Topic:Causes of separation of East Pakistan 1969-72

Who Was General Yahya?(4)

Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan. (4 February 1917 – 10 August 1980), widely known as Yahya
Khan, was a Pakistani general who served as the third President of Pakistan, serving in this
post from 25 March 1969 until turning over his presidency in December 1971.

Q. Why did Mujeeb ur Rehman present the 6 points? (7)

The reason for proposing the Six Points was to give the East greater autonomy in Pakistan.
Following the partition of India, the new state of Pakistan came into being. The inhabitants of
East Pakistan (later Bangladesh) made up the majority of its population, and exports from East
Pakistan (such as jute) were a majority of Pakistan's export income. However, East Pakistanis
did not feel they had a proportional share of political power and economic benefits within
Pakistan.
East Pakistan was facing a critical situation after being subjected to continuous discrimination
on a regional basis, year after year. As a result, the economists, intelligentsia, and the
politicians of East Pakistan started to raise questions about this discrimination, giving rise to the
historic six-point movement.

Q. What was Operation Searchlight?(4)

Operation searchlight was a planned military operation carried out by the Pakistan Army to put
down the Bengali
nationalist movement in East Pakistan in March 1971. Ordered by the central government in
West Pakistan, this was seen as the sequel to "Operation Blitz" which had been launched in
November 1970. The original plan envisioned taking control of the major cities on March 26,
and then eliminating all opposition, political or military within one month. Bengali resistance was
not expected by the Pakistani army and led to many atrocities taking place that caused some 10
million refugees to flee to India. These atrocities enraged the Bengalis, who declared
independence from Pakistan, and led to the creation of Bangladesh.

Q. Cyclone of 1971 in East Pakistan (4)

The 1970 Bhola cyclone was a devastating tropical cyclone that struck East Pakistan (present-
day Bangladesh) and India's West Bengal on November 11, 1970. It remains the deadliest
tropical cyclone ever recorded and one of the world's deadliest natural disasters. At least
500,000 people lost their lives in the storm,[1] primarily as a result of the storm surge that
flooded much of the low-lying islands of the Ganges Delta.
Q. CAUSES OF FALL OF DHAKA (14)

Separation of East Pakistan

Political system in Pakistan broke down in 1971 because of output failure arising out of
dissension (disagreement that leads to discord) and conflict among East and West
Pakistan.Though separation of East Pakistan occurred in 1971, the separation’s elements had
begun to work with the emergence of Pakistan in 1947.. Hindu Influence 2. Failure of Muslim
League leadership in East Pakistan 3. The Delay in Constitution Making Process 4.. Presidential
Form of Government 5. Six Point Agenda of Sh. Mujeeb 6. Presidential Form of Government
7.Role of International Community 8. The War of Power Between Bhutto and Mujeeb

Hindu influence

The 14% Hindu population had full control over the economy of East Pakistan. They were
better educated than the native Bengali Muslims. They owned the press and mass media. At
First, the Hindus and Muslims were the members of the Indian National Congress but after
partition they founded their own organization, Pakistan National Congress (PAC).The members
of PAC were, in fact, the political agents of India in East Pakistan. i.e. Mahatma Gandhi,
Vallabhbhai Patel and Jawaharlal Nehru.

Failure of Muslim League leadership in East Pakistan.

The Cabinet did not pay due attention towards the problems of the people, hence its capability
became zero in the eyes of people.The selfish politicians fought among themselves for the lust
of chair. The principal leaders and groups representing East Bengal in the Muslim League came
from upper-class, land-owning, Urdu speaking families of Dhaka or the mercantile group of
Calcutta. Soon after the creation of Pakistan, the conflict between those who claimed to
represent popular and more radical factors in Bengal and those more conservative elements
began

The Delay in Constitution Making Process

The delay in the Constitution making process gave rise to suspicions and misunderstandings
between the people of two halves. The population of East Pakistan was 56%. The Bengalis
demanded their representation according to the percentage of population in the national
assembly.

Mujeeb

The government should be federal and parliamentary in nature as it was discussed in Lahore
Resolution, its members to be elected with legislative representation on the basis of population.
The federal government shall be responsible for only foreign affairs and defense. There shall
be two separate currencies mutually or freely convertible in each wing for each region
The power of implementation & collection of taxes would lie with the provinces.

The F.G ‘will be given enough shares to fulfill its tasks of foreign and defense. There would be
Separate accounts of foreign exchange earnings for each of the federating units. East Pakistan
would be given the authority to have a paramilitary force to contribute towards national security.
Basically Sheikh Mujeeb suggested a confederation in the cover of provincial autonomy and
started propagating against the federation.

Presidential Form of Government

A parliamentary system could have at least partially offset West Pakistan dominance in the civil
and military services. Again the same mistake was made. Instead of opting for a loose
Confederate Form of Government, the power elite decided in favor of a highly centralized
presidential system. The opposition from East Pakistan was intense and unequivocal for
progressive increase in the amount of autonomy.

Q. Causes of Failure of Civil War (14)

Role of International Community

Both, Soviet Union and America were in favor of the disintegration of Pakistan. The Soviet
Union openly supported India’s attack on East Pakistan.Whereas, America did not fulfill her
promise to support Pakistan.

Indian attack on East Pakistan

After weakening Pakistan in every field when India felt that now Pakistan is weak enough to be
defeated, it attacked Pakistan directly on 24th Nov. 1971. The Pakistan army resisted this
attack for a month or so but it was very difficult for the army to fight without air support and its
public. Ultimately Pakistan army in spite of recording great gestures of bravery surrendered on
16 Dec 1971 and was defeated at the hands of the Indian army.

After war effects of war of 1971

We practically lost 55% of our country Over 90 thousand Pakistani military and civil personnels
were imprisoned. New stories of tyranny over Bengalis were written. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto came to
power in remaining Pakistan. A commission under supervision of Chief Justice of Pakistan
justice Hamood Urehman was formed to investigate the factors involved in fall of Dhaka, but its
report could never have been published. There was a huge wave of disappointment and tension
among Pakistanis as no one could believe that we had lost the war as well as half of our
country. On 2nd July 1972 Pakistan lost another war, this time on table buy signing Simla Pa
The War of Power Between Bhutto and Mujeeb

The Awami League, by virtue of its overwhelming majority in election, was entitled to establish
its government, but Mr. Z.A. Bhutto, having the patronage from General Yahya Khan boycotted
the session of National Assembly at Dhaka, which was postponed by General Yahya Khan. Mr.
Mujeeb-ur-Rehman alleged Yahya Khan with partiality and began to agitate the people for civil
war

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Sheikh Mujeeb Ur Rehman, and General Yahya, this triangle undoubtedly is
the biggest factor in the fall of Dhaka. Pakistan could have been united today if these three had
thought of national interest and not of their own personal interests. Yahya wanted to remain
president and for that he was ready to do anything, Bhutto wanted his share in government by
giving the concept of second largest party and Mujeeb also showed rigidity in his attitude, and
this resulted in the fall of Dhaka

Conclusion

Minor misunderstandings between East & West Pakistan led to the major conflicts. Thad had
brought an end to the united Pakistan and Pakistan was disintegrated.

Indian Intervention was the main reason for failure of civil war in 1971.Explain your
answer whether you agree and disagree the statement.(14)

Catching India off guard was the only way Pakistan army could inflict any serious damage to
India's war making capability in 1971(particularly on western front). They had some success in
this area when they preemptively bombed some Indian cities and bases on 3rd December. This
was actually a good strategy as India has a 'attack only if attacked first' policy and Indian ground
forces were already mobilized in the western front(in case of an attack,given their past
experiences with Pakistanis in 47 and 65). But the fatal flaw in this operation was that IAF
wouldn't have allowed large scale air raids as their numbers were significantly higher, so the
operation was done using no more than 50 planes. The Pakistani high command(I assume)
thought and hoped that these planes would inflict significant damages to the air bases thus
slowing Indian mobilization. But in reality this plan can't be successful and wasn't successful for
many reasons (but it should be noted that even with a meager force of less than 50 planes PAF
has raided 11 air fields without losing a single plane in the operation which was a significant
success, but just wasn't big enough to make any significant difference in the outcome of the
war).This attack gave India a valid reason to attack Pakistan and IAF had started its raids on the
same night.

Military support from western countries was the biggest hope for Pakistan against India in 1971
and it did have the USA, UK, Saudi Arabia and even Indonesia ... backing it both diplomatically
and militarily. If USSR hadn't supported India, then Pakistanis would have had a very good
chance of winning the war with the help of US task force 74 which had USS Enterprise (World's
first nuclear powered aircraft carrier) and "Eagle" from the UK. Although the Indian Navy
deployed INS Vikrant near Andaman as a part of a naval blockade to deter Enterprise, I don't
think it would be a match to the Enterprise in long run(as it was a WW2 era carrier built by
British and was given the name HMS Hercules). But we are talking about the cold war era..! So
the USSR obviously supported India (please note that I am not saying that this was the only
reason for USSR support).

As we know, China supported Pakistan in this war. So the Pakistani high command was hoping
that a third front would be opened at the Chinese border which will effectively drive India into the
defensive. But China feared that any actual intervention would result in Russia's aggression
toward its border. So, this proved to be a dead end as well for the Pakistani's.

The Pakistan army at that time actually had good military equipment which it imported from
western countries, but it's numbers were no match to Indian army numbers. This was one of the
primary reasons why Pakistan lost in 1971, and couldn't mount a successful campaign in the
remaining wars either.

