1.

EVOLUTION OF PHARMACY
a) WHAT IS PHARMACY?
i. Derived from the Greek word PHARMAKON means “Medicine” or
“Drug”
ii. It is the art and science of preparing, dispensing, and proper utilization of
medications and the provision of drug-related information to the public.
iii. It is where we study how to prepare, how to dispense, and how to
properly utilize medications or drugs.
iv. In different aspect, it is also known as DRUGSTORE – it is a place
where drugs are sold.

2. HISTORY OF PHARMACY
Recent drugs in healing, was actually as old as civilization itself
It existed long before the word pharmacy / drug existed

a) SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEF
i. Before, the theories are often involved magic and superstitious beliefs
but development in medical, astronomical, and cosmological ideas.
ii. The first culture to consider this ideas, scientifically was actually the
Greeks, wherein they made a logical speculation rather than just
relying on myths or mythology.

b) TERRA SIGILLATA
i. The modern archeologist, they have an ----, CLAY TABLETS which
contains 300 medicinal preparation, we called it the Terra Sigillata
found in Mediterranean Island of Lemnos.
ii. It is consider as an early trademark drug

c) COMBINING DIFFERENT AGENTS

i. Nowadays, combination of different agents / extracts is referred to us, as
COMPOUNDING
ii. It was considered as an art form by priest and doctors before.
iii. The early inhabitants, they use the Trial and error method in order to
compile the list of drugs. They called that Dispensatories and now we
called them as Pharmacopeias.

d) PAPYRUS EBERS
i. It is Ebers Papyrus book.
ii. It is the best known and important pharmaceutical record, because it is a
collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs.

e) DE MATERIA MEDICA
i. Pedanius Dioscorides
1. a Greek physician.
2. He is credited with writing one of the world’s greatest
pharmaceutical text, which we called it De Materia Medica or in
English “ on medical matters”
ii. It served as the standard reference text for drugs
iii. It is considered as the four runner of modern day reference such as the
United States of pharmacopeia (USP) and the Physicians
 iv. Thus, the modern day formularies are actually based on this drug list

f) GALEN
i. He is a Greek professor of Pharmacy and Medicine
ii. He studied the effect of herbal medicine on the human body leading to
the term Galenical Pharmacy or the process of creating extracts of
active medicinal from plants which we used as one of the component,
factor that we consider as a source in research for the discovery of drugs.

3. ROOTS OF THE PHARMACY PROFESSION

a) THE MIDDLE AGES
i. The profession of pharmacy was evolving in Persian and European
empires.
ii. The pharmacy began to develop as a profession now separate from
medicine in 18th century
iii. It is because before, doctors and pharmacy are the same

b) ARABIC CIVILIZATIONS
i. were some of the first cultures to develop a list of drugs and dosage
forms (pills, syrups, extracts), and to identify the pharmacist as a
qualified healthcare professional
ii. It starts in 18th century

c) APOTHECARY (Pharmacy)
i. modeled after ancient Greek and Arabic cultures

ii. The first Apothecary shop was first establish Baghdad by the Arabs
1. Arabs are the first culture who recognized Pharmacy profession

iii. The first school of pharmacy was established in 1821 founded by the
United States and now it is as called Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
and Science

iv. Professional guilds led to the training of chemists and pharmacists which
led to the rise of formalized universities and professional organizations.

4. ROLES OF EARLY PHARMACY PRACTITIONERS

a) Pharmacists in the colonies were druggists, doctors, merchants or
storekeepers.

b) Until the 19th century physicians typically owned the dispensary that
distributed drugs to patients.

c) Development of the United States formulary known as the United States

Formulary (USF) formerly known as the United States of Pharmacopeia
(USP).
i. Nuovo Receptario – the first pharmacopeia in 1498 which is written in
Italian, particularly made in Florence Italy.
d) MONASTERIES
i. served as the source of drugs because of their Herbs Gardens which
still exist today, including the development of abbreviations or medical
terms that derived from Greek or Latin words
ii. Medicine and Pharmacy began and originates in Rome and Greece
wherein their language became basis for medical terms

e) 1852, the American Pharmacist Association (APhA) addressed Adulteration

of imported drugs.
i. Adulterated Drug – it is contaminated that can be harmful to patients

f) Late 1800’s community pharmacist compounded many herbs and

chemicals for medicinal use.
i. The community pharmacist before, they are called to provide the first aid
and medicines for common ailments only.
ii. Examples: burns, bites, poisoning and minor pains

g) 1886, John Pemberton, began to sell a tonic called Coca – Cola

h) 1893, Caleb Bradham, created Pepsi – Cola.

