) VIRTVS AVG
12) FIDES MILIT 27) PROVIDE AVGG 42) VIRTVS AVGG
13) FORTVNA AVG 28) PROVIDENT AVG 43) VIRTVS AVGGG
14) IOVI VICTORI 29) PROVIDENT AVGG 44) VIRTVS CARI INVICTI AVG
15) MARS VLTOR 30) PROVIDENTIA AVG

Types:
1) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia
2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
 373
3) Altar
4) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.
5) Carus standing left on right, holding globe and scepter, facing Orbis to left, holding wreath.
6) Carus standing left on right, holding globe and scepter, facing Victory to left, holding wreath
7) Carus standing right on left, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter.
8) Eagle perched on globe
9) Eagle standing left
10) Eagle standing right.
11) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus and scepter.
12) Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand.
13) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
14) Galley sailing left
15) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin.
16) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
17) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left.
18) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield.
19) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
20) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by their feet
21) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter.
22) Pax advancing left, holding wreath and scepter
23) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
24) Pax standing left, holding branch and standard
25) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter.
26) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter.
27) Roma seated left, holding wreath and scepter
28) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake.
29) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, holding globe and scepter
30) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter
31) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip
32) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip
33) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt
34) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
35) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath over shield on base
36) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm
37) Victory riding biga left, holding wreath and palm.
38) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm
39) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side.
40) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear
41) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield

Mints:
1) Antioch
2) Cyzicus
3) Lugdunum
4) Roma
5) Siscia
6) Ticinum
7) Tripolis

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B05, O20, R13, T13 RIC Vii 1, C 33
2) B06, O22, R35, T33 RIC Vii 64
3) B07, O13, R37, T38 RIC Vii 95, C 86
4) B08, O01, R37, T38 RIC Vii 96, C 86
5) B08, O13, R16, T18
6) B08, O13, R18, T32 Exe: ©
7) B08, O13, R30, T25 C 66
8) B08, O13, R37, T37 Exe: ©
9) B08, O13, R40, T35 RIC Vii 98
10) B08, O13, R44, T15 Exe: K RIC Vii 117, C 118

AU Aureus (Posthumous)
11) B05, O20, R13, T13 RIC Vii 1, C 33

AE Medallion

12) B06, O13, R17, T20 C 41

AE Antoninianus

13) B01, O23, R38, T39 A in left field RIC Vii 25

14) B02, O11, R21, T23 D in left field RIC Vii 13
15) B02, O11, R38, T39 A in left field RIC Vii 18, C 88
16) B11, O11, R38, T39 A in left field RIC Vii 24f
17) B11, O13, R04, T31 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 35f
18) B11, O13, R05, T04 Exe: R` RIC Vii 37f, C 12
19) B11, O13, R14, T17 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 38f, C 37
20) B11, O13, R29, T26 Exe: `K RIC Vii 42f, C 69
21) B11, O13, R31, T26 RIC Vii 43f
 374
22) B11, O13, R32, T05 Exe: * over II/XXI RIC Vii 106f, C 114
23) B11, O13, R38, T36 Exe: KAA
24) B11, O13, R42, T40 Exe: R` RIC Vii 45f, C 114
25) B11, O20, R02, T01 Exe: TXXI
26) B11, O20, R04, T31 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 36f
27) B11, O20, R24, T24 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 75f, C 56
28) B11, O20, R24, T24 Exe: VIXXI RIC Vii 74f, C 58
29) B11, O20, R35, T33 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 82f, C 79
30) B11, O20, R41, T40 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 91f, C 106
31) B11, O20, R42, T40 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 46f, C 110
32) B12, O13, R42, T07 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 124c, C 116
33) B12, O13, R43, T07 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 125c, C 117
34) B13, O13, R37, T34 Exe: ` RIC Vii 120a, C 93
35) Ba, O02, R10, T11 Exe: .X.I.I. RIC Vii 99, C 28

AE Antoninianus (Posthumous) Reference(s)

36) B10, O04, R07, T10 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 126k, C 16
37) B10, O05, R08, T03 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 110k, C 23

Carus Busts
 375
Carus Types
 376

Carinus became Caesar along with his brother Numerian soon

Carinus after their father, Carus, arrived to the throne. When war broke out
with the Persians, Carus elevated both sons and all three held the
same title. Carus took Numerian along with him to war and both
Augustus 283-285 perished leaving him as the sole surviving emperor. He was a
hated emperor with sources citing unprovoked murders within the
Senate and various sadistic practices. Soon a usurper arose,
Diocletian, whom he confronted in battle and just as he seemed to emerge victorious he was slain by one of his
own soldiers who had an unrelated score to settle with him.

Busts: In the dynasty that was to include his Dad Carus,

brother Numerian, wife Magnia Urbica and son
1) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter with eagle atop
2) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop
Nigrinian, Carinus is the most prominent member
3) Laureate head right featured on coins. Among these, as usual, the vast
4) Laureate head right right over Numerian laureate, draped bust right majority will be the silvered Antoninianus which is
5) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield
6) Laureate, cuirassed bust right long by now the workhorse of the economy. The
7) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield Aureus is also struck and the predominantly
8) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
9) Laureate, draped bust right militaristic themes on the reverses, paired with
10) Radiate, cuirassed bust left equally militaristic busts on the obverses, hints
11) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield
12) Radiate, cuirassed bust right
strongly at their intended duty: the soldier’s pay.
13) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear
14) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right The Ants themselves are scarcer than those of
15) Radiate, draped bust left, holding spear
16) Radiate, draped bust right Aurelian and Probus but not much more expensive.

Obverses:

1) CARINVS AVG 18) IMP M AVR CARINVS NOB C

2) CARINVS CAES 19) IMP M AVR CARINVS PF AVG
3) CARINVS ET NVMERIANVS AVGG 20) IMPP CARVS ET CARINVS AVGG
4) CARINVS N CAES 21) KARVS ET KARINVS AVGG
5) CARINVS NOBIL CAES 22) M AVR CARINVS
6) CARVS ET CARINVS AVG 23) M AVR CARINVS C
7) IMP C CARINVS PF AVG 24) M AVR CARINVS CAES
8) IMP C M AVR CARINVS AVG 25) M AVR CARINVS N CAES
9) IMP C M AVR CARINVS NOB C 26) M AVR CARINVS NOB C
10) IMP C M AVR CARINVS P AVG 27) M AVR CARINVS NOB CAE
11) IMP C M AVR CARINVS PF AVG 28) M AVR CARINVS NOB CAES
12) IMP C MAVR CARINVS NOB C 29) M AVR CARINVS NOBIL CAES
13) IMP CAESAR M AVR CARINVS 30) M AVR CARINVS PF NOB CAES
14) IMP CARINVS AVG 31) M AVR KARINVS NOB CAE
15) IMP CARINVS P AVG 32) MAGNIA VRBICA AVG
16) IMP CARINVS PF AVG 33) NVMERIANVS AVG
17) IMP M AVR CARINVS AVG 34) VIRTVS CARINI NOB CAES

Reverses:
1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 25) IOVI VICTORI 49) PROVIDENTIA AVG
2) ABVNDANTIA AVGG 26) LAETITIA FVND 50) ROMAE AETERNAE
3) ADVENTVS AVG 27) LIBERALITAS AVGG 51) SAECVLI FELICITAS
4) ADVENTVS AVGG NN 28) MARS VICTOR 52) SALVS AVGG
5) AEQVITAS AVG 29) MARS VLTOR 53) SPES AVG
6) AEQVITAS AVGG 30) MARTI VICTORI 54) SPES AVGG
7) AETERNIT AVG 31) MONETA AVGG 55) VENERI VICTRICI
8) AETERNIT AVGG 32) ORIENS AVG 56) VICTOR CARO
9) AETERNITAS AVGG 33) ORIENS AVGG 57) VICTORIA AVG
10) CLEMENTIA TEMP 34) PAX AETERNA 58) VICTORIA AVGG
11) CONCORDIA AVG 35) PAX AVGG 59) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
12) FEDES MILITVM 36) PAX AVGVSTI 60) VICTORIA CAESARIS
13) FELICI PVBLICA 37) PAX AVGVSTORVM 61) VICTORIA GERMANICA
14) FELICIT PVBLICA 38) PAX EXERCITI 62) VICTORIAE AVGG
15) FELICITAS PVBLICA 39) PIETA AVG 63) VIRTVS AVG
16) FELICITAS REIPVBLICAE 40) PIETAS AVG 64) VIRTVS AVGG
17) FIDES MILIT 41) PIETAS AVGG 65) VIRTVS AVGGG
18) FIDES MILITVM 42) PM TR I P COS PP 66) VIRTVS AVGVSTOR
19) FORTVNA AVGG 43) PRINCIPI IVVENT 67) VIRTVTI AVG
20) FORTVNA RED 44) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 68) VIRTVTI AVGG
21) FORTVNA REDVX 45) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTI 69) VOTA PVBLICA
22) GENIVS EXERC 46) PRINCIPIS IVVENTVTI 70) VICTORIAE AVGVSTT
23) GENIVS EXERCITI 47) PROVIDE AVGG 71) SPES PVBLICA
24) IOVI CONSER 48) PROVIDENT AVGG
 377
Types:

1) Abundantia standing left, pouring out cornucopia.

2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
3) Aeternitas standing left, holding phoenix on globe and raising skirt.
4) Carinus and Carus standing, facing each other, holding Victory together
5) Carinus and Carus standing, facing each other, holding Victory together who crowns them both.
6) Carinus and Carus standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar; two standards in background.
7) Carinus riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear.
8) Carinus riding horse right over enemy
9) Carinus riding quadriga right, holding branch.
10) Carinus standing left, being crowned by Victory, reaching for two kneeling captives to left.
11) Carinus standing left, holding globe and spear.
12) Carinus standing left, holding globe and spear; seated captive to left.
13) Carinus standing left, holding globe and standard
14) Carinus standing left on right, being crowned by Hercules, facing Carus to left, being crowned by Sol
15) Carinus standing left, holding scepter; two standards to right.
16) Carinus standing left, holding spear and globe.
17) Carinus standing left, holding spear; two standards on either side.
18) Carinus standing left, holding standard and scepter
19) Carinus standing left, holding wand and spear
20) Carinus standing left, holding wand and spear; two standards to right.
21) Carinus standing right on left, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter.
22) Carinus standing right on left, receiving Victory from Carus to right, holding scepter
23) Carinus standing right on left, receiving Victory from Jupiter to right, holding scepter
24) Carinus standing right on left, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter.
25) Carinus standing right, holding spear and globe
26) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia
27) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding caduceus.
28) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus and scepter.
29) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand.
30) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
31) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
32) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin.
33) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin.
34) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter.
35) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left.
36) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder.
37) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia.
38) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield
39) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
40) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus
41) Monetae (3) standing, facing, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by feet.
42) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter
43) Pax advancing left, holding branch and standard.
44) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged)
45) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.
46) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter
47) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter
48) Roma seated left, holding wreath and scepter.
49) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar.
50) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake.
51) Sol advancing left, holding branch and scepter.
52) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip
53) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe.
54) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
55) Venus standing left, holding Cupid and apple
56) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
57) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left.
58) Victory advancing right, holding trophy with both hands
59) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm
60) Victory riding biga left, holding wreath and palm
61) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm.
62) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and trophy.
63) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm.
64) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
65) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
66) Virtus standing right, stepping on helmet, holding spear and parazonium

Mints:
1) Alexandria 5) Roma
2) Antioch 6) Siscia
3) Cyzicus 7) Ticinum
4) Lugdunum 8) Tripolis

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B02, O16, R57, T56
2) B04, O03, R58, T58
3) B06, O07, R58, T56 RIC Vii 312, C 133
4) B06, O12, R62, T59 Exe: SMA
5) B06, O16, R63, T33 RIC Vii 233, C 160
6) B06, O28, R57, T62 RIC Vii 190, C 139
7) B07, O28, R29, T38 RIC Vii 188, C 50
 378
8) B07, O28, R50, T48 RIC Vii 189, C 114
9) B08, O30, R59, T22 RIC Vii 193, C 156
10) B09, O28, R60, T60 Exe: K RIC Vii 201

AE Medallion Reference(s)

11) B06, O11, R31, T41

AE Antoninianus
12) B11, O05, R44, T11 ( in left field RIC Vii 150, C 92
13) B11, O05, R51, T25 ( in right field RIC Vii 152, C 117
14) B11, O16, R51, T25 D in right field RIC Vii 215
15) B12, O07, R64, T23 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 326f
16) B12, O09, R64, T23 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 206f, C 177
17) B12, O11, R24, T21 Exe: `/SMSXXI RIC Vii 314f, C 41
18) B12, O11, R64, T21 Exe: * over TR/XXI RIC Vii 329f, C 184
19) B12, O11, R64, T21 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 325f
20) B12, O11, R69, T06 Exe: SMSXXI` RIC Vii 315f, C 194
21) B12, O16, R08, T03 Exe: K©A` RIC Vii 244f, C 10
22) B12, O16, R08, T03 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 244f, C 10
23) B12, O16, R08, T03 Exe: KA©` RIC Vii 244f, C 10
24) B12, O16, R18, T29 Exe: K¨A`
25) B12, O16, R18, T29 Exe: K©A`
26) B12, O16, R18, T29 Exe: KA¨`
27) B12, O16, R25, T35 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 258f, C 45
28) B12, O16, R25, T35 Exe: KA©` RIC Vii 257f, C 44
29) B12, O16, R26, T36 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 261f
30) B12, O16, R32, T52 Exe: K¨¿ RIC Vii 262f
31) B12, O16, R40, T40 Exe: K©`Δ RIC Vii 264f, C 72
32) B12, O28, R43, T19 Exe: * over `/XXI RIC Vii 197f, C 89
33) B12, O28, R43, T20 Exe: */XXI` RIC Vii 198f, C 87
34) B14, O05, R51, T25 ( in right field RIC Vii 152c, C 115
35) B14, O08, R06, T02 Officina in right field RIC Vii 212c, C 8
36) B14, O08, R06, T02 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 238c, C 8
37) B14, O08, R08, T02 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 247c, C 16
38) B14, O08, R08, T03 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 243c, C 11
39) B14, O08, R51, T25 D in right field RIC Vii 214c, C 120
40) B14, O08, R52, T50 D in right field RIC Vii 216
41) B14, O11, R17, T29 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 251f, C 31
42) B14, O11, R23, T31 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 254c, C 39
43) B14, O11, R68, T32 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 271c, C 191
44) B14, O11, R69, T06 Exe: SMSXXI`
45) B14, O16, R14, T27 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 295c, C 24
46) B14, O16, R18, T29 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 253f, C 28
47) B14, O16, R18, T29 Exe: KA©` RIC Vii 253f, C 28
48) B14, O16, R21, T30 Exe: `XXIT RIC Vii 298c, C 34
49) B14, O16, R23, T31 C 37
50) B14, O16, R44, T12 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 302c, C 99
51) B14, O16, R68, T32 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 272c, C 192
52) B14, O19, R10, T23 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 202c, C 19
53) B14, O24, R44, T18 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 160c, C 102
54) B14, O26, R41, T44 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 156c, C 75
55) B14, O26, R44, T11 Exe: `KA RIC Vii 161c, C 91
56) B14, O26, R44, T13 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 182c, C 98
57) B14, O26, R44, T18 Exe: VIXXI RIC Vii 177c, C 84
58) B14, O26, R45, T20 Exe: VIXXI RIC Vii 183c, C 107
59) B14, O28, R41, T44 Exe: `AK RIC Vii 155c, C 74
60) B14, O28, R43, T19 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 158c, C 83
61) B14, O28, R43, T20 Exe: */XXI`
62) B14, O28, R44, T19 Exe: R` RIC Vii 158c, C 83
63) B14, O28, R49, T46 Exe: VI/XXI
64) B16, O11, R10, T24 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 323a, C 21
65) B16, O12, R08, T03 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 248f, C 14
66) B16, O12, R08, T03 Exe: KA©` RIC Vii 248f, C 14
67) B16, O19, R10, T24 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 324a, C 20

AE Denarius
68) B06, O16, R58, T57 Exe: SMS
 379
Carinus Busts

Carinus Types
 380
Carinus Types (continued)

Wife of Carinus.
Magnia Urbica
?-?

Busts:
The coins of Magnia Urbica are fairly difficult
1) Diademed, draped bust right to obtain. On very rare occasions low grade
2) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent
Antoniniani may be found among common
Obverses: “uncleaned” Roman bronzes as offered on
the Internet but given the infrequency one is
1) MAGNIAE VRBICAE AVG better off arranging with a dealer to locate
2) MAGNIA VRBICA AVG one. Prices are generally in the low- to mid-
3) MAGN VRBICA AVG
4) MAG VRBICA AVG hundreds depending on quality.
5) VRBICIA MAGNA AVG

Aurei have shown up with relative frequency

Reverses:
among the more exclusive auction houses.
1) CONCORDIA AVGG For these, prices begin at about $10,000.
2) IVNO REGINA
3) PVDICITIA AVG
4) SALVS PVBLICA
5) VENERI VICTRICI
6) VENVS CELEST
7) VENVS GENETRIX
8) VENVS VICTRIX

Types:
1) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia.
2) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter
3) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left.
4) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar.
5) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter
 381
6) Venus standing left, holding helmet and cradling scepter; shield to right.
7) Venus standing left, holding helmet and holding scepter; shield to left.
8) Venus standing right, pulling dress off shoulder and holding scepter

Mints:
1) Lugdunum
2) Roma
3) Siscia
4) Ticinum

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B1, O2, R7, T5 RIC Vii 336, C 10
2) B1, O2, R5, T8 RIC Vii 340, C 8
3) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC Vii 348, C 1

AE Antoninianus
4) B2, O3, R7, T5 D in left field RIC Vii 337, C 11
5) B2, O3, R8, T7 Exe: KA ¿ RIC Vii 343, C 17
6) B2, O3, R8, T7 Exe: KA© ¿ RIC Vii 343, C 17
7) B2, O3, R8, T7 Exe: K©A ¿ RIC Vii 343, C 17
8) B2, O3, R8, T7 Exe: K¨A ¿ RIC Vii 343, C 17
9) B2, O3, R8, T7 Exe: KA¨ ¿ RIC Vii 343, C 17
10) B2, O2, R8, T6 Exe: T/SXXI RIC Vii 347, C 15
11) B2, O2, R8, T6 Exe: SXXIT RIC Vii 347, C 15
12) B2, O1, R4, T4 Exe: A/SMSXXI RIC Vii 349, C 7

Magnia Urbica Busts

Magnia Urbica Types

 382

Son of Carinus.
Nigrinian
?-?

Busts:

1) Radiate bust right These posthumous issues struck by Carinus in

2) Radiate head right
memory of his son are pretty rare. They seem to
sell in the neighborhood of $1,000 in decent
Obverse: condition but even a marginal one will not cost
1) DIVO NIGRINIANO
considerably less.

Reverse: Due to the rarity, one can speculate that Carinus

ordered the minting of these coins not long
1) CONSECRATIO before he was defeated in battle.
Types:
1) Altar
2) Eagle standing, facing

Mint:
1) Roma

AE Antoninianus (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T2 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 472, C 2

2) B2, O1, R1, T1 Exe: KA¨` RIC Vii 474, C 3
3) B2, O1, R1, T2 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 472, C 2
4) B2, O1, R1, T2 Exe: KA© RIC Vii 472, C 2

Nigrinian Busts

Nigrinian Types
 383

Son of Carus and brother of Carinus, Numerian's brief stint as

Numerian emperor started when he along with his father set out for war
against the Sassanians in Persia (Iran). Under mysterious
circumstances Carus was incinerated in his tent just prior to
Augustus 283-284 the military encounter of the two armies. The official
explanation was that the tent had been stricken by lightning but
this has been interpreted as much too convenient. As the
battle was called off and the army was returning Numerian, too, was found dead in his quarters. This time a hasty
investigation was started and the Praetorian Prefect, a certain Aper, was killed on the spot by Diocletian. He then
proclaimed himself emperor and renouncing Carinus. With the suspicious death of Numerian the report of Carus's
death made for a more compelling story that the Prefect had had a hand in their deaths. It is likely that Diocletian
had engineered a sophisticated conspiracy using Aper as the central pawn and then scapegoat.

Busts:
Numerian’s Antoniniani are not very rare despite
1) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right holding spear and shield the short stay at the top. Condition more than
2) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield
3) Laureate, cuirassed bust right anything will determine the going rate for the
4) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right coins with fully-silvered pieces costing upwards
5) Laureate, draped bust right
6) Radiate, cuirassed bust left of $100 each. There are a few other
7) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield denominations, including the Aureus, but are all
8) Radiate, cuirassed bust right
9) Radiate, cuirassed bust right with spear very rare and expensive.
10) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
11) Radiate, draped bust right
12) Radiate head right

Obverses:
1) DIVO NVMERIANO
2) DIVO NVMERIANO AVG
3) IMP C M AVR NVMERIANVS AVG
4) IMP C M AVR NVMERIANVS NOB C
5) IMP C M AVR NVMERIANVS PF AVG
6) IMP C NVMERIANVS AVG
7) IMP C NVMERIANVS PF AVG
8) IMP NVMERIANVS AVG
9) IMP NVMERIANVS PF AVG
10) M AVR NVMERIANVS C
11) M AVR NVMERIANVS CAES
12) M AVR NVMERIANVS NOB C
13) NVMAERIANVS NOB CAES
14) NVMERIANVS NOB CAES

Reverses:

1) ABVNDANTIA AVGG 15) PAX AVG 29) SPES PVBLICA

2) ADVENTVS AVGG NN 16) PAX AVGG 30) VENERI VICTRI
3) AEQVITAS AVGG 17) PIETAS AVG 31) VENERI VICTRICI
4) CLEMENTIA TEMP 18) PIETAS AVGG 32) VICTORIA AVGG
5) CONSECRATIO 19) PM TR P COS PP 33) VICTORIA CAESARIS
6) CONSERVAT AVGGG 20) PRINCIPI IVVENT 34) VICTORIAE AVGG
7) CONSERVATOR AVGGG 21) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 35) VICTORIAE AVGG
8) FELICITAS AVGG 22) PROVIDENT AVGG 36) VIRTVS AVGG
9) FIDES EXERCIT AVGG 23) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 37) VIRTVS AVGGG
10) IOVI VICTORI 24) ROMAE AETERN 38) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM
11) MARS VICTOR 25) ROMAE AETERNAE 39) VNDIQVE VICTORES
12) MARTI PACIFERO 26) SALVS AVGG 40) VOTA PVBLICA
13) ORIENS AVGG 27) SECVRIT AVG
14) PACATOR ORBIS 28) SPES AVGG

Types:

1) Abundantia standing left, pouring out cornucopia

2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
3) Altar
4) Eagle standing, facing
5) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding caduceus.
6) Fides seated left, holding patera; two standards to left and one to right
7) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and leaning on club with lion skin on rock
8) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left
9) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear
10) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
11) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus
12) Numerian and Carinus riding horse right, hands raised.
 384
13) Numerian and Carinus standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar; two standards in background
14) Numerian and Carinus standing, facing each other, together holding Victory on globe who crowns both.
15) Numerian standing left, being crowned by Victory to right; one standing and one kneeling captive to left
16) Numerian standing left, holding branch and scepter
17) Numerian standing left, holding globe and scepter
18) Numerian standing left, holding globe and spear; seated captive to either side.
19) Numerian standing left, holding spear; two standards on either side.
20) Numerian standing left, holding standard and spear; two standards to right
21) Numerian standing left, holding wand and globe
22) Numerian standing left, holding wand and scepter
23) Numerian standing left, holding wand and scepter; two standards to right
24) Numerian standing right on left, holding scepter and receiving globe from Carus to right, holding scepter.
25) Numerian standing right on left, holding scepter and receiving Victory on globe from Carus to right, holding scepter.
26) Numerian standing right on left, holding scepter and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter.
27) Numerian standing right, spearing enemy
28) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter
29) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter
30) Pietas standing left, holding purse and caduceus
31) Pietas standing right, raising hands over altar
32) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia
33) Roma seated left on shield, holding patera and spear
34) Roma seated left on shield, holding Victory and scepter
35) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar
36) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head.
37) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip
38) Sol radiate, draped bust right
39) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe
40) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe
41) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt
42) Venus standing left, holding apple and raising skirt
43) Venus standing left, holding Victory and apple.
44) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
45) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm
46) Victory riding chariot left
47) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm; two captives on either side.
48) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm
49) Virtus riding horse right, spearing enemy
50) Virtus riding horse right, spearing two enemies
51) Virtus standing left, holding Victory on globe and spear.
52) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
53) Virtus standing, facing, stepping on helmet, holding spear and parazonium.

Mints:

1) Antioch 5) Siscia
2) Cyzicus 6) Ticinum
3) Lugdunum 7) Tripolis
4) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B03, O03, R13, T40 RIC Vii 381
2) B03, O08, R32, T48
3) B04, O04, R06, T39 Exe: SMA RIC Vii 373
4) B04, O08, R30, T43 RIC Vii 405, C 93
5) B04, O08, R36, T07 RIC Vii 408

AE Antoninianus

6) B07, O06, R16, T29 B in left field RIC Vii 394

7) B07, O08, R16, T29 B in left field RIC Vii 395, C 49
8) B08, O06, R11, T10 C in right field RIC Vii 388f, C 22
9) B08, O06, R16, T29 B in left field RIC Vii 394
10) B08, O06, R18, T31 Exe: C/LVG RIC Vii 396
11) B08, O07, R09, T06 Exe: `/SMSXXI RIC Vii 460f, C 15
12) B08, O07, R18, T11 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 414f, C 60
13) B08, O08, R10, T08 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 410f, C 16
14) B08, O08, R39, T18 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 423f
15) B08, O09, R10, T08 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 409f, C 17
16) B08, O09, R22, T32 Exe: VXXI RIC Vii 447f, C 81
17) B08, O10, R36, T24 Exe: * over TR/XXI RIC Vii 380f, C 111
18) B10, O03, R16, T29 B in right field RIC Vii 393c
19) B10, O07, R04, T26 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 463c, C 8
20) B10, O07, R09, T06 Exe: `/SMSXXI RIC Vii 460c, C 15
21) B10, O07, R36, T25 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 467c, C 110
22) B10, O07, R40, T13 Exe: SMSXXI` RIC Vii 461a, C 122
23) B10, O08, R13, T37 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 195
24) B10, O08, R18, T11 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 416f
25) B10, O08, R39, T18 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 423c
26) B10, O09, R21, T22 Exe: VIXXI RIC Vii 444c, C 79
27) B10, O10, R18, T11 Exe: KA`
28) B10, O10, R20, T17 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 360c, C 66
29) B10, O10, R20, T22 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 362c, C 77
30) B10, O10, R21, T22 Exe: VIXXI RIC Vii 366c, C 69
 385
31) B10, O12, R13, T38 C 40
32) B10, O12, R21, T22 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 361c, C 76
33) B11, O03, R16, T29 B in left field RIC Vii 393a
34) B11, O07, R09, T06 Exe: `/SMSXXI RIC Vii 460a, C 15
35) B11, O08, R13, T37 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 412a, C 37
36) B11, O09, R22, T32 Exe: VXXI RIC Vii 447a, C 81
37) B11, O10, R36, T25 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 377a, C 104

AE Antoninianus (Posthumous)
38) B12, O01, R05, T04 Exe: KA¨` RIC Vii 424, C 10

AE Quinarius

39) B04, O08, R16, T28 Exe: ` RIC Vii 435, C 53

Numerian Busts
 386
Numerian Types
 387
Often referred to as "Julian of Pannonia", Julian is one of the

Julian I lesser-known usurpers. He was elevated as emperor by his own

troops during the reign of Carinus and the two met in battle with
the latter emerging victorius and the former killed.
Augustus c.284-285

Busts:
Rare but not hopelessly so, the coins of this usurper
1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right are offered for sale several times a year from major
2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right auction firms and a few regular ancient coin dealers as
3) Laureate, draped bust right
4) Radiate, cuirassed bust right well.
5) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
They come in two flavors, the gold Aureus which is
Obverses: hopelessly rare and expensive and the Antoninianus
which sells in the $500-$1,000 range.
1) IMP C IVLIANVS PF AVG
2) IMP C M AVR IVLIANVS PF AVG

Reverses:
1) FELICITAS TEMPORVM
2) IOVI CONSERVAT
3) LIBERTAS PVBLICA
4) PANNONIAE AVG
5) VICTORIA AVG

Types:
1) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter
2) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter
3) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia.
4) Pannoniae (2) standing left, raising hand
5) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.

Mint:
1) Siscia

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R3, T3 * in right field RIC Vii 1, C 3

AE Antoninianus
2) B5, O2, R1, T1 Exe: S/`/XXI RIC Vii 2, C 1
3) B5, O2, R4, T4 Exe: S/XXI RIC Vii 4, C 6
4) B5, O2, R5, T5 Exe: S/`/XXI RIC Vii 5, C 7

Julian I Busts Julian I Types

 388
Originally Diokles, a Greek name, Diocletian gained the Latinized

Diocletian form of his name shortly before masterminding a revolt against

Carinus. When Carinus received news of this insolence he set out
at once with a large army to confront him. The two sides met in a
prolonged and bloody match the results of which were finally
Augustus 284-305 turning against Diocletian. Seeing that all was lost he prepared to
flee with what was left of his army when the most amazing thing
happened. It seems Carinus had seduced the wife of one of his bodyguards who, for whatever possible reason,
chose during the waning moments of the battle to avenge this affront by murdering his master.

Diocletian was then hailed as emperor by the same army that almost defeated him and he marched towards
Rome as victor. Soon after his arrival he named his friend Maximian as co-emperor giving him rule over the
western half of the empire. Both would then select subordinates who were not relatives of their own to help in the
task and secure a line of succession unlike a blood dynasty. Diocletian's vision of this governmental scheme
became known as the Tetrarchy and the first cycle of which was completed, as far as he was concerned, when he
abdicated in 305 and demanded Maximian do likewise to leave their subordinates to rule.

Modern historians with the gift of hindsight pinpoint Diocletian's choice of reforming the army as the key culprit of
the empire's downfall almost 200 years later. He figured that rather than have weak concentrations of army
outposts scattered over the length of the empire's borders it would be better to have a centralized large force
which could respond quickly in the event of a military crisis. While the theory may have been sound in principle he
never foresaw the obstacles that led to the successful deployment and logistical problems that this method
required and, thus, over time Romans became increasingly susceptible to barbarian attacks.

Diocletian died an old, forgotten and heartbroken man in his retirement palace in what is now Croatia. In the end
he was vilified for shattering the economy, wreaking political chaos in Rome and resorting to the now somewhat
anachronistic practice of persecuting Christians. Finally, he had to witness in his own lifetime the utter failure of
his power sharing format when the Tetrarchy disintegrated into the Constantinian dynasty.

Busts: Sadly, with the rise of Diocletian we no longer get to see what the
emperor looked like in real life. For half a century both the art and
1) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear
and shield the workmanship of Roman coins had been in decline. But up until
2) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right then there had been at least nominal effort expended in portraying
3) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding Victory
on globe
the emperor’s actual facial features.
4) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear
and shield Sometime during the reign of Gallienus this, too, started fading so
5) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust right
6) Laureate bust left over bust of Jupiter that by the time his succesors came they all started looking quite a
7) Laureate bust left, holding scepter bit alike. Early-period coins of Diocletian look pretty much
8) Laureate bust left, wearing mantle, holding scepter with
eagle atop indistinguishable from those of Carinus, his immediate predessor.
9) Laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle, holding And when Maximian is made co-emperor there is again no effort to
branch and mappa
10) Laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle, holding
make the two men look any different from each other.
mappa and branch
11) Laureate head left These changes are so far-reaching that it would not be until the
12) Laureate head right
13) Laureate, cuirassed bust left Renaissance over a thousand years later that heads of state begin
14) Laureate, cuirassed bust left over Sol radiate bust left, to look like real people again. In fact, from this time and until late
holding whip
15) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter into the middle ages the artistic merit and the overall quality of the
16) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield coins of all western cultures will steadily deteriorate. From this
17) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
18) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield
point forward when the legends are obscured from wear or tear
19) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right attribution becomes much more difficult.
20) Laureate, draped bust right
21) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding globe
22) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding On the other hand, Diocletian is a very easy emperor to find in a
scepter with eagle atop. wide assortment of coin denominations. Halfway into his reign he
23) Radiate bust right, wearing imperial mantle.
24) Radiate head right ordered a complete overhaul of the currency. He eliminates, or
25) Radiate, cuirassed bust left rather reduces the size of the Antoninianus and introduces the
26) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield
27) Radiate, cuirassed bust right
Follis and a Denarius-like coin termed the Argenteus. The Follis
28) Radiate, cuirassed busts of Diocletian and Constantius I catches on but the Argenteus doesn’t which makes it a bit of a
facing each other rarity nowadays. But both pre- and post-reform coins are readily
29) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
30) Radiate, draped bust right available from the nearly free crummy bronzes to gold medallions
affordable only to the obscenely rich.
 389
Obverses:

1) DIOCLETIANVS AVG 23) DN DIOCLETIANO PF S AVG

2) DIOCLETIANVS AVG COS IIII PP 24) IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG
3) DIOCLETIANVS AVG ET CONSTANTIVS NOB C 25) IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P AVG
4) DIOCLETIANVS AVG ET MAXIMIANVS C 26) IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG
5) DIOCLETIANVS AVGVSTVS 27) IMP C DIOCLETIANVS AVG
6) DIOCLETIANVS BAE AVG 28) IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P AVG
7) DIOCLETIANVS P AVG 29) IMP C DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG
8) DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG 30) IMP C VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG
9) DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG COS VIII 31) IMP C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P AVG
10) DN DIOCLETIANO AETER AVG 32) IMP C VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG
11) DN DIOCLETIANO BAEAT SEN AVG 33) IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG
12) DN DIOCLETIANO BAEATIS 34) IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG ET MAXIMIANVS AVG
13) DN DIOCLETIANO BAEATISS 35) IMP DIOCLETIANVS ET MAXIMIANVS N C
14) DN DIOCLETIANO BAEATISS SEN AVG 36) IMP DIOCLETIANVS P AVG
15) DN DIOCLETIANO BAEATISSIMO SEN AVG 37) IMP DIOCLETIANVS P FE AVG
16) DN DIOCLETIANO BEAT SEN AVG 38) IMP DIOCLETIANVS P FEL AVG
17) DN DIOCLETIANO BEATISSIMO SEN AVG 39) IMP DIOCLETIANVS PF AV
18) DN DIOCLETIANO FELICI 40) IMP DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG
19) DN DIOCLETIANO FELICIS 41) IMP DIOCLETIANVS PIVS AVG
20) DN DIOCLETIANO FELICISS 42) IMP DIOCLETIANVS PIVS F AVG
21) DN DIOCLETIANO FELICISS SEN AVG 43) VIRTVS DIOCLETIANI AVG
22) DN DIOCLETIANO FELICISSIMO SEN AVG

Reverses:
1) ABVNDAT AVG 60) IOVI CONSERVAT
2) ABVNDAT AVGG 61) IOVI CONSERVAT AVG
3) ADVENTVS AVGG 62) IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG
4) AEQVITAS AVGG 63) IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN
5) AETERNITAS AVGG 64) IOVI CONSERVATOR AVGG
6) ANNONA AVG 65) IOVI CONSERVATORI
7) AVSPIC FEL 66) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG
8) CLARITAS AVGG 67) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG
9) CLEMENTIA TEMP 68) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG ET CAESS NN
10) COMES AVGG 69) IOVI ET HERCVLI CONS AVGG
11) COMITATVS AVGG 70) IOVI FVLGERATORI
12) CONCORDIA AVGG 71) IOVI FVLGVRATORI
13) CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS 72) IOVI PROPVGNAT
14) CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS NNNN 73) IOVI TVTAT AVGG
15) CONCORDIA MILITVM 74) IOVI TVTATORI AVGG
16) CONCORDIAE AVGG 75) IOVI VICTORI
17) CONCORDIAE AVGG NN 76) LAETITIA AVGG
18) CONSERVAT AVG 77) LAETITIA FVND
19) CONSERVATOR AVGG 78) M SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN
20) CONSERVATORES AVGG ET CAESS NN 79) MARS VICTOR
21) CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES 80) MARTI PACIF
22) CONSVL IIII PP PROCOS 81) MARTI PACIFERO
23) CONSVL V PP PROCOS 82) MARTI PROPVGNATORI
24) CONSVL VI PP PROCOS 83) MARTI VLTORI
25) CONSVL VII PP PRC 84) MAXIMIANVS AVG
26) CONSVL VII PP PROCOS 85) MAXIMIANVS AVG ET CONSTANTIVS C
27) CONSVL VIII PP PRCOS 86) MAXIMIANVS PF AVG
28) CONSVL VIIII PP PRCOS 87) MONETA AVGG ET CAESS NN
29) COS III 88) MONETA S AVGG ET CAESS NN
30) COS IIII 89) MONETA SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN
31) FATIS VICTRICIBVS 90) ORIENS AVG
32) FEL ADVENT AVGG NN 91) ORIENS AVGG
33) FELICIA TEMPORA 92) ORIENS AVGVSTOR
34) FELICIT PVBL 93) PACATORES GENTIVM
35) FELICITAS AVG 94) PAX AETERN
36) FELICITAS PVBLIC 95) PAX AVG
37) FELICITAS TEMPORVM 96) PAX AVGG
38) FELIX ADVENT AVGG NN 97) PAX AVGGG
39) FIDES MILIT 98) PERPETVA FELICITAS AVGG
40) FIDES MILITVM 99) PIETAS AVGG
41) FORTVNA RED 100) PIETAS AVGG ET CAESS NN
42) FORTVNA REDVX 101) PM TR P PP
43) FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG ET CAESS NN 102) PM TR P VIII COS IIII PP
44) FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG NN 103) PRIMI XX IOVI AVGVSTI
45) FORTVNAE REDVCI CAESS NN 104) PRIMIS X MVLTIS XX
46) GAVDETE ROMANI 105) PROVIDENT DEOR
47) GENIO POP ROM 106) PROVIDENT DEOR QVIES AVGG
48) GENIO POPVLI ROMANI 107) PROVIDENTIA AVG
49) HERCVLI CONSERVAT 108) PROVIDENTIA AVGG
50) HERCVLI DEBELLAT 109) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM
51) HERCVLI INVICTO AVGG 110) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM QVIES AVGG
52) HERCVLI PACIF 111) QVIES AVGG
53) HERCVLI PACIFERO 112) QVIES AVGVSTORVM
54) HERCVLI VICTORI 113) ROMAE AETERN
55) IMP C MAXIMIANVS AVG 114) ROMAE AETERNAE
56) IOV ET HERCV CONSER AVGG 115) S M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN
57) IOVI AVGG 116) SACR MONET AVGG ET CAESS NN
58) IOVI CONS CAES 117) SACRA MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN
59) IOVI CONSER AVGG 118) SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NN
 390
119) SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR 139) VICTORI AVG
120) SACRA MONET VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 140) VICTORIA AETERNA
121) SAECVLARES AVG 141) VICTORIA AVG
122) SAECVRIT AVGG 142) VICTORIA AVGG
123) SAECVRIT PERP 143) VICTORIA SARM
124) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS AVCTA KART 144) VICTORIA SARMAT
125) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART 145) VICTORIA SARMATICA
126) SALVS AVG 146) VICTORIAE SARMATICAE
127) SALVS AVGG 147) VICTORRIA SARMAT
128) SECVRIT AVGG 148) VIRTVS AVG
129) SECVRIT PERP 149) VIRTVS AVGG
130) SECVRIT PERPET DD NN 150) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM
131) SECVRITAS ORBIS 151) VIRTVS EXERCIT IMPER ROMANI
132) SOLI INVICT CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN 152) VIRTVS MILITVM
133) SOLI INVICTO 153) VIRTVTI AVGG
134) SPES PVBLICA 154) VOTIS ROMANORVM
135) TEMPOR FEL 155) VOTIS X
136) TEMPOR FELICIT 156) VTILITAS PVBLICA
137) TEMPORVM FEL 157) No legend
138) VENERI VICTRICI

Types:
1) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia
2) Aequitas standing right, holding scale and cornucopia
3) Aeternitas standing left, holding phoenix on globe and scepter
4) Africa standing, facing, holding standard and elephant tusk; lion and bull to lower left.
5) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.
6) Carthago standing, facing, holding fruits in each hand
7) Cippus (fractured)
8) City gate with (3) turrets
9) City gate with (4) turrets
10) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae
11) Concordiae (2) standing, facing each other, shaking hands and each holding a cornucopia
12) Diocletian and Jupiter standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar and each holding a scepter.
13) Diocletian and Maximian each riding horse right, raising hand
14) Diocletian and Maximian seated left, each holding globe and parazonium; each being crowned by Victory to right
15) Diocletian and Maximian standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar
16) Diocletian and Maximian standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar; Felicitas standing in center background, holding caduceus and cornucopia
17) Diocletian and Maximian standing, facing each other, together holding Victory on globe
18) Diocletian and Maximian standing, facing each other, together holding Victory; Victory in center background, crowning both
19) Diocletian and Maximian standing, facing each other; Victory in center background, crowning both
20) Diocletian riding horse left; Victory to left, holding wreath and palm
21) Diocletian riding horse right, raising hand
22) Diocletian riding horse right, raising hand and holding scepter
23) Diocletian standing left, holding globe
24) Diocletian standing left, holding globe and parazonium
25) Diocletian standing left, holding globe and scepter
26) Diocletian standing left, raising hand and holding spear; four standards in front.
27) Diocletian standing left on right, holding globe and scepter, facing Victory to left, holding wreath and palm
28) Diocletian standing right on left, holding globe, facing Maximian to right, holding scepter.
29) Diocletian standing right on left, holding parazonium, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter.
30) Diocletian standing right on left, holding spear, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter
31) Diocletian standing right on left, holding spear, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter.
32) Diocletian standing right on left, holding Victory on globe, facing Maximian to right, holding scepter.
33) Diocletian standing, facing, holding globe and spear
34) Diocletian standing, facing, holding spear and globe; seated captive on either side.
35) Elephant with rider advancing left.
36) Fates (3) standing, each holding a rudder and cornucopia
37) Fates (3) standing, holding each other’s hands.
38) Felicitas seated left, holding patera and cornucopia
39) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
40) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding caduceus.
41) Fides standing, facing; standard on either side.
42) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair
43) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia
44) Fortuna standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia
45) Four Seasons frolicking.
46) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia
47) Genius standing left, pouring out patera and holding cornucopia
48) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia
49) Hercules bust right, holding club over shoulder and lion’s skin
50) Hercules clubbing hydra
51) Hercules standing left, holding branch and resting hand on club
52) Hercules standing left, holding Victory and resting hand on club
53) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and bow with lion skin
54) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and Victory with lion skin
55) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club with lion skin on rock
56) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin.
57) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin
58) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding trophy
59) Hercules wrestling lion
60) Hercules wrestling lion, Victory crowning him
61) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt; eagle to left
62) Jupiter seated left, holding scepter and thunderbolt
63) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
64) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left.
 391
65) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter
66) Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt.
67) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
68) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; Diocletian to lower left.
69) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left.
70) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left and two standards to right
71) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; globe to left
72) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter
73) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; Diocletian to lower left.
74) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left.
75) Jupiter standing right on left, holding scepter and thunderbolt, facing Hercules to right, holding club and lion skin.
76) Jupiter standing right on left, holding scepter facing Hercules, holding club and lion skin, together holding Victory.
77) Jupiter standing right, aiming thunderbolt
78) Jupiter standing right, aiming thunderbolt at Titan to right
79) Jupiter standing right, aiming thunderbolt; eagle to left
80) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder
81) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and caduceus; child to side.
82) Lion advancing left, holding thunderbolt in jaws
83) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear.
84) Mars advancing left, holding palm and spear.
85) Mars advancing left, holding spear and trophy
86) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield
87) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
88) Mars advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy with shield
89) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
90) Maximian, laureate head right
91) Minerva standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
92) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
93) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter.
94) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
95) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter; shield to side.
96) Pax standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
97) Pietas standing, facing, holding baby; child to left
98) Providentia seated left, holding wand over globe and scepter
99) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter
100) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.
101) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia
102) Providentia standing right on left, raising hand, facing Quies to right, holding branch and scepter.
103) Quies standing left, holding branch and scepter.
104) Roma seated left on chair, holding Victory and spear; shield to side.
105) Roma seated left on shield, holding Victory and spear.
106) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake
107) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, touching head and holding scepter
108) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head.
109) Sol advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
110) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe.
111) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; captive to side.
112) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip.
113) Spes standing left, holding flower and raising skirt
114) Temple with (2) columns, Mars holding spear and shield within.
115) Tetrarchs sacrificing in front of city gate
116) Utilitas standing, facing
117) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield reading SIC / XX / SIC / XXX
118) Victories (2) holding shield reading VOT X FEL on palm tree.
119) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
120) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm
121) Victory riding biga right
122) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm.
123) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.
124) Victory standing facing on globe, holding trophy.
125) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VOT X FEL on palm tree
126) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VOT X on palm tree
127) Victory standing right on left, holding globe, facing Jupiter to right, stepping on captive, holding thunderbolt and scepter
128) Virtus standing left, touching trophy; seated captive on either side.
129) Virtus standing left, holding branch and spear with shield
130) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
131) Virtus standing right, holding spear and parazonium; seated captive to right
132) Wreath, MVL / TIS / XX within
133) Wreath, PRIMI / XX / IOVI AVG / COS VIII within
134) Wreath, SIC / X / SIC / XX within
135) Wreath, VO / TIS / X / SIC / XX within
136) Wreath, VO / TIS / XX / SIC / XXX within
137) Wreath, VOT / X / SIC / XX within
138) Wreath, VOT / XX / AVGG / NN within
139) Wreath, VOT / XX / AVGG within
140) Wreath, VOT / XX / SIC / XXX within
141) Wreath, VOT / XX within
142) Wreath, VOT X M XX within
143) Wreath, XC / VI within
144) Wreath, XCVI within
145) Wreath, XX / DIOCL / ETIAN / I AVG within

Mints:
1) Alexandria 4) Karthago 7) Londinium 10) Roma
2) Antioch 5) Cyzicus 8) Lugdunum 11) Serdica
3) Aquileia 6) Heraclea 9) Nicomedia 12) Siscia
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13) Thessalonica 15) Treveri
14) Ticinum 16) Tripolis

AU Medallion Reference(s)

1) B08, O09, R037, T016, M15 Exe: `TR Five Aureus weight RIC 27 (VI, Treveri)
2) B19, O26, R024, T025, M02 Exe: SMA 2-1/2 Aureus weight RIC 1 (VI, Antioch)

AU Binio
3) B27, O26, R063, T067, M10 RIC V 133

AU Aureus
4) B12, O01, R054, T052, M15 Exe: TR
5) B12, O05, R022, T023, M05 RIC V 285
6) B12, O05, R023, T023, M02 Exe: SMA` RIC V 309
7) B12, O05, R029, T021, M05 RIC V 287
8) B12, O05, R030, T021, M05 RIC V 288
9) B12, O05, R157, T145, M14 Exe: SMT RIC 11a (VI, Ticinum)
10) B12, O08, R065, T077, M15 Exe: `T RIC 22 (VI, Treveri)
11) B12, O08, R070, T078, M10 RIC V 146
12) B12, O08, R157, T133, M16 Exe: `TR RIC 75 (VI, Treveri)
13) B17, O29, R081, T083, M12 RIC V 249
14) B19, O08, R065, T064, M10 RIC V 142a
15) B19, O08, R065, T067, M09 Exe: SMN RIC 5a (VI, Nicomedia)
16) B19, O24, R031, T036, M05 Exe: */SC
17) B19, O24, R031, T036, M05 Exe: SC RIC V 294
18) B19, O24, R065, T067, M05 Exe: SC RIC V 293
19) B19, O26, R031, T037, M02 Exe: SMA RIC V 314
20) B19, O26, R065, T072, M05 RIC V 295
21) B19, O26, R066, T067, M02 Exe: O/SMA “O” in field is the Greek Omicron representing 70 to a pound of gold RIC V 316
22) B19, O26, R067, T067, M10 RIC V 134
23) B19, O26, R141, T120, M02 Exe: O/SMA “O” in field is the Greek Omicron representing 70 to a pound of gold RIC V 320
24) B19, O26, R141, T123, M08 RIC V 5
25) B19, O26, R148, T130, M05 RIC V 304d
26) B20, O26, R079, T087, M08 RIC V 24

AU Quinarius

27) B20, O33, R067, T067, M10 RIC V 153

AR Argenteus
28) B12, O01, R032, T004, M04 Exe: P RIC 11a (VI, Carthago)
29) B12, O01, R108, T115, M01 Exe: ALE
30) B12, O01, R108, T115, M12 RIC 33a (VI, Siscia)
31) B12, O01, R144, T115, M06 Exe: H` RIC 10a (VI, Heraclea)
32) B12, O01, R144, T115, M14 RIC 12a (VI, Ticinum)
33) B12, O01, R146, T009, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 25a (VI, Nicomedia)
34) B12, O01, R152, T008, M01 Exe: ALE RIC 10a (VI, Alexandria)
35) B12, O01, R152, T008, M11 Exe: `/•SM•SD• RIC 1a (VI, Serdica)
36) B12, O01, R152, T115, M10 Exe: ` RIC 40a (VI, Roma)
37) B12, O01, R152, T115, M10 Exe: R RIC 32a (VI, Roma)
38) B12, O01, R152, T115, M12 RIC 27a (VI, Roma)
39) B12, O01, R152, T115, M12 RIC 43a (VI, Siscia)
40) B12, O01, R157, T144, M03 Exe: AQ RIC 16a (VI, Aquileia)

AE Medallion
41) B28, O03, R151, T088, M15 Exe: TR

AE Antoninianus
42) B27, O29, R097, T094, M07 Exe: S/P/MLXXI

AE Antoninianus (reduced)
43) B23, O27, R019, T030, M12 Exe: XXI`
44) B27, O24, R060, T067, M14 Exe: `XXIT RIC V 223f
45) B27, O24, R060, T070, M14 Exe: `XXIT RIC V 226f
46) B27, O25, R064, T012, M12 Exe: `/XXIO RIC V 264f
47) B27, O26, R015, T031, M05 Exe: K` RIC V 15a
48) B27, O27, R049, T058, M14 Exe: `XXIT RIC V 215f
49) B27, O27, R060, T067, M14 Exe: `XXIT RIC V 225f
50) B27, O30, R060, T066, M14 Exe: `/XXIT RIC V 232f
51) B27, O32, R049, T056, M14 Exe: `XXIT RIC V 212f
52) B27, O32, R060, T067, M14 Exe: `XXIT RIC V 222f
 393
53) B27, O32, R060, T068, M14 Exe: `XXIT RIC V 220f
54) B27, O33, R128, T106, M08 Exe: C RIC V 89f
55) B29, O24, R107, T101, M10 Exe: XXI` RIC V 180c
56) B29, O26, R015, T031, M02 Exe: `/•XXI RIC V 322c
57) B29, O26, R015, T031, M02 Exe: `/XXI RIC V 322c
58) B29, O26, R015, T031, M06 Exe: H` RIC V 13
59) B29, O26, R015, T031, M06 Exe: A/•XXI• RIC V 284c
60) B29, O26, R015, T031, M06 Exe: HB/•XXI• RIC V 284c
61) B29, O26, R056, T031, M02 Exe: © over `/XXI RIC V 323c
62) B29, O26, R056, T031, M16 Exe: TR/®XXI RIC V 327c
63) B29, O26, R059, T069, M08 A in left field RIC V 35c
64) B29, O26, R066, T027, M16 Exe: TR/XXI RIC V 330c
65) B29, O26, R067, T031, M02 Exe: `/XXI RIC V 325c
66) B29, O26, R134, T113, M12 Exe: `/XXI C 459
67) B29, O26, R141, T119, M14 Exe: `XXIT RIC V 242c
68) B29, O28, R074, T074, M10 Exe: P RIC V 54c
69) B29, O29, R074, T074, M10 Exe: P RIC V 53c
70) B29, O32, R060, T068, M14 Exe: `XXIT RIC V 220c
71) B29, O33, R062, T067, M10 Exe: XXI` RIC V 162a
72) B29, O33, R062, T123, M10 Exe: XXI` RIC V 183c
73) B29, O33, R077, T080, M10 Exe: XXI` RIC V 171c
74) B29, O36, R057, T065, M08 Exe: A RIC V 33c
75) B29, O36, R057, T074, M08 Exe: P RIC V 27c
76) B30, O24, R015, T031, M05 Exe: Γ/XXI 286-293 RIC V 306a
77) B30, O24, R015, T031, M06 Exe: `/XXI RIC V 284a
78) B30, O25, R065, T069, M12 Exe: XXI` RIC V 268a
79) B30, O26, R064, T012, M12 Exe: `/•XXI•I• RIC V 263f
80) B30, O26, R142, T017, M12 Exe: `/XXI RIC V 277a
81) B30, O27, R064, T012, M12 Exe: XXI` RIC V 262a
82) B30, O33, R006, T005, M10 Exe: XXI` RIC V 156a
83) B30, O33, R062, T067, M10 Exe: XXI` RIC V 161a
84) B30, O33, R070, T079, M10 Exe: XXIΔ 290

AE Follis Reference(s)

85) B09, O15, R110, T102, M11 Exe: `/•SM•SD• S F across fields RIC 14a (VI, Serdica)
86) B09, O17, R110, T102, M02 Exe: `/ANT RIC 76a (VI, Antioch)
87) B09, O19, R109, T102, M01 Exe: `/ALE RIC 93a (VI, Alexandria)
88) B09, O21, R110, T102, M10 Exe: S/F/R` RIC 119a (VI, Roma)
89) B09, O22, R110, T102, M07 RIC 77a (VI, Londinium)
90) B09, O22, R110, T102, M11 Exe: S/F/•SM•SD• RIC 15a (VI, Serdica)
91) B09, O33, R110, T102, M05 Exe: KS/`TR S F across fields RIC 676a (VI, Treveri)
92) B11, O33, R048, T046, M15 Exe: A/`/TR RIC 191 (VI, TreverI)
93) B11, O40, R048, T046, M15 Exe: `/*/TR RIC 282 (VI, Treveri)
94) B12, O26, R048, T046, M09 Exe: SMN RIC 27a (VI, Nicomedia)
95) B12, O26, R048, T047, M05 Exe: K` RIC 10a (VI, Cyzicus)
96) B12, O26, R048, T047, M06 Exe: •HT`• RIC 23a (VI, Heraclea)
97) B12, O26, R048, T047, M06 Exe: H`
98) B12, O26, R048, T047, M06 Exe: HT` RIC 17a (VI, Heraclea)
99) B12, O26, R048, T047, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 29a (VI, Nicomedia)
100) B12, O26, R048, T047, M11 Exe: `/•SM•SD• RIC 3a (VI, Serdica)
101) B12, O26, R048, T047, M13 Exe: `/•TS• RIC 25a (VI, Thessalonica)
102) B12, O26, R048, T047, M13 Exe: •TS`• RIC 21a (VI, Thessalonica)
103) B12, O29, R038, T004, M04 Exe: `/PK` Officina in field is a Greek letter that corresponds to Latin one in exergue RIC 21a (VI, Carthago)
104) B12, O29, R048, T046, M01 Exe: XX/` over I/ALE RIC 32a (VI, Alexandria)
105) B12, O29, R048, T046, M01 Exe: XXI/`/ALE RIC 30a (VI, Alexandria)
106) B12, O29, R048, T046, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 22a (VI, Aquileia)
107) B12, O29, R048, T046, M07 Exe: `LN RIC 11 (VI, Londinium)
108) B12, O29, R048, T046, M07 Exe: LON RIC 1a (VI, Londinium)
109) B12, O29, R048, T046, M10 Exe: R* RIC 94a (VI, Roma)
110) B12, O29, R048, T046, M10 Exe: R/` RIC 64a (VI, Roma)
111) B12, O29, R048, T046, M10 Exe: R/F/` RIC 90a (VI, Roma)
112) B12, O29, R048, T046, M12 Exe: `/*SIS RIC 85a (VI, Siscia)
113) B12, O29, R048, T046, M12 S in left field, officina in right field RIC 79a (VI, Siscia)
114) B12, O29, R048, T047, M02 Exe: `/ANT* RIC 56a (VI, Antioch)
115) B12, O29, R117, T092, M10 Exe: `) RIC 100a (VI, Roma)
116) B12, O32, R048, T047, M02 Exe: © over `/ANT RIC 48a (VI, Antioch)
117) B12, O32, R048, T047, M02 Exe: K/` over V/ANT RIC 54a (VI, Antioch)
118) B12, O32, R058, T072, M01 Exe: S/` over P/ALE RIC 41 (VI, Alexandria)
119) B12, O32, R118, T092, M14 Exe: */`T RIC 47a (VI, Ticinum)
120) B12, O32, R119, T092, M14 Exe: `T• RIC 43a (VI, Ticinum)
121) B12, O33, R048, T046, M15 Exe: `/*/TR RIC 305a (VI, Treveri)
122) B12, O38, R044, T042, M15 Exe: */`TR
123) B12, O40, R038, T004, M04 Exe: I/PK` RIC 23a (VI, Carthago)
124) B12, O40, R048, T046, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 25a (VI, Aquileia)
125) B12, O40, R048, T046, M12 Exe: I/`/XXISIS RIC 113a (VI, Siscia)
126) B12, O40, R116, T092, M12 Exe: ©/VI/SIS`
127) B12, O40, R119, T092, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 29a (VI, Aquileia)
128) B12, O40, R119, T092, M12 Exe: */`/*SIS RIC 136a (VI, Siscia)
129) B17, O33, R048, T046, M07 RIC 13 (VI, Londinium)
130) B17, O33, R048, T048, M08 Exe: */`LG RIC 175 (VI, Lugdunum)
131) B17, O33, R078, T092, M15 Exe: */`TR RIC 473a (VI, Treveri)
132) B17, O36, R048, T046, M15 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 505 (VI, Treveri)

AE Denarius
 394
133) B19, O26, R079, T087, M08 RIC V 113
134) B19, O33, R062, T067, M10 RIC V 187
135) B19, O33, R062, T067, M10 Exe: `
 395
Diocletian Busts

Diocletian Types
 396
Diocletian Types (continued)
 397

One of the members of the Tetrarchy, Maximian had a

Maximian convoluted reign that started when he and Diocletian began
ruling as equals in 285. Maximian was in charge of the western
portion of the empire along with Constantius I, his junior in
Augustus 285-305, 306-308 & 310 command, while Diocletian and Galerius ruled the eastern half.
After several years of putting down revolts and usurpers, both
he and Diocletian abdicated to let their Caesars take their
place in 306. However, this peaceful arrangement would come to an end soon when Maximianus's son Maxentius
initiated a revolt of his own. Seeing that it would lend an air of legitimacy to his claims, Maxentius requested his
father to return to assume the high post along with him. Maximian, although possibly reluctant initially, took up his
son's offer. He had abdicated less than voluntarily under Diocletian's scheme and now he was caught up in the
fervor of Maxentius's drive to become sole ruler. In time, Maxentius met with failure after he lost several key
battles to Constantine and Maximian found himself in the awkward position of being an emperor with no rightful
claim nor army willing to proceed with his agenda. Increasingly isolated, Constantine cornered him and he was
either executed or committed suicide.

Busts: As was mentioned under Diocletian, the style of the

1) Bare head right
portraits on the coins has gradually become less
2) Bust right, wearing lion skin lifelike. As soon as Diocletian makes Maximian co-
3) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left emperor the two look nearly identical because, in
4) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding globe
5) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter over shoulder and shield practice, the celators no longer made an effort to
6) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter over spear and shield capture the unique look of each emperor.
7) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe
8) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right
9) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter and shield When Diocletian’s coin reform takes effect in the
10) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield
11) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right
early 290’s both emperors’ busts go from the
12) Helmeted, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear over slender profiles in vogue during the previous
shoulder and shield decade to a much wider, “tough guy” look evidently
13) Helmeted, radiate bust left
14) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left meant to convey a virile, no-nonsense military
15) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield leader. This artistic style will remain in practice
16) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust right
17) Laureate bust left, holding club over shoulder and lion skin throughout the Tetrarchy years until Constantine I’s
18) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop own coinage reforms.
19) Laureate head left
20) Laureate head right
21) Laureate torso right, wearing imperial mantle, holding branch and mappa Diocletian and Maximian have about an equal
22) Laureate, cuirassed bust left amount of coins extant. However, the bulk of coins
23) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding club over shoulder and lion skin
24) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding globe coming into market nowadays are being found in
25) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter over shoulder the eastern European countries where Diocletian
26) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield
27) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield once presided. However, given the fact that each
28) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe region had a predilection for striking coins for the
29) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe and scepter over
shoulder
resident emperor this makes it appear as though
30) Laureate, cuirassed bust right Diocletian’s coins are more easily available.
31) Laureate, cuirassed bust right of Maximian over Hercules, cuirassed bust right,
holding club
32) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding scepter and shield There are two main categories of coins to choose
33) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield from. First and most common will be the pre-reform
34) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield
35) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left coins with radiate busts. Most common among
36) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right these will be those of Maximian standing next to
37) Laureate, draped and cuirassed torso right, holding spear with shield and two
javelins
Jupiter and receiving from him the figure of Victory.
38) Laureate, draped bust left They can often be found among “uncleaned” coins
39) Laureate, draped bust left, holding scepter sold in bulk or for a few dollars each. Even
40) Laureate, draped bust right
41) Radiate bust left, holding club and lion skin particularly nice ones will not be very expensive.
42) Radiate bust left, holding spear and shield
43) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle
44) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding club The Folles are also widely available and will
45) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding globe sometimes have partial or nearly full silvering
46) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter over shoulder
47) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop
remaining. These top-grade coins will command
48) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, raising hand significant premiums over ordinary Folles but are
49) Radiate bust right not found often enough in this state to give an
50) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear
51) Radiate, cuirassed bust right accurate estimate of their prices. For what it’s
52) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right worth, a $100 or $200 Follis is not unheard of.
53) Radiate, draped bust left
54) Radiate, draped bust right Minor denominations and unusual reverses will
55) Veiled head right also cost more.
56) Veiled, laureate head right
 398
Obverses:

1) AVR VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 41) IMP C M AVR VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG
2) DIVO MAXIMIANO AVG 42) IMP C M VAL MAXIMIANVS AVG
3) DIVO MAXIMIANO IVN AVG 43) IMP C M VAL VAXIMIANVS PF AVG
4) DIVO MAXIMIANO OPT IMP 44) IMP C MAXIMIANVS AVG
5) DIVO MAXIMIANO OPTIMO IMP 45) IMP C MAXIMIANVS P AVG
6) DIVO MAXIMIANO PATRI MAXENTIVS AVG 46) IMP C MAXIMIANVS PF AVG
7) DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN 47) IMP C MAXIMIANVS PI AVG
8) DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN AVG 48) IMP C MAXIMIANVS PP AVG
9) DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN FORT IMP 49) IMP C VAL MAXIMIANVS AVG
10) DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN IMP 50) IMP C VAL MAXIMIANVS P AVG
11) DIVO MAXIMIANO SOCERO MAXENTIVS AVG 51) IMP C VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG
12) DN MAXIMIANO B S AVG 52) IMP M AVR MAXIMIANVS AVG
13) DN MAXIMIANO BAEATIS 53) IMP M AVR VAL MAXIMIANVS AVG
14) DN MAXIMIANO BAEATISS 54) IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO MAXIMIANO PATRI
15) DN MAXIMIANO BAEATISS SEN AVG 55) IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO MAXIMIANO SOCERO
16) DN MAXIMIANO BAEATISSI 56) IMP MAXIMIANO PF S AVG
17) DN MAXIMIANO BAEATISSIM 57) IMP MAXIMIANVS AVG
18) DN MAXIMIANO BAEATISSIMO SEN AVG 58) IMP MAXIMIANVS AVG COS VII
19) DN MAXIMIANO BEATISSIMO SEN AVG 59) IMP MAXIMIANVS P AVG
20) DN MAXIMIANO FELICIS 60) IMP MAXIMIANVS P FE AVG
21) DN MAXIMIANO FELICISS 61) IMP MAXIMIANVS P FEL AVG
22) DN MAXIMIANO FELICISS SEN AVG 62) IMP MAXIMIANVS PF AVG
23) DN MAXIMIANO FELICISSI 63) IMP MAXIMIANVS PF AVG COS VII
24) DN MAXIMIANO FELICISSIM 64) IMP MAXIMIANVS PI FE AVG
25) DN MAXIMIANO FELICISSIMO SEN AVG 65) IMP MAXIMIANVS PIVS AVG
26) DN MAXIMIANO PF S AVG 66) IMP MAXIMIANVS PIVS AVGVST
27) DN MAXIMIANO SEN INV AVG 67) IMP MAXIMIANVS PIVS F AVG
28) IMP C C VAL MAXIMIANVS P AVG 68) IMP MAXIMIANVS PIVS FELIX AVG
29) IMP C C VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 69) IMP MAXIMIANVS SEN AVG
30) IMP C M A MAXIMIANVS AVG 70) M AVR MAXIMIANVS SEN AVG
31) IMP C M A MAXIMIANVS P AVG 71) MAXIMIANVS AVG
32) IMP C M A MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 72) MAXIMIANVS AVGVSTVS
33) IMP C M A VAL MAXIMIANVS AVG 73) MAXIMIANVS P AVG
34) IMP C M A VAL MAXIMIANVS P AVG 74) MAXIMIANVS PF AVG
35) IMP C M A VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 75) MAXIMIANVS SEN PF AVG
36) IMP C M AV MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 76) VIRTVS MAXIMIANI AVG
37) IMP C M AVR MAXIMIANVS AVG
38) IMP C M AVR MAXIMIANVS PF AVG
39) IMP C M AVR VAL MAXIMIANVS AVG
40) IMP C M AVR VAL MAXIMIANVS P AVG

Reverses:

1) ABVNDAT AVGG 42) FELICIT PVBL

2) ADVENTVS AVGG 43) FELICITAS AVGG NOSTR
3) AEQVITAS AVGG 44) FELICITAS PVBLIC
4) AETERNA MEMORIA 45) FELICITAS SAEC
5) AETERNAE MEMORIAE 46) FELIX ADVENT AVGG NN
6) AETERNITAS AVGG 47) FELIX INGRESS SEN AVG
7) AVSPIC FEL 48) FELIX INGRESSVS SEN AVG
8) CLARITAS AVGG 49) FIDES MILIT
9) CLEMENT TEMP 50) FIDES MILITVM
10) CLEMENTIA TEMP 51) FIDES MILITVM AVGG ET CAESS NN
11) COMES AVGG 52) FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG ET CAESS NN
12) COMITATVS AVGG 53) FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG NN
13) CONCORD MILIT FELIC ROMANOR 54) GAVDETE ROMANI
14) CONCORDIA AVGG 55) GENIO POP ROM
15) CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS 56) GENIO POPVLI ROMANI
16) CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS NNNN 57) HERCVLI COM AVGG
17) CONCORDIA FELIX DD NN 58) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG NOSTR
18) CONCORDIA MILITVM 59) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG ET CAES N
19) CONCORDIA PERPET DD NN 60) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG ET CAESS NN
20) CONCORDIAE AVGG 61) HERCVLI CONSERVAT
21) CONCORDIAE AVGG NN 62) HERCVLI CONSERVATORI
22) CONCORDIAE MILITVM 63) HERCVLI CONSERVATORI AVGG
23) CONSERV VRB SVAE 64) HERCVLI CONSERVATORI AVGG ET CAESS NN
24) CONSERVATOR AFRICAE SVAE 65) HERCVLI DEBELLAT
25) CONSERVATOR AVGG 66) HERCVLI INMORTALI
26) CONSERVATORES AVGG ET CAESS NN 67) HERCVLI INVICTO AVGG
27) CONSERVATORES KART SVAE 68) HERCVLI PACIF
28) CONSERVATORES VRB SVAE 69) HERCVLI PACIFERO
29) CONSVL III PP PRO COS 70) HERCVLI VICTORI
30) CONSVL IIII PP PRO COS 71) IOV ET HERCV CONSER AVGG
31) CONSVL PP PRO COS 72) IOVI AVGG
32) CONSVL V PP PRO COS 73) IOVI CONSER AVGG
33) CONSVL VI PP PRO COS 74) IOVI CONSERVAT
34) CONSVL VII PP PRO COS 75) IOVI CONSERVAT AVG
35) CONSVL VIII PP PRO COS 76) IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG
36) COS II 77) IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS
37) COS III 78) IOVI CONSERVATORI
38) F ADVENT AVGG NN 79) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG
39) FATIS VICTRICIBVS 80) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN
40) FEL ADVENT AVGG NN 81) IOVI CONSERVATORI NK
41) FELICIT PERP 82) IOVI ET HERCVLI CONS AVGG
 399
83) IOVI FVLGERATORI 120) SACR MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR
84) IOVI PROPVGNAT 121) SACRA MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN
85) IOVI TVTATORI AVGG 122) SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR
86) M SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN 123) SACRA MONET VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN
87) MARS VICTOR 124) SAECVLARES AVGG
88) MARTI CONSERV AVGG ET CAES N 125) SAECVLI FELICIT
89) MARTI CONSERVATORI AVGG ET CAESS NN 126) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS AVCTA KART
90) MARTI PACIFERO 127) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART
91) MARTI PATR SEMP VICTORI 128) SALVS AVGG
92) MARTI PATRI PROPVGNATORI 129) SALVS AVGG ET CAESS NN
93) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 130) SECVRIT AVGG
94) MEM DIVI MAXIMIANI 131) SOLI INVICTO COMITI
95) MEMORIA E AETERNAE 132) SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI
96) MONETA AVGG ET CAESS NN 133) TEMPOR FELICIT
97) MONETA S AVGG ET CAESS NN 134) TEMPORVM FELICITAS
98) MONETA SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN 135) VICTORIA AVGG
99) ORIENS AVGG 136) VICTORIA SARM
100) PACATORES GENTIVM 137) VICTORIA SARMA
101) PAX AETERN 138) VICTORIA SARMAT
102) PAX AVGG 139) VICTORIA SARMATICA
103) PIETAS AVGG 140) VICTORIAE SARMATICAE
104) PIETAS AVGG ET CAESS NN 141) VIRTVS AVGG
105) PM TR P PP 142) VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN
106) PM TR P VIII COS IIII PP 143) VIRTVS AVGG NN
107) PRIMIS X MVLTIS XX 144) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM
108) PROVID DEORVM QVIES AVGG 145) VIRTVS ILLVRICI
109) PROVIDENT DEOR 146) VIRTVS MILITVM
110) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 147) VIRTVTI AVGG
111) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM QVIES AVGG 148) VIRTVTI ERCVLIS
112) QVIES AVGG 149) VIRTVTI HERCVLIS
113) REQVIES OPTIMORVM MERITORVM 150) VNDIQVE VICTORES
114) RESTITVTOR ROMAE 151) VOTIS X
115) ROMA AETERNA 152) VTILITAS PVBLICA
116) ROMAE AETER 153) No legend
117) S M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN
118) SAC M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN
119) SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN

Types:

1) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia

2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
3) Aeternitas standing left, holding phoenix on globe and raising skirt.
4) Africa standing, facing, holding standard and tusk; lion with captured bull to lower left.
5) Carthago standing, facing, holding fruits in both hands.
6) Cippus
7) City gate with (3) turrets
8) City gate with (4) turrets
9) City gate with (5) turrets
10) City gate with (7) turrets
11) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
12) Concordia standing left, holding a standard in each hand
13) Concordia standing right on left, raising hand and holding scepter, facing Hercules on right, resting hand on club.
14) Concordiae (2) standing, facing each other, shaking hands
15) Eagle standing left
16) Eagle standing right
17) Elephant advancing left (with rider)
18) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
19) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding caduceus.
20) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, touching head.
21) Fides seated, facing, holding standard in each hand.
22) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand.
23) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia.
24) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
25) Fortuna standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.
26) Genius seated left, holding patera and cornucopia
27) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
28) Genius standing left, pouring out patera and holding cornucopia.
29) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
30) Hercules advancing right, carrying boar over shoulders
31) Hercules advancing right, holding club and boar over shoulder
32) Hercules bust left, holding club over shoulder and lion skin.
33) Hercules bust right, wearing lion skin
34) Hercules advancing right, dragging Cerberus and holding club with lion skin.
35) Hercules seated, facing; club to left, bow to right
36) Hercules standing left, clubbing Hydra.
37) Hercules standing left, holding branch and club with lion skin
38) Hercules standing left, holding branch and resting hand on club with lion skin.
39) Hercules standing left, holding club.
40) Hercules standing left, holding Victory and resting hand on club.
41) Hercules standing left, holding Victory on globe and lion skin
42) Hercules standing left, resting hand on club and holding lion skin
43) Hercules standing right under tree with snake coiled around it, holding club and apple.
44) Hercules standing right, aiming bow.
45) Hercules standing right, being crowned by Victory hovering on right, wrestling lion; club to left.
46) Hercules standing right, being crowned by Victory standing on globe, resting hand on club
47) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding bow with lion skin
 400
48) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin
49) Hercules standing right, wrestling deer.
50) Hercules standing right, wrestling lion; club to left.
51) Hercules standing, facing, holding branch and club with lion skin.
52) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding apple with lion skin
53) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin
54) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club on globe and bow with lion skin
55) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt; eagle to left.
56) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
57) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left
58) Jupiter standing left, aiming thunderbolt at kneeling Titan
59) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
60) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left
61) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left and two standards to right
62) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; globe by feet.
63) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
64) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left
65) Jupiter standing right on left, holding globe, shaking hands with Hercules to right, holding club with lion skin.
66) Jupiter standing right on left, holding scepter, facing Hercules, holding club with lion skin and together holding Victory.
67) Jupiter standing right on left, holding scepter, shaking hands with Hercules to right, holding club with lion skin.
68) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
69) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and caduceus; child by feet.
70) Lion advancing left
71) Lion advancing right, club above.
72) Lion advancing right.
73) Lion with thunderbolt in mouth advancing left
74) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield.
75) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
76) Mars helmeted, cuirassed bust right
77) Mars standing left, holding branch and scepter.
78) Mars standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
79) Mars standing, facing, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
80) Maximian and Diocletian standing, facing each other, shaking hands.
81) Maximian and Diocletian each riding a horse right, raising hands; emperor in foreground holding spear.
82) Maximian and Diocletian sacrificing over altar
83) Maximian and Diocletian seated left, each holding globe and scepter; Victory above them, crowning both
84) Maximian and Diocletian standing, facing each other; Victory between them, touching their shoulders.
85) Maximian riding horse right, raising hand.
86) Maximian riding horse right, spearing barbarian
87) Maximian riding horse right, spearing barbarian; galley above, sailing right.
88) Maximian riding horse right, spearing barbarian; second barbarian lying down.
89) Maximian riding oncoming quadriga, holding branch; soldier to right, leading quadriga
90) Maximian seated left, holding Victory on globe.
91) Maximian seated left, raising hand and holding scepter.
92) Maximian standing left, holding apples and resting hand on club.
93) Maximian standing left, holding globe and parazonium.
94) Maximian standing left, holding globe.
95) Maximian standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
96) Maximian standing left, raising hand and holding spear; four standards in background.
97) Maximian standing left, sacrificing over altar.
98) Maximian standing right on left, holding scepter, facing Hercules on right, resting hand on club; both sacrificing over altar.
99) Maximian standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving globe from Diocletian on right, holding scepter.
100) Maximian standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving Victory on globe from Diocletian to right, holding scepter.
101) Maximian standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving Victory on globe from Hercules to right, holding club
102) Maximian standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter
103) Maximian standing right on left, holding spear, holding hands of kneeling Pietas on right, holding cornucopia.
104) Maximian standing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and parazonium.
105) Maximian standing, facing, holding globe and scepter.
106) Maximian standing, facing, holding globe.
107) Maximian standing, facing, holding spear and crowning trophy to left; seated captive on either side of trophy.
108) Minerva standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield
109) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
110) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter
111) Pax standing left, resting hand on shield and holding branch with spear
112) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
113) Pax standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
114) Pietas standing right, holding baby; child on either side.
115) Pietas standing right, raising hands over altar.
116) Providentia seated left, holding wand over globe and scepter.
117) Providentia standing right on left, raising hand, facing Quies on right, holding branch and scepter.
118) Quies standing, facing, holding branch and scepter.
119) Roma seated left on shield, holding shield reading VOT / XXX and scepter
120) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake.
121) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head.
122) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter and touching head.
123) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter.
124) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, touching head.
125) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe.
126) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive by feet.
127) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive on either side.
128) Temple with (2) columns; Mars within, holding spear and shield.
129) Temple with (4) columns; eagle atop.
130) Temple with (6) columns; eagle atop
131) Temple with (6) columns; Carthago within, holding fruits in each hand
132) Temple with (6) columns; Roma within, holding globe and scepter.
133) Tetrarchs sacrificing over altar in front of city gate.
134) Utilitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
135) Utilitas standing, facing, holding her skirt.
136) Victories (2), facing each other, together holding shield reading VOT X on palm
 401
137) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
138) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm.
139) Victory standing right on left, holding wreath and palm, facing Jupiter on right, holding globe and scepter.
140) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VOT X on palm
141) Virtus standing left, holding branch and spear with shield
142) Virtus standing left, holding branch and spear.
143) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
144) Wreath, MVL / TIS / XX within
145) Wreath, PLVR / NATAL / FEL within
146) Wreath, SIC / X / SIC / XX within.
147) Wreath, VO / TIS / XXX within
148) Wreath, VOT / XX within
149) Wreath, VOT / XX / AVGG / NN within.
150) Wreath, VOT / XX / AVGG within.
151) Wreath, VOT / XX / SIC / XXX within
152) Wreath, VOT / XX ET / XXX / FELICIT within.
153) Wreath, VOT / XXX / AVGG / N within
154) Wreath, VOT / XXX / AVGG within
155) Wreath, VOT X M XX within
156) Wreath, X / MAXI / MIAN / I AVG within
157) Wreath, XC / VI within
158) Wreath, XCVI within
159) Wreath, XX / MAXI / MIAN / I AVG within

Mints:
1) Alexandria 7) Londinium 13) Siscia
2) Antioch 8) Lugdunum 14) Thessalonica
3) Aquileia 9) Nicomedia 15) Ticinum
4) Cyzicus 10) Ostia 16) Treveri
5) Heraclea 11) Roma 17) Tripolis
6) Karthago 12) Serdica

AU Medallion Reference(s)

1) B02, O38, R059, T054, M11 Exe: `R Four Aurei weight RIC 170 (VI, Roma)
2) B02, O68, R064, T054, M16 Exe: `TR Eight Aurei weight

AU Aureus
3) B02, O39, R076, T059 RIC Vii 494
4) B18, O35, R063, T102, M02 Exe: `/SMA
5) B19, O72, R036, T085 RIC Vii 488
6) B20, O72, R021, T083 RIC Vii 601
7) B20, O72, R029, T094 RIC Vii 596
8) B20, O72, R036, T085 RIC Vii 598
9) B20, O72, R070, T042, M09 Exe: SMN RIC 3 (VI, Nicomedia)
10) B20, O72, R152, T159, M09 Exe: SMN RIC 14 (VI, Nicomedia)
11) B20, O74, R065, T036, M11 Exe: `ROM C 255
12) B20, O74, R070, T035, M11 Exe: `R C 305
13) B20, O74, R146, T009, M15 Exe: T RIC 8 (VI, Ticinum)
14) B30, O39, R076, T059
15) B30, O39, R076, T059 RIC Vii 495
16) B31, O35, R149, T048 Exe: SC RIC Vii 605d
17) B31, O39, R149, T048 Exe: SC RIC Vii 605b
18) B36, O30, R022, T012 Exe: SC* RIC Vii 603
19) B36, O35, R093, T074
20) B36, O41, R079, T059, M02 Exe: SMA C 369
21) B36, O41, R141, T050, M11 Exe: `R RIC Vii 499
22) B20, O74, R058, T037, M03 Exe: AQ RIC 3 (VI, Aquileia)
23) B20, O73, R062, T033, M16 Exe: TR RIC 47 (VI, Trier)

AR Argenteus
24) B20, O71, R138, T133 RIC 12b (VI, Ticinum)
25) B20, O71, R140, T008, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 22b (VI, Nicomedia)
26) B20, O71, R140, T133 Exe: ` RIC 104b (VI, Trier)
27) B20, O71, R140, T133, M05 Exe: H` RIC 10b (VI, Heraclea)
28) B20, O71, R146, T007, M11 Exe: R` RIC 192 (VI, Roma)
29) B20, O71, R146, T007, M12 Exe: •SM•SD• RIC 1b (VI, Serdica)
30) B20, O71, R146, T133 Exe: D RIC 109b (VI, Roma)
31) B20, O71, R146, T133 RIC 18b (VI, Ticinum)
32) B20, O71, R153, T158, M03 Exe: AQ RIC 16b (VI, Aquileia)
33) B20, O71, R153, T158, M15 Exe: T RIC 20b (VI, Ticinum)

AE Antoninianus

34) B54, O38, R018, T102, M04 Exe: K`/• RIC 13 (VI, Cyzicus)
 402
AE Antoninianus (reduced) Reference(s)

35) B16, O57, R147, T050 RIC Vii 456

36) B45, O57, R102, T113 Exe: B RIC Vii 399
37) B45, O57, R128, T120 Exe: C RIC Vii 422
38) B47, O57, R128, T120 Exe: T RIC Vii 422
39) B49, O35, R135, T100 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 585
40) B51, O32, R018, T102 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 621
41) B51, O34, R010, T102 Exe: `/XXI C 31
42) B51, O41, R018, T102, M02 Exe: © over `/ANT RIC 62b (VI, Antioch)
43) B51, O41, R071, T102 Exe: © over `/XXI RIC Vii 622
44) B51, O57, R044, T019 Exe: ` RIC Vii 361
45) B52, O32, R018, T102, M04 Exe: K` RIC 15b (VI, Cyzicus)
46) B52, O32, R018, T102, M05 Exe: H` RIC 14 (VI, Heraclea)
47) B52, O35, R025, T101 Exe: `/•XXI•ΛI• RIC Vii 580
48) B52, O35, R025, T101 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 580
49) B52, O35, R025, T101 Exe: XXI`•BI• RIC Vii 580
50) B52, O35, R050, T100 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 583
51) B52, O42, R061, T053, M15 Exe: `XXIT RIC Vii 546
52) B52, O42, R074, T059, M15 Exe: `XXIT RIC Vii 559c
53) B52, O42, R074, T061, M15 Exe: `XXIT RIC Vii 560c
54) B52, O43, R061, T053, M15 Exe: `XXIT RIC Vii 549
55) B52, O43, R074, T061, M15 Exe: `XXIT RIC Vii 561c
56) B52, O46, R153, T149, M06 Exe: FK RIC 37b (VI, Carthago)
57) B52, O51, R069, T037 ` in left field RIC Vii 371
58) B52, O62, R076, T059 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 506
59) B52, O62, R153, T148 Exe: `
60) B54, O30, R018, T102 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 607
61) B54, O30, R018, T102 Exe: `/XXI• RIC Vii 595
62) B51, O41, R079, T139 Exe: TR/XXI¯ RIC Vii 625

AE Follis

63) B10, O46, R051, T022, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 61b (VI, Aquileia)
64) B10, O46, R142, T088, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 81a (VI, Aquileia)
65) B20, O32, R056, T027, M11 Exe: R/` RIC 63 (VI, Roma)
66) B20, O32, R056, T027, M15 Exe: */`T RIC 31b (VI, Ticinum)
67) B20, O32, R056, T028, M01 Exe: XX/` over I/ALE RIC 32b (VI, Alexandria)
68) B20, O32, R056, T028, M02 Exe: * over */© over `/ANT RIC 50b (VI, Antioch)
69) B20, O32, R056, T028, M02 Exe: K/` over V/ANT RIC 54b (VI, Antioch)
70) B20, O32, R056, T028, M05 Exe: H` RIC 12b (VI, Heraclea)
71) B20, O32, R056, T028, M05 Exe: HT` RIC 19b (VI, Heraclea)
72) B20, O32, R056, T028, M12 Exe: `/•SM•SD• RIC 3b (VI, Serdica)
73) B20, O32, R056, T028, M14 Exe: `/TS RIC 23b (VI, Thessalonica)
74) B20, O32, R056, T028, M14 Exe: TS` RIC 19b (VI, Thessalonica)
75) B20, O32, R070, T052, M01 Exe: ` over S/P/ALE RIC 38 (VI, Alexandria)
76) B20, O46, R056, T027, M13 Exe: `/*SIS RIC 85b (VI, Siscia)
77) B20, O46, R056, T028, M04 Exe: K` RIC 12b (VI, Cyzicus)
78) B20, O46, R122, T109, M15 Exe: */`T RIC 47b (VI, Ticinum)
79) B20, O46, R122, T109, M15 Exe: `T• RIC 45b (VI, Ticinum)
80) B20, O62, R056, T027, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 23b (VI, Aquileia)
81) B20, O62, R056, T027, M13 Exe: `/SIS RIC 108b (VI, Siscia)
82) B20, O62, R122, T109, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 29b (VI, Aquileia)
83) B20, O62, R122, T109, M03 Exe: V/AQ` RIC 25b (VI, Londinium)
84) B20, O62, R122, T109, M03 Exe: VI/AQ` RIC 39b (VI, Alexandria)
85) B20, O62, R122, T109, M13 Exe: */`/*SIS RIC 136b (VI, Siscia)
86) B20, O62, R122, T109, M13 Exe: `/*SIS RIC 131b (VI, Siscia)
87) B21, O18, R111, T117 RIC 76b (VI, Londinium)
88) B21, O18, R111, T117, M11 Exe: S/F/R` RIC 116b (VI, Roma)
89) B21, O18, R112, T117, M12 Exe: `/•SM•SD• S F across fields RIC 15b (VI, Serdica)
90) B21, O18, R112, T117, M12 Exe: • over `/•SM•SD• S F across fields RIC 14b (VI, Serdica)
91) B21, O25, R111, T117, M04 Exe: •/`T RIC 57b (VI, Ticinum)
92) B21, O25, R111, T117, M04 Exe: K`/PTR S F across fields RIC 23b (VI, Cyzicus)
93) B22, O62, R056, T029, M08 Exe: */`LG RIC 187b (VI, Lugdunum)
94) B22, O62, R056, T029, M08 Exe: A/`LG RIC 94b (VI, Lugdunum)
95) B30, O26, R055, T027, M07 Exe: `LN RIC 85 (VI, Londinium)
96) B30, O46, R056, T027 RIC 6b (VI, London)
97) B30, O46, R056, T029, M08 Exe: B/`LG RIC 74b (VI, Lugdunum)
98) B30, O57, R056, T027, M16 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 582b (VI, Trier)
99) B30, O57, R056, T029, M08 Exe: N/`LG RIC 582b (VI, Lugdunum)
100) B30, O59, R056, T027, M16 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 644b (VI, Trier)
101) B33, O19, R056, T027, M14 Exe: `/•TS• RIC 25b (VI, Thessalonica)
102) B36, O26, R056, T027, M16 Exe: S/A/`TR RIC 722 (VI, Trier)
103) B20, O46, R121, T109, M11 Exe: `< RIC 98b (VI, Roma)
104) B36, O27, R050, T022, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 105 (VI, Aquileia)

AE Follis (Posthumous)
105) B55, O06, R004, T130, M10 Exe: MOST` RIC 25 (VI, Ostia)
106) B55, O11, R004, T130, M10 Exe: MOST` RIC 30 (VI, Ostia)
107) B55, O54, R005, T129, M11 Exe: RE` RIC 244 (VI, Roma)
108) B55, O55, R004, T130, M10 Exe: MOST` RIC 31 (VI, Ostia)
109) B56, O09, R095, T072, M11 Exe: R` RIC 123 (VII, Roma)
 403
AE Sestertius Reference(s)

110) B36, O62, R141, T054

AE3

111) B20, O32, R056, T027, M13 Exe: SIS RIC 145 (VI, Siscia)
112) B20, O71, R153, T150 RIC 610 (VI, Trier)
113) B36, O62, R076, T059 Exe: `

AE4 (Posthumous)

114) B56, O05, R113, T091, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 24 (VII, Thessalonica)
115) B56, O09, R113, T091, M11 Exe: R` RIC 104 (VII, Rome)
116) B56, O09, R113, T091, M13 Exe: SIS RIC 41 (VII, Siscia)
 404
Maximian Busts

Maximian Types
 405
Maximian Types (continued)
 406

Carausius came from a sailing background and thanks to his

Carausius abilities in this area he was commissioned by Maximian to build a
fleet to control the widespread pirating along the coasts of Gaul
and Britain. Carausius was successful in this regard but it was
Augustus 286-293 soon discovered that he was personally profiting from the loot
seized from the pirates. When Carausius heard that an arrest
warrant had been issued for him he fled to Britain and declared
himself emperor. Taking advantage of the fact that Maximian had bigger headaches at the moment with fighting
German barbarians, Carausius quickly rallied an army together and brought Britain under his firm control. In a
silent appeal to be legitimately recognized by the greater empire, he issued coins commemorating his "fellow"
emperors Maximian and Diocletian. This tactic did little to appease either, of course, and Maximian dispatched
Constantius Chlorus to deal with him. In the meantime, Carausius was murdered by one of his own men, Allectus,
who felt ready to take a stab at being emperor himself.