Pakistan had a standing army of 365000 men and 25000 paramilitary of which 90000 were
stationed in East Pakistan(i.e Bangladesh). These were no small numbers, but the problem was
logistical supply. It can't send any of its troops through ground to Bangladesh as they have to
pass through a hostile (to them) nation i.e India. For the same reason they can't send through
air as IAF was guarding Indian skies, making them impregnable. Sending from all the way
through SriLanka was not always practical. So the only remaining option is the naval
option.Pakistan's navy at that time was actually quite good with 3 Daphne class and 1 Tench
class submarines and can effectively combat the Indian navy. But it's numbers didn't allow it to
carry out operations on both sides and it was needed for support in West Pakistan, should India
attack first (which never happened in Indo-Pak wars). Their ships and their flagship submarine
PNS Ghazi (the mission was to attack INS Vikrant thus developing a naval blockade in East
Pakistan and had it been successful it could have at least for some time halted Indian naval
activity in the region) was sunk the poor decision making of Pakistani high command, as they
never in the duration of the war sent a considerable force at a time to the Eastern front, instead
sent forces bit by bit thus making them easy prey for INS (Ghazi was first spotted at Ceylon, so
to be factual they never stood a chance without any immediate support). Even if they succeeded
in this operation they could have only fractured Indian Navy Vikrant before losing their
submarine as Vikrant had support from other vessels like Rajput in the region. So, either way it
was a suicidal mission. This was a fatal mistake as Ghazi, in my opinion, could have proved
more useful in western front particularly after the attack on the port of Karachi during Operation
Trident and Operation Python by the Indian navy which completely crippled Pakistan's ability to
wage a naval war as Karachi was their biggest port at that time. Thus, though effective the PNS
failed due to a variety of reasons like the above mentioned brilliant operations conducted by
Indian navy.(I say brilliant because Karachi was at that time most heavily guarded ports of
Pakistan with both aerial and naval support, still Indian navy preemptively attacked it
successfully without losing a single ship which was quite remarkable, thus halting the Pakistan's
naval activity in western sphere also and creating a complete naval blockade in both the
regions)
Lastly, the psychological state of the Pakistani soldiers in East Pakistan should be considered.
They were surrounded on all sides with no naval or air support. So there really was no point in
fighting to the last man at least on the Eastern front. Thankfully the Pakistani high command
realized this and thus Mukthi Bahani along with the Indian army emerged victorious, taking
nearly 90000 POW's and treating them in strict accordance with Geneva convention rules.
What's really great on Indian part is that they could have demanded anything for those men,
instead they to chose to return all the prisoners unconditionally along with the 13000 sq.kms of
territory they occupied in West Pakistan (except few strategic points like Turtuk) in accordance
to Shimla agreement in 1972. This shows the moral soundness of a nation (although many till
date feel that India was lenient with Pakistan in this agreement and that Pakistan didn't keep its
end of the bargain by attacking Kargil in 1999), which frankly is quite rare in human history.

Q.Who Was Sheikh Mujeeb ur Rehman?(4)

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Bengali: 17 March 1920 – 15 August 1975), was a Bangladeshi
politician, statesman and Founding Father of Bangladesh who served as the first President and
later as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh from 17 April 1971 until his assassination on 15
August 1975. He is considered to have been the driving force behind the independence of
Bangladesh. He is popularly dubbed with the title of "He became a leading figure in and
eventually the leader of the Awami League, founded in 1949 as an East Pakistan–based
political party. His daughter Sheikh Hasina is the current leader of the Awami League and also
the Prime Minister of Bangladesh.

Q. Why did the Civil War start?(7)

Write Causes of Separation of East Pakistan With Operation Searchlight.Why Was Civil War
started?(7)
Write Causes of Separation of East Pakistan With Operation Searchlight.
 Topic: Zia Ul Haque 1977- 88

Q. Who Was Zia Ul Haque?(4)

General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (12 August 1924-17 August 1988) was a four-star general and
the dictator of Pakistan after declaring martial law in 1977. He served as the head of state from
1978 until his death in a plane crash in 1988. He remains the country's longest-serving head of
state and Chief of Army Staff.

Q Why was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto arrested and subsequently executed in 1979? [7]

[Martial law] Pakistan national alliance (PNA) a union of opposition parties had started a
movement against Z.A.Bhutto government after the 1977 election, because PNA had refused to
accept election results. General Zia-ul-Haq imposed martial law in the country and arrested
Z.A.Bhutto on 5th July 1977.

[Murder case] Bhutto was released from arrest at the end of July, but when Bhutto stated in his
speeches that he would get back his political authority and trial Zia on imposing martial law.
Bhutto was rearrested on 3rd September. He was blamed for murdering a political opponent by
sending FSF to kill him. After two years trial (case in court) of Bhutto, death punishment was
announced. As President, General Zia had the power to change the death punishment to life
imprisonment (term). But Bhutto refused to appeal to Zia for his life. Bhutto was hanged on 4th
April 1979.

Q Why did General Zia-ul-Haq introduced his package of Islamic laws between 1979 and
1988? [7]

Ans: According to General Zia Pakistan was setup on the name of Islam. He introduced Islamic
laws to set up a strong government run by people who respect Islamic values. Zia was worried
due to popularity of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Zia introduced Islamic laws to get support of Islamic
parties for his government.

Zia also wanted to distribute some wealth to the poor and needy by introducing Islamic taxes
like Zakat. He introduced Islamic education in schools to increase Islamic awareness in
students. Strict Islamic laws against drinking, gambling and adultery would check moral decline
and crime rate in the society. He also wanted to set up laws which punish people for showing
disrespect towards the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H).
The Soviet Union was a non-believer country. When the Soviet Union attacked Afghanistan, Zia
wanted to start Jihad against the Soviets. Zia introduced Islamisation to get support of common
Pakistani Muslims for Jihad against the Soviet Union.

Q ‘Islamic reforms were the most important of Zia-ul-Haq’s domestic policies between
1977 and 1988.’ Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.

Ans: Zia introduced Islamic laws in an attempt to produce a strong and stable government
managed by people keen to Islamic values. He ignored the political process and therefore the
Islamic laws were very strict in order to produce a strong government.

Federal shariat court was set up

This court can declare any law unislamic.This court can hear appeals on cases decided by
lower courts under Islamic laws. This court had five judges, three Ulemas (religious scholars)
and a chairman.

Hudood ordinance

Islamic punishments were introduced on gambling, drinking, theft and adultery.Right hand was
cut off on theft and 80 stripes of cane on drinking Alcohol. Laws affecting women were also
included.

Council of Islamic Ideology

It was set up to suggest ways in which legal system of Pakistan could be brought closer to
Islam. It is included in law that disrespect for the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) death punishment
could be given to such a person.

Zakat and Usher ordinance

Zakat was collected on the first Ramadan at the rate of 2.5% on saving accounts every year.
5% usher was collected on agricultural production known as Usher. Collected Zakat and usher
were given to the poor and needy. Shia-Muslims protested because the way of collection of
Zakat was different from their sect. Later Zia government spared Shia Muslim from payment of
Zakat.

Respect of Ramadan ordinance

Eating and drinking at public places was not allowed in the month of Ramadan during fasting
time. Fine and punishment was given to people for eating and drinking during fasting time.

Interest free banking was introduced.

All banks opened profit and loss sharing accounts.

Education

Islamiat and Pakistan studies were made compulsory in schools and colleges.Extra marks were
given to students at the time of admission who had remembered the Holy Quran by heart.
Learning of Arabic language and recitation (reading) of the Holy Quran was made part of school
studies.Radio Pakistan introduced Arabic courses. Daily NEWS in Arabic was shown on
Pakistan television. Salat committees (teams) were set up to convince people to perform
Namaz.

Economic policies

The arrival of funds in the 1980s allowed Zia to introduce economic reforms. Funds were
coming from western countries and two million Pakistanis working overseas (abroad). Zia's
government denationalized many industries that the Bhutto government had nationalized. Some
were returned to former owners, others were sold to new investors. Efforts were also made to
increase the efficiency of government- run industries. The private sector was encouraged to re-
invest. Zia also tried to attract foreign investors. Between 1977 and 1986, the average growth
rate was 6.2%, amongst the highest in the world at that time.

Law and government

Military courts were set up to punish criminals according to martial law. The decisions of these
courts could not be challenged in civil courts. Large number of military officers were appointed
in civil departments. In this way Zia was able to reduce opposition to his government.In 1985
non party elections were conducted by President Zia and new government under Prime Minister
Muhammad Khan Junejo was set up.The new assembly passed the Eighth Amendment in 1985
gave the President the power to appoint the Prime Minister, Governors, and other officials. The
President could also dismiss the Prime Minister of the time and National assembly. As a result
of this, martial law was lifted and the 1973 constitution was restored, but all actions of the
martial law remained unchallenged.

Q Difficulties did Zia-ul-Haq find in ruling Pakistan during the late 1980s? [7]

Ans: Poor Law and order

General Zia-ul-Haq found it difficult to control the poor law and order situation in Pakistan. The
Western countries had freely supplied guns to help the Afghans against U.S.S.R, but those
guns had become common on the streets of Pakistan through smuggling. Unlawful weapon
were a danger for peace in country. Pakistan became a more violent country with killings in
cities such as Karachi.
Drugs

Drug trade was growing at a dangerous level; Pakistan became one of the world's leading
countries of drug trading. Millions of Pakistanis have become unproductive and a burden on
society due to drug habits. There was an increase in levels of corruption in society due to the
huge sum of wealth earned by drug trade.

