AGRI CS

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
STATISTICAL PROCEDURES IN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
MARFEL ANGELO V. FONTANILLA
INSTRUCTOR
I. Introduction
Review of Elementary Statistics
Researches in Agriculture
ELEMENTARY STATISTICS
DEFINITIONS
▪ Summations
▪ the sum of a number of observations;
▪ indicated by a sign called sigma (Ʃ), a Greek letter;
▪ For example:
3

𝑌1 + 𝑌2 + 𝑌3 = ෍ 𝑌𝑖
𝑖=1
in σ3𝑖=1 𝑌𝑖 , 𝑖 varies from 1 to 3;
ELEMENTARY STATISTICS
DEFINITIONS
▪ Summations
▪ Sum of the products of variables:
3

𝑥1𝑦1 + 𝑥2𝑦2 + 𝑥3𝑦3 = ෍ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖

𝑖=1
▪ Summation of sums of two variables:
3

(𝑥1 + 𝑦1) + (𝑥2 + 𝑦2) + (𝑥3 + 𝑦3) = ෍(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖 )

𝑖=1

3 3

= ෍ 𝑥𝑖 + ෍ 𝑦𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
ELEMENTARY STATISTICS
DEFINITIONS
▪ Summations
▪ Sum of variables with constant multipliers:
3

𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑏𝑦3 = ෍ 𝑏𝑦𝑖

𝑖=1

= 𝑏 ෍ 𝑦𝑖
𝑖=1
ELEMENTARY STATISTICS
DEFINITIONS
▪ Summation with respect to two-way table:
j
1 2 3 Sums
i
3

1 𝑌11 𝑌12 𝑌13 ෍ 𝑌1𝑗 = 𝑌1.

𝑗=1
3

2 𝑌21 𝑌22 𝑌23 ෍ 𝑌2𝑗 = 𝑌2.

𝑗=1
3

3 𝑌31 𝑌32 𝑌33 ෍ 𝑌3𝑗 = 𝑌3.

𝑗=1
3 3 3 3 3

Sums ෍ 𝑌𝑖1 = 𝑌.1 ෍ 𝑌𝑖2 = 𝑌.2 ෍ 𝑌𝑖3 = 𝑌.3 ෍ ෍ 𝑌𝑖𝑗 = 𝑌..

𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1
ELEMENTARY STATISTICS
DEFINITIONS
▪ Mean
▪ (1) arithmetic mean, calculated by dividing the total of observations
(Yi) by their number and is donated by Y
𝑛
1
𝑌ത = ෍ 𝑌𝑖
𝑛
𝑖=1
▪ Example:
S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Yi 3 5 7 4 5 6
Ʃ𝑌𝑖 = 3 + 5 + 7 + 4 + 5 + 6
= 30
𝑌ത = Ʃ𝑌𝑖 Τ6
= 30Τ6
= 5.0
ELEMENTARY STATISTICS
DEFINITIONS
▪ Mean
▪ (2) If we know the relative frequency of occurrence of each
observation, the mean is obtained simply by multiplying variable
(𝑌𝑖 ) by its relative frequency, and adding the products. Supposing
𝑌𝑖 occurs ni times in the data, the relative frequency of this value,
i.e. 𝑝𝑖 = 𝑛𝑖 Τ𝑁with 𝑁 = Ʃ𝑛𝑖 , then the mean is:

𝑌ത = ෍ 𝑝𝑖 𝑌𝑖
𝑖=1
ELEMENTARY STATISTICS
DEFINITIONS
▪ Mean
▪ Example:
S. No. Yi ni pi piYi
1 3 4 0.20 0.60
2 5 3 0.15 0.75
3 7 2 0.10 0.70
4 4 3 0.15 0.60
5 5 4 0.20 1.00
6 6 4 0.20 1.20