The coinage of Carausius presents a significant challenge to the numismatic cataloger. Due to their semi-
barbarous nature, it is evident that the engravers in the employ of this emperor’s moneyers must have enjoyed
considerable creative leeway. Consequently, it is only practical to list here the most frequently seen legend
variations and their types. It is reasonable therefore expect to find coins that differ somewhat from any of the types
noted here.

Additionally, the mintmark RSR which is present on a sizeable number of extant coins presents one of the
greatest numismatic mysteries of Roman coinage. The town of Rutupiae has been singled out as the likeliest
candidate but the issue remains controversial with some historians questioning whether it is a mint mark at all.

Busts:
Although a plethora of different inscriptions and designs are
1) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust facing listed here most of the coins commonly available will feature
2) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left the emperor’s draped and cuirassed bust right and on the
3) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding globe
4) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter reverse the figure of Pax holding her branch and scepter.
with eagle atop Carausius played his propaganda cards to maximum effect and
5) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter with eagle atop
6) Laureate, cuirassed bust right replaying the insistent message of peace among the emperors
7) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right was hoped to on the one hand appease his nervous subjects
8) Laureate, draped bust right
9) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter
as well as secure a détente with Rome.
with eagle atop
10) Radiate, cuirassed bust left The collector will find that coins of Carausius are rather pricey
11) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter with eagle atop
12) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield in decent condition and neither considerably easier to find in
13) Radiate, cuirassed busts left of Carausius over Diocletian eyesore grade nor commensurately cheaper. Luckily, many
over Maximian
14) Radiate, cuirassed bust right have been found very well preserved in British hoards by
15) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right freelance detectorists and filter out to the market in time. These
16) Radiate, draped bust left of Carausius over bust of Sol
17) Radiate, draped bust right
can then be bought for $200-$300 each. A precious few even
18) Radiate, helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and have been found with their initial silver wash and, not
shield surprisingly, command a premium.

Obverses:
1) CARAVSIVS AVG 19) IMP C CARAVSIVS PF INV AVG 37) IMP CARAVSIVS PE AVG
2) CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI 20) IMP C CARAVSIVS PIVS FEL AVG 38) IMP CARAVSIVS PE AVIG
3) CARAVSIVS PF AVG 21) IMP C M A CARAVSIVS PF AVG 39) IMP CARAVSIVS PF
4) IMP AVR CARAVSIVS AVG 22) IMP C M AV M CARAVSIVS PF AVG 40) IMP CARAVSIVS PF A
5) IMP C CARAVSIVS AVG 23) IMP C M AVR M CARAVSIVS P AVG 41) IMP CARAVSIVS PF AVG
6) IMP C CARAVSIVS F AVG 24) IMP C M CARAVSIVS AVG 42) IMP CARAVSIVS PF AVIG
7) IMP C CARAVSIVS IIG 25) IMP C M CARAVSIVS P AVG 43) IMP CARAVSIVS PF I AVG
8) IMP C CARAVSIVS IN AVG 26) IMP CARAVSIVS A 44) IMP CARAVSIVS PF IIG
9) IMP C CARAVSIVS IVG 27) IMP CARAVSIVS AV 45) IMP CARAVSIVS PF IN AVG
10) IMP C CARAVSIVS P AV 28) IMP CARAVSIVS AVG 46) IMP CARAVSIVS PIVV
11) IMP C CARAVSIVS P AVG 29) IMP CARAVSIVS II 47) IMP M CARAVSIVS AVG
12) IMP C CARAVSIVS P IVG 30) IMP CARAVSIVS IIG 48) INVICTO ET CARAVSIO AVG
13) IMP C CARAVSIVS PF AG 31) IMP CARAVSIVS INIC 49) VIRT CARAVSI AVG
14) IMP C CARAVSIVS PF AV 32) IMP CARAVSIVS INIVI 50) VIRTVS CARAVSI
15) IMP C CARAVSIVS PF AVG 33) IMP CARAVSIVS F AVG 51) VIRTVS CARAVSI A
16) IMP C CARAVSIVS PF AVVG 34) IMP CARAVSIVS P AVG 52) VIRTVS CARAVSI AVG
17) IMP C CARAVSIVS PF I AVG 35) IMP CARAVSIVS P I AVG 53) VIRTVS CARAVSII
18) IMP C CARAVSIVS PF IN AVG 36) IMP CARAVSIVS PE AG 54) VIRTVS CARAVSSI
 407
Reverses:

1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 87) FORTVNA RAEDVX 173) MONETA AVGG

2) ABVNDENTIA AVG 88) FORTVNA RE 174) MONETA AVGGG
3) ADIVTRIX AVG 89) FORTVNA RED 175) MONITA AVGVST
4) ADVENTV 90) FORTVNA REDV 176) NEPTVNO REDVCI
5) ADVENTVS AVG 91) FORTVNAE 177) OOOO
6) ADVENTVS CARAVSI 92) GENIO AVG 178) OOOOO
7) AEQTA AVG 93) GENIO BRITANNI 179) ORIE AVG
8) AEQVITAS MVNDI 94) GENIVS AVG 180) ORIEN AVG
9) ALIVI AV 95) GENIVS EXERCIT 181) ORIENS A
10) APOLINI CON AV 96) GERMANICVS MAX V 182) ORIENS AVG
11) APOLLINI CO AVG 97) HELARITAS AVG 183) ORIES AVG
12) APOLLINI CONS 98) HERC DEVS ENIENSI 184) ORIVNA AVG
13) AVGNA AVG 99) HERCVL COFE 185) PACATOR ORBIS
14) CLARIT CARAVSI 100) HERCVLI INVICT 186) PAS AVG
15) COH PRAET 101) HERCVLI PACIF 187) PAX AET
16) COHR PRAET 102) HILARITAS AVG 188) PAX AETERN AVG
17) COHRT PRAET 103) HILARITAS AVGGG 189) PAX AVG
18) COMES AVG 104) HIVTI AVG 190) PAX AVGG
19) COMES AVGGG 105) I3N 191) PAX AVGGG
20) COMIS AVG 106) ILSVI AV 192) PAX AVGVSTI
21) CONCO MIL 107) INVIC 193) PAX CARAVSI AVG
22) CONCOR M 108) INVICTVS AVG 194) PAX EXERCITI
23) CONCOR MIL 109) IOVI AVG 195) PIAETAS AVG
24) CONCOR MILIT 110) IOVI CONSE 196) PIAETAS AVGVSTI
25) CONCORD 111) IOVI CONSER 197) PIETAS AVG
26) CONCORD EXERCI 112) IOVI CONSERV AV 198) PIETAS AVGGG
27) CONCORD MI 113) IOVI STATORI 199) PM OR PT I COS IIII
28) CONCORD MILIT 114) IOVI VICTORI 200) PRINCIPI IVVENT
29) CONCORDIA AV 115) IOVI VICTORIA 201) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT
30) CONCORDIA AVGGG 116) IOX 202) PROVI AVG
31) CONCORDIA M 117) IVSTITIA AVC 203) PROVID AVG
32) CONCORDIA MI 118) IXPICTATA MIL 204) PROVID AVGG
33) CONCORDIA MILIT 119) IXPICTATIA MIL 205) PROVID AVGGG
34) CONCORDIA MILITV 120) LAETI AV 206) PROVID DEOR
35) CONCORDIA MILITVM 121) LAETI AVG 207) PROVIDE AVG
36) CONCORDIA MILITVM NN 122) LAETIA 208) PROVIDEN AVG
37) CONCORDIA MTLITVM 123) LAETIT AV 209) PROVIDEN AVGGG
38) CONCORDIAE MILIT 124) LAETIT AVG 210) PROVIDENT AVG
39) CONCORDIAE MILITV 125) LAETIT FVND 211) PROVIDENTI AVG
40) CONCORDIAE MILITVM 126) LAETITI AVG 212) PROVIDENTIA AVG
41) CONSER AV 127) LAETITIA AG 213) PROVIDENTIA AVGG
42) CONSER AVG 128) LAETITIA AVG 214) PROVIDENTIA AVGGG
43) CONSERVAT AV 129) LAETITIA AVGGG 215) RENOVAT ROM
44) CONSERVAT AVG 130) LAETITIA FVND 216) RENOVAT ROMA
45) CONSERVATOR 131) LEG I MIN 217) RENOVAT ROMAN
46) CONSERVATORI AVGGG 132) LEG II AVG 218) RENOVAT RVMANO
47) CONSTANT AVG 133) LEG II PARTH 219) RESTIT ORB
48) COR AVG 134) LEG II PARTHICA 220) RESTIT SAECVL
49) COS III 135) LEG IIII FEL 221) RESTIT VOBI
50) COS IIII 136) LEG IIII FL 222) ROMA ET AV
51) DIANA CONS 137) LEG IIII FLAVIA 223) ROMA ET AVG
52) ECVITAS MVND 138) LEG IIXX PRIMIG 224) ROMAE AETER
53) ECVITAS MVNDI 139) LEG MI 225) ROMAE AETERN
54) ECVITAS MVRED 140) LEG MIN 226) ROMAE AETERNAE
55) EFLICITAS 141) LEG PARTH 227) ROMANO RENA
56) EGVITAS MVNDI 142) LEG VII CL 228) ROMANO RENO
57) EQVITAS AVG 143) LEG VII CL AVG 229) ROMANO RENOV
58) EXP VENI 144) LEG VIII AVG 230) ROMANO RENOVA
59) EXPECTA VENI 145) LEG VIII IN 231) ROMANOR RENOV
60) EXPECTAT VENI 146) LEG VIII INV 232) ROMANORVM RENO
61) EXPECTATE VEENI 147) LEG XX AVG 233) ROME HERC
62) EXPECTATE VENI 148) LEG XX VV 234) ROME RVA
63) EXPECTATI 149) LEG XXI VLPIA 235) SAECVLARES AVG
64) EXPECTATI VENIES 150) LEG XXX VLPIA 236) SAECVLI FELICI
65) EXPI AV 151) LETITIA AVG 237) SAECVLI FELICIT
66) EXPICTA 152) LIBERALITAS AVG 238) SAECVLI FELICITA
67) FEDES MILITVM 153) LIT AVG 239) SALV
68) FELICIT PVBL 154) LITI AVG 240) SALVS AVG
69) FELICIT PVPLI 155) LITIT A 241) SALVS AVGG
70) FELICIT TEMP 156) LITIT AV 242) SALVS AVGGG
71) FELICITA AV 157) LITIT AVG 243) SALVS III
72) FELICITA AVG 158) LITITI AV 244) SALVS IIII AVG
73) FELICITAS AVG 159) LITITI AVG 245) SALVS PVBLICA
74) FELICITAS SAECVL 160) MARS VICTO 246) SALVT AVG
75) FID AVG 161) MARS VICTOR 247) SECVRIT ORBIS
76) FIDE MI AV 162) MARS VLTOR 248) SECVRIT PE
77) FIDEM MILITV 163) MARTI AVG 249) SECVRIT PERP
78) FIDEM MILITVM NN 164) MARTI PACIF 250) SECVRITAS AV
79) FIDES EXERCIT 165) MARTI PACIFERO 251) SECVRITAS ORBIS
80) FIDES MIL 166) MARTI PROPVGN 252) SECVRITAS PER
81) FIDES MILIT 167) MARTI PROPVGNAT 253) SOLI INVI
82) FIDES MILITV 168) MERC CON AVG 254) SOLI INVICT
83) FIDES MILITVM 169) MON AVG 255) SPE PVBLIC
84) FORTVN AVG 170) MONET AVG 256) SPES AVG
85) FORTVNA 171) MONETA AGG 257) SPES PVBL
86) FORTVNA AVG 172) MONETA AVG 258) SPES PVBLIC
 408
259) SPES PVBLICA 279) VBERTAS AVG 299) VIRTV AVG
260) TEMP FELI 280) VBERVTA AV 300) VIRTVS AVG
261) TEMP FELIC 281) VICT AG 301) VIRTVS AVGG
262) TEMP FELICIT 282) VICT AVG 302) VIRTVS AVGGG
263) TEMPORVM F 283) VICTO A 303) VIRTVS IN AVG
264) TEMPORVM FEL 284) VICTOR AVG 304) VIRTVS INV AVG
265) TEMPORVM FELI 285) VICTORI AV 305) VIRTVS IV AVG
266) TEMPORVM FELIC 286) VICTORI AVG 306) VIRTVS MILITVM
267) TEMPORVM FELICI 287) VICTORIA 307) VIRTVTI AVG
268) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 288) VICTORIA AV 308) VITAVI
269) TEMPORVM FELILIT 289) VICTORIA AVG 309) VLTO PAX AVG
270) TVTELA AVG 290) VICTORIA AVGG 310) VLTORA AVG
271) TVTELA DIVI AVG 291) VICTORIA AVGGG 311) VORIVIA
272) TVTELA P 292) VICTORIA GER 312) VOTO PVBLICO
273) VAD IIC 293) VICTORIA GERM 313) VRIT PERP
274) VBERITA AV 294) VICTORIA GERMA
275) VBERITA AVG 295) VICTORIA PR
276) VBERITAS AV 296) VICTORIV CARAVSI AV
277) VBERSTA AV 297) VIRT AVG
278) VBERTA AVG 298) VIRTITI AVG

Types:
1) Abundantia standing left, pouring out cornucopia over modius
2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
3) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia; altar to left.
4) Aesculapius standing left, holding scepter with snake around it; globe by feet.
5) Altar, VOTVM PVBLIC within
6) Altar, VOTVM PVBLICVM within
7) Boar advancing right
8) Boar standing left
9) Bull advancing right.
10) Bull standing right
11) Capricorn standing left
12) Carausius advancing right, holding spear and globe
13) Carausius riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter.
14) Carausius riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter; seated captive below.
15) Carausius riding horse right over enemy, holding spear
16) Carausius riding horse right, holding spear and raising hand
17) Carausius seated left on platform with lictor to right and Liberalitas to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen to lower left.
18) Carausius standing right, holding spear and globe.
19) Carausius standing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield
20) Carausius standing right on left, holding globe, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm.
21) Carausius standing right on left, holding scepter and shaking hands with Concordia to right.
22) Carausius standing right on left, holding spear, facing Roma seated to right on shield, holding Victory.
23) Carausius standing left on right, being crowned with wreath by Britannia to left
24) Carausius standing left on right, holding globe and spear, being crowned by Victory to left, holding palm.
25) Carausius standing left on right, holding scepter and shaking hands with Concordia to left.
26) Carausius standing left on right, holding scepter, shaking hands with Britannia to left, holding standard.
27) Carausius standing left on right, raising hand and holding globe, facing Providentia to left, holding standard in each hand.
28) Carausius standing left on right, shaking hands with Fides to left, holding standard
29) Centaur advancing left
30) Centaur advancing right, holding javelin
31) Centaur advancing right, holding palm with both hands
32) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand
33) Concordia standing left, raising hand and holding scepter
34) Deer advancing left
35) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
36) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter
37) Felicitas standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia
38) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus.
39) Fides seated left, holding globe and cornucopia
40) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand
41) Fortuna standing left, sacrificing over altar
42) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia
43) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia
44) Fortuna seated right on wheel, holding scepter and raising hand
45) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia
46) Fortuna standing left, holding wand and cornucopia.
47) Fortuna standing left, holding wheel and cornucopia
48) Galley sailing left
49) Galley sailing right
50) Genius standing left, holding globe and cornucopia
51) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia; standard to right.
52) Griffin advancing left.
53) Hands, in handshake
54) Hercules standing left, raising hand and holding club with lion skin.
55) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding bow.
56) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding wreath.
57) Hercules wrestling lion
58) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia.
59) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; globe by feet.
60) Jupiter standing left, holding globe and scepter.
61) Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt.
62) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
63) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle by feet.
64) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; globe by feet.
 409
65) Laetitia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter.
66) Laetitia standing left, holding branch and scepter
67) Laetitia standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia
68) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor
69) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and scepter
70) Lion advancing left with thunderbolt in mouth
71) Lion advancing right
72) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
73) Mars advancing right, holding spear and globe
74) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield
75) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
76) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus
77) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
78) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
79) Moneta standing left, holding scale and scepter
80) Neptune seated left, holding anchor and trident
81) Neptune standing left, holding anchor and trident
82) Neptune standing left, holding dolphin and trident
83) Pax seated left, holding patera and cornucopia
84) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia
85) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter
86) Pax standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
87) Pax standing left, holding caduceus and scepter
88) Pax standing left, holding globe and scepter
89) Pax standing left, holding scepter in each hand
90) Pax standing left, holding spear and Victory on globe.
91) Pax standing left, holding standard in each hand
92) Pax standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter
93) Pax standing left, holding wreath and cornucopia
94) Pax standing left, holding wreath and rudder and cornucopia
95) Pax standing left, holding wreath and scepter
96) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box
97) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears and scepter
98) Providentia standing left, holding globe and cornucopia.
99) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter
100) Providentia standing left, holding globe and spear.
101) Providentia standing left, holding palm and scepter
102) Providentia standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia.
103) Providentia standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia; globe to left
104) Providentia standing left, holding wreath and wand
105) Ram standing left
106) Roma seated left on shield, holding globe and scepter
107) Roma seated left on shield, holding Victory and scepter.
108) Roma standing left before altar, holding scepter
109) Salus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter.
110) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding cornucopia.
111) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding globe.
112) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter.
113) Salus standing left, holding snake and cornucopia
114) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake.
115) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and touching head.
116) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head.
117) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding globe.
118) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip.
119) Sol standing left, stepping on captive, raising hand and holding whip; seated captive to right.
120) Sol radiate bust right
121) Sol riding quadriga left.
122) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe
123) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
124) Spes standing left, holding wreath and palm.
125) Standards (4)
126) Trophy, seated captive on either side.
127) Tutela standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia
128) Tutela standing left, holding flower and cornucopia
129) Tutela standing left, holding wreath and scepter
130) Uberitas milking cow standing left
131) Uberitas milking cow standing right
132) Victories (3) standing left
133) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
134) Victory riding quadriga right
135) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm; captive on either side.
136) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.
137) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm; altar
138) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive by feet.
139) Victory standing left, holding wreath and standard.
140) Victory standing right, holding wreath and palm
141) Victory standing right, holding wreath and standard.
142) Virtus advancing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield
143) Virtus standing left, holding Victory on globe and spear with shield.
144) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
145) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
146) Virtus standing right, stepping on captive, holding spear.
147) Wolf standing right, suckling Romulus and Remus
148) Wreath, VOTO / PVBLICO / MVLTIS / XX IMP within
 410
Mints:

1) Camulodunum
2) Londinium
3) “RSR”

AR Denarius Reference(s)
1) B07, O41, R042, T080 Exe: RSR RIC Vii 552
2) B07, O41, R072, T048 Exe: RSR RIC Vii 560
3) B07, O41, R189, T085 RIC Vii 719

AE Antoninianus
4) B13, O02, R191, T085 Exe: C RIC Vii 1
5) B13, O02, R291, T133 Exe: SPC
6) B14, O15, R210, T100 Exe: B/E/MLXXI
7) B15, O05, R189, T085 Exe: S/P/C RIC Vii 321
8) B15, O11, R189, T085 S P across fields RIC Vii 476
9) B15, O11, R189, T085 RIC Vii 879
10) B15, O11, R259, T123 S C across fields
11) B15, O14, R189, T085 Exe: C
12) B15, O15, R128, T068 Exe: S/C/C RIC Vii 255
13) B15, O15, R128, T068 RIC Vii 822
14) B15, O15, R172, T078
15) B15, O15, R172, T078 S C across fields RIC Vii 471
16) B15, O15, R182, T119 Exe: S/C/C
17) B15, O41, R189, T085 Exe: B/E/MLXXI RIC Vii 101
18) B15, O15, R189, T085 Exe: S/P/C RIC Vii 300
19) B15, O15, R189, T085 Exe: S/P/MLXXI RIC Vii 118
20) B15, O15, R189, T085 Exe: B/E/MLXXI RIC Vii 118
21) B15, O15, R189, T085 S C across fields RIC Vii 484
22) B15, O15, R189, T085 S P across fields
23) B15, O15, R189, T085 S P across fields RIC Vii 475
24) B15, O15, R189, T085 RIC Vii 881
25) B15, O15, R203, T098 S C across fields
26) B15, O15, R203, T103 S C across fields RIC Vii 345
27) B15, O15, R208, T103 Exe: C
28) B15, O15, R211, T103 RIC Vii 961
29) B15, O17, R189, T085 S P across fields RIC Vii 482
30) B15, O18, R204, T103 Exe: C RIC Vii 361
31) B15, O23, R165, T072 Exe: S/P/C
32) B15, O33, R189, T085
33) B15, O34, R172, T078 RIC Vii 857
34) B15, O41, R128, T068 Exe: C RIC Vii 258
35) B15, O41, R128, T069 Exe: F/O/ML RIC Vii 50
36) B15, O41, R131, T105 Exe: ML
37) B15, O41, R136, T071 Exe: ML RIC Vii 69
38) B15, O41, R189, T085 Exe: F/O/ML
39) B15, O41, R189, T085 Exe: L/ML RIC Vii 98
40) B15, O41, R189, T085 Exe: ML RIC Vii 121
41) B15, O41, R191, T085 Exe: S/P/MLXXI RIC Vii 143
42) B15, O41, R211, T103 Exe: C RIC Vii 353
43) B15, O41, R237, T018
44) B15, O41, R257, T123 RIC Vii 1010
45) B17, O15, R241, T114 Exe: S/D/MLXXI RIC Vii 164
46) B17, O15, R300, T019 Exe: C
47) B17, O41, R023, T053 Exe: C RIC Vii 207
48) B17, O41, R124, T068 Exe: C RIC Vii 250a
49) B17, O41, R143, T009 Exe: CXXI
50) B17, O41, R189, T085 RIC Vii 895
51) B17, O41, R240, T112 Exe: B/E/MLXXI RIC Vii 155
 411
Carausius Busts

Carausius Types
 412
Allectus was the second and last of the Roman British
Allectus secessionist emperors succeeding Carausius whom he murdered.
Being under the gun as was Carausius his solo career came to an
end when Constantius Chlorus mounted a well-planned invasion of
Augustus 293-296 Britain and was subsequently killed in battle by one of Chlorus's
detachments.

Busts:
Of Allectus we may note that he is one of those rulers for
1) Laureate head right whom a wide array of different types and legends are
2) Laureate, cuirassed bust right recorded. However, only a rather limited range of them appear
3) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
4) Laureate, draped bust right on the market. As with Carausius, Antononiani bearing reverse
5) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle and holding with Pax are far and away the most common issues. Allectus
scepter with eagle on top
6) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield
also introduces a smaller radiate coin which numismatic
7) Radiate, cuirassed bust right historians have termed a Quinarius. This denomination was
8) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right never much in vogue, being of lesser value than a Denarius
9) Radiate, draped bust left
10) Radiate, draped bust right and its introduction, as a base metal issue no less, is a bit
puzzling but may be indicative of a metal shortage faced by
Obverses: Allectus. This or a similar economic difficulty may have brought
on the need for a cheaper coin to manufacture which may have
1) ALLECTVS PF AVG been tariffed at a higher face value. In other words, another
2) IMP ALLECTVS PF AVG
3) IMP C ALLECTVS AVG step down the inflationary ladder.
4) IMP C ALLECTVS FELIX AVG
5) IMP C ALLECTVS P AVG
6) IMP C ALLECTVS PF AVG
Coins of Allectus are noticeably scarcer than those of
7) IMP C ALLECTVS PF AVGG Carausius and more difficult to find in higher grades. While the
8) IMP C ALLECTVS PF I AVG least desirable coins can be purchased for negligible prices,
9) IMP C ALLECTVS PF IN AVG
10) IMP C ALLECTVS PF INV AVG attractively preserved ones will often cost at least $100 with
11) IMP C ALLECTVS PI FE AVG two or three times that much being a common figure.
12) IMP C ALLECTVS PI FEL AVG
13) IMP C ALLECTVS PIV FEL AVG
14) IMP C ALLECTVS PIVS FELI AVG
15) IMP C ALLECTVS PIVS FELIX AVG
16) VIRTVS ALLECTI AVG

Reverses:
1) ABVND AVG 19) LAETITI AVG 37) SALVS AVG
2) ABVNDANT AVG 20) LAETITIA AVG 38) SPES AVG
3) ABVNDANTIA AVG 21) LAETITIA AVGVSTI 39) SPES PVBL
4) ADVENTVS AVG 22) LEG II 40) SPES PVBLIC
5) AEQVITAS AVG 23) MONETA AVG 41) SPES PVBLICA
6) COMES AVG 24) ORIENS AVG 42) TEMPOR FELICI
7) DIANAE REDVCI 25) PAX AVG 43) TEMPOR FELICITAS
8) FELICITAS SAECVLI 26) PAX AVGGG 44) TEMPORA FELIC
9) FELICITAS SEC 27) PIETAS AVG 45) TEMPORA FELICITAS
10) FIDES EXERCIT 28) PROVI AVG 46) TEMPORVM FELICI
11) FIDES EXERCITVS 29) PROVID AVG 47) TEMPORVM FELICITAS
12) FIDES MILITV 30) PROVID DEOR 48) VICTORI GER
13) FIDES MILITVM 31) PROVIDE AVG 49) VICTORIA AVG
14) FORTVNA AVG 32) PROVIDENTIA AVG 50) VIRTVS AVG
15) HILARITAS AVG 33) PROVIT AVG 51) VIRTVS EXERCI
16) IOVI CONSER 34) ROMAE AETER
17) IOVI CONSERVATORI 35) ROMAE AETERN
18) LAETIT AVG 36) SAECVLI FELICITAS

Types:
1) Abundantia standing left, pouring out cornucopia over modius
2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
3) Allectus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter; captive to left.
4) Allectus riding horse right, spearing enemy.
5) Allectus standing right, holding spear and globe.
6) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
7) Felicitas standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
8) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand
9) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel by feet.
10) Galley sailing left
11) Galley sailing left, Neptune seated within, holding anchor.
12) Galley sailing right
13) Hercules standing left, resting hand on club and hand on hip.
14) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia.
15) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
16) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor.
17) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and scepter.
18) Lion advancing left.
 413
19) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
20) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
21) Pax riding biga left.
22) Pax standing left, holding branch and globe.
23) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
24) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box.
25) Providentia standing left, holding globe and cornucopia.
26) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter.
27) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.
28) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter.
29) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar.
30) Salus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter.
31) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake.
32) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe.
33) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
34) Standards (4)
35) Temple, Roma within
36) Trophy, captive on either side
37) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
38) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
39) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to right.
40) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
41) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.

Mints:
1) Camulodunum
2) Londinium

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O06, R04, T03 RIC Vii 1

2) B3, O01, R25, T23 RIC Vii 7

AE Antoninianus

3) B5, O06, R25, T23, M2 Exe: S/A/ML RIC Vii 33h

4) B7, O06, R13, T08, M1 Exe: S/P/C RIC Vii 69f
5) B7, O06, R20, T16, M2 Exe: S/A/ML RIC Vii 22f
6) B7, O06, R25, T23, M2 Exe: S/A/ML RIC Vii 33f
7) B7, O06, R25, T23, M2 Exe: S/P/ML RIC Vii 28f
8) B7, O06, R32, T25, M1 Exe: S/P/C RIC Vii 108f
9) B8, O06, R20, T16, M1 Exe: S/P/C RIC Vii 76c
10) B8, O06, R25, T23, M1 Exe: S/P/C RIC Vii 86c
11) B8, O06, R25, T23, M2 Exe: S/P/ML RIC Vii 28c
12) B8, O06, R29, T25, M1 Exe: S/P/C RIC Vii 94c
13) B8, O06, R39, T33, M1 Exe: S/P/C RIC Vii 115c
14) B8, O11, R29, T25, M1 Exe: S/P/C RIC Vii 100c
15) B8, O14, R25, T23, M1 Exe: S/P/C

AE Quinarius
16) B7, O06, R50, T12, M1 Exe: QL RIC Vii 55f
17) B7, O08, R50, T10, M1 Exe: QC
18) B8, O06, R20, T12, M1 Exe: QC RIC Vii 124f
19) B8, O06, R50, T10, M1 Exe: QC RIC Vii 128f
 414
Allectus Busts

Allectus Types
 415

This obscure usurper gained control of Alexandria around

Domitius Domitianus the year 296. Diocletian diverted his efforts in regaining
this key province and set Alexandria under a long-term
siege. Eight months later Domitius's forces blinked and
Augustus c.296-297 handed over the pretender to Diocletian who had him
promptly executed for treason.

Busts:
1) Laureate head right You aren’t likely to see many coins of this Egypt-based
usurper. Though not of extreme rarity, they’re seldom
Obverses: available and can be expected to cost at least $1,000 each
unless in very poor condition. All known coins so far are
1) DOMITIANVS AVG bronze Folles that look indistinguishable from other Folles
2) IMP C DOMITIVS DOMITIANVS AVG
3) IMP C L DOMITIVS DOMITIANVS AVG
of the period with the exception of the legend.
4) IMP C LVCIVS DOMITIVS DOMITIANVS AVG

Reverses:
1) GENIO POPVLI ROMANI
2) HERCVLI COM AVGG
3) VICTORI AVG

Types:
1) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia; eagle to left
2) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding apples, lion skin draped over arm
3) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath and palm.

Mints:
1) Alexandria

AE Follis Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R1, T1 Exe: `/ALE

2) B1, O3, R1, T1 Exe: `/ALE RIC Vii 20, C 1
3) B1, O4, R1, T1 Exe: `/ALE RIC Vii 19
 416

If the accounts of chroniclers of the day can be believed,

Constantius I Constantius was the grandnephew of Claudius Gothicus. However,

the links to Claudius may have been made up by Constantius
sympathizers who noted that Claudius's niece (Claudia) had the
same name as his great-aunt. The link would have been valuable
Augustus 305-306 as a means to substantiate an imperial line of succession from a
desirable former emperor.

Whatever his ancestry, Constantius climbed the military ranks and was in the position of Praetorian Prefect under
Maximian. When Maximian was elevated as co-emperor he selected Constantius as his Caesar under Diocletian's
Tetrarchy scheme. He would then be assigned the task of regaining Britain which had seceded from the empire
under the reign of Carausius and which Maximian himself was unable to take care of. Because Carausius enjoyed
a far superior naval fleet, Constantius chose stealth in order to avoid a battle at sea. Thus with the aid of a thick
fog over the channel he set out with his troops towards Britain. When he approached London he found that
Carausius had been murdered by his own Praetorian Prefect, Allectus, who was defeated in short order. It was
here in Britain where Constantius died ten years later, of natural causes, having come to the aid of his son
Constantine who was fighting off a Pict invasion.

Busts:
1) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left
2) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left holding scepter over shoulder and shield Although by no means difficult to find,
3) Laureate bust left holding lion skin over shoulder and club
4) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle the coins of Constantius I are
5) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle and holding scepter with eagle atop somewhat undervalued given how
6) Laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle and holding scepter with eagle atop
7) Laureate head left
often they’re available relative to the
8) Laureate head right other emperors of the Tetrarchical
9) Laureate, cuirassed bust left period. This is especially so for coins
10) Laureate, cuirassed bust left holding scepter over shoulder
11) Laureate, cuirassed bust left holding spear over shoulder and shield of his as Augustus which, while not
12) Laureate, cuirassed bust left holding spear pointing forward and shield commanding any premium over those
13) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
14) Laureate, cuirassed bust right holding spear over shoulder and shield of him as Caesar, were minted for
15) Laureate, cuirassed bust right holding spear pointing forward and shield less than one full year.
16) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
17) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield
18) Laureate, draped bust left Most available will be the Folles of the
19) Laureate, draped bust left wearing lion skin and club over shoulder. eastern mints of the “Genius of the
20) Helmeted, laure, cuirassed bust left holding spear over shoulder and shield
21) Helmeted, laure, cuirassed bust left holding spear pointing forward and shield Roman People” type.
22) Helmeted, laure, cuirassed bust right
23) Helmeted, laure, cuirassed bust right, holding Victory on globe
24) Helmeted, laure, draped and cuirassed bust left holding spear over shoulder and shield
25) Lion-skin covered head right
26) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle and holding scepter with eagle atop
27) Radiate, cuirassed bust right
28) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
29) Radiate, draped bust right
30) Radiate, helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter with eagle atop
31) Veiled head right
32) Veiled, laureate head right
33) Veiled, laureate, cuirassed bust right

Obverses:

1) CONSTANTIVS AVG 16) CONSTANTIVS PF AVG 31) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAESAR
2) CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS 17) DIVO CONSTANTIO AVG 32) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOBIL C
3) CONSTANTIVS C 18) DIVO CONSTANTIO AVG 33) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOBIL CAES
4) CONSTANTIVS CAES 19) DIVO CONSTANTIO PIO 34) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS
5) CONSTANTIVS CAESAR 20) DIVO CONSTANTIO PIO PRINC NOBILISSIMVS C
6) CONSTANTIVS ET MAXIMIANVS NB C 21) DIVO CONSTANTIO PIO PRINCIPI 35) IMP C CONSTANTIVS PF AVG
7) CONSTANTIVS N C 22) DIVVS CONSTANTIVS 36) IMP C FL VAL CONSTANTIVS PF AVG
8) CONSTANTIVS NB C 23) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS CAESAR 37) IMP CONSTANTIVS AVG
9) CONSTANTIVS NOB C 24) FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB C 38) IMP CONSTANTIVS P AVG
10) CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES 25) FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES 39) IMP CONSTANTIVS P FEL AVG
11) CONSTANTIVS NOB CS 26) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS N C 40) IMP CONSTANTIVS PF AVG
12) CONSTANTIVS NOBI C 27) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB C 41) IMP CONSTANTIVS PIVS F AVG
13) CONSTANTIVS NOBIL C 28) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB CA 42) IMP CONSTANTIVS PIVS FEL AVG
14) CONSTANTIVS NOBIL CAES 29) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAE 43) VIRTVS CONSTANTI NOB C
15) CONSTANTIVS NOBIL CAESAR 30) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES
 417
Reverses:

1) AVGG 59) MONETA S AVGG ET CAESS NN

2) AVSPIC FEL 60) MONETA SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN
3) CLARITAS AVGG 61) ORIENS AVGG
4) COMES AVG 62) ORIENS AVGVSTOR
5) COMES AVGG 63) PACATORES GENTIVM
6) COMITATVS AVGG 64) PAX AETERNA
7) COMITES AVGG ET CAESS NNNN 65) PAX AVGG
8) CONCORDIA AVGG 66) PIETAS AVGG
9) CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS 67) PIETAS AVGG ET CAESS NN
10) CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS NN 68) PRAESIDIA REIPVBLIC
11) CONCORDIA AVGG NOSTR 69) PRINC IVVENTVT
12) CONCORDIA CAESS NOSTR 70) PRINCIPI IVVENT
13) CONCORDIA MILITVM 71) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT
14) CONCORDIAE AVGG 72) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS
15) CONSECRATIO 73) PROVIDENT DEOR
16) CONSERVATORES AVGG ET CAESS NN 74) PROVIDENT DEORVM
17) CONSVL AVGG NN 75) PROVIDENTIA AVGG
18) CONSVL CAESS 76) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM
19) CONSVL V PP PROCOS 77) PROVIDENTIAE AVGG
20) F ADVENT AVGG NN 78) REQVIES OPTIMORVM MERITORVM
21) FEL ADVENT AVGG NN 79) REDDITOR LVCIS AETERNA
22) FELICITAS AVG NOSTR 80) ROMAE AETERN
23) FELICITAS AVGG NOSTR 81) ROMAE AETERNAE
24) FELICITAS SAECVLI AVGG NN 82) S M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN
25) FELIX ADVENT AVGG NN 83) SAC M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN
26) FIDES MILIT 84) SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN
27) FIDES MILITVM 85) SACR MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR
28) FIDES MILITVM AVGG ET CAESS NN 86) SACRA MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN
29) FORTVNAE REDVCI 87) SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR
30) FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG ET CAESS NN 88) SACRA MONET VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN
31) FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG NN 89) SAECVLI FELICIT
32) FORTVNAE REDVCI CAESS NN 90) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS AVCTA KART
33) GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN 91) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART
34) GENIO POPVLI ROMANI 92) SALVS AVGG
35) HERCVLI AVGG 93) SALVS AVGG ET CAESS NN
36) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG ET CAESS NN 94) SECVRIT AVGG
37) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG NOSTR 95) SECVRITAS AVGG
38) HERCVLI COMITI CAESS NOSTR 96) SECVRITAS ORBIS
39) HERCVLI CONS CAES 97) TEMPOR FEL
40) HERCVLI CONSER AVGG ET CAESS NN 98) TEMPOR FELICIT
41) HERCVLI CONSERVATORI 99) TEMPORVM FELICITAS
42) HERCVLI DEBELLAT 100) VBIQVE VICTORES
43) HERCVLI VICTORI 101) VICTORIA SARM
44) IOVI AVGG 102) VICTORIA SARMA
45) IOVI CONSERVAT 103) VICTORIA SARMAT
46) IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG 104) VICTORIA SARMATICA
47) IOVI CONSERVATORI 105) VICTORIAE SARMATICAE
48) IOVI ET HERCVLI CONS CAES 106) VIRTVS AVGG
49) IOVI FVLGERATORI 107) VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN
50) IOVIS CONSERVATOR 108) VIRTVS HERCVLI CAESARIS
51) LETITIA AVGG 109) VIRTVS ILLVRICI
52) M SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN 110) VIRTVS MILITVM
53) MARTI PROPVGNATOR 111) VIRTVTI AVGG
54) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 112) VNDIQVE VICTORES
55) MARTI VICTORI 113) VTILITAS PVBLICA
56) MEMORIA DIVI CONSTANTI 114) No legend
57) MEMORIA FELIX
58) MEMORIAE AETERNAE

Types:
1) Africa standing, facing, holding standard and tusk; lion and bull to lower left.
2) Altar, eagle on either side
3) Altar, lit; eagle on either side
4) Carthago standing, facing, holding fruit in each hand
5) City gate with (3) turrets
6) City gate with (4) turrets
7) City gate with (7) turrets
8) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae
9) Concordiae (2) facing each other, shaking hands
10) Constantius I and Galerius each riding horse to right over enemy.
11) Constantius I and Galerius holding between them Victory on globe over kneeling captive.
12) Constantius I and Galerius standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar in front of temple with four columns; flute-player and four witnesses at temple.
13) Constantius I being crowned by Victory to left and holding spear and hand of kneeling Britannia(?) to right.
14) Constantius I riding horse right over galley, holding spear.
15) Constantius I riding horse right, holding spear.
16) Constantius I riding horse right, spearing Britannia, kneeling before city gate; galley below.
17) Constantius I riding horse right, spearing kneeling enemy; another under horse
18) Constantius I riding quadriga onwards, holding branch; driver to right.
19) Constantius I seated left, raising hand and holding scepter.
20) Constantius I standing left, holding standard and scepter.
21) Constantius I standing left, holding standard and spear
22) Constantius I standing left, holding standard; another standard to right.
23) Constantius I standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
 418
24) Constantius I standing right on left, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter.
25) Constantius I standing right, holding spear and globe
26) Constantius I standing right, holding spear, holding hand of kneeling Pietas(?), holding cornucopia.
27) Constantius I standing right, holding two standards
28) Constantius I standing, facing, holding globe and wand.
29) Constantius I standing, facing, holding spear and globe; captive to either side
30) Constantius I standing, facing, raising hand and holding scepter; standard on either side.
31) Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux) standing, right legs forward, holding scepter.
32) Eagle standing right
33) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
34) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
35) Felicitas standing, facing, with legs crossed and leaning on column, touching her head.
36) Fides seated left, holding standard in each hand
37) Fides standing, facing, holding standard in each hand
38) Fides standing, facing, standard to each side.
39) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia
40) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder over globe and cornucopia
41) Fortuna veiled head right
42) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
43) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
44) Hands, crossed
45) Hercules seated, facing, holding lion skin; bow to side.
46) Hercules standing left, holding club and lion skin with bow and quiver over shoulder.
47) Hercules standing left, holding club and lion skin with bow.
48) Hercules standing left, holding club and lion skin.
49) Hercules standing left, wrestling hydra
50) Hercules standing right, holding apples and bow with lion skin.
51) Hercules standing right, holding club and apple with lion skin, in the Garden of Hesperides.
52) Hercules standing right, leaning on club.
53) Hercules standing right, wrestling lion; club to left.
54) Hercules standing, facing, holding apples and lion skin.
55) Hercules standing, facing, holding branch and club with lion skin.
56) Hercules standing, facing, holding club and apples with lion skin.
57) Hercules wrestling deer
58) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
59) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter
60) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left.
61) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter
62) Jupiter standing right on left, holding scepter, together holding Victory with Hercules to right, holding club and lion skin.
63) Jupiter standing right, aiming thunderbolt at kneeling giant.
64) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor
65) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and caduceus; child to side.
66) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield.
67) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
68) Mars advancing right, holding Victory and spear.
69) Mars helmeted, cuirassed bust right.
70) Mausoleum, eagle atop with wreath in beak
71) Minerva standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
72) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
73) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.
74) Pax standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter
75) Pietas standing right, holding baby; child on either side.
76) Pietas standing, facing, holding baby; child to left.
77) Providentia seated left, holding wand over globe and scepter.
78) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter.
79) Roma seated left on shield, holding Victory on globe and spear
80) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake.
81) Securitas standing, facing, with legs crossed and leaning on column, touching her head.
82) Securitas standing, facing, with legs crossed and leaning on column, touching head and cradling scepter.
83) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip.
84) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip; seated captive to side.
85) Temple, domed, with (4) columns, eagle atop
86) Temple, domed, with (4) columns, eagle within and atop
87) Temple, domed, with (6) columns, eagle atop
88) Temple, domed; eagle atop
89) Tetrarchs sacrificing over altar; camp gate (enclosure) behind.
90) Tetrarchs sacrificing over altar; temple with (4) columns behind.
91) Trophy, seated captive on either side.
92) Utilitas standing, facing
93) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
94) Virtus standing right, stepping on captive, holding parazonium and spear.
95) Wreath, VO / TIS / X / SIC / XX within
96) Wreath, VO / TX / SIC / XX within
97) Wreath, VOT / X
98) Wreath, VOT / X / CAESS
99) Wreath, VOT / XX / AVGG / NN within
100) Wreath, VOT / XX / AVGG within
101) Wreath, VOT / XX / CAESS within
102) Wreath, VOT / XX within
103) Wreath, VOT X / FK within
104) Wreath, VOT XX / FK within
105) Wreath, X / CONS / TANT / I AVG / SMN within; NK at top of wreath.
106) Wreath, XC / VI within
107) Wreath, XCVI / AQ
108) Wreath, XCVI / T within
 419
Mints:

1) Alexandria 6) Karthago 11) Serdica

2) Antioch 7) Londinium 12) Siscia
3) Aquileia 8) Lugdunum 13) Thessalonica
4) Cyzicus 9) Nicomedia 14) Ticinum
5) Heraclea 10) Roma 15) Treveri

AU Medallion Reference(s)
1) B05, O33, R099, T012, M15 Exe: TR Four Aurei weight RIC 35 (VI, Treveri)
2) B25, O34, R055, T067, M15 Exe: TR Five Aurei weight RIC 31 (VI, Treveri)

AU Aureus
3) B08, O02, R043, T056, M09 Exe: SMN RIC 32 (VI, Nicomedia)
4) B08, O07, R005, T070, M15 RIC 5 (VI, Treveri)
5) B08, O07, R047, T058, M15 Exe: `TR C 156
6) B08, O09, R027, T037, M04 RIC 1 (VI, Cyzicus)
7) B08, O10, R039, T054, M02 Exe: SMAΣ RIC 7 (VI, Antioch)

AR Argenteus
8) B08, O04, R102, T089, M10 RIC 18 (VI, Roma)
9) B08, O04, R103, T089, M10 Exe: ` RIC 38a (VI, Roma), C 286
10) B08, O04, R110, T005, M01 Exe: `/ALE RIC 11 (VI, Alexandria), C 318
11) B08, O04, R110, T089, M10 Exe: ` RIC 42a (VI, Roma)
12) B08, O04, R110, T089, M10 Exe: R RIC 33 (VI, Roma)
13) B08, O04, R110, T089, M10 RIC 29a (VI, Roma)
14) B08, O05, R075, T089, M04 Exe: CM RIC 4 (VI, Cyzicus), C 242
15) B08, O05, R075, T089, M05 Exe: HT RIC 5 (VI, Heraclea)
16) B08, O05, R110, T089, M10 RIC 44a (VI, Roma)
17) B08, O09, R110, T088, M12 Exe: SIS RIC 61 (VI, Siscia), C 320

AE Antoninianus (reduced)
18) B26, O09, R106, T090, M08 Exe: ` RIC 648 (V), C 303
19) B27, O30, R013, T024, M01 Exe: `/ALE RIC 48a (VI, Alexandria)
20) B27, O30, R013, T024, M04 Exe: K` RIC 18a (VI, Cyzicus)
21) B27, O30, R013, T024, M05 Exe: H` RIC 15 (VI, Heraclea)
22) B27, O30, R013, T024, M05 Exe: HA` RIC 15 (VI, Heraclea)
23) B28, O24, R106, T051, M14 Exe: XXIT
24) B28, O25, R106, T053, M14 Exe: XXIT Officina in left field
25) B28, O27, R114, T103, M06 RIC 35a (VI, Carthago)
26) B28, O30, R048, T062, M02 Exe: `/XXI RIC 673 (V), C 164
27) B29, O10, R014, T024, M12 Exe: SIS RIC 92a (VI, Siscia)

AE Follis
28) B02, O40, R107, T017, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 66a (VI, Aquileia)
29) B13, O30, R034, T042, M07
30) B07, O10, R034, T042, M15 Exe: `/TR RIC 160a (VI, Treveri)
31) B08, O10, R025, T001, M06 Exe: H/PK` RIC 24a (VI, Carthage)
32) B08, O10, R034, T042, M03 Exe: AQ RIC 19a (VI, Aquileia)
33) B08, O10, R034, T042, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 21a (VI, Aquileia)
34) B08, O10, R034, T042, M04 Exe: KA` RIC 93a (VI, Cyzicus)
35) B08, O10, R034, T042, M10 Exe: R/S/` RIC 73a (VI, Roma)
36) B08, O10, R034, T042, M12 Exe: `/SIS RIC 90a (VI, Siscia)
37) B08, O10, R034, T042, M12 Exe: S/`/ RIC 82a (VI, Siscia)
38) B08, O10, R034, T042, M14 Exe: /`T RIC 35a (VI, Ticinum)
39) B08, O10, R034, T042, M14 Exe: /`T RIC 32a (VI, Ticinum)
40) B08, O10, R034, T042, M14 Exe: `T RIC 30a (VI, Ticinum)
41) B08, O10, R034, T042, M15 Exe: `//TR RIC 343a (VI, Treveri)
42) B08, O10, R034, T042, M15 Exe: `/Γ/TR RIC 213a (VI, Treveri)
43) B08, O10, R087, T072, M03 Exe: V/AQ` RIC 32a (VI, Aquileia)
44) B08, O10, R087, T072, M14 Exe: `T RIC 46a (VI, Ticinum)
45) B08, O10, R091, T004, M06 Exe: ` RIC 32a (VI, Carthage)
46) B08, O10, R091, T004, M06 Exe: H/` RIC 39a (VI, Carthage)
47) B08, O23, R034, T042, M15
48) B08, O27, R034, T042, M10 Exe: R/` RIC 66a (VI, Roma)
49) B08, O27, R034, T042, M12 Exe: S in left field RIC 75a (VI, Siscia)
50) B08, O27, R034, T042, M12 Exe: S/` RIC 81a (VI, Siscia)
51) B08, O30, R033, T042, M04 Exe: K` RIC 11a (VI, Cyzicus)
52) B08, O30, R034, T042, M01 Exe: `/ALE RIC 15a (VI, Alexandria)
53) B08, O30, R034, T042, M01 Exe: XXI/`/ALE RIC 31a (VI, Alexandria)
54) B08, O30, R034, T042, M02 Exe:  over `/ANT RIC 47a (VI, Antioch)
55) B08, O30, R034, T042, M02 Exe: /`/ANT RIC 45a (VI, Antioch)
56) B08, O30, R034, T042, M02 Exe: `/ANT RIC 53a (VI, Antioch)
57) B08, O30, R034, T042, M02 Exe: K/` over V/ANT RIC 55a (VI, Antioch)
58) B08, O30, R034, T042, M05 Exe: HT` RIC 20a (VI, Heraclea)
59) B08, O30, R034, T042, M09 Exe: SMN RIC 28a (VI, Nicomedia)
60) B08, O30, R034, T042, M13 Exe: `/TS RIC 26b (VI, Thessalonica)
61) B08, O30, R043, T056, M01 Exe: S/` over P/ALE RIC 40 (VI, Alexandria)
 420
62) B08, O30, R043, T056, M01 Exe: S/P over `/ALE
63) B08, O35, R027, T036, M14 Exe: /`T RIC 59a (VI, Ticinum)
64) B08, O35, R084, T072, M10 Exe: /R` RIC 120a (VI, Roma)
65) B08, O36, R034, T042, M04 Exe: K` RIC 21a (VI, Cyzicus)
66) B08, O36, R034, T042, M05 Exe: HT` RIC 24a (VI, Heraclea)
67) B08, O36, R034, T042, M11 Exe: SMSD RIC 12a (VI, Serdica)
68) B08, O40, R043, T056, M12 Exe: VI/SIS` RIC 165a (VI, Siscia)
69) B09, O09, R034, T042, M08 Exe: /`LG RIC 187a (VI, Lugdunum)
70) B10, O09, R034, T043, M08 Exe: A/`LG RIC 167a (VI, Lugdunum)
71) B11, O10, R034, T043, M08 Exe: B/`LG RIC 138a (VI, Lugdunum)
72) B13, O09, R034, T042, M07 RIC 72 (VI, Londinium)
73) B13, O13, R034, T042, M07 RIC 37a (VI, Londinium)
74) B13, O38, B034, T042, M15 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 644a (VI, Treveri)
75) B17, O10, R034, T043, M08 Exe: B/`LG RIC 136a (VI, Lugdunum)
76) B18, O09, R034, T042, M08 Exe: /`LG RIC 180a (VI, Lugdunum)

AE Follis (Posthumous) Reference(s)

77) B31, O18, R056, T070, M03 Exe: AQ`
78) B33, O19, R057, T003, M07 Exe: `LN RIC 110 (VI, Londinium)
79) B33, O19, R057, T003, M08 Exe: `LG RIC 268 (VI, Lugdunum)
80) B33, O19, R057, T003, M08 Exe: CI/S/`LG H within altar RIC 297 (VI, Lugdunum)
81) B33, O19, R057, T003, M15 Exe: `TR RIC 789 (VI, Treveri)

AE3 (Posthumous)
82) B32, O20, R058, T032, M10 Exe: R` RIC 114 (VII, Rome)
83) B32, O21, R078, T019, M13 Exe: TS` RIC 25 (VII, Thessalonica)

Constantius I Busts
 421
Constantius I Types
 422
Second wife of Constantius I, stepmother of
Theodora Constantine I and mother-in-law of Licinius.

b. ca.270 - ?

Bust:
Theodora’s coins are something of a sleeper; that is,
1) Draped bust right they’re underpriced relative to their scarcity. Nearly all
known coins will be tiny AE4’s of identical design but
Obverse: carrying different mintmarks with Trier being the most
common locale. They can be purchased for $20 and up
1) FL MAX THEODORAE AVG
depending on condition but a sharp coin with full legends
Reverse: would indeed be a rarity.

1) PIETAS ROMANA Even in so-so condition they are worth the asking price.
Only a tiny percentage of fourth century bronzes were
Type:
earmarked to honor this obscure lady.
1) Pietas standing, facing, holding a baby

Mints:
1) Constantinopolis
2) Roma
3) Treveri

AE4 Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: CONS` RIC 36 (VIII, Constantinople)

2) B1, O1, R1, T1, M3 Exe: ¡/TR` RIC 43 (VIII, Trier), L 105
3) B1, O1, R1, T1, M3 Exe: •TR`• RIC 65 (VIII, Trier), L 113
4) B1, O1, R1, T1, M3 Exe: TR` RIC 79 (VIII, Trier), L 120
5) B1, O1, R1, T1, M3 Exe: TR`¯ RIC 91 (VIII, Trier), L 129
 423
Galerius started as an ordinary soldier in the armies of Aurelian

Galerius and then Probus. By the time he served under Diocletian his
military career had culminated with the position of Praetorian
Prefect. Under Diocletian's new scheme for ruling the empire, he
named Galerius as one of the Caesars in the new Tetrarchy and
Augustus 305-311 assigned him to the eastern half. With Diocletian abdicating soon
after, Galerius automatically became Augustus himself.

The rest of his reign would be taken up fighting the power grabbing of Constantius Chlorus who, against the
principles of the Tetrarchy, would start a dynasty in his own bloodline as well as dealing with the increasingly
troublesome Maxentius who was now leading a revolt from Rome with the aim of eliminating what was left of the
Tetrarchy. He died of natural causes before any conclusions were in store for the stalemate.

Busts:
1) Bare head right Galerius is one of the few emperors
2) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding globe
3) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter over shoulder whose name is never actually spelled out
4) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter over shoulder and shield on his coins. Instead, he is often
5) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield
6) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield
confused with Maximian because they
7) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding Victory both happened to have the same last
8) Helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield name. Rather than being referred to as
9) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle
10) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop and globe Maximian II, which would have been
11) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop rather confusing seeing that both rulers’
12) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding Victory on globe
13) Laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter reigns overlapped, modern historians
14) Laureate head left differentiate the two by using one of his
15) Laureate head right
16) Laureate, cuirassed bust left
other surnames.
17) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter over shoulder
18) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter over shoulder and shield Asides from the naming conventions the
19) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
20) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding scepter and shield coins themselves don’t help much to set
21) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield them apart since by now the portraits are
22) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield
23) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield those of a generic effigy. In the end,
24) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right telling the two apart comes with a certain
25) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding scepter over shoulder
26) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield
measure of experience and acquaintance
27) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, raising hand and holding globe with the coins of both emperors.
28) Laureate, draped bust right, holding spear over shoulder
29) Laureate, draped bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield
30) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right In the case of most bronzes, these being
31) Veiled head right the most accessible to collectors, a GAL
or CAES in the legend coupled with
Obverses: MAXIMIANVS will be enough to attribute
the coin to Galerius rather than
1) C VAL MAXIMIANVS CAES
2) C VAL MAXIMIANVS CAESAR Maximian. Fortunately, the greater part of
3) C VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB C these bronzes do have legends which
4) DIVO GAL VAL MAXIMIANO
5) DIVO GAL VAL MAXIMIANO AVG
facilitate this distinction.
6) DIVO MAXIMIANO
7) DIVO MAXIMIANO AVG As with other coins of the Tetrarchic
8) DIVO MAXIMIANO IVN AVG
9) DIVO MAXIMIANO MAXIMINVS AVG FIL period a great many were struck for
10) DIVO MAXIMIANO SOCERO MAXENTIVS AVG Galerius. While a few remain in near-mint
11) DN MAXIMIANVS CAES
12) GAL MAXIMIANVS AVG VII CONSS condition this is still the age of the thin-
13) GAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG coat silvering which weathered very
14) GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS CAES
15) GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS N C
poorly. A fully silvered Follis is therefore
16) GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB C to be considered a rarity and will
17) GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES command a significant premium. All other
18) GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOBIL C
19) GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG lesser-grade coins of common design
20) IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG themes and denominations should cost
21) IMP C MAXIMIANVS AVG
22) IMP C MAXIMIANVS P AVG only a few dollars.
23) IMP C MAXIMIANVS P FEL AVG
24) IMP C MAXIMIANVS PF AVG
25) IMP C MAXIMIANVS PIVS FEL AVG
26) IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO MAXIMIANO SOCERO
27) IMP MAXIMIANVS AVG
28) IMP MAXIMIANVS IVN AVG
29) IMP MAXIMIANVS P AVG
30) IMP MAXIMIANVS PF AVG
31) IMP MAXIMIANVS PF IN AVG 33) MAXIMIANVS AVGVSTVS
32) MAXIMIANVS AVG 34) MAXIMIANVS C
 424
35) MAXIMIANVS CAES 43) MAXIMIANVS NOB CE
36) MAXIMIANVS CAESAR 44) MAXIMIANVS NOB CS
37) MAXIMIANVS N C 45) MAXIMIANVS NOBIL C
38) MAXIMIANVS N CAES 46) MAXIMIANVS NOBIL CAES
39) MAXIMIANVS NOB C 47) MAXIMIANVS NOBIL CAES
40) MAXIMIANVS NOB CAE 48) MAXIMIANVS NOBIL CAESAR
41) MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES 49) MAXIMIANVS PF AVG
42) MAXIMIANVS NOB CAESAR

Reverses:
1) AETERNA MEMORIA 52) IOVIS CONSERVATOR AVGG
2) AETERNAE MEMORIAE 53) M SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN
3) AETERNAE MEMORIAE GAL MAXIMIANI 54) MARTI PROPVGNATORI
4) AETERNAE MEMORIAE GALERI MAXIMIANI 55) MARTI VICTORI
5) COMES AVGG 56) MEM DIVI MAXIMIANI
6) COMITATVS AVGG 57) MEMORIA FELIX
7) CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS NN 58) MONETA AVGG
8) CONCORDIA AVGG NOSTR 59) MONETA AVGG ET CAESS NN
9) CONCORDIA CAESS NOSTR 60) MONETA S AVGG ET CAESS NN
10) CONCORDIA FELIX DD NN 61) MONETA SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN
11) CONCORDIA MILITVM 62) ORIENS AVGG
12) CONCORDIAE AVGG 63) ORIENS AVGVSTOR
13) CONSER AVGG 64) PIETAS AVGG ET CAESS NN
14) CONSVL AVGG NN 65) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT
15) CONSVL CAESS 66) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTI
16) CONSVL V PP PROCOS 67) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS
17) CONSVL VI PP PROCOS 68) PROVIDENTIA AVGG
18) CONSVL VII PP PROCOS 69) S M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN
19) CONSVL VIII PP PROCOS 70) SAC M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN
20) F ADVENT AVGG NN 71) SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN
21) FEL ADVENT AVGG NN 72) SACR MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR
22) FELICITAS SAECVLI AVGG NN 73) SACRA MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN
23) FELIX ADVENT AVGG NN 74) SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR
24) FIDES MILITVM 75) SACRA MONET VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN
25) FIDES MILITVM AVGG ET CAESS NN 76) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS AVCTA KART
26) FORTI FORTVNAE 77) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART
27) FORTVNAE REDVCI 78) SALVS AVGG ET CAESS NN
28) FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG ET CAESS NN 79) SECVRIT PERPET DD NN
29) FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG NN 80) SOLI INVICTAE
30) FORTVNAE REDVCI CAESS NN 81) SOLI INVICTO
31) GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN 82) SOLI INVICTO NK
32) GENIO AVGVSTI 83) TEMPORVM FELICITAS
33) GENIO AVGVSTI CMH 84) VBIQVE VICTORES
34) GENIO CAESARIS 85) VICTORIA AVGG
35) GENIO IMPERATORIS 86) VICTORIA SARM
36) GENIO POP ROM 87) VICTORIA SARMAT
37) GENIO POPVLI ROM 88) VICTORIA SARMATICA
38) GENIO POPVLI ROMANI 89) VICTORIAE SARMATICAE
39) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG NOSTR 90) VIRTVS AVGG
40) HERCVLI COMITI CAESS NOSTR 91) VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN
41) HERCVLI VICTORI 92) VIRTVS EXERCITVS
42) IOVI CONS CAES 93) VIRTVS ILLVRICI
43) IOVI CONSERVAT 94) VIRTVS IOVI CAESARIS
44) IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS 95) VIRTVS MILITVM
45) IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN 96) VIRTVTI EXERCITI
46) IOVI CONSERVATORI 97) VIRTVTI EXERCITVS
47) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG ET CAESS NN 98) VIRTVTI EXERCITVS CMH
48) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN 99) VIRTVTI MILITVM
49) IOVI CONSERVATORI NK 100) VTILITAS PVBLICA
50) IOVI ET HERCVLI CONS CAES 101) No legend
51) IOVIS CONSERVATOR

Types:
1) Africa standing, facing, holding standard and tusk; lion and bull to left.
2) Altar; eagle atop
3) City gate (enclosure)
4) City gate with (3) turrets
5) City gate with (4) turrets
6) Carthage standing, facing, holding fruits in each hand.
7) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
8) Diocletian and Maximian each riding a horse left and raising a hand, one also holding a scepter.
9) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
10) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
11) Fides seated left, holding standard in each hand.
12) Fides standing, facing, holding standard in each hand.
13) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia
14) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia.
15) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia; wheel to right
16) Fortuna veiled, crowned head right
17) Galerius advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy; seated captive to right.
18) Galerius and Constantine I standing, shaking hands, each holding a scepter.
19) Galerius riding horse right, aiming spear; galley above.
20) Galerius riding horse right, holding spear
21) Galerius riding horse right, spearing barbarian; another barbarian lying on ground.
22) Galerius riding horse right, spearing barbarian; shield under horse
 425
23) Galerius riding horse right, spearing barbarian; two barbarians lying on ground
24) Galerius standing left, holding globe and scepter
25) Galerius standing left, holding globe and scepter; two standards to right.
26) Galerius standing left, raising hand and holding scepter; standard on either side.
27) Galerius standing rigtht on left, receiving Victory from Jupiter to right, holding scepter
28) Galerius standing right, holding spear and globe.
29) Galerius standing, facing, holding spear and globe; captive on either side.
30) Galerius standing, facing, holding standard in each hand.
31) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia
32) Genius standing left, pouring out patera and holding cornucopia.
33) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding patera
34) Hercules standing left, holding Victory on globe and resting hand on club with lion skin.
35) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding apple
36) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding branch.
37) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
38) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
39) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left.
40) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left with wreath in beak.
41) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter
42) Mars standing, facing, holding Victory and spear
43) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
44) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by their feet
45) Pietas standing, facing, holding baby; child to left.
46) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake.
47) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, resting hand on head and cradling scepter
48) Sol radiate, draped bust right
49) Sol standing left, holding globe and whip.
50) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe and whip.
51) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip
52) Temple with (2) columns; Mars within, holding spear and shield
53) Temple with (4) columns, eagle atop.
54) Temple with (6) columns, eagle atop.
55) Temple, eagle atop.
56) Tetrarchs sacrificing over altar; city gate behind them.
57) Utilitas standing, facing
58) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VIC / AVGG
59) Virtus advancing right, holding spear and trophy
60) Virtus advancing right, holding spear and trophy with shield
61) Wreath, MVL / TIS / X within
62) Wreath, MVL / TIS / XX within
63) Wreath, SIC / X / SIC / XX within
64) Wreath, SIC X / SIC XX / COS IIII within
65) Wreath, VOT / IS X / SIC / XX within
66) Wreath, VOT / X / CAESS within.
67) Wreath, VOT / X within
68) Wreath, VOT / X / SIC / XX within.
69) Wreath, VOT / XX / AVGG / NN within
70) Wreath, VOT / XX / AVGG within
71) Wreath, VOT / XX / SIC / XXX within
72) Wreath, VOT / XX within
73) Wreath, XC /VI within
74) Wreath, XCVI within

Mints:
1) Alexandria 7) Londinium 13) Siscia
2) Antioch 8) Lugdunum 14) Thessalonica
3) Aquileia 9) Nicomedia 15) Ticinum
4) Cyzicus 10) Ostia 16) Treveri
5) Heraclea 11) Roma
6) Karthago 12) Serdica

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B15, O30, R041, T35, M12 Exe: W/•SM•SD• RIC 6b (VI, Serdica)
2) B15, O35, R101, T66 Eagle in exergue RIC 5b (VI, Aquileia)
3) B15, O41, R042, T39, M02 Exe: •SMA` RIC 9 (VI, Antioch)
4) B15, O41, R042, T39, M02 Exe: SMA`* RIC 10 (VI, Antioch)
5) B15, O49, R043, T40, M13 Exe: SIS RIC 189 (VI, Siscia)

AR Argenteus

6) B15, O35, R087, T56 Exe: ` RIC 38b (VI, Roma)

7) B15, O35, R095, T56 Exe: ` RIC 42b (VI, Roma)
8) B15, O35, R095, T56 RIC 29b (VI, Roma)
9) B15, O36, R095, T04, M02 Exe: *ANT`* RIC 43b (VI, Antioch)
10) B15, O36, R095, T56, M05 Exe: H` RIC 4 (VI, Heraclea)
11) B15, O36, R101, T74, M03 Exe: AQ RIC 17b (VI, Aquileia)
12) B15, O39, R095, T04, M14 Exe: TS•`• C 223
13) B15, O39, R095, T56, M13 Exe: *SIS RIC 54 (VI, Sisicia)
14) B15, O39, R099, T05 Exe: •SM•`•
15) B15, O49, R095, T05, M16 Exe: `TR RIC 635 (VI, Treveri)
 426
AE Medallion Reference(s)

16) B24, O16, R058, T44

AE Antoninianus (reduced)
17) B30, O16, R101, T67, M06 Exe: FK RIC 36 (VI, Carthage)
18) B30, O16, R101, T67, M15 Exe: ` RIC 42b (VI, Ticinum)
19) B30, O17, R011, T27, M04 Exe: K` RIC 19a (VI, Heraclea)
20) B30, O17, R011, T27, M05 Exe: H` RIC 16 (VI, Heraclea)
21) B30, O17, R050, T27 Exe: `/XXI RIC V 719

AE Follis

22) B15, O09, R003, T02, M01 Exe: © over K/` over P/ALE RIC 133 (VI, Alexandria)
23) B15, O13, R032, T32, M04 Exe: `/*/MKV RIC 53 (VI, Cyzicus)
24) B15, O13, R032, T32, M04 Exe: `/;/MKV RIC 65 (VI, Cyzicus)
25) B15, O13, R032, T32, M04 Exe: `/MKV RIC 42 (VI, Cyzicus)
26) B15, O13, R032, T32, M12 Exe: */`/•SM•SD• RIC 35 (VI, Serdica)
27) B15, O13, R035, T32, M04 Exe: `/*/MKV RIC 56 (VI, Cyzicus)
28) B15, O13, R035, T32, M04 Exe: `/MKV RIC 44 (VI, Cyzicus)
29) B15, O13, R097, T59, M04 Exe: `/MKV RIC 47 (VI, Cyzicus)
30) B15, O13, R097, T59, M12 Exe: */`/•SM•SD• RIC 44 (VI, Serdica)
31) B15, O13, R097, T60, M04 Exe: `/*/MKV RIC 59 (VI, Cyzicus)
32) B15, O13, R097, T60, M04 Exe: `/;/MKV RIC 72 (VI, Cyzicus)
33) B15, O14, R038, T31 S B across fields
34) B15, O17, R031, T31, M04 Exe: K` RIC 9b (VI, Cyzicus)
35) B15, O17, R038, T31, M12 Exe: `/•SM•SD• RIC 4b (VI, Serdica)
36) B15, O17, R038, T32, M01 Exe: `/ALE RIC 15b (VI, Alexandria)
37) B15, O17, R038, T32, M01 Exe: XXI/`/ALE RIC 31b (VI, Alexandria)
38) B15, O17, R038, T32, M02 Exe: `/ANT• RIC 59b (VI, Antioch)
39) B15, O17, R038, T32, M02 Exe: K/` over V/ANT RIC 55b (VI, Antioch)
40) B15, O17, R038, T32, M05 Exe: HT` RIC 18b (VI, Heraclea)
41) B15, O17, R038, T32, M14 Exe: `/•TS• RIC 26b (VI, Thessalonica)
42) B15, O17, R038, T32, M14 Exe: `/TS RIC 24b (VI, Thessalonica)
43) B15, O17, R038, T32, M14 Exe: TS` RIC 20b (VI, Thessalonica)
44) B15, O17, R038, T32, M14 Exe: TS`• RIC 22b (VI, Thessalonica)
45) B15, O17, R042, T41, M01 Exe: S/` over P/ALE RIC 43 (VI, Alexandria)
46) B15, O19, R032, T32, M14 Exe: */`/•SM•TS• RIC 30a (VI, Thessalonica)
47) B15, O20, R033, T32, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 54a (VI, Nicomedia)
48) B15, O20, R035, T32, M01 Exe: K/` over P/ALE RIC 101a (VI, Alexandria)
49) B15, O20, R035, T32, M02 Exe: © over C/ANT• RIC 95 (VI, Antioch)
50) B15, O20, R035, T32, M02 Exe: O over `/ANT RIC 112 (VI, Antioch)
51) B15, O20, R035, T32, M05 Exe: */HT` RIC 48a (VI, Heraclea)
52) B15, O20, R035, T32, M05 Exe: ©/HT` RIC 53a (VI, Cyzicus)
53) B15, O20, R035, T32, M05 Exe: •HT`• RIC 37a (VI, Heraclea)
54) B15, O20, R038, T31, M12 Exe: `/•SM•SD• RIC 12b (VI, Serdica)
55) B15, O20, R038, T32, M04 Exe: */K` RIC 27a (VI, Cyzicus)
56) B15, O20, R038, T32, M04 Exe: K` RIC 20b (VI, Cyzicus)
57) B15, O20, R038, T32, M04 Exe: MK` RIC 36 (VI, Cyzicus)
58) B15, O20, R038, T32, M05 Exe: HT` RIC 24b (VI, Heraclea)
59) B15, O20, R095, T05, M04 Exe: MK` RIC 39 (VI, Cyzicus)
60) B15, O20, R096, T59, M05 Exe: */HT` RIC 51 (VI, Heraclea)
61) B15, O24, R024, T11, M15 Exe: `T RIC 59b (VI, Ticinum)
62) B15, O24, R024, T11, M15 Exe: •/`T RIC 55b (VI, Ticinum)
63) B15, O30, R025, T11, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 60b (VI, Aquileia)
64) B15, O30, R032, T31, M13 Exe: ©/`/SIS RIC 198a (VI, Siscia)
65) B15, O41, R038, T31, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 24b (VI, Aquileia)
66) B15, O41, R038, T31, M11 Exe: R/S/` RIC 73b (VI, Roma)
67) B15, O41, R038, T31, M13 Exe: `/*SIS RIC 90b (VI, Siscia)
68) B15, O41, R072, T43, M03 Exe: VI/AQ` RIC 36b (VI, Aquileia)
69) B15, O41, R072, T43, M13 Exe: */`/SIS RIC 135b (VI, Siscia)
70) B15, O41, R072, T43, M13 Exe: `/*SIS RIC 133b (VI, Siscia)
71) B15, O41, R073, T43, M11 Exe: */R` RIC 104b (VI, Roma)
72) B15, O41, R074, T43, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 32b (VI, Aquileia)
73) B15, O41, R074, T43, M15 Exe: `T• RIC 46b (VI, Ticinum)
74) B15, O41, R077, T06, M06 Exe: ` RIC 32b (VI, Carthago)
75) B16, O41, R038, T33, M08 Exe: */`LG RIC 180b (VI, Lugdunum)
76) B19, O41, R038, T31 RIC 15 (VI, Londinium)
77) B19, O45, R038, T31, M16 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 594b (VI, Treveri)
78) B24, O45, R038, T31, M07 RIC 34 (VI, Londinium)

AE Follis (Posthumous)

79) B31, O04, R026, T15, M13 Exe: `/SIS RIC 226 (VII, Siscia)
80) B31, O06, R056, T55, M14 Exe: `/•SM•TS• RIC 48 (VII, Thessalonica)
81) B31, O26, R002, T54, M11 Exe: RE` RIC 255 (VII, Rome)

AE Quinarius

82) B13, O39, R091, T21

 427
Galerius Busts

Galerius Types
 428

Valeria was the daughter of Diocletian. To legitimize

Galeria Valeria Diocletian's new scheme of dividing the empire into two
halves, he had his daughter marry Galerius and move to
the Eastern headquarters. Her marriage to Galerius was
? - d.315 apparently an unhappy one and when he died his
successor, Maximinus, attempted to marry her to cement
his own power. Because this was evidently another
marriage of convenience she refused and he exiled her to a remote village. He too died soon after and was
succeeded by Licinius who, in turn, still bore her ill will over her spurning Maximinus. He had sent for her to have
her executed but she had already vanished months before. She was eventually captured in Thessalonica where it
was discovered she was seeking passage back to Italy in search of her father. She and her sister were
unceremoniously beheaded and dumped in a river ending her unhappy life.

Busts:
During the long reigns of Diocletian and Maximian neither emperor
1) Diademed, draped bust right had coins struck for their respective wives even though both were
2) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent
known to be married and assumed the titles of Augustae. It was
probably not so much as a snub as a change of the times.
Obverses:
1) GAL VALERIA AVG
Either way, some thirty years later when both emperors were safely
2) GALER VALERIA AVG tucked away in their tombs, Galerius revived this customary
deference and had Folles struck in the name of Valeria until his
Reverses: own death. Either inadvertently or as formed policy there was
however to be a new change in the way coins for empresses were
1) VENERI VICTRICI
2) VENERI VICTRICI CMH made that would hold for the next two hundred years.
3) VENERI VICTRICI NKYSC
Each empress would now be associated only with one or two types
Type: for reverses and the only things that would change would be the
mintmarks.
1) Venus standing left, holding apple and raising skirt.
2) Venus standing left, holding apple and raising skirt;
altar to left Her coins are among the easiest and cheapest to find for any
empress of the Late Roman period. Not surprisingly these will be
Mints: mostly the large Folles typical of the early Tetrarchical period.
1) Alexandria
Condition and eye appeal will be the greatest factors in determining
2) Antioch price with poor specimens hardly costing anything while top-notch
3) Cyzicus pieces costing several hundred dollars. A nice however Follis
4) Heraclea
5) Nicomedia should cost well under $100.
6) Serdica
7) Siscia
8) Thessalonica

AU Binio Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R1, T1, M6 Exe: ©/W/•SM•SD• RIC 33 (VI, Serdica)

2) B2, O1, R1, T1, M6 Exe: W/•SM•SD• RIC 34 (VI, Serdica)
3) B2, O1, R1, T1, M7 Exe: SIS RIC 196 (VI, Siscia)

Note: The W sign is technically not part of the mintmark. It is the Greek numeral representing the number 60 and is taken as a mark of value
to indicate the coin is worth 1/60th of a Roman pound of gold.

AU Aureus
4) B1, O1, R1, T1, M5 Exe: SMN RIC 53 (VI, Nicomedia)

AE Follis

5) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: © ove K/` over P/ALE RIC 129 (VI, Alexandria)
6) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: ` over X/K/ALE RIC 81 (VI, Alexandria)
7) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: K over `/P/ALE RIC 110 (VI, Alexandria)
8) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: K/` over P/ALE RIC 110 (VI, Alexandria)
9) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: P/` over R/ALE RIC 74 (VI, Alexandria)
10) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: X/` over X/ALE RIC 81 (VI, Alexandria)
11) B1, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: ©/`/ANT RIC 107 (VI, Antioch)
12) B1, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: © over `/ANT RIC 98 (VI, Antioch)
 429
13) B1, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: `/ANT RIC 84 (VI, Antioch)
14) B1, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: O over `/ANT• RIC 115 (VI, Antioch)
15) B1, O1, R1, T1, M3 Exe: `/*/MKV RIC 58 (VI, Cyzicus)
16) B1, O1, R1, T1, M3 Exe: `/MKV RIC 46 (VI, Cyzicus)
17) B1, O1, R1, T1, M3 Exe: MK` RIC 38 (VI, Cyzicus)
18) B1, O1, R1, T1, M4 Exe: */©/HT` RIC 63 (VI, Heraclea)
19) B1, O1, R1, T1, M4 Exe: */HTA May 310 – May 311 RIC 50 (VI, Heraclea)
20) B1, O1, R1, T1, M4 Exe: */HTΔ May 310 – May 311 RIC 50 (VI, Heraclea)
21) B1, O1, R1, T1, M4 Exe: HT` RIC 43 (VI, Heraclea)
22) B1, O1, R1, T1, M6 Exe: */`/•SM•SD• RIC 41 (VI, Serdica)
23) B1, O1, R1, T1, M7 Exe: ©/`/SIS RIC 211 (VI, Siscia)
24) B1, O1, R1, T1, M8 Exe: */`/•SM•TS• RIC 36 (VI, Thessalonica)
25) B1, O1, R1, T2, M2 Exe: ©/`/ANT RIC 151 (VI, Antioch)
26) B1, O1, R2, T1, M5 Exe: SMN` RIC 57 (VI, Nicomedia)

Galeria Valeria Busts

Chosen by Galerius as Caesar upon Diocletian's abdication,

Severus II Severus would spend several years in the VP post until
Constantius died. In what may have then been a shocking turn of
events, rather than Severus automatically becoming the new
Augustus 306-307 emperor, the title passed instead to Constantius's son Constantine.
On hearing of this Galerius threatened a major civil war.
Constantine reached an agreement that ended in Severus claiming
the title while he took a demotion to Caesar.

Still, it was becoming evident that Constantine was poised to becoming emperor some day and this most
aggravated Maxentius whose father Maximian sidestepped him for the good of the system. With a "no fair"
attitude, Maxentius appropriated the city's garrisons and had himself made emperor back in Rome. This, naturally,
created a problem for Severus which he had to deal with. He marched his soldiers down into Italy but the
expedition met with failure. Maxentius was too powerful and influential and the forces of Severus were
demoralized and many deserted him. The loss of manpower put him into retreat mode at the same time that
Maxentius was ramping up an offensive. Severus soon found himself the unfortunate guest of the rebel who had
him executed.

Busts:
1) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield
2) Laureate head right
3) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
4) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
5) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
 430
Obverses:
Primarily due to the short reign, Severus II is considerably
1) FL VAL SEVERVS NOB C more difficult to find than those of his other Tetrarchy-era
2) FL VAL SEVERVS NOB CAES contemporaries. However, this is all relative. The period itself
3) FL VAL SEVERVS NOB CAESAR
4) FL VAL SEVERVS NOBIL C was quite prolific in pumping out coins for the busy armies of
5) FL VAL SEVERVS NOBIL CAES the times and for the populace at large.
6) FLA VAL SEVERVS NOB C
7) FLA VAL SEVERVS NOB CAES
8) IMP C FL VAL SEVERVS PF AVG The Follis was the mainstay of the economy and under
9) IMP C FLA VAL SEVERVS PF AVG Diocletian it was hoped that the new, faux silver coin would
10) IMP C SEVERVS PF AVG
11) IMP C SEVERVS PIVS FELIX AVG stall the inflationary tailspin that was afflicting all corners of
12) IMP SEVERVS AVG the empire. By the time Severus II became emperor what
13) IMP SEVERVS PF AVG
14) IMP SEVERVS PIVS F AVG little silver the coins initially had was gone and, worse, the
15) IMP SEVERVS PIVS FELIX AVG size of the coin itself, once comparable to that of a beefy
16) SEVERVS AVGVSTVS
17) SEVERVS ET MAXIMINVS NB C
Dupondius, was now shrinking quickly into what would soon
18) SEVERVS ET MAXIMINVS NO C be the generic AE3 that would become everyman’s coin for
19) SEVERVS NOB C the rest of the century.
20) SEVERVS NOB CAES
21) SEVERVS NOB CAESAR
22) SEVERVS NOBIL C The Folles and its concomitant fractional derivatives can be
23) SEVERVS NOBILIS C
24) SEVERVS NOBILISSIMVS C found for about $50 and up, silvered specimens survive and
25) SEVERVS NOBILISSIMVS CAES often retail for between $100-$200. For this ruler, the
26) SEVERVS NOBILISSIMVS CAESAR
27) SEVERVS PF AVG
Argenteus remains an elusive and exotic denomination
28) SEVERVS PIVS FEL AVG hardly ever seen. Gold coins, unfortunately, are reserved for
museums and the obscenely wealthy.
Reverses:

1) CONCORDIA AVG ET CAES 19) HERCVLI CONSER AVGG ET CAESS NN

2) CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS NN 20) HERCVLI CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN
3) CONCORDIA AVGG NOSTR 21) HERCVLI VICTORI
4) CONCORDIA CAESS NOSTR 22) HERCVLI VICTORI NK
5) CONCORDIA MILITVM 23) IOVI CONSERVAT
6) CONCORIA IMPERII 24) IOVI CONSERVATOR
7) CONSVL AVGG NN 25) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG ET CAESS NN
8) CONSVL PP PROCOS 26) MARTI PATRI NK
9) FELICITAS AVGG NOSTR 27) PERPETVITAS AVGG
10) FELICITAS CAESS NOSTR 28) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS
11) FELICITAS SAECVLI AVGG NN 29) SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN
12) FELICITAS SAECVLI CAESS NN 30) SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NN
13) FIDES MILITVM 31) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART
14) FIDES MILITVM AVGG ET CAESS NN 32) SALVS AVGG ET CAESS NN
15) GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN 33) SOLI INVICT CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN
16) GENIO POPVLI ROMANI 34) SOLI INVICTO CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN
17) HERCVLI COMITI CAESS NOSTR 35) VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN
18) HERCVLI CONS CAES 36) VIRTVS MILITVM

Types:

1) Carthago standing, facing, holding fruits in each hand.

2) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia.
3) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
4) Concordia standing left, holding scepter.
5) Concordia standing, facing, holding patera and scepter.
6) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
7) Fides seated left, holding standard in each hand.
8) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand.
9) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
10) Genius standing left, pouring out patera and holding cornucopia.
11) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
12) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding apples.
13) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding bow
14) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
15) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
16) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
17) Mars standing, facing, resting hand on shield and holding scepter
18) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
19) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear.
20) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake.
21) Severus II advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy; captive to right.
22) Severus II riding horse right, spearing kneeling barbarian; second barbarian lying on ground.
23) Severus II standing left, holding globe and scepter.
24) Severus II standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield; seated captive to left.
25) Severus II standing left, raising hand and holding globe; two standards to right.
26) Severus II standing left, raising hand and holding scepter; two standards to right.
27) Severus II standing right on left, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter.
28) Severus II standing, facing, holding Victory and spear with shield; captive to left.
29) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe.
30) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe.
31) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VIC / AVGG
 431
32) Wreath, VOT / X / CAESS / NN within.
33) Wreath, VOT / X / CAESS within
34) Wreath, VOT / XX / AVGG within

Mints:
1) Alexandria 6) Karthago 11) Serdica
2) Antioch 7) Londinium 12) Siscia
3) Aquileia 8) Lugdunum 13) Ticinum
4) Cyzicus 9) Nicomedia 14) Treveri
5) Heraclea 10) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B2, O20, R10, T06, M03 Exe: AQ RIC 44 (VI, Aquileia), C 10
2) B2, O20, R18, T12, M02 Exe: ©SMA`* RIC 67 (VI, Antioch)
3) B2, O20, R25, T14, M14 Exe: TR

AE Radiate

4) B5, O05, R05, T27, M01 Exe: `/ALE RIC 60a (VI, Alexandria)
5) B5, O10, R05, T27, M01 Exe: `/ALE RIC 84 (VI, Alexandria)

AE Follis

6) B1, O10, R14, T08, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 77b (VI, Aquileia)
7) B2, O01, R06, T04, M12 Exe: VI/SIS` RIC 173a (VI, Siscia)
8) B2, O01, R27, T19, M12 Exe: VI/SIS` RIC 184a (VI, Siscia)
9) B2, O02, R06, T04, M12 Exe: VI/SIS` RIC 475 note (VI, Siscia)
10) B2, O02, R16, T10, M04 Exe: K` RIC 20a (VI, Cyzicus)
11) B2, O02, R31, T01, M06 Exe: H/` RIC 40a (VI, Carthago)
12) B2, O03, R16, T11, M11 Exe: `/•SM•SD• RIC 13a (VI, Serdica)
13) B2, O04, R16, T09, M14 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 668a (VI, Trier)
14) B2, O05, R16, T09, M05 Exe: HT` RIC 25 (VI, Heraclea)
15) B2, O07, R16, T10, M11 Exe: `/•SM•SD• RIC 24a (VI, Serdica)
16) B2, O08, R16, T10, M04 Exe: */K` RIC 27b (VI, Cyzicus)
17) B2, O08, R16, T10, M04 Exe: K` RIC 25b (VI, Cyzicus)
18) B2, O10, R14, T08, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 78b (VI, Aquileia)
19) B2, O10, R35, T22, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 80b (VI, Aquileia)
20) B2, O20, R29, T18, M10 Exe: R` RIC 123a (VI, Roma)
21) B2, O20, R29, T18, M10 Exe: R` RIC 133a (VI, Roma)
22) B2, O20, R35, T16, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 70a (VI, Aquileia)
23) B2, O20, R35, T16, M13 Exe: `T RIC 60a (VI, Ticinum)
24) B2, O20, R35, T28, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 72a (VI, Aquileia)
25) B2, O21, R35, T16, M13 Exe: `T RIC 58a (VI, Ticinum)
26) B3, O01, R16, T11, M08 Exe: */`LG RIC 193 (VI, Lugdunum)
27) B3, O13, R16, T09, M14 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 652c (VI, Trier)
28) B4, O02, R16, T09, M14 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 661 (VI, Trier)
29) B4, O04, R16, T09, M14 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 665 (VI, Trier)
30) B4, O19, R16, T11, M08 Exe: */`LG RIC 199a (VI, Lugdunum)
31) B4, O23, R16, T09, M07 RIC 63b (VI, Londinium)

AE ¼ Follis

32) B2, O01, R16, T09, M12 Exe: SIS RIC 170a (VI, Siscia)
33) B2, O19, R16, T09, M12 Exe: SIS RIC 171a (VI, Siscia)

Severus II Busts
 432
Severus II Types

The tale of Maxentius is one of the more convoluted accounts of

Maxentius any Roman emperor. It all started when some years before
Diocletian came up with his Tetrarchy scheme. Together with
Maximian, both were to be Augusti ruling jointly with each
Augustus 306-312 overseeing half of the empire. Each in turn named a Caesar as
right-hand-man and would succeed the emperor when the latter
died. Maximian was the father of Maxentius and, in other times,
would have normally been Maximian's successor but the new ruling format had no place for him. When Diocletian
abdicated and forced Maximian to do likewise Maxentius lost all hope. He knew that unless he took action he
would be sidelined permanently.

Taking advantage of a growing dissatisfaction within Italy, and particularly Rome, at Galerius's decision to revoke
their tax-free status, Maxentius gathered an empathetic army and had himself declared Caesar. He avoided the
title of Augustus because he wanted to make it clear to Constantius Chlorus and Constantine that he was revolting
only against Galerius. However, when Constantine was named emperor and failed to warm up to Maxentius he
decided to go against both and proclaimed himself emperor at this point.