Situation in provinces

The provinces except Punjab became more difficult to govern. Sindh had almost become
ungovernable. Armed bodyguards were needed for safe travel. It was demanding separation
from Pakistan. The NWFP was also becoming more critical of the Zia government. It was facing
a refugee problem caused due to the Afghan war. Uprising in Balochistan had ended in 1977
but there were still separatist groups among the people.

Ojri camp incident

In 1988 an army weapon store at Ojri camp blew up. It was located between densely populated
cities Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Hundreds were killed and thousands were injured. Prime
Minister Junejo wanted to set up an inquiry which seemed to blame top army commanders.
President Gen Zia was not happy with it so he dismissed PM Junejo and dismissed the National
Assembly. This led to a political crisis for Zia.

What was Afghan Miracle?(4)

In December 1975, the Soviet Union Attacked in Afghanistan. The Soviet invasion proved to be
a windfall To Zia regime, Which had replaced democracy in Pakistan and made Western
counties unhappy. But now Pakistan became a leading country in world politics and enjoyed
unconditional military, economic, Cordial relations with the USA and western bloc against
Communist block. Infact Pakistan became the West's only ally in the region.This is called
Afghan Miracle.

Q. Eighth Amendment (4)

Book page 153

Q. Describe MRD (4)

The Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD) was a historically left-wing populism
and massive socialist political alliance formed to oppose and end the military government of
President General Zia-ul-Haq. Directed and chaired by Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan Peoples
Party, its primary objectives and aims were to restore democracy as well as gaining civilian
control of the military.
Who Was Muhammad Khan junejo (4)

Mohammad Khan Junejo (Sindhi: born 18 August 1932 – 18 March 1993) was a Pakistani
politician and an agriculturist who served as Prime Minister of Pakistan, having been elected in
this capacity in 1985 until being dismissed in 1988.

Q. Why Was Muhammad Khan Junejo dismissed.by Zia Ul Haque?(7)

In 1986–87, his political relations with President Zia began to deteriorate over the control over
the foreign policy and daringly authorized his Foreign Minister Yakob Ali Khan to ratify the
Geneva Accords that allowed the Russian retreat from Afghanistan. In this regard, he had held
a party conference that he invited the Communist Party and Pakistan Peoples Party to discuss
to end the bloodshed in Afghanistan. In 1987, he provided his political support and eventually
used his prerogative to appoint Lieutenant-General Mirza Aslam Beg as vice-army chief, despite
President Zia wanting Lieutenant-General Zahid Ali Akbar.

Prime Minister Junejo also stalled the fundamentalist legislation in an attempt to keep leverage
on President Zia. Following the massive explosion near a hidden facility in Rawalpindi
Cantonment that resulted in more than 100 lives lost, Prime Minister Junejo announced to call
for a parliamentary inquiry to overlook the incident.

His government was noted for the support of conservatism, austerity measures that ultimately
reduced the government budget deficits and repealed the emergency laws to allow the freedom
of press and media and,Revival of political activities and in the country. Despite strong
resistance and fierce opposition from President Zia-ul-Haq, Junejo authorized his Foreign
Minister Yaqoob Khan to sign and ratify the Geneva Accords in 1988. His relations with
President Zia-ul-Haq also soured when he opened the parliamentary inquiry on the Ojhri Camp
disaster, also in 1988.

Q. What was the Geneva Accord?(4)

With the United States and Soviet Union acting as guarantors, Pakistan and Afghanistan on 15
April 1988 signed a set of agreements under negotiation for nearly six years providing for the
withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan by next year 1989. Signing the accords were
Pakistani Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Zain Noorani and Afghan Foreign Minister Abdul
Wakil.

Q. Describe Ojhri Camp disaster (4)

An army weapons dump at Ojhri Camp blew up on 10th April 1988. As the dump was located in
a densely populated area between Islamabad and Rawalpindi, hundreds of civilians were killed
with thousands injured. This was embarrassing for Zia. Junejo ordered an immediate inquiry into
the explosions and stated that whoever was responsible would be punished even if it meant
dismissal of important army leaders. Consequently, Junejo was dismissed by Zia on 29 May
1988.

Q. Referendum (4)
Book page 152
Topic: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 1972-77

Who Was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto?(4)

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Sindhi: Urdu: January 1928 – 4 April 1979) was a Pakistani barrister and
politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977, and prior to that
as the fourth President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. He was also the founder of the Pakistan
People's Party (PPP) and served as its chairman until his execution.

Q Constitutional reform of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was the most important of his reforms; Do
you agree? Give reasons. [14]

Ans: 1973 constitution

Z.A Bhutto introduced the 1973 constitution that was passed by will of all political parties.Power
was in the hands of the Prime Minister. The National assembly was the lower house and the
Senate was the upper house of Parliament. Maximum self-Government was given to Provinces
Basic human rights were included in it. The President and Prime Minister should be
Muslims.Islamic Advisory council was setup to change all laws according to Islam.

Industrial reforms

Wealth was in the hands of 22 families. Bhutto wanted to improve the condition of workers.
Bhutto introduced Nationalization. Government took control of 70 major industries and banks.
The Ministry of Production was set up to run these industries but Government officers failed to
run these industries. Workers' jobs were protected. Worker unions were allowed. Bhutto was
partly successful in checking high prices.

Land Reforms

Landlords were not allowed to keep land more than 250 acre irrigated and 500 acre unirrigated.
Excess land was given to landless farmers.But cunning landlords had shifted land to their
relatives or loyal servants, later they took back their land.

Health reforms

Rural Health Centers [RHU] were set up in villages and Basic Health Units [BHU] in towns to
provide healthcare.New medical colleges and nursing schools were set up to train health staff.
For first years doctors had to work in small towns and villages. Drug companies were only
allowed to sell medicines under its medical name which reduced the prices of medicines. Many
International Drug companies closed their business in Pakistan because their profits were
reduced. These reforms improved health services but there was a shortage of Doctors and
nurses.

Educational reforms

Bhutto wanted to provide free education to every child and uneducated adult in
Pakistan.Private schools and colleges were Nationalized and taken under government control to
provide the same education to every student. Number of new schools and colleges were set up
but they were not enough to provide education to a large number of students. There was a lack
of trained teachers. Literacy rate increased only 1%, parents were not ready to send their
children to schools due to poverty and child labor.

Administrative reforms

Bhutto considered the civil service of Pakistan (CSP) as corrupt and inefficient. Bhutto wanted a
modern civil service to carry out policies of the Government. Bhutto removed needless rules.
Bhutto organized the civil services in a small number of levels and a unified pay scale.
Experienced and highly educated staff could be hired at any level.

Shimla Agreement (4)

Book page 140

1973 Constitution (4)

Page 141

Nationalization
page 143

Q. Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto fell from power?(7)

1-Bhutto being one of the most popular leaders took his popularity for granted.He used to take
very sudden and undemocratic actions leading to his downfall, like running the country in a
dictatorship style, neglecting the majority of internal dislike by religious factions considering him
to be an anti religious person . He gave many statements against the USA time and again.
Especially regarding the pressure on him by USA to shut down or roll back Pakistan’s nuclear
program

2- After the 1974 summit of Muslim countries held in Lahore , Pakistan , he became very
popular in the whole world and especially among the Muslim countries. He was considered as
the "Political Spokesperson“ if the Muslim countries and King Faisal of Saudi Arabia as the
religious leader of Muslim world , being the custodian of Mecca and Madina,the 2 Holiest
Muslim places .
Such a high political status ever achieved by a Pakistani political leader turned Bhutto into a
very proud and he thought that he could do whatever he wanted and the opposition composed
of Anyi Bhutto and religious factions would never be able to defeat him .

3- Moreover he started taking some very unpopular and undemocratic steps . He had
established a Federal police force named “ Federal Security Force , whose sole purpose was to
help police to maintain law and order as a para military force . Bhutto started using FSF for his
political designs such as harassing his political opponents, sabotaging opposition’s rallies,
attempts to attack and kill his political rivals including even the critics of his fascist like actions.
Prime example was Ahmad Raza Qasoori, from his own party who used to openly criticize
Bhutto’s dictatorial style of government and undemocratic actions. Bhutto ordered the FSF to kill
Ahmad Raza Kasuri.FSF came up with a drive-by shooting on Ahmad Raza Qasoori’s
car.Qasoori survived but his father sitting in the car got killed in the drive-by shooting.Qasoori
was entangled in one such barbaric action and believed he was attacked by direct orders issued
by Bhutto himself. Qasoori registered a detailed FIR (first information Report) to the police and
nominated Bhutto as the main accused person and FSF officials as his hired killers. The
complaint was registered but never had a follow up action taken due to Bhutto’s orders and
became a cold case.The investigation of that complaint was later reactivated by General Zia
who led a coup against Bhutto and arrested him.A detailed investigation revealed all the
evidence , hand written directions to the then Director General of FSF, Mahmoud Masood, who
became a crown witness and produced the complete account of Bhutto’s vengeance and
revengeful designs to get Qasoori and other opponents killed. Three lower ranking officials of
FSF who had carried out the shooting also also testified and told the Full bench of Supreme
Court of Pakistan that they had carried out shooting by the orders of DG FSF.
The Supreme Court of Pakistan found Bhutto responsible for the shooting Orders and killing
plan of Qasoori. He was ordered to be hanged till death . Bhutto was hanged in Kot Lakhpat jail
Lahore on April 07, 1978.