𝑌ത = Ʃ𝑝𝑖 𝑌𝑖 = 0.60 + 0.75 + 0.70 + 0.60 + 1.00 + 1.20

= 4.85
ELEMENTARY STATISTICS
DEFINITIONS
▪ Variance
▪ the measure of the variability;
▪ the average of the squared deviation from the mean;
▪ Thus:
𝑉 𝑌 = 1Τ 𝑛 − 1 𝑌1 − 𝑌ҧ 2 + 𝑌2 − 𝑌ҧ 2+... ...+ 𝑌𝑖 − 𝑌ҧ 2+... ...+ 𝑌𝑛 − 𝑌ҧ 2 𝑖 = 1,2,……,𝑛
= 1Τ 𝑛 − 1 Ʃ 𝑌1 − 𝑌ത 2
ELEMENTARY STATISTICS
DEFINITIONS
▪ Variance
▪ Example: Yi 𝒀𝒊 − 𝒀 ഥ
𝒀𝒊 − 𝒀 𝟐

3 3 − 5 = −2 4
5 5−5 =0 0
7 7−5 =2 4
4 4 − 5 = −1 1
5 5−5 =0 0
6 6−5 =1 1

Ʃ𝑌𝑖 = 3 + 5 + 7 + 4 + 5 + 6
= 30
𝑌ത = Ʃ𝑌𝑖 Τ6 = 30Τ6 = 5.0
Ʃ 𝑌𝑖 − 𝑌ത 2 = 4 + 0 + 4 + 1 + 0 + 1 = 10
𝑉 𝑌 = Ʃ 𝑌𝑖 − 𝑌ത 2Τ5 = 10Τ5
= 2.0
ELEMENTARY STATISTICS
DEFINITIONS
▪ Variance
▪ if the relative frequency of each of squared deviations from the
mean is known, say 𝑝𝑖 = 𝑛𝑖 Τ𝑁 where, 𝑁 = Ʃ𝑛𝑖 , the variance is
calculated as follows:

𝑉 𝑌 = Ʃ𝑝𝑖 𝑌1 − 𝑌ത 2
ELEMENTARY STATISTICS
DEFINITIONS
▪ Variance
▪ Example: Yi 𝒑𝒊 𝒀𝒊 − 𝒀ഥ ഥ
𝒀𝒊 − 𝒀 𝟐 ഥ 𝟐 𝒑𝒊
𝒀𝒊 − 𝒀
3 0.20 -2 4 0.80
5 0.15 0 0 0.00
7 0.10 2 4 0.40
4 0.15 -1 1 0.15
5 0.20 0 0 0.00
6 0.20 1 1 0.20

Ʃ𝑌𝑖 = 30
𝑌ത = 5.0
𝑉 𝑌 = Ʃ𝑝𝑖 𝑌𝑖 − 𝑌ത 2
= 0.80 + 0.00 + 0.40 + 0.15 + 0.00 + 0.20
= 1.55
ELEMENTARY STATISTICS
DEFINITIONS
▪ Standard Deviation
𝑆. 𝐷. = 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 1/2 or 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

▪ Standard Error (S.E.)

𝑆. 𝐸. = 𝑆. 𝐷.Τ 𝑛 1/2
= 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒Τ𝑛 1/2
where: 𝑛 = 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒
Given the previous Sample Data:
𝑆. 𝐸. = 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒Τ𝑛 1/2

= 1.55Τ6 1/2
. = 0.51
RESEARCHES IN AGRICULTURE
COMMODITIES:
▪ Crops ▪ Animals
▪ Cereals ▪ Poultry
▪ Forage and pasture ▪ Ruminants
▪ Fruits ▪ Swine
▪ Industrial and plantation crops ▪ Other
▪ Legumes ▪ Vermicompost
▪ Ornamentals ▪ Sericulture
▪ Herbs and spices ▪ Apiculture
▪ Root crops
▪ Vegetables
RESEARCHES IN AGRICULTURE
AREAS:
▪ Crop production
▪ Crop protection
▪ Crop physiology
▪ Propagation
▪ Plant breeding
▪ Germplasm conservation and characterization
▪ Postharvest handling and primary processing
▪ Food science
▪ Animal and dairy science
▪ Farming systems
▪ Socio-economic, policy and market research
RESEARCHES IN AGRICULTURE
CONDITIONS:
▪ Field Experiments
▪ Greenhouse experiments
▪ Pen/cage experiments
▪ Laboratory experiments
▪ Farmer’s field experiments
ACTIVITY NO. 01
1. Look/search and download published research article on any of the
commodity/area of research in agriculture for your readings.
2. Lay-out how the research was conducted and analyzed.