i. Coca – Cola and Pepsi – Cola are used as tonic
ii. It is recommend by some physicians before to increase blood sugar

i) 20th century pharmaceutical manufacturing began to take hold.

j) The traditional compounding tasks (formulating own liquids, powders and

rolling their own pills) became less common, pharmacy became more
scientific and technical.

k) American society of Health System Pharmacist (ASHP) is credited with

many innovations in practice and training programs.
i. The industrial evolution has a strong impact in every aspect of
pharmacy, this leads to the creation of new drugs which aim to produce
economical and better quality medications.

ii. The rapid change from hand method to machine method happen. From
production – it is more on methods that uses machines. As the time
passes by pharmacist became more technologically oriented.

iii. Large scale drug manufacturing begin in the society wherein patent are
existed.
1. Patent drugs – they are the only one who produce a specific type
of drug.
2. Example: Digoxin - Lanoxin

iv. With the explosion of scientific resources and accessibility of

information, the Pharmacy profession is able to fit with medical
advances.
1. To compounding it has evolved from trial to error process to exact
science
5. Current Roles Of Pharmacist (including PTC)
a) Pharmacist
i. NOTES:
1. Pharmacy have many job opportunity
a) Can work in Community Hospital
b) Manufacturing Companies
c) Engage in research for drug formulation and identification

2. Regulatory:
a) DOST
b) PDEA
c) Department of Health (DOH)
d) FDA

3. Academe
a) Pharmacy instructors and professors

4. Hospital
a) Primary job or division ideally for pharmacist
i. Because they highlight the job opportunity for pharmacist
5. Community
6. Manufacturing
7. Research
a) For developing new drugs

ii. PHARMACIST
1. REGULATORY
a) Administrative services
b) Manufacturing and packaging
c) Radiopharmaceutical services

2. ACADEME
3. HOSPITAL
a) Administrative services
b) In-patient services
c) Out-patient services
d) Drug information services
e) Sterile product
f) Departmental services
g) Purchasing and inventory control
h) Central supply services
i) IV admixture
j) PTC

4. COMMUNITY
a) Out-patient services
b) Educational and training
c) Purchasing and inventory control

5. MANUFACTURING
 a) Pharmaceutical research
b) Manufacturing and packaging
c) Sterile products
d) Assay and quality control
e) IV mixture

6. RESEACH

b) Regulatory
i. Administrative Services
1. Pharmacist develop policies and provide supervision

ii. Manufacturing and packaging

1. Usually for manufacturing companies
2. They manufacture wide variety of items or support manufacturing
3. Packaging programs

iii. Education and training

1. Internship
a) There is a pharmacist who incharge for that
2. Training
3. Programs
a) Working (2:35)

iv. Radiopharmaceutical Services

1. They centralized the procurement, storage, and dispensing of radio
isotopes in clinical practices
2. *No services here in the Philippines
3. Kung meron very limited or rare

c) Hospital Pharmacy
i. In-patient services
1. Pharmacist dispense and provide drugs for inpatient
2. They also inspect and control drugs
3. Pharmacist DON’T counsel, Usually physician does (and nurse)
4. Maintain prescription record

ii. Out-patient services

1. Compound and dispense drug to out patient
2. They maintain prescription record
3. Counseling

iii. Drug information services

1. They provide information on the different drug and Drug therapy
to physician and other medical practitioners in hospitals
2. Provide information regarding the drugs to medical practitioners
(nurses, physician and midwives)
3. They maintain drug information center
4. Keep literature files
 iv. Sterile Products
1. They produce volume parenterals
2. Prepare aseptic dilution for stability

v. Departmental services
1. They control and dispense intravenous fluids or IV fluids
2. As well as controlled substances and they coordinates with drug
delivery and distribution system
3. Like central supply services

vi. Pharmaceutical Research

1. Formulation for a new drugs
2. for the improvement
3. Different product

vii. Purchasing and inventory control

1. Pharmacist contain drug inventory control (every month @ the end
of the month)
2. For purchasing of drugs
3. For receiving, storing and distributing of drugs
4. For interviewing medical representative
a) Community pharamcy
i. Once a month
b) Hospital Pharmacy
i. Weekly

viii. Central supply services

1. They develop and coordinates distribution of medical supplies
2. And irrigating fluids

ix. Assay and quality control

1. They perform analyses
2. Develop and revise assay procedure in order to check the quality
and clean, safe or effectiveness of drug

x. IV mixture
1. Preparation of IV solution admixture
2. They review each admixture for physical, chemical
incompatibilities to see:
a) Soluble
b) Miscible
c) Aggregate
d) Problems in administration

d) Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee (PTC)