4- Another major cause of Bhutto’s fall was his carried out plans of rigging 1977 national and
provincial elections at full scale. The 9 opposition parties coalition started country wide
agitations which became bloody and the whole country was engulfed by them.Bhutto first
refused to acknowledge the rigging of elections but later bowed down to the country wide daily
rallies and extreme pressure from public and political opponents. He announced new elections
but continued his fascist actions.This resulted in a coup against him by his own hand picked
head of the military head General Zia and Bhutto was arrested.
 Chapter: 15 (Topic: Benazir Bhutto)

Q How successful was Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan in the years 1988–
90 and 1993–96? [14]

Ans. [Benazir successes]

Modernization:

She became first woman prime minister of Muslim world.She improved rights for women, with
equal pay for equal work.She ended a ban on trade unions and released (set free) political
prisoners from jails and renewed student unions.She also took steps towards spreading
electricity in rural areas of Pakistan.

Health policy:

She introduced a wide-range national health policy; Lady Health workers were appointed to
improve health standards of women and children.

Foreign policy:

Benazir was more successful in foreign policy. She took Pakistan to the CommonWealth
Organization.She was able to conduct the fourth summit conference of SAARC in 1988 in
Pakistan improved relations with India and both countries were able to sign three separate
peace agreements.She visited USA in 1989 and was successful to restore (improve) relations
between two countries. She was also able to convince the US to remove the ban on supply of
weapons to Pakistan, Pakistan had already paid the price of these weapons.

[Benazir failures, Years 1988– 90]

Social problems:

The prices of commodities (items of daily use) remained stable (same) during the General Zia
Government but during her rule there was sudden increase in prices. She was unable to control
price rises; unemployment was a common feature of her rule. Benazir Government also failed to
deal with the country's growing use of drugs and smuggling in Pakistan.

No confidence motion:

Just after 11 months of Benazir government, opposition parties organized a No-Confidence

motion against her government and failed with only 12 votes.
Pucca Qila operation:

MQM ended its union with PPP and voted against the PPP government in a no confidence
motion launched by opposition leader Nawaz Sharif. Benazir's response was rude. 40 MQM
women protestors were killed by Sindh Police in the Pucca Qila Hyderabad in the name of
operation against criminals. This cruel action spoiled her image as a champion of democracy
and human rights.

Constitutional matters:

Benazir failed to cancel Hudood and Zina ordinances and was also unable to pass any new law
for welfare of women because the Senate was dominated by opposition parties. Benazir wanted
to cancel the Eighth Amendment in order to increase the authority of the Prime Minister but she
failed to get support of two-third members of Parliament

Differences in Benazir and President Ghulam Ishaq Khan:

They were created on appointments of positions in armed forces and courts. Ishaq Khan
considered such appointment as right of President. Benazir government was also accused by
the President of giving bank loans to party supporters. Benazir's husband Asif Zardari and her
father-in-law were accused of corruption. President dismissed her government in 1990 on
corruption charges.

Q How successful was Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan in the years 1993–
96? [14]

Ans. [Benazir successes, years 1993–96]

Steps for women:

She established a women police station, appointed women judges and set up a women
development bank to provide easy loans to small businesses run by women.

Economy:

There was a decrease in the nations’ trade deficit and a slight rise in foreign exchange reserves.
A large investment in the country's energy sector was made by American, South Korean and
Hong Kong, Chinese investors and businessmen. Pakistan continued to receive loans, funding
and aid from World Bank, IMF, Asian Development Bank.
Foreign policy:

In Sep 1995 the United States Senate voted to lift the economic and some of the military
sanctions that had been imposed on the country in 1990. Wife of USA president Hillary Clinton
and her daughter also visited the country as a guest of the Prime Minister; It was a signal that
the US wanted to improve relations with Pakistan.

Peace keeping mission:

Pakistan had posted 5000 soldiers in Somalia as a part of a UN peacekeeping mission that had
been promoted by United States. Pakistani forces also served in UN missions in trouble spots
from Asia to Africa to Caribbean, these services were generally recognized.

[Benazir failures, years 1993–96]

Train march:

Benazir Government found it difficult to face opposition from Nawaz Sharif and PML. In 1994
Nawaz Sharif began a train march from Karachi to Peshawar during which huge crowds listened
to his critical speeches. Strikes were organized throughout Pakistan in Sep and Oct 1994.
Benazir arrested several opposition leaders including the aged father of Nawaz Sharif.

Family differences:

There were differences between Benazir and her mother Nusrat Bhutto over the control of
Pakistan People’s Party (PPP); Nusrat wanted Benazir's brother, Mir Murtaza as leader of PPP.
According to Mir Murtaza Benazir was moving away from their father's principles; Mutaza was
also against Benazir husband Asif Ali Zardari because he was accused (blamed) of corruption.
In 1996 Murtaza was killed by Sindh police near his house in Karachi. According to an
investigation report, the Benazir government was involved in the killing of Murtaza Bhutto.
Murder of Murtaza Bhutto reduced popularity of Benazir government.

End of Government:

Finally the government refused to carry out the Supreme Court’s decision to dismiss 20 judges
appointed by the government which caused a political crisis. On 5th Nov 1996 President Leghari
dismissed Benazir Government on corruption charges and political murders.
Q. Why was the Benazir Government dismissed in 1990?(7)

She faced Corruption on nepotism charges, her husband (Zardari) was accused of corruption,
bribery, blackmailing and kickbacks. Her mother was appointed as the senior Minister with a
portfolio, and her father in law was chairman of the parliamentary public accounts committee.
These charges badly affected her reputation and opposition exploited these charges against her
and thus justified Ghulam Ishaq’s dismissal of her.

Serious Conflict with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan on appointment issue. The president had
discretionary powers to appoint armed forces chiefs and judges of superior court, but Benazir
wanted to appoint these herself. This refusal by the president created tension between both and
he dismissed her to retain his own powers.

In 1988 PPP was able to get a majority but could not form its own government. It made the govt
center In Sindh Province with MQM but this coalition started to crumble on issues, such as the
promotion of Sindhi language and people. This led to serious violence where people died
(Pacca Qila). She also faced a policy of confrontation from Nawaz Sharif, who was chief
minister of Punjab and opposed her rule fiercely. The spread of violence and killing disabled
Sindh (largest trade/industrial hub), and fierce non co operation from Punjab justified president’s
dismissal of her.

Q. Why did Benazir fall from office for a second time in 1996?

Benazir succeeded Zulfikar, but had a feud with Nusrat Bhutto who wanted Mir Murtaza as head
of PPP and successor as PM on his return from long exile in 1993. He put up fierce opposition
against her government and against Asif Ali Zardari. He was killed in 1996 near his house by
Sindh Police, this high profile murder/lawlessness justified Farooq Ahmed Leghari’s actions of
dismissing her government.

Nawaz Sharif of PMLN gave her fierce opposition. He along with Mir Murtaza Bhutto organized
opposition against her, and then started the “Train march” from Karachi to Peshawar in 1994-
1995. Nawaz was able to gather much attention, and targeted the poor economic performance
of Benazir’s govt and Zardari’s corruption. He also organized labour and industrial strikes in
1994. This spread of violence and killing in major city under these strikes made her arrest her
opposition leaders, this made her politically weak and unpopular and led to Legari dismissing
her.

She clashed with the Superior courts and their judges. In 1996, the Supreme Court and 4
provincial high courts ordered the sacking of 24 judges appointed by her government. The
Supreme Court further ordered the federal government to appoint judges on permanent basis
rather than on an acting basis and also to take seniority of judges into account with their
appointments. This dismissal created a political crisis as two highest pillars of state were in a
dispute thus making the whole political system weaker and invited criticism, lending strength to
her opposition.

Topic:Nawaz Sharif

Q How successful were the policies of Nawaz Sharif as prime minister of Pakistan in his
second term 1996 to 1999? [14]

[Nawaz Successes years 1996–99]

13th amendment:

In the second term Nawaz Sharif took measures to protect his government. The Nawaz
government introduced the 13th amendment in the constitution in which President authority to
dismiss assemblies was cancelled. Three governments were dismissed in 9 years. It was an
effort to make Pakistan more democratic. The president's power to appoint judges and the
chiefs of three armed forces was cancelled. The President would have to make these
appointments on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Anti-Defection Bill:

Nawaz government introduced the Anti-Defection Bill known as fourteenth amendment in which
members of Assemblies were not allowed to move from one party to another. He introduced the
fourteenth amendment in order to increase political stability and check the horse trading of
Assembly members.
Nuclear tests: In 1998 the Nawaz government conducted a series of nuclear tests at Chaghi,
Balochistan increasing the popularity of the government on firm stand against Indian tests.

[Nawaz failures, 1997–99].

Relation with press:

In 1997 Nawaz Sharif's secret police attacked the home of a leading press reporter and critic of
the government, Najam Sethi and kidnapped him. He was released after an international
protest. Heavy tax notices were given to newspapers that were printing news against the Nawaz
government. The Relationship of Nawaz Sharif was spoiled by the press.

Attack on supreme courts:

The Chief Justice of Pakistan Sajjad Ali Shah was hearing corruption cases against Nawaz
Sharif. The Supreme Court was attacked by hundreds of Nawaz Sharif workers. Later the Chief
justice was forced to resign by the Nawaz Sharif government. These actions earned defame for
Nawaz Sharif.