To make himself seem more legitimate in the eyes of the Roman world he convinced his father to come out of
retirement and assume joint rule with him. Galerius would be unable to defeat these forces and retreated back to
the east without a conclusive battle. Attention then turned to Constantine but here their luck would turn. In poor
judgment, Maximian would go at it alone and distanced himself from Maxentius only to become cannon fodder
under Constantine. Maxentius then faced a revolt from the African quarters and was able to put it down but at a
high cost to his own popularity. Weakened thus he still had to face Constantine and was defeated in the battle of
Milvian Bridge north of Rome.
 433
Busts:
During the waning years of the Tetrarchy
1) Bare head left
2) Bare head right there were more recognized and semi-
3) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust facing recognized emperors and caesars than at
4) Head left, wearing lion skin
5) Head right, wearing lion skin any other time in Rome’s history. And all
6) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left these guys made coins honoring each
7) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield
8) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield.
other. But because Maxentius was not
9) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right, holding spear in each hand quite in the club he missed out on much of
10) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding globe and scepter with eagle atop this camaraderie and, therefore, had
11) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop
12) Laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop relatively few mints active in his name.
13) Laureate head left
14) Laureate head right
15) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right This translates to a comparative scarcity of
16) Laureate, draped bust right coins for the period. Although statistically
17) Radiate head right
scarcer than his peers, Maxentius’s coins
are not that much more expensive all other
Obverses: things being equal. A nice Follis, the most
1) DN MAXENTIVS PRINC
common coin type, will cost about $50-
2) IMP C M A VAL MAXENTIVS PF AVG $100 but poor coins can be had for very
3) IMP C M VAL MAXENTIVS PF AVG cheap while showroom, fully-silvered coins
4) IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG
5) IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG CONS will cost hundreds of dollars.
6) IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG CONS II
7) IMP C MAXENTIVS PF INV AVG
8) IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO CONSTANTIO COGN
9) IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO MAXIMIANO PATRI
10) IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO MAXIMIANO SOCERO
11) IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO ROMVLO N V FILIO
12) IMP MAXENTIVS PF AVG
13) IMP MAXENTIVS PF AVG CONS
14) IMP MAXENTIVS PF AVG CONS II
15) IMP MAXENTIVS PF INV AVG
16) M AVR MAXENTIVS NOB CAES
17) MAXENTIVS PF AVG
18) MAXENTIVS PF INV AVG
19) MAXENTIVS PF INVIC AVG
20) MAXENTIVS PRINC INVICT

Reverses:
1) ADLOCVTIO AVG N 19) GENIO POP ROM 36) PRINCIPI IMPERII ROMANI
2) AETERNA MEMORIA 20) HERCVLI COMITI AVG N 37) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS
3) AETERNAE MEMORIAE 21) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG ET CAES N 38) ROMA AETERNA
4) AETERNITAS AVG N 22) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG ET CAESS 39) ROMAE AETERNAE AVCTRICI AVG N
5) CONSERV VRB SVAE NN 40) SAECVLI FELIC AVG N
6) CONSERVAT VRBIS SVAE 23) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG NN 41) SAECVLI FELICITAS AVG N
7) CONSERVATOR AFRICAE SVAE 24) MARTI COMITI AVG N 42) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART
8) CONSERVATOR VRB SVAE 25) MARTI CONSERV AVGG ET CAESS N 43) TEMPORVM FELICITAS AVG N
9) CONSERVATOR VRBIS SVAE 26) MARTI CONSERVAT AVG N 44) VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM AVG N
10) CONSERVATORES KART SVAE 27) MARTI CONSERVATORI AVG N 45) VICTORIA AETERNA AVG N
11) CONSERVATORES VRB SVAE 28) MARTI PACIFERO AVG N 46) VICTORIA AVG N
12) FEL PROCES CONS III AVG N 29) MARTI PATRI CONSERVATORI 47) VIRTVS AVG N
13) FEL PROCESS CONS III AVG N 30) MARTI PROPAG IMP AVG N 48) VIRTVS MILITVM
14) FELICITAS PVBLICA 31) MARTI PROPAGATORI AVG N 49) VOT OPTATA ROMAE FEL
15) FELIX KARTHAGO 32) MARTI VICTORI AVG N 50) No legend
16) FELIX PROCESS CONSVLAT AVG N 33) PAX AETERNA AVG N
17) FIDES MILITVM 34) PIETAS AVGG ET CAES N
18) FIDES MILITVM AVG N 35) PRINCIPI IMPERII

Types:
1) Africa standing, facing, holding standard and elephant tusk; lion and bull to lower left.
2) City gate with (3) turrets
3) Carthago standing, facing, holding fruits in each hand
4) Castor and Pollux standing, facing, each holding scepter and leading a horse by bridle in between them.
5) Castor and Pollux standing, facing, each holding scepter and leading a horse by bridle in between them; wolf suckling Romulus and Remus below.
6) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with crossed legs, holding caduceus.
7) Fides seated, facing, holding standard in each hand.
8) Fides standing, facing, holding standard in each hand.
9) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
10) Hercules standing left, wrestling lion.
11) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin.
12) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
13) Mars advancing right, holding branch and trophy.
14) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield.
15) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield; captive to right.
16) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy with shield
17) Mars dragging captive right, holding spear with shield.
18) Mars standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
19) Mars standing right, raising hand and holding spear, facing woman to right; wolf suckling Romulus and Remus in between them.
 434
20) Mars standing right, spearing enemy; seated captive to left.
21) Maxentius riding elephant quadriga left, raising hand and holding scepter; Victory hovering above.
22) Maxentius riding horse right over two captives, holding spear and shield.
23) Maxentius riding horse right, raising hand and holding spear, led by bridle by Mars, holding trophy.
24) Maxentius riding oncoming chariot with six horses, raising hand
25) Maxentius riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand.
26) Maxentius seated left on right, receiving globe from Victory on left.
27) Maxentius standing left on platform, accompanied by lictors, facing several soldiers below.
28) Maxentius standing left on right, holding scepter and receiving globe from Roma seated to left, holding scepter
29) Maxentius standing left on right, holding scepter, facing Mars to left, holding Victory and resting hand on shield.
30) Maxentius standing left, holding globe and scepter
31) Maxentius standing right on left, holding scepter and receiving globe from Roma seated to right, holding scepter
32) Maxentius standing right on left, receiving Victory on globe from Mars to right, holding trophy; captive in between them.
33) Maxentius standing right, holding shield reading VOT / X on cippus; seated captive to left.
34) Maxentius standing right, holding shield reading VOT / XX / FEL on cippus; seated captive to left.
35) Maxentius standing right, holding shield reading VOT / XX on cippus; seated captive to left.
36) Maxentius standing, facing, holding globe and spear; seated captive to left.
37) Maxentius standing, facing, holding globe and wand.
38) Pietas standing, facing, raising hand and holding baby; child to left.
39) Roma seated left on chair, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
40) Roma seated left on shield, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
41) Temple with (4) columns, Maxentius standing right on left within, stepping on captive, holding scepter and receiving globe from Roma seated on right, holding
scepter.
42) Temple with (4) columns, Roma seated within, holding globe and scepter.
43) Temple with (4) columns, Roma seated within, holding globe and scepter; being crowned by Victory, holding palm.
44) Temple with (6) columns, Carthago within, holding fruits in each hand.
45) Temple with (6) columns, Roma seated within, holding globe and scepter.
46) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
47) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left.
48) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
49) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left.
50) Victory standing right, holding shield on cippus
51) Victory standing right, stepping on cippus, holding shield reading VOT / IS / X
52) Victory standing right, stepping on cippus, holding shield reading VOT / V
53) Victory standing right, stepping on cippus, holding shield reading VOT / X; seated captive to left.
54) Victory standing right, stepping on cippus, holding shield reading VOT / XX / FEL; seated captive to left.
55) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath and palm; captives by feet.
56) Wolf standing left, suckling Romulus and Remus
57) Wolf standing right, suckling Romulus and Remus
58) Wreath, VOT / QQ / MVL / X / FEL within
59) Wreath, VOT / QQ / MVL / X within
60) Wreath, VOT / QQ / MVL / XX within
61) Wreath, VOT / X / FEL within.

Mints:

1) Aquileia 5) Roma
2) Karthago 6) Ticinum
3) Lugdunum 7) Treveri
4) Ostia

AU Medallion Reference(s)
1) B01, O03, R09, T40, M5 Exe: `R Four Aurei weight
2) B01, O03, R36, T16, M5 Exe: `R Four Aurei weight RIC 172 (VI, Roma)
3) B02, O03, R25, T14, M2 Exe: `K Four Aurei weight
4) B02, O03, R39, T28, M5 Exe: `R Eight Aurei weight RIC 173 (VI, Roma)
5) B04, O12, R08, T31, M5 Exe: `*R Two Aurei weight RIC 166 (VI, Roma)

AU Binio

6) B17, O12, R16, T30, M5 Exe: `*R RIC 169 (VI, Roma)
7) B17, O12, R20, T11, M5 Exe: `R RIC 171 (VI, Roma)

AU Aureus
8) B14, O17, R20, T11, M5 Exe: `R RIC 181 (VI, Roma)
9) B14, O20, R25, T14, M5 Exe: E/`R RIC 140 (VI, Roma)

AR Argenteus

10) B03, O17, R43, T57, M5 Exe: `R RIC 191 (VI, Roma)
11) B14, O17, R09, T45, M5 Exe: `R RIC 187 (VI, Roma)

AE Follis

12) B05, O17, R50, T61, M5 Exe: R` RIC 241 (VI, Roma)
13) B08, O04, R04, T05, M4 Exe: MOST` RIC 37 (VI, Ostia)
14) B08, O04, R18, T08, M4 Exe: MOST` RIC 47 (VI, Ostia)
15) B08, O17, R45, T53, M5 Exe: R` RIC 227 (VI, Roma)
16) B10, O05, R05, T45, M6 Exe: `T RIC 103 (VI, Ticinum)
 435
17) B11, O05, R05, T45, M1 Exe: AQ` RIC 124 (VI, Aquileia)
18) B12, O06, R05, T45, M1 Exe: AQ` RIC 125 (VI, Aquileia)
19) B12, O06, R05, T45, M5 Exe: RQ` RIC 127 (VI, Roma)
20) B14, O04, R04, T05, M4 Exe: MOST` RIC 35 (VI, Ostia)
21) B14, O04, R05, T41, M1 Exe: AQ` RIC 113 (VI, Aquileia)
22) B14, O04, R05, T45, M1 Exe: AQ` RIC 121a (VI, Aquileia)
23) B14, O04, R05, T45, M5 Exe: RB` RIC 210 (VI, Roma)
24) B14, O04, R05, T45, M5 Exe: RE` RIC 258 (VI, Roma)
25) B14, O04, R10, T44, M2 Exe: `K RIC 60 (VI, Carthago)
26) B14, O04, R11, T45, M5 Exe: R*` RIC 198a (VI, Roma)
27) B14, O04, R12, T21, M5 Exe: RB` RIC 215 (VI, Roma)
28) B14, O04, R18, T08, M4 Exe: MOST` RIC 45 (VI, Ostia)
29) B14, O04, R45, T46, M4 Exe: MOST` RIC 54 (VI, Ostia)
30) B14, O04, R46, T47, M5 Exe: RB` RIC 273 (VI, Roma)
31) B14, O17, R05, T45, M6 Exe: `T RIC 100 (VI, Ticinum)
32) B14, O17, R45, T53, M5 Exe: R` RIC 227 (VI, Roma)
33) B14, O17, R50, T60, M5 Exe: R` RIC 238 (VI, Roma)
34) B15, O04, R05, T41, M1 Exe: AQ` RIC 114 (VI, Aquileia)
35) B15, O17, R05, T45, M5 Exe: R`
 436
Maxentius Busts

Maxentius Types
 437
Romulus was the son of Maxentius and served as

Romulus consul briefly before they both died in battle against

Constantine.

b. ca.292 – d.309

Busts:

1) Bare head right

2) Bare head right, wearing consular robes
3) Laureate bust right, wearing consular robes
Without question, the coins of Romulus fall
into the category of rare Late Roman
Obverses: Bronzes. While coinage in other metals is
1) DIVO ROMVLO N V BIS C
not presently known there seems to be no
2) DIVO ROMVLO N V BIS CONS reason why they may not have been struck.
3) DIVO ROMVLO N V FILIO MAXENTIVS AVG
4) IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO ROMVLO N V FILIO
All of these were minted posthumously.
Reverses: Folles typically sell in the $300-$800 range.

1) AETERNA MEMORIA
2) AETERNAE MEMORIAE

Types:
1) Temple (domed), eagle atop.
2) Temple (domed, 4 columns), eagle atop.
3) Temple (domed, 6 columns), eagle atop.

Mints:
1) Ostia
2) Roma

AE Follis Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R2, T1, M1 Exe: MOST` RIC 34 (VI, Ostia)

2) B1, O2, R2, T1, M2 Exe: RB` RIC 207 (VI, Roma)
3) B1, O2, R2, T1, M2 Exe: RE` RIC 257 (VI, Roma)
4) B1, O4, R2, T2, M2 Exe: RE` RIC 249 (VI, Roma)
5) B1, O4, R2, T3, M1 Exe: MOST` RIC 33 (VI, Ostia)

AE ½ Follis

6) B1, O2, R2, T1, M1 Exe: MOST` RIC 59 (VI, Ostia)

AE ¼ Follis

7) B1, O2, R2, T1, M2 Exe: R` RIC 239 (VI, Roma)

8) B2, O2, R2, T1, M2 Exe: R` RIC 240 (VI, Roma)

Romulus Busts Romulus Types

 438

One of the great Roman emperors, Constantine rose to power

Constantine I when his father Constantius Chlorus died in the year 306 while
campaigning against Scottish tribes. He later went on to defeat the
rival emperor Maxentius in the decisive battle of Milvian Bridge in
Augustus 307-337 312. He is credited for several great landmarks in history and is
probably best memorialized by the city that bore his name for
hundreds of years: Constantinople. Although now renamed
Istanbul, this city was to be the seat of power for all Byzantine emperors for the next 1,100 years. Constantine is
also remembered as the first Roman emperor who embraced Christianity and instituted the buildings and papal
dynasty that eventually grew into what is today the Vatican and the Pope.

The latter part of his life saw his commitment to the church rise in step with the increasing repression against old-
school paganism. He left behind several sons who would, after his death, turn on each other and generally undo
much of the stability that Constantine had fought so hard to bring about.

Busts:
1) Bare head right
2) Bare-headed (with halo) draped and cuirassed bust facing
3) Bare-headed (with halo) draped and cuirassed bust facing towards left, holding Victory on globe and mappa
4) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust facing
5) Diademed (pearls) head right From the junk coin bin to million-dollar
6) Diademed (pearls) head right, looking up auctions, the coins of Constantine present
7) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe
8) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right the collector of ancient Roman coins with
9) Diademed (rosettes) head right one of the richest varieties of types to
10) Diademed (rosettes) head right, looking up
11) Diademed (rosettes), cuirassed bust right
choose from.
12) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right
13) Helmeted bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding globe Beginning collectors will see just how easy
14) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left
15) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield and affordable it is to get their hands on a
16) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder Constantine bronze such as the popular
17) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield
18) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe Gloria Exercitus, the Vota issues and the
19) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right so-called camp gates.
20) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield
21) Helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust right
22) Helmeted, draped and cuirassed torso left, holding spear and shield Those on a more generous budget will
23) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left discover the rarer bronze types as well as a
24) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding globe
25) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield wide gamut of different denominations in
26) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield reading VOT X / SIC XX silver and gold. In fact, under Constantine
27) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield
28) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe the imperial mints issued more
29) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe and shield denominations than under any other
30) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, raising hand
31) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right
emperor including many medallic types
32) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield issued strictly for ceremonial purposes.
33) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield
34) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop
35) Laureate bust right, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop Beyond prices and rarity, the collector will
36) Laureate bust right, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop and globe also note a tremendous variety of obverse
37) Laureate head left
38) Laureate head right and reverse types and legends many of
39) Laureate, cuirassed bust left which contain references to this crucial
40) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter with eagle atop
41) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield
period in history.
42) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder
43) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield Of all the Roman emperors Constantine
44) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, raising hand
45) Laureate, cuirassed bust right has the highest variety of bust types and
46) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding shield with no less than 19 official mints
47) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield
48) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder operational throughout his reign a record is
49) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, raising hand set that stands to this day.
50) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left
51) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding globe over radiate head left of Sol
52) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
53) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield
54) Laureate, draped bust left, holding mappa and scepter on globe
55) Laureate, draped bust left, holding Victory on globe and mappa
56) Laureate, draped bust right
57) Laureate, draped bust right facing Licinius I laureate draped bust left, together holding Fortuna in between them
58) Laureate, draped bust right, holding Victory on globe and mappa
59) Radiate bust left, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop
60) Radiate head right
61) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding globe
62) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left
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63) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand
64) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding globe
65) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
66) Radiate, helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield
67) Radiate, helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield
68) Radiate, helmeted, cuirassed bust right
69) Veiled head right
70) Veiled, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses:
1) AVGVSTVS 32) FL VAL CONSTANTINVS AVG
2) COMIS CONSTANTINI AVG 33) FL VAL CONSTANTINVS FIL AVG
3) CONSTANTINVS AG 34) FL VAL CONSTANTINVS N C
4) CONSTANTINVS AVG 35) FL VAL CONSTANTINVS NOB C
5) CONSTANTINVS CAESAR 36) FL VAL CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES
6) CONSTANTINVS FIL AVGG 37) FL VAL CONSTANTINVS NOB CAESAR
7) CONSTANTINVS MAX AG 38) FL VAL CONSTANTINVS NOBIL C
8) CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG 39) FL VAL CONSTANTINVS NOBILI C
9) CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG COS IIII 40) FL VAL CONSTANTINVS PF AVG
10) CONSTANTINVS MAX PF AVG 41) FL VALER CONSTANTINVS PF AVG
11) CONSTANTINVS MAX PF AVG COS IIII 42) FL VALERIVS CONSTANTINVS PF AVG
12) CONSTANTINVS MAXIM AVG 43) IMP C CONSTANTINVS PF AVG
13) CONSTANTINVS NOB C 44) IMP C CONSTANTINVS PF INV AVG
14) CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES 45) IMP C FL VAL CONSTANTINO PF INV AVG
15) CONSTANTINVS NOB CAESAR 46) IMP C FL VAL CONSTANTINVS P AVG
16) CONSTANTINVS NOBIL C 47) IMP C FL VAL CONSTANTINVS PF AVG
17) CONSTANTINVS NOBILI C 48) IMP C FL VAL CONSTANTINVS PF INV AVG
18) CONSTANTINVS P AG 49) IMP CONSTANTINVS AG
19) CONSTANTINVS P AVG 50) IMP CONSTANTINVS AVG
20) CONSTANTINVS P AVG COS IIII 51) IMP CONSTANTINVS IN AVG
21) CONSTANTINVS PF AVG 52) IMP CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG
22) CONSTANTINVS PF IN AVG 53) IMP CONSTANTINVS MAX PF AVG
23) DD NN CONSTANTINVS ET LICINIVS AVGG 54) IMP CONSTANTINVS P AVG
24) DIVO CONSTANTINO AVG 55) IMP CONSTANTINVS P I IN AVG
25) DIVO CONSTANTINO P 56) IMP CONSTANTINVS PF AVG
26) DIV CONSTANTINVS PF AVG 57) IMP CONSTANTINVS PIVS F AVG
27) DIVVS CONSTANTINVS AVG PATER AVGG 58) IMP CONSTANTINVS PIVS FELIX AVG
28) DN CONSTANTINVS AVG 59) INVICTVS CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG
29) DN CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG 60) No legend
30) DN CONSTANTINVS PF AVG
31) DV CONSTANTINVS PT AVGG

Reverses:
1) ADLOCVTIO AVG 42) DN CONSTANTINI MAX AVG
2) ADVENTVS AVG 43) DN CONSTANTINVS MAX TRIVMF AVG
3) ADVENTVS AVG N 44) EQVES ROMANVS
4) ADVENTVS AVGG 45) EQVIS ROMANVS
5) ADVENTVS AVGG NN 46) EXVPERATOR OMNIVM GENTIVM
6) ADVENTVS AVGVSTI N 47) FELICIA
7) AOVENTVS AVGVSTI N 48) FELICITAS AVGG
8) AETERNA GLORIA SENAT PQR 49) FELICITAS AVGG NN
9) AETERNA PIETAS 50) FELICITAS PERPETVA AVG ET CAESS NN
10) AVGG 51) FELICITAS PERPETVA SAECVLI
11) AVGG GLORIA 52) FELICITAS REIPVBLICAE
12) BEAT TRANQLITAS 53) FELICITAS ROMANORVM
13) BEATA TRANQVILLITAS 54) FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N
14) BONO GENIO P II IMPERATORIS 55) FELIX ADVENTVS AVGG NN
15) CAESARVM NOSTRORVM 56) FELIX PROCESSVS COS IIII AVG N
16) CLARITAS REIPVBLICAE 57) FELIX PROCESSVS COS IIIII AVG N
17) COMITI AAVVGG 58) FELIX PROCESSVS COS VI AVG N
18) COMITI AVGG NN 59) FIDES EXERCITVS
19) CONCORD MILIT 60) FORTVNAE REDVCI
20) CONCORDIA AVGG NN 61) FVNDAT PACIS
21) CONCORDIA FELIX DD NN 62) GAVDIVM AVGVSTI NOSTRI
22) CONCORDIA MILITVM 63) GAVDIVM REIPVBLICAE
23) CONCORDIA PERPET DD NN 64) GAVDIVM ROMANORVM
24) CONSERV VRB SVAE 65) GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN
25) CONSERVATOR AFRICAE SVAE 66) GENIO AVGVSTI
26) CONSERVATORES KART SVAE 67) GENIO AVGVSTI CMH
27) CONSERVATORES VRB SVAE 68) GENIO CAESARIS
28) CONSTANTINI AVG 69) GENIO CAESARIS CMH
29) CONSTANTINIANA DAFNE 70) GENIO EXERCITVS
30) CONSTANTINO P AVG B R P NAT 71) GENIO FIL AVGG
31) CONSTANTINVS AVG 72) GENIO IMPERATORIS
32) CONSTANTINVS CAESAR 73) GENIO POP ROM
33) CONSTANTINVS ET CONSTANTIVS NOBB CAESS 74) GENIO POP ROMANI
34) CONSVL DD NN 75) GENIO POPVLI ROM
35) CONSVL PP PROCONSVL 76) GENIO POPVLI ROMANI
36) CRISPVS ET CONSTANTINVS CC 77) GENIVM P R
37) CRISPVS ET CONSTANTINVS IVN NOBB CAESS 78) GLORIA CONSTANTINI AVG
38) CRISPVS ET CONSTANTINVS NOBB CAESS COSS II 79) GLORIA EXERCITVS
39) CRISPVS ET CONSTANTIVS NOBB CAESS 80) GLORIA EXERCITVS GALL
40) DEBELLATORI GENTIVM BARBARVM 81) GLORIA PERPET
41) DN CONSTANTINI AVG 82) GLORIA PERPETVA AVG N
 440
83) GLORIA ROMANORVM 154) SECVRITAS AVGG
84) GLORIA SAECVLI VIRTVS CAESS 155) SECVRITAS AVGVSTI N
85) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG NN 156) SECVRITAS PERPETVAE
86) HERCVLI CONSERVAT CAES 157) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE
87) HERCVLI VICTORI 158) SENATVS
88) I O M ET FORT CONSER DD NN AVGG 159) SOL INVICT COM DN
89) INNVMERI TRIVMF AVG N 160) SOLE INVICTO
90) IOVI CONSERVAT 161) SOLE INVICTORI
91) IOVI CONSERVATORI 162) SOLI COMITI AVG N
92) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG 163) SOLI COMITI CONSTANTINI AVG
93) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG 164) SOLI INVICT COM DN
94) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN 165) SOLI INVICTO
95) IVST VEN MEM 166) SOLI INVICTO COMITI
96) LIBERALITAS XI IMP IIII COS P PP 167) SOLI INVINCTO AETERNO AVG
97) LIBERATORI VRBIS SVAE 168) SPES PVBLICA
98) LIBERTAS PVBLICA 169) SPES REIPVBL
99) MARS AVGVSTORVM 170) SPES REIPVBLICAE
100) MARS VICTOR 171) SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI
101) MARTI CONSERVATORI 172) TEMPORVM FELICITAS
102) MARTI PACIF 173) TRB P CONS IIII PP PROCONSVL
103) MARTI PAT R SEMP VICTORI 174) VBIQVE VICTOR
104) MARTI PATRI CONSERV 175) VBIQVE VICTORES
105) MARTI PATRI CONSERVATORI 176) VICT LAETAE PRINC PERP
106) MARTI PATRI NK 177) VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM
107) MARTI PATRI NKYXC 178) VICTORE AVG N
108) MARTI PATRI PROPVG 179) VICTORE AVG N VOTIS
109) MARTI PATRI PROPVGNATORI 180) VICTORIA AET AVGGG NNN
110) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 181) VICTORIA AETERNA AVG N
111) MAX TRIVMPH AVG DN CONSTANTINVS 182) VICTORIA AVGG NN
112) MONETA AVGG 183) VICTORIA AVGVSTI
113) MONETA AVGG ET CAESS NN 184) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
114) MONETA AVGVSTORVM 185) VICTORIA BAEATISSIMORVM CAESS
115) NOBB CAESS 186) VICTORIA CAESS
116) PACI PERPET 187) VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG
117) PAX AETERNA AVG N 188) VICTORIA GOTHICA
118) PAX PERPETVA 189) VICTORIA LAET P P
119) PERPETVA VIRTVS 190) VICTORIAE LAET P P
120) PERPETVITAS AVGG 191) VICTORIAE LAET PRIN P
121) PIETAS AVGVSTI N 192) VICTORIAE LAET PRINC PERP
122) PIETAS AVGVSTI NOSTRI 193) VICTORIAE LAETAE AVG N
123) PM TRIB COS VI PP PROCOS 194) VICTORIAE LAETAE AVGG NN
124) PM TRIB P COS IIII PP PROCOS 195) VICTORIAE LAETAE PRIN P
125) PONT MAX TRIB PPP PROCS 196) VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP
126) PRINCIPI IVVENT B R P NAT 197) VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINCIPIS PERPETVI
127) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 198) VICTORIAE LIBERAE
128) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTI 199) VICTORIAE PERPETVAE
129) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 200) VICTORIB AVGG ET CAESS NN
130) PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS 201) VICTORIBVS AVGG NN VOTIS
131) PRINCIPIS PROVIDENTISSIMI 202) VICTORIBVS AVGG NN VOTIS X ET XX
132) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 203) VICTORIOSO SEMPER
133) PROVIDENTIAE AVGG 204) VIRT EXERC
134) RECTOR TOTIVS ORBIS 205) VIRT EXERCIT GALL
135) RECVPERATORI VRB SVAE 206) VIRTVS AVGG
136) RECVPERATORI VRBIS SVAE 207) VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN
137) RESTITVTOR VRBIS SVAE 208) VIRTVS AVGVSTI
138) RESTITVTORI LIBERTATIS 209) VIRTVS AVGVSTI N
139) ROMA AETERNA 210) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM NN
140) ROMAE AETER 211) VIRTVS CAESARVM NN
141) ROMAE AETER AVGG 212) VIRTVS CONSTANTINI CAES
142) ROMAE AETERNAE 213) VIRTVS EXERCIT
143) ROMAE RESTITVTAE 214) VIRTVS EXERCITVS
144) SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 215) VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL
145) SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NN 216) VIRTVS MILITVM
146) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART 217) VIRTVS PERPETVA AVG
147) SALVS ET SPES REIPVBLICAE 218) VIRTVTI EXERCITVS CMH
148) SALVS REIP 219) VOTA ORBIS ET VRBIS SEN ET P R
149) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 220) VOTA PVBLICA
150) SAPIENT PRINCIP 221) VOTIS V MVLTIS X
151) SAPIENTIA PRINCIPIS 222) VTILITAS PVBLICA
152) SARMATIA DEVICTA 223) No legend
153) SECVRIT PERPET DD NN

Types:
1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale
2) Africa standing, facing, holding tusk and standard; lion and bull to lower left.
3) Alamannia seated left, resting head on hand; trophy to right.
4) Altar with eagle atop; shield to left, helmet to right and spear across in front
5) Altar with globe atop reading VOT / IS / XX; three stars above.
6) Carthago standing, facing, holding fruits in each hand.
7) Cippus reading SA / PI / EN / TIA with owl atop; helmet to left, spear and shield to right.
8) Cippus reading XX / XXX / AVG
9) City gate (enclosure) with river in foreground and Constantine I standing left atop gate, raising hand and holding scepter; seated captive on either side.
10) City gate with (2) turrets; star above.
11) City gate with (3) turrets
12) City gate with (4) turrets
13) City gate with (4) turrets; star above.
 441
14) Concordia seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
15) Concordia standing left, holding scepter.
16) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand.
17) Constantine I and Galerius standing, facing each other, shaking hands.
18) Constantine I riding horse left, raising hand
19) Constantine I riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter.
20) Constantine I riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear.
21) Constantine I riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear; seated captive to left.
22) Constantine I riding horse right
23) Constantine I riding horse right, raising hand and holding spear.
24) Constantine I riding horse right, raising hand and holding spear; seated captive to left.
25) Constantine I riding horse right, spearing barbarian.
26) Constantine I riding horse right, spearing barbarian; second barbarian lying on ground.
27) Constantine I riding oncoming elephant quadriga, raising hand and being crowned by Victory; two lectors on either side.
28) Constantine I riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand and holding scepter with eagle atop.
29) Constantine I riding quadriga right, Hand of God above
30) Constantine I seated left on platform accompanied by two soldiers; three seated citizens to lower left.
31) Constantine I seated left on right, receiving Victory on globe from soldier to left; panther to left.
32) Constantine I seated left, holding globe and scepter.
33) Constantine I seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; seated captive on either side.
34) Constantine I seated left, receiving globe from Victory to left
35) Constantine I seated, facing, holding scepter; soldier on either side.
36) Constantine I standing left on right, holding scepter, receiving globe from Libertas seated to left, holding scepter.
37) Constantine I standing left on right, receiving Victory on globe from Sol to left; seated captive in between them.
38) Constantine I standing left on right, receiving Victory on globe from Sol to left, kneeling captive raising hands in between them.
39) Constantine I standing left on right, receiving wreaths from two citizens to left.
40) Constantine I standing left on right; soldier on left dragging captive right towards Constantine.
41) Constantine I standing left on left, holding globe and scepter; being crowned by Sol to right, holding whip.
42) Constantine I standing left, holding globe and spear.
43) Constantine I standing left, holding globe and spear; two standards to right.
44) Constantine I standing left, holding hand of kneeling Pietas to left and scepter, being crowned by Victory to right; soldier to left.
45) Constantine I standing left, holding labarum and scepter
46) Constantine I standing left, holding standard; two captives with raised hands to left and one seated to right.
47) Constantine I standing left, holding standard and scepter.
48) Constantine I standing left, holding standard and scepter; two standards to right.
49) Constantine I standing left, holding Victory on globe and spear with shield; seated captive to left.
50) Constantine I standing left, holding Victory on globe and spear; seated captive to left and shield to right.
51) Constantine I standing left, raising hand and holding scepter; standard on either side.
52) Constantine I standing left, raising hand and holding scepter; standard on left.
53) Constantine I standing left, stepping on captive, holding Victory on globe and spear; seated captive to right.
54) Constantine I standing left, touching trophy and holding spear.
55) Constantine I standing on platform, facing, holding scepter; Crispus and Constantine II standing on either side, each holding spear and shield.
56) Constantine I standing right
57) Constantine I standing right, holding globe and spear, being crowned by Sol to left
58) Constantine I standing right, holding spear and globe, being crowned by Victory to left.
59) Constantine I standing right, holding spear and globe.
60) Constantine I standing right, holding spear and globe; seated captive on either side.
61) Constantine I standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
62) Constantine I standing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive on either side.
63) Constantine I standing right, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter.
64) Constantine I standing under arch; Crispus and Constantine II standing on either side, each holding a globe and scepter.
65) Constantine I standing, facing, holding globe and spear.
66) Constantine I standing, facing, holding spear and globe.
67) Constantine I standing, facing, holding spear and globe; seated captive on either side.
68) Constantine I standing, facing, holding standard and resting hand on shield; two seated captives to left, one to right.
69) Constantine I standing, facing, holding vexillum in each hand.
70) Constantine II laureate bust right, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop and globe, facing Constantius II laureate bust left, wearing
consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop and globe.
71) Constantinopolis seated right, stepping on galley prow, holding palm and cornucopia.
72) Crispus bare head right facing Constantine II bare head left
73) Crispus laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, facing Constantine II laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left.
74) Crispus laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, facing Constantine II laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, together holding Victory on globe
75) Crossroads in shape of “X”; Sol at juncture, raising hand and holding globe.
76) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
77) Fides seated left, holding eagle; standard on either side.
78) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
79) Fortuna standing right on left, holding cornucopia and rudder on globe, facing Jupiter to right, holding Victory on globe and scepter
80) Four Seasons frolicking
81) Francia seated left, resting head on hand; trophy to right.
82) Galley sailing right, Isis seated on prow.
83) Genii (2) standing, facing, together holding opened wreath.
84) Genius standing left, holding cornucopia and patera.
85) Genius standing left, holding globe and cornucopia
86) Genius standing left, holding head of Serapis and cornucopia.
87) Genius standing left, holding head of Sol and cornucopia.
88) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
89) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia; eagle to left
90) Genius standing left, holding Victory on globe and cornucopia; eagle to left.
91) Genius standing left, pouring out patera and holding cornucopia.
92) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia
93) Hercules standing left, wrestling lion; club to right, in background.
94) Hercules standing right, holding club and apples.
95) Hercules standing right, holding club and bow with lion skin.
96) Hercules standing right, holding club and Victory on globe.
97) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
98) Jupiter standing left, holding globe and scepter.
99) Jupiter standing left, holding globe and scepter; eagle to left.
100) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left.
101) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
 442
102) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left.
103) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left and seated captive to right.
104) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; seated captive to left.
105) Labarum on snake
106) Legend CONSTAN / TINVS / AVG
107) Legend VO / TIS / XX
108) Legend VOT / XX
109) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia
110) Lion standing left; club above.
111) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield.
112) Mars advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy.
113) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield.
114) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
115) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive on either side.
116) Mars helmeted, cuirassed bust right.
117) Mars standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
118) Mars standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
119) Mars standing right, holding spear and shield.
120) Mars standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield
121) Mars standing, facing, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
122) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
123) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by their feet.
124) Pax standing, facing, holding branch and scepter.
125) Pax standing, facing, holding branch and standard.
126) Roma seated left, holding branch and globe
127) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
128) Roma seated right, holding shield reading X / V
129) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head.
130) Shield reading AVG on cippus
131) Sol advancing left, holding globe and whip.
132) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip.
133) Sol radiate, draped bust right
134) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand and holding globe with whip.
135) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand; Victory next to Sol, holding wreath and palm.
136) Sol standing left, holding globe
137) Sol standing left, holding globe and whip.
138) Sol standing left, holding head of Serapis and cornucopia.
139) Sol standing left, holding whip and globe.
140) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe
141) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; kneeling captive raising hands to left.
142) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive to left.
143) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding head of Serapis
144) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding Victory on globe.
145) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip.
146) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe
147) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe with whip.
148) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe.
149) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive to left.
150) Soldiers (2) standing either side of one standard; each holding a spear and resting hand on shield.
151) Soldiers (2) standing either side of two standards; each holding a spear and resting hand on shield.
152) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
153) Standards (3)
154) Standards (4)
155) Temple with (6) columns; Carthage standing within, holding fruits in each hand.
156) Temple with (6) columns, Roma seated within, holding globe and spear
157) Temple with (6) columns; Roma seated within, holding Victory and spear.
158) Trophy; seated captive on either side
159) Vexillum reading VOT / XX; seated captive on either side.
160) Victories (2) advancing right, each holding a wreath and branch; standard in between them.
161) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield reading VOT / X on altar.
162) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield reading VOT / IS / PR on altar
163) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield reading VOT / PR on altar
164) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and palm.
165) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
166) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side.
167) Victory advancing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and palm.
168) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
169) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side.
170) Victory advancing right, stepping on captive, holding shield reading VOT / XXX
171) Victory advancing right, stepping on captive, holding trophy and palm.
172) Victory riding oncoming quadriga, holding wreath and palm.
173) Victory seated left, holding branch and palm; seated captive to left, trophy in background.
174) Victory seated left, holding Victory and cornucopia.
175) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / IS / XX
176) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X
177) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX
178) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX / FEL / XXX; Genius to lower right also holding shield.
179) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX / MVL / XXX; Genius to lower right also holding shield.
180) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX / XX; Genius to lower right also holding shield.
181) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX; Genius to lower right also holding shield.
182) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX; trophy to right with seated captive at base.
183) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XXX
184) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XXX; Genius to lower right also holding shield.
185) Victory seated right, holding shield reading X / MVL / XX; trophy to right with seated captive on either side.
186) Victory seated right, holding shield reading X / XX; Genius to lower right also holding shield.
187) Victory seated right, holding shield reading X / XX; trophy to right with seated captive at base.
188) Victory seated right, holding shield reading X / XXX; Genius to lower right also holding shield.
189) Victory standing left on galley, holding wreath in each hand.
190) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left.
 443
191) Victory standing left, holding wreath.
192) Victory standing right on galley prow, receiving cornucopia from woman to right, holding vexillum.
193) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VI / CTO / RIA / AVG on cippus
194) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VOT / X on palm
195) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield reading VOT / X on palm tree
196) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath reading X / XX
197) Virtus advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy with shield.
198) Virtus standing left, holding spear and parazonium.
199) Virtus standing right, holding Victory on globe and spear with shield; seated captive to left.
200) Virtus standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield
201) Wreath, CAESAR within.
202) Wreath, HAEC / VOTA / MVLT / ANN within.
203) Wreath, MVLT / NATAL / FEL within
204) Wreath, SPQR / OPTIMO / PRINCIPI within
205) Wreath, PLVR / NATAL / FEL within
206) Wreath, PLVRA / NATAL / FEL within.
207) Wreath, SIC X / SIC XX within
208) Wreath, VOT / TIS / X within.
209) Wreath, VOT / X / AVG / N within.
210) Wreath, VOT / X / CAESS / NN within
211) Wreath, VOT / X / CAESS within
212) Wreath, VOT / X / FELICI / TER within
213) Wreath, VOT / X / MVL / XX within
214) Wreath, VOT / X within
215) Wreath, VOT / XV / FEL / XX within
216) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within
217) Wreath, VOT / XX within.
218) Wreath, VOT / XXX within.
219) Wreath, VOT X / ET XV F within.
220) Wreath, VOT XX / MVLT / XXX within.
221) Wreath, VOTIS / XXX within
222) Wreaths (2), intertwined
223) Blank

Mints:
1) Alexandria 8) Karthago 15) Sirmium
2) Antioch 9) Londinium 16) Siscia
3) Aquileia 10) Lugdunum 17) Thessalonica
4) Arelate 11) Nicomedia 18) Ticinum
5) Constantinopolis 12) Ostia 19) Treveri
6) Cyzicus 13) Roma
7) Heraclea 14) Serdica

AU Medallion Reference(s)
1) B01, O15, R128, T052, M13 Exe: `R 4 Aurei weight
2) B06, O60, R078, T062, M17 Exe: SMTS 1-½ Aurei weight
3) B09, O60, R078, T053, M11 Exe: S/SMN 1-½ Aurei weight RIC 151 (VII, Nicomedia)
4) B16, O56, R223, T223, M16
5) B38, O29, R166, T057, M15 Exe: SIRM 1-½ Aurei weight
6) B52, O29, R045, T022, M11 Exe: SMN 1-½ Aurei weight RIC 100 (VII, Nicomedia)
7) B52, O58, R129, T059, M19 Exe: `TR 9 Aurei weight RIC 801 (VI, Treveri)
8) B65, O56, R129, T059, M19 Exe: `TR 1-½ Aurei weight RIC 802 (VI, Treveri), C 409

AU Binio
9) B64, O29, R033, T070, M02 Exe: SMAN RIC 70 (VII, Antioch)
10) B65, O56, R166, T041, M18 Exe: SMT RIC 98 (VII, Ticinum)

AU Aureus
11) B38, O13, R129, T051, M16 Exe: SIS RIC 152 (VI, Siscia)
12) B38, O21, R035, T042, M02 Exe: Q over II/©SMA`* Constantine holds globe and scepter RIC 5 (VII, Antioch)
13) B38, O21, R064, T003, M19 Exe: ALAMANNIA RIC 823 (VI, Treveri)
14) B38, O21, R091, T102, M01 Exe: ALE
15) B38, O21, R215, T114, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 820 (VI, Treveri)
16) B38, O21, R221, T193, M02 Exe: SMA` RIC 1 (VII, Antioch)
17) B38, O21, R223, T206, M07 Exe: SMH

AU Solidus
18) B06, O60, R031, T174, M15 Exe: SIRM RIC 56 (VII, Sirmium)
19) B06, O60, R031, T174, M17 Exe: SMTS RIC 131 (VII, Thessalonica)
20) B09, O08, R177, T046, M07 Exe: SMH RIC 100 (VII, Heraclea)
21) B10, O60, R187, T184, M11 Exe: SMN RIC 176 (VII, Nicomedia)
22) B12, O08, R031, T165, M05 Exe: CONS RIC 46 (VII, Constantinopolis)
23) B12, O08, R122, T044, M11 Exe: SMN RIC 165 (VII, Nicomedia)
24) B12, O08, R187, T164, M02 Exe: SMAN RIC 93 (VII, Antioch)
25) B12, O08, R187, T170, M16 Exe: •SIS•
26) B12, O08, R187, T184, M16 Exe: SIS RIC 243 (VII, Siscia)
27) B31, O04, R196, T161, M13 Exe: `R
28) B38, O04, R007, T019, M02 Exe: SMAN* RIC 48 (VII, Antioch)
 444
29) B38, O04, R007, T020, M02 Exe: SMAN
30) B38, O21, R057, T042, M18 Exe: SMT RIC 26 (VII, Ticinum)
31) B38, O21, R157, T129, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 246 (VII, Trier)
32) B38, O21, R179, T185, M18 Exe: `T RIC 40 (VII, Ticinum)
33) B38, O21, R223, T204, M18 Exe: S•M•T
34) B38, O21, R223, T207, M07 Exe: SMH
35) B52, O56, R166, T140, M13 Exe: `R

AU 1½ Scripulum Reference(s)
36) B45, O56, R129, T059, M19 Exe: TR

AR Medallion
37) B06, O60, R111, T071, M05 Exe: CONS RIC 53 (VII, Constantinople)
38) B09, O01, R223, T201, M19 Exe: TR

AR Argenteus
39) B16, O50, R196, T163, M19 Exe: `TR
40) B38, O13, R216, T011, M13 Exe: R` RIC 154 (VI, Roma), C 705
41) B38, O13, R216, T012, M19 Exe: `TR C 706

AR Miliarense
42) B01, O08, R036, T072, M15 Exe: SIRM RIC 14 (VII, Sirmium)
43) B06, O60, R031, T154, M11 Exe: SMN RIC 86 (VII, Nicomedia)
44) B11, O08, R031, T154, M05 Exe: CONS
45) B12, O08, R215, T200, M05 Exe: •CONS`• RIC 58 (VII, Constantinople)

AR Siliqua
46) B06, O60, R031, T165, M16 Exe: SIS RIC 229 (VII, Siscia)
47) B06, O60, R032, T165, M13 Exe: R RIC 378 (VII, Rome)
48) B10, O60, R031, T165, M16 Exe: SIS

AR ½ Siliqua
49) B45, O50, R216, T011, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 828 (VI, Treveri)
50) B45, O56, R216, T012, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 758 (VI, Treveri)

AE Medallion
51) B52, O47, R084, T031, M13 Exe: R RIC 279 (VII, Rome), C 269

AE Follis/AE3
52) B01, O04, R150, T004, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 65 (VII, Trier)
53) B01, O56, R061, T112, M13 Exe: R` RIC 12 (VII, Rome)
54) B01, O56, R151, T004, M13 Exe: R` RIC 16 (VII, Rome)
55) B05, O04, R042, T218, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 70 (VII, Heraclea)
56) B05, O04, R133, T010, M04 Exe: S/F/ARL` RIC 310 (VII, Arles)
57) B05, O04, R133, T010, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 58 (VII, Cyzicus)
58) B05, O04, R133, T010, M11 Exe: SMNΓ RIC 153 (VII, Nicomedia)
59) B05, O04, R133, T010, M11 Exe: SMNΔ RIC 153 (VII, Nicomedia)
60) B05, O04, R206, T013, M04 Exe: S/F/`CONST RIC 321 (VII, Arles)
61) B05, O04, R206, T013, M04 Exe: S/F/ARL` RIC 313 (VII, Arles)
62) B08, O08, R042, T218, M07 Exe: •SMH` RIC 93 (VII, Heraclea)
63) B08, O08, R133, T010, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 61 (VII, Cyzicus)
64) B09, O04, R042, T218, M07 Exe: •SMHB RIC 90 (VII, Heraclea)
65) B09, O04, R133, T010, M02 Exe: SMANT`
66) B09, O04, R133, T010, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 60 (VII, Cyzicus)
67) B09, O04, R133, T010, M06 Exe: SMK`• RIC 55 (VII, Cyzicus)
68) B09, O08, R079, T061, M05 Exe: `/CONS Rev. Stephen Knapp collection
69) B09, O08, R079, T200, M05 Exe: `/CONS RIC 22 (VII, Constantinople)
70) B09, O08, R083, T127, M05 Exe: `/CONS RIC 23 (VII, Constantinople), L 984
71) B10, O04, R042, T218, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 72 (VII, Heraclea)
72) B10, O08, R029, T173, M05 Exe: `/CONS RIC 32 (VII, Constantinople), L 989
73) B12, O04, R042, T218, M07 Exe: *SMH` RIC 106 (VII, Heraclea)
74) B12, O04, R042, T218, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 92 (VII, Heraclea)
75) B12, O04, R133, T010, M11 Exe: SMN` RIC 156 (VII, Nicomedia)
76) B12, O04, R133, T010, M17 Exe: `/SMTS RIC 169 (VII, Thessalonica)
77) B12, O04, R213, T159, M16 Exe: S/F over ´/`SIS¦ RIC 127 (VII, Siscia)
78) B12, O08, R029, T173, M05 Exe: `/CONS RIC 35 (VII, Constantinople), L 995
79) B12, O08, R029, T173, M05 Exe: `/CONS* RIC 38 (VII, Constantinople)
80) B12, O08, R042, T218, M07 Exe: •SMH` RIC 94 (VII, Heraclea)
81) B12, O08, R042, T218, M13 Exe: RF` RIC 322 (VII, Rome)
82) B12, O08, R079, T150, M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 108 (VII, Antioch)
83) B12, O08, R079, T150, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 137 (VII, Constantinople)
84) B12, O08, R079, T150, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 150 (VII, Heraclea)
85) B12, O08, R079, T150, M11 Exe: SMN` RIC 199 (VII, Nicomedia)
86) B12, O08, R079, T150, M16 Exe: `SIS RIC 252 (VII, Siscia)
 445
87) B12, O08, R079, T150, M16 Exe: `SIS* RIC 261 (VII, Siscia)
88) B12, O08, R079, T150, M16 Exe: SMAN` RIC 108 (VII, Antioch)
89) B12, O08, R079, T150, M17 Exe: SMTS` RIC 222 (VII, Thessalonica)
90) B12, O08, R079, T151, M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 86 (VII, Antioch)
91) B12, O08, R079, T151, M03 Exe: ¢/AQ` RIC 124 (VII, Aquileia)
92) B12, O08, R079, T151, M05 Exe: •CONS`• RIC 80 (VII, Constantinople)
93) B12, O08, R079, T151, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 59 (VII, Constantinople)
94) B12, O08, R079, T151, M05 Exe: CONS`• RIC 73 (VII, Constantinople)
95) B12, O08, R079, T151, M06 Exe: •SMK` RIC 94 (VII, Cyzicus)
96) B12, O08, R079, T151, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 78 (VII, Cyzicus)
97) B12, O08, R079, T151, M07 Exe: •••/SMH` RIC 126 (VII, Heraclea)
98) B12, O08, R079, T151, M07 Exe: •SMH` RIC 116 (VII, Heraclea)
99) B12, O08, R079, T151, M07 Exe: •SMH`• RIC 121 (VII, Heraclea)
100) B12, O08, R079, T151, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 111 (VII, Heraclea)
101) B12, O08, R079, T151, M11 Exe: SMN` RIC 188 (VII, Thessalonica)
102) B12, O08, R079, T151, M16 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 235 (VII, Siscia)
103) B12, O08, R079, T151, M17 Exe: SMTS` RIC 183 (VII, Thessalonica), L 835
104) B12, O08, R079, T151, M19 Exe: TR`* RIC 544 (VII, Trier)
105) B12, O08, R133, T010, M16 Exe: `SIS§ RIC 215 (VII, Siscia)
106) B16, O50, R196, T163, M04 Exe: `ARL RIC 192 (VII, Arles)
107) B16, O50, R196, T163, M09 Exe: `LN RIC 159 (VII, London)
108) B16, O50, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS* RIC 49 (VII, Siscia)
109) B16, O50, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS• RIC 74 (VII, Siscia)
110) B16, O50, R196, T163, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 208a (VII, Trier)
111) B17, O04, R019, T016, M09 Exe: `LN
112) B17, O04, R166, T140, M09 Exe: S/F/`LN RIC 17 (VII, London)
113) B17, O04, R176, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS* RIC 95 (VII, Siscia)
114) B17, O04, R176, T163, M16 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 84 (VII, Siscia)
115) B17, O19, R002, T021, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 138 (VI, Londinium)
116) B17, O19, R018, T137, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 177 (VI, Londinium)
117) B17, O19, R019, T016, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 203 (VI, Londinium)
118) B17, O19, R129, T042, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 228 (VI, Londinium)
119) B17, O19, R129, T069, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 220 (VI, Londinium)
120) B17, O21, R018, T137, M09 Exe: `LN RIC 166 (VI, Londinium)
121) B17, O50, R166, T140, M09 Exe: S/F/`LN RIC 11 (VII, London)
122) B17, O50, R176, T163, M16 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 82 (VII, Siscia)
123) B17, O50, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS RIC 55 (VII, Siscia)
124) B17, O50, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS* RIC 50 (VII, Siscia)
125) B17, O50, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS• RIC 61 (VII, Siscia)
126) B19, O04, R013, T005, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 303 (VII, Trier)
127) B19, O04, R013, T005, M19 Exe: `TR• RIC 316 (VII, Trier)
128) B19, O04, R013, T005, M19 Exe: •`TR• RIC 368 (VII, Trier)
129) B19, O04, R042, T159, M18 Exe: `*T RIC 122 (VII, Ticinum)
130) B19, O04, R073, T005, M19 Exe: •`TR© RIC 389 (VII, Trier)
131) B19, O04, R142, T128, M13 Exe: P/R/R` RIC 146 (VII, Rome)
132) B19, O04, R176, T163, M16 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 83 (VII, Siscia)
133) B19, O04, R196, T163, M10 Exe: `0L RIC 79 (VII, Lyons)
134) B19, O04, R206, T005, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 341 (VII, Trier)
135) B19, O04, R213, T158, M19 Exe: T/F/•`TR RIC 279 (VII, Trier)
136) B19, O04, R213, T159, M03 Exe: */AQ` RIC 58 (VII, Aquileia)
137) B19, O04, R213, T159, M03 Exe: S/F/AQ` RIC 48 (VII, Aquileia)
138) B19, O04, R213, T159, M16 Exe: S/F over ´/`SIS* RIC 120 (VII, Siscia)
139) B19, O04, R213, T159, M16 Exe: S/F/`SIS* RIC 109 (VII, Siscia)
140) B19, O04, R213, T159, M17 Exe: TS` RIC 75 (VII, Thessalonica)
141) B19, O04, R213, T159, M18 Exe: `T RIC 114 (VII, Ticinum)
142) B19, O04, R213, T159, M19 Exe: */`TR RIC 258 (VII, Trier)
143) B19, O04, R213, T159, M19 Exe: T/F/•`TR RIC 266 (VII, Trier)
144) B19, O04, R223, T219, M13 Exe: R` RIC 207 (VII, Rome)
145) B19, O08, R191, T163, M10 Exe: 0 RIC 65 (VII, Lyons)
146) B19, O08, R191, T163, M19 Exe: */•`TR RIC 226 (VII, Trier)
147) B19, O50, R176, T163, M16 Exe: S/`SIS
148) B19, O50, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS• RIC 60 (VII, Siscia)
149) B19, O55, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS• RIC 59 (VII, Siscia)
150) B25, O19, R143, T126, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 274 (VI, Londinium)
151) B25, O19, R166, T140, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 239 (VI, Londinium)
152) B25, O21, R018, T137, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 187 (VI, Londinium)
153) B26, O04, R166, T140, M10 Exe: TF/*/`LG Zachary Beasley Collection
154) B27, O04, R018, T137, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 186 (VI, Londinium)
155) B27, O04, R166, T146, M09 Exe: */`LN
156) B31, O04, R176, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS* RIC 93 (VII, Siscia)
157) B31, O04, R206, T012, M13 Exe: P/R/R` RIC 185 (VII, Rome)
158) B31, O08, R196, T163, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 216 (VII, Trier)
159) B31, O42, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS• RIC 73 (VII, Siscia)
160) B31, O50, R196, T163, M04 Exe: `ARL RIC 191 (VII, Arles)
161) B31, O50, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS RIC 54 (VII, Siscia)
162) B31, O52, R196, T163, M04 Exe: `ARL RIC 190 (VII, Arles)
163) B31, O52, R196, T163, M18 Exe: */`T RIC 87 (VII, Ticinum)
164) B31, O52, R196, T163, M18 Exe: `T RIC 82 (VII, Ticinum)
165) B31, O52, R196, T163, M18 Exe: ¡/`T RIC 86 (VII, Ticinum)
166) B31, O52, R196, T163, M18 Exe: C/`T RIC 90 (VII, Ticinum)
167) B31, O52, R196, T163, M18 Exe: P/`T RIC 84 (VII, Ticinum)
168) B31, O52, R196, T163, M19 Exe: */`TR RIC 221 (VII, Trier)
169) B31, O52, R196, T163, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 209 (VII, Trier)
170) B31, O56, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS RIC 53 (VII, Siscia)
171) B31, O56, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS* RIC 47 (VII, Siscia)
172) B31, O56, R196, T163, M16 Exe: +/`SIS* RIC 47 (VII, Siscia)
173) B31, O56, R196, T163, M16 Exe: SIS
 446
174) B31, O56, R223, T220, M17 Exe: TS` RIC 28 (VII, Thessalonica)
175) B35, O04, R013, T005, M19 Exe: •`TR• RIC 369 (VII, Trier)
176) B38, O03, R166, T140, M09 Exe: */`LN
177) B38, O04, R028, T107, M10 Exe: •`•L• RIC 91 (VII, Lyons)
178) B38, O04, R041, T217, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 64 (VII, Aquileia)
179) B38, O04, R042, T010, M18 Exe: `©T RIC 198 (VII, Ticinum)
180) B38, O04, R042, T217, M03 Exe: ®/¯/AQ` RIC 104 (VII, Aquileia)
181) B38, O04, R042, T217, M03 Exe: •AQ`• RIC 85 (VII, Aquileia)
182) B38, O04, R042, T217, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 56 (VII, Heraclea)
183) B38, O04, R042, T217, M13 Exe: R` RIC 237 (VII, Rome)
184) B38, O04, R042, T217, M16 Exe: `SIS RIC 148 (VII, Siscia)
185) B38, O04, R042, T217, M16 Exe: `SIS) RIC 171 (VII, Siscia)
186) B38, O04, R042, T217, M16 Exe: `SIS* RIC 159 (VII, Siscia)
187) B38, O04, R042, T217, M16 Exe: `SIS? RIC 177 (VII, Siscia)
188) B38, O04, R042, T217, M16 Exe: `SIS¯ RIC 174 (VII, Siscia)
189) B38, O04, R042, T217, M16 Exe: `SIS« RIC 180 (VII, Siscia)
190) B38, O04, R042, T217, M17 Exe: TS`VI RIC 101 (VII, Thessalonica)
191) B38, O04, R042, T217, M18 Exe: `T RIC 140 (VII, Ticinum)
192) B38, O04, R042, T217, M18 Exe: ©/`T RIC 167 (VII, Ticinum)
193) B38, O04, R042, T218, M07 Exe: SMH`• RIC 82 (VII, Heraclea)
194) B38, O04, R042, T218, M18 Exe: `T © above VOT / XXX, H below Zachary Beasley Collection
195) B38, O04, R042, T218, M18 Exe: `T © below VOT / XXX RIC 174 (VII, Ticinum)
196) B38, O04, R066, T088, M17 Exe: */`/•SM•TS•
197) B38, O04, R133, T010, M01 Exe: SMAL` RIC 34 (VII, Alexandria)
198) B38, O04, R133, T010, M02 Exe: SMANT` RIC 63 (VII, Antioch)
199) B38, O04, R133, T010, M02 Exe: Δ/`/SMANT
200) B38, O04, R133, T010, M04 Exe: `*AR RIC 264 (VII, Arles)
201) B38, O04, R133, T010, M04 Exe: `A©RL RIC 286 (VII, Arles)
202) B38, O04, R133, T010, M05 Exe: `/CONS RIC 7 (VII, Constantinople), L 969
203) B38, O04, R133, T010, M06 Exe: •/SMK` RIC 51 (VII, Cyzicus)
204) B38, O04, R133, T010, M06 Exe: •SMK`• RIC 44 (VII, Cyzicus)
205) B38, O04, R133, T010, M06 Exe: SMK`• RIC 34 (VII, Cyzicus)
206) B38, O04, R133, T010, M09 Exe: `LON RIC 293 (VI, London)
207) B38, O04, R133, T010, M11 Exe: MN` RIC 121 (VII, Nicomedia)
208) B38, O04, R133, T010, M11 Exe: N` RIC 144 (VII, Nicomedia)
209) B38, O04, R133, T010, M11 Exe: SMNE RIC 90 (VII, Nicomedia)
210) B38, O04, R133, T010, M13 Exe: R=` RIC 287 (VII, Rome)
211) B38, O04, R133, T010, M16 Exe: `SIS§ RIC 214 (VII, Siscia)
212) B38, O04, R133, T010, M16 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 200 (VII, Siscia)
213) B38, O04, R133, T010, M17 Exe: •/SMTSA RIC 153 (VII, Thessalonica)
214) B38, O04, R133, T010, M17 Exe: •/SMTSE RIC 153 (VII, Thessalonica)
215) B38, O04, R133, T010, M19 Exe: `TR¨ RIC 475 (VII, Trier), L 28
216) B38, O04, R133, T010, M19 Exe: `TRE RIC 504 (VII, Trier)
217) B38, O04, R152, T171, M09 Exe: `LON© RIC 289 (VII, London)
218) B38, O04, R152, T171, M15 Exe: SIRM RIC 48 (VII, Sirmium)
219) B38, O04, R152, T171, M19 Exe: STR RIC 429 (VII, Trier)
220) B38, O04, R152, T171, M19 Exe: STR© RIC 435 (VII, Trier)
221) B38, O04, R206, T013, M04 Exe: `A©RL RIC 291 (VII, Arles)
222) B38, O06, R066, T091, M16 Exe: ©/`/SIS RIC 200b (VI, Siscia)
223) B38, O06, R068, T091, M17 Exe: */`/•SM•TS• RIC 31b (VI, Thessalonica)
224) B38, O08, R098, T189, M05 Exe: B/CONS RIC 18 (VII, Constantinople), L 985
225) B38, O08, R098, T189, M05 Exe: E/CONS RIC 18 (VII, Constantinople), L 985
226) B38, O08, R168, T105, M05 Exe: CONS RIC 19 (VII, Constantinople)
227) B38, O14, R026, T155, M09 Exe: `LON RIC 61 (VI, Londinium)
228) B38, O14, R146, T006, M08 Exe: ` RIC 32a (VI, Carthage)
229) B38, O14, R207, T114, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 92b (VI, Aquileia)
230) B38, O16, R144, T122, M13 Exe: R=` RIC 159a (VI, Roma)
231) B38, O21, R091, T101, M17 Exe: =/`/•SM•TS• RIC 50b (VI, Thessalonica)
232) B38, O21, R093, T102, M17 Exe: `/•SM•TS• RIC 47b (VI, Thessalonica)
233) B38, O27, R091, T102, M17 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 19 (VII, Thessalonica)
234) B38, O33, R069, T091, M11 Exe: SMN` RIC 56 (VI, Nicomedia)
235) B38, O33, R071, T091, M02 Exe: ©/`/ANT RIC 105 (VI, Antioch)
236) B38, O36, R120, T127, M01 Exe: S/` over P/ALE RIC 63 (VI, Alexandria)
237) B38, O40, R093, T099, M06 Exe: MKV` RIC 80 (VI, Cyzicus)
238) B38, O41, R066, T086, M01 Exe: */`/ANT RIC 164c (VI, Antioch)
239) B38, O41, R066, T087, M01 Exe: * over N/`/ALE• RIC 161 (VI, Alexandria)
240) B38, O46, R091, T102, M06 Exe: `/SMK
241) B38, O47, R066, T089, M06 Exe: `/MKV RIC 84b (VI, Cyzicus)
242) B38, O47, R066, T092, M11 Exe: * over `/SMN RIC 74c (VI, Nicomedia)
243) B38, O47, R067, T091, M06 Exe: •/`/MKV Kelly Zane collection
244) B38, O47, R091, T101, M11 Exe: */`/SMN
245) B38, O47, R091, T102, M06 Exe: `/SMK RIC 3 (VII, Cyzicus)
246) B38, O47, R091, T102, M11 Exe: `/SMN RIC 12 (VII, Nicomedia)
247) B38, O47, R091, T102, M11 Exe: N over `/SMN RIC 14 (VII, Nicomedia)
248) B38, O47, R093, T102, M01 Exe: K/= over ` over X/ALE RIC 14 (VII, Alexandria)
249) B38, O47, R093, T102, M02 Exe: = over I over III/ANT RIC 7 (VII, Antioch)
250) B38, O47, R093, T102, M07 Exe: `/SMHT RIC 5 (VII, Heraclea)
251) B38, O47, R093, T140, M01 Exe: K/= over X over `/ALE RIC 17 (VII, Alexandria)
252) B38, O47, R160, T143, M06 Exe: `/MKV
253) B38, O47, R165, T143, M11 Exe: `/SMN RIC 73c (VI, Nicomedia)
254) B38, O48, R093, T101, M07 Exe: =/`/SMHT RIC 72 (VI, Heraclea)
255) B38, O50, R042, T217, M04 Exe: `©A RIC 233 (VII, Arles)
256) B38, O50, R091, T102, M16 Exe: `/SIS RIC 232b (VI, Siscia)
257) B38, O56, R091, T102, M16 Exe: `/•SIS• RIC 7 (VII, Siscia)
258) B38, O56, R091, T102, M16 Exe: `/SIS RIC 233c (VII, Siscia)
259) B38, O56, R091, T102, M17 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 4 (VII, Thessalonica)
260) B38, O56, R093, T102, M16 Exe: `/SIS RIC 232a (VI, Siscia)
 447
261) B38, O59, R223, T106, M02 Exe: SMANT•` RIC 52 (VII, Antioch)
262) B40, O19, R129, T042, M09 Exe: */`LN
263) B42, O04, R182, T165, M17 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 60 (VII, Thessalonica)
264) B42, O04, R204, T075, M17 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 67 (VII, Thessalonica)
265) B45, O04, R042, T217, M18 Exe: `T RIC 143 (VII, Ticinum)
266) B45, O04, R166, T133, M19
267) B45, O04, R182, T165, M17 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 59 (VII, Thessalonica)
268) B45, O04, R223, T229, M17 Exe: TS` RIC 31 (VII, Thessalonica)
269) B45, O19, R003, T021, M09 Exe: `LN RIC 137 (VI, Londinium)
270) B45, O19, R166, T140, M09 Exe: ©/`LN RIC 139 (VII, London)
271) B45, O19, R166, T140, M09 Exe: S/F/`LN RIC 15 (VII, London)
272) B45, O21, R017, T137, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 146a (VI, Londinium)
273) B45, O21, R019, T016, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 195 (VI, Londinium)
274) B45, O21, R101, T116, M19 RIC 884 (VII, Trier)
275) B45, O21, R101, T120, M18 Exe: `T
276) B45, O21, R166, T133, M19
277) B45, O21, R166, T140, M10 Exe: S/F/`LG RIC 7 (VII, Lyons)
278) B45, O21, R166, T140, M18 Exe: */`T• RIC 21 (VII, Ticinum)
279) B45, O21, R166, T140, M18 Exe: `T RIC 3 (VII, Ticinum)
280) B45, O21, R166, T140, M19 Exe: F/T/`TR RIC 162 (VII, Trier)
281) B45, O21, R166, T140, M19 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 105 (VII, Trier)
282) B45, O21, R166, T140, M19 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 135 (VII, Trier)
283) B45, O21, R166, T140, M19 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 42 (VII, Trier)
284) B45, O21, R166, T140, M19 Exe: T/F/•`TR RIC 135 (VII, Trier)
285) B45, O21, R166, T142, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 144 (VII, Aquileia)
286) B45, O21, R166, T146, M18 Exe: `T RIC 128 (VI, Ticinum)
287) B45, O35, R109, T113, M19 Exe: S/A/`TR RIC 730 (VI, Treveri)
288) B45, O35, R129, T069, M19 Exe: S/A/`TR RIC 734 (VI, Treveri)
289) B45, O40, R116, T125, M13 Exe: XII/R` RIC 356 (VI, Roma)
290) B45, O43, R166, T140, M12 Exe: MOST` RIC 83 (VI, Ostia)
291) B45, O50, R101, T116, M19 RIC 881 (VI, Treveri)
292) B45, O50, R101, T118, M19 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 859 (VI, Treveri)
293) B45, O50, R166, T133, M19 RIC 890 (VI, Treveri)
294) B45, O50, R166, T140, M10 Exe: TF/*/`LG RIC 34 (VII, Lyons)
295) B45, O50, R166, T140, M13 Exe: R/F/R*` RIC 19 (VII, Rome)
296) B45, O50, R166, T140, M19 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 132 (VII, Trier)
297) B45, O50, R166, T140, M19 Exe: T/F/•`TR RIC 132 (VII, Trier)
298) B45, O56, R003, T019, M09 Exe: F/`LN RIC 1 (VII, London)
299) B45, O56, R073, T088, M09 Exe: S/P/MLN RIC 37 (VII, London)
300) B45, O56, R094, T102, M16 Exe: `/SIS RIC 233c (VI, Siscia)
301) B45, O56, R101, T118, M18 Exe: `T• RIC 18 (VII, Ticinum)
302) B45, O56, R109, T069, M19 Exe: S/A/`TR RIC 781 (VI, Treveri)
303) B45, O56, R109, T113, M19 Exe: S/A/`TR RIC 776 (VI, Treveri)
304) B45, O56, R166, T140, M09 Exe: S/F/`LN RIC 10 (VII, London)
305) B45, O56, R166, T140, M09 Exe: T/F/`LN
306) B45, O56, R166, T140, M13 Exe: R` RIC 323a (VI, Roma)
307) B45, O56, R166, T140, M16 Exe: */`SIS RIC 32 (VII, Siscia)
308) B45, O56, R166, T140, M18 Exe: */`T RIC 8 (VII, Ticinum)
309) B45, O56, R166, T140, M19 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 40 (VII, Trier)
310) B45, O56, R223, T220, M17 Exe: TS` RIC 27 (VII, Thessalonica)
311) B52, O04, R166, T140, M09 Exe: T/F/`LN RIC 94 (VII, London)
312) B52, O21, R018, T137, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 154 (VI, Londinium)
313) B52, O21, R166, T140, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 284 (VI, Londinium)
314) B52, O34, R073, T092, M10 Exe: N/`LG RIC 233 (VI, Lugdunum)
315) B52, O35, R076, T088, M09 Exe: `LN RIC 89b (VI, Londinium)
316) B52, O41, R171, T153, M04 Exe: `ARL RIC 8 (VII, Arles)
317) B52, O43, R094, T102, M17 Exe: •TS`• RIC 61b (VI, Thessalonica)
318) B52, O43, R171, T153, M12 Exe: MOST` RIC 96 (VI, Ostia)
319) B52, O50, R166, T140, M19 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 871 (VI, Treveri)
320) B52, O56, R073, T091, M04 Exe: S/F/`ARL RIC 53 (VII, Arles)
321) B52, O56, R093, T102, M16 Exe: `/SIS RIC 234c (VI, Siscia)
322) B52, O56, R101, T120, M13 Exe: R/F/R`
323) B52, O56, R164, T140, M13 Exe: */©/R` RIC 49 (VII, Rome)
324) B52, O56, R166, T140, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 4 (VII, Aquileia)
325) B52, O56, R166, T140, M04 Exe: M/F/`ARL RIC 89 (VII, Arles)
326) B52, O56, R166, T140, M04 Exe: M/F/ARL` RIC 100 (VII, Arles)
327) B52, O56, R166, T140, M04 Exe: S/F/`ARL RIC 57 (VII, Arles)
328) B52, O56, R166, T140, M04 Exe: T over */F/`ARL RIC 75 (VII, Arles)
329) B52, O56, R166, T140, M10 Exe: P/T/`LG RIC 310 (VI, Lugdunum)
330) B52, O56, R166, T140, M10 Exe: S/F/`LG RIC 1 (VII, Lyons)
331) B52, O56, R166, T140, M13 Exe: =/R` RIC 97 (VII, Rome)
332) B52, O56, R166, T140, M13 Exe: R over X/F/R` RIC 27 (VII, Rome)
333) B52, O56, R166, T140, M13 Exe: R/F/R` RIC 2 (VII, Rome)
334) B52, O56, R166, T140, M13 Exe: R` RIC 57 (VII, Rome)
335) B52, O56, R166, T140, M18 Exe: */`T RIC 16 (VII, Ticinum)
336) B52, O56, R166, T140, M18 Exe: */`T RIC 7 (VII, Ticinum)
337) B52, O56, R166, T140, M18 Exe: */`T• RIC 15 (VII, Ticinum)
338) B52, O56, R166, T140, M18 Exe: `T
339) B54, O04, R133, T011, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 28 (VII, Heraclea)
340) B54, O50, R093, T098, M01 Exe: ©/`/SMAL RIC 22 (VII, Alexandria)
341) B54, O50, R093, T101, M11 Exe: `/SMN RIC 23 (VII, Nicomedia)
342) B54, O50, R093, T102, M06 Exe: `/SMK RIC 8 (VII, Cyzicus)
343) B54, O50, R133, T011, M07 Exe: :/SMH` RIC 33 (VII, Heraclea)
344) B54, O50, R133, T011, M07 Exe: MHT` RIC 16 (VII, Heraclea)
345) B56, O04, R165, T140, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 898 (VI, Trier)
346) B56, O21, R101, T116, M09 RIC 883 (VI, Treveri)
347) B56, O21, R166, T140, M10 Exe: S/F/`LG
 448
348) B56, O21, R166, T140, M19 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 872 (VI, Treveri)
349) B56, O43, R073, T092, M10 Exe: CI/H over S/`LG RIC 389 (VI, Lugdunum)
350) B56, O56, R166, T140, M10 Exe: P/T/`LG RIC 307 (VI, Lugdunum)
351) B56, O56, R171, T153, M13 Exe: R` Rev. Stephen Knapp collection
352) B56, O56, R220, T082, M09
353) B60, O04, R042, T217, M18 Exe: `T RIC 131 (VII, Ticinum)
354) B64, O54, R196, T163, M09 Exe: =/`LN
355) B65, O47, R091, T103, M06 Exe: X over IIГ/SMK` RIC 14 (VII, Cyzicus)
356) B65, O47, R091, T103, M07 Exe: X over IIГ/SMH` RIC 51 (VII, Heraclea)
357) B65, O47, R093, T103, M02 Exe: X over IIГ/SMANT` RIC 34 (VII, Antioch)

AE4 Reference(s)
358) B69, O25, R009, T042, M10 Exe: ¤/`LG Rev. Stephen Knapp collection
359) B69, O31, R095, T001, M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 64 (VIII, Antioch), L 1394
360) B69, O31, R095, T001, M05 Exe: CONS`• Rev. Stephen Knapp collection
361) B69, O31, R223, T029, M01 Exe: S/R/SMAL` RIC 4 (VIII, Alexandria), L 1445
362) B69, O31, R223, T029, M02 Exe: */SMAN` RIC 37 (VIII, Antioch), L 1372
363) B69, O31, R223, T029, M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 39 (VIII, Antioch), L 1374
364) B69, O31, R223, T029, M05 Exe: CONS RIC 37 (VIII, Constantinople)
365) B69, O31, R223, T029, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 4 (VIII, Cyzicus)
366) B69, O31, R223, T029, M19 Exe: TR` RIC 68 (VIII, Trier)
367) B69, O31, R223, T029, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 14 (VIII, Heraclea)
368) B69, O31, R223, T029, M11 Exe: SMN` RIC 4 (VIII, Nicomedia)
369) B69, O31, R223, T056, M01 Exe: SMAL` RIC 32 (VIII, Alexandria), L 1473
370) B69, O31, R223, T056, M06 Exe: •SMK` RIC 54 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 1311
371) B69, O31, R223, T056, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 46 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 1304
372) B69, O31, R223, T056, M11 Exe: SMAN` RIC 112 (VIII, Antioch)
373) B69, O31, R223, T056, M11 Exe: SMN` RIC 48 (VIII, Nicomedia), L 1148
374) B69, O31, R223, T056, M11 Exe: SMN`• RIC 57 (VIII, Nicomedia), L 1155
375) B70, O25, R009, T059, M04 Exe: X/`CON Rev. Stephen Knapp collection
 449

Constantine I Busts
 450
Constantine I Types
 451
Constantine I Types (continued)
 452
Constantine I Types (continued)

Mother of Constantine I. Helena was deeply involved

Helena with the early Christian church and canonized after her
death.

? - d.329 Coins in her name were minted between 324 and 326
and then posthumously circa 340.

Bust:

1) Diademed, draped bust right

Over a dozen mints struck coins honoring
Constantine’s mom over the length of several
Obverses:
years. This ensured a healthy representation of
1) FL HELENA AVGVSTA coins in her name surviving to this day. However,
2) FL IVL HELENAE AVG the mints concentrated all their artistic efforts in
3) FLAVIA HELENA AVGVSTA
4) HELENA N F relatively few reverse types.

Reverses: As with other Roman empresses of the period,

bronzes will be plentiful and affordable even in
1) PAX PVBLICA relatively high grades while the silver and gold
2) PIETAS AVGVSTES
3) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICE pieces will be prohibitively rare and expensive.
4) No legend

Types:

1) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter.

2) Securitas standing left, holding branch
3) Wreath, star within.

Mints:

1) Alexandria 6) Heraclea 11) Sirmium

2) Antioch 7) Londinium 12) Siscia
3) Arelate 8) Lugdunum 13) Thessalonica
4) Constantinopolis 9) Nicomedia 14) Ticinum
5) Cyzicus 10) Roma 15) Treveri
 453
AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R3, T2, M09 Exe: SMNΔ RIC 80 (VII, Nicomedia)
2) B1, O1, R3, T2, M13 Exe: SMTS RIC 149 (VII, Thessalonica)

AE3

3) B1, O1, R3, T2, M01 Exe: =/A/SMAL 327-328 RIC 48 (VII, Alexandria)
4) B1, O1, R3, T2, M01 Exe: =/II/SMAL 329-330 RIC 53 (VII, Alexandria)
5) B1, O1, R3, T2, M01 Exe: SMALB 325-326 RIC 38 (VII, Alexandria)
6) B1, O1, R3, T2, M02 Exe: •SMANTB 328-329 RIC 82 (VII, Antioch)
7) B1, O1, R3, T2, M02 Exe: •SMANTS 328-329 RIC 82 (VII, Antioch)
8) B1, O1, R3, T2, M02 Exe: SMANTB 327-328 RIC 80 (VII, Antioch)
9) B1, O1, R3, T2, M02 Exe: SMANTS 327-328 RIC 80 (VII, Antioch)
10) B1, O1, R3, T2, M02 Exe: ΔE/•SMANT
11) B1, O1, R3, T2, M03 Exe: T*AR 324-325 RIC 278 (VII, Arles)
12) B1, O1, R3, T2, M05 Exe: •SMKΓ• 326-327 RIC 49 (VII, Cyzicus)
13) B1, O1, R3, T2, M05 Exe: SMKB 324-325 RIC 28 (VII, Cyzicus)
14) B1, O1, R3, T2, M06 Exe: */SMH? RIC 109 (VII ,Heraclea)
15) B1, O1, R3, T2, M06 Exe: •SMHE RIC 95 (VII ,Heraclea)
16) B1, O1, R3, T2, M06 Exe: •SMHE• RIC 89 (VII ,Heraclea)
17) B1, O1, R3, T2, M06 Exe: SMH?• RIC 85 (VII ,Heraclea)
18) B1, O1, R3, T2, M06 Exe: SMHA 325-326 RIC 79 (VII ,Heraclea)
19) B1, O1, R3, T2, M06 Exe: SMHB 325-326 RIC 79 (VII ,Heraclea)
20) B1, O1, R3, T2, M06 Exe: SMHE 325-326 RIC 79 (VII ,Heraclea)
21) B1, O1, R3, T2, M06 Exe: SMHΔ 325-326 RIC 79 (VII ,Heraclea)
22) B1, O1, R3, T2, M08 Exe: ?LG RIC 234 (VII, Lyons)
23) B1, O1, R3, T2, M09 Exe: MNA 325-326 RIC 129 (VII ,Nicomedia)
24) B1, O1, R3, T2, M09 Exe: MNS 325-326 RIC 129 (VII ,Nicomedia)
25) B1, O1, R3, T2, M09 Exe: MNΔ 325-326 RIC 129 (VII ,Nicomedia)
26) B1, O1, R3, T2, M09 Exe: SMNE 324-325 RIC 95 (VII ,Nicomedia)
27) B1, O1, R3, T2, M09 Exe: SMNΓ 324-325 RIC 95 (VII ,Nicomedia)
28) B1, O1, R3, T2, M11 Exe: SIRM RIC 54 (VII ,Heraclea)
29) B1, O1, R3, T2, M12 Exe: ΓSIS§ 328-329 RIC 218 (VII, Siscia)
30) B1, O1, R3, T2, M13 Exe: SMTSA 326-328 RIC 159 (VII, Thessalonica)
31) B1, O1, R3, T2, M13 Exe: SMTSB 326-328 RIC 159 (VII, Thessalonica)
32) B1, O1, R3, T2, M13 Exe: SMTSE 326-328 RIC 159 (VII, Thessalonica)
33) B1, O1, R3, T2, M14 Exe: T©T 326 RIC 202 (VII, Ticinum)
34) B1, O1, R3, T2, M15 Exe: •PTRE 327-328 RIC 515 (VII, Trier)
35) B1, O1, R3, T2, M15 Exe: PTR¨ 326 RIC 481 (VII, Trier)
36) B1, O1, R3, T2, M15 Exe: STR¨ 326 RIC 481 (VII, Trier)
37) B1, O1, R3, T2, M15 Exe: STR© RIC 465 (VII, Trier)
38) B1, O4, R4, T3, M13 Exe: •TS•?• RIC 48 (VII, Thessalonica)
39) B1, O4, R4, T3, M13 RIC 50 (VII, Thessalonica)

AE4 (Posthumous)

40) B1, O2, R1, T1, M04 Exe: CONSE RIC 49 (VIII, Constantinople)
41) B1, O2, R1, T1, M04 Exe: CONSE• RIC 33 (VIII, Constantinople), L 1047
42) B1, O2, R1, T1, M10 Exe: R\P
43) B1, O2, R1, T1, M15 Exe: TRP• RIC 55 (VIII, Trier)

Helena Bust Helena Types

Second wife of Constantine I and daughter of Maximian.

Fausta Fausta was blamed for presenting false accusations of
intended rape against her by Crispus, her stepson.
Constantine then had his son murdered as a result.
b. ca.290 – d.326 When the plot was revealed Constantine avenged
Crispus's innocence by having her boiled to death.
 454
Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right

2) Draped bust right
Fausta is perhaps a touch scarcer than a Helena but not by
much. Like Helena, most of her run of coins are an example
Obverses: of art immobilisé as mints all across the Roman lands made
coins with just one reverse type but, for what it’s worth, they
1) FAVSTA N F were allowed a modicum of artistic liberty when rendering
2) FAVSTAE NOBILISSIMAE FEMINAE her portrait and hair style.
3) FLAV MAX FAVSTA AG
4) FLAV MAX FAVSTA AVG
5) FLAVIA MAXIMA FAVSTA AVGVSTA
6) No legend
Gold is exceptionally rare, silver unknown and bronzes from
a few dollars each to over $100 for gem-grade coins.

Reverses:
1) PIETAS AVGVSTAE
2) PIETAS AVGVSTES
3) SALVS REIPVBLICAE
4) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICE
5) SPES REIPVBLICAE
6) VENVS FELIX
7) No legend

Types:
1) Fausta standing on platform, facing, holding baby; Felicitas to left, holding caduceus, Pietas to right and a Genius holding wreath on either side of platform.
2) Legend FLAV MAX / FAVSTA / AVG
3) Spes (or Salus) standing, facing, holding a baby in each arm
4) Wreath, star within.

Mints:

1) Alexandria 7) Heraclea 13) Siscia

2) Antioch 8) Londinium 14) Thessalonica
3) Aquileia 9) Lugdunum 15) Ticinum
4) Arelate 10) Nicomedia 16) Treveri
5) Constantinopolis 11) Roma
6) Cyzicus 12) Sirmium

AU Medallion Reference(s)

1) B2, O4, R3, T3 Exe: SMT Two Solidi weight RIC 12 (VII, Constantinople)

AU Solidus
2) B2, O4, R3, T3 Exe: SMN RIC 77 (VII, Nicomedia), C 5

AE3

3) B1, O4, R5, T3, M14 Exe: SMTS` RIC 162 (VII, Thessalonica)
4) B2, O1, R7, T4, M14 Exe: TS` RIC 49 (VII, Thessalonica)
5) B2, O1, R7, T4, M14 RIC 51 (VII, Thessalonica)
6) B2, O4, R3, T3, M05 Exe: `/CONS RIC 12 (VII, Constantinople)
7) B2, O4, R3, T3, M12 Exe: SIRM RIC 55 (VII, Sirmium)
8) B2, O4, R3, T3, M16 Exe: `TR RIC 459 (VII, Trier), L 27
9) B2, O4, R3, T3, M16 Exe: `TR¨ RIC 489 (VII, Trier), L 37
10) B2, O4, R5, T3, M01 Exe: SMAL` RIC 40 (VII, Alexandria(
11) B2, O4, R5, T3, M02 Exe: SMANT` RIC 69 (VII, Antioch)
12) B2, O4, R5, T3, M06 Exe: .SMK`. RIC 50 (VII, Cyzicus)
13) B2, O4, R5, T3, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 29 (VII, Cyzicus)
14) B2, O4, R5, T3, M06 Exe: SMK`.
15) B2, O4, R5, T3, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 80 (VII, Heraclea)
16) B2, O4, R5, T3, M07 Exe: SMH`. RIC 86 (VII, Heraclea)
17) B2, O4, R5, T3, M10 Exe: MN` RIC 131 (VII, Nicomedia), L 1093
18) B2, O4, R5, T3, M13 Exe: .`SIS. RIC 205 (VII, Siscia)
19) B2, O4, R5, T3, M14 Exe: SMTS` RIC 161 (VII, Thessalonica)
20) B2, O4, R5, T3, M15 Exe: `©T RIC 204 (VII, Ticinum)
21) B2, O4, R5, T3, M15 Exe: Rª` RIC 294 (VII, Rome)
22) B2, O6, R7, T2, M02 Exe: SMANT` / . and ¦ above legend RIC 62 (VII, Antioch)

Fausta Busts Fausta Types

455
 456

Domitius Alexander was a high-ranking administrator in

Alexander Carthage loyal to the Maxentius-Maximinus II alliance. It
seems Maxentius ordered tribute from Alexander and he
refused. The legions proclaimed him emperor and he held
Augustus c.308-311 on for about a year before succumbing to loyalist soldiers.

Bust:
1) Laureate head right You might as well forget it. This usurper held sway
over a small section in Africa in a mint not known for
Obverse: being very prolific in minting coins. There are a few
bronzes left and they make the catalog auction
1) IMP C ALEXANDER PF AVG rounds every now and then realizing four-figure
hammer prices. But this is one of those cases where
Reverses: no amount of money can make one appear out of
1) AFRICA AVG N
your coin dealer’s inventory “on demand”.
2) GLORIA EXERCIT KART
3) GLORIA EXERCITVS KART
4) INVICTA ROMA FEL KARTHAGO
5) INVICTA ROMA FELIX KARTHAGO
6) INVITA ROMA FEL KARTHAGO
7) IOVI CONSERVATORI
8) ROMAE AETERNAE
9) ROMAE AETERNAE AVG N
10) SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI
11) VICTORIA ALEXANDRI AVG N
12) VICTORIA AVGVSTO NOSTRO

Types:
1) Africa standing, facing, holding standard and elephant tusk; lion and bull to lower left.
2) Alexander riding horse right, raising hand.
3) Alexander standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
4) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
5) Karthago standing, facing, holding fruits in either hand
6) Roma seated left, holding globe and spear.
7) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
8) Standards (3)
9) Temple with (6) columns, Roma within holding globe and spear.
10) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.

Mint:
1) Karthago

AE Follis Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R03, T02 Exe: `K RIC 66 (VI, Carthago), C 2

2) B1, O1, R05, T05 Exe: `K RIC 68 (VI, Carhago)
3) B1, O1, R07, T07 RIC 69 (VI, Carthago), C 7
4) B1, O1, R08, T09 Exe: `•K
5) B1, O1, R10, T08 Exe: `K RIC 72 (VI, Carthago)
 457
Alexander Bust

Alexander Types
 458

Licinius was a soldier and friend of Galerius. When Diocletian put

Licinius I the Tetrarchy into effect, Galerius became emperor of the East and
he named his friend Maximian emperor of the West. Licinius
cohabited the west with the usurper Maxentius whom he was
Augustus 308-324 unable to expel; his own rival Constantine I later getting the job
done. When Galerius died in 311 Licinius moved out East
becoming Galerius's successor and leaving the West to be
squabbled between Maxentius and Constantine. Within another year Constantine would defeat Maxentius and
Licinius the usurper Maximinus Daia. From then on Licinius and Constantine would be on-again off-again enemies
partly because Constantine was Christian while Licinius pagan and partly simply because each wished to be sole
emperor. In the end several battles fought and lost to Constantine had him on the run until he could gather no
more armies, abdicated and was soon found and executed.