1. They are compose of :
a) Health chairman
i. Physician
b) Secretary
i. Pharmacist
 c) Nurses
d) Administrator
e) Other practitioners

ii. Responsible for policy development, evaluation, selection and for

checking the therapeutic uses of drugs

iii. Education
1. Formulation of programs for the needs or updates of profession

iv. Formulary
1. Formulation of formulary
2. Sila ang gumagawa sa hospital formulary

6. BRIEF DUTIES OF PHARMACIST

a) The Work
i. Prepare and dispense drugs prescribed by doctors.
ii. Advise doctors, patients and other health care professionals on proper
dosage and possible side effects.
1. They must know what’s in the drug, how it works, and how it affects
people.
2. They should know the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic
action of drugs in simple terms
iii. They should know the contents of the drug, generic name, brand name,
indication, side effect or adverse effect

iv. Simple description of work:

1. Purchase medical supplies
2. Answer customer questions
3. Go with doctors and hospital staff on rounds
4. Advise patients on medical equipment and over-the-counter
medication
5. HELP PATIENTS GET WELL

b) GOAL: Promote rational drug use

c) Main role: counselling

i. For patients with prescription drugs and patients with OTC drugs (they
need counselling because some patients use paracetamol, ibuprofen as
vitamins which is wrong)
d) The Cycle of Change, How to Bring it about pharmacy services

7. FUTURE OF PHARMACISTS
a) HEALTH MANAGEMENT CENTRES INSTEAD OF DRUG
DISTRIBUTION MACHINES
i. For technical innovation counselling of patients. So, instead of just
dispensing drugs there is a help. They want to have wearable sensors and
tracker data. It will help focus on health management using computer
system.
 ii. It is not impossible but it is uncertain to be implemented nowadays (it is
like our goal maybe in 2030, 2040, 2050 it can)
iii. The association of pharmacist (HENDI KO MAINTINDIHAN)

b) HEALTH CONSULTANCIES INSTEAD OF DRUG DISTRIBUTION

MACHINES
i. The problem with pharmacist (HENDI KO MAINTINDIHAN). So, in
order to prevent that they want to establish health consultancies.
Medicine already started it for accessibility (via call). which is one
example of (HENDI KO MAINTINDIHAN). The patient will be
diagnosed or advised in a timely manner in health offices and (HENDI
KO MINTINDIHAN) as well in their most convenient time made by the
clinical pharmacist (or via call)

c) PERSONALIZING THERAPIES AND PRINTING OUT DRUGS ON

DEMAND
i. Physicians they need culture-sensitive test in order to prescribe a narrow
antibiotic rather than prescribe imaging broad spectrum antibiotic.
ii. They are starting to study biomarker
1. Biomarker a substance used as an indicator of a biologic state. A
fragment of the DNA sequence (examples: proteins, nucleic acids,
carbohydrate, lipid).
iii. With the use of 3D printers. They will print out (HENDI KO
MINTINDIHAN) layer by layer to make it dissolve faster than average
spills. There will be faster distribution.
iv. Personalizing therapies based on biomarker
v. Printing drugs on demand - 3D printers

d) CONTINUED GROWTH OF SPECIALTY MARKET

i. Actually the ship from traditional brand name drug to specialty drugs
(very expensive products)
ii. Specialty drugs
1. these are biologics or drugs derived from living cells (example: stem
cells).
2. Usually parenteral for the treatment of typical illnesses like cancer,
sexually transmitted infection, arthritis.

e) EXPANSION OF PHARMACOGENOMICS
i. Related to no. 3
ii. We have the personal healthcare using genetic testing. Result of
sequencing the genome which can be use to link a person’s gene with
personalized specific treatment to improve overall health
iii. The patient holds the opportunity to with the pharmacist and select the
best drugs based on their DNA profile. (here, they like to group the
patients and check the DNA profile and categorize to know the drug that
suits. They’ll check your diseases and learn based on your genes. For the
drug to become suitable and doesn’t have side effects and become really
effective)
 f) TARGETING COMPLIANCE AND ADHERENCE TO BIG DATA
i. We all know that data is an effective focus adherence or the compliance.
Retrospective data cannot use data like past history of patients. Drugs
will be given based on their present case. It is updated and continuous.
There will be an availability of real time data which promotes
compliance and the guardians also be inform

g) DIGITAL FUTURE: GROWTH OF THE e-patient

i. We are actually envisioning on global networking buy inexpensive
sensor and that there will be a real time biometric.
1. Here, they want through fingerprint information will be capture
2. They also want wearable technology object (wearable watch) to
monitor patients; diseases and drug that can be given. Home-
based telehealth devices that can help monitor and manage the
health of patient.