National Security Council:

In the second term, the Nawaz Sharif government was involved with the Pakistan army on the
issue of the National Security Council. Army chief Jehangir Karamat was in favour of creating a
national Security Council to make coordination between civil setup and army but Nawaz Sharif
was unwilling to give an active role to the army in political affairs. So Janangir Karamat was
forced to resign which created a feeling of displeasure in the army. Later Nawaz's efforts to
improve relations with India through the Lahore declaration were destroyed by the army. New
military chief general Musharaf started the Kargil operation against India without informing the
Nawaz government.

Martial law

Nawaz Sharif tried to remove General Musharaf as chief of Pakistan army when he was on a
visit to Srilanka. Nawaz Sharif government tried to stop the plane of Musharaf from landing at
Karachi airport and replace Musharaf with General Zia-ud-Din but Nawaz Sharif failed. General
Musharaf imposed martial law and arrested Nawaz Sharif.

Q. Why did nawaz sharif fall from office in 1993? (7)

- U.S. Economic and foreign aid declined

- Shariat Bill in 1991 opposed by people who did not like the influence of Islam in politics

- BCCI Scandal

- Co-operative Societies Scandal damaging his reputation as he took billions of dollars in loans
for use for the Sharif family

- Kalashnikov Culture where guns were freely available due to connections with Afghan
warlords and murders, kidnappings and killings were common. Sharif had to even cancel his trip
to Japan in order to deal with the violence of this.

- He favored Punjab and Kashmir and in beautifying Lahore rather than Sindh and Balochistan.
His opposition parties rallied against him taking many permits for his business and family.

- There was favoritism in Privatisation.

- Clashes with the President on who should be appointed Chief of Army Staff and Nawaz found
out a few minutes before announcement and so the 8th Amendment came to haunt him as his
government was dismissed on the charges of mismanagement and corruption.
Q. Why Was Nawaz sharif dismissed in 1999
Or Why did Musharraf take over in 1999?(7)

Answer on book page(164)

Q How successful was Pakistan in establishing a new constitution between 1947 and
1973? Explain your answer. [14]

Ans: [Objectives Resolution]

It was presented in 1949 in the national assembly, it was the first step to set up the new
constitution of Pakistan. According to resolution Principles of democracy, equality and social
justice were according to Islam. Promotion of Islamic way of life, religious freedom for all
groups, protection of fundamental rights and minority rights were included in the resolution.
Objective resolution tried to set up a plan to protect Islamic principles in the constitution. The
Objectives Resolution was criticised by East Pakistan who disliked the fact that instead of
Bengali, Urdu was chosen as the official language despite that Bengali speaking population was
much larger. Bengali were also against the idea of equal representation in the National
Assembly, again due to the size of its population. The constitution making process was delayed
due to the death of Liaquat Ali Khan until a new government settled in.

[B.P.C]

In 1952 a revised Basic Principles Committee presented a report which made firm steps to set
up an Islamic constitution by stating that the Head of State should be Muslim and that he would
make a committee of Islamic expert to make sure that all laws would be according to Islam. The
Basic Principles Committee’s report was criticised because the official language issue was still
not settled and East Pakistan was firm to oppose the selection of Urdu. Political changes in the
country further delayed constitution making for a few years until 1956.

[1956 constitution]

Important decisions were taken in 1956 constitution that Pakistan was to be an Islamic
Republic, president should be Muslim, Urdu and Bengali would be the official languages, which
was an attempt to calm the people of East Pakistan. Fundamental rights for all citizens were
included.The 1956 constitution was heavily criticised since it didn’t solve the political problems
of Pakistan. The constitution promised a parliamentary system of government but the President
had the power to interfere or even suspend the Assembly.East Pakistan was very unhappy at
not having a majority in the Assembly because their population was 10 million more than West
Pakistan. The constitution was dismissed just after two years.

[1959 Basic Democracies]

In 1959 Basic Democracies were introduced by Ayub Khan which was a 4 tier structure of
government, allowing elections at various levels. The success of these councils which were set
up was such that martial law was lifted in 1962 after a new constitution was introduced.

[The 1962 constitution]

Presidential form of government was introduced. President could choose the cabinet; judges,
governors and no law could be passed without his will. The 1962 constitution had increased the
powers of the ruling class, because the major landlords dominated the elections to the Basic
Democracies and often used force or bribery to influence the election results.Urdu and Bengali
were national languages; the National assembly session was to be held in both Dhaka and
Islamabad. If the President was from West Pakistan then the Speaker of the assembly was to
be from East Pakistan.Despite these measures the people of East Pakistan were upset as they
felt they were going to have little part in the governing of Pakistan and that the power was held
by the military and civil officials of West Pakistan.

[1973 constitution]

1973 constitution received total support in the Assembly. The 1973 Constitution revived the
power of the National Assembly and as a result political parties became more important. The
leader of the majority party would become Prime Minister and select the cabinet, and the
President became a figurehead, whose orders had to be signed by the Prime
Minister.Parliament was composed of two houses: the National Assembly and Senate; the
Senate had equal members from all provinces to protect their rights. The dream of provincial
autonomy was destroyed after only one year of Provincial governments of Balochistan and K. P.
K were dismissed by the Central government. Freedom of press was reduced and F.S.F was
allowed to arrest any politician.

How successful have the governments been in the Islamisation of Pakistan between 1947
and 1988? Explain your answer. [14]

Ans: The Constituent Assembly passed the Objectives Resolution in March 1949 which was the
first step towards the constitution of Pakistan. This resolution made several references to
Islamic laws like social justice, equality and religious freedom, and Muslims were also enabled
to lead their lives according to Islamic teachings. But the religious wings were not satisfied with
these provisions. They wanted complete implementation of the Shariah Laws. Together with
other reasons, the resolution was withdrawn in November 1950 for further considerations.

Khawaja Nazimuddin revised the proposals of the same resolution in 1952. Now the Head of the
state would be Muslim over 40. He would appoint a board of religious scholars who would
advise on central and provincial legislation. In case of objections on religious grounds, the bill
had to be sent back to the assembly for amendment. Now fears arose in many circles that the
Religious Advisory Board would have power of veto over new laws. The Prime Minister
withdrew the proposals in 1953.

When the first constitution of Pakistan was prepared in 1956, it changed the name of Pakistan
to Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The Religious Advisory Board was still retained for monitoring
the legislation with right of veto. The constitution also declared that the President was to be a
Muslim.

Ayub Khan was a bit liberal. He introduced Muslim Family Laws Ordinance according to which
marriages and divorces were to be registered and minimum age limits were defined for
marriage. Women were empowered. In spite of opposition from religious wings, these laws were
imposed. He established the Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology to advise him on the religious
aspects of policies. He also founded Islamic Research Institute. These institutes were just
symbolic; he never welcomed their proposals.

In the 1973 constitution, Bhutto gave no consideration to the implementation of Shariah Laws. It
was almost based on the 1956 constitution. Islamic committee was still set up, but it could only
advice on legislation. After the 1977 elections when Pakistan National Alliance was protesting
on the roads against rigging, he tried to appease the religious factions by banning gambling,
restricting sale of alcohol and declaring Friday to be the weekly holiday. These were just
desperate actions. However, there was also a little success on road of Islamization. Both
President and Prime Minister were to be Muslims and had to believe in the finality of Holy
Prophet (PBUH). The Legislation also gave a definition of a ‘Muslim’.

General Zia ul Haq tried to be a pro-Islamic leader. He established the Federal Shariat Court in
1979 to consider existing laws and judgments in the light of Islamic principles. He set up a
Federal Shariat Court to consider existing laws and legal judgements and decide if they were in
keeping with Islam. He introduced Hudood Ordinances which gave Islamic punishments to
people involved in drinking, gambling, theft and adultery. A new offense of disrespect of the
Holy Prophet was introduced, with imprisonment or a fine as a punishment for offenders. He
also introduced the Council of Islamic Ideology to suggest ways for bringing the legal system
closer to Islamic ideology. He also introduced Zakat and Ushr Ordinances imposing 2.5%
wealth tax and 5% tax on agricultural income respectively. Islamiat and Pakistan Studies were
made compulsory subjects in the schools and colleges. Memorizers of the Holy Quran were
given extra marks in the Civil Service examinations. The Arabic language was promoted
through TV and Radio programs. No woman was allowed to appear on TV without a scarf. Many
people from the civil society raised a voice against some of his actions, but in many areas he
has support from Ulamas

Of course the reign of Zia ul Haq saw maximum implementation of Shariah Laws. He won the
support of many religious political parties, ulamas and religious factions.

In conclusion it can be said that although several serious efforts for Islamisation were made,
implementation of clauses of Islamisation remained in question. Desired results were not
achieved because of lack of will and proper implementation. The fact remains that governments
have not been successful in their efforts for Islamisation in Pakistan

Q: What was the Kargil Conflict? [4]

Ans: In April 1999, Muslim Kashmiri guerrillas crossed the Line of Control and captured the
Indian occupied towns of Kargil and Drass. The Pakistan govt. denied any involvement. In May,
India launched a counter-attack during which it fired over 250,000 shells and rockets. Two of its
aircrafts crossed into Pakistani air space and one was shot down. During May and June 1999,
Pakistani forces were pushed back and eventually Sharif was persuaded by US President
Clinton to withdraw all Pakistan forces from Indian held territory behind the Line of Control. The
Kargil conflict proved to be a major blow to Pakistan-India relations.