Busts: Due to the lengthy reign, there are many

coins available for this emperor. The
1) Bare head right
2) Bare head, draped and cuirassed bust facing bronzes are particularly common and were
3) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield minted throughout the empire with the
4) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right
5) Laureate bust left, holding spear and shield exception of brief intervals when various
6) Laureate bust left, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop emperors withheld official recognition.
7) Laureate head right
8) Laureate, cuirassed bust left
9) Laureate, cuirassed bust right During his reign, the use of mintmarks
10) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding thunderbolt and scepter becomes more systematic and complex.
11) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
12) Laureate, draped bust left, holding mappa and globe The assignment of various mintmark
13) Laureate, draped bust left, holding mappa and scepter on globe elements is somewhat arbitrary but this
14) Laureate, draped bust left, holding thunderbolt and scepter on globe
15) Laureate, draped bust right catalog follows convention and will
16) Laureate, draped bust right, holding scepter on globe and mappa designate the use of wreaths and palms as
17) Laureate, draped bust right, holding spear over shoulder
18) Radiate head right
mintmark features while eagles and
19) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right captives will be considered part of the
reverse design.
a) Licinius I and Constantine I facing each other, together holding up statue of Fortuna,
holding rudder and cornucopia
b) Licinius I laureate, draped bust right facing Licinius II laureate, draped bust left, together The reverses featuring Jupiter are the most
holding trophy
commonly found.
Obverses:
1) DD NN IOVII LICINII INVICT AVG ET CAES 13) IMP LICINIVS AVG
2) DD NN LICINIVS PF AVG ET LICINIVS CAESAR 14) IMP LICINIVS P AVG
3) IMP C LIC LICINIVS PF AVG 15) IMP LICINIVS PF AVG
4) IMP C LIC LICINNIVS PF AVG 16) IMP LICINIVS PIVS FELIX AVG
5) IMP C VAL LIC LICINIVS PF AVG 17) LICINIVS AVG
6) IMP C VAL LIC LICINNIVS PF AVG 18) LICINIVS AVG OB D V FILII SVI
7) IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS PF AVG 19) LICINIVS P AVG
8) IMP C VAL LICINIAN LICINIVS PF AVG 20) LICINIVS AVGVSTVS
9) IMP C VALER LICIN LICINIVS PF AVG 21) LICINIVS PF AVG
10) IMP L LICINIVS PF AVG 22) VAL LICINIVS PF AVG
11) IMP LIC LICINIVS F AVG 23) VAL LICINNIANVS LICINNIVS PF AVG
12) IMP LIC LICINIVS PF AVG

Reverses:
1) BONO GENIO P II IMPERATORIS 21) HERCVLI INVOCTORI
2) COMITI AAVVGG 22) I O M ET FORT CONSER DD NN AVG ET CAES
3) CONCORDIA AVGG NN 23) I O M ET VICT CONSER DD NN AVG ET CAES
4) CONSVL DD NN 24) I O M VIRTVTI DD NN AVG ET CAES
5) CONSVL PP PROCONSVL 25) IOVI CONS LICINI AVG
6) CONSVLI PP PRO COS 26) IOVI CONSERVATORI
7) DN CONSTANTINI MAX AVG 27) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG
8) DN LICINI AVGVSTI 28) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG
9) DN LICINI INVICT AVG 29) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN
10) DN LICINI MAX AVG 30) IOVI CONSERVATORI DD NN
11) DOMINI N LICINI AVG 31) IOVI CONSERVATORI LICINIORVM AVG ET CAES
12) FVNDAT PACIS 32) LICINI AVG
13) GENIO AVGVSTI 33) LICINI AVGVSTI
14) GENIO AVGVSTI CMH 34) MARTI CONSERVATORI
15) GENIO CAESARIS 35) ORIENS AVGG
16) GENIO IMPERATORIS 36) ORIENS AVGVSTORVM
17) GENIO POP ROM 37) PERPETVA VIRTVS AVG
18) GENIO POPVLI ROMANI 38) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS
19) GLORIA EXERCITI AVGG NN 39) PRINCIPIS PROVIDENTISSIMI
20) GLORIA PERPET 40) PROFECTIO AVGG
 459
41) PROVIDENTIAE AVGG 57) VICTORIAE LAET P P
42) PROVIDENTIAE AVGG NN 58) VICTORIAE LAET PRINC PERP
43) ROMAE AETERNAE 59) VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP
44) SAECVLI FELICITAS 60) VICTORIAE MAXIMINI AVG
45) SALVS AVGG NN 61) VIRT EXERC
46) SAPIENTIA PRINCIPIS 62) VIRTVS AVGG
47) SECVRITAS AVGG 63) VIRTVS AVGG NN
48) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE 64) VIRTVS AVGVSTI
49) SOLE INVICTO 65) VIRTVS EXERCIT
50) SOLI INVICTO 66) VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL
51) SOLI INVICTO COMITI 67) VIRTVTI EXERCITI
52) SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI 68) VIRTVTI EXERCITVS
53) VBIQVE VICTORES 69) VOTA ORBIS ET VRBIS SEN ET P R
54) VICT LAETAE PRINC PERP 70) VOTIS V MVLTIS X
55) VICTORIA AVGG NN 71) No legend
56) VICTORIA LAET P P

Types:
1) Altar; eagle atop, shield to left, helmet to right and spear across in front.
2) Arles to right, holding scepter, receiving cornucopia from Victory to left, standing on galley prow.
3) City gate with (3) turrets
4) City gate with (4) turrets
5) Cippus reading XX / XXX / MVL / FEL
6) Concordia seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
7) Concordia standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
8) Crossroads in shape of “X”; Sol at juncture, raising hand and holding globe.
9) Fortuna standing to left, holding cornucopia and rudder on globe, facing Jupiter standing to right, holding scepter and Victory on globe.
10) Genius standing left, holding head of Serapis and cornucopia.
11) Genius standing left, holding head of Sol and cornucopia.
12) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.
13) Genius standing left, holding Victory and cornucopia; eagle to left.
14) Genius standing left, holding Victory on globe and cornucopia
15) Genius standing left, pouring out patera and holding cornucopia.
16) Genius standing left, pouring out patera and holding cornucopia; eagle to left.
17) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia.
18) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia; eagle to left.
19) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and on club with lion skin.
20) Jupiter advancing right, aiming thunderbolt.
21) Jupiter riding eagle standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
22) Jupiter seated facing holding scepter and Victory on globe; eagle to left with wreath in beak.
23) Jupiter seated facing on platform reading SIC X / SIC XX, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle with wreath to left
24) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
25) Jupiter standing left on platform reading SIC X / SIC XX, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle with wreath to left.
26) Jupiter standing left, holding globe and scepter
27) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
28) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left
29) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; trophy with seated captive on either side to left
30) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
31) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; captive to left.
32) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left
33) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left and seated captive to right.
34) Jupiter standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle with wreath in beak to left.
35) Legend VO / TIS / XX
36) Legend VOT / XX
37) Licinius I riding quadriga right, holding scepter.
38) Licinius I standing right, holding spear and globe.
39) Licinius I standing right, holding spear and globe; seated captive on either side.
40) Licinius I standing, facing, holding globe and scepter.
41) Lion standing left, club above.
42) Mars advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy with shield.
43) Mars advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy.
44) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy.
45) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive on either side.
46) Mars standing left, holding Victory on globe and spear with shield
47) Mars standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
48) Roma seated left, holding shield reading X / V
49) Roma seated right, holding shield reading X / V
50) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter.
51) Securitas standing left, leaning on cippus and with legs crossed, touching head.
52) Shield reading AVG on cippus
53) Sol advancing left, stepping on captive, raising hand and holding globe.
54) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand and holding globe with whip.
55) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe with whip.
56) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe.
57) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive to left.
58) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding head of Serapis.
59) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip.
60) Sol standing right, holding raising hand and holding globe.
61) Standards (3)
62) Trophy, seated captive on either side
63) Vexillum reading VOT / X; seated captive on either side.
64) Vexillum reading VOT / XX; seated captive on either side.
65) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield reading VOT / PR over altar.
66) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
67) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left.
68) Victory standing right, holding shield on cippus reading VI / CTO / RIA / AVG
 460
69) Victory standing right, holding shield on cippus reading VOT / X / MVL / XX
70) Virtus advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy with shield.
71) Wreath, SIC X / SIC XX within
72) Wreath, VOT / V within
73) Wreath, VOT / X / MVL / XX within.
74) Wreath, VOT / XV / FEL / XX within.
75) Wreath, VOT / XV FEL / XX within.
76) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within.
77) Wreath, VOT / XX within
78) Wreath, VOT X / ET XV F within

Mints:
1) Alexandria 5) Cyzicus 9) Nicomedia 13) Siscia
2) Antioch 6) Heraclea 10) Ostia 14) Thessalonica
3) Aquileia 7) Londinium 11) Roma 15) Ticinum
4) Arelate 8) Lugdunum 12) Serdica 16) Treveri

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B02, O18, R25, T23, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 21 (VII, Nicomedia)
2) B07, O20, R25, T25, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 18 (VII, Nicomedia)
3) B07, O20, R26, T32, M09 Exe: SMN RIC 11 (VII, Nicomedia)
4) B07, O20, R28, T28, M14 Exe: `/•SM•TS• RIC 44a (VI, Thessalonica)
5) B07, O21, R26, T32, M13 Exe: X/SIS RIC 18 (VII, Siscia)
6) B07, O21, R53, T39, M16 Exe: `TR RIC 817c (VI, Trier)

AE3

7) B04, O12, R65, T64, M14 Exe: S/F/•TS•`• RIC 76 (VII, Thessalonica)
8) B04, O13, R65, T64, M03 Exe: S/F/AQ` RIC 51 (VII, Aquileia)
9) B04, O13, R65, T64, M13 Exe: S/F over ´/`SIS¦ RIC 129 (VII, Siscia)
10) B04, O13, R65, T64, M13 Exe: S/F/`SIS* RIC 110 (VII, Siscia)
11) B04, O13, R65, T64, M15 Exe: `*T RIC 123 (VII, Ticinum)
12) B04, O13, R65, T64, M15 Exe: `T RIC 166 (VII, Ticinum)
13) B04, O19, R65, T62, M16 Exe: •`TR RIC 259 (VII, Trier)
14) B07, O03, R16, T12, M01 Exe: K/` over P/ALE RIC 101b (VI, Alexandria)
15) B07, O03, R28, T27, M02 Exe: `/ANT RIC 13 (VII, Antioch)
16) B07, O03, R50, T58, M02 Exe: `/*/ANT RIC 167a (VI, Antioch)
17) B07, O04, R13, T14, M02 Exe: */`/ANT RIC 162a (VI, Antioch)
18) B07, O05, R26, T26, M06 Exe: =/SMHT`
19) B07, O05, R26, T26, M14 Exe: =/`/•SM•TS• RIC 49 (VI, Thessalonica)
20) B07, O07, R13, T12, M05 Exe: `/SMK RIC 102a (VI, Cyzicus)
21) B07, O07, R13, T17, M09 Exe: `/SMN RIC 71a (VI, Nicomedia)
22) B07, O07, R14, T15, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 66 (VI, Nicomedia)
23) B07, O07, R26, T26, M06 Exe: =/HT` RIC 65 (VII, Heraclea)
24) B07, O07, R26, T32, M05 Exe: `/SMK RIC 4 (VII, Cyzicus)
25) B07, O07, R26, T32, M09 Exe: `/SMN RIC 69a (VII, Nicomedia)
26) B07, O07, R26, T32, M09 Exe: N over `/SMN RIC 15 (VII, Nicomedia)
27) B07, O07, R28, T32, M01 Exe: = over ` over N/ALE RIC 10 (VII, Alexandria)
28) B07, O07, R28, T32, M02 Exe: = over Г over III/ANT RIC 8 (VII, Antioch)
29) B07, O07, R28, T32, M06 Exe: `/SMHT RIC 73 (VII, Heraclea)
30) B07, O08, R28, T26, M06 Exe: =/`/SMHT RIC 68 (VI, Heraclea)
31) B07, O12, R13, T12, M13 Exe: ©/`/SIS RIC 207b (VI, Cyzicus)
32) B07, O12, R26, T27, M13 Exe: =/`/SIS RIC 227a (VI, Siscia)
33) B07, O12, R26, T28, M03 Exe: AQ`
34) B07, O12, R26, T32, M13 Exe: `/•SIS• RIC 15 (VII, Siscia)
35) B07, O12, R26, T32, M13 Exe: `/SIS RIC 8 (VII, Siscia)
36) B07, O12, R26, T32, M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 22 (VII, Siscia)
37) B07, O12, R26, T32, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 57 (VII, Thessalonica)
38) B07, O12, R29, T32, M13 Exe: `/•SIS• RIC 229a (VI, Siscia)
39) B07, O12, R29, T32, M13 Exe: `/SIS RIC 4 (VII, Siscia)
40) B07, O13, R08, T77, M04 Exe: `¨A RIC 240 (VII, Arles)
41) B07, O13, R08, T77, M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 150 (VII, Siscia)
42) B07, O13, R08, T77, M13 Exe: `SIS* RIC 160 (VII, Siscia)
43) B07, O13, R11, T77, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 67 (VII, Aquileia)
44) B07, O13, R33, T35, M13 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 141 (VII, Siscia)
45) B07, O13, R54, T65, M13 Exe: I/`SIS* RIC 96 (VII, Siscia)
46) B07, O15, R26, T32, M09 Exe: `/SMN RIC 13 (VII, Nicomedia)
47) B07, O15, R26, T32, M13 Exe: `/SIS RIC 11 (VII, Siscia)
48) B07, O15, R29, T32, M13 Exe: `/SIS
49) B07, O15, R34, T47, M15 Exe: */`•T RIC 24 (VII, Ticinum)
50) B07, O22, R13, T15, M14 Exe: */`/SM•TS• RIC 30b (VI, Thessalonica)
51) B07, O22, R68, T44, M14 Exe: */`/SM•TS• RIC 37b (VI, Thessalonica)
52) B07, O23, R13, T12, M05 Exe: `/;/MKV RIC 66 (VI, Cyzicus)
53) B07, O23, R13, T16, M05 Exe: `/MKV RIC 83 (VI, Cyzicus)
54) B07, O23, R14, T12, M05 Exe: MKV` RIC 76 (VI, Cyzicus)
55) B07, O23, R16, T12, M05 Exe: `/*/MKV RIC 57 (VI, Cyzicus)
56) B07, O23, R26, T15, M05 Exe: `/*/MKV RIC 54 (VI, Cyzicus)
57) B07, O23, R49, T58, M05 Exe: `/MKV
58) B09, O12, R27, T21, M16 Exe: `TR RIC 210 (VII, Trier)
59) B09, O12, R29, T32, M13 Exe: `/SIS RIC 233a (VI, Siscia)
60) B09, O13, R27, T21, M04 Exe: `ARL RIC 196 (VII, Arles)
 461
61) B09, O13, R55, T66, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 61 (VII, Thessalonica)
62) B09, O13, R58, T65, M08 Exe: 0 RIC 70 (VII, Lyons)
63) B09, O13, R71, T76, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 33 (VII, Thessalonica)
64) B09, O15, R17, T12, M07 Exe: */`LN RIC 249 (VI, Londinium)
65) B09, O13, R17, T12, M16 Exe: A/S/`TR
66) B09, O15, R17, T12, M07 Exe: S/F/`LN RIC 3 (VII, London)
67) B09, O15, R17, T12, M16 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 845b (VI, Treveri)
68) B09, O15, R51, T56, M04 Exe: S/F/`ARL RIC 59 (VII, Arles)
69) B09, O15, R51, T56, M11 Exe: R over X/F/R` RIC 30 (VII, Rome)
70) B09, O15, R51, T56, M11 Exe: R/F/R` RIC 4 (VII, Rome)
71) B09, O15, R51, T56, M11 Exe: R/F/R*` RIC 23 (VII, Rome)
72) B09, O15, R51, T56, M15 Exe: */`T RIC 9 (VII, Ticinum)
73) B09, O15, R52, T61, M11 Exe: R` RIC 349c (VI, Roma)
74) B11, O11, R29, T32, M14 Exe: •TS•`•
75) B11, O12, R27, T32, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 3 (VII, Thessalonica)
76) B11, O12, R29, T32, M02 Exe: `/ANT RIC 17 (VII, Antioch)
77) B11, O12, R29, T32, M13 Exe: `/SIS RIC 234a (VI, Siscia)
78) B11, O12, R29, T32, M14 Exe: `/•SM•TS• RIC 2 (VII, Thessalonica)
79) B11, O12, R29, T32, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 60 (VII, Thessalonica)
80) B11, O13, R54, T65, M13 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 86 (VII, Siscia)
81) B11, O15, R51, T56, M11 Exe: R over X/F/R` RIC 29 (VII, Rome)
82) B13, O12, R41, T03, M06 Exe: HT` RIC 15 (VII, Heraclea)
83) B13, O13, R27, T21, M16 Exe: `TR RIC 211 (VII, Trier)
84) B13, O13, R28, T26, M01 Exe: ©/`/SMAL RIC 23 (VII, Alexandria)
85) B13, O13, R28, T30, M05 Exe: =/`/SMK RIC 9 (VII, Cyzicus)
86) B13, O13, R28, T30, M09 Exe: ®/`/SMN RIC 24 (VII, Nicomedia)
87) B13, O13, R28, T31, M02 Exe: `/SMANT RIC 27 (VII, Antioch)
88) B13, O13, R41, T03, M06 Exe: •SMH` RIC 43 (VII, Heraclea)
89) B13, O13, R41, T03, M06 Exe: MH` RIC 17 (VII, Heraclea)
90) B14, O15, R27, T21, M16 Exe: `TR RIC 825 (VI, Treveri)
91) B16, O13, R41, T03, M06 Exe: Λ /SMH`
92) B19, O07, R26, T33, M05 Exe: X over IIГ/SMK` RIC 15 (VII, Cyzicus)
93) B19, O07, R26, T33, M06 Exe: X over IIГ/SMH` RIC 52 (VII, Heraclea)
94) B19, O07, R26, T33, M09 Exe: X over IIГ/SMN` RIC 44 (VII, Nicomedia)
95) Ba, O01, R22, T09, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 38 (VII, Nicomedia)
96) Bb, O01, R24, T29, M06 Exe: SMAT` RIC 50 (VII, Heraclea)

Licinius I Busts
 462
Licinius I Types
 463
Wife of Licinius, daughter of Constantius I and sister of

Constantia Constantine I. The political marriage between the two

was effected to ease tensions between the two great
rivals and for a long time it served the purpose well.
When Licinius was beaten for the last time Constantia
b. c.290 – d. ca.330 was able to have her husband's death sentence lifted
thanks to her appeals and the love Constantine had for
her. Licinius would be dispatched shortly afterwards on trumped up charges but the short reprieve was all thanks
to Constantia's efforts.

Constantia also takes an active role in the early Christian church finding favor with the Arian sect, the followers of
which would be exiled and excommunicated after her death.

Bust:
Coins of Constantia go into the beyond ultra-rare category. The
fuzzy photo below is of one of only two or three known to the
1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
editors of RIC as of the late sixties. Even though massive
amounts of Roman coins have appeared on the market since
Obverse:
then, and particularly so from the area where her coins were most
1) CONSTANTIA N F likely to have circulated, none have appeared either in published
hoards nor at auctions in that time.
Reverse:
Seeing that it is apparent that the coins made in her name were
1) SOROR CONSTANTINI AVG restricted to the lowest value of bronzes one might expect to find
the next one among ordinary unrestored bronzes as found by
Type:
metal detectorists in the Balkans and then offered for sale for a
1) Wreath, PIET / AS PVB / LICA within dollar or two each. But so far she remains elusive.

Mint: Calculating a value for these coins is for all intents and purposes
impossible given that there is no reference point. However, it
1) Constantinopolis seems all but likely that if one were available at auction it would
easily reach into the tens of thousands of dollars.
AE3 Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: CONS` RIC 15 (VII, Constantinople), L 977
 464
The nephew of Galerius, Maximinus "Daia" was chosen as
Maximinus II his eastern Caesar under the shaky Tetrarchy of Diocletian. He
was sent to oversee Syria and Egypt where he awaited his turn
at being emperor of the east half of the empire. Unfortunately
Augustus 308-313 for him, the western Caesar, Severus II, was defeated by
Maxentius. This in turn forced Galerius to name Licinius as his
replacement. Galerius died in 311 and Licinius, not Maximinus,
was elevated to Augustus totally sidelining Maximinus who was the senior Caesar. Maximinus was upset about
this, to say the least, but somehow or other he and Licinius patched up their differences and the status quo was
preserved for the time being.

Licinius would then stir up trouble again, however, by aligning himself with Constantine who would then go on to
defeat the forces of Maximian and Maxentius (a secret ally of Maximinus). Maximinus could bear no more and
realized that he was probably next on the chopping block. Taking the initiative, he went on the warpath and
declared war on Licinius. Licinius had the upper hand militarily though and was able to defeat him in two separate
battles. Maximinus was killed or committed suicide and Licinius had his family executed as well.

Busts:
Although not quite as common as a Constantine I
1) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield or Licinius, his contemporary rivals, Maximinus
2) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield does appear with regularity everywhere ancient
3) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding three spears and shield
4) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield Roman coins are sold. A look on eBay on any
5) Laureate bust left wearing imperial mantle, holding Victory on globe and shield given day is bound to turn up at least a dozen or
6) Laureate bust right wearing imperial mantle, raising hand
7) Laureate head right two. This, of course, goes for the various sized
8) Laureate, cuirassed bust right bronzes that are classified today as Folles and
9) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe and shield
10) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
fractions thereof. Silver and gold coins are just as
11) Laureate, draped bust right rare and expensive for Maximinus as anyone else
12) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, raising hand and holding globe during this period.
13) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses:

1) GA VAL MAXIMINVS NOB C 17) MAXIMINVS CAES

2) GAL VAL MAXIMINVS N C 18) MAXIMINVS CAESAR
3) GAL VAL MAXIMINVS NOB C 19) MAXIMINVS FIL AVGG
4) GAL VAL MAXIMINVS NOB CAES 20) MAXIMINVS N C
5) GAL VAL MAXIMINVS NOB CAESAR 21) MAXIMINVS NOB C
6) GAL VAL MAXIMINVS NOBIL C 22) MAXIMINVS NOB CAES
7) GAL VAL MAXIMINVS PF AVG 23) MAXIMINVS NOB CAESAR
8) IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMINO PF INV AVG 24) MAXIMINVS NOB CS
9) IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMINVS PF AVG 25) MAXIMINVS NOBIL C
10) IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMINVS PF INV AVG 26) MAXIMINVS NOBILI CAES
11) IMP C GAL VALER MAXIMINVS PF AVG 27) MAXIMINVS NOBILIS C
12) IMP C GALER VAL MAXIMINVS PF AVG 28) MAXIMINVS NOBILIS CAES
13) IMP MAXIMINVS AVG 29) MAXIMINVS NOBILISSIMVS CAES
14) IMP MAXIMINVS P AVG 30) MAXIMINVS NOBILISSIMVS CAESAR
15) IMP MAXIMINVS PF AVG 31) MAXIMINVS PF AVG
16) MAXIMINVS AVG

Reverses:
1) BONO GENIO P II IMPERATORIS 25) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG ET CAESS NN
2) COMITI AAVVGG 26) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN
3) CONCORD IMPERI 27) IOVI CONSERVATORI CAESS NN
4) CONCORD IMPERII 28) IOVIO PROPAGAT ORBIS TERRARVM
5) CONCORDIA CAESS NOSTR 29) MARTI CONSERVATORI
6) CONCORDIA IMPERII 30) MARTI PATRI PROPVGNATORI
7) CONCORDIA MILITVM 31) MAXIMINVS NOBILISSIMVS CAESAR
8) CONSVL PP PROCONSVL 32) ORIENS AVGG
9) FELICITAS CAESS NOSTR 33) PERPETVITAS AVGG
10) FELICITAS SAECVLI CAESS NN 34) PM TR P PP PROCOS
11) GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN 35) PRINCIPI IVVENT B R P NAT
12) GENIO AVGVSTI 36) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT
13) GENIO CAESARIS 37) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS
14) GENIO IMPERATORIS 38) RESTITVTOR ROMAE
15) GENIO POP ROM 39) ROMA AETERNA
16) GENIO POPVLI ROMANI 40) SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN
17) HERCVLI COMITI CAESS NOSTR 41) SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NN
18) HERCVLI CONSER AVGG ET CAESS NN 42) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART
19) HERCVLI VICTORI 43) SALVS AVGG ET CAESS NN
20) IOVI CONS CAES 44) SECVRIT PERPET DD NN
21) IOVI CONSERVAT 45) SECVRITAS AVGG NN
22) IOVI CONSERVATORI 46) SOLE INVICTO
23) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG 47) SOLI INVICTAE
24) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG 48) SOLI INVICTO
 465
49) SOLI INVICTO AVGG 57) VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN
50) SOLI INVICTO COMITI 58) VIRTVS EXERCITVS
51) SOLI INVICTO CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN 59) VIRTVS MILITVM
52) SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI 60) VIRTVTI EXERCITI
53) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 61) VIRTVTI EXERCITVS
54) VBIQVE VICTORES 62) VTILITAS PVBLICA
55) VICTORIA AVGG 63) No legend
56) VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG

Types:
1) Carthago standing, facing, holding fruit in each hand
2) City gate, 3 turrets above
3) City gate, 4 turrets above
4) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.
5) Concordia standing left, holding scepter
6) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
7) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
8) Genius standing left, holding head of Serapis and cornucopia
9) Genius standing left, holding head of Sol and cornucopia
10) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia
11) Genius standing left, holding Victory on globe and cornucopia
12) Genius standing left, holding Victory on globe and cornucopia; eagle to left
13) Genius standing left, pouring out patera and holding cornucopia
14) Genius standing left, pouring out patera and holding cornucopia; eagle to left.
15) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia
16) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and leaning on club with lion skin
17) Hercules standing, facing, holding branch and club with lion skin.
18) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding apples with lion skin
19) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin
20) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
21) Jupiter standing left, holding globe and scepter
22) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
23) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left.
24) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter
25) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left
26) Mars advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy with shield
27) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
28) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy with shield
29) Mars standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield
30) Maximinus II advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy; seated captive to right
31) Maximinus II raising hand and holding scepter, two standards on either side.
32) Maximinus II riding horse left, spearing three enemies
33) Maximinus II riding horse right, spearing enemy.
34) Maximinus II riding horse right, spearing enemy; another lying under horse
35) Maximinus II standing left, holding globe and scepter
36) Maximinus II standing left, holding globe and scepter; two standards on either side
37) Maximinus II standing left, holding globe and scepter; two standards to right
38) Maximinus II standing left, holding standard and scepter
39) Maximinus II standing left, raising hand and holding scepter; two standards to right
40) Maximinus II standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter
41) Maximinus II standing, facing, holding globe and scepter
42) Maximinus II standing, facing, holding globe and wand
43) Maximinus II standing, facing, holding spear and globe.
44) Maximinus II standing, facing, holding spear and globe; seated captive on either side
45) Maximinus II standing, facing, holding Victory on globe
46) Maximinus II standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and spear
47) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.
48) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
49) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake
50) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head
51) Sol advancing right, stepping on captive, raising hand and holding globe.
52) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand
53) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand and holding globe
54) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand and holding globe with whip
55) Sol riding quadriga left, raising hand and holding globe
56) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe
57) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe with whip
58) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive to left
59) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding head of Serapis
60) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding Victory on globe
61) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe
62) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding whip and globe
63) Standards (3)
64) Utilitas standing, facing
65) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VIC / CAES
66) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
67) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left.
68) Virtus standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and spear with shield
69) Virtus standing, facing, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
70) Wreath, VOT / X / CAESS NN within
71) Wreath, VOT / X / CAESS within
72) Wreath, VOT / X / MVL / XX within
73) Wreath, VOTIS / X / SIC ET / XX within
74) Wreath, X / MAXI / MINI / AVG within
 466
Mints:

1) Alexandria 5) Heraclea 9) Nicomedia 13) Siscia

2) Antioch 6) Karthago 10) Ostia 14) Thessalonica
3) Aquileia 7) Londinium 11) Roma 15) Ticinum
4) Cyzicus 8) Lugdunum 12) Serdica 16) Treveri

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B07, O15, R48, T59, M01 Exe: ALE RIC 132 (VI, Alexandria)
2) B07, O17, R10, T65, M03 Exe: SMAQ RIC 52 (VI, Aquileia)
3) B07, O21, R18, T19, M16 Exe: TR RIC 621 (VI, Treveri)
4) B07, O21, R25, T22, M16 Exe: TR RIC 625b (VI, Treveri)
5) B07, O22, R36, T38, M11 Exe: PR
6) B07, O22, R37, T37, M12 Exe: W over ©/•SM•SD• RIC 31 (VI, Serdica)
7) B07, O22, R37, T37, M12 Exe: W/•SM•SD• RIC 9b (VI, Serdica)
8) B07, O22, R37, T39, M12 Exe: W/•SM•SD• RIC 8b (VI, Serdica)
9) B07, O31, R08, T35, M02 Exe: ©SMA`* RIC 127a (VI, Antioch)
10) B07, O31, R63, T73, M02 Exe: SMA RIC 130 (VI, Antioch)
11) B07, O31, R63, T74, M02 Exe: SMA RIC 131 (VI, Antioch)

AR Argenteus
12) B12, O13, R50, T54, M16 Exe: PTR This issue struck on very poor silver RIC 826 (VI, Treveri)

AE Antoninianus (reduced)

13) B13, O04, R07, T40, M01 Exe: `/ALE RIC 60b (VI, Alexandria)

AE Follis

14) B01, O17, R47, T52, M02 Exe: ANT

15) B01, O22, R57, T34, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 68b (VI, Aquileia)
16) B05, O07, R16, T13, M12 Exe: `/•SM•SD• RIC 13b (VI, Serdica)
17) B07, O03, R13, T13, M04 Exe: `/*/MKV RIC 55 (VI, Cyzicus)
18) B07, O03, R13, T13, M04 Exe: `/MK RIC 43 (VI, Cyzicus)
19) B07, O03, R13, T13, M09 Exe: SMN` “CMH” concatenated as ' at end of reverse legend RIC 55 (VI, Nicomedia)
20) B07, O03, R13, T13, M12 Exe: */`/•SM•SD• RIC 37 (VI, Serdica)
21) B07, O03, R61, T27, M04 Exe: `/MKV RIC 49 (VI, Cyzicus)
22) B07, O03, R61, T28, M04 Exe: `/*/MKV RIC 61 (VI, Cyzicus)
23) B07, O04, R06, T05, M01 Exe: S/B over `/ALE RIC 52 (VI, Alexandria)
24) B07, O04, R13, T13, M01 Exe: K/` over P/ALE RIC 99a (VI, Cyzicus)
25) B07, O04, R13, T13, M02 Exe: O over `/•ANT Reverse legends ends in a * RIC 110 (VI, Antioch)
26) B07, O04, R13, T13, M05 Exe: •HT`• RIC 36 (VI, Heraclea)
27) B07, O04, R16, T13, M05 Exe: HT` RIC 26b (VI, Heraclea)
28) B07, O04, R59, T03, M04 Exe: MK` RIC 40 (VI, Cyzicus)
29) B07, O07, R14, T13, M04 Exe: `/;/MKV RIC 70 (VI, Cyzicus)
30) B07, O08, R14, T13, M05 Exe: */HT` RIC 49 (VI, Heraclea)
31) B07, O09, R12, T08, M01 Exe: * over N over °/`/ALE Reverse legend ends in a • RIC 155b (VI, Alexandria)
32) B07, O09, R12, T08, M01 Exe: * over N over °/`/ALE RIC 160b (VI, Alexandria)
33) B07, O09, R12, T09, M02 Exe: */`/ANT RIC 164b (VI, Antioch)
34) B07, O09, R12, T11, M02 Exe: */` over Δ/ANT RIC 162b (VI, Antioch)
35) B07, O09, R12, T13, M09 Exe: SMN` “CMH” concatenated as ' at end of reverse legend RIC 66c (VI, Nicomedia)
36) B07, O09, R12, T14, M05 Exe: `/SMHT RIC 76 (VI, Heraclea)
37) B07, O09, R12, T14, M09 Exe: `/SMN RIC 72b (VI, Nicomedia)
38) B07, O09, R12, T15, M04 Exe: */SMK RIC 101a (VI, Cyzicus)
39) B07, O09, R12, T15, M09 Exe: * over `/SMN RIC 74b (VI, Nicomedia)
40) B07, O09, R12, T15, M09 Exe: `/SMN RIC 71b (VI, Nicomedia)
41) B07, O09, R14, T13, M01 Exe: K/S over `/ALE RIC 107c (VI, Alexandria)
42) B07, O09, R14, T13, M05 Exe: */HT` RIC 62 (VI, Heraclea)
43) B07, O09, R19, T16, M05 Exe: `/SMHT RIC 77 (VI, Heraclea)
44) B07, O09, R19, T16, M09 Exe: * over `/SMN RIC 75 (VI, Nicomedia)
45) B07, O09, R19, T16, M09 Exe: `/SMN RIC 68 (VI, Nicomedia)
46) B07, O09, R22, T24, M02 Exe: */`/ANT RIC 166b (VI, Antioch)
47) B07, O09, R22, T24, M04 Exe: `/MKV RIC 91a (VI, Cyzicus)
48) B07, O09, R22, T24, M09 Exe: `/SMN RIC 69b (VI, Nicomedia)
49) B07, O09, R46, T53, M02 Exe: `/ANT RIC 142 (VI, Antioch)
50) B07, O09, R48, T59, M02 Exe: `/*/ANT RIC 167b (VI, Antioch)
51) B07, O09, R48, T59, M09 Exe: * over `/©/SMN RIC 77b (VI, Nicomedia)
52) B07, O09, R48, T59, M09 Exe: `/SMN RIC 73a (VI, Nicomedia)
53) B07, O09, R61, T28, M02 Exe: ©/`/ANT RIC 155b (VI, Antioch)
54) B07, O10, R24, T21, M05 Exe: =/`/SMHT RIC 69a (VI, Heraclea)
55) B07, O12, R01, T10, M01 Exe: © over K/` over X/ALE RIC 144b (VI, Alexandria)
56) B07, O15, R12, T10, M13 Exe: ©/`/SIS RIC 207c (VI, Siscia)
57) B07, O15, R50, T56, M10 Exe: MOST` RIC 90a (VI, Ostia)
58) B07, O16, R12, T13, M14 Exe: `/SM•TS
59) B07, O19, R13, T13, M14 Exe: */`/•SM•TS• RIC 32a (VI, Thessalonica)
60) B07, O22, R57, T27, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 70b (VI, Aquileia)
61) B07, O23, R57, T27, M15 Exe: •/`T RIC 60b (VI, Ticinum)
62) B07, O31, R22, T21, M14 Exe: =/`/•SM•TS• RIC 50a (VI, Thessalonica)
63) B07, O31, R24, T23, M14 Exe: `/•SM•TS• RIC 47a (VI, Thessalonica)
64) B07, O31, R26, T25, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 61a (VI, Thessalonica)
65) B08, O03, R16, T10, M16 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 667b (VI, Treveri)
 467
66) B08, O14, R45, T50, M07 Exe: */`LN
67) B08, O15, R15, T10, M07 Exe: */`LN RIC 209b (VI, Londinium)
68) B08, O15, R15, T10, M16 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 845a (VI, Treveri)
69) B08, O15, R26, T25, M13 Exe: `/SIS RIC 233b (VI, Siscia)
70) B08, O15, R50, T61, M11 Exe: R` RIC 336b (VI, Roma)
71) B10, O13, R15, T10, M16 Exe: T/F/`TR
72) B10, O15, R50, T56, M11 Exe: R` RIC 323b (VI, Roma)
73) B10, O15, R50, T56, M15 Exe: `T RIC 129d (VI, Ticinum)
74) B10, O15, R52, T63, M11 Exe: R` RIC 350b (VI, Roma)
75) B10, O31, R26, T25, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 52a (VI, Thessalonica)
 468
Maximinus II Busts

Maximinus II Types
 469
Unfortunate young son of Licinius who was sold into
Licinius II slavery and thereafter lost to history upon Constantine's
final defeat over Licinius and his court.

Caesar 312-324

Busts:
1) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust facing Both Licinius senior and junior make up a fair portion of
2) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left holding spear over shoulder and shield the extant coins of the early fourth century. Of the two,
3) Laureate bust left, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle
atop
however, the elder is much better represented than the
4) Laureate bust right, wearing consular robes, holding globe and scepter younger among the bronzes and somewhat more
with eagle atop evenly so in the hard to find silver and gold issues.
5) Laureate busts of Licinius II and Constantine II facing each other,
together holding Fortuna
6) Laureate head right But the bronzes for Licinius II are never difficult to
7) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
8) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left locate nor to afford. Being rather thin and small many
9) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right survive in rather shabby condition but many, thankfully,
10) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right holding spear and Victory on
globe
have weathered pretty well and gem, fully silvered
11) Laureate, draped bust left, holding mappa and scepter on globe coins are found with some regularity as well.
12) Laureate, draped bust right, holding scepter on globe and mappa
13) Laureate, draped bust left, holding Victory on globe and mappa
14) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right Even the top end coin need not cost more than $100
assuming one of the common types. Late Roman
Obverses: Bronze enthusiasts will hold out for fiendishly rare
reverse types which are costly even when in poor
1) DD NN LICINIVS ET CONSTANTINVS NOB CAESS shape.
2) DN FL LICIN LICINIVS NOB C
3) DN LICINIVS NOB CAES
4) DN VAL CONST LICINIVS NOB C
5) DN VAL LICIN LICINIVS NOB C
6) FLA LICINIVS NOB CAES
7) LICINIAN LICINIVS IVN
8) LICINIVS IVN N C
9) LICINIVS IVN NOB C
10) LICINIVS IVN NOB CAES
11) LICINIVS IVN NOB CAESAR
12) LICINIVS NOB CAES
13) VA CO LICINIVS N CS
14) VA CO LICINIVS NOV CS
15) VAL CONSTANTINVS LICINIVS N CAES
16) VAL LICINIANVS LICINIVS IVNIOR
17) VAL LICINIVS NOB CAES

Reverses:
1) BEATA TRANQVILLITAS 14) PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS
2) CAESARVM NOSTRORVM 15) PROVIDENTIA CAESS
3) CLARITAS REIPVBLICAE 16) ROMAE AETERNAE
4) CONCORDIA AVGG NN 17) SAECVLI FELICITAS
5) EXERC AVGVSTORVM 18) SARMATIA DEVICTA
6) FELICIA 19) VICT LAETAE PRINC PERP
7) IOM ET FORT CONSER DD NN NOB CAESS 20) VICTORIA AVGG NN
8) IOVI CONS DN NOB CAES 21) VICTORIA LAET P P
9) IOVI CONSERVATORI 22) VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP
10) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG 23) VIRTVS AVGG
11) IOVI CONSERVATORI CAES 24) VIRTVS EXERCIT
12) IOVI CONSERVATORI CAESS 25) VIRTVS MILITVM DD NN
13) PAX PERPETVA 26) No legend

Types:
1) Altar reading VOT / IS / XX with globe atop; three stars above
2) City gate with (3) turrets
3) City gate with (4) turrets
4) Concordia standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
5) Crossroads in shape of “X”; Sol at juncture, raising hand and holding globe
6) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
7) Fortuna standing right on left, holding cornucopia, facing Jupiter to right, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
8) Jupiter advancing right, aiming thunderbolt
9) Jupiter seated facing on throne reading SIC V / SIC X, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left
10) Jupiter standing left, holding globe and scepter.
11) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter
12) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
13) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter, seated captive to left.
14) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter with eagle atop; eagle to left and seated captive to right.
 470
15) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe; eagle to left
16) Legend VOT / I•S / •V•
17) Legend VOT / V
18) Licinius II standing left, holding globe, being crowned by Jupiter, holding thunderbolt.
19) Licinius II standing left, sacrificing, being crowned by soldier; citizen to left and soldier to right
20) Licinius II standing right, holding spear and globe
21) Licinius II standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
22) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy
23) Pax standing, facing, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding branch and scepter.
24) Roma seated left, holding shield reading X / V
25) Roma seated right, holding shield reading X / V
26) Shield reading AVG on cippus.
27) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe
28) Trophy; seated captive on either side
29) Vexillum reading VOT / X; seated captive on either side
30) Vexillum reading VOT / XX; seated captive on either side
31) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding shield reading VOT / PR on altar
32) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
33) Wreath, VOT / V within
34) Wreath, VOT / X within
35) Wreath, VOT / XV / FEL / XX within
36) Wreath, VOT / XV FEL / XX within
37) Wreath, VOT / XX within
38) Wreath, VOT V / MVLT X / CAESS
39) Wreath, VOT X / ET XV F within

Mints:

1) Alexandria 5) Cyzicus 9) Siscia

2) Antioch 6) Heraclea 10) Thessalonica
3) Aquileia 7) Nicomedia 11) Ticinum
4) Arelate 8) Roma 12) Treveri

AU Aureus Reference(s)
1) B01, O05, R11, T09, M07 Exe: SMN` RIC 42 (VII, Nicomedia)

AE3

2) B02, O05, R09, T14, M02 Exe: X over IIΓ/SMANT` RIC 36 (VII, Antioch)
3) B02, O05, R09, T14, M06 Exe: X over IIΓ/SMH` RIC 54 (VII, Heraclea)
4) B02, O05, R09, T14, M07 Exe: X over IIΓ/SMN` RIC 49 (VII, Nicomedia)
5) B06, O09, R02, T33, M09 Exe: `SIS RIC 155 (VII, Siscia)
6) B06, O09, R02, T33, M09 Exe: `SIS* RIC 162 (VII, Siscia)
7) B06, O10, R02, T16, M09 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 143 (VII, Siscia)
8) B06, O10, R02, T17, M10 Exe: TS`VI RIC 107 (VII, Thessalonica)
9) B06, O10, R02, T33, M04 Exe: `A RIC 231 (VII, Arles)
10) B06, O11, R25, T22, M10 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 22 (VII, Thessalonica)
11) B06, O12, R02, T33, M04 Exe: `¦A RIC 242 (VII, Arles)
12) B08, O10, R02, T17, M10 Exe: TS`VI RIC 93 (VII, Thessalonica)
13) B08, O10, R02, T33, M10 Exe: TS`VI RIC 114 (VII, Thessalonica)
14) B08, O10, R24, T28, M12 Exe: T/F/•`TR RIC 287 (VII, Trier)
15) B08, O11, R02, T33, M10 Exe: TS`VI
16) B09, O05, R15, T12, M07 Exe: °/• over `/SMN RIC 34 (VII, Nicomedia)
17) B09, O09, R16, T25, M08 Exe: P/R/R` RIC 153 (VII, Rome)
18) B09, O09, R17, T26, M08 Exe: P/R/R` RIC 162 (VII, Rome)
19) B09, O09, R23, T03, M08 Exe: P/R/R` RIC 189 (VII, Rome)
20) B09, O10, R04, T06, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 12 (VII, Aquileia)
21) B09, O10, R26, T38, M10 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 41 (VII, Thessalonica)
22) B09, O11, R22, T31, M09 Exe: `SIS• RIC 69 (VII, Siscia)
23) B09, O17, R09, T08, M04 Exe: R/S/`ARL RIC 128 (VII, Arles)
24) B09, O17, R09, T11, M04 Exe: `¦A RIC 167 (VII, Arles)
25) B10, O09, R19, T31, M09 Exe: `SIS* “I” on altar RIC 98 (VII, Siscia)
26) B11, O05, R10, T12, M05 Exe: =/`/SMK
27) B11, O05, R12, T12, M05 Exe: =/`/SMK RIC 11 (VII, Cyzicus)
28) B11, O05, R12, T13, M02 Exe: `/SMANT RIC 29 (VII, Antioch)
29) B11, O05, R15, T02, M06 Exe: •/SMH` RIC 31 (VII, Heraclea)
30) B11, O05, R15, T02, M06 Exe: MHT` RIC 19 (VII, Heraclea)
31) B11, O05, R15, T02, M06 Exe: SMH` RIC 41 (VII, Heraclea)
32) B11, O05, R15, T12, M07 Exe: °/• over `/SMN RIC 33 (VII, Nicomedia)
33) B12, O05, R15, T02, M06 Exe: SMH` RIC 49 (VII, Heraclea)
34) B13, O09, R24, T30, M10 Exe: */TS`
35) B13, O10, R24, T29, M09 Exe: S/F over ´/`SIS¦ RIC 132 (VII, Siscia)
36) B13, O10, R24, T30, M03 Exe: S/F/AQ` RIC 55 (VII, Aquileia)
37) B14, O09, R24, T28, M12 Exe: `TR RIC 264 (VII, Trier)
38) B14, O09, R24, T30, M12 Exe: */`TR RIC 256 (VII, Trier)
 471
Licinius II Busts

Licinius II Types
 472

Crispus was the oldest son of Constantine. He was

Crispus made Caesar in about 316 and groomed along the
military and political ways to be expected of a future
emperor. However, his career was cut short in 326 when
Caesar 316-326 his stepmother Fausta accused him of attempted rape.
Her story must have sounded like an unspeakable
atrocity for Constantine had his son put to death at once.
Some time later it was somehow found out that she'd made up the entire story and Constantine had her literally
boiled to death. Fausta's motive most likely had to do with removing Crispus from the line of succession to make
way for her own sons. This much she was successful at since they did indeed become emperors some ten years
afterwards.

Busts:
1) Bare headed, cuirassed bust right Thanks to a lengthy 10 years as
2) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right Caesar, we find that coins of Crispus
3) Diademed head right, looking up
4) Helmeted, cuirassed bust facing, leading horse and holding spear over shoulder
are varied, interesting and surprisingly
5) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left affordable so long as we steer clear of
6) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield precious metal coinage.
7) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder
8) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield
9) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right The bronzes, comprising once-silvered
10) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield
11) Helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust left denominations now referred to as
12) Helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust right “reduced Folles” or simply AE3’s, turn
13) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right
14) Laureate bust left, holding spear and shield
up frequently in the “uncleaned” coins
15) Laureate bust left, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop available on the internet for a dollar or
16) Laureate bust left, wearing consular robes. two a piece.
17) Laureate bust right, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop
18) Laureate bust right, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop and globe
19) Laureate head right Although somewhat more rare, coins
20) Laureate, cuirassed bust left
21) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield that retain most or even all of the fragile
22) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and Victory on globe silver wash given at the mint may still be
23) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder
24) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield
found and, happily, are not terribly
25) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and Victory on globe expensive in most cases.
26) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding two arrows and shield with arrow
27) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, leading horse and holding shield
28) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, leading horse and holding spear over shoulder
29) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
30) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield
31) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield
32) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left
33) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield
34) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe and mappa
35) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding globe
36) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
37) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and globe
38) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and Victory on globe
39) Laureate, draped bust left, holding mappa and scepter on globe
40) Laureate, draped bust left, holding Victory on globe and mappa
41) Laureate, draped bust left, holding Victory on globe and scepter
42) Laureate, draped bust right, holding Victory on globe and mappa
43) Radiate head right
44) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses:
1) CAESARVM NOSTRORVM
2) CRISPVS ET CONSTANTINVS NOBB CC COSS II
3) CRISPVS N C COS II
4) CRISPVS NOB C
5) CRISPVS NOB CAES
6) CRISPVS NOB CAESAR
7) CRISPVS NOBIL C
8) CRISPVS NOBIL CAES
9) CRISPVS NOBIL CAESAR
10) CRISPVS NOBILISS CAES
11) CRISPVS NOBILISSIMVS CAES
12) DN CRISPO NOB CAES 20) FL IVL CRISPVS NOB CAES
13) DN CRISPVS NOB CAES 21) FL IVL CRISPVS NOBIL C
14) DN CRISPVS NOBILISS CAES 22) FL VN CRISPVS NO CAS
15) DN CRISPVS SEMPER VICTOR NOB C 23) IVL CRISPVS NOB C
16) DN FL IVL CRISPVS NOB CAES 24) IVL CRISPVS NOB CAES
17) DN IVL CRISPO N C 25) IVL CRISPVS NOB CAESAR
18) FL CL CRISPVS NOB CAES 26) No legend
19) FL IVL CRISPVS NOB C
 473
Reverses:

1) ALAMANNIA DEVICTA 34) SAECVLI FELICITAS

2) BEAT TRANQLITAS 35) SARMATIA DEVICTA
3) BEAT TRANQVILLITAS 36) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE
4) BEATA TRANQVILLITAS 37) SOLI INVICTO
5) CAESARVM NOSTRORVM 38) SOLI INVICTO COMITI
6) CLARITAS REIPVBLICAE 39) VBERTAS SAECVLI
7) CONCORDIA AVGG NN 40) VBIQVE VICTORES
8) CRISPVS CAESAR 41) VICT LAETAE PRINC PERP
9) CRISPVS ET CONSTANTINVS IVN NOBB CAESS 42) VICTORIA AVGG ET CAESS NN
10) DN CONSTANTINI MAX AVG 43) VICTORIA BAEATISSIMORVM
11) DOMINOR NOSTROR CAESS 44) VICTORIA CAESS NN
12) DOMINORVM NOSTRORVM CAESS 45) VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG
13) FELICITAS ROMANORVM 46) VICTORIA CRISPI CAES
14) FELICITAS SAECVLI 47) VICTORIAE LAET P P
15) FELIX PROCESSVS COS III 48) VICTORIAE LAETA PRINC PERP
16) FELIX PROGENIES CONSTANTINI AVG 49) VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP
17) FELIX PROOESSVS COS III 50) VICTORIAE PERPETVAE
18) GAVDIVM ROMANORVM 51) VIRT EXERC
19) GLORIA ROMANORVM 52) VIRTVS AVG ET CAESS NN
20) IOVI CONSERVATORI 53) VIRTVS AVGG
21) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG 54) VIRTVS CAESAR NN
22) IOVI CONSERVATORI CAESS 55) VIRTVS CAESARI
23) IVVENTVS 56) VIRTVS CAESARI N
24) MONETA AVGG ET CAESS NN 57) VIRTVS CAESS
25) PAX PERPETVA 58) VIRTVS EXERCIT
26) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 59) VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL
27) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 60) VOT / V / MVLT / X
28) PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS 61) VOT / XV / FEL / XX
29) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 62) VOT V / MVLT X / CAESS
30) PROVIDENTIA CAES 63) VOTA ORBIS ET VRBIS SEN ET P R
31) PROVIDENTIA CAESS 64) No legend
32) ROMAE AETERNAE
33) SACRA MONETA VRBIS

Types:

1) Alamannia seated left, weeping; trophy and shield behind.

2) Altar reading VO / TIS / XX with globe atop; three stars above
3) Altar reading VOT / IS / XX with globe atop; three stars above
4) Cippus with shield reading AVG
5) City gate with (2) turrets, star above.
6) City gate with (2) turrets.
7) City gate with (3) turrets.
8) City gate with (4) turrets, star above.
9) City gate with (4) turrets.
10) Concordia seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
11) Constantine I standing, facing, under archway, Crispus to right and Constantine II to left, each holding a scepter.
12) Crispus riding horse right, spearing barbarian
13) Crispus standing left, holding globe and scepter
14) Crispus standing left, holding standard and scepter, standard to right.
15) Crispus standing left, holding standard and spear, two standards to right.
16) Crispus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
17) Crispus standing right, holding spear and globe
18) Crispus standing right, holding spear and globe; seated captive on either side.
19) Crispus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
20) Crispus standing, holding standard with seated captive on either side.
21) Crossroads in shape of “X”; Sol at juncture, raising hand and holding globe.
22) Felicitas standing left, holding branch and scepter.
23) Francia seated left, resting head on hands; trophy and shield behind.
24) Jupiter standing left, holding globe and scepter.
25) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter
26) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left and seated captive to right.
27) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left.
28) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; seated captive to left.
29) Legend CRISPVS / CAESAR, star above
30) Legend VO / TIS / V
31) Legend VO / TIS / XX
32) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield
33) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy, seated captive on either side.
34) Mars standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.
35) Monetae (3) standing left, holding scale and cornucopia; piles of coins by their feet.
36) Pax standing, facing, with legs crossed and leaning on column, holding branch and scepter.
37) Roma seated left, holding shield reading X / V
38) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter
39) Roma seated right, holding shield reading X / V
40) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column, resting head on hand.
41) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip.
42) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe.
43) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe.
44) Trophy, seated captive on either side
45) Ubertas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
46) Vexillum reading VOT / X, seated captive on either side.
47) Vexillum reading VOT / XX, seated captive on either side.
48) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield reading VOT / PR on cippus.
49) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
 474
50) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side.
51) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.
52) Victory advancing right, stepping on captive, holding trophy and palm.
53) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X
54) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X together with Genius to lower right.
55) Wreath, VOT / V within
56) Wreath, VOT / X within
57) Wreath, VOT / XV FEL / XX within
58) Wreath, VOT V / MVLT X / CAESS within.
59) Wreath, VOT V CAESS NN within
60) Wreath, VOT X / ET XV F

Mints:
1) Alexandria 7) Heraclea 13) Siscia
2) Antioch 8) Londinium 14) Thessalonica
3) Aquileia 9) Lugdunum 15) Ticinum
4) Arelate 10) Nicomedia 16) Treveri
5) Constantinopolis 11) Roma
6) Cyzicus 12) Sirmium

AU Medallion Reference(s)
1) B37, O20, R18, T23, M16 Exe: FRANCIA RIC 240 (VII, Trier)

AU Solidus
2) B03, O26, R08, T49, M10 Exe: N RIC 110 (VII, Nicomedia)
3) B14, O20, R07, T10, M02 Exe: SMAN RIC 50 (VII, Antioch)
4) B14, O20, R07, T10, M12 Exe: SIRM RIC 38 (VII, Sirmium)
5) B21, O20, R27, T17, M02 Exe: SMAN RIC 43 (VII, Antioch)
6) B34, O19, R27, T14, M03 Exe: AQ

AU 1½ Scripulum
7) B36, O05, R27, T17

AR Miliarense
8) B29, O20, R13, T11, M14 Exe: THES

AE3
9) B05, O07, R02, T03, M08 Exe: `LON RIC 275 (VI, London)
10) B05, O07, R04, T03, M08 Exe: `LON RIC 230 (VI, London)
11) B06, O07, R02, T03, M08 Exe: `LON RIC 281 (VII, London)
12) B08, O07, R02, T03, M08 Exe: `LON RIC 280 (VII, London)
13) B17, O23, R04, T02, M16 Exe: •`TR© RIC 405 (VII, Trier)
14) B17, O24, R04, T02, M16 Exe: •`TR RIC 376 (VII, Trier)
15) B19, O05, R05, T30, M04 Exe: `A RIC 210 (VII, Arles)
16) B19, O05, R05, T55, M04 Exe: `©A RIC 235 (VII, Arles)
17) B19, O05, R05, T55, M04 Exe: `A RIC 230 (VII, Arles)
18) B19, O05, R05, T56, M11 Exe: R` RIC 246 (VII, Rome)
19) B19, O20, R01, T52, M12 Exe: •SIRM• RIC 49 (VII, Sirmium)
20) B19, O23, R05, T55, M13 Exe: `SIS* RIC 161 (VII, Siscia)
21) B19, O23, R05, T56, M08 Exe: `LON© RIC 291 (VII, London)
22) B19, O23, R05, T56, M13 Exe: `SIS* RIC 165 (VII, Siscia)
23) B19, O23, R05, T56, M13 Exe: `SIS¨ RIC 169 (VII, Siscia)
24) B19, O23, R05, T56, M13 Exe: `SIS¯ RIC 175 (VII, Siscia)
25) B19, O23, R05, T56, M13 Exe: `SIS« RIC 181 (VII, Siscia)
26) B19, O23, R05, T56, M16 Exe: `TR© RIC 440 (VII, Trier)
27) B19, O23, R31, T05, M13 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 201 (VII, Siscia)
28) B21, O05, R58, T46, M03 Exe: S/F/AQ` RIC 43 (VII, Aquileia)
29) B21, O05, R58, T47, M03 Exe: £/AQ` RIC 61 (VII, Aquileia)
30) B21, O07, R02, T03, M08 Exe: `LON RIC 279 (VII, London)
31) B21, O07, R04, T03, M08 Exe: `LON RIC 250 (VII, London)
32) B21, O24, R03, T03, M16 Exe: `TR
33) B21, O24, R04, T02, M16 Exe: •`TR• RIC 372 (VII, Trier)
34) B21, O24, R04, T03, M16 Exe: `TR RIC 308 (VII, Trier)
35) B21, O24, R58, T46, M13 Exe: S/F over ´/`SIS¦ RIC 130 (VII, Siscia)
36) B21, O24, R58, T46, M13 Exe: S/F/`SIS* RIC 113 (VII, Siscia)
37) B24, O07, R02, T03, M08 Exe: `LON RIC 278 (VII, London)
38) B24, O24, R04, T02, M16 Exe: `TR• RIC 347 (VII, Trier)
39) B24, O24, R04, T03, M16 Exe: `TR•
40) B24, O24, R49, T48, M13 Exe: I/`SIS• RIC 78 (VII, Siscia)
41) B24, O24, R58, T47, M16 Exe: `TR RIC 68 (VII, Trier)
42) B24, O25, R49, T48, M13 Exe: `SIS• RIC 64 (VII, Siscia)
43) B29, O05, R04, T03, M09 Exe: C/R/`LG RIC 133 (VII, Lyons)
44) B29, O05, R05, T55, M03 Exe: •AQ`• RIC 89 (VII, Aquileia)
45) B29, O05, R11, T56, M15 Exe: `T RIC 156 (VII, Ticinum)
46) B29, O05, R11, T56, M15 Exe: ©/`T RIC 170 (VII, Ticinum)
47) B29, O05, R12, T55, M15 Exe: `T RIC 148 (VII, Ticinum)
48) B29, O05, R28, T16, M15 Exe: P/`T RIC 76 (VII, Ticinum)
 475
49) B29, O05, R31, T05, M04 Exe: `*AR RIC 270 (VII, Arles)
50) B29, O05, R58, T46, M03 Exe: S/F/AQ` RIC 41 (VII, Aquileia)
51) B29, O05, R58, T47, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 77 (VII, Thessalonica)
52) B29, O08, R28, T32, M11 Exe: A/R` RIC 87 (VII, Rome)
53) B29, O20, R51, T21, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 68 (VII, Thessalonica)
54) B29, O23, R31, T05, M14 Exe: SMTS` RIC 155 (VII, Thessalonica)
55) B29, O24, R05, T56, M04 Exe: `*AR RIC 254 (VII, Arles)
56) B32, O05, R05, T55, M03 Exe: •AQ`• RIC 88 (VII, Aquileia)
57) B32, O05, R31, T08, M04 Exe: `A©RL RIC 292 (VII, Arles)
58) B32, O19, R31, T05, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 92 (VII, Nicomedia)
59) B32, O20, R05, T55, M14 Exe: TS`VI RIC 113 (VII, Thessalonica)
60) B32, O20, R05, T56, M14 Exe: TS`VI RIC 125 (VII, Thessalonica)
61) B32, O20, R05, T56, M09 Exe: •/•/•PLGC• 323-324 RIC 220 (VII, Lyons)
62) B32, O20, R31, T05, M01 Exe: SMAL` RIC 35 (VII, Alexandria
63) B32, O20, R31, T05, M02 Exe: SMANT` RIC 64 (VII, Antioch)
64) B32, O20, R31, T05, M06 Exe: •SMK`• RIC 46 (VII, Cyzicus)
65) B32, O20, R31, T05, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 25 (VII, Cyzicus)
66) B32, O20, R31, T05, M11 Exe: R` RIC 266 (VII, Rome)
67) B32, O20, R31, T05, M11 Exe: R=` RIC 288 (VII, Rome)
68) B32, O26, R64, T29, M02 Exe: SMANT`/• RIC 53 (VII, Antioch)
69) B33, O05, R53, T09, M11 Exe: P/R/R` Rev. Stephen Knapp collection
70) B33, O05, R64, T60, M11 Exe: R` RIC 204 (VII, Rome)
71) B36, O05, R05, T55, M03 Exe: •AQ`• RIC 87 (VII, Aquileia)
72) B36, O05, R05, T55, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 69 (VII, Aquileia)
73) B36, O05, R05, T56, M03 Exe: ®/¯/•AQ`• RIC 108 (VII, Aquileia)
74) B36, O05, R11, T56, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 61 (VII, Heraclea)
75) B36, O05, R28, T16, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 9 (VII, Aquileia)
76) B36, O05, R28, T16, M04 Exe: C/S/`ARL RIC 143 (VII, Arles)
77) B36, O05, R28, T19, M04 Exe: R/S/`ARL RIC 132 (VII, Arles)
78) B36, O05, R31, T05, M05 Exe: A/CONS 326 RIC 8 (VII, Constantinople)
79) B36, O05, R31, T05, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 75 (VII, Heraclea)
80) B36, O06, R28, T19, M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 39 (VII, Siscia)
81) B36, O10, R28, T19, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 21 (VII, Thessalonica)
82) B36, O10, R64, T58, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 38 (VII, Thessalonica)
83) B36, O11, R28, T19, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 20 (VII, Thessalonica)
84) B36, O12, R04, T03, M09 Exe: `LG RIC 203 (VII, Lyons)
85) B36, O16, R20, T26, M06 Exe: X over IIГ/SMK` RIC 17 (VII, Cyzicus)
86) B36, O16, R31, T25, M10 Exe: ®/• over `/SMN RIC 32 (VII, Nicomedia)
87) B36, O16, R44, T49, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 62 (VII, Thessalonica)
88) B36, O16, R64, T58, M14 Exe: •TS•`•
89) B36, O23, R41, T48, M13 Exe: S/•`SIS• RIC 87 (VII, Siscia)
90) B36, O25, R49, T48, M13 Exe: `SIS• RIC 63 (VII, Siscia)
91) B39, O16, R22, T25, M06 Exe: ?/`/SMK RIC 10 (VII, Cyzicus)
92) B39, O16, R22, T28, M02 Exe: `/SMANT RIC 28 (VII, Antioch)
93) B39, O16, R31, T07, M07 Exe: •MH`• RIC 23 (VII, Heraclea)
94) B39, O16, R31, T07, M07 Exe: •SMH` RIC 30 (VII, Heraclea)
95) B39, O16, R31, T07, M07 Exe: MHT` RIC 18 (VII, Heraclea)
96) B39, O16, R31, T25, M10 Exe: ®/• over `/SMN RIC 31 (VII, Nicomedia)
97) B44, O19, R49, T48, M15 Exe: C/ST 319 RIC 93 (VII, Ticinum)
98) B44, O19, R49, T48, M15 Exe: C/TT 319 RIC 93 (VII, Ticinum)

Crispus Busts
 476
Crispus Types
 477
Valens was one of Licinius's best generals. During the first
Valerius Valens major confrontation with Constantine I, Licinius named Valens co-
emperor to spite him. As the inevitable war came to an
unsuccessful close for Licinius the two arranged for a truce which
Augustus 316 found him not only losing more territory to Constantine but also
called for the ousting and execution of Valens.
Valens remained in power for too brief a time for any appreciable
amount of coins to be made in his name. They are thus exceedingly rare today. However, with the fall of the Iron
Curtain traffic in antiquities from the regions where those coins would most likely be found has resumed. It may
therefore be expected that more coins of Valens will eventually be found.

Bust:
1) Laureate head right
The coin pictured below sold at a CNG auction in the early
90’s for $45,000 before closing fees. It is apparently the only
Obverse: coin of this emperor in private hands and there is only one
other which is in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, France.
1) IMP C AVR VAL VALENS PF AVG
However rare at the moment, this is a prime candidate of an
Reverses: emperor whose coins may become (somewhat) more plentiful
as time goes on because the region where this coin circulated
1) IOVI CONSERVATORI in antiquity is now being heavily harvested for coins and other
2) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG
antiquities at the moment. Already it is not inconceivable that a
Type: number of them may have turned up but passed along as
ordinary coins of Licinius whose legends would only be a few
1) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; letters off anyway. Many others are probably unattributable
eagle to left because that part of the legend is unreadable. Portraits, of
course, are by now only “placeholder” effigies that were used
Mints: interchangeably among the incumbent emperors and not
intended to portray what the person looked like in real life.
1) Alexandria
2) Cyzicus

AE3 Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: I/SKM RIC 7 (VII, Cyzicus)
 478

Martinian was a short-lived emperor appointed to the post to

Martinian symbolically disfranchise Constantine. Constantine and
Licinius met in battle with the latter suffering a resounding
defeat. Licinius and Martinian fled to Byzantium. Constantine
Augustus 324 chased them both here and another battle was fought and
again they were defeated. The two were captured and exiled
separately where sometime later they were executed.

Busts:

1) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Martinian’s coins are exceptionally rare despite a year when the
eastern mints were minting coins as fas as humanly possible. The
Obverses: only possible explanation therefore is that Martinian must have
been emperor for a matter of weeks before mint officials were
1) DN M MARTINIANVS PF AVG apprised of his downfall. While it’s entirely conceivable that
2) DN M MARTINIANO PF AVG thousands of his bronzes could be slowly dissolving away in Balkan
3) DN MARTINIANVS PF AVG
4) IM CS MAR MARTINIANVS PF AVS fields the fact is that very few have been recovered, restored and
put on the market. And when they do they’re invariably a couple
Reverse: thousand dollars (at least).

1) IOVI CONSERVATORI Except for the obverse legend, these coins look indistinguishable
from Licinius’s own dime-a-dozen Folles featuring Jupiter on the
Type: reverse, holding a Victory in one hand and a scepter in the other.
1) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle with wreath in beak to left and seated captive to right.

Mints:

1) Cyzicus
2) Nicomedia

AE Follis Reference(s)

1) B1, O4, R1, T1, M1 Exe: X over IIΓ/SMK` RIC 16 (VII, Cyzicus)
2) B1, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: X over IIΓ/SMN` RIC 45 (VII, Nicomedia)
3) B1, O2, R1, T1, M2 Exe: X over IIΓ/SMN` RIC 46 (VII, Nicomedia)
 479
Constantine II was the oldest son of Constantine I and inherited all

Constantine II the Western portions of the empire except for Africa and Italy. Not
content with this much he bullied his brother Constans and tried
wresting these possessions away from him. When Constans had
had enough and cut off communications with Constantine the elder
Augustus 337-340 reacted by bringing his army into Northern Italy. But Constans had
anticipated these events and was well prepared to meet him.
Caught off-guard by this counter-offensive, Constantine was killed in the fight and his possessions passed to
Constans.

Busts:
1) Bare head right
2) Bare headed, cuirassed bust right Despite the relatively short reign as Augustus,
3) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right the coins of this emperor are among the
4) Diademed (laurels and rosettes) head right
5) Diademed (laurels and rosettes) head right, looking up cheapest and easiest to locate… so long as you
6) Diademed (laurels and rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right stick to the AE3’s. Coinage in other metals is
7) Diademed (pearls) head right
8) Diademed (pearls) head right, gazing up reserved strictly for the big leagues.
9) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left
10) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right
11) Diademed (rosettes) head right
Not surprisingly, the vast majority of the AE3’s
12) Diademed (rosettes) head right, gazing up will be of the young Constantine during his early
13) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right years as Caesar and of these again the majority
14) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left
15) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right will be the ultra-common Gloria Exercitus types
16) Helmeted, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left with either one or two standards. Those having
17) Helmeted, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
18) Laureate bust left, wearing consular robes, holding globe the two standards will be the most common but
19) Laureate bust left, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop the one-standard subtype is hardly a rarity.
20) Laureate bust right, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop
21) Laureate head right
22) Laureate head right, gazing up The so-called “camp gates” and votive issues
23) Laureate, cuirassed bust left are also very common. All of these may be found
24) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding globe
25) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder in collectible grades for as low as a dollar a
26) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, leading horse and holding spear over shoulder piece although, of course, the better the grade
27) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, leading horse and holding spear with shield
28) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, raising hand the higher the cost.
29) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
30) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding globe
31) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, leading horse and holding spear over shoulder
32) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, raising hand
33) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left
34) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe and spear over shoulder
35) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding globe
36) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
37) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and globe
38) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding Victory on globe and spear over shoulder
39) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, raising hand and holding globe
40) Laureate, draped bust left, holding mappa and scepter on globe
41) Laureate, draped bust left, holding spear over shoulder
42) Laureate, draped bust left, holding Victory on globe and mappa
43) Laureate, draped bust left, holding Victory on globe and scepter
44) Laureate, draped bust right, holding Victory on globe and mappa
45) Laureate, draped bust right, holding Victory on globe and scepter
46) Radiate bust left, wearing consular robes and Victory on globe
47) Radiate bust left, wearing consular robes, raising hand and holding globe
48) Radiate head right
49) Radiate, cuirassed bust left
50) Radiate, cuirassed bust right
51) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left
52) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe and scepter
53) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses:

1) CAESAR 15) DN CONSTANTINO IVN N C

2) CONSTANTINVS AVG 16) DN CONSTANTINO IVN NOB C
3) CONSTANTINVS IVN AVG 17) DN CONSTANTINO IVN NOB CAES
4) CONSTANTINVS IVN COS II 18) DN CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB CAES
5) CONSTANTINVS IVN N C 19) DN CONSTANTINVS IVNIOR NOB C
6) CONSTANTINVS IVN NB C 20) DN CONSTANTINVS PF AVG
7) CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C 21) DN FL CL CONSTANTINVS NOB C
8) CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB CAES 22) F CL CONSTANTINVS NOV CS
9) CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB CAESAR 23) FL CL CONSTANTINVS AVG
10) CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG 24) FL CL CONSTANTINVS IVN N C
11) CONSTANTINVS NOB C 25) FL CL CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C
12) CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES 26) FL CL CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB CAES
13) CONSTANTINVS V M AVG 27) FL CL CONSTANTINVS IVNIOR NOBILISS CAES
14) CONSTANTNIVS IVN NOB C 28) FL CL CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES
 480
29) FL CL CONSTANTINVS PF AVG 32) IMP CONSTANTINVS AVG
30) FL CL CONSTANTINVS PIVS FELIX AVG 33) VIC CONSTANTINVS AVG
31) FL IVL CONSTANTINVS PERP AVG 34) No legend

Reverses:
1) ALAMANNIA DEVICTA 29) MONETA VRBIS VESTRAE 57) VICTORIA CONSTANTINI CAESAR
2) BEAT TRANQLITAS 30) PAX AETERNA AVG 58) VICTORIA DD NN AVGG
3) BEAT TRANQVILLITAS 31) PAX AVGVSTORVM 59) VICTORIA ORBIS ET VRBIS SEN ET P R
4) BEATA TRANQVILLITAS 32) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 60) VICTORIA LAETAE PRINC PERP
5) CAESARVM NOSTRORVM 33) PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS 61) VICTORIAE LAET PRINC PERP
6) CLARITAS REIPVB 34) PROVIDENTIAE CAES 62) VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP
7) CLARITAS REIPVBLICAE 35) PROVIDENTIAE CAESS 63) VIRT EXERC
8) CONSTANTINI CAES 36) ROMAE AETERNAE 64) VIRTVS AVG ET CAESS NN
9) CONSTANTINVS AVG 37) SACRA MONETA VRBIS 65) VIRTVS AVGVSTI
10) CONSTANTINVS AVGVSTVS 38) SAECVLI FELICITAS 66) VIRTVS AVGG
11) CONSTANTINVS CAES 39) SALVS ET SPES REIPVBLICAE 67) VIRTVS AVGG NN
12) CONSTANTINVS CAESAR 40) SARMATIA DEVICTA 68) VIRTVS CAESARVM
13) CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C 41) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE 69) VIRTVS CAESS
14) DEBELLATORI GENTIVM BARBARVM 42) SOLI INVICTO COMITI 70) VIRTVS CONST AVG
15) DN CONSTANTINI MAX AVG 43) VBERTAS SAECVLI 71) VIRTVS CONSTANTINI CAES
16) DOMINOR NOSTROR CAESS 44) VBIQVE VICTORES 72) VIRTVS CONSTANTINI CAVS
17) DOMINORVM NOSTRORVM CAESS 45) VICT LAETAE PRINC PERP 73) VIRTVS EXERCIT
18) FELICITAS PERPETVA AVG ET CAESS NN 46) VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM 74) VIRTVS EXERCITVS
19) FELICITAS ROMANORVM 47) VICTORIA AVG 75) VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL
20) FELICITAS SAECVLI 48) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 76) VOTA CAESS
21) FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N 49) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 77) VOTA ORBIS ET VRBIS SEN ET PR
22) FIDIS MILITVM 50) VICTORIA BEATISSIMORVM CAESS 78) VOTIS DECENN DN CONSTANTINI CAES
23) GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI 51) VICTORIA CAESAR NN 79) No legend
24) GAVDIVM ROMANORVM 52) VICTORIA CAESARVM
25) GLORIA EXERCITVS 53) VICTORIA CAESS
26) GLORIA ROMANORVM 54) VICTORIA CAESS NN
27) IOVI CONSERVATORI 55) VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG
28) IOVI CONSERVATORI CAESS 56) VICTORIA CONSTANTINI CAES

Types:

1) Alamannia seated left, resting head on hand; trophy behind.

2) Altar reading VOT / IS / XX with globe atop; three stars over globe.
3) Altar with cippus atop, reading XX / XXX / AVG; star on either side.
4) Altar with lit cippus atop, reading XX / XXX / MVL / FEL; star on either side.
5) City gate with (2) turrets, star above.
6) City gate with (2) turrets.
7) City gate with (3) turrets, star above.
8) City gate with (3) turrets.
9) City gate with (4) turrets, star above.
10) City gate with (4) turrets.
11) Constantine I seated, facing, with one of his sons on either side, each holding scepter; sons also resting hand on shield.
12) Constantine I standing together with sons Constantine II, Constantius II and Constans, holding scepter and globe; all under arch.
13) Constantine I standing together with two of his sons, each holding scepter and globe; all under arch.
14) Constantine II advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive on either side.
15) Constantine II advancing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and trophy.
16) Constantine II dragging captive right, holding trophy.
17) Constantine II riding horse right over two barbarians.
18) Constantine II standing left on right, holding scepter, receiving wreath from Roma(?) to left
19) Constantine II standing left, holding labarum
20) Constantine II standing left, holding labarum and scepter; two standards behind.
21) Constantine II standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
22) Constantine II standing left, holding standard and resting hand on shield, two captives with raised hands to left, another seated to right.
23) Constantine II standing left, holding standard and scepter; another to standard to right.
24) Constantine II standing left, holding standard and scepter; two standards to right.
25) Constantine II standing left, stepping on kneeling barbarian, holding globe and spear
26) Constantine II standing right, holding spear and globe
27) Constantine II standing right, holding spear and globe; seated captive on either side.
28) Constantine II standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
29) Constantine II standing right, holding spear and trophy; seated cative on either side
30) Constantine II standing right, touching trophy and holding spear; seated captive at base of trophy.
31) Crossroads in shape of “X”; Sol at juncture, raising hand and holding globe.
32) Felicitas standing left, holding branch and scepter
33) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding branch
34) Genii (2) facing each other, holding together garland
35) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
36) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left, seated captive to right.
37) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; kneeling captive to left.
38) Legend CONSTA / NTINVS / IVN NOB C
39) Legend CONSTAN / TINVS / CAESAR
40) Legend CONSTAN / TINVS / IVN NOB C
41) Legend VOT / V
42) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive on either side.
43) Monetae (3) standing left, holding scale and cornucopia; piles of coins by their feet.
44) Monetae (3) standing, holding scale and cornucopia
45) Palms (3)
46) Pax standing, facing, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding branch and scepter.
47) Roma seated left on shield, holding spear and Victory on globe.
48) Roma seated right, holding shield reading X / V
49) Sarmatia seated left, resting head on hand; trophy behind.
 481
50) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding spear.
51) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column, resting head on hand.
52) Sol advancing left, holding globe and whip
53) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding globe
54) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding globe with whip
55) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip.
56) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe.
57) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe.
58) Soldiers (2) standing either side of one standard, each holding a spear and resting hand on a shield
59) Soldiers (2) standing either side of two standards, each holding a spear and resting hand on a shield
60) Standards (3)
61) Standards (4)
62) Trophy, seated captive on either side
63) Vexillum reading VOT / X; seated captive on either side.
64) Vexillum reading VOT / XX; seated captive on either side.
65) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together shield reading VOT / PR on altar.
66) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together shield reading VOT / X
67) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together shield reading VOT / XXX
68) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together shield reading SIC / XX / SIC / XXX
69) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / PR on altar
70) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOTIS / XX / MVLTIS / XXX
71) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / XX / MVLTIS / XXX
72) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and palm.
73) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
74) Victory advancing right, stepping on captive, holding shield reading VOT / XXX
75) Victory advancing right, stepping on captive, holding trophy and palm.
76) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X; Genius below and to right also holding shield.
77) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X; Genius below and to right also holding shield.
78) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX; Genius below and to right also holding shield.
79) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX; Genius below and to right also holding shield.
80) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XXX; Genius below and to right also holding shield.
81) Wreath, CONSTAN / TINVS / AVG within; star above.
82) Wreath, CONSTAN / TINVS / CAESAR within
83) Wreath, SIC / XX / SIC / XXX
84) Wreath, VO / TIS / V within
85) Wreath, VOT / V within
86) Wreath, VOT / X within
87) Wreath, VOT / XV / FEL / XX within
88) Wreath, VOT / XV FEL / XX within
89) Wreath, VOT / XV within
90) Wreath, VOT / XX within
91) Wreath, VOT V / MVLT X / CAESS within
92) Wreath, VOT V CAESS NN within
93) Wreath, VOT X / ET XV F within
94) Wreath, VOTIS / X / CAESS / NN within
95) Wreath, VOTIS / X within
96) Wreath, XX within

Mints:
1) Alexandria 5) Constantinopolis 9) Lugdunum 13) Siscia
2) Antioch 6) Cyzicus 10) Nicomedia 14) Thessalonica
3) Aquileia 7) Heraclea 11) Roma 15) Ticinum
4) Arelate 8) Londinium 12) Sirmium 16) Treveri

AU Medallion Reference(s)
1) B29 O07 R71 T29 M10 Exe: SMN 1½ Solidus
2) B36 O08 R44 T27 M13 Exe: SIS 1½ Solidus
3) B36 O18 R32 T24 M12 Exe: SIRM 1½ Solidus RIC 2 (VII, Sirmium)

AU Solidus
4) B21 O24 R32 T26 M16 Exe: TR RIC 500 (VII, Trier)
5) B29 O07 R71 T29 M10 Exe: SMN RIC 105 (VII, Nicomedia)
6) B36 O02 R47 T72 M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 6 (VIII, Antioch)
7) B36 O08 R51 T73 M07 Exe: SMH RIC 101 (VII, Heraclea)

AU 1½ Scripulum
8) B36 O07 R32 T26 M10 Exe: N

AR Miliarense
9) B05 O34 R10 T73 M05 Exe: C•Z RIC 16 (VIII, Constantinople)
10) B31 O07 R25 T58 M13 Exe: SIS

AR Siliqua
11) B05 O34 R10 T73 M05 Exe: C•Z RIC 15 (VIII, Constantinople)
 482
AE3 Reference(s)
12) B02 O24 R07 T56 M16 Exe: F/T/`TR RIC 181 (VII, Trier)
13) B03 O05 R32 T26 M16 Exe: F/T/`TR RIC 180 (VII, Trier)
14) B03 O05 R32 T26 M16 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 144 (VII, Trier)
15) B03 O08 R33 T28 M11 Exe: A/R` RIC 91 (VII, Rome)
16) B03 O24 R07 T56 M16 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 154 (VII, Trier)
17) B04 O02 R25 T58 M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 16 (VIII, Heraclea)
18) B09 O07 R35 T05 M02 Exe: SMANT` RIC 73 (VII, Antioch)
19) B14 O05 R02 T02 M08 Exe: `LON RIC 287 (VII, London)
20) B15 O05 R02 T02 M08 Exe: `LON RIC 286 (VII, London)
21) B20 O07 R04 T02 M16 Exe: `TR© RIC 412 (VII, Trier)
22) B21 O07 R05 T41 M14 Exe: TS`VI RIC 95 (VII, Thessalonica)
23) B21 O07 R05 T85 M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 74 (VII, Aquileia)
24) B21 O07 R05 T85 M04 Exe: `A RIC 227 (VII, Arles)
25) B21 O07 R05 T85 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 157 (VII, Siscia)
26) B21 O07 R05 T85 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 163 (VII, Siscia)
27) B21 O07 R05 T86 M08 Exe: `LON© RIC 292 (VII, London)
28) B21 O07 R05 T86 M13 Exe: SIS¨
29) B21 O07 R05 T86 M13 Exe: SIS§ RIC 170 (VII, Siscia)
30) B21 O07 R05 T86 M13 Exe: `SIS- RIC 172 (VII, Siscia)
31) B21 O07 R05 T86 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 166 (VII, Siscia)
32) B21 O07 R05 T86 M13 Exe: `SIS¯ RIC 176 (VII, Siscia)
33) B21 O07 R05 T86 M13 Exe: `SIS« RIC 182 (VII, Siscia)
34) B21 O07 R05 T86 M16 Exe: `TR© RIC 441 (VII, Trier)
35) B21 O07 R35 T05 M13 Exe: `SIS§ RIC 216 (VII, Siscia)
36) B21 O20 R25 T58 M06 Exe: SMK RIC 6 (VIII, Cyzicus)
37) B25 O07 R79 T91 M14 Exe: TS` RIC 47 (VII, Thessalonica)
38) B29 O05 R25 T58 M11 Exe: R=` RIC 382 (VII, Rome)
39) B29 O07 R05 T85 M14 Exe: TS`VI RIC 116 (VII, Thessalonica)
40) B29 O07 R25 T59 M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 87 (VII, Antioch)
41) B29 O07 R25 T59 M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 97 (VII, Cyzicus)
42) B29 O07 R25 T59 M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 80 (VII, Cyzicus)
43) B29 O07 R25 T59 M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 189 (VII, Nicomedia)
44) B29 O07 R25 T59 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 253 (VII, Siscia)
45) B29 O07 R25 T59 M14 Exe: SMTS` RIC 184 (VII, Thessalonica)
46) B29 O07 R35 T05 M07 Exe: /SMH` RIC 107 (VII, Heraclea)
47) B29 O07 R63 T31 M14 Exe: TS` RIC 71 (VII, Thessalonica)
48) B29 O33 R65 T28 M11 Exe: R\` RIC 14 (VIII, Rome), L 589
49) B33 O07 R05 T86 M14 Exe: TS`VI RIC 128 (VII, Thessalonica)
50) B33 O07 R35 T05 M01 Exe: SMAL` RIC 35 (VII, Alexandria)
51) B33 O07 R35 T05 M02 Exe: SMANT` RIC 65 (VII, Antioch)
52) B33 O07 R35 T05 M06 Exe: /SMK` RIC 52 (VII, Cyzicus)
53) B33 O07 R35 T05 M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 26 (VII, Cyzicus)
54) B33 O07 R35 T05 M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 37 (VII, Cyzicus)
55) B33 O07 R35 T05 M10 Exe: MN` RIC 123 (VII, Nicomedia)
56) B33 O07 R35 T05 M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 93 (VII, Nicomedia)
57) B33 O07 R35 T05 M11 Exe: R?` RIC 289 (VII, Rome)
58) B33 O07 R35 T05 M11 Exe: R` RIC 267 (VII, Rome)
59) B33 O07 R35 T05 M14 Exe: SMTS` RIC 157 (VII, Thessalonica)
60) B33 O07 R35 T05 M16 Exe: `TR§ RIC 479 (VII, Trier)
61) B33 O07 R53 T73 M14 Exe: TS` RIC 65 (VII, Thessalonica)
62) B33 O07 R69 T09 M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 322 (VII, Constantinople)
63) B33 O07 R73 T64 M14 Exe: /TS` Rev. Stephen Knapp collection
64) B33 O07 R73 T64 M14 Exe: S/F/TS` RIC 80 (VII, Thessalonica)
65) B33 O21 R07 T55 M15 Exe: P/`T RIC 80 (VII, Ticinum)
66) B33 O34 R79 T39 M02 Exe: SMANT`/ RIC 59 (VII, Antioch)
67) B33 O34 R79 T40 M11 Exe: SMR` RIC 282 (VII, Rome)
68) B36 O05 R45 T65 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 92 (VII, Siscia)
69) B36 O07 R01 T75 M12 Exe: SIRM RIC 51 (VII, Sirmium)
70) B36 O07 R05 T85 M11 Exe: R` RIC 236 (VII, Rome)
71) B36 O07 R06 T53 M11 R/S/`ARL RIC 120 (VII, Arles)
72) B36 O07 R07 T56 M04 Exe: C/S/`ARL RIC 141 (VII, Arles)
73) B36 O07 R07 T56 M11 Exe: P/`¦A RIC 166 (VII, Arles)
74) B36 O07 R16 T85 M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 63 (VII, Heraclea)
75) B36 O07 R16 T86 M15 Exe: `T RIC 162 (VII, Ticinum)
76) B36 O07 R16 T86 M15 Exe: ©/`T RIC 176 (VII, Ticinum)
77) B36 O07 R25 T58 M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 109 (VII, Antioch)
78) B36 O07 R25 T58 M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 123 (VII, Cyzicus)
79) B36 O07 R25 T59 M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 60 (VII, Constantinople)
80) B36 O07 R25 T59 M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 74 (VII, Constantinople)
81) B36 O07 R25 T59 M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 112 (VII, Heraclea)
82) B36 O07 R25 T59 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 236 (VII, Siscia)
83) B36 O07 R25 T59 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 220 (VII, Siscia)
84) B36 O07 R25 T59 M14 Exe: SMTS` RIC 182 (VII, Thessalonica)
85) B36 O07 R35 T05 M04 Exe: `ARL RIC 273 (VII, Arles)
86) B36 O07 R35 T05 M05 Exe: `/CONS RIC 20 (VII, Constantinople)
87) B36 O07 R35 T05 M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 77 (VII, Heraclea)
88) B36 O07 R35 T05 M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 83 (VII, Heraclea)
89) B36 O07 R35 T05 M09 Exe: `LG RIC 230 (VII, Lyons)
90) B36 O07 R35 T05 M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 157 (VII, Nicomedia)
91) B36 O07 R35 T07 M07 Exe: /SMH` RIC 67 (VII, Heraclea)
92) B36 O07 R35 T07 M07 Exe: /SMH` RIC 96 (VII, Heraclea)
93) B36 O07 R35 T07 M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 88 (VII, Heraclea)
94) B36 O07 R45 T65 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 91 (VII, Siscia)
95) B36 O07 R79 T91 M14 Exe: TS` RIC 44 (VII, Thessalonica)
96) B36 O08 R01 T75 M12 Exe: SIRM RIC 50 (VII, Sirmium)
 483
97) B36 O08 R07 T05 M14 Exe: TS` RIC 23 (VII, Thessalonica)
98) B36 O08 R07 T56 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 37 (VII, Siscia)
99) B36 O08 R62 T65 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 72 (VII, Siscia)
100) B36 O14 R66 T08 M11 Exe: P/R/R` RIC 183 (VII, Rome)
101) B36 O16 R62 T65 M09 Exe: `0L RIC 90 (VII, Lyons)
102) B36 O21 R27 T36 M06 Exe: X over IIΓ/SMK` RIC 19 (VII, Cyzicus)
103) B36 O21 R28 T36 M07 Exe: X over IIΓ/SMH` RIC 55 (VII, Heraclea)
104) B36 O21 R35 T05 M15 Exe: `©T RIC 200 (VII, Ticinum)
105) B36 O21 R35 T35 M10 Exe: ®/ over `/SMN RIC 36 (VII, Nicomedia)
106) B36 O24 R42 T56 M08 Exe: ©/`LN RIC 145 (VII, London)
107) B36 O24 R42 T56 M08 Exe: S/P/`LN RIC 117 (VII, London)
108) B40 O21 R28 T35 M06 Exe: =/`/SMK RIC 12 (VII, Cyzicus)
109) B40 O21 R28 T39 M02 Exe: `/SMANT RIC 30 (VII, Antioch)
110) B40 O21 R35 T08 M07 Exe: /SMH` RIC 32 (VII, Heraclea)
111) B40 O21 R35 T08 M07 Exe: MHT` RIC 20 (VII, Heraclea)
112) B42 O07 R04 T02 M16 Exe: `TR RIC 312 (VII, Trier)
113) B42 O07 R04 T02 M16 Exe: `TR RIC 353 (VII, Trier)
114) B42 O07 R73 T02 M16 Exe: `TR RIC 274 (VII, Trier)
115) B42 O07 R73 T62 M16 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 289 (VII, Trier)
116) B42 O07 R73 T62 M16 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 289 (VII, Trier)
117) B42 O07 R73 T63 M13 Exe: S/F over ´/`SIS RIC 126 (VII, Siscia)
118) B42 O07 R73 T63 M13 Exe: S/F/`SIS RIC 118 (VII, Siscia)
119) B42 O07 R73 T64 M16 Exe: `TR RIC 300 (VII, Trier)
120) B49 O05 R02 T02 M08 Exe: F/B/`LON RIC 257 (VII, London)
121) B51 O05 R02 T02 M08 Exe: `LON RIC 284 (VII, London)
122) B51 O05 R03 T02 M08 Exe: `LON RIC 236 (VII, London)
123) B51 O05 R03 T02 M08 Exe: F/B/`LON RIC 255 (VII, London)
124) B51 O05 R73 T64 M08 Exe: `LN RIC 190 (VII, London)
125) B51 O07 R62 T65 M08 Exe: `LN RIC 182 (VII, London)
126) B51 O24 R62 T65 M08 Exe: `LN RIC 181 (VII, London)

Constantine II Busts

Constantine II Types
484
 485
Delmatius was part of Constantine's extended
Delmatius family, in this case one of his nephews. He was made
Caesar in 335 but murdered along with several other
family members shortly after Constantine died in 337 in
Caesar 335-337 a purge engineered by Constantius II (and presumably
with the aid and consent of his surviving brothers).

Busts:
1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
2) Laureate, cuirassed bust right Although Delmatius didn’t stick around long enough to
3) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right make much of a mark on history he did manufacture
many coins bearing his name. As with the case with
Obverses: other caesars and emperors of the period, most of the
available coins will be the small bronzes. In fact, in his
1) FL DALMATIVS NOB C
2) FL DALMATIVS NOB CAES
case most of them will be of only one type, that being
3) FL DELMATIVS NOB C the ultra-common Gloria Exercitus type with the two-
4) FL DELMATIVS NOB CAES soldiers-and-standard(s) theme.
5) FL IVL DELMATIVS NOB C

Reverses: But that’s not to say his coins are ultra-common. They
appear rather rarely among the unrestored Roman
1) DELMATIVS CAESAR bronzes sold on the Internet. For $15 or so one can buy
2) DELMATIVS NOB CAESAR
3) GLORIA EXERCITVS
a lower grade one and prices have gone into the
4) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS hundreds for the same types but better preserved.
5) VIRTVS CAESARVM NN

Coinage in precious metals is virtually unheard of.

Types:

1) Delmatius standing left, holding vexillum and scepter; two standards to right.
2) Delmatius standing right, holding standard and parazonium, seated captive to either side.
3) Soldiers (2) standing either side of a standard; each holding a spear and resting a hand on a shield.
4) Soldiers (2) standing either side of two standards; each holding a spear and resting a hand on a shield.
5) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.