h) COORDINATED HEALTHCARE NETWORKS

i. If there is a connective pharmacist and patient this is the same as the
pharmacist with the other healthcare team

8. FUTURE PHARMACIST
a) ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
i. with the used of smart machines or robots
ii. uses computers that…. (bilis ni ma’am magsalita guys hahahaha kaiyak)

b) HEALTH TEAM (ideal)

i. Group of persons who share common objectives determined by
Community needs and toward the achievement of which each member of
the team contributes in accordance with his/her competence and skills,
and respecting the functions of the other.
ii. So we have the; PHYSICIANS, NURSES, PHARMACIST,
RADTECHS, AND OTHER PRACTITIONERS/PROFESSIONS.

c) HEALTHCARE TEAM
i. Health care is a collaborative effort between physicians, nurse
practitioners, dentists, vets, nurses, and pharmacist.
ii. Paraprofessionals like pharmacy technicians, physician assistants, dental
assistants, hygienists, vet assistants, and licensed practical nurses assist
professionals in routine but necessary tasks.
iii. Pharmacy technicians assist pharmacist allowing pharmacists more time
to meet the mission of the profession: to ensure positive outcomes for
drug therapy in patient population.

d) THE PHYSICIAN HEALTH TEAM

i. Physician is a doctor or a person who is authorized to practice
medicines. They are responsible for diagnosis or (guys diko na marinig
hahhaha basta andami niyang sinabi nag c”’cut) they prescribed
interventions/medicines.

e) THE NURSE HEALTH TEAM

 i. Nurse like for example they administered drugs (chappy na mga
sumunod na sinabi niya uwuuu). In the hospital the nurse are very hands
on to the patient.

f) THE PHARMACIST HEALTH TEAM

i. Pharmacist they dispensed drugs and medications prescribed by the
physicians and the dentist which be administered by nurses.

g) THE PHYSIOTHERAPIST HEALTH TEAM

i. Physical Therapist they provide assistants to patients that has a problem
related to musculoskeletal system --> includes bones, muscles,
tendons, ligaments and soft tissues.
ii. They asses mobility and strength.
iii. They provide therapeutic measures and they also teach patients to skills
and measures.
iv. Physiotherapist
1. they treat patient who suffered from injuries, accidents, strokes.

h) THE DIETICIAN HEALTH TEAM

i. Dietician is they design a special diets and they supervise the (nag
chappy na naman si ma’am mwehehe she’s under the water charot
hoyyyy heyward!!!!)

i) THE SOCIAL WORKER HEALTH TEAM

i. Social worker they provide assistants to the patients for example may
mga problema ang pasyente.
ii. They provide individual counseling, help patients determine appropriate
health care and other health services and provide support to patients with
serious or chronic illnesses. (sinearch ko nalang po hehe)

j) THE LABORATORY SCIENTIST HEALTH TEAM

i. Medical Technologist they examines a studies of specimens such as like
urine, feces, blood and other body fluids and tissue samples. They are
more on diagnosis.

k) THE OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST HEALTH TEAM

i. Occupational Therapist (ma’am madik naawatan promise nisearch ko
nalang uli guys pasensya na puuu) they help patients develop, recover,
improve, as well as maintain skills needed for daily living and working.
They use scientific bases and a holistic perspective to promote a person’s
ability to fulfill their daily routines and roles.
ii. Occupational Therapist
1. they provide treatment for those who have inborn impairments or
Person with Disabilities (PWD).

l) THE RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST HEALTH TEAM

i. Radiologic Technologist they assist wide variety of xray procedures
(chappy manin)
 ii. They are responsible for accurately positionig patients and ensuring that
a quality diagnostic image is produced. They diagnose or rule out disease
or injury. (search again)

m) Sabi ni ma’am sa dulo if you have any concers just message me in our gc
HAHAHAHAH may discussion daw na Part 2 nextweek :)