Topic International Affairs of Pakistan from 1947_99

Q. Why did Pakistan join the Capitalistic block?(7)

Ans. Text book page (167)

Q. How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with India between 1947 and 1999?
Comment.

Ans: [Early problems]

Partition of India was not accepted by Congress leaders by heart so they tried everything to
harm Pakistan. Unjust ways were adopted by India in division of financial and military assets.
Bitter memories of Muslim killing in East Punjab and Delhi spoiled Indo-Pak relation in coming
years. India forced millions of Muslims to Pakistan to put economic pressure on the new born
state. Canal water dispute and Kashmir issue poisoned Indo-Pak relation. Pakistan has fought
three major wars in 1948, 1965 and 1971 on Kashmir issue with India.

[1965 war]

When UNO failed to solve the Kashmir problem Pakistan tried to force India to carry out UNO
resolutions through military operation in Kashmir resulting in 1965 Indo-Pak war. Pakistan failed
to capture Kashmir.After 1965 war Pakistan and India signed Tashkent agreement to solve
dispute peacefully but no date was set to begin discussion on Kashmir.
[1971 war]

India had recognized the weak defence of East Pakistan in the 1965 war. During the civil war in
East Pakistan India used the situation and established an armed group of Bengali separatist
known as Mukti Bahini to carry out attacks on the Pakistan army. Later in the 1971 war India
separated East Pakistan. Relations between Pakistan and India were at their lowest level in
1971.

[Simla agreement]

In 1972 Pakistani prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Indian Prime minister Indra Gandhi
signed Simla agreement, India returned 90,000 Pakistani soldiers who were kept as prisoners of
war. Pakistan also agreed that in future talks on Kashmir would be only between Pakistan and
India.

[Sikh movement in Indian Punjab]

In early 1980’s Sikh population of Indian Punjab had started movement for separate home land.
In 1984 Prime Minister of India Indra Gandhi was killed by Sikhs. Indra Gandhi son Rajiv
became next Prime Minister; he accused Pakistan of helping Sikh separatist in Indian Punjab
and murder of her mother. In 1987 both countries were close to war. The situation was cooled
down by General Zia the president of Pakistan through visit to India.

[Freedom movement in occupied Kashmir]

In 1990's tension between both countries continued due to the freedom struggle in Indian held
Kashmir backed by Pakistan. After nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan in May 1998 restored
balance of power between both countries.

[Lahore declaration and Kargil war]

In 1998 prime minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif and Indian Prime minister Vajpayee tried to
improve relations through the Lahore declaration but the whole peace process was destroyed
when the Pakistan army had captured Kargil hill of India resulting in war between India and
Pakistan. USA forced Pakistan to return Kargil hills to India because there was danger of Atomic
war between both countries. Relations were destroyed due to the Kargil war.

Q Why was Pakistan unsuccessful in 1965 and 1971 wars? [7]

Ans: [1965war]

In 1965 Pakistan had entered armed men in Indian occupied Kashmir to encourage uprising
because Pakistan wanted to force India to resolve Kashmir dispute through resolutions of
U.N.O. The Kashmir mission was planned by Pakistan in a hurry. Support of the people of
occupied Kashmir was limited, when it seemed that plan would fail, Pak army attacked on 1st
Sep to cut-off India-Srinagar road. Pakistan was not expecting full scale war from India but on
6th Sep Indian army attacked on Lahore border. Pakistan was unprepared for it. Pakistan was
able to defend its boundaries (borders) but failed to free Kashmir from India.

[1971 war]

Defence of the Pakistan army in East Pakistan was weak. The Indians had set up a much
bigger army by using its huge wealth and man power with the help of U.S.S.R. In 1971 civil war
was going on in East Pakistan, India used it against Pakistan and attacked on 4th December.
Pakistan army was defeated and East Pakistan was separated. Pakistan army was weak due to
ban on supply of weapons by western countries since 1965. No support came for Pakistan from
China due to pressure from the U.S.S.R. Quick victory of India confirmed that their army was
superior (stronger).

Q How successful have India and Pakistan been in finding a solution to the Kashmir
issue between 1947 and 1999? Explain your answer. [14]

[Origin of Kashmir problem]

The most serious disagreement between Pakistan and India is the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
In 1947 the majority population of Kashmir were Muslims, but the Hindu ruler Maharaja Hari
Singh, wanted to remain independent so he delayed joining either Pakistan or India. The
maharaja did not treat the Muslim population well. In Sep 1947 he forced 200,000 Muslims out
of Kashmir. Finally the Muslims rose in rebellion. The maharaja was forced to turn to India for
help to crush the Muslims.

[Resolution on Kashmir]

Pakistan could not accept this, so sent troops to Kashmir to help Muslims. The Pakistan
government was convinced that the Indians had always planned to capture Kashmir. Neither
side was strong enough for a long war in January 1948 India to the UNO. A ceasefire was
arranged and Kashmir was divided between India and Pakistan. After pressure from Lord
Mountbatten, Indian Prime Minister, Nehru, agreed that a referendum would be held in Kashmir
to determine the wishes of the people, ‘once the situation has normalized. From 1949 there was
an agreed ceasefire line through Kashmir, which was observed by troops from the UN.
Negotiation continued through the 1950s, but little progress was made.

[Role of UNO]

This referendum has not been held and the Kashmir issue remains a major source of discontent
between the two countries today. Pakistan has made numerous demands that the UNO resolve
the dispute, but, so far, it has been impossible to reach agreement. In 1954 and 1955 India tried
to join Indian occupied Kashmir into India. Pakistan protested and then appealed to the UN
Security Council. In 1957 the UN security council was so concerned that India might try to
occupy Kashmir again that it issued a declaration re-confirming that the whole of Kashmir was
disputed territory and that its future could only be settled by a vote by the people of Kashmir
under UNO. Still, no such vote has taken place.

[Indo-Pak wars]

In 1965 Pakistan tried to free Kashmir from Indian occupation by army action but failed. Later in
the Tashkent agreement both sides agreed to solve the problem through discussion but the date
of discussion was not decided. In the 1971 war Pakistan was defeated by India and a Simla
agreement was signed between both countries. Due to its weak position Pakistan agreed that it
would not take the Kashmir issue to the UNO. In 1987 India rigged elections in occupied
Kashmir to show support of Kashmiri people for India but in response Kashmiri people had
started a freedom movement against Indian occupation of Kashmir; the movement is still in
progress. In 1999 during Kargil war there was danger of nuclear war between Pakistan and
India.

Nuclear program of Pakistan,Siachen glacier, Kargil conflict (4 of each)

Text book page 172_73)

Q How successful were Pakistan and the U.S.A in their relationship from 1947-1999?
Comment. [14]

Ans: [Beginning of relations]

The long history of Pakistan-U.S relations started after the visit of Pakistani Prime Minister
Liaquat Ali to the U.S.A. In 1955 Pakistan signed S.E.A.T.O and C.E.N.T.O pacts according to
which Pakistan became a U.S.A partner against communist countries. Pakistan received
economic and military aid from the U.S.A. Despite these agreements USA provided no help to
Pakistan in 1965 and 1971 wars so Pakistan left S.E.A.T.O in 1972 and C.E.N.T.O ended in
1979.

[Relations from 1960-70]

President of Pakistan general Ayub khan had provided an air base to the U.S.A in Peshawar
during his rule. Relations with the U.S.A from 1960 and 1970 spoiled due to many reasons. In
1962 the U.S.A provided heavy military aid to India during the Indo-China war. Relations with
the USA worsened when Pakistan set up friendly relations with China because China was a
major communist state. During the 1965 Indo-Pak war, U.S remained neutral (cut off) and
stopped arms supply to Pakistan despite military agreements.

[Zia Martial law]

Pak-USA relation reached lowest point when army under General Zia took control of
Government. USA was not willing to support military Government in Pakistan. In 1979 U.S
embassy in Islamabad was burned down. USA cancelled aid for Pakistan.

[U.S.S.R invasion of Afghanistan]

It was a turning point for Pak-U.S relations. In 1981 USA provided a 1.6 billion dollar aid
package over 5 years to Pakistan to encourage Afghan fighters against the U.S.S.R army in
Afghanistan. In 1986 USA aid was increased to 4.6 billion dollars. Pakistan became the third
largest receiver of US aid.

[Pressler and Brown amendment]

After the withdrawal of U.S.S.R forces from Afghanistan U.S blocked all military help to Pakistan
in 1989 under Pressler amendment when U.S president George Bush refused to confirm that
Pakistan does not possess nuclear weapons. In 1996 Brown amendment was passed in the
U.S.A allowed economic and limited military aid to Pakistan. In 1998 Pakistan conducted tests
of Nuclear weapons so the U.S.A imposed various trade restrictions against Pakistan.

Q How Successful was Pakistan's relationship with U.S.S.R (Soviet Union) from 1947-
1999? [14]

Ans: [Bad start]

In 1950 both the U.S.A and U.S.S.R invited Liaquat Ali Khan, the prime minister of Pakistan, to
visit them. Liaquat Ali decided to visit the U.S.A. this clearly insulted U.S.S.R. Relation with
U.S.S.R get worse when Pakistan joined anti-communist pact C.E.N.T.O and S.E.A.T.O in
1955. U.S.S.R openly supported India on Kashmir issue. U.S.S.R also supported the idea that
NWFP should join Afghanistan to form Pakhtoonistan.

[U-2 plane incident]

In May 1960 American spy plane U-2 took off from Peshawar was shot down in U.S.S.R due to
which U.S.S.R warned Pakistan. Meanwhile Pakistan's relations with the USA declined.
Pakistan improved its relation with U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. started oil exploration in Pakistan and
provided an 11 million pounds loan in 1963 Ayub Khan visited the USSR which improved
relations. U.S.S.R. took back support on Kashmir for India. In 1968 USA closed the air base at
Peshawar so U.S.S.R. began to supply weapons to Pakistan.