Mints:
1) Alexandria 6) Cyzicus 11) Siscia
2) Antioch 7) Heraclea 12) Thessalonica
3) Aquileia 8) Lugdunum 13) Treveri
4) Arelate 9) Nicomedia
5) Constantinopolis 10) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B3, O4, R4, T1, M04 Exe: CONS RIC 113 (VII, Constantinople)

AE3

2) B2, O3, R3, T3, M01 Exe: SMAL` RIC 69 (VII, Alexandria), L 1439
3) B2, O3, R3, T3, M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 112 (VII, Antioch)
4) B2, O3, R3, T4, M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 90 (VII, Antioch), L 1362
5) B2, O3, R3, T4, M10 Exe: R*` RIC 369 (VII, Rome)
6) B3, O1, R3, T3, M12 Exe: SMTS` RIC 227 (VII, Thessalonica)
7) B3, O3, R3, T3, M03 Exe: •AQ` RIC 147 (VII, Aquileia)
8) B3, O3, R3, T3, M04 Exe: `CONST £ within standard RIC 399 (VII, Arelate)
9) B3, O3, R3, T3, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 141 (VII, Constantinople)
10) B3, O3, R3, T3, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 204 (VII, Nicomedia), L 1129a
11) B3, O3, R3, T3, M11 Exe: `SIS RIC 256 (VII, Siscia), L 758
12) B3, O3, R3, T3, M11 Exe: `SIS* RIC 266 (VII, Siscia)
13) B3, O3, R3, T3, M12 Exe: SMTS` RIC 228 (VII, Thessalonica)
14) B3, O4, R3, T3, M04 Exe: `CONST £ within standard RIC 398 (VII, Arelate)
15) B3, O4, R3, T3, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 155 (VII, Heraclea)
16) B3, O5, R3, T3, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 132 (VII, Cyzicus)
 486
Delmatius Busts

One of Constantine's relatives, Hanniballianus was given

Hanniballianus domain of the Roman province of Pontica and given the

unusual title of King. He ruled for two years until shortly
after his father's death at which time a family conspiracy
headed by Constantine II and Constantius II eliminated
Rex Regum 335 - 337 him as well as several other family members.

Bust:

1) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right While not great rarities, the AE3’s of this ruler are
fairly expensive and especially so in high grades.
Obverses: Expect around $100 for a marginally preserved coin
1) FL ANNIBALIANO REGI
and prices go up rather quickly from there. With
2) FL HANNIBALIANO REGI patience and a bit of luck $300-$500 should score a
nice one.
Reverse:
All known coins appear to share one reverse and
1) SECVRITAS PVBLICA
precious metal denominations are not known nor
are likely to be discovered.
Type:

1) Euphrates lying left, holding scepter.

Mint:

1) Constantinopolis

AE3 Reference(s)
1) B1, O2, R1, T1, M1 Exe: CONS` RIC 147 (VII, Constantinople)
 487
The middle child of Constantine's three surviving sons,
Constans Constans inherited the domains of Italy and the Roman provinces
in Africa after the death of his father in 337. No sooner than this
happened Constans and Constantine II began squabbling over
Augustus 337-350 who got what and the latter meant to settle the issue with his army.
However, luck remained with Constans who easily appropriated all
of Constantine II's former territories when Constantine died in
battle; thus becoming the de facto ruler of the West. He held on to power for another ten years until the embattled
Constantius II raised eyebrows within his own army and his top general, Magnentius, proclaimed himself the
emperor. Bereft of an army, Constans had no real power and escaped as best he could. His former soldiers found
him hiding in a temple, dragged him out of it and killed him.

Busts:

1) Diademed (pearls) head right Among the commonest of ancient coins,

2) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left Constans joins the ranks of his Dad
3) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left, holding globe
4) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right Constantine I and his brothers Constantine
5) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right, holding globe II and Constantius II as one of the fourth
6) Diademed (plain band) head right
7) Diademed (rosettes) bust left, wearing consular robes, raising hand and holding mappa century’s most prolific issuer of coins.
8) Diademed (rosettes) head right
9) Diademed (rosettes) head right, looking upwards
10) Diademed (rosettes), cuirassed bust right
His bronzes are sold by the handful along
11) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust left with other coins of this age still covered in
12) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust left, holding globe the dirt accumulated over 1,600 years after
13) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding globe
14) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right being casually lost the same way one
15) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right, holding globe might lose small change at a park or beach
16) Laureate head right
17) Laureate head right, looking upwards today.
18) Laureate, cuirassed bust left
19) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
20) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left
However, even though collectively these
21) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding globe coins are common there are innumerable
22) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand issues, well beyond what this catalog lists,
23) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
that make each individual issue if not rare
Obverses: then at least not outright common.

1) CONSTANS AVG The most common bronzes will fall into the
2) CONSTANS AVGVSTVS Gloria Exercitus and Fel Temp Reparatio
3) CONSTANS IVN NOB C
4) CONSTANS IVN NOB CAES strikes. With coordinated designs that
5) CONSTANS MAX AVG reached every corner of the empire there
6) CONSTANS NOB CAES
7) CONSTANS NOB CAESAR
were over a dozen mints making these
8) CONSTANS PF AVG across several decades guaranteeing a
9) DN CONSTANS MAX AVGVSTVS significant number of them remain today.
10) DN CONSTANS PF AVG
11) DN FL CONSTANS AVG
12) FL CONSTANS NOB C In silver we have the Siliqua and
13) FL CONSTANS NOB CAES
14) FL CONSTANS NOB CAESAR Miliarense which are fairly rare and
15) FL CONSTANTIS BEA C expensive, sometimes more so than the
16) FL CONSTANTIS BEA CAES
17) FL I CONSTANS NOB CAES
more common of the gold Solidus issues.
18) FL IVL CONSTANS AVG Other than common and not-so-good-
19) FL IVL CONSTANS NOB C looking Siliquae you can expect to pay
20) FL IVL CONSTANS NOB CAES
21) FL IVL CONSTANS PERP AVG several hundred dollars a piece and going
22) FL IVL CONSTANS PF AVG into the thousands of dollars.
23) FL IVL CONSTANS PF AVGG
24) FL IVL CONSTANS PIVS FELIX AVG
25) FL IVL CONSTANTIS NOB C
26) IMP CONSTANS AVG
27) No legend

Reverses:

1) CONSTANS AVG 11) GLORIA EXERCITVS 21) SECVRITAS REIPVB

2) CONSTANS AVGVSTVS 12) GLORIA REIPVBLICAE 22) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE
3) CONSTANS CAESAR 13) GLORIA ROMANORVM 23) SPES REIPVBLICAE
4) CONSTANS NOB CAESAR 14) OB VICTORIAM TRIVMFALEM 24) TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARVM
5) FEL TEMP REPARATIO 15) PAX AVGVSTORVM 25) VICT AVG
6) FELICIA DECENNALIA 16) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 26) VICT AVGG
7) FELICITAS PERPETVA 17) ROMAE AETERNAE 27) VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM
8) FELICITAS REIPVBLICE 18) SALVS ET SPES REIPVBLICAE 28) VICTORIA AVG
9) GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI 19) SECVRITAS PERPETVA 29) VICTORIA AVGG
10) GAVDIVM ROMANORVM 20) SECVRITAS REIP 30) VICTORIA AVGG NN
 488
31) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 38) VICTORIA DN CONSTANTIS AVG 45) VIRTVS CAESARVM NN
32) VICTORIA AVGVSTI NOSTRI 39) VICTORIAE D N AVG 46) VIRTVS DD NN AVGG
33) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 40) VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN 47) VIRTVS EXERCITVM
34) VICTORIA CAESAR NN 41) VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG 48) VIRTVS EXERCITVS
35) VICTORIA CAESARVM 42) VICTORIAE DDD NNN AVGGG 49) VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL
36) VICTORIA CONSTANTIS AVG 43) VIRTVS AVGG NN 50) VOTA PVBLICA
37) VICTORIA DD NN AVGG 44) VIRTVS CAESARVM 51) No legend

Types:
1) Constans riding horse right, spearing two barbarians.
2) Constans riding oncoming quadriga, dropping coins and holding scepter with eagle atop
3) Constans standing facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
4) Constans standing left on galley, holding phoenix on globe and labarum; Victory seated to right, steering.
5) Constans standing left on galley, holding Victory and labarum; Victory seated right, steering.
6) Constans standing left, holding labarum and resting hand on shield
7) Constans standing left, holding labarum and resting hand on shield; two captives to left.
8) Constans standing left, holding labarum and scepter; being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm.
9) Constans standing left, holding labarum and scepter; seated captive to right.
10) Constans standing left, holding labarum and scepter; two standards behind.
11) Constans standing left, holding labarum and spear.
12) Constans standing left, holding standard and resting hand on shield; two captives to left and one to right.
13) Constans standing left, holding trophy and resting hand on shield; seated captive on either side
14) Constans standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding labarum, being crowned by Victory.
15) Constans standing right, holding spear and globe.
16) Constans standing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and globe
17) Constans standing right, touching trophy and holding spear; seated captive at base of trophy.
18) Constans standing, facing, holding labarum
19) Constans, Constantine II and Constantius II standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
20) Constantine I standing, facing, holding vexillum and parazonium; Constans, Constantine II and Constantius II standing on either side, facing, each holding a
spear and resting hand on shield
21) Constantine II seated, facing, raising hand and resting feet on stool reading VOT V; Constans and Constantius II on either side also seated, facing.
22) Constantinopolis seated left, stepping on galley prow, holding Victory on globe with wreath and palm and scepter.
23) Genii (2) facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XX.
24) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive on either side.
25) Palm branches (3), star above.
26) Phoenix standing right on globe
27) Phoenix standing right on pile of ashes
28) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding between them shield reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX
29) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter
30) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column, holding scepter.
31) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column, resting head on hand.
32) Soldier advancing right, dragging captive from hut under tree and holding spear
33) Soldier standing left, spearing falling horseman
34) Soldiers (2) standing either side of one standard, each holding a spear and resting hand on shield
35) Soldiers (2) standing either side of two standards, each holding a spear and resting hand on shield
36) Standards (3)
37) Standards (4)
38) Vexillum reading VOT / V / MVLT / X; seated captive on either side.
39) Vexillum reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV; seated captive on either side.
40) Vexillum reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX; seated captive on either side.
41) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, each holding wreath and palm.
42) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV
43) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / X / MVL / XV
44) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX
45) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / X / MVL / XX
46) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / X / MVLTIS / XX
47) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVLTIS / X
48) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVLT / X
49) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVL / X
50) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and palm.
51) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and dragging captive
52) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
53) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; captive to right.
54) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and trophy
55) Victory advancing left, holding wreath in each hand
56) Victory advancing left, holding wreath reading XXV and trophy; seated captive to left.
57) Victory advancing right, stepping on captive, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X.
58) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X; Genius to right also holding shield.
59) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / VX / MVLT / XX; Genius to right also holding shield.
60) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV
61) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX
62) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX; Genius to right.
63) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X; Genius to right also holding shield.
64) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XV / MVLT / XX; Genius to right also holding shield.
65) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XV; Genius to right.
66) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XXX; Genius to right also holding shield.
67) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading VOT / XX; Genius to right also holding shield
68) Wreath, CONSTANS / AVG within
69) Wreath, SIC / V / SIC / X within.
70) Wreath, SIC / X / SIC / XX within.
71) Wreath, SIC / XX / SIC / XXX within.
72) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within.
73) Wreath, VOT / XV / MVLT / XX within.
74) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within.
75) Wreath, VOT / XXV / MVLT / XXX within.
 489
Mints:

1) Alexandria 6) Cyzicus 11) Sirmium

2) Antioch 7) Heraclea 12) Siscia
3) Aquileia 8) Lugdunum 13) Thessalonica
4) Arelate 9) Nicomedia 14) Treveri
5) Constantinopolis 10) Roma

AU Medallion Reference(s)
1) B13, O21, R19, T20, M05 Exe: CONS Nine Solidi weight RIC 67 (VIII, Constantinople)
2) B14, O22, R41, T45, M12 Exe: ∘SIS• 1-1/2 Solidi weight RIC 110 (VIII, Siscia)
3) B14, O24, R09, T08, M03 Exe: SMAQ Two Solidi weight RIC 1a (VIII, Aquileia)

AU Solidus
4) B04, O02, R41, T44, M14 Exe: TR RIC 135 (VIII, Trier)
5) B14, O02, R41, T45, M12 Exe: ∘SIS• Obverse and reverse within wreath RIC 132 (VIII, Siscia)
6) B14, O22, R41, T45, M12 Exe: *SIS* RIC 124 (VIII, Siscia)
7) B14, O22, R47, T13, M13 Exe: TES RIC 34 (VIII, Thessalonica)
8) B14, O24, R09, T68, M13 Exe: TS` RIC 7 (VIII, Thessalonica)
9) B23, O01, R28, T50, M02 Exe: */LXXII/SMAN• LXXII, the Roman numeral for 72, is a mark of value RIC 5 (VIII, Antioch)
10) B23, O13, R04, T52, M05 Exe: CONS RIC 97 (VII, Constantinople)

AR Miliarense

11) B06, O27, R04, T37, M13 Exe: TS`

12) B14, O18, R24, T06, M13 Exe: TES RIC 91 (VIII, Thessalonica)

AR Siliqua
13) B04, O22, R41, T52, M14 Exe: TR RIC 176 (VIII, Trier)
14) B09, O27, R02, T52, M05 Exe: C•` RIC 20 (VIII, Constantinople)
15) B14, O22, R01, T25, M12 Exe: SIS¨ RIC 68 (VIII, Siscia)
16) B14, O22, R41, T51, M10 Exe: R RIC 69 (VIII, Rome)
17) B16, O18, R16, T16, M14 Exe: TR` RIC 35 (VIII, Trier)
18) B17, O27, R02, T52, M05 Exe: C•`

AE2

19) B03, O10, R05, T07, M01 Exe: */ALE` RIC 64 (VIII, Alexandria), L 2823
20) B03, O10, R05, T07, M12 Exe: `SIS RIC 224 (VIII, Siscia)
21) B03, O10, R05, T32, M02 Exe: AN` RIC 126 (VIII, Antioch), L 2615
22) B03, O10, R05, T32, M03 Exe: AQ`• RIC 103 (VIII, Aquileia), L 888
23) B03, O10, R05, T32, M05 Exe: CONS`* RIC 88 (VIII, Constantinople)
24) B03, O10, R05, T32, M05 Exe: Γ/CONS`* RIC 92 (VIII, Constantinople)
25) B03, O10, R05, T32, M06 Exe: */SMK` RIC 79 (VIII, Cyzicus)
26) B03, O10, R05, T32, M06 Exe: •SMK` RIC 81 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 2477
27) B03, O10, R05, T32, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 72 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 2475
28) B03, O10, R05, T32, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 71 (VIII, Heraclea), L 1886
29) B03, O10, R05, T32, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 70 (VIII, Nicomedia)
30) B03, O10, R05, T32, M12 Exe: `SIS`R RIC 218 (VIII, Sirmium)
31) B04, O10, R05, T33, M12 Exe: A/`SIS• “A” behind bust RIC 254 (VIII, Siscia)
32) B05, O10, R05, T33, M13 Exe: TS`* Rev. Stephen Knapp collection
33) B12, O10, R05, T07, M01 Exe: ALE` RIC 56 (VIII, Alexandria), L 2816
34) B12, O10, R05, T32, M10 Exe: R` “N” behind bust RIC 157 (VIII, Rome)

AE3

35) B01, O10, R11, T34, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 33 (VIII, Cyzicus)
36) B01, O10, R25, T52, M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 66 (VIII, Antioch)
37) B01, O10, R26, T52, M01 Exe: SMAL` RIC 31 (VIII, Alexandria)
38) B04, O06, R11, T34, M13 Exe: SMTS` RIC 225 (VII, Thessalonica)
39) B04, O06, R11, T35, M13 Exe: SMTS` RIC 201 (VII, Thessalonica)
40) B04, O08, R05, T26, M02 Exe: */AN` RIC 131 (VIII, Antioch)
41) B04, O08, R05, T27, M12 Exe: `SIS• RIC 232 (VIII, Siscia)
42) B04, O08, R05, T27, M14 Exe: TR`* RIC 230 (VIII, Trier), L 36
43) B04, O08, R11, T35, M07 Exe: SMH`* RIC 139 (VII, Heraclea)
44) B04, O10, R05, T04, M12 Exe: `SIS` Second officina is a Greek cursive letter equivalent to the Latin on left RIC 244 (VIII, Siscia), L 1136
45) B04, O10, R05, T04, M12 Exe: `SIS• RIC 198 (VIII, Siscia), L 1140
46) B04, O10, R05, T04, M12 Exe: `SIS`• Second officina is a Greek cursive letter equivalent to the Latin on left RIC 201 (VIII, Siscia), L 1142
47) B04, O10, R05, T04, M13 Exe: TES` RIC 120 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1642
48) B04, O10, R05, T05, M13 Exe: A/TS` “A” behind bust RIC 122 (VIII, Thessalonica)
49) B04, O10, R05, T26, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 88 (VIII, Cyzicus)
50) B04, O10, R05, T27, M12 Exe: `SIS` Second officina is a Greek cursive letter equivalent to the Latin on left RIC 241 (VIII, Siscia), L 1134
51) B04, O10, R05, T34, M14 Exe: TR` RIC 215 (VIII, Trier)
52) B04, O13, R11, T34, M13 Exe: SMTS` RIC 226 (VII, Thessalonica)
53) B04, O19, R11, T35, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 87 (VII, Cyzicus)
54) B08, O10, R11, T34, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 29 (VIII, Constantinople), L 1057
 490
55) B14, O08, R11, T34, M04 Exe: `ARL “G” within standard RIC 58 (VIII, Arles), L 443
56) B14, O08, R11, T34, M12 Exe: `SIS £ within standard RIC 88 (VIII, Siscia), L 781
57) B14, O08, R11, T34, M12 Exe: `SIS¨ £ within standard RIC 100 (VIII, Siscia)
58) B14, O08, R11, T34, M12 Exe: `SIS© £ within standard RIC 93 (VIII, Siscia)
59) B14, O08, R11, T34, M14 Exe: TR`© “M” within standard RIC 111 (VIII, Trier)
60) B14, O10, R05, T04, M02 Exe: AN` RIC 96 (VIII, Antioch)
61) B14, O10, R05, T04, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 68 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 2485
62) B14, O10, R05, T04, M10 Exe: A/R` “A” behind bust RIC 152 (VIII, Rome)
63) B14, O10, R11, T04, M12 Exe: `SIS`R Second officina is a Greek cursive letter equivalent to the Latin on left RIC 206 (VIII, Siscia)
64) B14, O10, R11, T34, M12 Exe: •`SIS• £ within standard RIC 103 (VIII, Siscia), L 784
65) B14, O11, R20, T29, M10 Exe: R\` RIC 11 (VIII, Rome), L 588
66) B14, O11, R21, T29, M10 Exe: R\` RIC 8 (VIII, Rome), L 584
67) B15, O10, R05, T33, M10 Exe: A*/R` “A” behind bust RIC 136 (VIII, Rome)
68) B16, O10, R11, T34, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 28 (VIII, Constantinople), L 1045
69) B20, O13, R11, T35, M05 Exe: •CONS`• RIC 83 (VII, Constantinople)
70) B23, O11, R11, T34, M10 Exe: ®R`¯ RIC 52 (VIII, Rome), L 620
71) B23, O13, R11, T35, M10 Exe: R*` RIC 367 (VII, Rome)
72) B23, O15, R11, T34, M12 Exe: `SIS RIC 255 (VII, Siscia), L 757
73) B23, O15, R11, T35, M12 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 238 (VII, Siscia)

AE4 Reference(s)

74) B01, O08, R51, T73, M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 116 (VIII, Antioch), L 1399
75) B01, O10, R51, T74, M01 Exe: SMAL`• RIC 34 (VIII, Alexandria)
76) B01, O10, R51, T74, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 50 (VIII, Cyzicus)
77) B01, O10, R51, T74, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 51 (VIII, Nicomedia)
78) B04, O08, R11, T41, M12 Exe: °/`SIS RIC 196 (VIII, Siscia)
79) B04, O08, R41, T41, M03 Exe: F/AQ` RIC 83 (VIII, Aquileia), L 707
80) B04, O08, R41, T41, M13 Exe: °/SMTS` RIC 106 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 864
81) B04, O08, R41, T41, M13 Exe: SMTS` RIC 100 (VIII, Thessalonica)
82) B04, O08, R41, T41, M14 Exe: D/TR` RIC 196 (VIII, Trier)
83) B08, O10, R51, T74, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 52 (VIII, Nicomedia)
84) B14, O08, R41, T41, M12 Exe: •/`SIS RIC 183 (VIII, Siscia), L 791
85) B14, O08, R41, T41, M12 Exe: ³/`SIS RIC 192 (VIII, Siscia)
86) B14, O08, R41, T41, M12 Exe: °/`SIS RIC 195 (VIII, Siscia)
87) B14, O08, R41, T41, M13 Exe: •/•`SIS• RIC 185 (VIII, Siscia), L 793
88) B14, O08, R41, T41, M13 Exe: •/SMTS` RIC 101 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 861
89) B14, O08, R41, T41, M14 Exe: \/TR` RIC 185 (VIII, Trier), L 140

Constans Busts
 491
Constans Types
 492

Constantius joins the lengthy list of emperors whose career was

Constantius II marked by a seemingly endless series of wars both domestic and
foreign. He served as Caesar from 324 until his father's death in
337 at which time he shared the title of Augustus with two other
Augustus 337-361 brothers, Constantine II and Constans. To make sure no more
Johnny-come-latelies in his family would try their hand at being
emperor too it is thought that he engineered a bloodbath that left
nary a relative. Constantine II died in battle and Constans was murdered by the men of Magnentius, the first of
several usurpers. This left Constantius finally as sole legitimate emperor and he moved quickly to suppress
Magnentius, an endeavor he eventually accomplished. The strife didn't end there, however, as he still had to deal
with other revolts and wars on every corner of the empire. Caught in these never-ending battles he died while on
his way to battle Julian II.

Busts:
1) Diademed (pearls) bust left, wearing consular robes, holding mappa and scepter Newcomers to the hobby of Roman
2) Diademed (pearls) bust left, wearing consular robes, holding Victory on globe and scepter
3) Diademed (pearls) head right coin collecting usually learn right
4) Diademed (pearls), cuirassed bust right away that the Late Roman bronze
5) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left class of coins are the most common
6) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left, holding globe
7) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding globe and affordable. And among these,
8) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right Constantius II is quite likely the
9) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right, holding globe
10) Diademed (plain) head right, looking up easiest emperor to find. From the Fel
11) Diademed (rosettes and laurels), draped and cuirassed bust right Temp Reparatio to the Gloria
12) Diademed (rosettes) head right
13) Diademed (rosettes) head right, looking up
Exercitus to the campgates and
14) Diademed (rosettes) torso left, wearing consular robes, raising hand and holding mappa many other popular reverses make
15) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust left for a very prominently featured
16) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust left, holding globe
17) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding Victory on globe emperor.
18) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right
19) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust facing, holding spear over shoulder and shield
20) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust facing, holding Victory and spear And even though the coins are often
21) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop very cheap due to being so common
22) Laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atopt
23) Laureate head right
there is a complex world to discover
24) Laureate head right, looking up in the varied mintmarks, legend
25) Laureate, cuirassed bust left arrangements, bust types and other
26) Laureate, cuirassed bust right
27) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left minutiae that, one soon realizes, add
28) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield up to a fascinating and educational
29) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding globe
30) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right challenge for student and collector
31) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and globe alike.
32) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, raising hand and holding Victory on globe
33) Laureate, draped bust left, holding spear and shield

Obverses:
1) CONSTANTIVS AVG 14) FL CONSTANTIVS NOB C
2) CONSTANTIVS ET CONSTANS AVGG 15) FL IVL CONSTANTIVS AVG
3) CONSTANTIVS AVGVST 16) FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB C
4) CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS 17) FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES
5) CONSTANTIVS MAX AVG 18) FL IVL CONSTANTIVS PERP AVG
6) CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES 19) FL IVL CONSTANTIVS PF AVG
7) CONSTANTIVS PF AVG 20) FL IVL CONSTANTIVS PIVS FELIX AVG
8) DN CONSTANTIVS 21) FL IVL CONSTIVS PF AVG
9) DN CONSTANTIVS AVG 22) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB C
10) DN CONSTANTIVS MAX AVG 23) FLA CONSTANTIVS NOB C
11) DN CONSTANTIVS MAX AVGVSTVS 24) IMP CONSTANTIVS AVG
12) DN CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES 25) IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB C
13) DN CONSTANTIVS PF AVG 26) No legend

Reverses:
1) CAESARVM NOSTRORVM 12) FELICITAS PEPRETVA 23) HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS
2) CONCORDIA MILITVM 13) FELICITAS R P 24) IN HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS
3) CONSTANTIVS AVG 14) FELICITAS REIPVBLICE 25) OB VICTORIAM TRIVMPHALEM
4) CONSTANTIVS CAES 15) FELICITAS ROMANORVM 26) PAX AVGVSTORVM
5) CONSTANTIVS CAESAR 16) FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N 27) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS
6) CONSTANTIVS PF AVG 17) GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI 28) PROVIDENTIAE CAESS
7) D N CONSTANTIVS VICTOR SEMPER AVG 18) GAVDIVM ROMANORVM 29) SALVS AVG NOSTRI
8) DD NN CONSTANTIVS ET CONSTANS AVGG 19) GLORIA CONSTANTI AVG 30) SALVS ET SPES REIPVBLICAE
9) DEBELLATOR HOSTIVM 20) GLORIA EXERCITVS 31) SECVRITAS PERPETVA
10) DEBELLATORI GENTIVM BARBARVM 21) GLORIA REIPVBLICAE 32) SECVRITAS REIPVB
11) FEL TEMP REPARATIO 22) GLORIA ROMANORVM 33) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE
 493
34) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICE 49) VICTORIA CONSTANTI AVG 64) VIRTVS CAESARVM NN
35) SPES REIPVBLICE 50) VICTORIA CONSTANTI CAES 65) VIRTVS CAESS
36) TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARVM 51) VICTORIA CONSTANTI CAESAR 66) VIRTVS CONSTANTI AVG
37) TRIVMFVS CAESARVM 52) VICTORIA DD NN AVG 67) VIRTVS CONSTANTI CAES
38) VICT AVG 53) VICTORIA DD NN AVGG 68) VIRTVS EXERCITVM
39) VICT AVGG 54) VICTORIA DDD NNN AVG 69) VIRTVS EXERCITVS
40) VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM 55) VICTORIA NOSTRI 70) VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL
41) VICTORIA AVG NOSTRI 56) VICTORIAE D N AVG 71) VOTA PVBLICA
42) VICTORIA AVGG 57) VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN 72) VRBS ROMA
43) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 58) VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG 73) No legend
44) VICTORIA AVGVSTI N 59) VIRTVS AVG
45) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 60) VIRTVS AVGG NN
46) VICTORIA CAESAR NN 61) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM
47) VICTORIA CAESARIS 62) VIRTVS CAES
48) VICTORIA CAESARVM 63) VIRTVS CAESARVM

Types:
1) Chi-Rho; A and ω across fields
2) City gate with (2) turrets, star above
3) City gate with (3) turrets
4) City gate with (4) turrets, star above
5) Constantinopolis seated left, stepping on galley prow, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
6) Constantius II advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy.
7) Constantius II advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive on either side.
8) Constantius II advancing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and trophy.
9) Constantius II and Constans standing, facing, each holding a scepter and globe
10) Constantius II and Constantine I, raising hand, together riding oncoming elephant quadriga; lictor on either side.
11) Constantius II and Constantius Gallus standing under arch, facing, each holding a spear.
12) Constantius II riding horse left, raising hand
13) Constantius II riding horse left, raising hand; snake under horse.
14) Constantius II riding horse right, facing bowing Roma to right, holding torch.
15) Constantius II riding horse right, spearing barbarian.
16) Constantius II riding horse right, spearing two barbarians.
17) Constantius II riding oncoming quadriga, dropping coins and holding scepter with eagle atop; Christogram in upper right field.
18) Constantius II standing left on galley, holding phoenix on globe and labarum; Victory seated to right, steering galley.
19) Constantius II standing left on galley, holding Victory on globe and labarum; Victory seated to right, steering galley.
20) Constantius II standing left on right, holding globe and spear, facing Victory to left, holding wreath and palm
21) Constantius II standing left, holding globe and spear
22) Constantius II standing left, holding labarum
23) Constantius II standing left, holding labarum and resting hand on shield; two kneeling captives to left (near one being stepped on)
24) Constantius II standing left, holding labarum and resting hand on shield; two standing captives to left
25) Constantius II standing left, holding labarum and scepter; seated captive to right.
26) Constantius II standing left, holding labarum and scepter; two standards to right
27) Constantius II standing left, holding labarum and scepter; Victory to right, crowning Constantius and holding palm
28) Constantius II standing left, holding labarum and spear.
29) Constantius II standing left, holding scepter and vexillum; standard to right.
30) Constantius II standing left, holding standard and resting hand on shield; two captives to left and one to right.
31) Constantius II standing left, holding standard and scepter; standard to right.
32) Constantius II standing left, holding vexillum and scepter; two standards to right.
33) Constantius II standing left, holding vexillum reading VOT / XX and spear; seated captive to right
34) Constantius II standing left, stepping on captive, holding Victory on globe and labarum; seated captive to left
35) Constantius II standing left, touching trophy and holding scepter; shield at trophy base.
36) Constantius II standing right, holding globe and spear.
37) Constantius II standing right, holding spear and globe.
38) Constantius II standing right, holding spear and globe; seated captive to right
39) Constantius II standing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive on either side
40) Constantius II standing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and globe
41) Constantius II standing right, touching trophy and holding spear; seated captive at trophy base.
42) Constantius II standing, facing, holding labarum in each hand; star above.
43) Constantius II standing, facing, holding legionary eagle and scepter; standard to right
44) Constantius II standing, facing, holding trophy and resting hand on shield; seated captive on either side
45) Constantius II standing, facing, holding vexillum reading VOT / XX and scepter; seated captive to right
46) Constantius II, Constantine II and Constans standing, facing, each holding a spear and resting hand on shield.
47) Genii (2) standing, facing, together holding wreath reading VOTIS / XX / MVLTIS / XXX.
48) Legend CONSTAN / TIVS / CAESAR, star above
49) Legend CONSTAN / TIVS / NOB CAES, star above
50) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive on either side.
51) Palm branches (3); star above
52) Pax standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding branch and scepter
53) Phoenix standing right on globe
54) Phoenix standing right on pile of ashes.
55) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear
56) Roma seated to left, facing, and Constantinopolis seated left on right, stepping on galley prow, each holding Victory on globe and scepter.
57) Roma seated to left, facing, holding shield reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter
58) Roma seated to left, facing, holding shield reading VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXxX together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter
59) Roma seated to left, facing, holding shield reading VOT / XXXV / MVLT / XXXX together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding
scepter
60) Roma seated to left, facing, holding wreath reading FEL / ICI / TER / V together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter
61) Roma seated to left, facing, holding wreath reading VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding
scepter
62) Roma seated to left, facing, holding wreath reading VOT / XXXX together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter
63) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column, holding scepter
64) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column, touching head.
65) Securitas standing, facing, with legs crossed and leaning on column, holding spear.
66) Soldier advancing right, dragging captive from hut under tree and holding spear
67) Soldier standing left, spearing falling horseman
 494
68) Soldiers (2) standing on either side of one standard, each holding a spear and resting hand on shield
69) Soldiers (2) standing on either side of two standards, each holding a spear and resting hand on shield
70) Standards (3)
71) Standards (4)
72) Vexillum reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV; seated captive on either side.
73) Vexillum reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX; seated captive on either side.
74) Vexillum reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX; seated captive on either side.
75) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, each holding a wreath and palm
76) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX.
77) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / X / MVL / XX.
78) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / XV.
79) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX.
80) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV.
81) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / XXX’ Chi-Rho over wreath.
82) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX (all within wreath)
83) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX
84) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX (all within wreath)
85) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / XX / MVL / XXX
86) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / XX / MVL / XXX (all within wreath)
87) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / XXV / MVL / XXX (all within wreath)
88) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and palm
89) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
90) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and trophy.
91) Victory advancing left, holding wreath in each hand
92) Victory advancing left, holding wreath reading XXV and trophy; seated captive to left.
93) Victory advancing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and palm.
94) Victory riding oncoming quadriga, holding wreath and globe
95) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / VX / MVLT / XV; Genius to right also holding shield.
96) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV; Genius to right also holding shield.
97) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX; Genius to right also holding shield.
98) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XV / MVLT / XX; Genius to right also holding shield.
99) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XV; Genius to right also holding shield.
100) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX; Genius to right also holding shield.
101) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX / XX; Genius to right also holding shield.
102) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XXX; Genius to right also holding shield.
103) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XXXX; Genius to right also holding shield.
104) Victory seated right, holding wreath reading VOT / X; Genius to right also holding shield.
105) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield held up by kneeling Genius reading VOT / XX
106) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield on column reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX (all within wreath)
107) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield on column reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX
108) Virtus standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
109) Wreath, CONSTAN / TIVS / AVG within
110) Wreath, SIC / X / SIC / XX within
111) Wreath, SIC / XX / SIC / XXX within
112) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within.
113) Wreath, VOT / XV / MVLT / XX within.
114) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within.
115) Wreath, VOT / XXXX within
116) Wreath, VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX within
117) Wreath, VOTIS / XXV / MVLTIS / XXX within.
118) Wreath, VOTIS / XXX / MVLTIS / XXXX within.
119) Wreath, VOTIS / XXXV / MVLTIS / XXXX within

Mints:
1) Alexandria 7) Cyzicus 13) Roma
2) Ambianum 8) Heraclea 14) Sirmium
3) Antioch 9) Londinium 15) Siscia
4) Aquileia 10) Lugdunum 16) Thessalonica
5) Arelate 11) Mediolanum 17) Ticinum
6) Constantinopolis 12) Nicomedia 18) Treveri

AU Medallion Reference(s)
1) B05, O18, R73, T017, M03 Exe: SMAN Two Solidi weight RIC 78 (VIII, Antioch)
2) B08, O16, R02, T039, M12 Exe: SMN Two Solidi weight RIC 35 (VII, Nicomedia)
3) B14, O04, R08, T009, M03 Exe: SMANT Two Solidi weight
4) B15, O01, R24, T055, M03 Exe: SMANT Two Solidi weight

AU Solidus

5) B03, O13, R21, T062, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 100 (VIII, Nicomedia)
6) B03, O16, R21, T062, M03 Exe: ANT` RIC 172 (VIII, Antioch)
7) B08, O11, R21, T058, M04 Exe: •TES• RIC 150 (VIII, Thessalonica)
8) B08, O11, R21, T058, M04 Exe: *TES* RIC 195 (VIII, Thessalonica)
9) B08, O13, R41, T020, M18 Exe: TR RIC 329 (VIII, Trier)
10) B08, O18, R21, T057, M03 Exe: SMAN` RIC 81 (VIII, Antioch)
11) B08, O18, R21, T057, M03 Exe: SMAN`• RIC 86 (VIII, Antioch)
12) B08, O18, R21, T057, M06 Exe: CONS RIC 57 (VIII, Constantinople)
13) B08, O18, R21, T058, M04 Exe: SMAQ RIC 179 (VIII, Aquileia)
14) B08, O18, R21, T059, M04 Exe: SMAQ RIC 210 (VIII, Aquileia)
15) B08, O18, R44, T098, M03 Exe: SMAN` RIC 25 (VIII, Antioch)
16) B08, O19, R15, T116, M03 Exe: SMAN` RIC 31 (VIII, Antioch)
17) B10, O26, R05, T089, M16 Exe: SMTS RIC 148 (VII, Thessalonica)
 495
18) B11, O04, R58, T100, M04 Exe: SMAQ Both the obverse and reverse design is enclosed within a wreath RIC 44 (VIII, Aquileia)
19) B11, O05, R19, T033, M15 Exe: SIS RIC 5 (VIII, Siscia)
20) B11, O07, R17, T110, M15 Exe: SIS* RIC 20 (VIII, Siscia)
21) B11, O18, R21, T057, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 33 (VIII, Nicomedia)
22) B11, O18, R21, T057, M15 Exe: SIS RIC 297 (VIII, Siscia)
23) B12, O07, R49, T099, M06 Exe: CONS RIC 6 (VIII, Constantinople)
24) B18, O19, R53, T088, M16 Exe: TES RIC 26 (VIII, Thessalonica)
25) B18, O19, R68, T044, M16 Exe: TES
26) B19, O18, R21, T058, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 74 (VIII, Nicomedia)
27) B19, O18, R21, T058, M14 Exe: *SIRM* RIC 8 (VIII, Sirmium)
28) B19, O19, R21, T058, M13 Exe: ®RSM`¯ RIC 291 (VIII, Rome)
29) B26, O17, R27, T026, M15 Exe: SIS
30) B30, O01, R42, T088, M03 Exe: */LXXII/SMAN` LXXII is a mark of value denoting 1/72th of a pound of gold RIC 7 (VIII, Antioch)
31) B30, O16, R27, T026, M16 Exe: TS` RIC 173 (VII, Thessalonica)
32) B30, O16, R27, T043, M16 Exe: SMTS` RIC 133 (VII, Thessalonica)
33) B30, O16, R46, T089, M15 Exe: SIS

AU Semissis Reference(s)

34) B08, O01, R45, T103, M12 Exe: SMN RIC 101 (VIII, Nicomedia)

AU ½ Scripulum
35) B08, O01, R44, T103, M12 Exe: SMN RIC 36 (VIII, Nicomedia)
36) B30, O16, R27, T037, M12 Exe: N

AR Siliqua
37) B03, O13, R73, T117, M12 Exe: SMN RIC 40 (VIII, Nicomedia)
38) B07, O13, R45, T089, M15 Exe: SIS RIC 266 anecdotal (VIII, Siscia)
39) B08, O13, R52, T089, M10 Exe: LVG RIC 214 (VIII, Lyons)
40) B08, O13, R73, T118, M05 Exe: `CON RIC 207 (VIII, Arles)
41) B08, O13, R73, T118, M06 Exe: C¯` RIC 184 (VIII, Constantinople)
42) B08, O13, R73, T118, M06 Exe: C•` RIC 102 (VIII, Constantinople)
43) B08, O13, R73, T118, M10 Exe: LVG RIC 216 (VIII, Lyons)
44) B08, O13, R73, T118, M12 Exe: SMN RIC 103 (VIII, Nicomedia)
45) B08, O13, R73, T118, M14 Exe: •SIRM RIC 17 (VIII, Sirmium)
46) B08, O13, R73, T118, M14 Exe: •SIRM• RIC 66 (VIII, Sirmium)
47) B08, O13, R73, T118, M14 Exe: SIRM RIC 15 (VIII, Sirmium)
48) B08, O13, R73, T118, M15 Exe: SIS RIC 360 (VIII, Siscia)
49) B10, O26, R04, T089, M06 Exe: CONS` RIC 128 (VIII, Constantinople)
50) B10, O26, R05, T089, M06 Exe: C•`
51) B18, O07, R03, T051, M15 Exe: •SIS¨ RIC 62 (VIII, Siscia)
52) B18, O13, R34, T113, M06 Exe: C•`

AE Medallion
53) B11, O13, R59, T038, M13 RIC 400 (VII, Rome)
54) B30, O16, R37, T094, M06 Exe: CONS

AE2

55) B06, O13, R11, T016, M13 Exe: N/R` “N” behind bust RIC 154 (VIII, Rome)
56) B06, O13, R11, T023, M03 Exe: AN` RIC 125 (VIII, Antioch), L 2614
57) B06, O13, R11, T023, M06 Exe: CONS` RIC 84 (VIII, Constantinople)
58) B06, O13, R11, T023, M06 Exe: Γ/CONS`* RIC 89 (VIII, Constantinople)
59) B06, O13, R11, T023, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 70 (VIII, Cyzicus)
60) B06, O13, R11, T023, M08 Exe: */SMH` RIC 72 (VIII, Heraclea), L 1887
61) B06, O13, R11, T023, M08 Exe: SMH` RIC 69 (VIII, Heraclea), L 1884
62) B06, O13, R11, T023, M12 Exe: */SMN` RIC 71 (VIII, Nicomedia), L 2292
63) B06, O13, R11, T023, M12 Exe: *SMK` RIC 75 (VIII, Cyzicus)
64) B06, O13, R11, T023, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 67 (VIII, Nicomedia), L 2289
65) B06, O13, R11, T024, M06 Exe: CONS`* RIC 87 (VIII, Constantinople)
66) B06, O13, R11, T024, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 223 (VIII, Siscia), L 1115
67) B06, O13, R11, T066, M04 Exe: AQ`• RIC 102 (VIII, Aquileia)
68) B06, O13, R11, T066, M06 Exe: Γ/CONS`* RIC 88 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2014
69) B06, O13, R11, T066, M07 Exe: */SMK` RIC 87 (VIII, Cyzicus)
70) B06, O13, R11, T066, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 69 (VIII, Nicomedia), L 2290
71) B08, O13, R02, T042, M14 Exe: III/*SIRM “A” behind bust RIC 21 (VIII, Sirmium)
72) B08, O13, R02, T042, M15 Exe: A/•`SIS* “A” behind bust RIC 280 (VIII, Siscia), L 1167
73) B08, O13, R11, T018, M04 Exe: AQ`• RIC 97 (VIII, Aquileia)
74) B08, O13, R11, T018, M16 Exe: TES` RIC 107 (VIII, Thessalonica)
75) B08, O13, R11, T018, M16 Exe: Γ/*/*TS`* RIC 168 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1668
76) B08, O13, R11, T067, M01 Exe: Γ/ALE` RIC 72 (VIII, Alexandria), L 2836
77) B08, O13, R11, T067, M06 Exe: Γ/•/CONS` RIC 106 (VIII, Constantinople)
78) B08, O13, R11, T067, M06 Exe: Γ/CONS` RIC 79 (VIII, Constantinople)
79) B08, O13, R11, T067, M06 Exe: Γ/CONS`* RIC 81 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2026
80) B08, O13, R11, T067, M07 Exe: Γ/•SMK` RIC 95 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 2488
81) B08, O13, R11, T067, M07 Exe: Γ/SMK` RIC 93 (VIII, Cyzicus)
82) B08, O13, R11, T067, M08 Exe: SMH` RIC 82 (VIII, Heraclea), L 1893
83) B08, O13, R11, T067, M12 Exe: */SMN` RIC 62 (VIII, Nicomedia)
84) B08, O13, R11, T067, M12 Exe: •SMN` RIC 86 (VIII, Nicomedia)
85) B08, O13, R11, T067, M16 Exe: A/TS` “A” behind bust RIC 129 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1650
 496
86) B08, O13, R11, T067, M16 Exe: TS` “Δ” behind bust RIC 180 (VIII, Thessalonica)
87) B08, O13, R11, T067, M16 Exe: Γ/*/*TS`* RIC 171 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1670
88) B08, O13, R23, T027, M15 Exe: A/`SIS* “A” behind bust RIC 278 (VIII, Siscia), L 1165
89) B08, O13, R23, T027, M15 Exe: A/`SIS* “A” behind bust, * in front RIC 286 (VIII, Siscia), L 1173
90) B08, O13, R23, T027, M15 Exe: A/•`SIS* “A” behind bust RIC 291 (VIII, Siscia), L 1197
91) B08, O13, R23, T027, M15 Exe: A/•`SIS• “A” behind bust, * in front RIC 284 (VIII, Siscia), L 1171
92) B08, O13, R23, T027, M15 Exe: III/`SIS© “A” behind bust RIC 302 (VIII, Siscia), L 1188
93) B08, O13, R29, T001, M18 Exe: TR`* RIC 332 (VIII, Trier), L 67
94) B09, O13, R11, T067, M16 Exe: TS`* RIC 115 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1646

AE3 Reference(s)

95) B04, O16, R20, T069, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 85 (VII, Cyzicus)
96) B05, O26, R73, T048, M03 Exe: SMANT` RIC 55 (VII, Antioch)
97) B05, O26, R73, T048, M03 Exe: SMANT`/•
98) B05, O26, R73, T048, M18 Exe: `TR RIC 490 (VII, Trier)
99) B06, O07, R11, T066, M04 Exe: AQ`• RIC 104 (VIII, Aquileia)
100) B06, O13, R11, T023, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 80 (VIII, Cyzicus)
101) B06, O13, R11, T066, M16 Exe: TES` RIC 117 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1635
102) B08, O01, R20, T068, M03 Exe: SMAN` RIC 42 (VIII, Antioch), L 1377
103) B08, O07, R20, T068, M16 Exe: SMTS` RIC 55 (VIII, Thessalonica)
104) B08, O13, R02, T042, M15 Exe: A/`SIS* “A” behind bust RIC 276 (VIII, Siscia), L 1163
105) B08, O13, R02, T042, M15 Exe: A/•`SIS “A” behind bust, * in front RIC 284 (VIII, Siscia)
106) B08, O13, R02, T042, M15 Exe: A/•`SIS* “A” behind bust RIC 280 (VIII, Siscia)
107) B08, O13, R02, T042, M15 Exe: III/`SIS© “A” behind bust RIC 301 (VIII, Siscia)
108) B08, O13, R11, T018, M04 Exe: AQ`• RIC 97 (VIII, Aquileia)
109) B08, O13, R11, T018, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 197 (VIII, Siscia)
110) B08, O13, R11, T018, M16 Exe: TES` RIC 107 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1637
111) B08, O13, R11, T018, M16 Exe: Γ/*/*TS`* RIC 168 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1668
112) B08, O13, R11, T018, M18 Exe: TR` RIC 212 (VIII, Trier)
113) B08, O13, R11, T019, M15 Exe: III/*/`SIS “A” behind bust RIC 327 (VIII, Siscia)
114) B08, O13, R11, T034, M16 Exe: Γ/*/*TS`* RIC 172 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1671
115) B08, O13, R11, T034, M16 Exe: Γ/*/*TS`• RIC 178 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1674
116) B08, O13, R11, T053, M03 Exe: */AN` RIC 129 (VIII, Antioch), L 2618
117) B08, O13, R11, T053, M06 Exe: CONS`* RIC 93 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2019
118) B08, O13, R11, T053, M08 Exe: */SMH` RIC 79 (VIII, Heraclea)
119) B08, O13, R11, T054, M15 Exe: `SIS` Second officina marking is the equivalent letter in Greek cursive RIC 240 (VIII, Siscia)
120) B08, O13, R11, T067, M03 Exe: II/AQ`* RIC 207 (VIII, Aquileia)
121) B08, O13, R11, T067, M03 Exe: M/ANA RIC 191 (VIII, Antioch), L 2637
122) B08, O13, R11, T067, M03 Exe: Γ/AQ` RIC 199 (VIII, Aquileia)
123) B08, O13, R11, T067, M05 Exe: D/`CON RIC 215 (VIII, Arles), L 455
124) B08, O13, R11, T067, M06 Exe: •/CONS` RIC 121 (VIII, Constantinople)
125) B08, O13, R11, T067, M06 Exe: CONS` RIC 118 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2039
126) B08, O13, R11, T067, M06 Exe: CONS`• RIC 89 (VIII, Constantinople)
127) B08, O13, R11, T067, M06 Exe: X•/CONS` RIC 123 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2046
128) B08, O13, R11, T067, M07 Exe: */SMK` RIC 113 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 2500
129) B08, O13, R11, T067, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 110 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 2498
130) B08, O13, R11, T067, M07 Exe: Γ/•SMK` RIC 96 (VIII, Cyzicus)
131) B08, O13, R11, T067, M07 Exe: Γ/SMK` RIC 92 (VIII, Cyzicus)
132) B08, O13, R11, T067, M08 Exe: C/SMH` RIC 104 (VIII, Heraclea)
133) B08, O13, R11, T067, M08 Exe: SMH` RIC 90 (VIII, Heraclea), L 1900
134) B08, O13, R11, T067, M08 Exe: Γ/SMH` RIC 82 (VIII, Heraclea)
135) B08, O13, R11, T067, M10 Exe: `LG Rev. Stephen Knapp collection
136) B08, O13, R11, T067, M12 Exe: */SMN` RIC 60 (VIII, Nicomedia)
137) B08, O13, R11, T067, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 104 (VIII, Nicomedia)
138) B08, O13, R11, T067, M13 Exe: R` RIC 272 (VIII, Rome), L 677
139) B08, O13, R11, T067, M14 Exe: [/`SIRM RIC 50 (VIII, Sirmium)
140) B08, O13, R11, T067, M14 Exe: `SIRM RIC 48 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1603
141) B08, O13, R11, T067, M14 Exe: `SIRM• RIC 52 (VIII, Sirmium)
142) B08, O13, R11, T067, M14 Exe: M/`SIRM• RIC 73 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1610
143) B08, O13, R11, T067, M14 Exe: N/•`SIRM• RIC 75 (VII, Sirmium), L 1612
144) B08, O13, R11, T067, M14 Exe: S•/A/`SIRM RIC 44 (VIII, Sirmium)
145) B08, O13, R11, T067, M15 Exe: */`SIS RIC 210 (VIII, Siscia), L 1148
146) B08, O13, R11, T067, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 350 (VIII, Siscia), L 1218
147) B08, O13, R11, T067, M15 Exe: `SIS- RIC 361 (VIII, Siscia), L 1228
148) B08, O13, R11, T067, M15 Exe: `SIS• RIC 367 (VIII, Siscia), L 1245
149) B08, O13, R11, T067, M15 Exe: I/`SIS•S• “A” behind bust RIC 347 (VIII, Siscia)
150) B08, O13, R11, T067, M15 Exe: III/`SIS “A” behind bust RIC 332 (VIII, Siscia), L 1202
151) B08, O13, R11, T067, M15 Exe: M/`SIS- RIC 369 (VIII, Siscia), L 1234
152) B08, O13, R11, T067, M16 Exe: `/SMTS RIC 189 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1681
153) B08, O13, R11, T067, M16 Exe: II/*TS` “Δ” behind bust RIC 184 (VIII, Thessalonica)
154) B08, O13, R11, T067, M16 Exe: M/SMTS` RIC 208 (VIII, Thessalonica)
155) B08, O13, R18, T028, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 293 (VIII, Siscia)
156) B08, O13, R23, T027, M15 Exe: A/•`SIS* “A” behind bust RIC 282 (VIII, Siscia), L 1169
157) B08, O13, R23, T027, M15 Exe: A/•`SIS• “A” behind bust, * in front RIC 281 (VIII, Siscia), L 1173
158) B08, O13, R42, T091, M15 Exe: £/*`SIS* RIC 180 (VIII, Siscia), L 788
159) B08, O13, R61, T038, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 295 (VIII, Siscia)
160) B08, O16, R20, T069, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 86 (VII, Cyzicus)
161) B11, O07, R20, T068, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 86 (VIII, Siscia)
162) B11, O07, R20, T068, M15 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 101 (VIII, Siscia)
163) B11, O13, R11, T067, M04 Exe: LXXII/AQ` “A” behind bust RIC 188 (VIII, Aquileia)
164) B11, O15, R20, T068, M13 Exe: R*` RIC 25 (VIII, Rome), L 614
165) B23, O01, R20, T068, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 5 (VIII, Nicomedia)
166) B23, O13, R20, T068, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 16 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 1280
167) B26, O15, R20, T068, M18 Exe: •TR`• RIC 58 (VIII, Trier), L 108
168) B26, O16, R20, T069, M03 Exe: SMAN` RIC 88 (VII, Antioch)
 497
169) B26, O16, R20, T069, M08 Exe: SMH` RIC 113 (VIII, Heraclea)
170) B26, O16, R20, T069, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 221 (VII, Siscia)
171) B26, O16, R20, T069, M15 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 237 (VII, Siscia)
172) B26, O16, R20, T069, M16 Exe: SMTS` RIC 185 (VII, Thessalonica)
173) B26, O16, R20, T069, M18 Exe: TR`• RIC 528 (VII, Trier)
174) B27, O07, R42, T089, M04 Exe: AQ` RIC 72 (VIII, Aquileia)
175) B27, O16, R28, T002, M03 Exe: •/SMANT` RIC 174 (VII, Antioch)
176) B27, O16, R28, T002, M03 Exe: SMANT` RIC 66 (VII, Antioch)
177) B27, O16, R28, T002, M05 Exe: `A©RL RIC 323 (VII, Arles)
178) B27, O16, R28, T002, M05 Exe: ARL` RIC 312 (VII, Arles)
179) B27, O16, R28, T002, M05 Exe: T/F/`CONST RIC 330 (VII, Arles)
180) B27, O16, R28, T002, M06 Exe: `/CONS RIC 21 (VII, Constantinople)
181) B27, O16, R28, T002, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 27 (VII, Cyzicus)
182) B27, O16, R28, T002, M07 Exe: SMK`• RIC 38 (VII, Cyzicus), L 1175
183) B27, O16, R28, T002, M08 Exe: */SMH` RIC 108 (VII, Heraclea)
184) B27, O16, R28, T002, M08 Exe: */SMH`• RIC 65 (VII, Heraclea)
185) B27, O16, R28, T002, M08 Exe: •/SMH` RIC 97 (VII, Heraclea)
186) B27, O16, R28, T002, M08 Exe: SMH` RIC 78 (VII, Heraclea)
187) B27, O16, R28, T002, M08 Exe: SMH`• RIC 84 (VII, Heraclea)
188) B27, O16, R28, T002, M12 Exe: MN` RIC 124 (VII, Nicomedia)
189) B27, O16, R28, T002, M12 Exe: MN`• RIC 128 (VII, Nicomedia)
190) B27, O16, R28, T002, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 78 (VII, Nicomedia)
191) B27, O16, R28, T002, M15 Exe: `SIS§ RIC 217 (VII, Siscia)
192) B27, O16, R28, T002, M15 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 202 (VII, Siscia)
193) B27, O16, R28, T002, M18 Exe: •`TR RIC 506 (VII, Trier)
194) B27, O16, R28, T004, M05 Exe: `A©RL RIC 297 (VII, Arles)
195) B27, O16, R65, T004, M05 Exe: S/F/ARL` RIC 316 (VII, Arles)
196) B27, O22, R28, T002, M13 Exe: R?` RIC 290 (VII, Rome)
197) B30, O01, R20, T068, M04 Exe: AQ` £ on standard RIC 28 (VIII, Aquileia)
198) B30, O16, R20, T068, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 126 (VII, Cyzicus)
199) B30, O16, R20, T068, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 254 (VII, Siscia)
200) B30, O16, R20, T068, M16 Exe: SMTS` RIC 224 (VII, Thessalonica)
201) B30, O16, R20, T069, M06 Exe: CONS` RIC 61 (VII, Constantinople)
202) B30, O16, R20, T069, M06 Exe: CONS`• RIC 75 (VII, Constantinople)
203) B30, O16, R20, T069, M07 Exe: •SMK` RIC 99 (VII, Cyzicus)
204) B30, O16, R20, T069, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 80 (VII, Cyzicus)
205) B30, O16, R20, T069, M07 Exe: SMK`• RIC 69 (VII, Cyzicus)
206) B30, O16, R20, T069, M08 Exe: •SMH` RIC 118 (VII, Heraclea)
207) B30, O16, R20, T069, M08 Exe: SMH`* RIC 138 (VII, Heraclea)
208) B30, O16, R20, T069, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 191 (VII, Nicomedia)
209) B30, O16, R20, T069, M13 Exe: RF` RIC 329 (VII, Rome)
210) B30, O16, R20, T069, M16 Exe: SMTS` RIC 186 (VII, Thessalonica)
211) B30, O16, R28, T002, M05 Exe: `*AR RIC 276 (VII, Arles)
212) B30, O16, R28, T002, M16 Exe: `/SMTS RIC 172 (VII, Thessalonica)
213) B30, O16, R28, T002, M16 Exe: SMTS` RIC 158 (VII, Thessalonica)

AE4 Reference(s)

214) B03, O13, R38, T089, M07 Exe: •SMK`

215) B03, O13, R73, T114, M03 Exe: SMAN` RIC 113 (VIII, Antioch)
216) B08, O07, R57, T075, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 182 (VIII, Siscia), L 790
217) B08, O07, R57, T075, M15 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 184 (VIII, Siscia)
218) B08, O07, R57, T075, M16 Exe: °/SMTS` RIC 103 (VIII, Thessalonica)
219) B08, O13, R35, T021, M06 Exe: CONS` RIC 149 (VIII, Constantinople)
220) B08, O13, R35, T021, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 117 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 2504
221) B08, O13, R35, T021, M07 Exe: Ä/SMK` RIC 121 (VIII, Cyzicus)
222) B08, O13, R35, T021, M08 Exe: SMH` RIC 98 (VIII, Heraclea), L 1905
223) B08, O13, R35, T021, M14 Exe: `SIRM RIC 80 (VIII, Sirmium)
224) B08, O13, R35, T021, M15 Exe: •`SISR RIC 408 (VIII, Siscia), L 1254
225) B08, O13, R35, T021, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 390 (VIII, Siscia)
226) B08, O13, R35, T021, M15 Exe: `SIS• RIC 393 (VIII, Siscia), L 1245
227) B08, O13, R35, T021, M16 Exe: SMTS` RIC 213 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1689
228) B08, O13, R73, T114, M03 Exe: ANT` RIC 118 (VIII, Antioch)
229) B12, O13, R73, T114, M03 Exe: SMAN` RIC 114a (VIII, Antioch)
230) B12, O13, R73, T114, M06 Exe: CONS` RIC 72 (VIII, Constantinople)
231) B12, O13, R73, T114, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 48 (VIII, Cyzicus)
232) B12, O13, R73, T114, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 49 (VIII, Nicomedia), L 1149
233) B18, O07, R57, T075, M15 Exe: N/`SIS RIC 188 (VIII, Siscia)
234) B18, O07, R57, T075, M16 Exe: SMTS` RIC 99 (VIII, Thessalonica)
 498
Constantius II Busts

Constantius II Types
 499
Constantius II Types (continued)
 498
Magnentius was one of the generals under the command of

Magnentius Constans. Early in the year 350 he gathered that the tide of wars
was turning against the dominion of the Constantines and declared
himself emperor. On hearing of the news Constans was
dispossessed and took flight. He found temporary shelter in a
Augustus 350-353 temple he hoped would be his sanctuary. Magnentius sent a few of
his men for him, tracked him down then breached the temple and
murdered him. The rule of the whole western empire was now under his control. Constantius II was thousands of
miles away embroiled in a difficult war with the Parthians in Syria and it took several months to hear of what
happened out west. He had the difficult choice of following through with this war or take care of the dangerous
usurpation of Magnentius. He decided to sign a hasty peace treaty with the Parthians which ceded vast sections
of territory and zoomed westwards to deal with Magnentius. For his part, Magnentius tried in vain to seek a
diplomatic solution to the problem with Constantius as he wanted to avoid an open armed conflict with his army at
all costs. This not only did not pan out but he also had to deal with a revolt launched by a relative of Constantius
within Rome itself. This strained Magnentius's resources while the main arm of Constantius's army inexorably
approached. The revolt was eventually crushed but his forces were weakened. In the end he was unable to avoid
the inevitable and faced several losing battles against Constantius. As he retreated farther into his heartland he
realized it was a lost cause and committed suicide.

Busts:
For the average collector coins of Magnentius will
1) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust right
2) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right be restricted to the relatively scarce bronzes which
3) Diademed (laurels and rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right come in the bigger AE1, 2 and 3 size classes. These
are typically fairly low grade but not very expensive.
Obverses: Many will have the telltale crude styling associated
with non-official strikes by Celtic tribes living within
1) DN MAG MAGNENTIVS PF AVG
2) DN MAGNENTIO PERPETVO AVG or near Roman towns. These semi-autonomous
3) DN MAGNENTIVS AVG people closely copied the themes of Roman coins
4) DN MAGNENTIVS PF AG
5) DN MAGNENTIVS PF AVG
but with their own distinct style. Because they were
6) FL MAGNENTIVS PF AVG typically illiterate the legends are often blundered or
7) IM CAE MAGNENTIVS AVG completely nonsensical. All in all these coins are
8) IMP CAE MAGNENTIVS AVG
9) IMP CAES MAGNENTIVS AVG neither rare nor especially valuable. Due to their
10) MAG MAGNENTIVS AVG very wide variance in styling they defy cataloguing
11) MAGNENTIVS AVG
and so are often simply sold as “barbarous
imitations”.
Reverses:
1) BEATITVDO PVBLICA Of those bronzes that can be classified as having
2) BIS RESTITVTA LIBERTAS come from a regular mint, most of the available ones
3) FEL TEMP REPARATIO
4) FELICITAS PERPETVA
are in rather poor shape but they carry
5) FELICITAS REIPVBLICE correspondingly palatable price tags, perhaps only a
6) GLORIA ET REPARATIO TEMPORVM few dollars each. The top grade bronzes are rare
7) GLORIA ROMANORVM
8) LIBERATOR REIPVBLICAE and can cost up to two or three hundred dollars
9) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS each.
10) RESTITVTOR LIBERTATIS
11) SALVS DD NN AVG ET CAES
12) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE The collector with a more generous budget may
13) TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARVM
14) VICT AVG LIB ROM ORB
expect to acquire a silver or gold piece but by and
15) VICT CAES LIB ROM ORB large these are extremely rare.
16) VICT DD NN AVG ET CAES
17) VICTORIA AVG ET CAES
18) VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR
19) VICTORIA DD NN AVGG
20) VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAE
21) VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAES
22) VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG
23) VIRTVS AVG NOSTRI
24) VIRTVS AVGVSTI NOSTRI
25) VIRTVS EXERCITI
26) VRBS ROMA

Types:
1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia
2) Chi-Rho, A and ω across fields
3) Magnentius advancing right, dragging captive and holding bow with spear.
4) Magnentius advancing right, dragging captive and holding spear with shield
5) Magnentius riding horse right, facing bowing Aquileia, holding scroll and cornucopia
6) Magnentius riding horse right, spearing barbarian; shield and broken spear under horse.
 499
7) Magnentius riding horse right, spearing two kneeling barbarians.
8) Magnentius standing left on galley, holding Victory on globe and labarum; Victory seated to right, steering galley.
9) Magnentius standing left with foot on kneeling captive, holding Victory on globe and labarum
10) Magnentius standing left, holding globe and scepter
11) Magnentius standing left, holding globe and scepter; kneeling captive to left.
12) Magnentius standing left, holding labarum and resting hand on shield; two captives to left.
13) Magnentius standing left, holding labarum and spear
14) Magnentius standing left, holding standard and labarum
15) Magnentius standing left, holding Victory on globe and labarum
16) Magnentius standing left, holding Victory on globe and standard
17) Magnentius standing left, raising hand and holding branch; labarum to left and kneeling captive to right
18) Magnentius standing left, stepping on seated captive, holding eagle on globe and spear.
19) Magnentius standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and branch.
20) Magnentius standing, facing, resting hand on kneeling captive and holding labarum
21) Securitas standing, facing, with legs crossed and leaning on column with elbow, resting head on hand.
22) Soldier standing left, spearing falling horseman.
23) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding wreath reading VOT / V / MVL / X on column
24) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding wreath reading VOT / V / MVLT / X
25) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding wreath reading VOT / V / MVLT / X on column
26) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding wreath reading VOT / X
27) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
28) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and trophy
29) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X
30) Victory seated right, holding wreath reading VOT / V / MVLT / X
31) Victory standing right on left, holding palm, facing Libertas to right, holding scepter, together holding trophy
32) Virtus standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
33) Wreath, Chi-Rho with A to left and ω to right within
34) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within

Mints:

1) Ambianum
2) Aquileia
3) Arelate
4) Lugdunum
5) Roma
6) Siscia
7) Treveri

AU Medallion Reference(s)
1) B1, O9, R08, T05, M02 Exe: SMAQ Three Solidi weight RIC 122 (VIII, Aquileia)

AU Solidus

2) B1, O5, R18, T31, M7 Exe: TR RIC 276 (VIII, Trier)

3) B1, O8, R18, T31, M7 Exe: TR RIC 247 (VIII, Trier)

AR Miliarense

4) B1, O7, R23, T11, M7 Exe: TR RIC 257 (VIII, Aquileia)

AR Siliqua
5) B1, O5, R04, T28, M2 Exe: AQ• RIC 146 (VIII, Aquileia)
6) B1, O7, R25, T32, M7 Exe: TR RIC 256 (VIII, Trier)

AE1
7) B1, O5, R11, T02, M1 Exe: AMB RIC 122 (VIII, Aquileia)

AE2

8) B1, O5, R11, T02, M3 Exe: S`AR RIC 198 (VIII, Arles)
9) B1, O5, R20, T24, M1 Exe: AMB* “A” behind bust RIC 14 (VIII, Amiens), L 10
10) B1, O5, R20, T24, M7 Exe: TR` “A” behind bust RIC 307 (VIII, Trier)
11) B1, O5, R20, T25, M1 Exe: AMB “A” behind bust RIC 5 (VIII, Amiens)
12) B1, O9, R18, T19, M5 Exe: A/•R•F•` RIC 179 (VIII, Rome), L 635

AE3

13) B1, O5, R07, T06, M2 Exe: B/*/®AQ`¯ “A” behind bust RIC 160 (VIII, Aquileia), L 906
14) B1, O5, R07, T06, M3 Exe: */`AR RIC 150 (VIII, Arles), L 421
15) B1, O5, R07, T06, M4 Exe: R`LG RIC 115 (VIII, Lyons), L 214
16) B1, O5, R11, T02, M4 Exe: L`LG RIC 154 (VIII, Lyons), L 238
17) B1, O5, R11, T02, M7 Exe: TR` RIC 320 (VIII, Trier), L 62
18) B1, O5, R21, T24, M4 Exe: * over SV/R`LG “A” behind bust RIC 123 (VIII, Lyons)
19) B1, O5, R21, T24, M7 Exe: TR` “A” behind bust RIC 312 (VIII, Trier), L 60
 500
Magnentius Bust

Magnentius Types

Brother of Magnentius, the ill-fated usurper who almost

Decentius upset the Constantine dynasty. Decentius was made
Caesar shortly after Magnentius had gained control of
Italy in a clear signal that he meant to start an imperial
Caesar 351-353 dynasty of his own. Unfortunately, the war did not go
well for Magnentius and, following a devastating defeat
in battle, committed suicide rather than test the mercy of
Constantius II. On hearing of Magnentius' suicide Decentius followed suit and hanged himself.

Busts: A bit harder to find than the coins of Magnentius but

1) Bare headed, cuirassed bust right
not significantly so. Most coins available will be
2) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right bronzes that have been found in Spain. Due to the
overall arid soil conditions in this region the coins
Obverses: will often sport attractive, sandy “patinas” that most
collectors choose to leave alone as it tends to
1) DECENTIVS FOR CAES enhance contrast.
2) DN DECENTIVS CAESAR
3) DN DECENTIVS FORT CAES
4) DN DECENTIVS NOB CAES While the coins are not generally hard to find,
finding them in tip top shape is another matter. The
Reverses: greater part of the bronzes available, regardless of
1) AEQVITAS AVG NOSTRI
attractive patinas, will lack full, readable legends
2) GLORIA ROMANORVM and often have significant porosity or flan defects.
3) MAG DECENTIVS N CS
4) MAG DECENTIVS NOB CAES
5) MAGNVS DECENTIVS NOB CAES For this reason prices overall are depressed. A well-
6) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS preserved bronze is a rather rare sight and these
7) PRINCITI IVVENTVTIS
8) SALVS DD NN AVG ET CAES coins are typically sold via the bigger auction
9) VICT CAES LIB ROM ORB houses and prices reach into the low hundreds even
10) VICT DD NN AVG ET CAES
11) VICTORIA AVG ET CAES
for common issues.
12) VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR
13) VICTORIA CAES LIB ROMANOR Silver and gold coins are very rare.
14) VICTORIA DD NN AVGG
15) VICTORIA DN CAES
 501
16) VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAE 18) VIRTVS EXERCITI
17) VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAES 19) VIRTVS EXERCITVS

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.

2) Decentius advancing right, holding spear and globe.
3) Decentius riding horse right, spearing barbarian; shield under horse.
4) Decentius standing left, holding globe and scepter
5) Decentius standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and spear.
6) Large Chi-Rho; A and ω across fields
7) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; shield to side.
8) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column, resting head on hand.
9) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVL / X on column
10) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVLT / X on column.
11) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVLT / X
12) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVL / X
13) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVLT / X; Chi-Rho over wreath.
14) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
15) Victory standing right on left, holding trophy together with Libertas to right, holding scepter.

Mints:
1) Ambianum 4) Lugdunum 7) Treveri
2) Aquileia 5) Roma
3) Arelate 6) Siscia

AU Solidus Reference(s)
1) B2, O3, R13, T15, M7 Exe: TR RIC 294 (VIII, Trier), C 31

AE2
2) B1, O4, R08, T06, M4 Exe: P`LG• RIC 159 (VIII, Lyons), L 243
3) B1, O4, R16, T10, M1 Exe: AMB “A” behind bust RIC 6 (VIII, Amiens), L 6
4) B1, O4, R16, T12, M4 Exe: • over SV/R`LG
5) B1, O4, R16, T12, M4 Exe: * over SV/R`LG RIC 187 (VIII, Lyons)
6) B1, O4, R16, T12, M4 Exe: SP/R`LG RIC 137 (VIII, Lyons)
7) B2, O2, R16, T12, M3 Exe: IS/`AR “A” behind bust RIC 178 (VIII, Arles)
8) B2, O3, R08, T06, M7 Exe: TR` RIC 319 (VIII, Trier), L 63
9) B2, O3, R17, T11, M2 Exe: ®AQ`¯ “A” behind bust RIC 171 (VIII, Aquileia), L 910
10) B2, O4, R16, T10, M4 Exe: R`LG RIC 122 (VIII, Lyons), L 218
11) B2, O4, R16, T10, M4 Exe: S/V/R`LG RIC 124 (VIII, Lyons)

AE3

12) B1, O4, R16, T11, M4 Exe: SP/R`LG RIC 137 (VIII, Lyons), L 228

Decentius Busts

Decentius Types
 502

Nepotian On hearing of the murder of Constans and the usurpation of

the title by his former general Magnentius, the citizens of
Rome named Nepotian emperor instead. He was a nephew of
Constantius II who, because of his very young age, escaped
Augustus 350 the massacre of his family some twelve years before. By
holding out on Magnentius the city hoped to cut off key
supplies while Constantius and his armies hurried from Persia to meet the threat of Magnentius. Unfortunately for
Nepotian and his fellow rebels, Magnentius quickly set out to plug this loophole and was able to enter Rome with
his own army and then find and execute him. Because Nepotian ruled for only a month what few coins were struck
in his name are highly sought after by collectors today.

Busts:
1) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right
Well, here‟s one emperor likely to never grace
2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right your collection. Sorry. You can thank the fact that
his coin-striking days lasted all of three weeks or
Obverses: so (if that). He rebelled on June 3, 350 and was
th
handed off to the executioner on the 30 of the
1) DN IVL NEPOTIANVS PF AVG same month. We may probably assume that the
2) FL NEP CONSTANTINVS AVG
3) FL POP NEPOTIANVS PF AVG mint in Rome took a few days to even begin
issuing coins with his name so that gives one
Reverses: pause as to the meager amount of time left to
make a handful of coins. And let‟s not forget this
1) GLORIA ROMANORVM was a millennium and a half ago!
2) VRBS ROMA

Nevertheless, if shelling out ten grand or so on a

Types:
coin is not distressing you only need wait til the
1) Nepotian riding hosre right, spearing enemy; star above next one shows up at auction. If past history is any
2) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear. indication this seems to happen about once every
other year or two.
Mint:
1) Roma

AE2 Reference(s)

1) B1, O3, R1, T1 Exe: R` RIC VIII 200, L 643

2) B1, O3, R2, T2 Exe: R` RIC VIII 202, L 645

AE3

3) B2, O2, R2, T2 Exe: R` RIC VIII 203, L 644

Nepotian Busts Nepotian Types

 503
When word of Constans' fate got out Constantius II was too far

Vetranio away to be immediately effective. However, his sister Constantina

was an ardent supporter of his and was able to incite a revolt in
Rome on her brother's behalf. This gave rise to the short-lived rule
of Nepotian. At her insistence she was also able to convince
Augustus 350 Vetranio to go on the rebel warpath as well. Unlike Nepotian,
however, Magnentius resisted the urge to squash this impostor
and instead tried to have Vetranio recognize him. Not much came of these talks because Constantius was by now
nearby and he met Vetranio in person to discuss the situation. After their meeting was over Vetranio abdicated
and retired as private citizen along with a generous pension from Constantius. This left Magnentius diplomatically
isolated again and the two would confront each other in battle soon after.
Bust:
1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust Vetranio is about the most difficult emperor that can be (reasonably)
right expected to be found among ordinary uncleaned Roman coins as sold in
2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust
right bulk. And that‟s not to say that he appears often. For having been minting
3) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust coins less than a year he is naturally not very easily available.
right, holding spear and shield

While a few silver coins rear up now and then most available will be the
Obverse: AE2‟s and AE3‟s bearing his name. Some collectors will be satisfied to own
1) DN VETRANIO PF AVG
a “Constantius II by Vetranio”; that is, a coin bearing the name of Constantius
II issued under the authority of Vetranio. These are considerably cheaper
Reverses: and are most often found with the Hoc Signo Victor Eris reverse. This type
refers to Constantine‟s vision of The Cross prior to the Milvian Bridge battle
1) CONCORDIA MILITVM of 312 after which he became a Christian and to which he credited his victory
2) GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI
3) GLORIA ROMANORVM
over Maxentius.
4) HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS
5) SALVATOR REIPVBLICAE Altogether, his bronzes trade in a rather wide price margin from under $100
6) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
7) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM for the less well preserved to over $1,000 for “gem” coins. The silver issues
8) VIRTVS EXERCITVM are too rare to pin a going rate for but will most likely exchange hands for
multiple thousands of dollars.
Types:

1) Vetranio standing left, holding labarum and spear.

2) Vetranio standing left, holding labarum and spear, being crowned Victory to right, holding palm.
3) Vetranio standing right, holding spear and globe; seated captive to right.
4) Vetranio standing, facing, holding a labarum in each hand; star above.
5) Vetranio standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on shield.
6) Vetranio standing, facing, holding trophy and spear; seated captive to lower left.
7) Victory advancing left, holding palm and trophy
8) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
9) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and trophy
10) Wreath VOT / V / MVL / X within

Mints:

1) Siscia
2) Thessalonica

AU Solidus Reference(s)
1) B3, O1, R5, T02, M1 Exe: SIS

AR Miliarense

2) B2, O1, R6, T08, M1 Exe: ®/SIS RIC 262 (VIII, Siscia)

AR Siliqua

3) B2, O1, R6, T09, M1 Exe: SIS RIC 267 (VIII, Siscia)

AE2

4) B1, O1, R1, T04, M1 Exe: A/`SIS* “A” behind bust

5) B1, O1, R1, T04, M2 Exe: A/B/•TS`• RIC 131 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1658

AE3 Reference(s)

6) B1, O1, R1, T04, M1 Exe: A/•`SIS* “A” behind bust RIC 281 (VIII, Siscia), L 1168
 504
7) B1, O1, R1, T04, M1 Exe: A/•`SIS* “A” behind bust, * in front RIC 290 (VIII, Siscia), L 1176
8) B1, O1, R1, T04, M1 Exe: A/•`SIS•* “A” behind bust, * in front RIC 285 (VIII, Siscia), L 1172
9) B1, O1, R3, T01, M1 Exe: `SIS RIC 294 (VIII, Siscia), L 1180
10) B1, O1, R4, T02, M1 Exe: A/•`SIS* “A” behind bust RIC 281 (VIII, Siscia), L 1170
11) B1, O1, R4, T02, M1 Exe: A/•`SIS* “A” behind bust, * in front RIC 292 (VIII, Siscia), L 1178
12) B1, O1, R4, T02, M1 Exe: A/•`SIS•* “A” behind bust, * in front RIC 287 (VIII, Siscia), L 1174
13) B1, O1, R4, T02, M1 Exe: A/`SIS* “A” behind bust RIC 279 (VIII, Siscia), L 1166
14) B1, O1, R7, T03, M1 Exe: `SIS RIC 296 (VIII, Siscia), L 1182
15) B1, O1, R8, T05, M2 Exe: TES` RIC 138 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1652

Vetranio Busts

Vetranio Types

Gallus was one of the few who escaped the family

Constantius Gallus massacre initiated by Constantine's sons in order to
weed out possible future contestants to the throne.
When Constantius II was unable to deal with lesser
Caesar 351-354 rebellions out east because more pressing issues
required his presence elsewhere, he decided it would be
served best if a family member was given the task. So
he summoned Gallus, made him Caesar and sent him on his mission. Although he was successful in dealing with
the revolts, his methods were found to be so cruel that they would likely spawn new revolts. Word of his heavy-
handed manners reached Constantius and he had him recalled. Being led to believe that he was going to be
promoted to full Augustus, the happy Gallus arrived at court only to find out he was under arrest. He was then sent
to an island, tried and executed.

Busts:
1) Bare head right
Like most of the rest of the members of the Constantine
2) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust left clan, Constantius Gallus still has thousands of his coins
3) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust right lingering around in dusty museum bins and collectors‟
collections. Most of these, not surprisingly, will be the
Obverses: ever-popular Fel Temps that were produced by the
millions, and probably hundreds of millions, during the
1) CONSTANTIVS CAE
2) CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES 350‟s for several emperors.
3) DN CONSTANTIVS FORT CAES
4) DN CONSTANTIVS IVN NOB C
5) DN CONSTANTIVS IVN NOB CAES
Silver Siliquae are also fairly frequent as are the odd
6) DN CONSTANTIVS NOB C Solidus or two.
 505
7) DN CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES
8) DN CONSTANTIVS NOB CS
9) DN FL CL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES
10) FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES

Reverses:
1) CONCORDIA MILITVM 6) GLORIA ROMANORVM 11) VICTORIA ROMANORVM
2) FEL TEMP REPARATIO 7) HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS 12) VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG
3) FELICITAS ROMANORVM 8) VICT DD NN AVG ET CAES 13) VIRTVS EXERCITVS
4) GLORIA EXERCITVS 9) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 14) No legend
5) GLORIA REIPVBLICAE 10) VICTORIA CAESARIS

Types:
1) Constantinopolis seated left, stepping on galley prow, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
2) Constantius Gallus advancing left, stepping on captive, holding Victory on globe and labarum.
3) Constantius Gallus and Constantius II standing under arch, each holding a spear.
4) Constantius Gallus standing left, holding labarum and spear, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm.
5) Constantius Gallus standing left, holding Victory on globe and spear, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm.
6) Constantius Gallus standing left on galley, holding Victory and labarum; Victory seated to right, steering galley.
7) Constantius Gallus standing under arch, holding spear and globe, next to Victory, holding wreath and palm.
8) Constantius Gallus standing, facing, holding a labarum in each hand.
9) Constantius Gallus standing, facing, holding a labarum in each hand; star above.
10) Constantius Gallus standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
11) Phoenix standing on rock pile
12) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, each holding Victory on globe and scepter.
13) Roma, holding scepter, seated, facing and Constantinopolis, stepping on galley prow and holding scepter, seated left, together holding shield reading VO /
TIS / V
14) Roma, holding scepter, seated, facing and Constantinopolis, stepping on galley prow and holding scepter, seated left, together holding shield reading VOT /
V / MVLT / X
15) Roma standing left, holding Victory on globe and spear with shield.
16) Soldier standing left, spearing fallen horseman.
17) Standards (3)
18) Standards (4)
19) Victory advancing left, holding palm and trophy
20) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
21) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; kneeling captive to left
22) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side.
23) Victory advancing left, holding wreath in each hand.
24) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VO / TIS/ V
25) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X
26) Wreath, star within
27) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within.
28) Wreath, VOTIS / V/ MVLTIS / X within

Mints:
1) Alexandria 6) Constantinopolis 11) Roma
2) Ambianum 7) Cyzicus 12) Sirmium
3) Antioch 8) Heraclea 13) Siscia
4) Aquileia 9) Lugdunum 14) Thessalonica
5) Arelate 10) Nicomedia 15) Treveri

AU Medallion Reference(s)

1) B2, O07, R06, T01, M03 Exe: SMANT Five Solidi weight RIC 71a (VIII, Antioch)

AU Solidus

2) B3, O07, R05, T14, M03 Exe: SMAN`• RIC 90 (VIII, Antioch)
3) B3, O07, R05, T14, M14 Exe: *TES* RIC 149 (VIII, Thessalonica)
4) B3, O09, R05, T13, M10 Exe: SMN RIC 75 (VIII, Nicomedia)

AR Siliqua
5) B1, O07, R14, T28, M12 Exe: •SIRM RIC 18 (VIII, Sirmium)
6) B3, O04, R10, T19, M13 Exe: SIS RIC 299 (VIII, Siscia)
7) B3, O07, R14, T26 RIC 237 (VIII, Constantinople)

AE2
8) B3, O04, R01, T09, M12 Exe: `SIRM “Δ” behind bust RIC 34 (VIII, Sirmium)
9) B3, O04, R01, T16, M13 Exe: II/•`SIS• “A” behind bust RIC 345 (VIII, Siscia), L 1215
10) B3, O04, R02, T06, M11 Exe: III/*/R` “A” behind bust RIC 250 (VIII, Rome), L 661
11) B3, O04, R02, T16, M12 Exe: [/`SIRM RIC 51 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1608
12) B3, O04, R02, T16, M12 Exe: •S•/`SIRM “Δ” behind bust RIC 46 (VIII, Sirmium)
13) B3, O04, R02, T16, M12 Exe: `SIRM RIC 49 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1604
14) B3, O04, R02, T16, M12 Exe: A/`SIRM “Δ” behind bust RIC 41 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1598
15) B3, O04, R02, T16, M13 Exe: I/`SIS•S• “A” behind bust RIC 347 (VIII, Siscia), L 1217
 506
16) B3, O07, R02, T02, M14 Exe: Γ/*/TS`•
17) B3, O07, R02, T16, M01 Exe: Γ/ALE` RIC 74 (VIII, Alexandria)
18) B3, O07, R02, T16, M03 Exe: Γ /AN` RIC 137 (VIII, Antioch)
19) B3, O09, R02, T16, M06 Exe: B•/CONS` “Δ” behind bust RIC 113 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2034
20) B3, O09, R02, T16, M06 Exe: CONS` RIC 120 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2040
21) B3, O09, R02, T16, M06 Exe: Γ•/CONS` RIC 107 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2029
22) B3, O10, R01, T08, M14 Exe: Γ/*TS`* RIC 167 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1667

AE3 Reference(s)

23) B3, O04, R01, T09, M13 Exe: `SIS• “A” behind bust RIC 308 (VIII, Siscia)
24) B3, O04, R02, T16, M04 Exe: LXXII/S/AQ` RIC 193 (VIII, Aquileia), L 924
25) B3, O04, R02, T16, M12 Exe: `SIRM “Δ” behind bust RIC 36 (VIII, Sirmium)
26) B3, O04, R02, T16, M12 Exe: `SIRM• RIC 53 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1606
27) B3, O04, R02, T16, M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 351 (VIII, Siscia), L 1219
28) B3, O04, R02, T16, M13 Exe: `SIS- RIC 354 (VIII, Siscia)
29) B3, O04, R02, T16, M13 Exe: I/`SIS•S• “A” behind bust RIC 347 (VIII, Siscia)
30) B3, O04, R07, T04, M12 Exe: III/*SIRM “A” behind bust RIC 24 (VIII, Sirmium)
31) B3, O04, R10, T20, M12 Exe: `SIRM
32) B3, O06, R02, T16, M08 Exe: SMH` RIC 91 (VIII, Sirmium)
33) B3, O07, R02, T16, M11 Exe: R`¯ RIC 284 (VIII, Rome)
34) B3, O07, R02, T16, M14 Exe: `/SMTS RIC 190 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1682
35) B3, O08, R02, T16, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 107 (VIII, Cyzicus)
36) B3, O09, R02, T16, M06 Exe: •/CONS` RIC 122 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2044
37) B3, O09, R02, T16, M06 Exe: •S•/*/CONS` RIC 117 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2038
38) B3, O09, R02, T16, M06 Exe: CONS` RIC 120 (VIII, Constantinople)
39) B3, O09, R02, T16, M06 Exe: X/ •/CONS` RIC 124 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2047
40) B3, O09, R02, T16, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 99 (VIII, Cyzicus)
41) B3, O09, R02, T16, M07 Exe: Γ/SMK` RIC 94 (VIII, Sirmium)
42) B3, O09, R02, T16, M14 Exe: TS` RIC 181 (VIII, Thessalonica)

Constantius Gallus Busts

Constantius Gallus Types

 507
Julian was the son of Constantius Gallus and made Caesar by
Julian II his own father's murderer, Constantius II. Constantius then
assigned him an army and sent to suppress yet another German
invasion. Upon the successful completion of this task, however, his
Augustus 360-363 own soldiers promoted him to the rank of Augustus. Chafing still
from his father's fate he was well-prepared to meet Constantius in
battle. But the battle was never meant to be because Constantius
died of an illness on the way there and was able to rule uncontested. Reversing the growing momentum of
Christianity within the empire, Julian attempted to bring back the old pagan gods and its rituals. Again, it can be
suspected that this was done as much out of personal conviction as to his efforts in countering the legacy of the
Constantines who decimated his family. Taking his army to deal with a new round of Persian invasions, however,
left him little time to dwell on eradicating Christianity. He died in 363 from a javelin wound fighting the Persians.

Busts:
1) Bare-headed, cuirassed bust right Julian II‟s coins are very common among
2) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust left the bronzes. These can be found unrestored
3) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust right
4) Diademed (pearls and rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right
among “uncleaned” coin lots sold on Ebay
5) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right and elsewhere though far fewer in number
6) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right than the Constantines and family predating
7) Diademed bust right, wearing consular robes, holding mappa and scepter
8) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust facing, holding spear and shield him or the Valentinian clan that would
9) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield follow.

Obverses: For political and/or religious reasons he

sought to stand apart from the legacy of
1) DN CL IVLIANVS AVG
2) DN CL IVLIANVS N C Constantius II and, by extension, the
3) DN CL IVLIANVS NOB CAES Constantine house that had dominated the
4) DN FL CL IVLIANVS NOB CS
5) DN FL CL IVLIANVS PF AVG
fourth century so far. Among his various
6) DN FL CL IVLIANVS PP AVG edicts to this end he re-introduced a
7) DN IVLIANVS NOB C Sestertius-sized (but much lighter) coin with
8) DN IVLIANVS NOB CAES
9) DN IVLIANVS NOB CAESAR the old silver sheen begun with Claudius II‟s
10) DN IVLIANVS PF AVG Antoninianus that had largely fallen out of
11) FL CL IVLIANVS AVG
12) FL CL IVLIANVS NOB CAES use by the 320‟s. Although its purchasing
13) FL CL IVLIANVS PER AVG power in relation to the familiar AE3‟s
14) FL CL IVLIANVS PERP AVG
15) FL CL IVLIANVS PF AVG
remains to us a mystery they must have
16) FL CL IVLIANVS PF P AVG been a breath of fresh air to the public that
17) FL CL IVLIANVS PP AVG had been forced to rely on ever smaller
18) IVLIANVS AVG
19) IVLIANVS CAES coins for the needs of commerce.