[Tashkent agreement]
After 1965 Indo-Pak war U.S.S.R Invited governments of Pakistan and India at Tashkent in
U.S.S.R to solve differences. Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan in 1966. Both
countries returned prisoners of war and occupied areas with the efforts of the U.S.S.R.

[1971 War]

Pakistan made a deadly mistake when Pakistan tried to improve the U.S relation with China.
The U.S.S.R was very upset because China was an important friendly country. U.S.S.R signed
a treaty of friendship with India and fully supported India in 1971 Indo-Pak war. As a result
Pakistan was defeated in the war and East Pakistan was separated from Pakistan. This was the
lowest point of relations between Pakistan and U.S.S.R.

[Z. A. Bhutto government]

In 1972 Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited U.S.S.R and began to build friendly
relations. U.S.S.R again took back its support to India on the Kashmir issue. U.S.S.R provided
help to Pakistan to establish Steel mills in Karachi.

[Invasion of Afghanistan]

Pakistan relations with U.S.S.R were spoiled when U.S.S.R army entered Afghanistan in 1979.
There was a danger that the U.S.S.R wanted to reach the Arabian Sea and Pakistan would be
its next target. Pakistan provided weapons and training to Afghani fighters to carry out attacks
on the U.S.S.R army in Afghanistan. U.S.S.R Fighter planes bombed Pakistani areas close to
Afghanistan. Unfriendly relations continued till U.S.S.R forces left Afghanistan in 1988 after the
Geneva accord. In 1991 U.S.S.R was broken into 15 independent states, Pakistan was blamed
for it.

Q. What was S. E. N. T. O and C. E. N. T. O (4).

(Treaty Organization)

US-sponsored anti-Soviet military bloc to counter Communism in SE Asia.

Pak joined 1954, though geographically not in the region

Treaty promised aid to a member country in case of attack by a communist state.
Pak left SEATO, 1972
USA, UK, Thailand etc.

CENTO (Central Treaty Organization)

US-Sponsored anti-Communist regional military bloc in Middle East.

Pak joined 1955

Originally “Baghdad Pact”, after Iraq’s withdrawal, 1959, it became CENTO
Other members ; Turkey, Iran & UK
Ended 1979

Q. Why did Pakistan leave SEATO?(7)

SEATO was formed in 1969 and Pakistan joined it but initially it was not liked by the government
and in 1955 Pakistan joined SEATO. In the treaty the members are the USA, UK, France , New
Zealand and Australia . In the treaty the members were to support the members attacked by
other countries. However the country to attack should be Communalist. It meant that they would
not support Pakistan for attack from India. Therefore Pakistan left SEATO , in the period from
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

Pakistan signed the treaty, but the United States warned that the Pact applied only to
communist aggression so Pakistan could not hope to use the treaty if attacked by India. The
decision of the Foreign Minister, Zafarullah Khan, to sign the treaty was contested by the
Pakistan government, and it was not until January 1955 that the government of Pakistan agreed
to ratify the treaty. Therefore weaknesses were apparent.

Moreover, Pakistan had tried to secure further aid as a result of its membership of SEATO and
pushed for a permanent military force to be established to protect all member states. Neither of
these moves was successful, as the other members refused to agree.

Pakistan’s disenchantment with the treaty increased when SEATO did not support Pakistan in
either of its wars with India (1965 and 1971 wars). It was the Bangladesh crisis in 1971 which
finally led Bhutto to declare the withdrawal of Pakistan from SEATO in 1972.

Therefore, due to these reasons, Pakistan left SEATO in 1972.

Q How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with China from 1947 to 1999? [14]

Ans: [At the time of independence]

China is a neighboring country of Pakistan. At the time of independence of Pakistan, China was
involved in a civil war. In 1949 Pakistan accepted china. During 1950's Pakistan signed anti-
Communist treaties S.E.A.T.O and C.E.N.T.O with USA and western countries. China was also
a communist country so Pakistan-China relations were not warm.In 1959 Pakistan voted against
China’s admission to the UN and criticised military action of China in Tibet.

[Indo-China war a turning point]

In 1962 Indo-China war was a turning point in China (Sino)-Pakistan relations. China was keen
for a friend in south Asia while Pakistan was worried due to huge military aid (help) of western
countries to India during the Indo-China war. Military aid of western countries had disturbed
balance of power between Pakistan and India. Improved relations with China were useful for
Pakistan against India.

[Development of Pak-China relation in 1960’s]

Pakistan-China successfully decided their border in 1963. Same year China provided a 60
million dollar interest free loan to Pakistan and became the biggest importer of Pakistani cotton.
Same year P.I.A started air service towards China and became the first airline which started air
service from China to Western world. It increased the number of visitors from China to other
countries like journalists, engineers, scientists etc. In 1964 China supported Pakistan on
Kashmir issue and in return Pakistan sided China in its entry in U.N.O. During the 1965 Indo-
Pak war, China forced India not to attack East Pakistan. China also provided military aid to
Pakistan in the 1965 war. China helped Pakistan to establish a heavy mechanical complex at
Taxila in 1965.

[1971 Pak-India war]

China remained neutral (cut off) during 1971 Indo-Pak war due to pressure from the U.S.S.R.
As a result Pakistan was defeated. Soon after the war China was able to provide support to
Pakistan. Prime minister of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited China after the 1971 war. It was
decided that many loans from China were changed into grants. China became a major source of
arms supply to Pakistan.

[Zia government]

In 1978 Karakoram highway between China-Pakistan was opened. This road was set up with
the help of China. This road increased trade and tourism between both countries. In 1986
General Zia visited China and both countries signed a nuclear treaty. Good relations continued
during the Zia government.

[1990’s]

China wanted to develop relations with other countries, especially India. China hinted during this
time that China might compromise over support for Pakistan on Kashmir. China was also
concerned about interference of some Pakistani Islamic groups in Chinese Muslims living along
the Pakistan-China border. In 1990 Pakistan launched a satellite with the help of the Chinese.In
1991 Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif visited China. In 1994 the first proposal of joint
military exercise was made.Pakistan always supported China on the issue of Taiwan Island.

U2 incident,karakoram Highway,(4)

Textbook page 179,181

Q How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Great Britain and the
commonwealth between 1947 and 1999? Explain your answer. (14)

Ans: Areas included in Pakistan remained as part of British colony so Pakistan continued good
relation after independence. Britain provided 500 military officers to Pakistan army in 1947 and
was major source of arms (weapons) till 1950's. Britain was major trade partner throughout
1940's and 1950's. From 1947 to 1956 Pakistan remained British dominion. Pakistan chooses to
remain a member of the Commonwealth organization.

The Commonwealth organization provided aid to develop the Sui gas project and Pakistan
railway.

In 1954 and 1955 Pakistan signed S.E.A.T.O and the Baghdad pact in this way became a
British ally against Communist aggression. In 1965 Britain played important role to solve Rann
of Kutch border dispute with India, but remained neutral during 1965 Indo-Pak war. Britain also
remained neutral in the East Pakistan crisis and later recognized Bangladesh as an
independent state so Pakistan left Commonwealth organization as a protest.

The Commonwealth organization has provided substantial aid to complete Warsak dam and
Mangla dam projects.

IN 1973 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto prime minister of Pakistan visited Britain and in 1978 British Prime
Minister James Callaghan visited Pakistan. After the Soviet invasion in Afghanistan both
countries adopted a similar stand. The British fully supported Pakistan in the Afghan struggle
against the Soviet Union and provided aid to help Afghan refugees in Pakistan.

In 1989 Pakistan restored its membership in the Commonwealth under the Benazir Bhutto
government. Pakistan-Britain relations were spoiled by nuclear tests by Pakistan in 1998 and
Indo-Pak conflict on Kargil in 1999. Relations became unfriendly when the military imposed
martial law in Pakistan under General Musharaf.

Q. What is CommonWealth?(4)

The Commonwealth of Nations, generally known simply as the Commonwealth, is a political

association of 54 member states, almost all of which are former territories of the British
Empire.The chief institutions of the organisation are the Commonwealth Secretariat, which
focuses on intergovernmental aspects, and the Commonwealth Foundation, which on non-
governmental relations amongst member states.It was originally created as the British
Commonwealth of Nations through the Balfour Declaration at the 1926 Imperial Conference,
and formalised by the United Kingdom through the Statute of Westminster in 1931.
 Topic: Relation with Bangladesh.

Q How has Pakistan's relation with Bangladesh developed since 1971? (7)

Ans: Separation of East Pakistan:

East Pakistan was separated from West Pakistan in Dec 1971 and became Bangladesh after
bloody civil war. Pakistan considered Bangladesh as a rebel nation. Pakistan did not accept
Bangladesh for two years. In 1971 Pakistan had stated that it would break relations with any
country that accepted Bangladesh as an independent state.

O.I.C meeting:

Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujib was invited to a meeting of the Organization of
Islamic Countries at Lahore in 1974. Pakistan accepted Bangladesh as an independent country.
Two countries agreed to set up friendly relations and try to solve differences.

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto government:

In June 1974 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited Bangladesh and discussed division of assets.
Bangladesh asked for half of assets Pakistan owned before 1971. Bangladesh also demanded
to transfer all non-Bengalis from Bangladesh to Pakistan. Pakistan rejected both demands.
While both states agreed to establish friendly relations. Communication links and air service
were resumed in 1976.
Cyclones: Pakistan provided food and material aid to Bangladesh during floods in 1985 and
1988. President of Bangladesh H.M.Ershad visited Pakistan in June 1986. Trade between both
countries reached 40 million dollars.