Reverses: But this “AE1” was short-lived and the AE3

would continue to be the coin that, in the
1) DN IVLIANVS CAES end, the public had to make do with like it or
2) DN IVLIANVS NOB CAES
3) FEL TEMP REPARATIO not. If anything, within another generation
4) FIDES EXERCITVVM this public would be forced into the even
5) GLORIA REIPVBLICAE
6) GLORIA ROMANORVM
smaller “AE4” class of coins… but that‟s
7) MONETA AVG another story.
8) REPARATIO GALLIARVM
9) SECVRITAS REIPVB
10) SPES REIPVBLICE Government and the military still traded in
11) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM silver and gold and here too Julian is fairly
12) VICTORIA DD NN AVG
13) VICTORIA IVLIANI well represented. A siliqua may only cost a
14) VICTORIA PERPETV couple hundred dollars but the gold pieces
15) VICTORIA ROMANOR
16) VICTORIA ROMANORVM
will be significantly harder to find and be
17) VICTORIA RONANORVM costlier.
18) VICTORIAE D N AVG
19) VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG
20) VIRTVS AVG N
21) VIRTVS CAESARIS
22) VIRTVS EXERC GALL
23) VIRTVS EXERCITVM
24) VIRTVS EXERCITVS
25) VIRTVS EXERCITVS ROMANI
26) VIRTVS EXERCITVS ROMANORVM
27) No legend
 508
Types:

1) Bull standing right, two stars above

2) Bull standing right, two stars above; eagle with wreath to right
3) Julian II advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy.
4) Julian II standing left, holding globe and spear
5) Julian II standing left, holding spear and Victory on globe
6) Julian II standing under arch, facing, holding spear and globe, being crowned with wreath by Victory.
7) Roma seated, facing, holding scepter and shield with star within together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter
8) Roma seated, facing, holding scepter and shield with wreath and star within together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter
9) Roma seated, facing, holding scepter and wreath reading VO / TIS / V together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter
10) Roma seated, facing, holding scepter and wreath reading VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding
scepter
11) Soldier standing left, spearing falling horseman
12) Spes standing left, holding globe and scepter
13) Standards (3)
14) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
15) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V; genius to lower right also holding shield.
16) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X; genius to lower right also holding shield.
17) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX; genius to lower right also holding shield.
18) Victory seated right, holding shield with star; genius to lower right also supporting shield.
19) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X; genius to lower right also supporting shield.
20) Virtus standing right, holding head of kneeling captive and trophy.
21) Virtus standing right, holding head of kneeling captive and trophy; eagle with wreath to right.
22) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
23) Wreath, star within
24) Wreath, VO / TIS / V within
25) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within
26) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within
27) Wreath, VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X within
28) Wreath, VOTIS / X / MVLT / XX within
29) Wreath, VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XX within

Mints:
1) Alexandria 6) Cyzicus 11) Sirmium
2) Antioch 7) Heraclea 12) Siscia
3) Aquileia 8) Lugdunum 13) Thessalonica
4) Arelate 9) Nicomedia 14) Treveri
5) Constantinopolis 10) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B3, O08, R05, T07, M02 Exe: •SMAN`• RIC 171 (VIII, Antioch)
2) B3, O08, R05, T07, M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 167 (VIII, Antioch)
3) B5, O15, R26, T03, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 201 (VIII, Antioch)
4) B5, O17, R26, T03, M05 Exe: ®CONS`¯ RIC 157 (VIII, Constantinople)
5) B5, O17, R26, T03, M10 Exe: R` RIC 323 (VIII, Rome)
6) B5, O17, R26, T03, M11 Exe: *SIRM= RIC 95 (VIII, Sirmium)

AU Scripulum
7) B5, O17, R17, T17, M02 Exe: ANT RIC 207 (VIII, Antioch)

AR Siliqua
8) B3, O08, R27, T23, M02 Exe: ANT RIC 187 (VIII, Antioch)
9) B3, O08, R27, T27, M04 Exe: `CON RIC 264 (VIII, Arles)
10) B5, O01, R27, T27, M14 Exe: TR RIC 364 (VIII, Trier)
11) B5, O05, R27, T26, M04 Exe: `CONST RIC 309 (VIII, Arles)
12) B5, O05, R27, T26, M04 Exe: `CONST RIC 312 (VIII, Arles)
13) B5, O05, R27, T26, M05 Exe: CP•` RIC 159 (VIII, Constantinople)
14) B5, O05, R27, T26, M08 Exe: `LVG RIC 234 (VIII, Lyons)
15) B5, O10, R27, T27, M04 Exe: `CON RIC 295 (VIII, Arles)
16) B5, O15, R27, T27, M11 Exe: SIRM
17) B5, O17, R12, T08, M08 Exe: LVG RIC 215a (VIII, Lyons)
18) B6, O15, R27, T25, M08 Exe: LVG RIC 218 (VIII, Lyons)

AE1

19) B5, O05, R09, T01, M02 Exe: ®ANT`¯ RIC 216 (VIII, Antioch), L 2640
20) B5, O05, R09, T01, M03 Exe: •AQVIL` RIC 243 (VIII, Aquileia)
21) B5, O05, R09, T01, M05 Exe: •CONSP`• RIC 162 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2058
22) B5, O05, R09, T01, M05 Exe: ®CONSP`¯ RIC 163 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2059
23) B5, O05, R09, T01, M06 Exe: CVZ` RIC 127 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 2058
24) B5, O05, R09, T01, M07 Exe: •HERACL•` over • RIC 104 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1910
25) B5, O05, R09, T01, M08 Exe: LVGDOFF` RIC 236 (VIII, Lyons)
26) B5, O05, R09, T01, M09 Exe: ®NIK`¯ RIC 121 (VIII, Nicomedia), L 2319
27) B5, O05, R09, T01, M09 Exe: ®NIK`•¯ RIC 122 (VIII, Nicomedia)
28) B5, O05, R09, T01, M11 Exe: *`SIRM= RIC 106 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1621
29) B5, O05, R09, T01, M11 Exe: *`SIRM¯ RIC 107 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1622
 509
30) B5, O05, R09, T01, M11 Exe: `SIRM= RIC 105 (VIII, Sirmium)
31) B5, O05, R09, T01, M12 Exe: ®`SIS¯ RIC 411 (VIII, Siscia)
32) B5, O05, R09, T01, M12 Exe: ®`SISC¯ RIC 418 (VIII, Siscia), L 1261
33) B5, O05, R09, T01, M12 Exe: ®`SISC= RIC 419 (VIII, Siscia)
34) B5, O05, R09, T01, M13 Exe: ®TES`¯ RIC 225 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1696

AE3 Reference(s)

35) B3, O07, R03, T11, M05 Exe: •M•/CONS` RIC 140 (VIII, Constantinople)
36) B3, O07, R03, T11, M11 Exe: `SIRM• RIC 70 (VIII, Sirmium)
37) B3, O07, R03, T11, M11 Exe: M/`SIRM• RIC 74 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1611
38) B3, O07, R03, T11, M12 Exe: `SIS RIC 365 (VIII, Siscia), L 1232
39) B3, O07, R03, T11, M12 Exe: M/`SIS- RIC 371 (VIII, Siscia), L 1235
40) B5, O05, R10, T04, M05 Exe: */CON` RIC 160 (VIII, Constantinople)
41) B5, O05, R27, T26, M04 Exe: `CONST RIC 325 (VIII, Arles)
42) B9, O05, R27, T26, M01 Exe: ALE` RIC 90 (VIII, Alexandria), L 2853
43) B9, O05, R27, T26, M02 Exe: SMANT` RIC 219 (VIII, Antioch), L 2643
44) B9, O05, R27, T26, M05 Exe: ®CONSP`¯ RIC 166 (VIII, Constantinople)
45) B9, O05, R27, T26, M05 Exe: •CONSP`¯ RIC 167 (VIII, Constantinople)
46) B9, O05, R27, T26, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 131 (VIII, Cyzicus)
47) B9, O05, R27, T26, M07 Exe: HERACL` RIC 105 (VIII, Heraclea)
48) B9, O05, R27, T26, M07 Exe: HERACL•` RIC 106 (VIII, Heraclea)
49) B9, O05, R27, T26, M09 Exe: NIK` RIC 123 (VIII, Nicomedia)
50) B9, O05, R27, T26, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 122a (VIII, Nicomedia)
51) B9, O05, R27, T26, M10 Exe: VRB•ROM•` RIC 329 (VIII, Rome), L 695
52) B9, O05, R27, T26, M11 Exe: `SIRM RIC 108 (VIII, Sirmium)
53) B9, O05, R27, T26, M13 Exe: ®TES`¯ RIC 227 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1697

AE4

54) B3, O04, R10, T04, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 118 (VIII, Cyzicus)

Julian II Busts

Julian II Types
 510

Jovian succeeded Julian II as emperor when the latter died of

Jovian battlefield wounds. The general realized that their army was on the
brink of falling apart under the pressures of renewed attacks by the
Persians who were deep within their own territory. Upon this
analysis as well as the fact that supply columns could never hope
Augustus 363-364 to reach them effectively, he settled a truce with the Persians
giving over all the territory the Romans had just won under Julian.
Jovian died on the return from this episode as a result of carbon monoxide poisoning.

Busts:
1) Diademed (laurels and rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right Comparable in scarcity to the coins of
2) Diademed (laurels and rosettes), draped bust right, with cornucopia on left shoulder
3) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left
Julian II, Jovian continues issuing money
4) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right with little substantial change in the
5) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right patterns set by his predecessor. However,
6) Diademed bust right, wearing consular robes, holding globe and scepter with eagle
atop he‟s not long for this world and the
Valentinian dynasty is about to begin
Obverses: which would introduce an altogether new
“flavor” of coinage.
1) DN IOVIANVS PEP AVG
2) DN IOVIANVS PERP AVG
3) DN IOVIANVS PF AVG Silver and gold coins can be found with
4) DN IOVIANVS PF AVG COS reasonable frequency; the Siliqua being
5) DN IOVIANVS PF P AVG
6) DN IOVIANVS PF PERP AVG
the most commonly seen denomination
7) DN IOVIANVS PF PP AVG among the precious metals.

Reverses:
1) ADVENTVS AVGVSTI
2) GAVDIVM ROMANORVM
3) GLORIA ROMANORVM
4) RESTITVTOR REIP
5) SECORITAS REIPVBLICAE
6) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE
7) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICE
8) VICTORI AVGVS
9) VICTORIA AVGVSTI
10) VICTORIA ROMANORVM
11) VOTA PVBLICA
12) VRBS ROMA
13) No legend

Types:
1) Jovian standing under arch, facing, holding spear and globe
2) Jovian standing, facing, holding labarum and globe; seated captive to left.
3) Jovian standing, facing, holding labarum and Victory on globe.
4) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding together wreath reading VOT / V
5) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVL / X
6) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVLT / X
7) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X; Genius to right also holding shield.
8) Wreath, VOT / V / MVL / X within
9) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within.
10) Wreath, VOT / V within
11) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within
12) Wreath, VOTIS / V / MVLT / X within

Mints:

1) Alexandria 6) Cyzicus 11) Sirmium

2) Antioch 7) Heraclea 12) Siscia
3) Aquileia 8) Lugdunum 13) Thessalonica
4) Arelate 9) Nicomedia
5) Constantinopolis 10) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s)
1) B4, O1, R05, T05, M02 Exe: ANT`
2) B4, O1, R06, T05, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 223 (VIII, Antioch)
3) B4, O3, R06, T02, M11 Exe: SIRM RIC 110 (VIII, Sirmium)
4) B4, O3, R06, T02, M13 Exe: TES RIC 229 (VIII, Thessalonica)
5) B4, O5, R06, T05, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 224 (VIII, Antioch)
6) B4, O5, R06, T06, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 126 (VIII, Nicomedia)
 511
7) B4, O5, R07, T06, M11 Exe: SIRM¯ RIC 115 (VIII, Sirmium)
8) B4, O7, R07, T06, M13 Exe: SMTES RIC 233 (VIII, Thessalonica)
9) B5, O6, R06, T06, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 464 (VIII, Constantinople)

AR Siliqua Reference(s)
10) B4, O3, R13, T09, M02 Exe: ANT RIC 227 (VIII, Antioch)
11) B4, O3, R13, T09, M04 Exe: `CONST RIC 329 (VIII, Arles)
12) B4, O3, R13, T09, M05 Exe: CP` RIC 173 (VIII, Constantinople)
13) B4, O3, R13, T09, M09 Exe: SMN RIC 127 (VIII, Nicomedia)
14) B4, O3, R13, T11, M04 Exe: `CONST RIC 330 (VIII, Arles)

AE1

15) B1, O2, R10, T03, M13 Exe: TES`

16) B1, O3, R10, T03, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 228 (VIII, Antioch), L 2645
17) B1, O7, R10, T03, M13 Exe: TES` RIC 238 (VIII, Thessalonica)
18) B1, O7, R10, T03, M13 Exe: TES` RIC 235 (VIII, Thessalonica)
19) B4, O7, R10, T03, M13 Exe: TES` RIC 236 (VIII, Thessalonica)
20) B4, O7, R10, T03, M13 Exe: TES` RIC 234 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1698
21) B5, O7, R10, T03, M13 Exe: TES` RIC 237 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1700

AE3
22) B3, O3, R13, T09, M05 Exe: CONSP` RIC 179 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2064
23) B3, O3, R13, T09, M07 Exe: HERAC` RIC 111 (VIII, Heraclea), L 1914
24) B3, O3, R13, T09, M07 Exe: HERAC` RIC 110 (VIII, Heraclea), L 1913
25) B3, O3, R13, T09, M12 Exe: `SISC RIC 426 (VIII, Siscia), L 1267
26) B3, O3, R13, T10, M01 Exe: ALE` RIC 92 (VIII, Alexandria), L 2855
27) B3, O3, R13, T10, M05 Exe: CONSPA RIC 178 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2063
28) B3, O3, R13, T10, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 132 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 2513
29) B3, O3, R13, T10, M07 Exe: HERAC` RIC 109 (VIII, Heraclea)
30) B3, O3, R13, T10, M07 Exe: HERAC` RIC 108 (VIII, Heraclea), L 1912
31) B3, O3, R13, T10, M12 Exe: `SISC RIC 424 (VIII, Siscia)
32) B4, O3, R13, T08, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 230 (VIII, Antioch), L 2647
33) B4, O3, R13, T09, M03 Exe: AQVIL` RIC 247 (VIII, Aquileia), L 960
34) B4, O3, R13, T09, M09 Exe: NIK` RIC 128 (VIII, Nicomedia)
35) B4, O3, R13, T09, M11 Exe: `SIRM RIC 118 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1623
36) B4, O5, R13, T08, M02 Exe: ANT`
37) B4, O7, R13, T09, M13 Exe: TES` RIC 239 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1699
38) B5, O3, R13, T09, M11 Exe: `SIRM RIC 119 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1624

Jovian Busts

Jovian Types
 512
Valentinian became emperor after Jovian's death. He was a
Valentinian I capable general and performed admirably on behalf of the empire
given the advanced state of decay it was currently under. To start
things off he named his brother Valens co-emperor and was
Augustus 364-375 handed over the east half of the empire. A couple of years later he
named his young son Gratian co-ruler of the West as well in case
anything happened while he was campaigning against the ever-
present barbarians. That something happened in 375 when he suffered a stroke after becoming angry at a group
of barbarian peacemakers (presumably for offering unfavorable terms).
Busts:

1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left More than any other emperor of this or the
2) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right
3) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right
following century, the coins of Valentinian I (along
4) Diademed bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding mappa and scepter with those of his brother Valens) are the most
5) Diademed bust left, wearing imperial mantle, raising hand and holding scepter commonly available and affordable. While
6) Diademed, cuirassed bust right
7) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield Constantine I and his family were prolific issuers of
low denomination bronzes their precious metal
Obverses: coinage is much scarcer.

1) DN VALENTINIANS PF AVG With Valentinian, and again Valens, Solidi and

2) DN VALENTINIANVS PF AVG
3) VALENTINIANVS AVG Siliquae are quite readily available. In particular,
their gold coins are perhaps the easiest to locate
Reverses: except for some late fifth century eastern issues.

1) CONCORDIA AVGGG If surviving quantity is plentiful enough, the same

2) FELIX ADVENTVS AVG M
3) FELIX ADVENTVS AVGGG cannot be said for richness in variety of types.
4) GLORIA REIPVBLICAE Continuing the trend begun decades before,
5) GLORIA ROMANORVM legends and bust types become more standardized
6) MONETA AVGG
7) PAX PERPETVA and the portraiture indistinct.
8) PERPETVITAS IMPERII
9) RESTITVTOR REIP
10) RESTITVTOR REIPVBLICAE The vast majority of bronzes will be of just two
11) SALVS REIP types: Gloria Romanorum and Securitas
12) SALVS REIPVBLICAE
13) SECVRITAS REIP
Reipublicae both of which were clearly of a
14) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE militarily propagandist nature.
15) SPES R P
16) TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB
17) VICTORES AVGVSTI If this bit of numismatic ennui is disappointing it is
18) VICTORIA AVG at least compensated by a wonderfully complex
19) VICTORIA AVGG
20) VICTORIA AVGVSTE mintmarking system that spanned his entire reign.
21) VICTORIA AVGVSTI N It is quite possibly the most elaborate mintmark
22) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
23) VICTORIA DD NN AVG system ever devised for coins and may present the
24) VICTORIA DN AVGVSTI collector with the challenge of completing a set of
25) VICTORIAE DN AVG all known varieties (referred to as “emissions”); a
26) VICTORIAS AVGVSTORVM
27) VIRTVS EXERCITVS difficult proposition given that there are dozens of
28) VIRTVS EXSERCITI different combinations!
29) VIRTVS ROMANI EXERCITVS
30) VIRTVS ROMANORVM
31) VOTA PVBLICA
32) VRBS ROMA
33) No legend

Types:
1) City gate with (2) turrets, letter S above.
2) Constantinopolis seated left, stepping on galley prow, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
3) Monetae (3) standing, facing, holding scale and cornucopia.
4) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding scepter and together shield reading VOT / X / MVL / XX
5) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding scepter and together shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X
6) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear.
7) Roma seated, facing, holding Victory on globe and cornucopia next to Constantinopolis, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
8) Standards (4)
9) Valentinian I advancing right, dragging captive and holding labarum
10) Valentinian I and Valens seated, facing, each holding globe and scepter; shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X placed on genius in between them.
11) Valentinian I and Valens seated, facing, each holding mappa and scepter.
12) Valentinian I and Valens seated, facing, each holding mappa and scepter; seated captive on either side.
13) Valentinian I and Valens seated, facing, each holding mappa and together globe; Victory above and between them.
14) Valentinian I and Valens seated, facing, holding together globe; in between, Victory above and palm below.
15) Valentinian I and Valens seated, facing, holding together globe; Victory hovering above, crowning them both.
16) Valentinian I and Valens standing under arch, facing, each holding globe and scepter.
 513
17) Valentinian I and Valens standing, facing, each holding globe and labarum.
18) Valentinian I and Valens standing, facing, each holding labarum and globe.
19) Valentinian I and Valens standing, facing, each holding labarum and together a Victory on globe crowning both.
20) Valentinian I and Valens standing, facing, each holding scepter and together a Victory on globe crowning both.
21) Valentinian I riding horse left, raising hand.
22) Valentinian I riding oncoming quadriga, dropping coins and holding Victory on globe
23) Valentinian I standing right, receiving shield from Hand of God above.
24) Valentinian I standing under arch, facing, holding spear and globe.
25) Valentinian I standing, facing, holding labarum and globe; Victory to right crowning him and seated captive to left.
26) Valentinian I standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on shield.
27) Valentinian I standing, facing, holding labarum and Victory on globe.
28) Valentinian I standing, facing, holding labarum and Victory on globe; kneeling captive to left.
29) Valentinian I standing, facing, holding labarum and Victory on globe; eagle with wreath in beak to lower right.
30) Valentinian I standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield
31) Valentinian I standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and labarum; captive on either side.
32) Valentinian I standing, facing, stepping on captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe.
33) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield reading VOT / V
34) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
35) Victory advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy.
36) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X
37) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X; Genius to lower right also holding shield.
38) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X; Genius to lower right also holding shield
39) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V; Genius to lower right also holding shield.
40) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVL / XX
41) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX
42) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / VOT / XV
43) Victory standing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and trophy.
44) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV on column.
45) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath and shield on column reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX; captive on either side.
46) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath in each hand.
47) Wreath, VOT / V within.
48) Wreath, VOT / V / MVL / X within
49) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within
50) Wreath, VOT / VX / MVLT / XX within
51) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XV within.
52) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within.
53) Wreath, VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X within
54) Wreath, VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XV within
55) Wreath, VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX within

Mints:
1) Alexandria 6) Cyzicus 11) Roma
2) Antioch 7) Heraclea 12) Sirmium
3) Aquileia 8) Lugdunum 13) Siscia
4) Arelate 9) Mediolanum 14) Thessalonica
5) Constantinopolis 10) Nicomedia 15) Treveri

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O2, R10, T27, M02 Exe: ANT`• RIC 2a (IX, Antiochia)
2) B2, O2, R10, T27, M04 Exe: KONST RIC 1a (IX, Arelate)
3) B2, O2, R10, T27, M08 Exe: SMLVG RIC 1a (IX, Lugdunum)
4) B2, O2, R10, T27, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 2a (IX, Nicomedia)
5) B2, O2, R10, T27, M11 Exe: •R`¯ RIC 11 (IX, Roma)
6) B2, O2, R19, T14, M15 Exe: TR•OB• RIC 17a (IX, Treveri)
7) B2, O2, R30, T20, M05 Exe: ®CONS¯ RIC 5a (IX, Constantinopolis)
8) B3, O2, R10, T27, M02 Exe: •ANT`• RIC 2b (IX, Antiochia)
9) B3, O2, R19, T14, M15 Exe: TROB` RIC 17b (IX, Treveri)
10) B3, O2, R22, T41, M05 Exe: £/CONOB
11) B3, O2, R22, T42, M02 Exe: £/ANOB` RIC 22b (IX, Antiochia)
12) B4, O2, R11, T32, M13 Exe: */SMSISC¯ RIC 1a (IX, Siscia)
13) B4, O2, R31, T11, M09 Exe: MED RIC 3a (IX, Mediolanum)
14) B4, O2, R31, T12, M05 Exe: *CONS= RIC 29a (IX, Constantinopolis)
15) B7, O2, R17, T15, M15 Exe: TR•OB RIC 16b (IX, Treveri)

AU 1½ Scripulum
16) B2, O2, R07, T37, M14 Exe: TES• RIC 15 (IX, Thessalonica)

AR Miliarense

17) B2, O2, R22, T44, M11 Exe: R` RIC 8a corrected (IX, Roma)
18) B2, O2, R27, T26, M13 Exe: •SISC` RIC 10a (IX, Siscia)
19) B6, O2, R26, T33, M05 Exe: CONSP` RIC 10 (IX, Constantinopolis)

AR Siliqua

20) B2, O2, R32, T06, M11 Exe: R` RIC 11a (IX, Roma)
21) B2, O2, R32, T06, M15 Exe: TRP` RIC 27a (IX, Treveri)
22) B2, O2, R33, T47, M05 Exe: CP•` RIC 13a (IX, Constantinopolis)
23) B2, O2, R33, T50, M05 Exe: C£S RIC 38a (IX, Constantinopolis)
 514
24) B2, O2, R33, T52, M05 Exe: ®C£S= RIC 37a (IX, Constantinopolis)

AE1 Reference(s)

25) B2, O2, R10, T27, M05 Exe: CONSP` RIC 15 (IX, Constantinopolis), L 2065
26) B2, O2, R10, T27, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 1a (IX, Heraclea), L 1915
27) B2, O2, R10, T27, M10 Exe: SMN` L 2321

AE3

28) B2, O2, R05, T09, M03 Exe: •SMAQ`• RIC 11a.15 (IX, Aquileia), L 1023
29) B2, O2, R05, T09, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 3a (IX, Heraclea), L 1919
30) B2, O2, R05, T09, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 9a (IX, Nicomedia), L 2334
31) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: * over A/D`SISC RIC 5a.7 (IX, Siscia), L 1294
32) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: */•`SISC RIC 5a.9 (IX, Siscia)
33) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: •`SISC RIC 5a.2 (IX, Siscia), L 1275
34) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: D/*`SISC RIC 14a.11 (IX, Siscia), L 1305
35) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: D`SISC RIC 5a.4 (IX, Siscia), L 1290
36) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: F/A over K/`SISCV RIC 14a.33 (IX, Siscia), L 1390
37) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: F/D over K/`SISC_ RIC 14a.43 (IX, Siscia), L 1478
38) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: F/D over P/`SISC_ RIC 14a.44a (IX, Siscia)
39) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: M over •/* over R over O/`SISC RIC 14a.21 (IX, Siscia), L 1349
40) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: M/* over F/`SISC RIC 14a.16 (IX, Siscia), L 1327
41) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: M/* over P/`SISC RIC 14a.17 (IX, Siscia), L 1331
42) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: Q/* over K/`SISCV RIC 14a.37 (IX, Siscia)
43) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: Q/A over !/`SISCV RIC 14a.30 (IX, Siscia), L 1384
44) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: S over •/C over !/`SISC_ RIC 14a.38 (IX, Siscia), L 1450
45) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: S/* over F/`SISC RIC 14a.15 (IX, Siscia), L 1323
46) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: S/D/`SISC RIC 14a.13 (IX, Siscia), L 1315
47) B2, O2, R05, T09, M14 Exe: * over `/TES RIC 26a (IX, Thessalonica), L 1744
48) B2, O2, R05, T09, M14 Exe: */* over `/TES RIC 16a.17 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1749
49) B2, O2, R05, T09, M14 Exe: */• over D/TES
50) B2, O2, R05, T09, M14 Exe: TES` RIC 16a.1 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1704
51) B2, O2, R05, T09, M14 Exe: V/* over `/TES RIC 16a.38 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1803
52) B2, O2, R09, T27, M05 Exe: CONSP` RIC 20a.1 (IX, Constantinopolis), L 2066
53) B2, O2, R09, T27, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 10a (IX, Cyzicus), L 2515
54) B2, O2, R09, T27, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 4a (IX, Heraclea), L 1916
55) B2, O2, R09, T27, M12 Exe: `SIRM RIC 6a (IX, Sirmium), L 1627
56) B2, O2, R09, T27, M14 Exe: TES` RIC 17a (IX, Thessalonica), L 1702
57) B2, O2, R14, T34, M03 Exe: SMAQ` RIC 11a.16 (IX, Aquileia), L 1015
58) B2, O2, R14, T34, M04 Exe: `CONST RIC 7a.1 (IX, Arelate), L 477
59) B2, O2, R14, T34, M04 Exe: SMK` RIC 11a (IX, Cyzicus), L 2529
60) B2, O2, R14, T34, M05 Exe: •/CONS` RIC 42a.8 (IX, Constantinopolis), L 2109
61) B2, O2, R14, T34, M05 Exe: CONSP` RIC 21a (IX, Constantinopolis), L 2071
62) B2, O2, R14, T34, M11 Exe: R` Officina is spelled out in Latin; PRIMA, SECVNDA, TERTIA or QVARTA RIC 23 (IX, Roma), L 712
63) B2, O2, R14, T34, M11 Exe: SM\R` RIC 24a.10 (IX, Roma), L 730
64) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: * over D/S/`SISC RIC 15a.14 (IX, Siscia), L 1321
65) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: * over F/M/`SISC RIC 15a.16 (IX, Siscia)
66) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: * over K/Q/`SISCV RIC 15a.27 (IX, Siscia), L 1370
67) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: K over K/Q/`SISCV RIC 15a.32 (IX, Siscia), L 1389
68) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: * over P/M/`SISC RIC 15a.17 (IX, Siscia)
69) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: * over R over O/M/`SISC RIC 15a.22 (IX, Siscia)
70) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: •`SISC RIC 7a.2 (IX, Siscia), L 1277
71) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: A`SISC RIC 7a.1 (IX, Siscia), L 1271
72) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: C over !/S over •/`SISC- RIC 15a.38 (IX, Siscia)
73) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: D over P/F/`SISC_ RIC 15a.44 (IX, Siscia), L 1489
74) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: D`SISC RIC 7a.1 (IX, Siscia), L 1292
75) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: D/*`SISC RIC 15a.11 (IX, Siscia), L 1305
76) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: D/S/`SISC RIC 15a.13 (IX, Siscia), L 1317
77) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: K over P/Q/`SISCV RIC 15a.29 (IX, Siscia)
78) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: R over K/F/`SISC_ RIC 15a.35 (IX, Siscia), L 1424
79) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: R over K/F/`SISCS RIC 15a.35 (IX, Siscia), L 1426
80) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: R over !/F/`SISCS RIC 15a.37 (IX, Siscia), L 1444
81) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: R over K/S over •/`SISCK RIC 15a.36 (IX, Siscia), L 1432
82) B2, O2, R14, T34, M14 Exe: TES` RIC 18a.1 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1706
83) B2, O2, R33, T49, M12 Exe: `SIRM RIC 8 (IX, Sirmium), L 1629
 515
Valentinian I Busts

Valentinian I Types
 516

Valens was the younger brother of Valentinian who made him co-
Valens emperor soon after his own accession. He then sent Valens off to
take care of the eastern portion of the empire. Making
Constantinople his capital, he dealt with the Persian factor as best
Augustus 364-378 he could which wasn't all that great and saw his borders shrink as
a consequence. His ineptitude showed most compellingly at the
battle of Adrianople in 378. Resettled barbarians had been allowed
within the nominal borders of the empire but were allowed to keep their arms. As the barbarians became
squeezed from the double whammy of external tribes pushing against their lands and the systematic and extra-
official hard-line policies of lower Roman government officials they became aggressive once more and aimed to
push southward.

Near the city of Adrianople they gathered with the intention of making war and Valens prepared to meet them in
battle. He sent for reinforcements from Gratian but before these could arrive he figured in a bout of short-sighted
arrogance that he could go at it alone and claim the glory all to himself afterward. On an exceedingly poorly
executed attack plan the Romans attacked the barbarians. In what apparently was meant to be a surprise attack,
he rushed the barbarians before getting his soldiers into formation and before they had eaten. It was also a very
hot and dusty day making their attack that much more energy-sapping. The barbarians watched as their
counterparts fumbled and figured out their strategy. Their general sent his cavalry in an outflanking maneuver and
managed to encircle Valens's infantry and subsequently slaughtered most. Valens himself perished in battle and
the loss of the army along with the demoralizing effect to the rest of the military was another step in the inexorable
fall of the empire almost one hundred years later.

Busts:
As was just mentioned with Valentinian, his
1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left
2) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right brother Valens shares an almost identical run of
3) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust left issues. Neither one is represented more than
4) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right
5) Diademed bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding mappa and scepter
the other while the two reigned though Valens,
6) Diademed bust left, wearing imperial mantle, raising hand and holding scepter outliving Valentinian for three years or so, has a
7) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield longer time in which to strike coins. Still, seeing
that both are so common to begin wth rarity is
Obverses: not a concern.
1) DN VALENS AVG
2) DN VALENS MAX AVGVSTVS Although quite rare, both brothers were to strike
3) DN VALENS PER AVG the last hefty bronze coins, the AE1 class, the
4) DN AVLENS PF AVG
5) DN VALENS PER F AVG empire would see until Anastasius‟ reform of
6) DN VALENS PF AVG 498 kicks off the Byzantine coinage period.
7) IMP CE VALENS PF AVG
8) VALENS AVGVS
From here onwards the bronzes will only get
smaller and increasingly shoddier.
Reverses:
1) CONCORDIA AVGGG 18) SPES RP
2) DN VALENS VICTOR SEMPER 19) TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB
3) FELICITAS ROMANORVM 20) VICT DD NN AVGG
4) FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N 21) VICTORES AVGVSTI
5) FELIX ADVENTVS AVGGG 22) VICTORIA AVG
6) GLORIA REIPVBLICAE 23) VICTORIA AVGG
7) GLORIA MORANORVM 24) VICTORIA AVGGG
8) GLORIA ROMANORVM 25) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
9) MONETA AVGG 26) VICTORIA DD NN AVG
10) MONETA AVGGG 27) VICTORIA DN AVG
11) PAX PERPETVA 28) VICTORIA DN AVGVSTI
12) PIETAS DDD NNN AVGVSTORVM 29) VIRTVS EXERCITVS
13) RESTITVTOR REIP 30) VIRTVS ROMANORVM
14) RESTITVTOR REIPVBLICAE 31) VOTA PVBLICA
15) SALVS REIP 32) VRBS ROMA
16) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 33) No legend
17) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE

Types:
1) City gate with (2) turrets; S above.
2) Monetae (3) standing, facing, each holding scale and cornucopia.
3) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, each holding scepter and together holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV
4) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, each holding scepter and together holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX
5) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, each holding scepter and together holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X
6) Roma seated left on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and spear
 517
7) Roma seated left on throne, holding Victory on globe and spear
8) Standards (3)
9) Standards (4)
10) Valens advancing right, dragging captive and holding labarum.
11) Valens advancing right, dragging captive and holding standard.
12) Valens and Valentinian I seated, facing, each holding a globe and scepter; shield on Genius between them reading VOT / V / MVL / X.
13) Valens and Valentinian I seated, facing, each holding a mappa and scepter; two hunched captives below.
14) Valens and Valentinian I seated, facing, each holding a mappa.
15) Valens and Valentinian I seated, facing, each raising hand and holding globe
16) Valens and Valentinian I seated, facing, holding together globe; Victory above and palm between them.
17) Valens and Valentinian I standing under arch, facing, each holding a scepter and globe.
18) Valens riding horse left, raising hand
19) Valens standing under arch, facing, holding spear and globe.
20) Valens standing, facing, holding labarum and globe; kneeling captive to left.
21) Valens standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on shield
22) Valens standing, facing, holding labarum and Victory on globe.
23) Valens standing, facing, holding mappa and scepter.
24) Valens standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
25) Valens standing, facing, holding standard and Victory on globe.
26) Valens standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and labarum.
27) Valens standing, facing, stepping on captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe
28) Valens, Gratian and Valentinian II standing, facing, each holding scepter.
29) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together shield reading VOT / V
30) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
31) Victory advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy.
32) Victory seated right, holding shield on column reading VOT / V / MVL / X
33) Victory seated right, holding shield on column reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX
34) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X; Genius to right also holding shield.
35) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V; Genius to right also holding shield.
36) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVL / XX
37) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX; Genius to right also holding shield.
38) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XV / MVLT / XXV
39) Victory standing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and trophy.
40) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield on column reading VOT / V / MVLT / X
41) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield on column reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV
42) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield on column reading VOT / V / MVLTIS / X
43) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath in each hand
44) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within.
45) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLTIS / X within
46) Wreath, VOT / V within
47) Wreath, VOT / VX / MVLT / XX within
48) Wreath, VOT / X / MVL / XX within
49) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XV within.
50) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within.
51) Wreath, VOT / XV / MVLT / XX within.
52) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within
53) Wreath, VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X within
54) Wreath, VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XV within
55) Wreath, VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XX within
56) Wreath, VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX within

Mints:

1) Alexandria 6) Cyzicus 11) Roma

2) Antioch 7) Heraclea 12) Sirmium
3) Aquileia 8) Lugdunum 13) Siscia
4) Arelate 9) Mediolanum 14) Thessalonica
5) Constantinopolis 10) Nicomedia 15) Treveri

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O5, R14, T22, M02 Exe: ¤/ANT` RIC 2c (IX, Antiochia)
2) B2, O5, R14, T22, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 2d.19 (IX, Antiochia)
3) B2, O6, R14, T22, M05 Exe: CONS= RIC 3d (IX, Constantinopolis)
4) B2, O6, R14, T22, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 2b (IX, Nicomedia)
5) B2, O6, R23, T16, M15 Exe: TROB` RIC 39b (IX, Treveri)
6) B2, O6, R25, T37, M02 Exe: AN RIC 24b (IX, Antiochia)
7) B4, O5, R25, T38, M02 Exe: £/ANOB`
8) B4, O6, R14, T22, M05 Exe: *CONS= RIC 25b (IX, Constantinopolis)
9) B4, O6, R23, T16, M15 Exe: TR•OB• RIC 17 (IX, Treveri)
10) B5, O6, R08, T04, M02 Exe: ANOB` RIC 16d (IX, Antiochia)
11) B5, O6, R15, T27, M14 Exe: * over */SMTES` RIC 3b (IX, Thessalonica)
12) B5, O6, R31, T13, M10 Exe: S/I/MN RIC 16b.5 (IX, Nicomedia)

AU Scripulum

13) B2, O6, R25, T36, M02 Exe: ¢/ANOB` RIC 26.2 (IX, Antiochia)
14) B2, O6, R25, T38, M02 Exe: ANT

AR Miliarense

15) B2, O6, R29, T21, M13 Exe: •SISC` RIC 10b (IX, Siscia)
16) B2, O6, R29, T21, M15 Exe: SMTR RIC 26b.1 (IX, Treveri)
17) B2, O6, R29, T21, M15 Exe: TRPS RIC 42a (IX, Treveri)
 518
18) B2, O6, R33, T50, M02 Exe: ANT*

AR Siliqua Reference(s)
19) B2, O6, R32, T06, M03 Exe: AQPS RIC 15a (IX, Aquileia)
20) B2, O6, R32, T07, M15 Exe: TRPS RIC 27e (IX, Treveri)
21) B2, O6, R32, T07, M15 Exe: TRPS• RIC 45b (IX, Treveri)
22) B2, O6, R33, T50, M02 Exe: •ANT* RIC 34d.3 (IX, Antiochia)
23) B2, O6, R33, T50, M02 Exe: •ANT` RIC 34d.6 (IX, Antiochia)
24) B2, O6, R33, T50, M02 Exe: ANT•• RIC 34d.1 (IX, Antiochia)
25) B2, O6, R33, T50, M05 Exe: ®C£S= RIC 37b (IX, Constantinopolis)
26) B2, O6, R33, T51, M13 Exe: SISCPS RIC 13a (IX, Siscia)
27) B2, O6, R33, T52, M05 Exe: CONCM RIC 42 (IX, Constantinopolis)
28) B4, O6, R33, T46, M05 Exe: C•` RIC 13d.8 (IX, Constantinopolis)

AE1

29) B2, O6, R14, T22, M03 Exe: SMAQ` RIC 6b (IX, Aquileia), L 962

AE2

30) B2, O6, R14, T22, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 7b (IX, Nicomedia), L 2322

AE3

31) B1, O6, R07, T01, M05 Exe: COMTM

32) B2, O6, R08, T10, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 10b (IX, Antiochia)
33) B2, O6, R08, T10, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 16c.7 (IX, Constantinopolis)
34) B2, O6, R08, T10, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 8b (IX, Cyzicus)
35) B2, O6, R08, T10, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 3b (IX, Heraclea)
36) B2, O6, R08, T10, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 9b (IX, Nicomedia)
37) B2, O6, R08, T10, M13 Exe: * over A/D`SISC RIC 5b.7 (IX, Siscia)
38) B2, O6, R08, T10, M13 Exe: `SISC RIC 5b.1 (IX, Siscia)
39) B2, O6, R08, T10, M13 Exe: •`SISC RIC 5b.2 (IX, Siscia)
40) B2, O6, R08, T10, M13 Exe: D/*SISC` RIC 14b.11 (IX, Siscia), L 1306
41) B2, O6, R08, T10, M13 Exe: D`SISC RIC 5b.4 (IX, Siscia), L 1291
42) B2, O6, R08, T10, M13 Exe: M/* over P/`SISC
43) B2, O6, R08, T10, M13 Exe: R/•`SISC RIC 14b.10 (IX, Siscia), L 1300
44) B2, O6, R08, T10, M14 Exe: */* over `/TES RIC 26b.17 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1750
45) B2, O6, R08, T10, M14 Exe: M/* over `/TES RIC 26b.30 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1781
46) B2, O6, R08, T10, M14 Exe: M/`/TES RIC 26b.28 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1775
47) B2, O6, R08, T10, M14 Exe: TES` RIC 26b.1 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1705
48) B2, O6, R08, T10, M14 Exe: V/* over `/TES RIC 26b.38 (IX, Thessalonica)
49) B2, O6, R08, T10, M14 Exe: Z/* over `/TES RIC 26b.35 (IX, Thessalonica)
50) B2, O6, R08, T10, M14 Exe: Z/• over `/TES RIC 26b.34 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1790
51) B2, O6, R08, T30, M15 Exe: */TR` RIC 31.8 (IX, Treveri), L 107
52) B2, O6, R13, T22, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 20b (IX, Constantinopolis)
53) B2, O6, R13, T22, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 4c (IX, Heraclea)
54) B2, O6, R13, T22, M14 Exe: TES` RIC 17b (IX, Thessalonica), L 1703
55) B2, O6, R17, T30, M03 Exe: */•/•SMAQ` RIC 18b.19 (IX, Aquileia)
56) B2, O6, R17, T30, M03 Exe: */SMAQ` RIC 12b.18 (IX, Aquileia), L 1036
57) B2, O6, R17, T30, M03 Exe: ¨/SMAQ` RIC 11b.9 (IX, Aquileia)
58) B2, O6, R17, T30, M03 Exe: ¤/SMAQ` RIC 9b.7 (IX, Aquileia), L 987
59) B2, O6, R17, T30, M03 Exe: A/SMAQ` RIC 9b.1 (IX, Aquileia), L 968
60) B2, O6, R17, T30, M03 Exe: B over •/SMAQ` RIC 9b.3 (IX, Aquileia), L 976
61) B2, O6, R17, T30, M03 Exe: SMAQ` RIC 11b.16 (IX, Aquileia), L 1015
62) B2, O6, R17, T30, M04 Exe: OF/III/CONST RIC 17b (IX, Arelate)
63) B2, O6, R17, T30, M05 Exe: •/CONS` RIC 21c (IX, Constantinopolis)
64) B2, O6, R17, T30, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 11b (IX, Cyzicus)
65) B2, O6, R17, T30, M07 Exe: */=/SMH` RIC 10b (IX, Heraclea)
66) B2, O6, R17, T30, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 5b (IX, Heraclea)
67) B2, O6, R17, T30, M08 Exe: OF over ¶ / I over R RIC 21b.29 (IX, Lugdunum)
68) B2, O6, R17, T30, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 12b (IX, Nicomedia)
69) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: * over A/D`SISC RIC 7b.7 (IX, Siscia)
70) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: * over D/S/`SISC RIC 15b.14 (IX, Siscia), L 1322
71) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: * over K/Q/`SISCR RIC 15b.29 (IX, Siscia)
72) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: * over P/M/`SISC RIC 15b.17 (IX, Siscia)
73) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: •`SISC RIC 7b.2 (IX, Siscia)
74) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: A over K/Q/`SISCR RIC 15b.30 (IX, Siscia), L 1383
75) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: C over !/S over •/`SISCE RIC 15b.38 (IX, Siscia)
76) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: D`SISC RIC 7b.4 (IX, Siscia), L 1293
77) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: K over P/Q/`SISCR RIC 15b.27 (IX, Siscia)
78) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: R over !/S over •/`SISCE RIC 15b.36 (IX, Siscia)
79) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: R over K/Q/`SISCR RIC 15b.32 (IX, Siscia)
80) B2, O6, R17, T30, M14 Exe: * over Z/A/TES` RIC 27b.25 (IX, Thessalonica)
81) B2, O6, R17, T30, M14 Exe: */TES` RIC 27b.3 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1714
82) B2, O6, R17, T30, M14 Exe: TES` RIC 27b.1 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1707
83) B2, O6, R17, T30, M14 Exe: Δ/=/TES` RIC 27b.20 (IX, Thessalonica)
84) B2, O6, R17, T39, M11 Exe: */SMR` (star is in left field) RIC 28a.9 (IX, Roma)
85) B2, O6, R17, T39, M11 Exe: R•` Officina is spelled out in Latin; PRIMA, SECVNDA, TERTIA or QVARTA RIC 23b (IX, Roma), L 719
 519
Valens Busts

Valens Types
 520

Some contemporary historians of Procopius claim that Julian II

Procopius had meant for the general to succeed him instead of Jovian.
Whether true or not, Jovian gained the throne and Procopius,
an otherwise well-regarded general, dimmed in the
Augustus 365-366 background. Jovian soon died, however, and Valentinian
became the next emperor. Procopius still had an itch for the
position and began to make his moves. Biding his time
carefully, he waited for Valentinian's brother and colleague, Valens, to leave on an expedition and with the help of
a few key conspirators had himself proclaimed emperor. Because now Valens was away with the bulk of his
troops there was nothing that could be immediately done about the insurrection and Procopius was able to hold on
to Constantinopolis and a few adjacent provinces.

By the time Valens had wrapped up with his initial conflict, Procopius had been unable to secure the loyalty of
several leading generals and his power base dwindled as Valens approached. Seeing that all was lost he fled but
was captured and executed.

Busts:
Procopius is quite a bit tougher to find than either Julian II or
1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust left Jovian who came just before his own rise to power. Part of
2) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
3) Diademed, cuirassed bust right the reason is that as usurper Procopius had access to fewer
mints and, of course, he was in power only for a year.
Obverse:
But even with these two factors considered the fact is that
1) DN PROCOPIVS PF AVG Procopius struck far fewer coins than either of those
emperors. Even for a one year reign this was a prolific age in
Reverses: the minting of coins, especially out of the central
Constantinoplis mint. One might be tempted to suspect that
1) REPARATIO FEL TEMP
2) No legend upon Valens‟s retaking of the city in 366 much of the
precious coinage in the name of Procopius might have been
Types: recalled, melted and reissued but even if this was the case
no emperor would have bothered with the bronzes which are
1) Procopius standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on correspondingly scarce as well.
shield
2) Procopius standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on
shield; Chi-Rho in upper right field The AE3‟s feature a primary design with the emperor facing
3) Procopius standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on and holding a labarum and shield. Typically these are
shield; Chi-Rho in upper right field and object to lower left.
4) Procopius standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on accompanied by a Christogram and an object on the floor
shield; object to lower left. that look like two stacked globes or similar shapes. While a
5) Procopius standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on
shield. tentative identification could be a helmet it is not a very
6) Wreath, VOT / V within convincing one. The design that includes this object is
unique to his reign.
Mints:
One of these bronzes, if not very attractive, can be found
1) Constantinopolis
2) Cyzicus
every now and then on eBay for $50-$100 with nicer grades
3) Heraclea going for twice or three times that much. Siliquae are rare
4) Nicomedia and expensive although not prohibitively so.

AU Solidus Reference(s)
1) B2, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: CONS RIC 2b (IX, Constantinopolis)

AR Siliqua

2) B2, O1, R2, T6, M1 Exe: .C.` RIC 13e.11 (IX, Constantinopolis)
3) B2, O1, R2, T6, M1 Exe: C.` RIC 13e.6 (IX, Constantinopolis)
4) B2, O1, R2, T6, M2 Exe: KV` RIC 3a (IX, Cyzicus)

AE3

5) B1, O1, R1, T2, M2 Exe: *SMH` RIC 7.8 (IX, Cyzicus)
6) B1, O1, R1, T2, M2 Exe: ./SMH` RIC 7.5 (IX, Cyzicus)
7) B1, O1, R1, T2, M2 Exe: ./SMN` RIC 10.3 (IX, Nicomedia)
8) B1, O1, R1, T3, M1 Exe: CONS`* RIC 17a (IX, Constantinopolis), L 2082
9) B1, O1, R1, T3, M2 Exe: *SMK` RIC 7 (IX, Cyzicus), L 2525
 521
10) B2, O1, R1, T4, M1 Exe: CONS`
11) B2, O1, R1, T5, M1 Exe: CONS` RIC 19 (IX, Constantinopolis)

Procopius Busts

Procopius Types
 522
An early supporter of Christianity, Gratian vigorously and

Gratian systematically rooted out paganism wherever he could and went

so far as to refuse the title of Pontifex Maximus, the highest
religious position, feeling that this title belonged to a true religious
leader. His early career was marked by his competent dealing with
Augustus 367-383 the troublesome barbarians north of Italy while later in his career
he withdrew somewhat from his duties to pursue personal
ambitions. He died at the hands of his own soldiers in hopes of appeasing the presumed superior forces of
Magnus Maximus who were approaching to a deciding battle.

Busts:
1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left
As far as bronzes go, Gratian‟s coins are only
2) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right slightly harder to find than those of the
3) Diademed (rosettes), cuirassed bust right contemporary brother duo of Valentinian I
4) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust left
5) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right and Valens.
6) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding mappa and scepter
7) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield
Coins are also comparatively plentiful in
silver and gold as well. Nice Siliquae may be
Obverse:
found in the low hundreds of dollars while the
1) DN GRATIANVS PF AVG typical Solidus may run only two or three
times as much.
Reverses:
Numismatically more significant, Gratian‟s
1) CONCORDIA AVGG reign – in tandem with Valentinian II and
2) CONCORDIA AVGGG
3) FELICITAS REIPVBLICAE Theodosius I – initiates the shift away from
4) FELICITAS ROMANORVM AE3‟s towards the smaller AE4 module.
5) FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N
6) GLORIA NOVI SAECVLI
7) GLORIA REIPVB While small bronze denominations had
8) GLORIA ROMANORVM
9) MONETA AVGG
intermittently been issued for the whole of the
10) PERPETVETAS imperial period, under Gratian they become
11) PRINCIPIVM IVVENTVTIS for the first time the predominant form of
12) REPARATIO REIPVB
13) RESTITVTOR REIPVBLICAE coinage for civilians in general. This last
14) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE phase would go on for over 100 years more
15) SPES RP
16) VICTORIA DN AVG all the meanwhile the coins growing smaller
17) VICTORIA AVGG and cruder in design and craftsmanship.
18) VICTORIA AVGGG
19) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
20) VIRTVS EXERCITVS Well into the reign of Anastasius I, a full
21) VIRTVS ROMANORVM generation after the fall of Rome, he would
22) VOTA PVBLICA
23) VRBS ROMA finally do away with these wretched little
24) No legend things and begin minting the first hefty
bronzes to be seen since the Folles of the
Types: late 200‟s.
1) City gate with (2) turrets; S above.
2) Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding scepter and cornucopia. These Folles, as they were again to be
3) Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding spear. called, marked the beginning of the
4) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and globe.
5) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding globe and spear. Byzantine period, at least as it‟s understood
6) Gratian advancing right, dragging captive and holding labarum. within the field of numismatics.
7) Gratian and Theodosius I (or Valentinian II) seated, facing, each holding mappa and
scepter.
8) Gratian and Theodosius I (or Valentinian II) seated, facing, each holding mappa and globe.
9) Gratian and Theodosius I (or Valentinian II) seated, facing, each holding a globe and scepter; genius between them holding shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X
10) Gratian and Theodosius I (or Valentinian II) seated, facing, together holding globe over palm and each a mappa; Victory above them both.
11) Gratian riding horse left, raising hand
12) Gratian standing left on galley, raising hand; Victory seated to right, steering galley.
13) Gratian standing right, holding spear and globe.
14) Gratian standing, facing, holding hand of kneeling woman with cornucopia to left and labarum.
15) Gratian standing, facing, holding hand of kneeling woman with cornucopia to left and Victory on globe.
16) Gratian standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on shield.
17) Gratian standing, facing, holding labarum and Victory on globe; eagle with wreath in beak to lower right.
18) Gratian standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and labarum with Victory atop.
19) Monetae (3) standing, facing, holding scale and cornucopiae.
20) Phoenix on globe
21) Roma seated left, holding globe and spear.
22) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
23) Roma seated, facing, holding globe and scepter.
24) Roma seated, facing, holding scepter and globe.
25) Roma, holding Victory on globe and scepter and Constantinopolis, holding Victory on globe and cornucopia, stepping on galley prow; both seated, facing.
26) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
27) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X
 523
28) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X
29) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX
30) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X; genius to right also holding shield.
31) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X; genius to right also holding shield.
32) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield on cippus reading VOT / V / MVLT / X
33) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within
34) Wreath, VOT / V within
35) Wreath, VOT / VX / MVLT / XX within.
36) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XV within.
37) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within.
38) Wreath, VOT / XV / MVLT / XX within.
39) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within.
40) Wreath, VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X within.
41) Wreath, VOTIS / V within.
42) Wreath, VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XX within.
43) Wreath, VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX within.

Mints:
1) Alexandria 6) Cyzicus 11) Roma
2) Antioch 7) Heraclea 12) Sirmium
3) Aquileia 8) Lugdunum 13) Siscia
4) Arelate 9) Mediolanum 14) Thessalonica
5) Constantinopolis 10) Nicomedia 15) Treveri

AU Medallion Reference(s)
1) B5, O1, R08, T10, M15 Exe: TROB` Double Solidus
2) B5, O1, R08, T25, M02 Exe: ANTOB` Double Solidus

AU Solidus
3) B2, O1, R02, T04, M05 Exe: CONOB RIC 43a (IX, Constantinopolis)
4) B2, O1, R11, T13, M05 Exe: *CONS= RIC 24 (IX, Constantinopolis)
5) B2, O1, R17, T10, M15 Exe: TROB` RIC 39d (IX, Treveri)
6) B2, O1, R19, T28, M02 Exe: £/ANOB` RIC 21a (IX, Antioch)
7) B5, O1, R02, T04, M05 Exe: CONOB RIC 44a (IX, Constantinopolis)
8) B5, O1, R17, T10, M15 Exe: TROB` RIC 17g (IX, Treveri)

AU Scripulum
9) B2, O1, R16, T26, M05 Exe: CONS

AR Miliarense
10) B2, O1, R20, T16, M15 Exe: TRPS RIC 53a (IX, Treveri)

AR Siliqua
11) B2, O1, R21, T23, M15 Exe: TRPS RIC 58a (IX, Treveri), C 54
12) B2, O1, R23, T22, M15 Exe: TRPS RIC 27f (IX, Treveri), C 86
13) B2, O1, R23, T22, M15 Exe: TRPS• RIC 45c (IX, Treveri), C 86
14) B2, O1, R23, T33, M05 Exe: ®C£` RIC 36e (IX, Constantinopolis)
15) B2, O1, R23, T37, M02 Exe: ANT* RIC 34f (IX, Antiochia)
16) B2, O1, R24, T36, M13 Exe: SISCPS RIC 25 (IX, Siscia), C 72

AE1
17) B2, O1, R23, T21, M11 Exe: R` RIC 42a (IX, Roma), C 88

AE2
18) B2, O1, R12, T15, M08 Exe: LVG` RIC 28a (IX, Lugdunum)
19) B2, O1, R12, T15, M08 Exe: S/LVG` RIC 28a (IX, Lugdunum)
20) B2, O1, R12, T15, M11 Exe: R` RIC 43a (IX, Roma)
21) B2, O1, R12, T15, M11 Exe: SMR` RIC 43a (IX, Roma)
22) B2, O1, R12, T15, M13 Exe: *`SISC RIC 26a (IX, Siscia)
23) B2, O1, R12, T15, M13 Exe: *`SISC• RIC 26a (IX, Siscia)
24) B2, O1, R12, T15, M13 Exe: `SISC RIC 26a (IX, Siscia)
25) B2, O1, R12, T15, M13 Exe: `SISC• RIC 26a (IX, Siscia)
26) B2, O1, R12, T15, M14 Exe: `/SMTES RIC 37a (IX, Thessalonica)
27) B2, O1, R14, T26, M11 Exe: SM\R` RIC 28a (IX, Roma)
28) B7, O1, R08, T12, M02 Exe: =/ANT` RIC 40a (IX, Antiochia)
29) B7, O1, R08, T12, M05 Exe: =/CON` RIC 52a (IX, Constantinopolis)
30) B7, O1, R08, T12, M06 Exe: =/SMK` RIC 14a (IX, Cyzicus)
31) B7, O1, R08, T12, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 11a (IX, Heraclea)
 524
AE3 Reference(s)
32) B2, O1, R02, T23, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 56a (IX, Constantinopolis)
33) B2, O1, R02, T23, M06 Exe: ¢/SMK` RIC 17a (IX, Cyzicus)
34) B2, O1, R02, T23, M13 Exe: `SISC RIC 27a (IX, Siscia)
35) B2, O1, R02, T24, M07 Exe: *SMH` RIC 15a (IX, Heraclea)
36) B2, O1, R02, T24, M07 Exe: ¢/SMH` RIC 14a (IX, Heraclea)
37) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: • over M/* over P/`SISC RIC 14c.18 (IX, Siscia)
38) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: • over M/* over R over O/`SISC RIC 14c.20 (IX, Siscia)
39) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: D/*`SISC RIC 14c.11 (IX, Siscia)
40) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: F/D over P/`SISCE RIC 14c.44a (IX, Siscia)
41) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: F/R over !/`SISCE RIC 14c.35 (IX, Siscia)
42) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: M/* over F/`SISC RIC 14c.16 (IX, Siscia)
43) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: M/* over P/`SISC RIC 14c.17 (IX, Siscia)
44) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: Q/* over K/`SISCE RIC 14c.27 (IX, Siscia)
45) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: Q/* over K/`SISCR RIC 14c.27 (IX, Siscia)
46) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: Q/* over R over O/`SISCR RIC 14c (IX, Siscia)
47) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: Q/A over K/`SISCE RIC 14c.30 (IX, Siscia)
48) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: Q/K over K/`SISCE RIC 14c.32 (IX, Siscia)
49) B2, O1, R08, T06, M14 Exe: V/* over `/TES RIC 31c (IX, Thessalonica)
50) B2, O1, R14, T26, M04 Exe: `CON RIC 19b (IX, Arelate)
51) B2, O1, R14, T26, M11 Exe: R•` Officina is spelled out in Latin; PRIMA, SECVNDA, TERTIA or QVARTA RIC 23c (IX, Roma), L 720
52) B2, O1, R14, T26, M11 Exe: SMR` RIC 28c (IX, Roma)
53) B2, O1, R14, T26, M13 Exe: D/*`SISC RIC 15c (IX, Siscia), L 1310
54) B2, O1, R21, T23, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 50a (IX, Antiochia)

AE4
55) B2, O1, R24, T38, M04 Exe: `CON RIC 24 (IX, Arelate), L 552
56) B2, O1, R24, T38, M13 Exe: `SISC RIC 31a (IX, Siscia), L 1539
57) B2, O1, R24, T39, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 58a (IX, Antiochia)
58) B2, O1, R24, T39, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 20a (IX, Heraclea)

Gratian Busts

Gratian Types
 525
Valentinian II was the son of Valentinian I and became
Valentinian II emperor when his father died. He was still only a child at the time
and the Western empire was divided between him and his half-
brother Gratian. However, while Gratian ruled at his will,
Augustus 375-392 Valentinian was too young and, instead, several behind-the-scenes
characters exercised the real power on his behalf.

After Gratian's death Valentinian faced a major threat from Magnus Maximus who was gobbling up the Western
empire and had no room for him in his quest. He solicited and then received help from Theodosius, the emperor of
the East, who subsequently came to his aid and defeated Maximus. However, Valentinian was still unable to
shake the web of control that others had over him. Theodosius lingered in Italy after the defeat of Maximus and
essentially ruled the entire empire from Valentinian's own court while simultaneously relegating Valentinian to the
background. When he finally left, he appointed one of his commanders, Arbogastes, as an administrative aide for
Valentinian II.

This would be a thinly veiled puppet of Theodosius. Valentinian, not being the wiser, complained to Theodosius by
correspondence about his situation and lack of empowerment. The complaints fell on deaf ears as this was,
naturally, all part of Theodosius's plans. When he saw nothing would be done about the issue he summoned the
courage to force Arbogastes to retire only to have the general tear up the resignation letter in his face. He then
sneered and derided Valentinian with a comment to the effect that he wasn't taking orders from him. In a fit of
anger Valentinian grabbed a sword and started for Arbogastes but was held back by guards. Two days later he
was found hung in a room. Whether he committed suicide in despair over his powerlessness or was assassinated
directly on account of Arbogastes is left to speculation.

Busts:
1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right
2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right Like other guys from this period, one finds
3) Diademed bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding mappa and scepter many coins of this emperor on the market.
4) Diademed, cuirassed bust right
5) Diademed, draped bust left, holding mappa and scepter
Most newer collectors will be introduced by
6) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right, holding scepter with Chi-Rho atop and shield way of the many, many AE4‟s available. These
7) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield comprise one of two main types: the Victory
advancing left, hauling a captive and the
Obverses: quintessentially Roman “Vota” issue.
1) DN VALENTINIANS PF AVG
2) DN VALENTINIANVS IVN PF AVG Coins with these Vota themes are religious
3) DN VALENTINIANVS PF AVG commitments made in exchange for time
served. For example, an emperor who has
Reverses:
made it five years on the throne might issue a
1) CONCORDIA AVGGG commemorative of that milestone with a simple
2) CONCORDIA AVGGGG VOT/V encased in a wreath. A more optimistic
3) FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N emperor may go ahead and issue coins with
4) GLORIA REIPVBLICE
5) GLORIA ROMANORVM various numerals followed by a “MVLT”, or
6) PERPETVETAS multiplier, of however many more years he
7) REPARATIO REIPVB
8) RESTITVTOR REIP thinks he will stay in power… and then, if that
9) RESTITVTOR REIPVBLICAE term is achieved, to be renewed again.
10) SALVS REIPVBLICAE
11) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE
12) SPES REIPVBLICAE Asides from bronzes, the silver Siliqua and the
13) TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB gold Solidus are also easy to find and
14) VICTORIA AVG
15) VICTORIA AVGG comparatively affordable with rough estimates
16) VICTORIA AVGGG for common types costing $150 and $500,
17) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
18) VIRTVS AVGGG respectively.
19) VIRTVS EXERCITI
20) VIRTVS EXERCITVS
21) VIRTVS ROMANORVM
22) VOTA PVBLICA
23) VRBS ROMA
24) VRBS ROMA FELIX
25) No legend

Types:
1) City gate with two turrets
2) Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding scepter and shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV
3) Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding scepter and shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX
 526
4) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on globe, holding scepter and globe.
5) Phoenix standing left on globe.
6) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear.
7) Roma seated, facing, holding globe and spear
8) Roma, holding scepter and Constantinopolis, stepping on galley prow, holding shield reading VOT / XV / MVLT / XX and scepter; both seated, facing.
9) Roma, holding Victory on globe and scepter and Constantinopolis, stepping on galley prow, holding Victory on globe and cornucopia, bothe seated, facing.
10) Valentinian II advancing right, dragging captive and holding labarum.
11) Valentinian II and Gratian (or Theodosius I) seated, facing, each holding a mappa and scepter.
12) Valentinian II and Gratian (or Theodosius I) seated, facing, together holding globe over palm; Victory above and in between them.
13) Valentinian II riding horse left, raising hand.
14) Valentinian II standing left on galley, holding Phoenix on globe; Victory seated to right, steering galley.
15) Valentinian II standing left on galley, raising hand; Victory seated to right, steering galley.
16) Valentinian II standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and globe
17) Valentinian II standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe.
18) Valentinian II standing, facing, holding hand of kneeling woman with cornucopia to left and labarum.
19) Valentinian II standing, facing, holding hand of kneeling woman with cornucopia to left and Victory on globe.
20) Valentinian II standing, facing, holding labarum and globe; captive to left.
21) Valentinian II standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on shield.
22) Valentinian II standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe.
23) Valentinian II standing, facing, stepping on captive, holding labarum and globe.
24) Victories (2) standing, facing, each holding wreath and palm.
25) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and dragging captive.
26) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
27) Victory advancing left, holding wreath in each hand.
28) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and cross on globe.
29) Victory advancing right, holding wreath in each hand.
30) Victory advancing right, stepping on globe, holding wreath and cross on globe.
31) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V
32) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X
33) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX
34) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within.
35) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLTIS / X within
36) Wreath, VOT / V within
37) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XV within
38) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within
39) Wreath, VOT / XV / MVLT / XX within
40) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within
41) Wreath, VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X within.
42) Wreath, VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XV within

Mints:

1) Alexandria 6) Cyzicus 11) Roma

2) Antioch 7) Heraclea 12) Sirmium
3) Aquileia 8) Lugdunum 13) Siscia
4) Arelate 9) Mediolanum 14) Thessalonica
5) Constantinopolis 10) Nicomedia 15) Treveri

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R02, T04, M05 Exe: CONOB RIC 67a (IX, Constantinopolis)
2) B1, O2, R15, T12, M14 Exe: TESOB • at end of reverse legend RIC 34b (IX, Thessalonica)
3) B1, O2, R15, T12, M15 Exe: TROB` RIC 49c (IX, Treveri)
4) B1, O3, R15, T12, M09 Exe: COM RIC 8a (IX, Mediolanum)
5) B1, O3, R15, T12, M14 Exe: TESOB RIC 34e (IX, Thessalonica)
6) B1, O3, R15, T12, M15 Exe: T/R/COM RIC 90a (IX, Treveri)
7) B2, O3, R02, T04, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 45b (IX, Constantinopolis)
8) B3, O3, R22, T11, M09 Exe: M/D/COM RIC 9 (IX, Mediolanum)

AR Siliqua

9) B1, O2, R16, T26, M15 Exe: TRPS RIC 57a (IX, Treveri)
10) B1, O3, R21, T06, M15 Exe: TRPS RIC 94a (IX, Treveri)
11) B1, O3, R23, T06, M08 Exe: LVGPS RIC 43a (IX, Lugdunum)
12) B1, O3, R23, T06, M09 Exe: AQPS• RIC 15d (IX, Aquileia)
13) B1, O3, R25, T38, M05 Exe: CONS• RIC 77a (IX, Constantinopolis)

AE2
14) B1, O2, R07, T19, M03 Exe: SMAQ` RIC 30b (IX, Aquileia)
15) B1, O2, R07, T19, M13 Exe: *`SISC RIC 26b.5 (IX, Siscia)
16) B1, O2, R07, T19, M13 Exe: *`SISC• RIC 26b.7 (IX, Siscia)
17) B1, O2, R07, T19, M13 Exe: `SISC RIC 26b.1 (IX, Siscia)
18) B1, O2, R07, T19, M13 Exe: `SISC• RIC 26b.3 (IX, Siscia)
19) B1, O3, R07, T19, M11 Exe: SMR` RIC 43c (IX, Roma)
20) B1, O3, R07, T19, M14 Exe: `/SMTES RIC 37b (IX, Thessalonica)
21) B1, O3, R19, T23, M01 Exe: ALE` RIC 18a (IX, Alexandria)
22) B1, O3, R19, T23, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 63b (IX, Antiochia)
23) B1, O3, R19, T23, M05 Exe: ¤/CONS` RIC 83a (IX, Constantinopolis)
24) B1, O3, R19, T23, M07 Exe: */•SMH` RIC 24a (IX, Heraclea)
25) B7, O3, R05, T14, M02 Exe: =/ANT` RIC 40b (IX, Antiochia)
26) B7, O3, R05, T15, M05 Exe: =/CON` RIC 52b (IX, Constantinopolis)
27) B7, O3, R05, T15, M07 Exe: T/SMH` RIC 21a (IX, Heraclea)
 527
AE3 Reference(s)

28) B1, O1, R01, T07, M13 Exe: `/SISC RIC 27b (IX, Siscia)
29) B1, O2, R23, T06, M10 Exe: */SMN` RIC 31 (IX, Nicomedia)
30) B1, O2, R23, T06, M10 Exe: °/*/SMN` RIC 34 (IX, Nicomedia)
31) B1, O3, R01, T07, M01 Exe: O/ALE`
32) B1, O3, R01, T07, M02 Exe: / over K/ANT` RIC 45b (IX, Antiochia), L 2696
33) B1, O3, R01, T07, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 56b (IX, Constantinopolis)
34) B1, O3, R01, T07, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 14b (IX, Heraclea)
35) B1, O3, R05, T10, M03 Exe: SMAQ` RIC 45b (IX, Aquileia)
36) B1, O3, R05, T10, M13 Exe: `SISC• RIC 38a (IX, Siscia)
37) B2, O3, R01, T07, M02 Exe: / over K/ANT` RIC 45c (IX, Antiochia)
38) B7, O3, R05, T15, M05 Exe: =/CON` RIC 52b (IX, Constantinopolis)
39) B7, O3, R05, T15, M06 Exe: =/SMK` RIC 14b (IX, Cyzicus)
40) B7, O3, R05, T15, M07 Exe: T/SMH` RIC 21a (IX, Heraclea)

AE4

41) B1, O2, R10, T25, M05 Exe: ¤/CONS` RIC 86a (IX, Constantinopolis)
42) B1, O2, R16, T25, M03 Exe: ¤/AQ` RIC 58a (IX, Aquileia), L 1105
43) B1, O2, R16, T26, M14 Exe: `SIS RIC 39a (IX, Siscia)
44) B1, O2, R25, T34, M14 Exe: `SISC RIC 29c.1 (IX, Siscia), L 1545
45) B1, O2, R25, T34, M14 Exe: `SISC• RIC 29c.3 (IX, Siscia), L 1549
46) B1, O3, R10, T25, M06 Exe: ¤/SMK` RIC 26a (IX, Cyzicus)
47) B1, O3, R14, T24, M14 Exe: TES` RIC 63a (IX, Thessalonica), L 1863
48) B1, O3, R25, T38, M01 Exe: ALE` RIC 19a (IX, Alexandria)
49) B1, O3, R25, T38, M02 Exe: AN` RIC 65a (IX, Antiochia)
50) B1, O3, R25, T38, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 21b (IX, Cyzicus)
51) B1, O3, R25, T38, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 19b (IX, Heraclea)
52) B1, O3, R25, T38, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 38a (IX, Nicomedia)

Valentinian II Busts
 528
Valentinian II Types

The son of a famous general, Theodosius's own military prowess

Theodosius I caught the eye of Gratian who sent him off with an army to deal
with the various barbarian hordes making regular excursions into
Roman territory. After scoring some impressive victories on the
battlefield Gratian gave Theodosius the ultimate reward by
Augustus 375-395 crowning him emperor and formal successor to Valens.

Theodosius then went on to settle a peace treaty with the barbarians and conferred upon them "federate" status
and allowed them to occupy Roman territory under the condition that they would defend it against other intruders.
The benefit, in principle at least, was that this settlement created a buffer zone for the Romans. In the following
years he put down the rebellions headed by Magnus Maximus and then, literally with a little help from the weather,
by the puppet emperor Eugenius.

During the waning years of his life he became the first Roman emperor to turn full circle on the issue of religious
persecution. After centuries of Christian persecution and then another three quarters of a century whereby
Christianity coexisted mostly peacefully with Pagan rituals, Theodosius began the active persecution and steady
elimination of all non-Christian sects and their temples. This policy would be vigorously followed by all succeeding
emperors. He died in 395 leaving behind a split empire to be ruled by his sons Honorius and Arcadius.

Busts:
1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right
2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right
3) Helmeted, diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield
4) Helmeted, diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield
 529
Obverses:
Theodosius leaves a strong numismatic legacy, by
1) DN THEODOSIVS PF AVG fourth century standards, with a myriad of different
2) DN THEODOSVIS PF AVG
denominations, sizes and weights of his coins.
Reverses:
For several decades coinage in general had inexorably
1) CONCORDIA AVGG tended towards smaller coins made of cheaper metal
2) CONCORDIA AVGGG alloys while at the same time maintaining or increasing
3) CONCORDIA AVGGGG
4) GLORIA REIPVB their nominal value. In other words, inflation.
5) GLORIA REIPVBLICE
6) GLORIA ROMANORVM
7) PERPETVETAS While the economic maladies ailing the empire were far
8) REPARATIO REIPVB greater than Theodosius could hope to remedy he does
9) RESTITVTOR REIPVBLICAE
10) RESTITVTOR REIPVBLICE
temporarily increase the size and heft of the bronzes. He
11) SALVS REIPVBLICAE also introduces the Tremissis, a small but versatile coin
12) SPES REIPVBLICAE that is successful enough to continue being used for the
13) SPES ROMANORVM
14) TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB next 200 years. These measures, at least symbolically,
15) VICTORIA AVG aim to strengthen the shrinking empire.
16) VICTORIA AVGG
17) VICTORIA AVGGG
18) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM Asides from their historical significance, the collector will
19) VIRTVS EXERCITI be pleased to find that obtaining high-grade “type” sets
20) VIRTVS EXERCITVS
21) VIRTVS ROMANORVM of this emperor is an easy and surprisingly affordable
22) VOTA PVBLICA task. The small bronzes are particularly plentiful and
23) VRBS ROMA
24) VRBS ROMA FELIX make up a sizeable proportion of “uncleaned” coins as
25) No legend available on the Internet and most coin dealers.

Types:
1) City gate with (2) turrets.
2) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding globe and scepter.
3) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter
4) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and cornucopia
5) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and globe
6) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X
7) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and shield reading VOT / X / MVL / XV
8) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV
9) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding spear
10) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and cornucopia.
11) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear.
12) Roma seated, facing, holding globe and spear.
13) Roma standing, facing, holding trophy and Victory on globe; shield by feet.
14) Theodosius I advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy.
15) Theodosius I and Gratian seated, facing, together holding globe over palm; Victory above and between them.
16) Theodosius I and Valentinian II seated, facing, each holding a scepter.
17) Theodosius I riding horse right, raising hand.
18) Theodosius I standing left, holding hand of kneeling woman with cornucopia and labarum
19) Theodosius I standing left, holding hand of kneeling woman with cornucopia and Victory on globe
20) Theodosius I standing left on galley, holding phoenix on globe and labarum; Victory seated to right, steering galley.
21) Theodosius I standing left on galley, raising hand; Victory seated to right, steering galley.
22) Theodosius I standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and globe
23) Theodosius I standing, facing, holding labarum and globe
24) Theodosius I standing, facing, holding labarum and globe; seated captive to left.
25) Theodosius I standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on shield
26) Theodosius I standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and labarum.
27) Theodosius I standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe
28) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, each holding a wreath and a palm
29) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and dragging captive.
30) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
31) Victory advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy.
32) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X on lap
33) Victory standing right, holding wreath and cross on globe
34) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within
35) Wreath, VOT / V within
36) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within
37) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XXX within
38) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLTIS / XX within
39) Wreath, VOT / XV / MVLT / XX within
40) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within

Mints:
1) Alexandria 7) Heraclea 13) Sirmium
2) Antioch 8) Londinium 14) Siscia
3) Aquileia 9) Lugdunum 15) Thessalonica
4) Arelate 10) Mediolanum 16) Treveri
5) Constantinopolis 11) Nicomedia
6) Cyzicus 12) Roma
 530
AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R02, T05, M05 Exe: CONOB RIC 43b (IX, Constantinopolis)
2) B1, O1, R02, T06, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 70b (IX, Constantinopolis)
3) B1, O1, R02, T08, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 71A (IX, Constantinopolis)
4) B1, O1, R16, T15, M10 Exe: COM RIC 5b (IX, Mediolanum)
5) B1, O1, R16, T15, M10 Exe: M/D/COM RIC 8b.2 (IX, Mediolanum)
6) B1, O1, R16, T15, M13 Exe: SIROB RIC 9c (IX, Sirmium)
7) B1, O1, R16, T15, M16 Exe: TROB` RIC 50 (IX, Treveri)
8) B1, O1, R17, T22, M13 Exe: S/M/CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 15 (IX, Sirmium)
9) B2, O1, R02, T05, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 45d (IX, Constantinopolis)
10) B2, O1, R02, T06, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 44b (IX, Constantinopolis)
11) B2, O1, R02, T08, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 71b (IX, Constantinopolis)
12) B2, O1, R03, T08, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 47b (IX, Constantinopolis)

AU Tremissis

13) B1, O1, R18, T33, M05 Exe: */CONOB

14) B1, O1, R18, T33, M05 Exe: CONOB RIC 75b (IX, Constantinopolis)

AR Siliqua
15) B1, O1, R02, T03, M16 Exe: TRPS RIC 55a (IX, Treveri)
16) B1, O1, R21, T11, M16 Exe: TRPS RIC 94b (IX, Treveri)
17) B1, O1, R25, T36, M05 Exe: CONS RIC 87a (IX, Constantinopolis)
18) B1, O1, R25, T36, M10 Exe: MDPS RIC 14b (IX, Mediolanum)

AE2
19) B1, O1, R06, T22, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 68a (IX, Antiochia)
20) B1, O1, R06, T22, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 27a (IX, Heraclea)
21) B1, O1, R06, T23, M01 Exe: ALE` RIC 21a (IX, Alexandria)
22) B1, O1, R08, T19, M12 Exe: SMR` RIC 43d (IX, Roma)
23) B1, O1, R08, T19, M14 Exe: *`SISC RIC 26c.5 (IX, Siscia), L 1527
24) B1, O1, R08, T19, M14 Exe: *`SISC• RIC 26c.7 (IX, Siscia), L 1533
25) B1, O1, R08, T19, M14 Exe: `SIS•
26) B1, O1, R08, T19, M14 Exe: `SISC RIC 26c.1 (IX, Siscia), L 1514
27) B1, O1, R08, T19, M14 Exe: `SISC• RIC 26c.3 (IX, Siscia), L 1521
28) B1, O1, R19, T22, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 25b (IX, Cyzicus)
29) B1, O1, R19, T22, M07 Exe: */•SMH` RIC 24b.2 (IX, Heraclea)
30) B1, O1, R19, T22, M07 Exe: •SMH` RIC 24b.1 (IX, Heraclea)
31) B1, O1, R19, T22, M11 Exe: SMN` RIC 44b (IX, Nicomedia), L 2394
32) B2, O1, R06, T05, M05 Exe: °/I/CONS` RIC 57d (IX, Constantinopolis)
33) B2, O1, R19, T22, M01 Exe: ALE` RIC 18c (IX, Alexandria)
34) B3, O1, R06, T21, M02 Exe: =/ANT` RIC 40d (IX, Antiochia)
35) B3, O1, R06, T21, M05 Exe: =/CON` RIC 52c (IX, Constantinopolis)
36) B3, O1, R06, T21, M05 Exe: T/CON` RIC 79b (IX, Constantinopolis)
37) B3, O1, R06, T21, M06 Exe: =/SMK` RIC 14c (IX, Cyzicus)
38) B3, O1, R06, T21, M06 Exe: T/SMK` RIC 23 (IX, Cyzicus)
39) B3, O1, R06, T21, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 11c (IX, Heraclea)
40) B3, O1, R06, T21, M07 Exe: T/SMH` RIC 21b (IX, Heraclea)
41) B3, O1, R06, T21, M11 Exe: =/•SMN` RIC 25c (IX, Nicomedia)
42) B3, O1, R06, T21, M15 Exe: =/•TES` RIC 44b (IX, Thessalonica)

AE3

43) B1, O1, R01, T01, M15 Exe: `/TES RIC 62b (IX, Thessalonica)
44) B1, O1, R02, T02, M11 Exe: SMN` RIC 29 (IX, Nicomedia)
45) B1, O1, R02, T02, M14 Exe: `SISC RIC 27d (IX, Siscia)
46) B1, O1, R02, T05, M05 Exe: O/CONS` RIC 57a (IX, Constantinopolis)
47) B1, O1, R06, T14, M14 Exe: `SISC• RIC 28 (IX, Siscia), L 1558
48) B1, O1, R06, T14, M15 Exe: `/TES RIC 60b (IX, Thessalonica)
49) B1, O1, R06, T17, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 89a (IX, Constantinopolis)
50) B1, O1, R06, T23, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 88a (IX, Constantinopolis)
51) B1, O1, R17, T20, M15 Exe: `/TES RIC 61b (IX, Thessalonica)

AE4

52) B1, O1, R05, T01, M15 Exe: `/TES RIC 62b (IX, Thessalonica)
53) B1, O1, R11, T29, M02 Exe: ¢/ANT` RIC 70a (IX, Antiochia)
54) B1, O1, R11, T29, M02 Exe: ¤/ANT` RIC 67b.2 (IX, Antioch)
55) B1, O1, R11, T29, M05 Exe: ¤/CONS RIC 86b (IX, Constantinopolis)
56) B1, O1, R11, T29, M06 Exe: ¤/SMK` RIC 27b (IX, Cyzicus), L 1984
57) B1, O1, R11, T29, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 26b (IX, Heraclea)
58) B1, O1, R11, T29, M11 Exe: SMN` RIC 45b (IX, Nicomedia), L 2404
59) B1, O1, R11, T29, M15 Exe: ¤/TES` RIC 65 (IX, Thessalonica)
60) B1, O1, R17, T30, M04 Exe: `CON RIC 30d (IX, Arelate), L 563
61) B1, O1, R17, T30, M14 Exe: `SIS RIC 39b.1 (IX, Siscia), L 1576
62) B1, O1, R17, T30, M14 Exe: `SIS• RIC 39b.3 (IX, Siscia), L 1580
63) B1, O1, R25, T34, M14 Exe: `SISC RIC 29d (IX, Siscia), L 1546
64) B1, O1, R25, T35, M07 Exe: SMH`
65) B1, O1, R25, T36, M05 Exe: CON` RIC 63b (IX, Constantinopolis)
 531
66) B1, O1, R25, T36, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 19 (IX, Cyzicus), L 2557
67) B1, O1, R25, T36, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 19c (IX, Heraclea)
68) B1, O1, R25, T36, M14 Exe: `SISC RIC 30b (IX, Siscia)

Theodosius I Busts

Theodosius I Types
 532
Wife of Theodosius I and mother of Honorius and
Aelia Flaccilla Arcadius.

? - d.386

Bust:

1) Diademed, draped bust right, wearing ear rings and necklace Fifty years had passed with emperor coming and going and
not a one of them having the decency to promote their wives
Obverse: to a formal “Augusta”. And if any of them did for some reason
no coins with their effigy appeared during this time.
1) AEL FLACCILLA AVG
This is all changed during the reign of Theodosius when Aelia
Reverses: is given a modest share of the total output of coins. Her
1) SALVS REIPVBLICAE
name, just as was the case with Julius Caesar and Augustus,
2) SALVS REIPVBLICAES will become an honorary title bestowed upon future
3) SALVS REPVBLICAE empresses.
4) No legend

Types: Although Siliquae and even Solidi are known they are so rare
they‟re catalogued here for the sake of completeness but it‟s
1) Aelia Flaccilla standing, facing, hands braced over chest. very doubtful they‟ll ever appear in significant quantities.
2) Victory seated right, holding shield with Chi-Rho on column
3) Wreath, Chi-Rho within
Bronzes on the other hand are if not plentiful at least
accessible enough. “Starter” coppers can be had for $20 or
Mints: less and nicer ones climbing steadily up to around $100.

1) Alexandria 5) Heraclea
2) Antioch 6) Nicomedia
3) Constantinopolis 7) Siscia
4) Cyzicus 8) Thessalonica

AU Solidus Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R1, T2, M3 Exe: CONOB RIC 72 (IX, Constantinopolis)

AR Siliqua
2) B1, O1, R4, T3, M3 Exe: CON` RIC 78 (IX, Constantinopolis)

AE2

3) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: ALE` RIC 4 (IX, Alexandria)

4) B1, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: ANT` RIC 62 (IX, Antioch), L 2760
5) B1, O1, R1, T1, M3 Exe: ¤/CON` RIC 82 (IX, Constantinopolis)
6) B1, O1, R1, T1, M3 Exe: T/CONS` RIC 82 (IX, Constantinopolis)
7) B1, O1, R1, T1, M4 Exe: SMK` RIC 24 (IX, Cyzicus)
8) B1, O1, R1, T1, M6 Exe: SMN` RIC 25 (IX, Nicomedia)
9) B1, O1, R1, T2, M2 Exe: T/ANT` RIC 43 (IX, Antioch)
10) B1, O1, R1, T2, M3 Exe: CON` RIC 55 (IX, Constantinopolis)
11) B1, O1, R1, T2, M3 Exe: T/CON` RIC 81 (IX, Constantinopolis)
12) B1, O1, R1, T2, M5 Exe: T/SMH` RIC 23 (IX, Heraclea)
13) B1, O1, R1, T2, M5 Exe: T/SMH`*
14) B1, O1, R1, T2, M7 Exe: SISC. RIC 35 (IX, Siscia)

AE4

15) B1, O1, R1, T2, M2 Exe: AN` L 2744

16) B1, O1, R1, T2, M3 Exe: CON` RIC 61 (IX, Constantinopolis), L 2162
17) B1, O1, R1, T2, M5 Exe: . SMH` RIC 36 (IX, Heraclea)
18) B1, O1, R1, T2, M7 Exe: SISC. RIC 35 (IX, Siscia)
 533
Aelia Flaccilla Bust

It's uncertain exactly how Magnus Maximus came to power. At

Magnus Maximus the time he was a general in Britain and whether by his own
will or that of his troops he was hailed as emperor. Gratian
moved quickly to put down the revolt and bring Maximus to
Augustus 383-388 justice but, his troops mutinied, switched sides and had
Gratian executed instead. Maximus then sought to have his
claim recognized throughout the rest of the empire and to this
end he sent a delegation to the court of Theodosius. If not outright enthusiastic, Theodosius was at least initially
cooperative and accepted Maximus. However, the situation changed when Maximus upset the balance of power
by intending to appropriate Italy which was under the control of Valentinian II. Suddenly, Theodosius realized that
Maximus was intent on becoming the sole ruler of the West and possibly the East as well. Theodosius then
rescinded his recognition of Maximus and sent a large army against him. The two sides met roughly halfway
between their courts and Maximus was defeated. Maximus was then captured and executed in Aquileia.

Busts:
1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right Bronzes for this emperor are typically found in very
2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right poor condition but, thankfully, with the low grade comes
a correspondingly affordable price tag. Nicely
Obverses: preserved bronzes will easily cost well over $100.
1) DN MAG MAXIMVS PF AVG
2) DN MAG MAXINVS PF AVG At those prices you might as well consider the silver.
3) DN MAXIMVS PF AVG Siliquae are available, though not very abundantly, for
4) DN MAXIMVS PF AVS
$100-$200 as a starting point. “Gem” Siliquae will cost
two or three times that much and will usually be offered
Reverses:
only through specialized auction houses rather than
1) CONCORDIA AVGGG
corner shop dealers.
2) REPARATIO REIPVB
3) RESTITVTOR REIPVBLICAE Gold coins in any denomination are really, really rare.
4) SPES ROMANORVM
5) VICTORIA AVGG
6) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
7) VIRTVS EXERCITI
8) VIRTVS EXERCITVS
9) VIRTVS ROMANORVM

Types:
1) City gate with (2) turrets, star above
2) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and globe
3) Magnus Maximus and Theodosius I seated, facing, together holding globe
4) Magnus Maximus and Theodosius I seated, facing, together holding globe; Victory above them, palm below
5) Magnus Maximus standing left, holding hand of kneeling woman and Victory on globe.
6) Magnus Maximus standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and globe.
7) Magnus Maximus standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on shield.
8) Magnus Maximus standing, facing, holding labarum and Victory on globe.
9) Magnus Maximus standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and labarum.
10) Roma seated, facing, holding globe and spear.
11) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
12) Wreath, VO / TIS / V within.
13) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within
 534
Mints:

1) Aquileia 5) Lugdunum
2) Arelate 6) Mediolanum
3) Constantinopolis 7) Roma
4) Londinium (Augusta) 8) Treveri

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R3, T08, M8 Exe: */SMTR RIC 2 (IX, Treveri)

2) B2, O1, R5, T03, M8 Exe: TROB RIC 77b (IX, Treveri)
3) B2, O4, R1, T02, M3 Exe: CONOB

AR Miliarense

4) B1, O1, R8, T07, M8 Exe: TRPS RIC 82 (IX, Treveri)

AR Siliqua Reference(s)

5) B1, O1, R9, T10, M8 Exe: TRPS RIC 84b (IX, Treveri)

AE2

6) B1, O1, R2, T05, M2 Exe: `CON RIC 26a (IX, Arelate)

AE4

7) B1, O1, R4, T01, M1 Exe SMAQ` RIC 55a (IX, Aquileia), L 1103
8) B1, O1, R4, T01, M2 Exe: `CON RIC 29a (IX, Arelate)
9) B1, O1, R4, T01, M8 Exe: SMTR RIC 87a (IX, Treveri), L 156
10) B1, O2, R4, T01, M5 Exe: LVG`

Magnus Maximus Busts

Magnus Maximus Types

 535
Not yet old enough to be in kindergarten, Flavius Victor was
Flavius Victor the unfortunate victim of a very brutal and violent age. His father
Magnus Maximus named him co-Augustus soon after he was born
and then was off on his quest to become the Western Emperor.
Augustus 384-388 Although he met with success initially, Maximus was no match for
Theodosius once he made a concerted effort to oust him. Victor,
on the other hand, was sent for after Maximus's final defeat and
was slain to end any possibility of future contests from this quarter.

Bust:
1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
You‟re not likely to come across a coin of Flavius
Obverses: Victor by accident. It‟s either an AE4 “camp gate”
or a silver Siliqua both of which routinely sell for
1) DN FL VICTOR PF AVG hundreds of dollars even when they appear
2) DN FL ICTOR PF AVG mediocre.

Reverses: A sharp eye and some patience can score one of

the AE4‟s for around $100 on eBay.
1) BONO REIPVBLICE NATI
2) SPES ROMANORVM
3) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
4) VIRTVS ROMANORVM

Types:

1) City gate with (2) turrets, star above

2) Magnus Maximus and Flavius Victor seated, facing, holding together globe; Victory between them.
3) Roma seated, facing, holding globe and spear.
4) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.