Benazir government:

Bangladesh supported Pakistan on Kashmir issue. In 1989 Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir
Bhutto visited Bangladesh. Both countries are members of the S.A.A.R.C organization and
signed an agreement to promote trade, tourism and exchange of cultural delegations.

Topic: Relations with Afghanistan.

Q How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Afghanistan between 1947 to
1999? (14)

Ans: Pakistan and Afghanistan shared a long border called the Durand line. Although there are
religious and ethnic relations between the people of both countries, relations between both
states were not so friendly. Afghanistan was the only country to vote against membership of
Pakistan in the U.N.O.
Afghanistan claimed over parts of N.W.F.P although its population voted for Pakistan.
Diplomatic relations broke down twice in 1955 and 1961 when the Pakistan embassy in Kabul
was ransacked. In 1956 President of Pakistan Iskander Mirza visited Kabul to improve relation
with little success.

Afghanistan remained neutral in Indo-Pak wars of 1965 and 1971 despite good relations with
India. President of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Afghan King Zahir Shah exchanged visits to
improve Pak-Afghan relations for a short time.
Sardar Daud became Afghan Prime minister in 1973 was hostile towards Pakistan but relations
improved due to the efforts of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.

In 1979 U.S.S.R forces invaded Afghanistan. Pakistan organized Afghan resistance against
U.S.S.R with western assistance. 3 million Afghan refugees arrived due to cruel actions of the
Soviet Union army. Pakistan provided food and shelter to Afghan refugees with the help of
donor countries.

Afghan war gave rise to number of destructive development in Pakistan such as spread of
drugs, weapons, terrorism and violence.

After the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan Pakistan encouraged fundamental
Islamic party Taliban to take control of Afghanistan. Taliban entered Kabul in 1996 and Pakistan
recognized the Taliban regime's improved relation in 1997.

Topic: Relation with Iran.

Q Discuss the relation of Pakistan with Iran since 1947? Comment. (14)

Ans: Good start:

Iran is a neighboring country of Pakistan. Iran was the first country to accept Pakistan as an
independent state. Both countries have strong cultural and religious links. Urdu, the national
language of Pakistan is deeply influenced by Persian language. Pakistan's Prime Minister
Liaquat Ali Khan and king of Iran Raza Shah exchanged visits in 1950 to strengthen the
relationship.

C.E.N.T.O/ Baghdad Pact:

Both countries remained western allies and signed anti-communist treaty Bagdad pact in 1955,
Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Turkey and UK were its members. Later the Baghdad Pact was renamed as
C.E.N.T.O in 1959 brought both countries closer to each other. Treaty failed to set up
permanent army and Headquarters. C.E.N.T.O ended when Iran left it in 1979.
1965-71 war:

Iran government strongly supported Pakistan during 1965 and 1971 wars. Iran always
supported Pakistan on the Kashmir issue. In 1972 President of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
visited Iran. Military increased between both countries. Iran also provided two loans of 630
million dollars for industrial projects. Iran provided help to Pakistan to control the uprising in
Balochistan during the Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto government in 1973.

RCD agreement:

In 1964 Pakistan, Iran and Turkey signed R.C.D (Regional cooperation for development). This
encouraged the three countries to develop closer trade links, and helped each other to set up a
number of new factories. President of Pakistan General Zia revived (rebuilt) RCD and renamed
it as E.C.O (Economic cooperation organization) in 1985.

Revolution in Iran:

In 1979 after Islamic revolution came to Iran. New government of Iran was Anti-American; While
Pakistan was receiving heavy aid from America. So Pakistan's relation with Iran cools down.
Pakistan remained neutral (cut off) during the Iran war with Iraq in 1980.

Sectarian violence:

Relation with Iran were spoiled in 1990's due to sectarian (Shia-Sunni) violence (bloodshed)
increased in Pakistan. In 1997 Iranian diplomat M.A.Rahimi was murdered in Karachi. More
serious was Pakistan support to Taliban government in Afghanistan who was involved in killing
of Shia Muslim in Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif in Afghanistan.

Q How successful has Pakistan been as a member of world organizations between 1947
and 1999? Explain your answer. (14)

Ans: In Sep 1947 Pakistan joined U.N.O. Pakistan was against colonialism. Pakistan became
the spokesperson for many Asian states who had not gained independence during the 1950s.
Pakistan contributed a lot in the freedom movement of Indonesia and Algeria. Pakistan has
always supported the Palestinian cause on the forum of UN. Pakistan has also contributed to a
number of UN peacekeeping forces throughout the world. Pakistan had posted 5000 soldiers in
Somalia as a part of UN peacekeeping mission.

In 1947 the Indian government referred the Kashmir issue to the UN, which organized a
ceasefire, leaving Kashmir divided between India and Pakistan, under pressure from
Mountbatten, India agreed that there should be a plebiscite (election) to determine the wishes of
the Kashmiri people. Despite constant demand by Pakistan in the UN for a plebiscite to take
place, the UN has been unable to enforce it.
In 1955 Turkey and Iraq signed Bagdad pact, established anti-communist treaty against the
Soviet Union. Later Pakistan, Iran and Britain joined the treaty. Membership of CENTO was
treated enthusiastically because all members except Britain were Muslim countries. The Pact
was renamed as CENTO after Iraq left it in 1959. Despite regular meetings group never
developed a permanent or structure of raising troops for mutual defence. In 1979 the
organization was dissolved.

Pakistan ratified S.E.A.T.O in Jan 1955 to secure further aid as a member of the treaty. SEATO
was mainly designed to prevent communist aggression in SouthEast Asia. Pakistan's
suggestion to establish a permanent military force to protect member countries of S.E.A.T.O
was rejected. Pakistan was further disappointed that the treaty did not support Pakistan in 1965
Indo-Pak war. During the Indo-Pak war of 1971 in which East Pakistan was separated after the
defeat of Pakistan. No help came from S.E.A.T.O disclosing the worth of the treaty. Pakistani
Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto declared withdrawal of Pakistan from S.E.A.T.O in 1972.

In the case of the Canal Water Dispute the UN played a significant (important) role when with
the efforts of the President the World Bank water dispute between India and Pakistan was
resolved through Indus Water Treaty 1959. The World Bank also provided finance to help
establish hydro-electricity and soil reclamation programmes which has been vital for the
stimulation of Pakistan’s economy and industries.

In 1964 an economic union was formed with Iran and Turkey known as regional cooperation for
development (RCD) in which three countries developed ties in trade, commerce and industry.
R.C.D was revived and renamed as E.C.O (Economic cooperation organization) in 1985.
In 1969 Pakistan with 24 other Muslim nations joined to form the organization of Islamic
countries. Pakistan has always supported Palestinian Muslim in their struggle to get freedom
from Israel's occupation of their land. Membership of OIC has reinforced the image of Pakistan
as one of the world’s leading Muslim nations. Pakistan has also received large sums of aid and
interest free loans from Islamic countries.

United Nations objectives, agencies, Pakistan and UNO

Page 189,190

Why did Pakistan join UNO?(7)

Ans: The United Nations was founded after World War II. Pakistan joined the UNO in
September 1947. There were several reasons for this:

Firstly, as a new-born independent country, Pakistan was anxious to be recognised as an

independent country in the world. Moreover, since India was already a member of UNO even
before 1947, Pakistan was also keen to get its membership. As a sovereign state, it was
important for Pakistan to join UNO to make its identity accepted by the world.
Secondly, just after the partition Pakistan was faced with the problem of the accession of the
states of Junagarh, Hyderabad and Kashmir. It was vital for Pakistan to seek the membership in
order to present her case before the Security Council effectively. Furthermore, on 1st April
1948, India had shut off the water supplies to Pakistan (Canal Water Dispute). So to find a
solution to such problems, Pakistan joined UNO. UNO supported Pakistan by helping it draw a
treaty with India (Indus Water Treaty, 1960) with the help of the World Bank.

Thirdly, Pakistan was keen to play its role in supporting the independence struggle of several
Asian and African countries. So to play its role as a peaceful nation against colonization, racial
discrimination, territorial and regional aggression, Pakistan joined the UNO in 1947.

Q. Why has Pakistan supported the Palestinian cause? [7]

Ans: Pakistan has been supporting Palestinian cause for three important reasons.

Firstly, even before the partition, Muslims of the subcontinent had supported the cause of
Palestinians and had rendered political, moral and material support to them. The spirit of Islamic
brotherhood continued even after the partition. The torching of Al-Aqsa Mosque in 1969 by Jews
added fuel to the fire.

Secondly, one of the cornerstones of Pakistan’s foreign policy was the support of suppressed
nations. Pakistan has always been against oppression, colonialism, discrimination and had
supported the right of self-determination of every nation. Pakistan has always condemned Israel
and supported the Palestinians on all international forums.

Thirdly, Pakistan has not recognised Israel. Ever since the emergence of Israel state in 1948,
Pakistan has opposed the unjust and unfair policy of western powers who arranged and
supported the settlement of Jews from all parts of the world or unlawfully occupied Arab lands.

Pakistan has raised on the forum of OIC for the rights of Palestinian people and withdrawal of
Israeli forces from the occupied territories.

Important pages of this chapter

191,202

Compiled by
Aizaz Ahsen Wahla
C3A