Mints:
1) Aquileia
2) Arelate
3) Lugdunum
4) Mediolanum
5) Treveri

AR Siliqua Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R4, T3, M4 Exe: MDPS RIC 19b (IX, Mediolanum)
2) B1, O1, R4, T3, M5 Exe: TRPS RIC 84d (IX, Treveri)

AE4

3) B1, O1, R2, T1, M1 Exe: SMAQ` RIC 55b (IX, Aquileia), L 1004
4) B1, O1, R2, T1, M2 Exe: `CON RIC 29b (IX, Mediolanum), L 561

Flavius Victor Bust Flavius Victor Types

 536

After the death of Valentinian II followed one of the most

Eugenius embarrassing low-points in Roman history. Italy and what was left
of the Roman empire was left leaderless. The barbarian warlord
Arbogast wielded power but was unable to call himself the emperor
Augustus 392-394 because to do so would have been an outrage so scandalous that
it would likely throw the entire empire into complete turmoil. Thus
evaluating his response over what to do next, a period that lasted
over a year, he decided to name Eugenius the emperor. Needless to say, Eugenius served merely as a
figurehead for Arbogast's desires. To the end of making it all seem legitimate, he sent a series of diplomats to the
court of Theodosius in hopes of gaining Eugenius the East's blessing. Theodosius prepared an army instead and
eventually the two met in battle. When the dust settled, Eugenius was dead and Arbogast fled the scene,
reportedly committing suicide. This left Theodosius himself as emperor of the entire empire; this being the last
such time this would happen.

Eugenius himself was apparently a scholar and respected former government administrator. He might have found
favor with Theodosius had his pedigree not been tainted with Arbogast's role and had he not shown inclinations to
favor paganism instead of Christianity. He is reported to have meant to turn the church in Mediolanum (Milan) into
a stable for Arbogast's horses! This anecdote, however, might be but propaganda from the enemies of Eugenius.

Bust:
1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right By the late fourth century the mints throughout the western empire
begin shutting down one by one. Those that remain open for
Obverse: business slow production to a trickle. Rome, once the most prolific
1) DN EVGENIVS PF AVG
and important of mints also limps along with a skeleton crew that
manufacture increasingly less skillfully made coins and then only
Reverses: erratically as metal becomes available.

1) GLORIA ROMANORVM Eugenius may be one of the first emperors who becomes rare not
2) SPES ROMANORVM on account of his length in office, over a year‟s time, but rather
3) VICTORIA AVGG
4) VICTORIA AVGGG because there just weren‟t many coins made during this time.
5) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
6) VIRTVS ROMANORVM
7) VOT / V / MVLT / X
A few hardscrabble, tiny copper coins turn up on the market with
8) VRBS ROMA some frequency. Silver siliquae, the most commonly found of his
coins, tend to go from $200 to over $1,000 a piece.
Types:

1) Eugenius and Theodosius I seated, facing, together holding globe; between them, Victory above and palm below.
2) Eugenius standing left, holding labarum and resting hand on shield.
3) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear.
4) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.

Mints:
1) Aquileia
2) Arelate
3) Lugdunum
4) Mediolanum
5) Roma
6) Treveri

AU Solidus Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R3, T1, M3 Exe: L/D/COM RIC 45 (IX, Lugdunum), C 6
2) B1, O1, R3, T1, M4 Exe: M/D/COM RIC 28 (IX, Mediolanum), C 6

AU Tremissis
3) B1, O1, R5, T4, M6 Exe: T/R/COM RIC 103 (IX, Treveri), C 10

AR Miliarense
4) B1, O1, R1, T2, M6 Exe: TRPS RIC 104 (IX, Treveri), C 2
 537
AR Siliqua Reference(s)

5) B1, O1, R6, T3, M4 Exe: MDPS RIC 32c (IX, Mediolanum), C 14b
6) B1, O1, R6, T3, M6 Exe: TRPS RIC 106d (IX, Treveri), C 14a
7) B1, O1, R8, T3, M3 Exe: LVGPS RIC 46 (IX, Lugdunum), C 18a

AE4

8) B1, O1, R2, T4, M1 Exe: AQ` RIC 59 (IX, Aquileia), L 1108
9) B1, O1, R4, T4, M2 Exe: CON RIC 30f (IX, Arelate), C 8

Eugenius Bust

Eugenius Types
 538

Honorius was born to Theodosius and Aelia Flaccilla in 384 and

Honorius inherited the western part of the empire on his father's death (with
the eastern half going to his elder brother Arcadius). During his
lifetime Honorius witnessed wave after wave of barbarian
Augustus 394-423 invasions, each one more devastating than the previous one. In
404 he moved the imperial palace to a fortress in Ravenna. On
cue, Rome was then sacked in 410 by the barbarian forces under
the command of Alaric; a first in over 800 years. The Vandals would seize Northern Africa (Italy's bread basket)
and various usurpers, most importantly Constantine III, sliced off huge sections of what remained of the Western
empire for themselves. In the face of all these military and political catastrophes, Honorius was helpless and he
never personally led any armies to counter the invasions and revolts. Still, against all odds, he managed to
somewhat stabilize his dwindling domains by diplomatic means with the barbarians and by military action with the
help of Constantius III against the usurpers. But he died in 423 leaving the empire significantly weaker and much
smaller than when he became emperor.

Busts:
1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left
2) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right
3) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right
4) Diademed bust left wearing consular robes, holding mappa and scepter with eagle atop
5) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right, raising hand and holding Victory on globe
6) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
7) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust facing holding spear and shield
8) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust facing holding spear over shoulder and spear

Obverses:
1) DN HONORI AVG
During the reign of Honorius Roman coinage begins its final artistic slide. Already
2) DN HONORIIVS PF AVG for over the last hundred years portraiture engraving had stopped the realistic
3) DN HONORIVS PF AVG representation of the emperor‟s facial features. Instead, these portraits were now
4) DN ONORIVS PF AVG
5) HONORIO AVGVSTO mere effigies frozen in time regardless of the emperor‟s age. In fact, they all begin
to look identical from emperor to emperor with the only thing changing being
Reverses: what‟s written between the DN and the PF AVG.
1) ADVENTVS FN AVG
2) CONCORDIA AVG
In the fifth century the engraving artistry not only stops concerning itself with
3) CONCORDIA AVGG realistic portraiture but with everything else as well. Thus the designs become
4) CONCORDIA AVGGG ever more abstract. Epigraphy, too, is another casualty of carelessness. Finally,
5) CONCORDIA NVGGG
6) CONCORIA AVGG the coins themselves are made on ever smaller and thinner modules made of
7) GLORIA ROMANORVM increasingly cheaper alloys. The gold denominations, while suffering all the above
8) REPARATIO REIPVBL
9) SALVS REIPVBLICAE faults in terms of artistic merit and overall craftsmanship, hold on meticulously to
10) TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB their customary weights and fineness because, being the army‟s pay, the life of
11) VICTORIA AAVGGG
12) VICTORIA AVGG
the emperor himself depended on it.
13) VICTORIA AVGGG
14) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM Blessed with a long if troubled reign, Honorius appears frequently and cheaply in
15) VICTORIA ROMANORVM
16) VIRTVS EXERCITI the bronzes. These are by and large of the late fourth century. With the start of the
17) VIRTVS EXERCITVM fifth these too mostly disappear from the radar and those that are left in
18) VIRTVS EXERCITVS
19) VIRTVS ROMANORVM attributable condition are the small AE4 class which often measure no more than
20) VOT / V / MVLT / X 7-10mm across and often smaller. Siliquae are not rare but are typically found
21) VOT / X / MVLT / XX
22) VOT XX MVLT XXX
heavily clipped making certain attribution difficult or impossible. And then there
23) VOT XXX MVLT XXXX are the gold Solidi and Tremisses which while not exactly plentiful are always
24) VOTA PVBLICA available. The Solidus is the more common of the two and a typical specimen
25) VRBS ROMA
26) VRBS ROMA FELIX usually goes for between $400-$600.
27) No legend

Types:

1) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and Victory on globe
2) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and shield reading XX/ VOT / XXX
3) Cross
4) Honorius and Arcadius seated, facing, each holding a mappa and scepter with eagle atop; palm between them.
5) Honorius and Arcadius standing, facing, each holding a scepter and resting hand on shield.
6) Honorius riding horse right, raising hand.
7) Honorius riding six-horse chariot, oncoming, raising hand and holding globe
8) Honorius seated, facing, holding mappa and scepter with eagle atop.
9) Honorius standing left, holding scepter and resting hand on shield; being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm
10) Honorius standing left, holding Victory on globe and labarum
 539
11) Honorius standing right, dragging captive and raising hand; kneeling captive to right
12) Honorius standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe
13) Honorius standing right, stepping on captive, holding vexillum reading VOT / X and shield reading MVL / XX
14) Honorius standing, facing, holding labarum and globe
15) Honorius standing, facing, holding labarum and globe; kneeling captive to left
16) Honorius standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
17) Honorius standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe
18) Honorius standing, facing, stepping on lion, holding scepter with christogram atop and parazonium, being crowned by Hand of God
19) Honorius, Theodosius II and Arcadius standing, facing, each holding a scepter
20) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing each other, together holding shield reading VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX; palm between them.
21) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear.
22) Roma seated, facing, holding globe and spear
23) Roma seated, facing, holding Victory on globe and spear
24) Roma standing, facing, holding trophy and Victory; shield to right
25) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and globe
26) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and dragging captive.
27) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
28) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and cross on globe.
29) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X; Genius to lower right also holding shield.
30) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX
31) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX; Genius to lower right also holding shield.
32) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX; Genius to lower right also holding shield.
33) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX; Genius to lower right also holding shield.
34) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XV / XX
35) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XX / XXX
36) Victory standing left, holding cross
37) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within
38) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XV within
39) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within
40) Wreath, VOT / XV / MVLT / XX within

Mints:

1) Alexandria 6) Cyzicus 11) Ravenna

2) Antioch 7) Heraclea 12) Roma
3) Aquileia 8) Lugdunum 13) Sirmium
4) Arelate 9) Mediolanum 14) Thessalonica
5) Constantinopolis 10) Nicomedia

AU Solidus Reference(s)
1) B2, O3, R13, T12, M11 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 1287 (X, Honorius)
2) B2, O3, R13, T12, M12 Exe: R/M/COMOB RIC 1252 (X, Honorius)
3) B2, O3, R13, T12, M09 Exe: M/D/COMOB RIC 1206 (X, Honorius)
4) B2, O3, R13, T12, M13 Exe: S/M/COMOB RIC 2 (X, Arcadius)
5) B6, O3, R13, T18, M11 Exe: R/V/COB RIC 1310 (X, Honorius)
6) B7, O3, R27, T20, M11 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 1332 (X, Honorius)
7) B8, O3, R03, T01, M05 Exe: */CONOB
8) B8, O3, R03, T01, M05 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 8 (X, Arcadius)
9) B8, O3, R03, T01, M14 Exe: */COMOB RIC 348 (X, Theodosius II)
10) B8, O3, R03, T01, M14 Exe: */TES•OB• RIC 359 (X, Theodosius II)
11) B8, O3, R03, T01, M14 Exe: COMOB RIC 38 (X, Arcadius)
12) B8, O3, R04, T01, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 24 (X, Arcadius)

AU Semissis

13) B2, O3, R14, T31, M11 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 1334 (X, Honorius)

AU Tremissis
14) B2, O3, R14, T28, M09 Exe: M/D/COMOB RIC 1215 (X, Honorius)
15) B2, O3, R14, T28, M11 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 1289 (X, Honorius)

AR Miliarense

16) B1, O3, R07, T17, M05 Exe: */CON RIC 369 (X, Theodosius II)

AR Siliqua
17) B2, O3, R13, T27, M09 Exe: MD RIC 1234 (X, Honorius)
18) B2, O3, R19, T21, M09 Exe: MDPS RIC 32d (IX, Mediolanum)
19) B2, O3, R19, T21, M12 Exe: RMPS RIC 1267 (X, Honorius)

AE2

20) B2, O3, R07, T14, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 68e (IX, Antioch), L 2784
21) B2, O3, R07, T14, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 28c (IX, Cyzicus)
22) B2, O3, R07, T14, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 27c (IX, Heraclea), L 1988
23) B2, O3, R07, T14, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 46c (IX, Nicomedia)
24) B2, O3, R07, T15, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 88c (IX, Constantinopolis)
 540
AE3 Reference(s)

25) B2, O3, R07, T05, M05 Exe: CONS` * behind bust RIC 399 (X, Theodosius II), L 2223
26) B2, O3, R07, T05, M14 Exe: TES` * behind bust RIC 395 (X, Theodosius II), L 1876
27) B2, O3, R07, T06, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 69e (IX, Antiochia)
28) B2, O3, R07, T11, M12 Exe: SMR` RIC 1357 (X, Honorius), L 827
29) B2, O3, R07, T19, M02 Exe: ANT` * behind bust RIC 153 (X, Arcadius), L 2802
30) B2, O3, R07, T19, M06 Exe: SMK` * behind bust RIC 149 (X, Arcadius), L 2591
31) B2, O3, R16, T09, M01 Exe: ALE` RIC 76 (X, Arcadius), L 2913
32) B2, O3, R16, T09, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 72 (X, Arcadius), L 2793
33) B2, O3, R16, T09, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 61c (IX, Constantinopolis), L 2206
34) B2, O3, R16, T09, M05 Exe: SMK` RIC 68 (X, Arcadius)
35) B2, O3, R16, T09, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 63 (X, Arcadius)
36) B8, O3, R03, T01, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 87 (X, Arcadius)

AE4

37) B2, O3, R07, T05, M06 Exe: SMK` * behind bust RIC 403 (X, Theodosius II), L 2598
38) B2, O3, R09, T26, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 1238 (X, Honorius), L 1113

Honorius Busts

Honorius Types
 541

Of no relation whatsoever to the Constantinian dynasty of the

Constantine III previous century, Constantine was a common soldier based in
Britain. He was acclaimed emperor by his fellow soldiers in 407
after Germanic tribes posed an imminent threat that Rome was
Augustus 407-411 unwilling to deal with. It seems he then gathered these soldiers,
abandons Britain and settles in Arelate. Soon after he names his
son co-emperor, renames him Constans (again, to keep
appearances) and sets off to consolidate and expand his territory. Constantine is then able to subdue Spain into
his domain but loses it shortly afterwards when a revolt has Maximus (son of a powerful general) named emperor.
Unable to meet this new threat,
Constantine then flees but is captured
and executed. As with most other usurpers, this renegade emperor also
depended on provincial mints to strike coins. Fifth century
Busts: usurpers are all the more rare because the Roman economy was
in a tailspin. For this reason base metal coinage, that which is
1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right
2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right most suitable for small-scale commerce, is rarest of all while
precious metal coins just had to be made to pay the soldiers.
Obverses: Without a supply of silver and gold no man would risk his life on
the battlefield and, in fact, when the strongmen ran out of gold
1) DN CONSTANTINVS PF AVG they had to assume they were in grave danger.
2) FL CL CONSTANTINVS PF AVG
3) FL CL CONSTANTINVS AVG
Considering all this a coin of Constantine III is not surprisingly a
Reverses: rarity. However, among rarities his are not among the rarest.
There are a fair number of Solidi and Siliquae still extant and they
1) CONCORDIA AVGGGG come to market fairly regularly.
2) RESTITVTOR REIPVBLICAE
3) VICTORIA AAAVGGGG
4) VICTORIA AAVGGG A Siliqua may be expected to cost $500-$1,000 while the Solidus
5) VICTORIA AVGGG trades between $2,500 to over $5,000.

Types:
1) Constantine III standing right, holding labarum and Victory on globe.
2) Constantine III standing right, stepping on seated captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe.
3) Cross; Alpha and Omega on either side.
4) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear.
5) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
6) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.

Mints:

1) Arelate 3) Trier
2) Lugdunum 4) Uncertain

AU Solidus Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R4, T2, M3 Exe: TROBS RIC X 1514
2) B2, O1, R3, T2, M2 Exe: L/D/COMOB RIC X 1505

AR Siliqua
3) B1, O1, R4, T4, M1 Exe: SMAR RIC X 1538
4) B1, O1, R4, T4, M2 Exe: SMLD RIC X 1531
5) B1, O1, R4, T4, M3 Exe: TRMS RIC X 1533

Constantine III Busts Constantine III Types

 542

Not to be confused with the better known "Constans II" of the

Constans II Byzantine period, Constans was the son of usurper Constantine III
who rebelled against Honorius from his base in Britain.
Constantine III racked up several early military successes and
Augustus c.409-411 added Gaul and Spain to his domains. At the height of his glory
days he elevated his son to co-emperor clearly showing his
dynastic aspirations.

Constans, whose real name prior to accession is unknown, was sent to Spain to quell a loyalist revolt. While the
revolt was suppressed in short order, Constans left the independent-minded Gerontius in charge of the region
before returning to Gaul. This proved a mistake for Gerontius would within another year declare his own
independence and inveigh his son, Maximus, with the imperial title. This break in rank played into Honorius' game
plan as the two factions began warring each other and weakening in the process. When the time was right
Honorius sent his ablest general, Constantius III, to deal the final blow to both and thereby recoup all lost
territories with the exception of Britain which he decided to abandon for lack of resources.

Bust:
1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right Making the top 10 list of rarest of Roman
emperors is this Constans person of whom we
Obverse: know only that he was the son of the rank-and-file
soldier-turned-emperor Constantine III.
1) DN CONSTANS PF AVG

There is but one worn coin of his in the entire

Reverse: British Museum collection. It is like this one
1) VICTORIA AVGGG
pictured below which went unsold on Ebay in
2003 because it did not meet a reserve set at
Type: $7,000. It would have been a steal at that price
considering no other coins of this emperor have
1) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear. been offered for sale by any major auction house
for several decades.
Mints:
1) Arelate
2) Treveri

AR Siliqua Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: KONT RIC 1540 (X, Constantine III)
 543
Following the usurpation of Constantine III, Spain
Maximus was caught in the difficult decision of whether to support
the insurgency or remain loyal to Rome. Constantine III
abandoned Britain carrying with him most of his forces to
Augustus 409-411 settle in Gaul so as to consolidate his power base in the
region. He sent a detachment into Spain and the
province readily seceded and sided with Constantine.
However, the occupying forces of Constantine in Spain soon faced internal power struggles with local barbarian
tribes. When word of this strife reached Constantine a delegation was sent to Spain to intervene. Gerontius,
leader of the occupying forces, feared that this delegation was nothing but a secondary force sent for his own
head. In a pre-emptive move he elevated one of his handpicked men, Maximus, who was possibly his own son, to
Augustus.

Maximus and Gerontius then went on the offensive and managed to capture and kill Constans, Constantine's son
and co-emperor, and then went on to siege Constantine himself. However, Constantius III arrived with a much
larger army and Gerontius abandoned the siege knowing that to Honorius Maximus was a usurper just as much
as Constantine. They then rushed back to Spain where Gerontius was finally located by Honorius's men and
committed suicide. Maximus himself escaped with his life and blended into the barbarian background. Some years
later a Maximus, possibly this same one, was captured and executed for trying to instigate a rebellion.

Bust:
Supposedly there are only 20 or so coins extant for this short-lived
1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right emperor. And there‟s no reason to think that their owners are
much in a hurry to part with their treasures. In fact, a good portion
Obverse: of these are in museums, not private hands.
1) DN MAXIMVS PF AVG
When they come up for sale, which is not that often, it‟s a seller‟s
Reverse: market with prices going well into the thousands.

1) VICTORIA AVGGG

Types:
1) Maximus standing left, holding hand of kneeling woman and Victory on globe.
2) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear
3) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm

Mint:

1) Barcino

AR Siliqua Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R1, T2 Exe: SMBA RIC X 1601

AE3
2) B1, O1, R1, T3 Exe: SMBA RIC X 1604

Maximus Bust Maximus Types

 544
Priscus Attalus was the first of several puppet emperors in the

Priscus Attalus final lap of the Roman empire. He was a prominent Senator
when Rome fell under Alaric's siege. In the wake of the
pillaging that ensued, Alaric appointed him to the post in
usurpation of Honorius whose court and castle was in
Augustus 409-410 & 414-415 Ravenna. While Honorius tentatively recognized Attalus as a
colleague he wouldn't cave in to Alaric's demands for territory
handover. Militarily unable to topple Honorius and unsatisfied with mere diplomatic recognition, Alaric seized what
he could and left Rome with Attalus and Galla Placidia, Honorius's sister. Diplomatic activity continued between
the two but Alaric died and negotiations continued under Ataulf, Alaric's brother-in-law.

Ataulf was stonewalled by Honorius in much the same fashion and saw that he'd have to switch strategies if his
ends were to be met. He tried an alliance with Jovinus, usurper under Guntiarius, but these negotiations failed as
well. So he moved his forces against the Jovinus-Sebastianus coalition, defeated them and re-installed Attalus as
emperor. But by this time Honorius had recovered somewhat and was able to move against Ataulf under the
leadership of Constantius III. Constantius blockaded Ataulf's supply route and, seeing that his position was
untenable, retreated leaving Attalus to fend for himself. Attalus was captured in short order, mutilated and then
exiled.

Busts:
Making the top twenty list of rarest emperors, and
1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right maybe the top ten, is Priscus Attalus whose
2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right
accounted-for coins number less than 50 across all
denominations and metal types.
Obverses:
1) IMP PRISCVS ATTALVS PF AVG
Every few years one turns up and passes,
2) PRISC ATTALVS PF AVG presumably, from one wealthy collector‟s bank vault
3) PRISCVS ATTALVS AVG into the next.
Reverses: The Siliqua pictured in this section was purchased by
1) INVICTA ROMA AETERNA
the author on eBay for $2,700 in 2003 which is an
2) RESTITVTIO REIP aberration both on price (a bargain) as well as venue
3) VICTORIA AVGG as this sort of rarity usually appears as highlight
4) VICTORIA AVGGG
5) VICTORIA AVGVSTI offerings by elite coin firms and auction houses.
6) VICTORIA ROMANORVM
7) No legend

Types:
1) Priscus Attalus standing left, holding hand of kneeling woman and labarum
2) Priscus Attalus standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe.
3) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear.
4) Roma seated, facing, holding Victory on globe and spear.
5) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
6) Victory advancing right, holding trophy and shield
7) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within

Mints:
1) Narbo Martius
2) Roma

AR Medallion Reference(s)
1) B2, O2, R1, T4, M2 Exe: RMPS RIC X 1408

AR Siliqua
2) B1, O2, R1, T3, M2 Exe: */PST RIC X 1412

AE3
3) B1, O2, R6, T5, M2 Exe: * over OF/`/SMVRM RIC X 1414
 545
Priscus Attalus Busts Priscus Attalus Types

An obscure emperor whose rise to power coincided with most

Jovinus troubling times for the empire. Rome had just been sacked for the
first time in over 800 years, Spain had seceded under their own
ruler as had Britain under Constantine III and the Vandals were
Augustus 411-413 overruning Northern Africa. To add to this loss, Guntiarius, leader
of several barbarian bands seized control of parts of Gaul and
Germany when Constantius III defeated the forces of Constantine
III but had to head back towards Italy for problems there. Guntiarius chose Jovinus, an aristocrat of Gallic origins,
to act as figurehead and diplomatic chip. Before he had had enough time to exhaust recognition or an alliance with
Honorius, Ataulf, a rival barbarian leader, decimated his forces and captured Jovinus who was subsequently
beheaded along with his brother and co-Augustus Sebastianus.

Bust:
Among the very rare set of emperors in the fifth century who
1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
ruled out of Italy, Jovinus is one of the easier to find and
“affordable”. His Siliquae make appearances once or twice a
Obverse: year among the better stocked coin dealers and on the major
coin catalogs. The going rate for one of these seems to be
1) DN IOVINVS PF AVG from $1,000 to $3,000 with condition only playing a minor role.
When wealthy collectors fight with their wallets over a lonely
Reverses: coin that can‟t be found elsewhere illogical things tend to
happen!
1) RESTITVTOR REIP
2) VICTORIA AVGG
3) No legend This reign, which extends to encompass that of Sebastianus,
either did not make any bronze coins or those that were made
Types: were so few that none have survived. None, at least, in any
sort of condition that would allow one to attrinbute them.
1) Cross, Alpha and Omega on either side.
2) Jovinus standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe.
3) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear.

Mints:
1) Arelate
2) Lugdunum
3) Treveri

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T2, M1 Exe: A/R/KONOB

AR Siliqua

2) B1, O1, R2, T3, M1 Exe: KONT RIC X 1721

3) B1, O1, R2, T3, M2 Exe: SMLDV RIC X 1717
4) B1, O1, R2, T3, M3 Exe: TRMS RIC X 1711
5) B1, O1, R2, T3, M3 Exe: TRPS RIC X 1710
 546
Jovinus Bust Jovinus Types

Shadowiest of the shadow emperors, all that is known about

Sebastianus Sebastianus is that he was the brother of equally obscure
Jovinus. Jovinus was the puppet emperor of a conglomeration
of germanic and gallic tribes loosely headed by a certain
Augustus c.412-413 Guntiarius. With their help and in the interest of keeping
political formalities, they elevated him to "emperor" and
coinage was struck in his name. But there was little, if any
power to be wielded by him beyond palace gesturing. It was under these conditions that one of the few acts as
emperor would be to crown his brother as "co-emperor". Still, Honorius and a host of other tribes took the
happenings seriously enough and considered the German-Gallic area under their nominal custody a runaway
province. Ataulf, now in league with Honorius, sent a large force which easily located and defeated Sebastianus
and then Jovinus (along with another brother, Sallustius). They were beheaded and their heads triumphantly
paraded all the way to the court of Honorius in Ravenna.

Bust:
Another impossibly rare emperor, Sebastianus is likely the
1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right rarest of the fifth century Roman emperors though it is
difficult to tell for certain; the other contenders in this
Obverse: category being Constans II, Glycerius and Olybrius none
of whom appear in even the most eclectic auction venues
1) DN SEBASTIANVS PF AVG
except for very rare occasions.
Reverse:
In November of 2000 the auction firm Numismatik Lanz
1) VICTORIA AVGG
sold the coin below for $19,074 minus buyer‟s fees.

Type:

1) Roma seated left on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and spear.

Mint:
1) Arelate

AR Siliqua Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: KON
 547
Constantius III was a general under Honorius. It was thanks to him

Constantius III and his armies that the usurpers Constantine III, Constans II and
Maximus were defeated and their domains returned to the empire.
As recognition for these triumphs Honorius gave him his sister,
Galla Placidia, in marriage and made him co-emperor in 421.
Augustus 421 However, Theodosius II out in the eastern half of the empire would
not recognize Constantius. To assert his title, Constantius then
prepared to take on Theodosius but became ill and died before plans could materialize. Galla became pregnant
before his death and their son Valentinian III would in a few years become emperor himself.

Busts:
1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right In power for only about half a year, and a year in which
2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right not many coins seem to have been struck at that, adds
up to one of the great rarities in Roman Imperial
Obverses: coinage.
1) DN CONSTANTIVS PF AVG
Over the last several years only two seem to have come
up for sale. One was a Solidus sold at auction for over
Reverses:
$24,000 and the other a controversial Siliqua for a tenth
1) VICTORIA AVGGG that much. The controversy stems around an odd
2) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM exergue marking, SMN, which would possibly indicate
3) VICTORIA ROMANORVM
Sacra Moneta Narbonensis. Priscus Attalus had used
the city as an imperial seat a few years before and had
Types:
struck some coins from here. However, Honorius,
1) Constantius III standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum
Constantius III‟s patron, is not known to have minted
and Victory on globe. any coins from here himself so it seems odd. The coin
2) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. itself appears genuine however. It is listed here with the
3) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and cross on globe.
caveat that the exergue, which is only partially readable,
Mint: may read something else entirely or have an
unconventional arrangement that indicates Ravenna
1) Narbo Martius which would be the most likely location. It certainly does
2) Ravenna not refer to Nicomedia which was very far from his
sphere of control.
AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 1325 (X, Honorius)

AR ½ Siliqua
2) B1, O1, R3, T2, M1 Exe: SMN

Constantius III Busts

Constantius III Types

 548

Galla Placidia led probably the most dramatic life of any

Galla Placidia empress. She was the daughter of Theodosius and half-
sister of both Honorius and Arcadius. While living in
Rome during the sacking of 410, she was kidnapped by
b.388 - d.450 Alaric and taken to Carthage. Although Alaric died soon
afterwards, his successor, Athaulf, went on to Gaul with
the intention of eventually deposing Honorius. In transit
he forcibly married Galla, most likely to strengthen his claim to a would-be throne. He was defeated and chased
out of Gaul, along with her, into Spain where he died in 415. At this point another rival barbarian leader, Singeric,
captured her and the remaining Roman entourage that left Rome five years previously. However, Singeric and his
forces were outmaneuvered by Constantius III, key general under Honorius and forced into a treaty which gained
Galla's release. She then married Constantius III as part of his reward for his battle successes. But Constantius III
died a couple of years later and, in what was to be a scandal not seen since the days of Commodus, Honorius
took a rather unhealthy liking to his half sister. The scandal only ended with his death for unrelated reasons.

Galla, who Honorius had exiled just prior to his death (as part of his damage control program), now wandered
towards Constantinople with her son Valentinian III. She arrived at the court of Theodosius II who saw a perfect
pretext to meddle in the affairs of the West. By proclaiming his support of her through Valentinian as the rightful
heir to the throne, he moved militarily in a coup that deposed Johannes, Honorius's successor. Johannes was
executed and Valentinian III was restored as the nominal emperor although it was understood that Galla was the
real power behind the throne. In turn, Theodosius was able to exert considerable influence over both. With
Valentinian's growing older and external pressures her influence waned. Not long after Valentinian married she
retired from politics and spent the rest of her life devoted to charitable works.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right Difficult to find and expensive to obtain about sums it
2) Diademed, draped bust right, being crowned by Hand of God up for this and following First Ladies of the later
Roman empire.
Obverses:
1) AEL PLACIDIA AVG
Curiously, the least expensive (and rare) coins will
2) DN GALLA PLACIDIA AVG be the gold denominations followed by silver and last
3) GALLA PLACIDIA AVG the lowly bronze which by now is next to impossible
to find in anything but crude lumps of cheap, leaded
Reverses:
alloys that have only the faintest portrait outlines and
1) CONCORDIA AVG legends. When that rare one comes up for sale that
2) IMP XXXXII COS XVII PP has halfway decent features collectors line up to get
3) SALVS REIPVBLICAE their hands on it.
4) SALVS REIPVBLICE
5) VOT XX MVLT XXX
6) VOT XXX MVLT XXXX
7) No legend A Tremissis will start at around $1,000 and a Solidus
for $2,500 to over $10,000.
Types:
1) Constantinopolis seated left, holding cross on globe and scepter; shield to side.
2) Cross
3) Galla Placidia seated, facing
4) Roma seated left, holding cross on globe and scepter
5) Valentinian III seated, facing, holding mappa
6) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
7) Victory seated right, holding shield with Chi-Rho design
8) Victory standing left, holding cross; star above.
9) Wreath, Chi-Rho within
10) Wreath, cross within

Mints:
1) Constantinopolis
2) Ravenna
3) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s)
1) B2, O1, R5, T08, M1 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 230 (X, Theodosius II)
2) B2, O2, R3, T07, M2 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 1333 (X, Valentinian III)
3) B2, O2, R5, T08, M2 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 2012 (X, Valentinian III)
 549
4) B2, O2, R5, T08, M3 Exe: R/M/COMOB RIC 2007 (X, Valentinian III)
5) B2, O3, R6, T04, M1 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 263 (X, Theodosius II)

AU Tremissis

6) B1, O2, R7, T09, M2 Exe: COMOB RIC 1343 (X, Valentinian III)

AR Siliqua
7) B1, O2, R3, T07, M2 Exe: RVPS RIC 2082 (X, Valentinian III)
8) B1, O2, R7, T09, M2 Exe: RV RIC 2092 (X, Valentinian III)

AE4

9) B2, O2, R4, T2, M3 Exe: R¢M RIC 2113 (X, Valentinian III), L 857

Galla Placidia Busts

Galla Placidia Types

Johannes was a high-ranking civil servant under Honorius. When

Johannes the emperor died there was no clear successor and Johannes was
proclaimed Augustus with the help and approval of a former
Honorius general. Johannes's title was immediately contested by
Augustus 423-425 Theodosius II who stood to gain politically by aligning himself with
Constantius III's widow, Galla Placidia, and her infant son
Valentinian III. Accordingly, an army was sent to crush Johannes
and he was captured, publicly ridiculed, mutilated and then executed.

During the latter part of Honorius‟s reign and after his death a slew of obscure emperors had been taking
their turn at claiming the imperial title. However, Johannes is the first successor who manages to stay on the
position long enough for any appreciable amount of coins to be struck for him.

But that‟s not to say a coin of Johannes is trivially easy to come by. While a bronze of Honorius is cheap and
easy to find that generally holds true because early in his reign small bronzes were still being made in great
quantities. By the time of his death however the production of base coinage had slowed to a trickle. And
these are decidedly cruder in style and craftsmanship. Oddly enough one‟s best hope of finding a coin of his
is among the very small coins offered for sale as “uncleaned”. Among these very difficult to restore coins a
Johannes turns up every now and then. Almost never will they have more than a few letters visible but
sometimes can be positively ID‟d based on a portrait that is bearded or the abstracted form of a Victory on
the reverse coupled with misshapen letters; that is, if any are still legible!

These coins, when attributable, are always worth a few hundred dollars with surviving condition being the
most important variable. A coin with a readable part of his name will command a hefty premium. Silver and
gold coins will appear with some regularity on the catalogs of coin dealers and auction houses but priced
well out of reach of the budget of most collectors.
 550
Busts:

1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right

2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverse:

1) DN IOHANNES PF AVG

Reverses:

1) SALVS REIPVBLICE 4) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM

2) VICTORIA AVGG 5) VRBS ROMA
3) VICTORIA AVGGG

Types:

1) Johannes standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe.
2) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear
3) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and dragging captive
4) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
5) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and cross on globe
6) Victory seated right, holding shield on column with Chi-Ro inside; Genius below and to right also holding shield.
7) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm

Mints:
1) Arelate 3) Ravenna
2) Mediolanum 4) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R3, T1, M3 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC X 1901

AU Semissis
2) B2, O1, R4, T6 Exe: COMOB RIC X 1903

AU Tremissis
3) B2, O1, R4, T5, M3 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC X 1904

AE4
4) B1, O1, R2, T4, M4 Exe: `/RM RIC X 1910
5) B1, O1, R1, T3, M4 Exe: ¤ over `/RM RIC X 1916, L 833
6) B1, O1, R1, T3, M4 Exe: `RM RIC X 1920, L 837
7) B1, O1, R1, T3, M4 Exe: ¤/RM` RIC X 1923, L 838

Johannes Busts

Johannes Types
 551
The grandson of Valentinian II, Valentinian III was the son of
Valentinian III Constantius III (who in turn had no relation to the Constantines).
He grew up like royalty and became Caesar, then emperor very
early in life. However, he had no real power as first his mother and
Augustus 425-455 then the general Aetius restricted his ability to rule by imposing
their own will. Apparently in an effort to rid himself of the influence
of Aetius he managed to get the general assassinated but rather
than free him, Aetius's bodyguard avenged his murder by killing the emperor a few months later.

Busts:
Although the listings below show a rather lengthy corpus the fact is
1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right that outside of a Solidus or two the coins of Valentinian III are much
2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust
right rarer than a thirty-year reign might suggest. And if that Solidus could
3) Diademed bust left, wearing consular robes, be considered “common”, which it really isn‟t, it is only because it
holding mappa and cross
4) Diademed bust left, wearing consular robes, was being struck by prolific moneyer Theodosius II in faraway
holding mappa and scepter with eagle atop Constantinople. The issues struck in Italy are for the most part pretty
5) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust
facing, holding spear and shield
rare and expensive.
6) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust
right, holding spear and shield Bronzes are also difficult to come by. Oddly, it is easier to find an
7) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust
right AE4 of Johannes, who ruled less than two years, than one of
Valentinian. Even odder, despite being rarer the Johannes AE4‟s are
Obverses: always worth a lot more anyway! However, affordability aside, do not
expect his bronzes to be exactly objets d‟art as they are invariably
1) DN PL VALENTINIANVS PF AG poorly preserved and with most features obliterated. Whatever is left
2) DN PL VALENTINIANVS PF AVG
3) DN PLA VALENTINIANVS PF AVG will likely have been shoddily done in the first place making
4) DN PLACIDVS VALENTINIANVS PF AVG attribution a nightmare.
5) DN VAL CHA
6) DN VALEN AVG
7) DN VALENTINIANO PF AVG Well, at least there‟s that eastern-mint Solidus which is found easily
8) DN VALENTINIANVS PF AVG enough and should cost around $600 each.
Reverses:

1) ADVENT S S DN AVG 10) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 19) VIRTVS ROMANORVM

2) CAS VIC 11) SALVS REIPVBLICE 20) VOT PVB
3) CONCORDIA AVG 12) VICTO AVG 21) VOT X MVLT XX
4) CONCORDIA AVGV 13) VICTOR AVGVS 22) VOT XX MVLT XXX
5) FELICITER NVBTIIS 14) VICTORIA AGG 23) VOT XXX MVLT XXXX
6) GLORIA ROMANORVM 15) VICTORIA AVG 24) VOTIS XXX MVLTIS XXXX
7) IMP XXXXII COS XVII PP 16) VICTORIA AVGG 25) VRBIS ROMA
8) INVICTISSIMO 17) VICTORIA AVGGG 26) VRBS ROMA
9) ROMA 18) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 27) No legend

Types:

1) City gate with (2) turrets.

2) Constantinopolis seated left, holding cross on globe and scepter; shield to side.
3) Cross
4) Roma seated left on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and spear
5) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and cross.
6) Roma seated, facing, holding globe and scepter.
7) Valentinian III advancing right, dragging captive and holding labarum.
8) Valentinian III and Licinia Eudoxia standing, facing, holding hands with Theodosius II between and behind them, hands on their shoulders
9) Valentinian III and Theodosius II seated, facing, each holding mappa and cross; star above.
10) Valentinian III and Theodosius II seated, facing, each holding spear and cross between them
11) Valentinian III and Theodosius II standing, facing, together holding a cross and each a spear
12) Valentinian III riding horse left, raising hand
13) Valentinian III seated, facing, holding mappa and cross
14) Valentinian III seated, facing, holding mappa and scepter with eagle atop.
15) Valentinian III standing, facing, holding hand of kneeling person to left and holding scepter with crossed tip.
16) Valentinian III standing, facing, holding labarum and Christogram on globe
17) Valentinian III standing, facing, stepping on human-headed snake, holding cross and Victory on globe.
18) Valentinian III to left, standing, facing, holding mappa and scepter with crossed tip and Licinia Eudoxia to right, standing, facing, holding cross
19) Valentinian III to right, standing, facing, holding cross on globe and globe, being crowned by Hand of God, facing Theodosius II to left, standing, facing,
holding cross and globe
20) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding palm
21) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and cross on globe.
22) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath in each hand
23) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
24) Victory advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy
25) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and cross on globe.
26) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT/X/MVLT/XX on column; Genius below and to right also holding shield.
27) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XV/ XX
28) Victory standing left, holding cross
29) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath in each hand.
 552
30) Wreath, Chi-Rho within
31) Wreath, cross within
32) Wreath, VOT / XV within
33) Wreath, VOT / XX within

Mints:
1) Aquileia 4) Mediolanum 7) Thessalonica
2) Constantinopolis 5) Ravenna 8) Treveri
3) Cyzicus 6) Roma

AU Medallion Reference(s)

1) B1, O7, R01, T12, M02 Exe: */CONOB

AU Solidus

2) B1, O3, R16, T19, M06 Exe: R/M/COMOB RIC 2002 (X, Valentinian III)
3) B1, O3, R17, T17, M06 Exe: R/M/COMOB RIC 2005 (X, Valentinian III)
4) B2, O3, R17, T17, M04 Exe: M/D/COMOB RIC 2025 (X, Valentinian III)
5) B2, O3, R17, T17, M05 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 2010 (X, Valentinian III)
6) B2, O3, R17, T17, M06 Exe: R/M/COMOB RIC 2006 (X, Valentinian III)
7) B3, O3, R21, T13, M06 Exe: R/M/COMOB RIC 2034 (X, Valentinian III)
8) B5, O8, R07, T02, M02 Exe: */COMOB RIC 315 (X, Theodosius II)
9) B7, O3, R05, T08, M07 Exe: COMOB

AU Semissis

10) B2, O3, R18, T26, M05 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 2050 (X, Valentinian III)

AU Tremissis
11) B1, O3, R27, T31, M04 Exe: COMOB RIC 2031 (X, Valentinian III)
12) B1, O8, R18, T21, M02 Exe: */COMOB RIC 251 (X, Theodosius II)
13) B2, O3, R27, T31, M05 Exe: COMOB RIC 2064 (X, Valentinian III)

AR ½ Siliqua
14) B1, O3, R16, T23, M05 Exe: RV RIC 2085 (X, Valentinian III)

AE3
15) B6, O8, R04, T11, M02 Exe: CON RIC 461 (X, Theodosius II)

AE4

16) B1, O3, R11, T23, M06 Exe: `/RM RIC 2110 (X, Valentinian III)
17) B1, O5, R16, T23, M06 Exe: ROM RIC 2158 (X, Valentinian III), L 865
18) B1, O8, R15, T23, M06 Exe: */RM RIC 2122 (X, Valentinian III)
19) B1, O8, R16, T20, M06 Exe: `/RM RIC 2132 (X, Valentinian III), L 860
20) B1, O8, R20, T01, M06 Exe: RSM RIC 2123 (X, Valentinian III)
 553
Valentinian III Busts

Valentinian III Types

 554

The wife of Valentinian III, when her husband was killed,

Licinia Eudoxia Petronius Maximus, the successor, forced her to marry
him. This outrage she never forgave him. In fact, she
made an appeal to Gaiseric of the Vandals and all of the
? – c.493 Roman empire was to suffer for her vengeance. Gaiseric
sailed off from his home base in Africa and plundered
Rome and its few remaining cities. Licinia was carried off
as part of the loot but was later returned to the emperor Leo in Constantinople where she lived for the remainder
of her life.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right

On the whole, coins featuring Roman empresses
2) Diademed, draped bust right, being crowned by Hand of God are rare. Of these, those of the Western half of the
3) Diademed, facing bust wearing necklace and imperial dress empire are considerably rarer than the Eastern.
And of the paltry few coins left of Western Roman
Obverses: empresses those of Licinia are exceptionally rare.
Only Euphemia, the wife of Anthemius, is more
1) AEL EVDOXIA AVG
2) DN ELIA EVDOXIA PF AVG elusive.
3) LICINIA EVDOXIA PF AVG
Her known coins are all gold denominations and
Reverses: the lucky few collectors who can say they own one
1) IMP XXXXII COS XVII PP
will not part with these minor treasures for cheap.
2) SALVS ORIENTIS FELICITAS OCCIDENTIS On the occasions they show up at auction these
3) SALVS REIPVBLICAE coins always realize prices in excess of $5,000
4) VICTORIA AVGG
5) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM regardless of condition.
6) VOT XXX MVLT XXXX
7) No legend

Types:

1) Constantinopolis seated left, holding cross on globe and scepter.

2) Licinia Eudoxia and Valentinian III standing, facing; she holds scepter, he holds mappa and scepter.
3) Licinia Eudoxia seated, facing, holding cross on globe and scepter with crossed tip.
4) Victory standing left, holding cross.
5) Wreath, Chi-Rho within
6) Wreath, cross within.

Mints:
1) Constantinopolis
2) Ravenna
3) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s)
1) B2, O1, R6, T1, M1 Exe: */CONOB RIC 264 (X, Theodosius II)
2) B2, O2, R3, T4, M2 Exe: R/V/COMOB
3) B3, O3, R6, T2, M3 Exe: R/M/COMOB RIC 2046 (X, Valentinian III)

Licinia Eudoxia Busts Licinia Eudoxia Types

 555

Justa Gratia Honoria was the sister of Valentinian III and

Honoria daughter of Galla Placidia.

? - d.454

Busts:
The house of Valentinian III was not short on women
1) Diademed, draped bust right involved in the politics of the day. But it was short on
2) Diademed, draped bust right; Hand of God above
those same women‟s likenesses being cast onto
coins. Like Licinia Eudoxia in the previous section,
Obverse: Honoria is known through a handful of gold coins but
1) DN IVST GRAT HONORIA PF AVG
no bronzes.

Reverses: A Tremissis or Solidus comes up for sale every once

in a great while for a few thousand dollars each.
1) BONO REIPVBLICAE
2) SALVS REIPVBLICAE
3) No legend

Types:

1) Victory standing left, holding cross; star above.

2) Wreath, cross within

Mints:

1) Ravenna
2) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s)
1) B2, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 2022 (X, Valentinian III)

AU Tremissis
2) B1, O1, R3, T2, M2 Exe: COMOB RIC 2068 (X, Valentinian III)

Honoria Busts

Honoria Types
 556

Petronius Maximus was one of the most powerful and

Petronius Maximus wealthy politicians of Rome during the fifth century.
Following Valentinian III's assassination there was little
indication who would succeed the imperial throne.
Augustus 455 Maximus positioned himself as the likeliest candidate
and probably with a fair dose of palm greasing within the
Senate achieved the succession. Immediately after, he
forced the marriage to Valentinian's own widow to validate his imperial claim. It proved to be political suicide.

Licinia Eudoxia, a powerful and well-connected noble in her own right, harbored intense resentment over Maximus
whom she had good reason of suspecting foul play in her former husband's death. And now the forced marriage
was the last straw. Secretly, she appealed for help to the weakening empire's greatest adversary at the moment,
the Vandals of Africa. Led by King Gaiseric, the Vandals needed little incentive to go on a looting rampage and
thus set the wheels in motion for a major invasion of Italy. As the invasion became known in Rome a panic ensued
and turned into a desperate mob. Unraveling what had happened and what was surely to become, they tracked
down Maximus in his palace and stoned him to death with the tiles of his own roof after a reign of only about two
months.

Gaiseric wasn't long in coming, pillaging Rome a second time and hauling off with whatever loot it could find
including, ironically enough, Licinia Eudoxia herself.

Busts:
The western Roman empire during the fifth century
1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right produced relatively few coins. Precious metal coinage
2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right was struck erratically as specie became available and
then mostly to pay off barbarian tribes in tribute or its own
Obverse: rag-tag band of soldiers.
1) DN PETRONIVS MAXIMVS PF AVG st
Having ruled from March 16 through May 31 , Petronius
Maximus barely had any time in office. Given these two
Reverse: variables it‟s hardly a wonder that he easily makes the
1) VICTORIA AVGGG
top ten list of rarest of Roman emperors to be featured on
a coin. The few that do make it to auction will invariably
Type: reach five or six figures.

1) Petronius Maximus standing, facing, stepping on serpent, holding cross and Victory on globe.

Mints:
1) Ravenna
2) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: R/M/COMOB RIC X 2201

 557

Avitus was the leading commander under Petronius Maximus and

Avitus was elevated to the throne when Maximus was killed. He held on
to power for almost a year before the citizens of Rome revolted
over one of the now-common food shortages. Taking advantage of
Augustus 455-456 the unrest, the general Ricimer and his aide Majorian mutinied and
Avitus fled towards Gaul, which is where his main powerbase was.
However, the forces of Ricimer caught up with him and his
entourage was defeated. Avitus attempted to gain sanctuary in a nearby temple but Ricimer laid siege to it until
Avitus either committed suicide or starved to death.

Busts:
Despite clocking a little more time at the top than
1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right Petronius Maximus, Avitus‟s coins are hardly any
2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right
more abundant. The fact remains that the western
section of the empire is rapidly collapsing and
Obverses: there is neither need nor resources for minting
1) DN AVITVS PERP AG
money. As always, what little gold can be
2) DN AVITVS PERP AVG scrounged up to pay for critical government and
3) DN AVITVS PERP F AVG military services is coined anyway and a few
4) DN AVITVS PF AVG
vestigial mementos therefore remain of this
Reverses: troubled ruler.

1) VICTORIA AVG Surprisingly enough, even a handful of crude

2) VICTORIA AVGG bronzes have been identified as well. All of these
3) VICTORIA AVGGG
4) VRBIS ROMA coins are extreme rarities.
5) No legend

Types:
1) Avitus standing right, stepping on captive, holding cross and Victory on globe.
2) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear.
3) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm
4) Wreath, cross within

Mints:
1) Arelate
2) Mediolanum
3) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O3, R3, T1, M1 Exe: A/R/COMOB RIC X 2401

AU Tremissis
2) B1, O2, R5, T4, M1 Exe: COMOB RIC X 2402

AE4

3) B1, O4, R1, T3, M3 Exe: */RM RIC X 2412

4) B1, O4, R1, T3, M3 Exe: `/RM RIC X 2413

Avitus Busts Avitus Types

 558

Majorian ruled for a comparatively lengthy four-year reign at

Majorian the end of the Roman empire. Having been associated in his
youth with Aetius, the commander slain by Valentinian III, his
imperial title came at the disposition of the general Ricimer
Augustus 457-461 with whom he was also involved. Ricimer would have loved to
make himself emperor but his barbarian blood prevented him
from the post. His discretion in not forcing the issue meant he
wouldn't have to quell any revolts within Italy and his choice to appoint his friend Majorian would have been the
next best thing.

Majorian himself appears to have had a commendable character. Widespread discontent had been rampant ever
since tax collectors refused the legal tender of the day and instead demanded payment in money minted by
second-century emperors! So in a bid to ease tensions in the moribund empire he nullified past debts owed to the
state treasury. By resetting the public balance sheet Majorian could only have gained a good deal of popularity
and perhaps this explains why his tenure as emperor lasted so long compared to his two immediate predecessors.
However, his downfall was soon to come just at the height of his glory.

With the newfound unity among Romans, Majorian set out to reclaim the north African coast lost to the Vandals
and which had been for the past 50 years its single biggest loss. Carthage and its adjoining provinces was Italy's
breadbasket and without it the Roman empire was slowly starving. Majorian and Ricimer devised a plan to drive
the Vandals out of Africa by building a powerful new navy from scratch. As the army set sail by way of Spain
someone double-crossed the two and the navy ships were ambushed while in port at Carthagena. Majorian and
Ricimer's grand scheme crumbled without a way to mount an invasion. Suddenly his formerly grateful subjects
turned on him and threatened rebellion. Whether Ricimer let him resign or Majorian himself abdicated is unsure.
Several days later he was found dead and although the historical references point to disease the timing seems to
favor an alternate, more violent end.

Busts:
1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right Under Majorian‟s four year reign the
2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right social, political and economic
3) Diademed bust facing, wearing consular robes, holding mappa and scepter
4) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield upheavals of the previous years get a
much needed period of rest. Coins,
Obverses: however, continue to be struck in very
limited quantities and no significant
1) DN IVL MAIORIANVS C effort is expended in halting the
2) DN IVL MAIORIANVS PE AVG
3) DN IVL MAIORIANVS PER AVG artistic slide committed into their
4) DN IVL MAIORIANVS PF production.
5) DN IVL MAIORIANVS PF A
6) DN IVL MAIORIANVS PF AVG
7) DN IVLIVS MAIORIANVS A few small coppers survive and
8) DN IVLIVS MAIORIANVS F AVG these are the “cheapest”. They still
9) DN IVLIVS MAIORIANVS PE AVG
10) DN IVLIVS MAIORIANVS PF AV run quite pricey at a minimum of $500
11) DN IVLIVS MAIORIANVS PF AVG each and for this one should expect
12) DN MAIORIANE PF AVG
13) DN MAIORIANE PT AVG no more than a barely identifiable
14) DN MAIORIANVS PF AVG specimen.
15) DN MAIORIANVS PT AVG

Silver and, of course, gold coins hold

Reverses: up better with full- or near-full legends
1) VICTORIA AVGG
being the norm. When available, they
2) VICTORIA AVGGG will cost at least a thousand dollars
3) VOTIS MVLTIS and, more typically, several thousand.
4) No legend

Types:

1) Majorian and Leo I seated, facing, each holding mappa and scepter with crossed tip.
2) Majorian standing left, holding spear and shield
3) Majorian standing, facing, resting hand on head of captive and holding labarum
4) Majorian standing, facing, stepping on snake, holding cross and Victory on globe.
5) Victory standing left, holding cross
6) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.
7) Wreath, cross within
 559
Mints:

1) Arelate 3) Ravenna
2) Mediolanum 4) Roma Suspected, but not yet confirmed

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B4, O11, R2, T4, M1 Exe: A/R/COMOB. RIC X 2627

2) B4, O11, R2, T4, M3 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC X 2614

AU Tremissis
3) B1, O06, R4, T7, M3 Exe: COMOB RIC X 2611

AR ½ Siliqua
4) B4, O07, R1, T5, M2 RIC X 2650

AE3/AE4
5) B1, O06, R2, T6, M2 Exe: MD RIC X 2646, L 582
6) B1, O06, R2, T6, M3 Exe: RV RIC X 2616, L 586

Majorian Busts

Majorian Types

After the execution of Majorian in 461 the general Ricimer placed

Libius Severus Severus as emperor. Only emperor in name, Ricimer remained the
true power in the quickly deteriorating Roman Empire. Little else is
known about this emperor other than the fact that he died in office
Augustus 461-465 of natural causes, in itself a remarkable feat for this turbulent
period.

Bust:
A four year reign could be considered lengthy and yet finding a
1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right coin of Libius Severus outside of a museum is a rare sight
2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right indeed. In terms of rarity one could compare him with Didius
Julianus or Laelianus both of whom had much, much briefer
Obverses: reigns.
1) DN LIB SEVERVS PF AVG
2) DN LIBIVS SEVERVS PE AVG
Still, the collector will find that for the period his coins are that
3) DN LIBIVS SEVERVS PERPE AVG much easier to locate than those of his immediate
4) DN LIBIVS SEVERVS PERPETV AG predecessors and succesors. The collector will also begin to
5) DN LIBIVS SEVERVS PERPETV AVG
6) DN LIBIVS SEVERVS PF AV see Rome‟s final lap in the crudeness of the designs and the
7) DN LIBIVS SEVERVS PF AVG carelessness of the strikings.
8) No legend

Any coin of Libius Severus may be expected to cost at least

several hundreds of dollars and from there up, up, up.
 560
Reverses:
1) SALVS REIPVBLICAE
2) VICTO AVG
3) VICTORIA AVGGG
4) VRBIS ROMA
5) No legend

Types:

1) Monogram
2) Roma seated left on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and spear
3) Severus standing, facing, stepping on snake, holding cross and Victory on globe
4) Wreath, christogram within
5) Wreath, cross within
6) Wreath, monogram within

Mints:

1) Arelate 3) Ravenna
2) Mediolanum 4) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O4, R3, T3, M2 Exe: M/D/COMOB RIC X 2724

2) B2, O7, R3, T3, M3 Exe: R/V/CONOB RIC X 2719
3) B2, O7, R3, T3, M4 Exe: R/M/C RIC X 2706

AU Tremissis
4) B1, O1, R5, T5 Exe: COMOB RIC X 2709
5) B1, O6, R5, T3 Exe: COMOB RIC X 2726
6) B2, O1, R5, T3 Exe: COMOB RIC X 2710

AR ½ Siliqua
7) B2, O1, R5, T4, M4 Exe: RM RIC X 2713

AE4

8) B2, O8, R5, T1 RIX X 2716

Libius Severus Busts

Libius Severus Types

 561
Unlike at any other time in Roman history up until this point,
Anthemius following the death of Libius Severus there was no one to take his
place in imperial succession. Ricimer was the powerful general in
charge of the army and for over a year and a half he handled the
Augustus 467-472 administrative duties of the empire. Not that that changed anything.
Ricimer had been the real power in the Western Empire for several
years. Severus had just been his charade of an emperor placed
there to appease the Senate and the rest of the Roman world which expected a Roman leader (Ricimer himself
being of barbarian descent).

However, Ricimer had no one else in mind as window dressing after Severus' passing. Still, appearances or no an
emperor had to be formally named sooner or later. In the camp of Ricimer a Roman of barbarian sympathies,
Olybrius, had been proposed and it seemed as though he would be elevated. But out east Leo I had had ample
time to hear of the developments in Rome. Being far more powerful politically and militarily, he decided to appoint
a puppet of his own, Anthemius, to head the Western court. Deciding not to risk a civil war he could definitely not
win, Ricimer stepped aside and welcomed Anthemius.

But Anthemius was no idle pretender. He had served Leo faithfully as a general and had won several key battles
on his behalf. In fact, he was so popular over there that he was expected to be the one to succeed Marcian. So
Leo in effect rid himself of a future potential problem by both promoting Anthemius and removing him from the
spotlight.

But the new emperor was like a fish out of water. He lacked the resources to mount an effective campaign to
regain Gaul or Spain and the whole of Africa had now been decidedly lost to the Romans following the fiasco of
the expedition led by Basiliscus. He ruled for five uneasy years with Ricimer until tensions strained past the
breaking point. Ricimer marched towards Rome at the head of a large army and laid siege to a weakened Rome.
As expected, the meager forces of Anthemius gave way and the emperor was captured and executed.

Busts:
Among the various Rome-based emperors left after the fall of
1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right Valentinian III, Anthemius will be the easiest for whom to find a
2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right
3) Helmeted, diademed (pearls), cuirassed bust facing, holding coin. But don‟t rush to your corner coin shop just yet. He comes
spear over shoulder and shield in a really long distant second after Valentinian III and will be an
4) Helmeted, diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust
facing, holding spear over shoulder invariably rare offering today. Among these the most common
will be the Solidus and Tremissis which will easily cost over a
Obverses: thousand dollars a piece when available.

1) DN ANTHEMIVS PE AVG To make things a bit more interesting the official mints are now
2) DN ANTHEMIVS PERP AVG
3) DN ANTHEMIVS PERPE AVG making gold coins of an artistic style so crude that they often get
4) DN ANTHEMIVS PERPET AV confused with imitative contemporary coins known to be made
5) DN ANTHEMIVS PERPET AVG by the various tribes at the edges of the empire like the Vandals
6) DN ANTHEMIVS PERPETV AG
7) DN ANTHEMIVS PERPETV AVG and Ostrogoths. These apparently co-mingled with the official
8) DN ANTHEMIVS PF AG strikes back then as long as they were of appropriate weight and
9) DN ANTHEMIVS PF AVG
10) DN PROC ANTHEMIVS PF AVG purity and today sell for neither a premium nor a penalty on the
market but simply make attribution a bit more difficult.
Reverses:
Bronzes exist in an almost theoretical plane… such as catalog
1) GLORIA REIPVBLICAE listings like in this book! The real-life chances of finding an
2) SALVS REIPVBLICAE
3) VICTORIA AVGGG
honest-to-goodness, fully identifiable Anthemius copper coin is
4) VRBIS ROMA about on a par with finding a Van Gogh at a yard sale.
5) No legend

Types:

1) Anthemius and Leo I seated, facing, each holding mappa and scepter with crossed tip.
2) Anthemius and Leo I standing, facing each other, holding together cross and each a globe.
3) Anthemius and Leo I standing, facing, together holding cross and each a spear
4) Anthemius and Leo I standing, facing, together holding cross on globe and each a spear.
5) Anthemius and Leo I standing, facing, together holding cross on globe reading PAX; emperor on right hold Victory on globe.
6) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear.
7) Victory standing left, holding cross.
8) Wreath, Chi-Rho within.
9) Wreath, cross within
10) Wreath, cross within with pellets at each tip
11) Wreath, monogram within
 562
Mints:

1) Mediolanum
2) Ravenna
3) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s)
1) B2, O10, R2, T03, M2 Exe: RV/COMOB RIC X 2866
2) B3, O05, R2, T04, M1 Exe: MD/COMOB RIC X 2890
3) B3, O08, R2, T04, M1 Exe: MD/COMOB RIC X 2889
4) B3, O08, R2, T04, M2 Exe: £/COMOB RIC X 2816
5) B3, O08, R2, T04, M3 Exe: £/CORMOB
6) B3, O08, R2, T05, M2 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC X 2872
7) B3, O10, R2, T03, M2 Exe: RV/COMOB RIC X 2868
8) B4, O08, R2, T04, M3 Exe: RM over •/COMOB RIC X 2831

AU Semissis
9) B2, O08, R2, T08 Exe: COMOB RIC X 2837

AU Tremissis
10) B1, O08, R5, T09 Exe: COMOB RIC X 2847
11) B1, O08, R5, T10 Exe: COMOB RIC X 2852
12) B2, O08, R5, T09 Exe: COMOB RIC X 2842

AE4

13) B1, O08, R5, T11 RIC X 2859

Anthemius Busts

Anthemius Types
 563
Wife of Anthemius. Euphemia was a noble related to the house
Euphemia of Valentinian III. When this emperor was murdered (Anthemius
was highly suspected of being involved) Anthemius forcibly
married Eufemia in a bid to legitimize his claim to the throne. This
?-? marriage proved a constant irritant and continuing insult to the
memory of Valentinian and she sought to undermine her new
husband by any means possible. Her last and boldest attempt
proved successful in a sense. By inciting a Vandal king to come to her aid and free her he found the little pretext
he needed and proceeded to raid and sack Rome.

Bust:
Forget about it. Like most other Roman empresses,
1) Diademed, draped bust right especially those from the Western court, the coins of
this ephemeral entity are impossibly rare. So much
Obverses: so that one is not likely to find any of her coins in any
of the major numismatic auctions.
1) DN AEL MARC EVEEMIAE PP AVG
2) DN AEL MARC EVFEMIAE PP AVG
3) DN AEL MARC EVFEMIAE PF AVG
The coin pictured below is from the British Museum
4) DN AEL MARC EVFIMIAE AVG and it is the only one in their possession as of this
5) DN AEL MARC EVFYMIAE PP AVG writing.
6) DN AELIA MARCIAE EVFIMI AG
7) DN EVFYMIA PF AVG

Reverses:
1) GLORIA REIPVBLICAE
2) VICTORIA AVGGG
3) VRBIS ROMA

Types:
1) Anthemius and Euphemia standing, holding long crosses.
2) Roma seated on throne, holding Victory on globe and spear.
3) Victory standing left, holding cross.

Mints:
1) Mediolanum
2) Ravenna
3) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s)
1) B1, O1, R2, T3, M3 Exe: CORMOB * at end of reverse legend
2) B1, O3, R2, T3, M3 Exe: COMOB * at end of reverse legend RIC 2827 (X, Anthemius)
 564
One of the shadowier of the "shadow emperors", Olybrius
Anicius Olybrius was the last of Ricimer's puppet emperors having been
appointed to the post in the spring of 472. Ricimer died soon
afterwards but Olybrius, an otherwise well-placed Roman
Augustus 472 aristocrat, failed to leave his mark on history independent of
Ricimer's own wishes because he, too, would die later that
year. As can be expected, his coins are excessively rare and
sought after by affluent collectors.

Bust: Another member of the top ten most difficult and rarest of
emperors means you won‟t be seeing a coin with his name
1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right on it this side of a museum – if it‟s even available there. For
example, the British Museum with its unequalled collection
Obverses: of ancient coins has only one coin of his, a lonely Tremissis,
a cast of which is pictured below.
1) DN ANICIVS OLYBRIVS AVG
2) DN ANICIVS OLYBRIVS AG

Reverse:
1) SALVS MVNDI
2) No legend

Types:
1) Cross, jeweled
2) Cross, plain
3) Wreath, cross within

Mints:

1) Mediolanum
2) Roma

AU Tremissis Reference(s)
1) B1, O2, R1, T1 Exe: COMOB RIC X 3003
 565

Glycerius was one of the inconsequential emperors holding office

Glycerius during the Western empire's last heartbeats. He was a puppet of
the barbarian general Gundobad who, apparently seeking a stable
relationship with the much more powerful Eastern half of the
Augustus 473-474 empire, caved in to formalities and chose to exercise his power
over Italy through this chosen puppet.

But Leo I was not fooled and he nominated his own candidate, Julius Nepos, and sent him off towards Italy.
Gundobad evaporated and Glycerius, not wishing to confront Leo's will, abdicated peacefully to Nepos. For his
peaceful disposition in surrender he escaped execution and was subsequently made Bishop of Salona and then
Milan.

Busts:
1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right
2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right
Although on the throne for a full year Glycerius
seems to have minted remarkably few coins. Hardly
Obverses: any remain today in private or public hands. The
British Museum, with the world‟s largest collection of
1) DN GLVCERIVS F P AVG Roman coins numbering into the hundreds of
2)
3)
DN GLVCERIVS PF AVG
DN GLYCERIVS F P AVG
thousands has but one coin of his.
4) DN GLYCERIVS PF AVG
Although a few are in private hands none has come
Reverses: to market in years.

1) VICTORIA AVGG
2) VICTORIA AVGGG
3) No legend

Types:

1) Glycerius standing with foot on step, holding cross and Victory on globe.
2) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm
3) Wreath, cross within

Mints:

1) Ravenna
2) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O3, R1, T1 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 3101

AU Tremissis
2) B1, O3, R3, T3 Exe: COMOB RIC 3108

Glycerius Busts

Glycerius Types
 566
Julius Nepos rose to power at the behest of Leo, the eastern
Julius Nepos emperor. The then current ruler, Glycerius, was but a palace court
appointee and puppet of a conquering barbarian general. On the
approach of Nepos' army, Glycerius abdicated and was allowed to
Augustus 474-475 retire without bloodshed. Nepos himself was to hold on to power
for barely a year before he fled another approaching army of
barbarians. Although without an army, subjects or any legislative
power, Nepos would linger in near anonymity in Northern Italy until he was murdered in 480 by men from his own
bodyguard. From the time he fled Rome until his death he was, however, diplomatically recognized by the court of
Leo as the emperor of the West. Technically at least, he was thus the last emperor outlasting the brief rule of
Romulus Augustus.

Busts:
During the last twenty years or so the Western
1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
2) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust facing, holding spear over shoulder and
Roman empire‟s entire coin output seems to
shield have been less than, for example, the brief
three-month reigns of Otho or Florian. Of the
Obverses: several rulers that were left to sit on the
imperial throne following Valentinian III‟s
1) DN IVL NEPOS PF AG death only Libius Severus and Julius Nepos
2) DN IVL NEPOS PF AVG
3) DN IVLI NEPOS PF AVG made enough coins to classify today as
4) DN IVLI NEPOS PF VAG something other than “exceedingly rare” or
5) No legend
some similar adjective.
Reverses:
But finding a coin of either of these two makes
1) GLORIA ROMANORVM for a challenging task. Still, a few Tremisses
2) SALVS REIPVBLICAE and the odd Solidus or two turn up with some
3) VICTORIA AVGGG
4) VRBIS ROMA
frequency among the more exclusive auction
5) No legend firms.

Types: A rough ball park figure for an “entry level”

1) Roma seated, facing, holding globe and spear
grade Tremissis might be two or three
2) Roma seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and cornucopia. thousand dollars.
3) Roma standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and cornucopia.
4) Victory standing left, holding cross
5) Wreath, Chi-Rho within
6) Wreath, cross within
7) Wreath, monogram within

Mints:
1) Arelate
2) Mediolanum
3) Ravenna
4) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O2, R3, T4, M2 Exe: M/D/•COMOB• : at end of reverse legend RIC X 3235
2) B2, O2, R3, T4, M2 Exe: M/D/CONOB RIC X 3217
3) B2, O2, R3, T4, M3 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC X 3212
4) B2, O2, R3, T4, M4 Exe: */COMOB RIC X 3206

AU Tremissis
5) B1, O2, R5, T6 Exe: COMOB RIC X 3211
6) B1, O2, R5, T6 Exe: COMOB The AV in obverse legend is concatenated as ~ RIC X 3221

AR ½ Siliqua
7) B1, O2, R5, T3 R in left field, V in right RIC X 3216

AE4
8) B1, O5, R5, T7 RIC X 3222
 567
Julius Nepos Busts

Julius Nepos Types

 568
Romulus Augustus was the last named emperor of
Romulus Augustus the Roman empire. He was the son of Orestes, a
barbarian king that overran the Italian peninsula and who
named his son emperor only to keep appearances of
Augustus 475-476 legitimacy. Barely in his teens, this last emperor was to
be thoroughly inconsequential with the exception of
being the last. Soon another barbarian king, Odoacer,
loomed on the horizon and the two kings fought and Odoacer emerged victorious. With Orestes dead, Odoacer
decided to spare the life of Augustus on account of his age but stripped him of his titles and exiled him to a rural
estate to live with relatives. His imperial dress and other related accoutrements were packed and sent to Zeno, the
eastern emperor, along with several senators and they were made to hand over his resignation along with terse
notice to the effect that Rome no longer needed an emperor. And with this the Western Roman empire was
finished as such and began its ultimate slide into the medieval age.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right

2) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust facing holding spear over shoulder and shield

Obverses: The Roman empire ends not with a bang but with a
whimper. Money is the lifeblood of commerce and
1) DN ROMVL AVGVSTVS PF AG
2) DN ROMVL AVGVSTVS PF AVG there is hardly any of that in the year 476 anywhere in
3) DN ROMVLVS AGVSTVS P AVG Italy. The glorious city that was Rome, with a
4) DN ROMVLVS AGVSTVS PF AVG
5) DN ROMVLVS AVGVSTVS PF A population estimated at over one million people when
6) DN ROMVLVS AVGVSTVS PF AG Julius Caesar and Augustus reigned, was now a
7) DN ROMVLVS AVGVSTVS PF AVG
8) DN ROMVLVS AVSTVS PF AG
decrepit near-ghost town of perhaps less than 25,000
souls. So there was little money needed for the empty
Reverses: marketplaces nor for soldiers who by and large
weren‟t even Roman.
1) VICTORIA AVGGG
2) No legend But, of course, a few were struck regardless. And of
those that survived meltdown or other loss through
Types: time they are very, very highly prized today. On the
1) Roma holding scepter and cornucopia
few occasions a Romulus Augustus has been offered
2) Victory standing left, holding cross at auction hammer prices go well over $20,000.
3) Wreath, cross within.

Mints:
1) Arelate
2) Mediolanum
3) Ravenna
4) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O7, R1, T2, M4 Exe: R/M/COMOB RIC X 3405

AU Tremissis

2) B2, O5, R2, T3, M4 RIC X 3409

Romulus Augustus Busts Romulus Augustus Types

 569

The Byzantine Period

The Byzantine age may be said to have been born when Constantinople refounded the already ancient city of
Byzantium into a capital the equal of Rome in the year 330 complete with imperial palaces, a treasury and
autonomous administrative bodies. Already a generation before Diocletian had set the wheels in motion by
splitting the empire into two halves in his Tetrarchy scheme. But while the western emperor always called the
great city of Rome his homebase his eastern associate migrated from one province city to the next without a true
capital to equal Rome‟s splendour and political prominence. It was not until Constantine‟s reign that he addressed
this last need and celebrated the event in an extensive coinage series the likes of which were unprecedented in
Roman history. These are the commonly found today Urbs Roma and Constantinopolis bronzes and the complete
issue spanned several years and was struck at every operating mint.

While Constantine gave the east a capital to rival Rome he still presided over both halves as the empire‟s ultimate
power figure and each of his successors attempted, if not achieved, to be the primary Augustus. When Valentinian
I and later Theodosius ascended the throne they each saw that the two halves had become so different from one
another that it was impractical to rule both effectively at once. What its citizens had until then viewed each other
as countrymen they now regarded more as associates and occasionally as rivals. Culturally, the two had parted
ways long before they had done so at a political level. And upon Theodosius‟s death the split became permanent
as his sons Honorius and Arcadius assumed the titles of Augustus and went on to rule their assigned halves
separately.

Numismatically, the Byzantine period is usually attributed as having started under the reign of Anastasius I who in
498 put into effect a complete overhaul of the currency system. Traditionally and up until this point the mint at
Rome served as the model for all other provincial mints and the major issues were carefully coordinated
throughout the empire so that a coin made in London appeared much the same as one from Alexandria. This
coordination and standardization facilitated commerce and lent credibility to the concept of a unified empire.
th th
However, as the importance of Rome‟s mint waned in the 4 century, and became downright trivial in the 5 ,
Constantinople took increasingly less concern over keeping in tune with Rome‟s way of producing currency. Little
by little Greek letters began replacing Latin ones and other design motifs became differentiated and acquired a
style more readily identifiable to Constantinople and its satellite mints. Within a century after Anastasius‟ reform
few of the quintessentially Roman conventions would remain untampered. Latin, perhaps the most pervasive and
tangible of Roman institutions, would be relegated to the language of religious scholars and political hopefuls but
would practically disappear from coin legends.

As has been pointed out above, the eastern and western halves of the empire had gone their own ways in a
cultural sense long before the formal partitioning. In fact, the east had always proven to be much more resistant to
Romanization than the west or Northern Africa. For much of the Roman imperial period the Greeks had been
allowed special concessions in striking their own money using Greek legends and implementing design elements
of local significance. When the western half finally collapsed the vestigial political hierarchy inherited from the
Romans continued under an infrastructure that would have been considered foreign to an ordinary Roman be he
contemporary or ancient. Thus the Byzantines retained the imperial legacy, incorporating even a nominal Senate,
but discarded most of the other cultural trappings one associates with the ancient Roman culture. And yet they still
identified with the Roman cachet and adopted its name, more often so than Greek, to distinguish themselves from
th th
outsiders. In an ironical twist, as the might of the Byzantines grew in the 6 and 7 centuries they were able to
recapture the Italian peninsula and proceeded to „Byzantify‟ their newly reconquered areas. The implementation of
many of these policies must have seemed wholly foreign to the Romans living there despite the occupiers claims
of a close kinship.

Once the two cultures deviated so much from one another, and these changes reflected on the coins being
covered, it would be improper to consider both cultures chronologically. Rather the previous section follows the
lineage of Honorius through Rome‟s downfall in 476 and the following short section introduces the Byzantine, or
rather proto-Byzantine one which begins neatly under Arcadius and closes with Anastasius I whose reform
precipitates new changes that deviate significantly from the more mainstream Roman coinage. However, it is
worth noting that while each successive Byzantine reign distances itself from its former Roman roots the coins
themselves continue to appear familiar for several centuries after to any student or collector of Roman coins.
 570
Arcadius was given the title of Augustus when only six years of
Arcadius age. After his father Theodosius died in 395 he and his brother
Honorius remained the only emperors, Arcadius being the emperor
in the eastern half. It seems he spent his whole life ineffectually
Augustus 383-408 trying to rid himself of one regent after another who wielded the
true power. Even his wife Eudoxia has more on record for being
politically active and influential than he and, as a result, little of
what he personally desired came through amid all the background noise. He died in his early 30's of unknown
causes.

Busts:
1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right
2) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield; Hand of God above
3) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right
4) Diademed, cuirassed bust right
5) Helmeted, diademed (pearls), cuirassed bust facing, holding spear and shield
6) Helmeted, diademed (rosettes), cuirassed bust facing, holding spear and shield

Obverses:
During the time Arcadius had coins minted in his name the Roman empire‟s
1) DN ARCADI AVG money making machinery began scaling back operations. In the span of
2) DN ARCADIVS PF AVG twenty years six mints had closed their doors for good and the coins
3) DN ARCADIVS PF AVGVSTVS
4) DN ARCDIVS PF AVG themselves were manufactured ever more shoddily.

Reverses: While coins in silver and gold still deserve some level of care in their
crafting, the bronzes, the people‟s coins so to speak, suffer the most. Sizes
1) CONCORDIA AVG shrink rapidly, the strikings are poor and off-center and the very chemical
2) CONCORDIA AVGG
3) CONCORDIA AVGGG makeup of the bronze has been compromised by the significant addition of
4) CONCORDIA AVGGGG lead and tin which made the coin more vulnerable to wear, warping and
5) GLORIA REIPVBLICE
6) GLORIA ROMANORVM
corrosion.
7) NOVA SPES REIPVBLICAE
8) SALVS REIPVBLICAE But there are still plenty of Arcadius‟ coins available. For gold a Solidus will
9) SPES REIPVBLICAE
10) TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB run about $500 for a common type. Silver is mostly represented by the
11) VICTORIA AVG Siliqua which is also fairly common but tough to find in mint condition. A
12) VICTORIA AVGG
13) VICTORIA AVGGG good one will cost between $100-$200. And there are many, many bronzes
14) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM available from early in his reign which can often be bought for just a dollar
15) VICTORIA ROMANORVM
16) VIRTVS AVGGG
or two a piece.
17) VIRTVS EXERCITI
18) VIRTVS EXERCITVM A portrait type first introduced by Constantius II is reawakened in a big way
19) VIRTVS EXERCITVS
20) VIRTVS ROMANORVM by both Arcadius and Honorius. The image of the facing bust holding his
21) VOTA PLVRIA spear and shield must have so flattered these and following emperors that it
22) VRBS ROMA
23) VRBS ROMA FELIX remains in continuous use all the way into the eighth century. In fact, it is
24) No legend even used on the earliest coins of Theodosius II who was still a baby!

Types:
1) Arcadius advancing right, dragging captive and holding labarum
2) Arcadius and Honorius seated, facing, together holding shield reading VOT / XV / MVLT / XX; in between them cross above and palm below.
3) Arcadius and Theodosius seated, facing; in between them Victory above and palm below.
4) Arcadius riding horse right, raising hand
5) Arcadius riding oncoming chariot with six horses, raising hand and holding globe
6) Arcadius standing left on galley, stepping on captive, holding phoenix on globe and labarum; Victory seated to right, steering galley.
7) Arcadius standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm.
8) Arcadius standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and globe
9) Arcadius standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe
10) Arcadius standing, facing, holding labarum and globe
11) Arcadius standing, facing, holding labarum and globe; seated captive to left.
12) Arcadius standing, facing, holding labarum and globe; seated captive to right.
13) Arcadius standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on shield; seated captive to left.
14) Arcadius standing, facing, holding labarum and Victory on globe; shield to right
15) Arcadius standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and labarum
16) Arcadius standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe.
17) Arcadius, Honorius and Theodosius II standing, facing, each holding spear and the two outer emperors also resting hand on shield
18) City gate with (2) turrets
19) City gate with (2) turrets, Christogram above
20) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and globe.
21) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and Victory on globe.
22) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X
23) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and shield reading VOT / V / MVL T/ X
24) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and shield reading VOT / X / MVL / XV
25) Cross
 571
26) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, together holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX.
27) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear.
28) Roma standing, facing, holding trophy and Victory on globe.
29) Victories (2), facing each other, holding wreath.
30) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and cross on globe
31) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and dragging captive.
32) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and cross on globe
33) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
34) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and cross on globe.
35) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV; Genius to lower right also holding shield.
36) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX
37) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX; Genius to lower right also holding shield.
38) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XX / XXX
39) Wreath, VOT / V within.
40) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within
41) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within

Mints:
1) Alexandria 7) Heraclea 13) Siscia
2) Antioch 8) Lugdunum 14) Sirmium
3) Aquileia 9) Mediolanum 15) Thessalonica
4) Arelate 10) Nicomedia 16) Treveri
5) Constantinopolis 11) Ravenna
6) Cyzicus 12) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s)
1) B1, O2, R04, T20, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 46f (IX, Constantinopolis)
2) B1, O2, R13, T09, M09 Exe: M/D/COMOB RIC 35b (IX, Mediolanum)
3) B1, O2, R13, T09, M11 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 1286 (X, Honorius)
4) B1, O2, R13, T09, M14 Exe: S/M/COMOB RIC 1 (X, Arcadius)
5) B3, O2, R03, T22, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 70c (IX, Constantinopolis)
6) B5, O2, R02, T21, M05 Exe: CONOB RIC 7 (X, Arcadius)
7) B5, O2, R02, T21, M15 Exe: COMOB RIC 37 (X, Arcadius)
8) B5, O2, R03, T21, M09 Exe: */COMOB RIC 39 (IX, Mediolanum)
9) B5, O2, R07, T38, M05 Exe: CONOB RIC 22 (X, Arcadius)

AU Tremissis
10) B1, O2, R14, T30, M05 Exe: CONOB RIC 19 (X, Arcadius)
11) B1, O2, R14, T32, M05 Exe: */COMOB RIC 34 (X, Arcadius)
12) B1, O2, R14, T34, M09 Exe: M/D/COMOB RIC 1214 (X, Honorius)

AR Siliqua
13) B1, O2, R20, T27, M09 Exe: MDPS RIC 1227 (X, Honorius)
14) B1, O2, R22, T27, M08 Exe: LVGPS RIC 43c (IX, Lugdunum)
15) B1, O2, R24, T40, M05 Exe: CONS RIC 87b (IX, Constantinopolis)

AE2

16) B1, O2, R06, T10, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 68c (IX, Antiochia)
17) B1, O2, R06, T10, M07 Exe: */SMH` RIC 27b (IX, Heraclea)
18) B1, O2, R17, T08, M02 Exe: ANT`
19) B1, O2, R17, T08, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 25c (IX, Cyzicus)
20) B1, O3, R17, T08, M05 Exe: ¤/CONS`
21) B1, O3, R17, T08, M05 Exe: ¢/CONS`
22) B2, O2, R06, T13, M05 Exe: CON` RIC 53a (IX, Constantinopolis)
23) B2, O2, R06, T13, M05 Exe: CON`*
24) B2, O2, R06, T13, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 15 (IX, Cyzicus)
25) B2, O2, R06, T13, M07 Exe: T /SMH` RIC 22 (IX, Heraclea)

AE3
26) B1, O2, R06, T01, M13 Exe: `SISC RIC 38c (IX, Siscia)
27) B1, O2, R06, T01, M15 Exe: TES
28) B1, O2, R06, T17, M02 Exe: AN` * behind bust RIC 151 (X, Arcadius)
29) B1, O2, R06, T17, M06 Exe: SMK` * behind bust
30) B1, O2, R16, T06, M15 Exe: `/TES RIC 61c (IX, Thessalonica)
31) B1, O2, R17, T07, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 60 (X, Arcadius)
32) B1, O2, R17, T07, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 66 (X, Arcadius)
33) B1, O2, R17, T07, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 62 (X, Arcadius)
34) B1, O2, R17, T08, M05 Exe: ¢/CONS` RIC 83c (IX, Constantinopolis), L 2173
35) B1, O2, R17, T08, M07 Exe: •SMH` RIC 24c (IX, Heraclea)
36) B1, O4, R23, T14, M12 Exe: OF/`/SMROM
37) B5, O2, R02, T21, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 97 (X, Arcadius), L 2797
38) B5, O2, R02, T21, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 85 (X, Arcadius)
39) B5, O2, R02, T21, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 94 (X, Arcadius), L 2586
40) B5, O2, R02, T21, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 91 (X, Arcadius), L 2442
41) B6, O2, R02, T21, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 98 (X, Arcadius)
 572
AE4 Reference(s)

42) B1, O2, R01, T25, M05 Exe: CONS RIC 119 (X, Arcadius)
43) B1, O2, R03, T25, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 132 (X, Arcadius), L 2594
44) B1, O2, R03, T25, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 123 (X, Arcadius)
45) B1, O2, R05, T18, M15 Exe: `/TES RIC 62c (IX, Thessalonica)
46) B1, O2, R05, T18, M15 Exe: TES RIC 62c (IX, Thessalonica)
47) B1, O2, R08, T31, M02 Exe: ¤/ANT`
48) B1, O2, R08, T31, M02 Exe: ¤/ANT` RIC 67a (IX, Antiochia)
49) B1, O2, R08, T31, M03 Exe: ¤/AQ` RIC 1237 (X, Honorius)
50) B1, O2, R08, T31, M05 Exe: ¤/CONS` RIC 86c (IX, Constantinopolis)
51) B1, O2, R08, T31, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 86c (IX, Constantinopolis), L 2193
52) B1, O2, R08, T31, M06 Exe: ¤/SMK` RIC 26c (IX, Cyzicus)
53) B1, O2, R08, T31, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 26c (IX, Heraclea)
54) B1, O2, R13, T33, M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 39d (IX, Siscia)
55) B1, O2, R24, T39, M05 Exe: CON` RIC 62b (IX, Constantinopolis)
56) B1, O2, R24, T39, M07 Exe: •SMH` RIC 18b.4 (IX, Heraclea)
57) B1, O2, R24, T39, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 18b.1 (IX, Heraclea)
58) B1, O2, R24, T39, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 37c (IX, Nicomedia)
59) B1, O2, R24, T39, M13 Exe: `SIS• RIC 36 (IX, Siscia)
60) B1, O2, R24, T40, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 65c (IX, Antioch), L 2735
 573
Arcadius Busts

Arcadius Types
 574

Wife The wife of Arcadius, Eudoxia had no desire to

Eudoxia remain in the political background that was expected of
an empress. Instead, she thoroughly dominated not only
the will of Arcadius (who was, incidentally, content to
b.380 – d.404 relax well out of the limelight) but also play an active role
in the political issues of the day and the religious ones
as well. In this light she was resented by many who saw
her self-acquired role unwelcome and was denounced as arrogant and materialistic. Those who had the nerve to
condemn her could always count on swift retribution on her orders and this only served to further alienate those
who weren't on her "good side". Honorius himself was said to complain to his brother Arcadius about the situation
but the eastern emperor apparently never took any steps to suppress his wife's activities.

Despite the negative view of her that has survived it seems apparent that she took advantage of her imperial
position to live life to its fullest as she saw fit without regard for keeping appearances.

She died at the age of only 21 due to complications following childbirth.

Busts:
Appearing every now and then among “uncleaned”
1) Diademed, draped bust right
Roman coins, Eudoxia ranks about fourth most
th th
2) Diademed, draped bust right, being crowned by Hand of God common empresses among the 4 - and 5 -century
coins. This would be behind Helena, Fausta, Galeria
Obverses: Valeria and, perhaps, Aelia Flaccilla none of whom
had very extensive coin runs despite being in
1) AEL EVDIXIA AVG otherwise very prolific minting periods.
2) AEL EVDOXIA AVG

Reverses: It is often possible to identify her bronzes even when

the obverse details have been obliterated or worn
1) GLORIA ROMANORVM smooth because the reverses are unique to her during
2) SALVS REIPVBLICAE
3) VIRTVS EXERCITI this period.
4) No legend

Types: The silver and gold coins will be much rarer and
valuable. The by now venerable Tremissis will be the
1) Arcadius standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield; most often found denomination. Relative to the entire
being crowned by Victory, holding palm. output of Solidi for these years, these small coins
2) Eudoxia seated, facing
3) Victory seated right, holding shield with Chi-Rho design featured empresses much more frequently.
4) Victory seated right, holding shield with Chi-Rho design on column
5) Wreath, Chi-Rho within
6) Wreath, cross within One such Tremissis will still cost a few hundred
dollars with $1,000 not being uncommon. Being rather
Mints: thin and flimsy they tend to have slight bends and
scratches. Of course, the flawless coin will fetch the
1) Alexandria
2) Antioch
highest prices at auction.
3) Constantinopolis
4) Cyzicus
5) Nicomedia An “entry-level” bronze need only cost around $20.

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O2, R2, T4, M3 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 14 (X, Arcadius)

AU Tremissis

2) B1, O2, R4, T6, M3 Exe: CON RIC 21 (X, Arcadius)

3) B1, O2, R4, T6, M3 Exe: CONOB*

AR Miliarense
4) B1, O2, R4, T6, M3 Exe: CONS RIC 46 (X, Arcadius)

AE3

5) B2, O2, R1, T2, M1 Exe: ¢/ALE` RIC 84 (X, Arcadius), L 2926
 575
6) B2, O2, R1, T2, M2 Exe: ¢/ANT` RIC 83 (X, Arcadius), L 2805
7) B2, O2, R1, T2, M3 Exe: ¢/CONS` RIC 77 (X, Arcadius), L 2218
8) B2, O2, R1, T2, M4 Exe: ¢/SMK` RIC 81 (X, Arcadius), L 2593
9) B2, O2, R2, T4, M2 Exe: ANT` RIC 104 (X, Arcadius), L 2218
10) B2, O2, R2, T4, M3 Exe: CONS` RIC 101 (X, Arcadius), L 2210
11) B2, O2, R2, T4, M4 Exe: SMK` RIC 103 (X, Arcadius), L 2589
12) B2, O2, R2, T4, M5 Exe: SMN` RIC 102 (X, Arcadius), L 2445

Eudoxia Busts

Eudoxia Types

A fervent Christian, the daughter of Arcadius spent the

Pulcheria greater portion of her life working for the early Christian
church and using her imperial title to this end. When
Arcadius died prematurely in 408 she was left in de facto
b.399 – d.453 charge over the empire as her brother, Theodosius II
was still a minor. At the time he married, however,
Eudocia, demanded that she withdraw from her high-profile public role. While still keeping her title and retinue,
she spent the next several decades in Alexandria continuing her work in the church. She returned to
Constantinople upon the death of Theodosius at which time she presided over the succession of Marcian to whom
she agreed to marry symbolically in an act to legitimize his accession.

Busts:
Curiously, in the case of a few emperors and empresses, their
1) Diademed, draped bust right
2) Diademed, draped bust right, being crowned by Hand of precious metal coinage is more common than bronzes.
God Considering that at one point the official tariff of a single Solidus
was an extraordinary 7,200 AE4‟s (or more properly, Nummi) one
Obverse: might be forgiven for thinking that this would mean they would be
available literally thousands of times more so.
1) AEL PVLCHERIA AVG

Reverses: No chance. In the case of Pulcheria there are a few bronze coins
attributed to her but they are downright rare and seldom offered for
1) CONCORDIA AVG sale. Taking into account the fact that her husband reigned for
2) SALVS REIPVBLICAE
3) VOT XX MVLT XXX nearly half a century and then survived him and went on to
4) VOT XXX MVLT XXXX become Marcian‟s wife as well (both of whom struck truly
5) CONCORDIA AVG
6) IMP XXXXII COS XVII PP
prodigious amounts of these small bronzes) the only explanation is
7) No legend that they must have been rare in her day as well. Most Pulcherias
therefore will be of the usual gold and silver denominations without
Types: much variety in terms of reverse types or legends.
1) Constantinopolis seated left, holding cross on globe and
scepter; shield to side. Prices start at about an even $1,000 for your average Tremissis
2) Pulcheria seated, facing, crossing arms over chest. and about twice that for a Solidus. The good news is that they‟re
3) Victory seated right, holding shield with Chi-Rho design.
4) Victory standing left, holding cross rather plentiful if you can afford them.
 576
5) Victory standing left, holding cross; star above.
6) Wreath, Chi-Rho within
7) Wreath, cross within

Mints:
1) Constantinopolis
2) Thessalonica

AU Solidus Reference(s)
1) B2, O1, R2, T3 Exe: CONOB RIC 205 (X, Theodosius II)
2) B2, O1, R3, T4 Exe: CONOB RIC 220 (X, Theodosius II)
3) B2, O1, R3, T5 Exe: CONOB RIC 226 (X, Theodosius II)
4) B2, O1, R6, T1 Exe: */COMOB RIC 295 (X, Theodosius II0

AU Semissis

5) B1, O1, R7, T6 Exe: CONOB* RIC 211 (X, Theodosius II)

AU Tremissis
6) B1, O1, R7, T7 Exe: CONOB* RIC 214 (X, Theodosius II)

AR Miliarense
7) B1, O1, R7, T6 Exe: •CON*•

AR Siliqua

8) B1, O1, R7, T7 Exe: CONS* RIC 383 (X, Theodosius II)

AE3

9) B1, O1, R1, T2 Exe: CONS RIC 427 (X, Theodosius II), L 2228

Pulcheria Busts

Pulcheria Types
 577

Staying at the post of Roman emperor for a remarkable 48 years,

Theodosius II equivalent to a dozen U.S. presidential terms, Theodosius II set
remarkably few other records in all this time. He was the last
emperor to rule both east and west halves, albeit briefly, after the
Augustus 402-450 death of Honorius and before the puppet emperor Johannes came
onto the scene. As for his own achievements, he wasn't much
more than a figurehead ensconced in his palace. His sister
Pulcheria took the active role in steering the empire. He died a few days after a hunting accident.

Busts: Theodosius II is one of the less challenging to find emperors of the

fifth century. As mentioned under the heading for Arcadius, as the
1) Diademed bust left, wearing consular robes, holding
mappa and scepter with crossed tip economy of the empire began crumbling there was little incentive
2) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust left to create money for a dysfunctional marketplace and meager
3) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
4) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust facing, holding resources to do so in any case. And the average citizen who
spear and shield. bought and sold goods used not precious coinage by now but, if
5) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust right, holding
shield and spear
they used coins at all, the small near-worthless coppers the
government made which today we classify as AE4‟s
Obverses:
Almost all of these coins from now until halfway into the reign of
1) DN TEODOSIVS PF AVG Anastasius will measure somewhere between 4-12mm in diameter.
2) DN THEODOSIVS PF AVG They are almost never found with full legends nor full anything for
that matter. For this reason most, sadly, are unattributable as found
Reverses: when recovered or even after careful restoration. The easiest ones
to ID will be those that make use of monograms unique to each
1) ADVENTVSS DN AVG
2) CONCORDIA AGV emperor (or empress).
3) CONCORDIA AVG
4) CONCORDIA AVGG
5) CONCORDIA AVGGG Even in a poor state these tiny coins are prized by collectors today
6) FELICITER NVBTIIS as long as they can be attributed. Theodosius II is the first emperor
7) GLOR ORVIS TERRAR
8) GLORIA REIPVBLICAE
who finally cuts off production of the larger AE3‟s in favor of the
9) GLORIA ROMANORVM AE4. With very few exceptions this will be the case for the
10) IMP XXXXII COS XVII PP remainder of the century. While not unique to his reign, his AE4‟s
11) IMP XXXXIIII COS XVIII
12) SALVS ORIENTIS FELICITAS OCCIDENTIS will often feature a simple Christian cross within a wreath as the
13) SALVS REIPVBLICAE reverse design. Depending solely on condition, one of these can
14) SALVS REIPVBLICE
15) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE cost anywhere from $5 to over $100.
16) VICTORIA AVGG
17) VICTORIA AVGGG
18) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
Many collectors will find that their first ancient Roman gold coin
19) VICTORIA ROMANORVM purchase will be of Theodosius II or one of his contemporaries.
20) VIRT EXERC ROM These are so widely available that they almost come close to
21) VOT XX MVLT XXX
22) VOT XXX MVLT XXXX becoming a commodity. In today‟s market a near-mint state
23) VRBS ROMA Solidus of this reign should cost somewhere between $350 and
24) VRTVS ROMANORVM
25) No legend $600 and are actively traded on eBay as well as the inventories of
most major dealers.
Types:

1) Constantinopolis seated left, stepping on galley prow, holding cross on globe and scepter.
2) Constantinopolis seated left, stepping on galley prow, holding Victory on globe and scepter.
3) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and shield reading X / VOT / XX
4) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and Victory on globe.
5) Cross
6) Monogram
7) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, each holding a Victory on globe and scepter.
8) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, each holding a scepter and together shield reading VOT / XV / MVL / XX
9) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and cross.
10) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear.
11) Theodosius II advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy
12) Theodosius II and Honorius standing, facing, each holding a spear and resting hand on shield between them
13) Theodosius II and Valentinian III seated, facing, each holding a mappa and cross; star above
14) Theodosius II and Valentinian III standing, facing, each holding spear and resting hand on shield.
15) Theodosius II and Valentinian III standing, facing, each holding spear and together holding a globe.
16) Theodosius II and Valentinian III standing, facing, each holding spear and together holding cross
17) Theodosius II and Valentinian III standing, facing, holding mappa and cross.
18) Theodosius II riding horse left, raising hand.
19) Theodosius II seated facing on left, holding mappa and cross next to Valentinian III standing to right, holding mappa and cross; star above
20) Theodosius II seated, facing, holding mappa and cross
21) Theodosius II standing, facing, holding labarum and Christogram on globe.
22) Theodosius II standing, facing, holding labarum and cross on globe
23) Theodosius II standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
 578
24) Theodosius II standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe
25) Theodosius II, Honorius and Arcadius standing, facing, each holding a spear and resting arm on shield
26) Trophy
27) Valentinian III and Licinia Eudoxia seated, facing, holding hands.
28) Victory advancing forward, holding a wreath in each hand.
29) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and cross on globe.
30) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and dragging captive
31) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
32) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and cross on globe.
33) Victory seated right, holding shield reading X / XXV on lap
34) Victory seated right, holding shield reading X / XXX on lap
35) Victory seated right, holding shield reading X / XXXV on lap
36) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XV / XXX on lap
37) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XX / XXX on lap
38) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XXX / XXXX on lap
39) Victory standing left, holding cross.
40) Victory standing right, stepping on captive, holding standard and Victory on globe.
41) Wreath, cross within
42) Wreath, VOT / MVLT / XXXX within
43) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within
44) Wreath, VOT / XV / MVLT / XX within
45) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within
46) Wreath, VOT / XXX within
47) Wreath, VOT / XXXV / MVLT / XXXX within
48) Wreath, VT / XXX / V within

Mints:

1) Alexandria 5) Cyzicus 9) Ravenna

2) Antioch 6) Heraclea 10) Roma
3) Aquileia 7) Mediolanum 11) Thessalonica
4) Constantinopolis 8) Nicomedia

AU Medallion Reference(s)
1) B3, O2, R01, T18, M04 Exe: */CONOB 1-½ Solidi weight

AU Solidus

2) B4, O2, R04, T04, M04 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 202 (X, Theodosius II)
3) B4, O2, R07, T22, M04 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 232 (X, Theodosius II)
4) B4, O2, R07, T22, M11 Exe: */TESOB RIC 361 (X, Theodosius II)
5) B4, O2, R07, T22, M11 Exe: */TESOB• RIC 365 (X, Theodosius II)
6) B4, O2, R10, T01, M04 Exe: */COMOB RIC 293 (X, Theodosius II)
7) B4, O2, R10, T01, M04 Exe: */CONOB RIC 323 (X, Theodosius II)
8) B4, O2, R13, T13, M04 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 237 (X, Theodosius II)
9) B4, O2, R13, T19, M04 Exe: CONOB RIC 234 (X, Theodosius II)
10) B4, O2, R20, T11, M04 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 261 (X, Theodosius II)
11) B4, O2, R20, T11, M04 Exe: */CONOB RIC 284 (X, Theodosius II)
12) B4, O2, R20, T11, M11 Exe: */TESOB RIC 367 (X, Theodosius II)
13) B4, O2, R21, T39, M04 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 219 (X, Theodosius II)
14) B4, O2, R22, T01, M04 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 257 (X, Theodosius II)
15) B4, O2, R22, T01, M11 Exe: */TESOB RIC 366 (X, Theodosius II)
16) B5, O2, R08, T08, M04 Exe: */CONOB RIC 207 (X, Theodosius II)

AU Semissis

17) B3, O2, R17, T35, M04 Exe: */¤/CONOB RIC 331 (X, Theodosius II)
18) B3, O2, R17, T37, M04 Exe: */¡/CONOB RIC 223 (X, Theodosius II)

AU Tremissis

19) B3, O2, R18, T29, M04 Exe: */CONOB RIC 213 (X, Theodosius II)
20) B3, O2, R25, T26, M04 Exe: */*/CONOB RIC 333 (X, Theodosius II)

AR Miliarense

21) B2, O2, R09, T24, M04 Exe: */CON RIC 370 (X, Theodosius II)
22) B3, O2, R09, T23, M04 Exe: */COM RIC 392 (X, Theodosius II)
23) B3, O2, R09, T23, M04 Exe: */CON RIC 394 (X, Theodosius II)

AR Siliqua

24) B3, O2, R25, T42, M04 Exe: CONS* RIC 389 (X, Theodosius II)
25) B3, O2, R25, T45, M04 Exe: CONS* RIC 381 (X, Theodosius II)

AE2
26) B5, O2, R02, T16, M04 Exe: CONS RIC 460 (X, Theodosius II), L 2231
 579
AE3 Reference(s)

27) B4, O2, R04, T04, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 100 (X, Arcadius), L 2799
28) B4, O2, R04, T04, M04 Exe: CONS` RIC 90 (X, Arcadius)
29) B4, O2, R04, T04, M08 Exe: SMN` RIC 93 (X, Arcadius), L 2444

AE4

30) B3, O2, R03, T28, M05 Exe: SMK` RIC 437 (X, Theodosius II), L 2602
31) B3, O2, R03, T28, M06 Exe: SMH` RIC 431 (X, Theodosius II), L 2002
32) B3, O2, R04, T05, M01 Exe: ALE` RIC 122 (X, Arcadius), L 2922
33) B3, O2, R09, T12, M06 Exe: SMH` * behind bust RIC 398 (X, Theodosius II), L 2001
34) B3, O2, R09, T12, M11 Exe: TES` * behind bust RIC 396 (X, Theodosius II), L 1877
35) B3, O2, R09, T25, M01 Exe: ALE` * behind bust RIC 159 (X, Arcadius)
36) B3, O2, R25, T06, M04
37) B3, O2, R25, T41, M04 Exe: CONS RIC 444 (X, Theodosius II), L 2239
38) B3, O2, R25, T41, M05 Exe: SMK` RIC 449 (X, Theodosius II)
39) B3, O2, R25, T30, M10 Exe: `/RM RIC 1915 (X, Johannes), L 831
 580
Theodosius II Busts

Theodosius II Types

Wife of Theodosius II. Remembered for an active role in

Eudocia the early Christian church.

b.393 – d.460
 581
Busts:
Eudocia, Eudoxia… what a difference a letter can
1) Diademed, draped bust right make! While Eudoxia may be found routinely among
2) Diademed, draped bust right; being crowned by Hand of God
the bronzes those of Eudocia are rarer than her own
gold coins which are not exactly common to begin
Obverse: with.
1) AEL EVDOCIA AVG
Of these, her Tremisses are the most plentiful and
Reverses: can be bought anywhere from $500 to $1,500 and
nearly all survive in near-mint condition as far as
1) CONCORDIA AVG wear goes. However, they are often scratched or
2) IMP XXXXII COS XVII PP
3) SALVSREIPVBLICAE slightly bent; one can presume damage done during
4) VOT XX MVLT XXX the course of informal assaying at the market square.
5) VOT XXX MVLT XXXX
6) No legend

Types:

1) Constantinopolis seated left, holding cross on globe and scepter

2) Eudocia seated, facing, crossing arms across chest.
3) Victory standing left, holding cross; star above
4) Wreath, Chi-Rho within
5) Wreath, cross within

Mint:

1) Constantinopolis

AU Medallion Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R3, T2 Exe: */CONOB Two Solidi weight RIC 281 (X, Theodosius II)

AU Solidus
2) B2, O1, R4, T3 Exe: CONOB RIC 228 (X, Theodosius II)
3) B2, O1, R5, T1 Exe: */CONOB RIC 262 (X, Theodosius II)

AU Tremissis
4) B1, O1, R6, T5 Exe: CONOB* RIC 253 (X, Theodosius II)

AR Siliqua

5) B1, O1, R6, T5 Exe: CONS* RIC 388 (X, Theodosius II)

AE3

6) B1, O1, R1, T1 Exe: CONS RIC 428 (X, Theodosius II)

Eudocia Busts

Eudocia Types
 582

Marcian succeeded Theodosius II upon the emperor's

Marcian accidental death. It appears a commander by the name of
Arbadur was key in securing the post for Marcian and
convinced Pulcheria, Theodosius's widow, to not only confirm
Augustus 450-457 the nomination but also become his nominal wife, a purely
political relationship that was only to strengthen the legitimacy
of Marcian's claim to the throne. They would lead separate
lives from then on. Marcian proved a capable manager for the eastern seat of the empire and died without incident
in 457 of old age.

Busts:
Marcian is one of the more commonly found
1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right Eastern Roman emperors. He ranks fourth behind
2) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust left
3) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust facing, holding shield and spear.
Anastasius, Theodosius II and Leo I.

Obverses: There are basically just two types of coins that will
turn up often in the marketplace; the gold Solidus
1) DN MARCIANO PF A and the teeny AE4‟s often called Nummi. The
2) DN MARCIANO PF AV former are a little scarcer than those of the other
3) DN MARCIANVS P AV
4) DN MARCIANVS PERP AVG three emperors named above but not much more
5) DN MARCIANVS PF expensive and all of them follow the same rather
6) DN MARCIANVS PF AV
7) DN MARCIANVS PF AVG banal themes and portraiture styles.

Reverses: The AE4‟s are almost always identified thanks to

the large monograms on the reverses which are
1) ADVENTVS DN AVG unique to each emperor. The legends almost
2) FELICITER NVBTIIS
3) GLOR ORVIS TERRAR
always are unreadable except for maybe two or
4) GLORIA ROMANORVM three letters. Luckily, these coinis are often found
5) VICTORIA AVGGG for less than $100 but, be warned, they are almost
6) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
7) VOT XXX MVLT XXXX never very well preserved nor attractive items.
8) No legend

Types:

1) Constantinopolis seated left, holding cross on globe and scepter; shield to side.
2) Marcian and Pulcheria seated, facing, holdings hands; Christ above and between them.
3) Marcian riding horse left, raising hand
4) Marcian standing, facing, holding labarum and cross on globe.
5) Marcian standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield
6) Marcian standing, facing, stepping on snake, holding cross and Victory on globe
7) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and cross on globe
8) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XV / XXX on lap.
9) Victory standing left, holding cross.
10) Wreath, cross within
11) Wreath, monogram I within
12) Wreath, monogram II within
13) Wreath, monogram III within
14) Wreath, SAL / REI / PVI within
15) Wreath, VOT / MVLT / XXXX within

Mints:

1) Antioch
2) Cyzicus
3) Heraclea
4) Mediolanum
5) Nicomedia
6) Ravenna
7) Thessalonica

AU Solidus Reference(s)
1) B2, O7, R5, T06 Exe: R/V/CONOB RIC 2301 (X, Western)
2) B3, O7, R5, T09 Exe: */CONOB RIC 510 (X, Eastern)

AU Tremissis
3) B1, O7, R6, T07 Exe: */CONOB RIC 518 (X, Eastern)
 583
AR Miliarense Reference(s)

4) B1, O7, R4, T05 Exe: */CON RIC 526 (X, Eastern)

AR Siliqua

5) B1, O7, R8, T15 Exe: CONS* RIC 528 (X, Eastern)

AE4

6) B1, O2, R8, T12 Exe: CHES * Above monogram RIC 536 (X, Eastern), L 1880
7) B1, O6, R8, T11 Exe: NIC ¡ Above monogram
8) B1, O7, R8, T11 Exe: CON ¡ Above monogram RIC 545 (X, Eastern), L 2250
9) B1, O7, R8, T11 Exe: CON RIC 543 (X, Eastern), L 2249
10) B1, O7, R8, T13 Exe: SMK` RIC 560 (X, Eastern)

Marcian Busts

Marcian Types
 584

Leo was a Thracian soldier who gained enough clout fighting for
Leo I the armies of Marcian that upon his death he was able to secure
the throne. Leo mounted only one major military campaign and it
was against the Vandals in Northern Africa. The naval invasion
Augustus 457-474 fleet was decimated by the forces of Gaiseric and the unfavorable
conclusion of this battle marks the final Roman attempt to recover
this key region. The rest of Leo's career was taken up handling the
blessing and vetoing of the many puppet emperors during the last years of the West as well as handling various
other foreign and domestic matters. Much of Leo's reign was weakened if not outright dominated by several
military leaders. He died in 474 of advanced age and was succeeded by his grandson Leo II.

Busts:
1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left With the exception of some pretty rare coins that fall into the
2) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right AE3 and AE2 class of bronzes, Leo sees nothing wrong with
3) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right
4) Diademed, bust left, wearing consular robes, holding continuing half a century of numismatic ennui and recycles
mappa and cross the same portraits and the same old reverses of his political
5) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust facing, holding spear
over shoulder and shield ancestors that would go on for another half century or more
before finally running their courses.
Obverses:
The system is pretty straightforward. On the Solidus the
1) DN LEO portrait will be the emperor‟s facing bust dressed in the
2) DN LEO PE AVG
3) DN LEO PER AVG combat gear of the day along with his trusty diadem on the
4) DN LEO PERPET helmet. The smaller gold denominations along with the silver
5) DN LEO PERPET AG and bronzes will feature the more traditional profile bust.
6) DN LEO PERPET AV
7) DN LEO PERPET AVG
8) DN LEO PERPETV AVG Silver has by now long disappeared except on rare
9) DN LEO PERPETVVS AVG
10) DN LEO PF AVG occasions. These will be invariably more expensive than the
11) DN LEO PF AVGO fairly common Solidi which usually go for around $500 a
12) DN LEO PRPET AG
13) DN LEO PRTE AVG
piece. A high-grade bronze will also fetch top dollar,
14) DN LEON PERP AVG especially if it‟s one of those rare AE3‟s or AE2‟s mentioned
15) DN LEON VG above. And the cheapest coins will be the low-grade but
16) DN LEONIS PF R AVG
17) DN LEONIS PP A AVG fairly common AE4‟s featuring one of the several different
18) DN LEONIS PP AVG monograms designed for him. These can sometimes be
19) DN LEONS PF AVG
20) DN LEOS PF AVG found among uncleaned coins or by sale at around $20-$40
21) DN ΛEONS PF AVG each.
Reverses: Speaking of the monogram, these interesting designs are
1) GLORIA ROMANORVM
born from the need to identify the ruler at a glance since the
2) GLORORVS TERRRAL small size of the coins they are struck on prevent easy
3) SALVS REIPVBLICAE identification. Their aim is to compress the ruler‟s name into
4) SALVS REIRVBLICAE C
5) SALVS RPVBLICA a single symbol which includes all the letters in his name. Or
6) SALVS RPVRLCA at least try to. For Leo the celator obviously had a much less
7) VICTORIA AVGG
8) VICTORIA AVGGG
challenging task than, say, Basiliscus!
9) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
10) VICTORIA ROMANORVM
11) VIRTVS AVGVSTI
12) VIRTVS EXERCITI
13) VOT XXX MVLT XXXX
14) No legend

Types:
1) Leo I and Leo II seated, facing, with cross in between; star above each of them.
2) Leo I seated, facing, holding mappa and cross
3) Leo I standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and globe
4) Leo I standing, facing, holding cross and resting hand on kneeling captive.
5) Leo I standing, facing, holding cross on globe and labarum
6) Leo I standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
7) Leo I standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe.
8) Leo I standing, facing, stepping on snake, holding cross and Victory on globe
9) Monogram I
10) Monogram II
11) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, each holding Victory on globe and scepter; cross between them.
12) Verina standing, facing, holding cross on globe and scepter; b E across fields
13) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and cross on globe
14) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
 585
15) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XVXXX
16) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XXV
17) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XXXX
18) Victory standing left, holding cross
19) Wreath, Chi-Rho within
20) Wreath, cross within
21) Wreath, lion seated left within.
22) Wreath, lion seated left within; cross atop.
23) Wreath, lion standing left within; star above.
24) Wreath, lion standing right within; star above.
25) Wreath, SAL / REI / PVI within (letters usually very garbled)
26) Wreath, VOT / XXXV / MVLT / XXXX within

Mints:
1) Alexandria 6) Mediolanum
2) Antioch 7) Nicomedia
3) Constantinopolis 8) Ravenna
4) Cyzicus 9) Roma
5) Heraclea 10) Thessalonica

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B4, O07, R08, T02, M10 Exe: */THSOB RIC X 620

2) B5, O07, R04, T01, M03 Exe: CONOB RIC X 638
3) B5, O07, R08, T18, M03 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC X 605
4) B5, O07, R08, T18, M10 Exe: */*/TESOB RIC X 618

AU Tremissis

5) B2, O07, R09, T13, M03 Exe: */CONOB RIC X 611

AR Miliarense

6) B1, O07, R01, T07, M03 Exe: */CON RIC X 644

7) B2, O07, R01, T07, M03 Exe: */CON RIC X 641

AR Siliqua

8) B2, O07, R14, T25, M03 Exe: CONS* RIC X 648

AR ½ Siliqua

9) B2, O06, R14, T25, M03 Exe: CONS* RIC X 650

AE3
10) B2, O07, R05, T03, M03 Exe: CON RIC X 660
11) B2, O07, R06, T03, M03 Exe: CON RIC X 657

AE4

12) B2, O01, R14, T04, M03 Exe: */CN RIC X 703, L 2268
13) B2, O01, R14, T04, M03 RIC X 704, L 2269
14) B2, O01, R14, T10, M03 Exe: KOC RIC X 720, L 2270
15) B2, O01, R14, T12, M03 RIC X 715, L 2272
16) B2, O01, R14, T21, M03 Exe: CON RIC X 676
17) B2, O04, R14, T09, M03 RIC X 680
18) B2, O04, R14, T12, M03 RIC X 718, L 2274
19) B2, O10, R14, T09, M03 RIC X 684
20) B2, O10, R14, T21, M03 Exe: CON RIC X 674, L 2260
21) B2, O21, R14, T09, M03 RIC X 686, L 2263
 586
Leo I Busts

Leo I Types
 587
Wife of Leo I, sister of Basiliscus and mother of Ariadne.

Verina Verina would play a key role in the ousting of Zeno and
then her brother Basiliscus. Probably to cover up a
scandalous affair and political advantage she turned
against Basiliscus to support her former enemy Zeno
? - d.488? who had been in exile. Zeno mistrusted her even though
her aid was crucial in his reinstatement and had her
exiled. Because she probably felt betrayed she once
again turned against him and supported the failed coup of Leontius. She apparently lost her life during the
usurper's siege.

Busts:
Save for an AE4 of Leo I‟s which depicts her effigy
1) Diademed, draped bust right on the reverse, Verina‟s coins are all ridiculously
2) Diademed, draped bust right, being crowned by Hand of God rare and expensive.

Obverse: As is typical for the period, a few bronzes were

struck in her name. What is unusual is that these
1) AEL VERINA AVG
are rather large in comparison to the tiny coins
Reverses: being made in copper. But, really, this is all
academic since they for the most part do not
1) SALVS REIPVBLICAE circulate in the market.
2) SALVS REPVBLICAE
3) VICTORIA AVGGG
4) No legend The Leo AE4 mentioned above is sometimes to
be found for a few dollars each but are almost
Types: always in a very sorry state of preservation. The
best bet to find a “real” coin of Verina will be a
1) Victory seated right, holding shield with Chi-Rho on column
2) Victory standing left, holding cross
Tremissis for two or three thousand dollars. That
3) Wreath, cross within is, if a dealer can locate one at all.

Mint:

1) Constantinopolis

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R3, T2 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 607 (X, Leo I)

AU Tremissis
2) B2, O1, R4, T3 Exe: CONOB RIC 614 (X, Leo I)

AE3
3) B2, O1, R1, T1 Exe: CON` RIC 655 (X, Leo I), L 2253
4) B2, O1, R2, T1 Exe: CON` RIC 656 (X, Leo I), L 2253

Verina Busts Verina Types

 588

Leo II was the child grandson of Leo by the marriage of his

Leo II daughter Ariadne and his favorite general Tarasicodissa (later
Zeno). When Leo I died, Leo II was still only five or six years old
and thus a regent was necessary. To this end, just three weeks
Augustus 474 later his own father, Zeno, assumed co-emperorship with him and
the two ruled jointly until Leo's own death later in the year of an
unidentified illness left Zeno to rule by himself.

Bust:
Only a large bank account and a small miracle are needed in
1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
2) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust facing order to find one of these coins. Leo II enjoyed a reign
measured in days over 1,500 years ago. Constantinople only
Obverse: had time to make a handful coins during this brief period.

1) DN LEO ET ZENO PP AVG Because his name was the same of that of his predecessor and
2) DN LEO PERPET AVG
3) DN LEO ZENO PP AVG
the coin portraits mere effigies one could make the argument
that there is no way to be certain that the coins presently
Reverses: attributed to his sole reign were beyond a doubt made for him.

1) SALVS REIPVBLICAE Curiously, the western emperor Julius Nepos rose to power
2) VICTORIA AVGGG while Leo II and his father Zeno were by then ruling jointly. For
3) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
reasons that remain unclear, Nepos struck a few of his own
Types: coins honoring Leo II but leaving Zeno‟s name off. While there
seems to be no political motive for the snub, back in
1) Leo II and Zeno seated, facing, each holding a mappa; star Constantinople the standard practice had been to have both
and cross above names on every coin issued. So at least technically, those
2) Leo II standing, facing, holding cross on globe.
3) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and cross on globe coins minted in Italy during this time could be considered the
4) Victory standing left, holding cross only ones in the name of Leo II alone.

Mints: Unfortunately for you, those coins are hardly any less rare!
However, there are many coins of his along with his father
1) Constantinopolis
2) Roma
which are much more common and cost from a few hundred
dollars each to a couple thousand or so.
AU Solidus Reference(s)
1) B2, O2, R1, T2, M1 Exe: */CONOB RIC X 801
2) B2, O2, R2, T4, M2 Exe: */COMOB RIC X 3203
3) B2, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: CONOB RIC X 803
4) B2, O3, R1, T1, M1 Exe: CONOB

AU Tremissis
5) B1, O1, R1, T3, M1 Exe: */CONOB RIC X 807

Leo II Busts

Leo II Types
 589

Zeno was an Eastern emperor during the waning days of the

Zeno empire. His career was recorded through a series of endless plots
against him which failed to oust him from power entirely. Indeed,
he even served as emperor-in-exile during a revolt that briefly saw
Augustus 474-491 Basiliscus rise to the throne in 475. He eventually recaptured the
throne himself to resume a rocky relationship with the Western half
of the empire as well as frequent domestic problems of every sort.
Following the favorable resolution of the Basiliscus affair he had ample time as well to watch the final collapse of
the Western half of the empire. As he had no resources to contend with the Germanic tribesmen who were
exerting ever more control over the former empire, he could do little more than accept the inevitable outcome.
Although this made him nominally ruler of the entire Roman empire after the death of Julius Nepos in 480, in
practice he held no sway at all in any of the former Roman provinces. In the end, one of his most remarkable feats
was the very fact that he was able to survive for so long in this strife-ridden age.

Busts:
1) Diademed (pearls), draped and bearded bust left, holding mappa and scepter Zeno continues the currency policies of his
2) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right political ancestors. He will introduce no new
3) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust facing, holding spear and shield
4) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right denominations, designs or any sort of
5) Laureate head right alterations beyond the ZENO on the legends
where appropriate. As far as he was concerned,
Obverses: if it ain‟t broke, well, don‟t go breaking it.
1) DN ZENO ET LEO NOV CAES
2) DN ZENO ET LIEO NOV CAES
As was the case with Leo and Marcian before
3) DN ZENO N PE AG him, the Solidus is easily available today for
4) DN ZENO N PE VG around $400-$600 each and Tremisses for
5) DN ZENO PEPR AVG
6) DN ZENO PER F AVG about half that much. As was not the case with
7) DN ZENO PERP AVG those two, however, bronzes have become
8) DN ZENO PERP F AV
9) DN ZENO PERP F AVG rarer. Or, that is, rarer to find in a state that
10) DN ZENO PERPE AVG allows for positive identification. The one saving
11) DN ZENO PERPET AVG
12) DN ZENO PERT AVG
grace is that Zeno, too, had a monogram for use
13) DN ZENO PF AV on his own AE4‟s which, thanks to their nature,
14) IMP ZENO SEMPER AVG make attribution considerably easier. You might
15) INP ZEMP FELICISSIMO SEN AVG
as well forget about trying to get one that has
Reverses: readable legends though. Those are truly rare in
that sort of condition and when offered for sale
1) CONCORDIA P will easily rival the gold coins in cost.
2) GLORIA ROMANORO
3) GLORORVS TERRAR
4) INVICTA ROMA
5) SALVS REIPVBLICE
6) VICTORIA AVGG
7) VICTORIA AVGGG
8) VICTORIA AVGVSTORIVM
9) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
10) VOT XX MVLT XX
11) No legend

Types:
1) Constantinopolis standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and cornucopia
2) Eagle perched on branch, cross above
3) Legend SE CN
4) Monogram I
5) Monogram II
6) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and cross on globe.
7) Victory advancing left, holding labarum and dragging captive
8) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.
9) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and trophy.
10) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VXX; cuirass to left
11) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XXXV; cuirass to left
12) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm.
13) Victory standing left, holding cross.
14) Victory standing right, holding cross.
15) Wreath, Chi-Rho within
16) Wreath, cross within
17) Wreath, SE CN within.
18) Wreath, SRI / REI / RVL within
19) Wreath, TOV/VIMV/MTI within.
 590
20) Wreath, Victory advancing left, holding wreath and dragging captive within. Type also features vestigial legend approximating DN LEON AVG
21) Wreath, VOT / VMTI / LTIS within
22) Zeno seated, facing, holding mappa and scepter with crossed tip.
23) Zeno standing right, holding cross and globe
24) Zeno standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and globe
25) Zeno standing, facing, holding labarum and cross on globe.
26) Zeno standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.

Mints:
1) Antioch 5) Nicomedia
2) Constantinopolis 6) Ravenna
3) Cyzicus 7) Roma
4) Mediolanum 8) Thessalonica

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B3, O07, R07, T13, M2 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC X 905
2) B3, O07, R07, T13 Exe: */COMOB : symbol at end of reverse legend RIC X 3205

AU Semissis
3) B2, O07, R06, T10, M2 Exe: */¤/CONOB RIC X 913

AU Tremissis

4) B2, O07, R08, T06, M2 Exe: */CONOB

5) B2, O07, R09, T06, M2 Exe: */CONOB RIC X 914

AR Siliqua
6) B5, O07, R11, T18, M2 Exe: CON RIC X 944

AR ½ Siliqua
7) B2, O07, R11, T01, M4 M D across fields RIC X 3616

AE1
8) B2, O14, R04, T09, M7 Exe: S/C/•XL• Bust exe: •IIII• RIC X 3667

AE3

9) B2, O03, R11, T20 ¤ in left field

10) B2, O04, R11, T20 ¤ in left field RIC X 949
11) B2, O07, R01, T24, M2 RIC X 948
12) B4, O03, R11, T20 ¤ in left field RIC X 947

AE4
13) B2, O13, R11, T01, M4 M D across fields RIC X 3616
14) B2, O13, R11, T04 RIC X 973
15) B2, O13, R11, T05
 591
Zeno Busts

Zeno Types
 592

Wife of Zeno, then Anastasius. Ariadne was also the

Ariadne daughter of Verina, Leo I's wife and to her most of all
does Anastasius owe his title of Augustus after Zeno's
death.
b. ca.450 – d.515

Bust:
Ironic, isn‟t it, that of all the Roman empresses the
1) Diademed, draped bust right, wearing necklace and earrings wife of two different, long-reigning emperors would
be among the very rarest to be found today?
Obverses:

1) AEL ARIADNE AVG Despite being associated with the Eastern Roman
2) AEL ARIAUNE AVG Imperial court for over 60 years there are only a
3) AEL ARIAYNE AVG
handful of coins left of her and since none of them
Reverses: are on sale, ever, they may well be considered
priceless.
1) VICTORIA AVGGG
2) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
3) No legend

Types:
1) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and cross on globe
2) Victory standing right, holding cross.
3) Wreath, cross within

Mint:
1) Constantinopolis

AU Tremissis Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R3, T3 RIC X 935

 593

History remembers Basiliscus in an unfavorable light for his

Basiliscus biggest accomplishment seems to have been the annihilation of a
large fleet sent to deal with the Vandals of Northern Africa. The
circumstances for this disaster remain clouded under some
Augustus 475-476 controversy but it seems certain that as he approached the Vandal
capital their leader sent a boat full of gold to halt the invasion.
Basiliscus may well have sold out his countrymen and the cause
for the loot. With the bought time, and probably more than a little proactive help on the part of Basiliscus, the
Vandals were able to mount a quick counteroffensive and rout the would-be conquerors. Following an
investigation, Basiliscus managed to avoid being executed for the military blunder with the help of well-placed
connections. Instead, through luck and lack of more able leaders, the Senate ratified him as the Eastern emperor
in 475. Here his lackluster performance carried over in the form of passing law after unpopular law which seemed
to alienate everyone who could've been in a position to help him. Years before, a series of plots engineered by the
ranking elite in Constantinople forced the then-emperor Zeno to flee. Now the very same people who did this were
recalling the former emperor back in light of the gross mismanagement of Basiliscus. One by one his supporters
switched sides to Zeno. Basiliscus did what he could to appease his dwindling support net but it was a day late
and a dollar short. In 476 Zeno returned to Constantinople, captured Basiliscus and sent him and his whole family
off to an island where they were executed by starvation.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right

2) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust facing holding spear over shoulder and shield

Obverses: Coins of Basiliscus are found bearing his name alone as well as with his
brother Marcus whom he briefly recognized as co-emperor. However,
1) DN BASIL ET MAR P AVG none are known in the name of Marcus alone. And this is all mostly
2) DN BASILISCI ET MARC P AVG academic since these coins are generally very rare to begin with. While
3) DN BASILISCI ET MARCI C
4) DN BASILISCVS PE AVG there is no such thing as a “census” of remaining coins for any given
5) DN BASILISCVS PERT AVG emperor or type one could make an educated guess that there are
6) DN BASILISCVS PF AVG
7) DN BASILISCVS PP AVG
probably less than a hundred or two coins of Basiliscus (with or without
8) DN BASILISCVS PRET AVG his brother) accounted for the whole world over. There are probably
9) No legend many hundreds or thousands at the bottom of the Mediterranean but
until those are recovered – if they ever are – finding one for sale will be a
Reverses: challenge. And then paying for one will give your budget a whallop.
1) GLORIA ROMANORVM
2) SALVS REIPVBLICAE Although a few tiny bronzes have been identified, mostly thanks to his
3) SALVS REIPVRLICAE distinctive monogram, these are even rarer than the gold pieces and
4) VICTORIA AVGG
5) VICTORIA AVGGG likely to cost just as much. A few tremisses and Solidi have been seen to
6) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM cost under a thousand dollars each but more typically they go for quite a
7) VRBIS ROMA
8) No legend
bit more.

Types:
1) Basiliscus and Marcus seated, facing, each holding a mappa and globe
2) Basiliscus standing, holding spear and resting left hand on shield.
3) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and cornucopia.
4) Monogram
5) Roma seated, facing, holding Victory on globe and spear.
6) Victory seated right holding shield reading XXXX
7) Victory standing left, holding cross.
8) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath and cross on globe.
9) Wreath, cross within

Mints:

1) Constantinopolis
2) Cyzicus
3) Mediolanum
4) Nicomedia
5) Roma
6) Thessalonica
 594
AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O2, R5, T7, M1 Exe: */CONOB RIC X 1024

2) B2, O7, R5, T7, M1 Exe: */CONOB RIC X 1003

AU Tremissis

3) B1, O2, R6, T8, M1 Exe: */CONOB RIC X 1030

4) B1, O7, R6, T8, M1 Exe: */CONOB RIC X 1008

AE4

5) B1, O1, R8, T4, M2 Exe: CVZ RIC X 1034

Basiliscus Busts

Basiliscus Types
 595

Wife of Basiliscus, who was starved to death along with

Zenonis him after Zeno was restored to the throne.

? – d.476

Bust:
Among the very rarest of rulers, this obscure empress is
1) Diademed, draped bust right represented on only a small handful of surviving coins most
of which are chewed up remnants of the tiny coppers of the
Obverses: age and which can be attributed thanks only to her
distinctinctive monogram.
1) A ZENONIS
2) AEL ZENONIS AVG
A Solidus or two bounce around at the rate of once or twice
Reverses: every decade or two and it‟s probably only a matter of time
before all of them find permanent homes in museums. The
1) VICTORIA AVGGG AE4‟s come up for sale almost as infrequently but at least
2) No legend
there‟s a reasonable chance that more of them may be
Types: found in the Balkans in the coming years.

1) Monogram
2) Victory standing left, holding cross.

Mint:

1) Constantinopolis

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R1, T2 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC X 1004

AE4
2) B1, O1, R2, T1 RIC X 1018
 596
Leontius of Isauria, not to be confused with the better known

Leontius I Byzantine emperor of the same name, was one of the early
usurpers to the Eastern crown. He was raised to emperor by an
army rebelling against Zeno. The revolt he led quickly bogged
down in loyalist resistance and he was forced to retreat to Antioch
Augustus 484-488 where a siege was laid out at once. He held out in his compound in
nearby Cherris for four years before his compatriots betrayed him
to the besiegers. He was promptly executed afterwards. His authentic coins are exceedingly rare. RIC records all
of three solidi for his reign with fakes outnumbering the genuine ones many times over.

Bust:
1) Helmeted, cuirassed, diademed bust facing, holding spear and shield. The coins of this rare usurper have apparently never
been offered for sale to the public. This means that
Obverses: unless new ones are found a peek in a display case in
a museum is about as close as you get to one.
1) DN LEONTIO PERPS AVG
2) DN LEOTIO PERPS AVG
However remote the possibility of new coins turning
up for Leontius this does have a history of happening
Reverses:
for other emperors so at least the hope for such a
1) VICTORA AVGG discovery would be justifiable. Slightly.
2) VICTORIA AVGG
3) VICTRA AOGG
The greater danger will be discerning a real coin from
the many attempts at forgery. For this reason it would
Type:
be very wise to have a coin attributed to this or any
1) Victory standing left, holding cross.
other rare emperor authenticated by a numismatic
expert.
Mint:

1) Antioch

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R2, T1 Exe: */ANTOB RIC 1101

 597
In a larger context the Byzantine empire as such could be said
Anastasius I to have started when the ancient city of Byzantium was renamed
Constantinople by Constantine I and made a political axis on a par
with Rome. Numismatic historians, however, classify Anastasius
Augustus 491-518 as the last Roman Emperor and the first Byzantine one. Although
he considered himself "Roman", along with all future Byzantine
emperors, his choice in 498 to discard the then monetary system in
favor of a new, more Greek-aligned one was a lasting landmark of profound significance. Culturally, the
Byzantines were always Greek under their skin and as the influence of the Romans waned there was ever less
reason to reflect what to them was a foreign culture even at an official level. Within another hundred years most
distinctly Roman traits had been supplanted by the new zeitgeist which better served, after all, a Greek citizenry.

During his reign he consolidated power in what was left of the eastern half of the empire and gave up for lost the
barbarian-infested western one. To his credit, he was a shrewd administrator and settled several favorable trade
treaties which started off the Byzantine period on sound financial footing.

Note: So little care has gone into the engraving of the legends during and after this reign that only the primary
legend forms will be catalogued. Blunders and minor variations are to be expected.

Busts:
Although he was never any the wiser himself, Anastasius stood at
1) Diademed bust left, wearing consular robes, holding
mappa and cross
a sort of historical crossroads. Several years after becoming
2) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right emperor he decided he‟d had it with the currency system as it
3) Helmeted, cuirassed bust facing, holding spear over stood and put into effect a series of reforms that forever changes
shoulder and shield
the Roman numismatic legacy.
Obverses:
First and most far-reaching he reintroduced the Follis which was
1) DN ANASTASIO PP AVG last seen in its full weight two hundred years before. He tariffed
2) DN ANASTASIVS PERP AVG this coin as worth 40 of the little old AE4‟s that up until then had
3) DN ANASTASIVS PF AVG
4) DN ANASTASIVS PP A been the backbone of small commerce. These now get the formal
5) DN ANASTASIVS PP AV name of Nummus whence we get “numismatics” today. Although
6) DN ANASTASIVS PP AVG
very important as a keystone in currency the actual coins are now
largely phased out of production and exist mostly as multiples with
Reverses: the 40-nummus Follis and 20-nummus half Follis being made in
1) CONCORD
great quantities. And this reform kicks in the Byzantine period
2) GLORIA ROMANORVM which will last for nearly another millennium. Legends gradually
3) GLOR ORVS TRRA shed their Latin characters in favor of Greek and, as elsewhere
4) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE
5) VICTORIA AVGGG with this culture, art begins to acquire a strong Eastern Christian
6) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM flavor.
7) No legend

While Anastasius tinkered with the bronze coinage he left the

Types:
time-honored Solidus and its ancillary fractions alone. The
1) Anastasius seated, facing, holding akakia and cross on collector should be reminded that the bronzes and precious metal
globe coinage existed almost in two separate dichotomies. While every-
2) Anastasius standing, facing, holding spear and resting
hand on shield
day trade at the market was facilitated by this copper small
3) Circle, monogram within change, bullion and barter, the gold coins (and even more rarely
4) Large letter E now the silver ones) were used primarily to pay soldiers and
5) Large letter I
6) Large letter K, cross to left reserved for other government transactions.
7) Large letter M, cross above
8) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and cross on
globe For pre-reform bronze coins of Anastasius one finds the relatively
9) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XXXX elusive tiny AE4‟s typical of the other eastern emperors before him
10) Victory standing left, holding scepter with Christogram
(Type I, see photo at section end)
and are found usually in such poor condition that they defy
11) Victory standing left, holding scepter with Christogram attribution. The post-reform bronzes are much easier to locate and
(Type II) even though they, too, were made of cheap alloys subject to
12) Victory standing left, holding cross.
13) Wreath, VOT / MVLT / MTI within corrosion their size is usally large enough that they remain
identifiable. These early Byzantine coins are sold from the dirt-
Mints: cheap eyesores to over $200 for pristine bronzes regardless of
denomination.
1) Antioch
2) Constantinopolis
3) Nicomedia The gold coins, primarily the Solidus and the Tremissis, can be
4) Thessalonica purchased for around $500 and $200 respectively.
 598
AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B1, O6, R4, T01, M2 Exe: */CONOB

2) B3, O6, R5, T10, M2 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend SB 4
3) B3, O6, R5, T11, M2 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend SB 5
4) B3, O6, R5, T12, M2 Exe: */*/CONOB SB 30
5) B3, O6, R5, T12, M2 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend SB 3

AU Semissis

6) B2, O6, R5, T09, M2 Exe: */¤/CONOB SB 6

AU Tremissis

7) B2, O6, R6, T08, M2 Exe: */CONOB SB 8

AR Miliarense

8) B2, O6, R3, T02, M4 Exe: */THSOB

AR Siliqua

9) B2, O6, R7, T13, M2 Exe: CONOS* SB 11

AE Follis (40 Nummus)

10) B2, O6, R7, T07, M2 Exe: `/CON * on either side of M (and • above and below each *) SB 21
11) B2, O6, R7, T07, M2 Exe: `/CON * on either side of M SB 16
12) B2, O6, R7, T07, M2 Exe: `/CON * to left of M
13) B2, O6, R7, T07, M2 Exe: CON SB 14

AE ½ Follis (20 Nummus)

14) B2, O6, R7, T07, M2 Exe: CON Officina to right of K SB 14

Note: In the smaller denominations the obverse legend is almost always abbreviated in arbitrary fashion to read,
roughly, DN ANAS PP AVG. However, these legends are only very rarely readable in their entirety.

AE 5 Nummus

15) B2, O?, R7, T04, M2 • above and below central line of the E and officina to right SB 29
16) B2, O?, R7, T04, M2 Officina to right of the E SB 29

AE4
17) B2, O?, R7, T03, M2 SB 13

Anastasius I Busts
 599
Anastasius I Types
 600

During various periods of the Roman Imperial age a

Anonymous Coinage relatively small series of coins were issued without either
the reigning emperor‟s portrait nor a legend that
explicitly mentions him.

Some of these were minted during civil wars at a time when no clear successor had yet been found. At others, the
coins seem to been minted in honor of a particularly important event that transcended even the ephemeral
position of the current emperor. And yet others seem to have served a very specific role within a closed
community such as miners‟ scrip money.

The most famous and available of these coins are those struck in commemoration of the founding of
Constantinople. As the old city of Byzantium was renamed after Constantine it assumed an importance that,
politically and culturally, would rival Rome itself. To leave no doubt as to its new status, millions of bronze coins
were made in roughly equal quantities of two main types. The first featured on the obverse personification of
Rome while the second that of Constantinopolis. Both types may be found today as among the most commonly
available of late Roman coinage and were minted in every operational mint at the time of issue; roughly the years
330-340.

AR Types:

1. Denarius
Obv: No legend - Wreath, SPQR within
Rev: SALVS GENERIS HVMANI – Victory standing right on globe, holding palm and wreath

Issued during the civil war following Nero‟s death. RIC 73b, C 421

2. Denarius
Obv: FIDES / EXERCITVVM – Hands, in handshake
Rev: FIDES / PRAETORIANORVM – Hands, in handshake
Also issued during the civil war of 68-69. RIC 121, BMC 65, C 363

3. Half Siliqua (Approx. 1.3g)

Obv: No legend – Star
Rev: No legend - Wreath
Presumably struck shortly after the death of Helena c.326 in memoriam.

4. Half Siliqua (Approx. 1.3g)

Obv: No legend – Helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust of Roma right
Rev: No legend – Large K
The obverse most likely represents the personification of Rome and, this being the case, the
coin would have been a commemorative associated with the founding of Constantinopolis.
The large K on the reverse remains somewhat of a mystery. David Vagi asserts it stands for
Constantinopolis though it was usually spelled with a “C” during the fourth century. C.330

5. Third of Siliqua (Approx. 1.15g)

Obv: No legend – Helena diademed, draped bust right, wearing necklace
Rev: No legend – Large K
Another posthumous coin of Helena, easily identifiable by her portrait despite the lack of an
affirming legend. c.330.

Vagi 3052
 601

6. Third of Siliqua
Obv: No legend – Helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust of Roma right
Rev: No legend – Large R
In this case the R in reverse can more easily be explained as standing for Rome.
c.330

AE Types:

7. Tessera (Approx. 4 - 7g)

Obv: No legend – Couple in erotic embrace, lying down.
Rev: No legend – Wreath, V within
An erotic token of extra-official provenance and uncertain value. Probably used outside
of mainstream commerce and rare within its own time.
c.14-34

8. Semis (Approx. 3 - 4g)

Obv: No legend – Woman, draped bust right
Rev: METAL / AVRELIA / NIS
Throughout the empire there were many mines that contracted a large labor force along
with the slave labor pressed into duty. These coins were likely used for their limited
purchasing needs inside of their communities. c.161-180

9. Quadrans (Approx. 2.5 - 3.5g)

Obv: No legend – Mars helmeted, cuirassed bust right
Rev: Cuirass
c.81-161 RIC II, 21

10. Quadrans (Approx. 2.5 - 3.5g)

Obv: No legend – Rhinoceros advancing left
Rev: Laurel branch, S C across fields
c.81-161 RIC II, 36

11. Quadrans (Approx. 2.5 - 3.5g)

Obv: ROMA – Helmeted, draped bust of Roma right
Rev: DARDANICI – Dardania standing left, holding wheat ears and raising skirt.
Another issue associated with mine use. c.100-140 RIC 1016 (II, Hadrian)

12. Quadrans (Approx. 2.5 - 3.5g)

Obv: No legend – Pegasus seated left, wheel to left.
Rev: No legend – Altar; S C across fields
Ca. 70-100
 602

13. AE3 Constantinople Commemorative Type I

Obv: VRBS ROMA – Roma, helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust left
Rev: Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within
See catalog at end of section

14. AE3 Constantinople Commemorative Type II

Obv: CONSTANTINOPOLI – Constantinopolis helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust
left, holding scepter
Rev: GLORIA EXERCITVS – Two soldiers standing either side of a standard, each
holding a spear and resting hand on a shield.

15. AE3 Constantinople Commemorative Type III

Obv: CONSTANTINOPOLIS – Constantinopolis helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust
left, holding scepter.
Rev: No legend – Victory standing left, stepping on galley prow, cradling scepter and
resting hand on shield.

See catalog at end of section

16. AE3 Constantinople Commemorative Type IV

Obv: VRBS ROMA – Roma, helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust left
Rev: GLORIA EXERCITVS – Two soldiers standing either side of a standard, each
holding a spear and resting hand on a shield.

See catalog at end of section

17. AE3 Constantinople Commemorative Type V

Obv: ROMA – Roma, helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust left
Rev: No legend – Wolf standing left, suckling Romulus and Remus.

See catalog at end of section

18. AE1
Obv: CONSTANTINOPOLIS – Constantinopolis helmeted, cuirassed bust right, holding
scepter over shoulder.
Rev: VICTORIA AVG – Victory seated left, stepping on galley prow, holding branch and
cornucopia.

RIC 303 (VII, Rome)

19. AE4
Obv: GENIO ANTOCHENI - Genius of Antioch seated, facing; Orontes swimming
below.
Rev: APOLLONI SANCTO Exe: ʘ/SMA - Apollo standing left, holding patera and lyre.
Semi-autonomous issue under Maximinus II, 'The last civic coinages and the religious
policy of Maximinus Daza', J. van Heesch. c.310 (Antioch).
 603
20. AE4
Obv: IOVI CONSERVATORI – Jupiter seated left, holding globe and scepter.
Rev: VICTORIA AVGG Exe: ʘ/ANT – Victory advancing left, holding wreath and
palm.

21. AE4
Obv: DEO SANCTO SARAPIDI - Serapis head right.
Rev: DEO SANCTO NILO - Nilus laying left, holding reed and cornucopia.

22. AE1
Obv: Isis diademed, draped bust right
Rev: VOTA P PVBLICA – Isis riding chariot with two mules left, holding sistrum.

23. AE3
Obv: ISIS FARIA – Isis draped bust left, holding sistrum and fruit dish
Rev: VOTA PVBLICA – Isis seated, facing, holding Horus

24. AE4
Obv: DEO SERAPI – Serapis draped bust left
Rev: VOTA PVBLICA – Sphinx poised right

25. AE4
Obv: POP ROMANVS - Roma laureate, draped bust left, holding cornucopia
Rev: Bridge
Var. (a) mintmark CONS`, (b) mintmark CONS over `

RIC 21 (VIII, Rome), L 1066

26. AE4
Obv: POP ROMANVS - Roma laureate, draped bust left, holding cornucopia
Rev: No legend Exe: CONS` – Wreath, star within.
Var. (a) mintmark above star, (b) mintmark below star

RIC 22 (VIII, Rome), L 1067

 604
27. AE4
Obv: Roma - Roma helmeted, cuirassed bust right.
Rev: No legend – Roma standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield; P R
across fields

RIC 104 (VIII, Rome), L 611

28. AE4
Obv: Constantinopolis diademed, draped bust right
Rev: No legend – Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter; P R across fields
RIC 106 (VIII, Rome)

AE3 Constantinople Commemorative Type I Reference(s)

24) Exe: •SMH` (Heraclea) RIC 56 (VIII, Heraclea), L 960
25) Exe: SMN` (Nicomedia) RIC 53 (VIII, Nicomedia), L 1151

AE3 Constantinople Commemorative Type III

26) Exe: */AQ` (Aquileia) RIC 129 (VII, Aquileia)
27) Exe: *SMK` (Cyzicus) RIC 120 (VII, Cyzicus)
28) Exe: ¨`LG (Lugdunum) RIC 251 (VII, Lyons)
29) Exe: >/`CONST (Arelate) RIC 380 (VII, Arelate)
30) Exe: £/`CONST (Arelate) RIC 386 (VII, Arelate)
31) Exe: ®/`CONST (Arelate) RIC 369 (VII, Arelate)
32) Exe: O/`CONST (Arelate) RIC 416 (VII, Arelate)
33) Exe: •/•SMH`• (Heraclea) RIC 135 (VII, Heraclea)
34) Exe: •`LG (Lugdunum) RIC 246 (VII, Lyons)
35) Exe: •`SIS• (Siscia) RIC 241 (VII, Siscia)
36) Exe: •CONS`• (Constantinopolis) RIC 86 (VII, Constantinople)
37) Exe: •SMHΓ (Heraclea) RIC 120 (VII, Heraclea)
38) Exe: •SMHΔ (Heraclea) RIC 120 (VII, Heraclea)
39) Exe: •SMH`• (Heraclea) RIC 125 (VII, Heraclea)
40) Exe: •SMK` (Cyzicus) RIC 107 (VII, Cyzicus)
41) Exe: CONS` (Constantinopolis) RIC 63 (VII, Constantinople)
42) Exe: CONS`• (Constantinopolis) RIC 79 (VII, Constantinople)
43) Exe: F/AQ` (Aquileia) RIC 137 (VII, Aquileia)
44) Exe: RB` (Roma) RIC 339 (VII, Rome)
45) Exe: RF` (Roma) RIC 332 (VII, Rome)
46) Exe: SMAL` (Alexandria) RIC 17 (VIII, Alexandria), L 1441
47) Exe: SMAL`• (Alexandria) RIC 27 (VIII, Alexandria), L 1444
48) Exe: SMAN` (Antioch) RIC 92 (VII, Antioch)
49) Exe: SMH` (Heraclea) RIC 115 (VII, Heraclea)
50) Exe: SMK` (Cyzicus) RIC 93 (VII, Cyzicus)
51) Exe: SMN` (Nicomedia) RIC 196 (VII, Nicomedia)
52) Exe: SMTS` (Thessalonica) RIC 188 (VII, Thessalonica)
53) Exe: TR`* (Treveri) RIC 548 (VII, Trier)
54) Exe: TR`® (Treveri) RIC 563 (VII, Trier)
55) Exe: TR`• (Treveri) RIC 530 (VII, Trier)

AE3 Constantinople Commemorative Type IV

56) Exe: CONS`• (Constantinopolis) RIC 154 (VII, Constantinople)
57) Exe: SMH` (Heraclea) RIC 156 (VII, Heraclea)

AE1 Constantinople Commemorative Type V

58) [No marks in exergue] RIC 349 (VII, Rome)

AE3 Constantinople Commemorative Type V

59) Exe: *SMK` (Cyzicus) RIC 72 (VII, Cyzicus)
60) Exe: ;/SMH` (Heraclea) RIC 129 (VII, Heraclea)
61) Exe: ;/SMN` (Nicomedia) RIC 195 (VII, Nicomedia)
62) Exe: `SIS (Siscia) RIC 222 (VII, Siscia), L 745
63) Exe: ¨`LG (Lugdunum) RIC 252 (VII, Lyons)
64) Exe: ¯/`CONST (Arelate) RIC 368 (VII, Arles)
65) Exe: =/`CONST (Arelate) RIC 373 (VII, Arles)
66) Exe: £/`CONST (Arelate) RIC 385 (VII, Arles)
67) Exe: £/`CONST (Arelate) RIC 400 (VII, Arles)
68) Exe: •`SIS• (Siscia) RIC 240 (VII, Siscia), L 750
69) Exe: ••SMH`• (Heraclea) RIC 134 (VII, Heraclea)
70) Exe: •CONS`• (Constantinopolis) RIC 85 (VII, Constantinople)
 605
71) Exe: •SMH` (Heraclea) RIC 119 (VII, Heraclea)
72) Exe: •SMH`• (Heraclea) RIC 124 (VII, Heraclea)
73) Exe: •SMK` (Cyzicus) RIC 105 (VII, Cyzicus)
74) Exe: •SMN` (Nicomedia) RIC 119 (VII, Nicomedia)
75) Exe: CONS` (Constantinopolis) RIC 62 (VII, Constantinople)
76) Exe: CONS`• (Constantinopolis) RIC 78 (VII, Constantinople)
77) Exe: F/AQ` (Aquileia) RIC 336 (VII, Aquileia)
78) Exe: R=` (Roma) RIC 354 (VII, Rome)
79) Exe: RF` (Roma) RIC 331 (VII, Rome)
80) Exe: SMAL` (Alexandria) RIC 63 (VII, Alexandria)
81) Exe: SMAN` (Antioch) RIC 113 (VII, Antioch)
82) Exe: SMAN` (Antioch) RIC 91 (VII, Antioch)
83) Exe: SMH` (Heraclea) RIC 143 (VII, Heraclea)
84) Exe: SMK` (Cyzicus) Only one star above wolf
85) Exe: SMK` (Cyzicus) RIC 90 (VII, Cyzicus)
86) Exe: SMN` (Nicomedia) RIC 205 (VII, Nicomedia)
87) Exe: SMTS` (Thessalonica) RIC 229 (VII, Thessalonica)
88) Exe: TR•` (Treveri) RIC 542 (VII, Trier)

£
 606

Coin Terms Used

AE – Short for Aeratus, Latin for copper.

AR – Short for Argentum, Latin for silver.

AU or AV – Short for Aurum, Latin for gold.

Billon – Any alloy made up chiefly of base metals which contains a negligible amount of silver.

Celator – The craftsman in charge of creating the dies.

Die – The metal stamp used to impress a design onto a metal blank. Each coin is made using two dies for obverse
and reverse. Die axis refers to the position of each die relative to each other when the coin was struck.

Exergue – Generally taken to mean the bottom part of the coin. This area is usually delineated and reserved for
codes unrelated to the rest of the coin‟s design or message. The exception are the Denarii and Aurei which
sometimes use the exergue as extra spacing to accommodate large reverse legends. In most other cases the
exergue is used for mint marks. These mintmarks often spill into the reverse fields as well. While not frequently
used, the obverse sometimes will have some exergue writing.

Fabric – Refers to the texture of a coin. Two coins with identical designs can still have a very different „look and
feel‟ about them. Factors like thickness, metal type, porosity, waviness and so on make up a unique signature for
each coin that becomes associated with a particular culture and era. The study of a coin‟s fabric is vitally important
in determining a coin‟s authenticity.

Flan – The metal blank used to make the coin. The term‟s use is synonymous with “coin” except that the former
concerns itself only with the structural integrity, shape and makeup of the metal.

Fourree – A French word meaning „stuffed‟. In numismatics it refers to an ancient counterfeit meant to deceive the
recipient of the coin, not a modern collector. The counterfeiter would use a copper core and coat it in silver before
striking it and attempting to pass it off as a good coin. The artistic merit of Roman fourrees is usually so good that
they can only be identified when the silver coating has worn through enough to reveal its interior. Given this fact it
is suspected that the counterfeiters could only have been mint officials with access to official dies and/or under
covert approval of their superiors. Gold fourrees exist as well.

Mule – (or hybrid) A term used to describe a coin whose obverse is mismatched with the reverse. For example, the
Julia Domna Denarius pictured below is of a military type belonging to her husband Septimius Severus and which
would never ordinarily be featured on a coin of an empress.
 607

Mules are particularly abundant during transitional periods as one emperor is replaced with another and dies used
for the former become mixed with the latter out of carelessness, haste or both.

Obverse – The front or „heads‟ of a coin.

Orichalcum – A naturally occurring brassy alloy mined on the Italian peninsula. It was used irregularly in the
minting of Sestertii and Dupondii during the first and second centuries. Being of a naturally golden color, coins
made of this alloy are often mistaken for gold by inexperienced collectors.

Patina – Copper-based alloys and to a lesser extent silver ones exposed to the environment become corroded
over time. If this environment is not too severe only the coin‟s surface becomes affected. This superficial layer is
called a patina and novice collectors may often attempt to remove it in the failed hopes of restoring the coin to an
as-new condition. A patina is usually desirable to maintain as it forms an effective barrier against further corrosion
and is often considered quite attractive.

Reverse – The „tails‟ side of the coin.

 608
Style – The unique artistic attributes of a coin‟s design. The art of engraving is remarkably consistent for a
particular age and becomes a mint‟s signature as its various students learn to mimic one another‟s renderings.
While each mint‟s output becomes consistent with itself it is often dissimilar to other mints‟ coins. The farther apart
any two mints are the more likely that the artistic style will be different even when the overall design of the artwork
and epigraphy is the same.

Style also evolves over time within a mint and this, too, becomes a familiar signature. In conjunction with the study
of fabric as mentioned above an understanding of style is essential in distinguishing authentic from fake.
 609
Glossary
Biga – A chariot pulled by two horses.

Capricornus – The classical Roman Capricorn; a mythological figure combining the fore part of a goat with a fish
tail.

Carpentum – A funerary chariot; the predecessor of the modern hearse.

Cornucopia – A funnel-shaped container used to store fruits and vegetables, usually for decorative more so than
practical purposes. Symbolically representative of plentiful resources.

Cuirass – The body armor of the soldier. The emperor, who rarely, if ever, personally fought in a war would have
intricate decorations on his own cuirass.

Labarum – A vexillum with a Christian motif.

Lictor – The personal bodyguard to the emperor. The lictor would be outfitted with a fasces which was analogous
in use to the billy club of today‟s police officers.

Lituus – One of the principal ceremonial instruments used by Roman priests during the course of their religious
rites.

Modius – A bushel of grain.

Parazonium – The quintessentially Roman short sword which served as the main weapon of combat for
infantrymen.

Patera – A sacred bowl used to pour various libations over the open fire of an altar.

Pileus – A small hat given to freed slaves to symbolize their freedom. In some countries, such as France, it
continues to be used as a symbol of freedom.

Quadriga – A chariot pulled by four horses.

Scepter – A ceremonial rod of various lengths decorated with inlaid jewels and engravings. It is representative of
ultimate authority.

Simpulum - One of the principal ceremonial instruments used by Roman priests during the course of their religious
rites.

Standard – A pole or staff adorned with large medallions, flags and other insignia denoting a particular military
unit‟s origin and affiliation. Asides from pomp, the devices proved useful in battlefield coordination.

Tessera – A name sometimes used in referring to the chief attribute of Liberalitas. The device is a coin counter
designed to give an accurate number of coins quickly and repeatedly during a donative procession but its actual
name is unknown today.

Vestal – A “nun” who devoted her life serving in the temple of Vesta. Her person and chastity was considered
absolutely inviolable.

Vexillum – A flag or sign carried on a pole used as a signaling device similar to a standard.

Victimarius – A priest whose function it was to ritually kill an animal meant as a sacrificial offering.
 610
Rarity
Gauging the relative rarity of the various emperors, empresses and other personages for whom coins were made
since the time of Augustus and through that of Anastasius over 500 years later is a formidable task. The extant
coins of the Roman empire have come into the hands of collectors as well as private and public institutions either
because they were handed down through the generations or because they have been recovered after being lost
by their original owners (and then handed down through the generations!). Since on the one hand new coins are
being found all the time and records of how many coins were minted back then were never kept no one knows for
sure just how rare or common any single ruler, coin type or denomination is. Rarity is also not linearly progressive
in the sense that a ruler‟s length of reign is not necessarily a good yardstick for determining overall rarity. While
there‟s obviously a general correlation with popular emperors with long reigns having many extant coins today that
is only loosely indicative of how many coins were actually made during that period and, more importantly, how
many have survived.

For example, if one were to add up all the remaining coins left of the top fifty rulers, whose individual reigns would
add up to decades, you would still have fewer coins than many single, short-lived emperors such as a Quintillus or
Otho. There are several reasons for this including the fact that the more ephemeral the ruler the less likely that
they had access to an active mint or the required resources to run it. Of those that did perhaps their particular
period was so troubled that little currency was being manufactured. In other cases it‟s just a matter of bad luck in
that the particular ruler had most of his or her coins lost or melted down. And in yet others it is simply that the ruler
came and went before the mints under his temporary control had any time to ramp up production.

However, polling existing collections and using the available historical clues one can come to some conclusions
that will be reasonably accurate. For the very rare issues or even coins attributed to rare emperors or empresses a
single hoard can dramatically alter the rarity scales as understood to be at any given moment. For what it‟s worth,
a couple of tables are presented to provide a general idea of how rare or common coins are for each of the known
emperors, empresses, caesars and others who had coins made in their names. A rarity of 1 means the coin is
very common while a 9 is of extreme rarity. For the purposes of this scale then a rarity of 5 or higher is fairly rare
and each successive number escalates this rarity exponentially.

With the exception of the late Roman Solidus and its various fractions gold coins are to be considered uniformly
rare. Few collectors of Roman imperial coins will be lucky enough to own an Aureus or any other pre-
Constantinian gold denomination.
 611
Table 1 – Ruler Rarity (absolute)

Ruler AE AR AU
Julius Caesar, 49-44 BC ? 6 9
Augustus (Octavian), 27 BC – 14 AD 4 6 8
Livia (wife of Augustus) 6 N/A N/A
Agrippa (friend of Augustus) 5 N/A N/A
Tiberius, 14-37 6 6 8
Nero Claudius Drusus (brother of Tiberius) 7 8 8
Antonia (wife of Nero Claudius Drusus) 5 8 N/A
Drusus (son of Tiberius) 4 N/A ?
Germanicus (son of Nero Claudius Drusus) 4 N/A ?
Agrippina (wife of Germanicus) 7 N/A N/A
Nero and Drusus (sons of Germanicus) 6 N/A N/A
Caligula, 37-41 5 8 8
Claudius, 41-54 3 8 8
Britannicus (son of Claudius) 9 N/A N/A
Nero, 54-68 5 6 8
Clodius Macer (68, usurper) N/A 9 N/A
Galba, 68-69 6 6 8
Otho, 69 N/A 6 8
Vitellius, 69 7 5 8
Vespasian, 69-79 5 4 7
Domitilla (wife of Vespasian) 8 8 9
Titus 6 5 8
Julia Titi (daughter of Titus) 6 6 9
Domitian 4 3 7
Domitia (wife of Domitian) 8 9 9
Nerva, 96-98 4 3 8
Trajan, 98-117 3 3 7
Plotina (wife of Trajan) 7 8 9
Marciana (sister of Trajan) 7 7 9
Matidia (daughter of Marciana) 7 8 9
Hadrian, 117-138 3 3 7
Sabina (wife of Hadrian) 7 5 9
Aelius, 136-138 6 6 9
Antoninus Pius 3 3 7
Faustina Sr. (wife of Antoninus Pius) 4 3 9
Marcus Aurelius, 161-180 3 3 7
Faustina Jr. (wife of Marcus Aurelius) 4 3 8
Lucius Verus, 161-169 5 4 8
Lucilla (wife of Lucius Verus) 5 5 8
Commodus, 177-192 4 3 7
Crispina (Wife of Commodus) 7 5 9
Pertinax, 193 7 7 9
Didius Julianus, 193 7 7 9
Manlia Scantilla (wife of Didius Julianus) 8 8 N/A
Didia Clara (daughter of Didius Julianus) 8 8 N/A
Pescennius Niger, 193-194 ? 7 9
Septimius Severus, 193-211 6 3 7
Julia Domna (wife of Septimius Severus) 6 3 7
Caracalla, 198-217 6 3 7
Plautilla (wife of Caracalla) 7 4 9
Geta, 209-212 7 3 7
Macrinus, 217-218 7 5 9
Diadumenian, 218 7 6 9
Elagabalus, 218-222 6 3 7
 612
Ruler AE AR AU
Julia Paula (1st wife of Elagabalus) 7 4 9
Aquilia Severa (2nd wife of Elagabalus) 8 5 9
Annia Faustina (3rd wife of Elagabalus) 9 7 N/A
Julia Soaemias (mother of Elagabalus) 6 4 9
Julia Maesa (grandmother of Elagabalus & S. Alexander) 6 4 9
Severus Alexander, 222-235 5 3 7
Orbiana (wife of Severus Alexander) 8 6 N/A
Julia Mamaea (mother of Severus Alexander) 6 4 9
Maximinus, 235-238 4 4 8
Paulina (wife of Maximinus) 8 7 N/A
Maximus, 235-238 5 6 N/A
Gordian I, 238 7 7 9
Gordian II, 23 7 7 9
Balbinus, 238 6 6 9
Pupienus, 238 6 6 9
Gordian III, 238-244 4 2 7
Tranquillina (wife of Gordian III) 7 8 N/A
Philip I, 244-249 4 3 7
Otacilia Severa (wife of Philip I) 4 3 9
Philip II, 247-249 4 3 7
Pacatian (c.248, usurper) N/A 8 N/A
Jotapian (c.248, usurper) N/A 9 N/A
Silbannacus (c.248, usurper) N/A 9 N/A
Trajan Decius, 249-251 4 3 8
Herennia Etruscilla (wife of Trajan Decius) 4 3 9
Herennius Etruscus, 251 4 4 8
Hostilian, 251 7 6 8
Trebonianus Gallus, 251-253 4 3 8
Volusian, 251-253 4 4 8
Aemilian, 253 8 6 9
Cornelia Supera (wife of Aemilian) 9 9 N/A
Uranius Antoninus, (c.253, usurper) 9 (prov.) 9 9
Valerian I, 253-260 4 3 9
Mariniana (wife of Valerian) 7 7 N/A
Valerian II, 256-258 5 4 9
Gallienus, 260-268 2 N/A 8
Salonina, (wife of Gallienus) 3 N/A 9
Saloninus, 260 5 5 9
Regalianus (c.260, usurper) N/A 9 N/A
Dryantilla (wife of Regalianus) N/A 9 N/A
Postumus (c.260-269, usurper) 4 3 9
Macrianus (c.260-261, usurper) 5 N/A 9
Quietus (c.260-261, usurper) 5 N/A 9
Claudius II, 268-270 2 N/A 9
Marius (c.269, usurper) 6 N/A N/A
Laelianus (c.269, usurper) 7 N/A 9
Domitian II (c. 269, usurper) 9 N/A N/A
Victorinus (c.269-271, usurper) 3 N/A 9
Quintillus, 270 4 N/A 9
Aurelian, 270-275 2 N/A 8
Vabalathus (c.271-272, usurper) 5 N/A N/A
Zenobia (mother of Vabalathus) 9 N/A N/A
Tetricus I (271-274, usurper) 3 N/A 9
Tetricus II (c.273-274, usurper) 3 N/A N/A
Tacitus, 275-276 3 N/A 9
Florian, 276 4 N/A 9
Probus, 276-282 2 N/A 8
Saturninus (c.280, usurper) N/A N/A UNIQUE
 613
Ruler AE AR AU
Carus, 282-283 3 N/A 9
Numerian, 283-284 3 N/A 9
Carinus, 283-285 3 N/A 9
Magnia Urbica (wife of Carinus) 7 N/A 9
Nigrinian (son of Carinus) 7 N/A N/A
Diocletian, 284-305 2 6 7
Julian (c.284, usurper) 9 N/A 9
Maximianus, 286-305, 306-308 & 310 3 6 7
Carausius (287-293, usurper) 4 7 9
Allectus (293-296, usurper) 5 N/A 9
Domitius Domitianus (c.296-297, usurper) 8 N/A N/A
Constantius I, 305-306 3 6 9
Helena (1st wife of Constantius I) 3 N/A 9
Theodora (2nd wife of Constantius I) 5 N/A N/A
Galerius, 305-311 3 6 9
Galeria Valeria (wife of Galerius) 4 N/A 9
Severus II, 306-307 5 8 9
Maximinus II, 309-313 3 6 8
Maxentius, 306-312 3 6 8
Romulus (son of Maxentius) 5 N/A N/A
Constantine I, 307-337 1 7 7
Fausta (wife of Constantine I) 3 8 9
Alexander (c.308-311, usurper) 8 N/A N/A
Licinius, 308-324 1 8 8
Constantia (wife of Licinius) 8 N/A N/A
Valerius Valens, c.316 9 N/A N/A
Crispus, 316-324 1 8 9
Licinius Jr., 317-324 1 N/A 9
Martinian, 324 8 N/A N/A
Delmatius, 335-337 4 8 9
Hanniballianus, 335-337 7 9 N/A
Constantine II, 337-340 1 7 8
Constans, 337-350 1 6 8
Constantius II, 337-361 1 6 7
Nepotian, 350 9 N/A N/A
Vetranio (350, usurper) 6 8 N/A
Magnentius, 350-353 3 6 9
Decentius, 351-353 3 6 N/A
Constantius Gallus, 351-354 1 6 8
Julian II, 360-363 2 6 7
Jovian, 363-364 2 6 7
Valentinian I, 364-375 1 6 6
Valens, 364-378 1 6 6
Procopius (365-366, usurper) 4 7 9
Gratian, 367-383 1 6 6
Valentinian II, 375-392 1 6 6
Theodosius I, 379-395 1 6 6
Aelia Flaccilla (wife of Theodosius I) 3 8 9
Magnus Maximus (383-388, usurper) 4 6 7
Flavius Victor (387-388, usurper) 6 8 N/A
1[3]
Arcadius, 383-407 1 6 6
Eudoxia (wife of Arcadius) 3 8 8
Eugenius, 392-394 6 7 9
Honorius, 394-423 1 6 6
Theodosius II, 402-450 3 6 6
Eudocia (wife of Theodosius II) 7 8 7

1[3]
Emperors and their relatives from the Western court are highlighted in red
 614
Ruler AE AR AU
Pulcheria (sister of Theodosius II) 7 8 7
Constantine III (407-411, usurper) 9 8 9
Constans II (c.409-411, usurper) N/A 9 N/A
Maximus (409-411, usurper) 9 9 N/A
Priscus Attalus, 409-410 & 414-415 9 8 9
Jovinus (411-413, usurper) N/A 9 N/A
Sebastianus (c.412-413, usurper) N/A 9 N/A
Constantius III, 421 N/A 9 9
Johannes, 423-425 6 8 9
Valentinian III, 425-455 6 8 6
Licinia Eudoxia (wife of Val. III & P. Maximus) N/A N/A 9
Galla Placidia (mother of Valentinian III) 7 8 8
Honoria (sister of Valentinian III) N/A N/A 8
Marcian, 450-457 5 8 6
Petronius Maximus, 455 N/A N/A 9
Avitus, 455-456 9 9 9
Leo I, 457-474 5 8 6
Verina (wife of Leo I) 6 N/A 7
Majorian, 457-461 7 8 9
Libius Severus, 461-465 8 8 8
Anthemius, 467-472 8 8 7
Euphemia (wife of Anthemius) N/A 9 9
Olybrius, 472 N/A N/A 9
Glycerius, 473-474 N/A UNIQUE 9
Leo II, 473-474 9 N/A 9
Zeno, 474-491 5 7 6
Ariadne (wife of Zeno) N/A N/A 9
Julius Nepos, 474-475 9 9 9
Romulus Augustus, 475-476 N/A 9 9
Basiliscus (and Marcus), 475-476 7 UNIQUE 7
Zenonis (wife of Basiliscus) 7 N/A 9
Leontius (484-488, usurper) N/A N/A 9
Anastasius, 491-518 3 7 5

Summary: The full Roman Imperial set has:

• A total of 135 emperors of which 34 were usurpers not counting Clodius Macer who was not hailed as
emperor nor Haniballianus whose title was King of Armenia.
• A total of 10 Caesars.
• A total of 51 women (40 wives, 4 mothers, 4 sisters, 2 daughters and 1 grandmother)
• 5 emperors‟ sons and one friend (Agrippa)
• A grand total of 204 persons (joint issues counted as one)

Note: The coins of usurper-emperors, Amandus, Aelianus and Sponsianus, are discounted by most
numismatic experts as fakes. Coins attributed to Proculus and Bonosus are highly controversial and in the
author‟s opinion mis-identified coins of barbarous origin. Coins minted in the name of Marcus alone, brother
of Basiliscus with whom he shared the imperial title briefly, are not known. Additionally, coins in the name of
Victoria, mother of Victorinus, were supposedly minted in copper, silver and gold but none are known to
have survived. The 18th century historian Gibbon asserts that an Egyptian merchant named Firmus rebelled
during the reign of Aurelian and minted coins in his own name but these, too, have yet to appear. Some
arguably Roman issues were excluded from this tally such as Vindex, Antinous, Odovacar, etc.
2[1]
Emperors in bold, Caesars in italics
 615

Table 2 – Ruler 50. Florian 107. Allectus

Rarity (relative) 51. Hadrian 108. Julia Paula
52. Trajan 109. Hostilian
53. Maxentius 110. Aelius
In ascending order, 54. Galeria Valeria 111. Aquilia Severa
approximately from 55. Trajan Decius 112. Vitellius
most common to rarest: 56. Faustina Sr. 113. Zeno
57. Faustina Jr. 114. Galba
1. Constantine I 58. Domitian 115. Maximus (Caesar)
2. Constantius II 59. Marcus Aurelius 116. Quietus
3. Constantine II 60. Geta 117. Macrianus
4. Valens 61. Fausta 118. Flavius Victor
5. Valentinian I 62. Valerian I 119. Diadumenian
6. Constans 63. Magnus Maximus 120. Johannes
7. Licinius I 64. Agrippa 121. Otho
8. Probus 65. Germanicus 122. Vetranio
9. Aurelian 66. Constantius I 123. Magnia Urbica
10. Valentinian II 67. Quintillus 124. Aemilian
11. Gallienus 68. Commodus 125. Eugenius
12. Gratian 69. Marcian 126. Hanniballianus
13. Constantius Gallus 70. Nerva 127. Livia
14. Theodosius I 71. Julia Domna 128. Balbinus
15. Arcadius 72. Herennia Etruscilla 129. Pupienus
16. Honorius 73. Otacilia Severa 130. Agrippina II
17. Licinius II 74. Carus 131. Orbiana
18. Julian II 75. Lucius Verus 132. Valentinian III
19. Jovian 76. Severina 133. Marius
20. Diocletian 77. Julia Maesa 134. Pescennius Niger
21. Crispus 78. Julia Mamaea 135. Mariniana
22. Claudius II 79. Nero 136. Romulus
23. Maximian 80. Aelia Flaccilla 137. Pertinax
24. Maximinus II 81. Caligula 138. Agrippina I
25. Anastasius 82. Julia Soaemias 139. Basiliscus
26. Tetricus I 83. Volusian 140. Julia Titi
27. Tetricus II 84. Leo I 141. Julian
28. Salonina 85. Valerian II 142. Gordian I
29. Tacitus 86. Trebonianus Gallus 143. Gordian II
30. Delmatius 87. Drusus 144. Laelianus
31. Gordian III 88. Sabina 145. Didius Julianus
32. Philip I 89. Maximinus 146. Pulcheria
33. Postumus 90. Tiberius 147. Eudocia
34. Victorinus 91. Crispina 148. Verina
35. Philip II 92. Lucilla 149. Domitilla
36. Galerius 93. Titus 150. Nero Claudius Drusus
37. Helena 94. Plautilla 151. Paulina
38. Magnentius 95. Vabalathus 152. Nigrinian
39. Decentius 96. Theodora 153. Domitius Domitianus
40. Vespasian 97. Eudoxia 154. Constantine III
41. Antoninus Pius 98. Macrinus 155. Galla Placidia
42. Claudius 99. Antonia 156. Libius Severus
43. Augustus 100. Saloninus 157. Didia Clara
44. Elagabalus 101. Carausius 158. Manlia Scantilla
45. Severus Alexander 102. Severus II 159. Jovinus
46. Septimius Severus 103. Procopius 160. Anthemius
47. Caracalla 104. Herennius Etruscus 161. Matidia
48. Carinus 105. Clodius Albinus 162. Marciana
49. Numerian 106. Theodosius II 163. Majorian
 616

164. Plotina 177. Avitus 190. Glycerius

165. Domitia 178. Clodius Macer 191. Ariadne
166. Honoria 179. Nepotian 192. Constans II
167. Julius Nepos 180. Constantius III 193. Sebastianus
168. Pacatian 181. Britannicus 194. Leo II
169. Martinian 182. Regalianus 195. Olybrius
170. Alexander 183. Priscus Attalus 196. Euphemia
171. Cornelia Supera 184. Uranius Antoninus 197. Leontius
172. Licinia Eudoxia 185. Dryantilla 198. Valerius Valens
173. Romulus Augustus 186. Zenonis 199. Constantia
174. Zenobia 187. Tranquillina 200. Silbannacus
175. Jotapian 188. Annia Faustina 201. Domitian II
176. Maximus 189. Petronius Maximus 202. Saturninus

Table 3 – Denomination Rarity

In ascending order, from most common to rarest, excluding multiples and fractions:

1. AE4‟s (fourth and fifth century) 13. AE Quadrans

2. AE3‟s and reduced Folles (fourth century) 14. AU Solidus
3. AE Antoninianus 15. AU Tremissis
4. AE Folles (third and fourth century) 16. AE Semis
5. AE2 (fourth century) 17. AR Argenteus
6. AR Antoninianus 18. AU Aureus
7. AE As 19. AR Cistophoric Tetradrachms
8. AR Denarius 20. AU Semissis
9. AE Dupondius 21. AR Miliarense
10. AE Sestertius 22. AU Scripulum
11. AE1 (fourth century) 23. AR Quinarius
12. AR Siliqua 24. AU Quinarius
 617

Index of Rulers
Aelia Flaccilla, 532 Galba, 35 Nigrinian, 382
Aelius, 107 Galeria Valeria, 427 Numerian, 383
Aemilian, 281 Galerius, 422 Olybrius, 564
Agrippa, 12 Galla Placidia, 548 Orbiana, 234
Agrippina I, 15 Gallienus, 294 Otacilia Severa, 259
Agrippina II, 27 Germanicus, 14 Otho, 41
Alexander, 454 Geta, 204 Pacatian, 264
Allectus, 411 Glycerius, 565 Paulina, 238
Anastasius, 597 Gordian I, 240 Pertinax, 160
Annia Faustina, 224 Gordian II, 242 Pescennius Niger, 166
Anthemius, 561 Gordian III, 247 Petronius Maximus, 556
Antonia, 19 Gratian, 522 Philip I, 254
Antoninus Pius, 109 Hadrian, 89 Philip II, 261
Aquilia Severa, 223 Hanniballianus, 484 Plautilla, 202
Arcadius, 570 Helena, 451 Plotina, 86
Ariadne, 592 Herennia Etruscilla, 269 Postumus, 312
Augustus, 1 Herennius Etruscus, 271 Priscus Attalus, 544
Aurelian, 343 Honoria, 555 Probus, 361
Avitus, 557 Honorius, 538 Procopius, 520
Balbinus, 243 Hostilian, 273 Pulcheria, 575
Basiliscus, 593 Johannes, 549 Pupienus, 245
Britannicus, 26 Jotapian, 265 Quietus, 330
Caligula, 20 Jovian, 510 Quintillus, 340
Caracalla, 190 Jovinus, 545 Regalianus, 310
Carausius, 405 Julia Domna, 185 Romulus, 436
Carinus, 376 Julia Maesa, 218 Romulus Augustus, 568
Carus, 372 Julia Mamaea, 232 Sabina, 104
Claudius I, 23 Julia Paula, 221 Salonina, 305
Claudius II, 334 Julia Soaemias, 220 Saloninus, 308
Clodius Albinus, 169 Julia Titi, 71 Saturninus, 371
Clodius Macer, 40 Julian I, 387 Sebastianus, 546
Commodus, 148 Julian II, 507 Septimius Severus, 172
Constans I, 485 Julius Nepos, 566 Severina, 350
Constans II, 542 Laelianus, 319 Severus Alexander, 225
Constantia, 461 Leo I, 584 Severus II, 428
Constantine I, 437 Leo II, 589 Silbannacus, 284
Constantine II, 477 Leontius, 596 Tacitus, 354
Constantine III, 541 Libius Severus, 559 Tetricus I, 325
Constantius Gallus, 504 Licinia Eudoxia, 554 Tetricus II, 328
Constantius I, 415 Licinius I, 456 Theodora, 421
Constantius II, 490 Licinius II, 467 Theodosius I, 528
Constantius III, 547 Livia, 11 Theodosius II, 577
Cornelia Supera, 283 Lucilla, 145 Tiberius, 16
Crispina, 158 Lucius Verus, 141 Titus, 56
Crispus, 470 Macrianus, 332 Trajan, 76
Decentius, 500 Macrinus, 208 Trajan Decius, 266
Delmatius, 483 Magnentius, 498 Tranquillina, 253
Diadumenian, 211 Magnia Urbica, 380 Trebonianus Gallus, 275
Didia Clara, 165 Magnus Maximus, 533 Uranius Antoninus, 285
Didius Julianus, 162 Majorian, 558 Vabalathus, 352
Diocletian, 388 Manlia Scantilla, 164 Valens, 516
Domitia, 70 Marcian, 582 Valentinian I, 512
Domitian, 62 Marciana, 87 Valentinian II, 525
Domitian II, 324 Marcus Aurelius, 126 Valentinian III, 551
Domitilla, 55 Mariniana, 290 Valerian I, 286
Domitius Domitianus, 414 Marius, 320 Valerian II, 292
Drusus, 18 Martinian, 476 Valerius Valens, 475
Dryantilla, 311 Matidia, 88 Verina, 587
Elagabalus, 213 Maxentius, 431 Vespasian, 46
Eudocia, 580 Maximian, 396 Vetranio, 503
Eudoxia, 574 Maximinus I, 236 Victorinus, 321
Eugenius, 536 Maximinus II, 462 Vitellius, 43
Euphemia, 563 Maximus, 543 Volusian, 278
Fausta, 452 Maximus (Caesar), 239 Zeno, 589
Faustina I, 121 Nepotian, 502 Zenobia, 351
Faustina II, 136 Nero, 29 Zenonis, 596
Flavius Victor, 535 Nero Claudius Drusus, 13
Florian, 358 Nerva, 73
 618

Photography Credits

Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. http://www.cngcoins.com

Dirty Old Coins, LLC http://www.dirtyoldcoins.com
Ancient Auction House http://www.ancientauctionhouse.com
Numismatica Ars Classica http://www.arsclassicacoins.com
Numismatik Lanz http://www.numislanz.de
Tkalec AG http://www.coinstkalec.ch
Gorny & Mosch http://www.gmcoinart.de
Ancient Imports http://www.vcoins.com/ancientimports
Atlantis, Ltd. http://www.atlantis-ltd.net
Harlan J. Berk, Ltd. http://www.harlanjberk.com
Leu Numismatik http://www.leu-numismatik.com
Münzen und Medaillen http://www.muenzenundmedaillendeutschland.de
BeastCoins http://www.beastcoins.com
John C. Lavender http://www.vcoins.com/jclavender
Trustees of the British Museum http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk

Additional Web Resources

ERIC Homepage http://www.dirtyoldbooks.com
Research http://www.dirtyoldcoins.com
Research http://www.wildwinds.com
Research http://www.coinarchives.com/a
Research http://www.beastcoins.com
Biographical http://www.roman-emperors.org
Educational http://dougsmith.ancients.info
Educational http://www.numismatics.org/publications/romangeneral
Major Collections/British Museum http://www.british-museum.ac.uk/cm/cmhome.html
Major Collections/Vienna http://www.khm.at/homeE3.html
Major Collections/Smithsonian http://americanhistory.si.edu/csr/cadnnc.htm
Major Collections/Ashmolean http://www.ashmol.ox.ac.uk/ash/departments/coin-room
Ancient Coins Magazine http://www.celator.com/cws/index.html

Errata and ancillary notes will be published electronically at http://www.dirtyoldbooks.com

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Notes
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