7/2/2022 ASSIGNMENT #

01
University OF Gujrat.
Pakistan Studies

Windows User
[COMPANY NAME]
Section A.

Course Title Pakistan Studies.

Course Code PKS-101.

Teacher Ms. Iffat Makhdoom.

Department Information Technology.

Submitted by Group No. 5.

Group Members Bushra Saleem (21011556-020).

Zainab Fatima (21011556-070).

Saira (21011556-061).

Malaika (21011556-042).

Zain-Ul-Abidin (21011556-007).

Ch Sharf Din (21011556-059).

Topics of Assignment:
 Era of Yahya Khan
 Causes and Impacts of Separation of East
Pakistan
 War of 1971, Its Causes and Impacts
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Era of Yahya Khan
(1969-1971)
Introduction:
Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (was born on 4 February 1917
and passed away on 10 August 1980), commonly known as
Yahya Khan, was a Pakistani general who served as the third
president of Pakistan from 25 March 1969 until 20 December
1971. Yahya Khan subsequently enforced martial law by
suspending the constitution.
Era of Yahya Khan:
The Yahya Khan became president of Pakistan on 25 March
1969. After serving in the war with India over the
Kashmir region, he became Pakistan’s youngest Brigadier
General at age 34 and its youngest General at 40.The era of
Yahya Khan was started by the martial law. The martial law was
imposed by Ayub Khan. He made Yahya Khan the president of
Pakistan. His era was finished on 20 December 1971. After his
resignation Zulfaqar Ali Bhutto became the president of West
Pakistan. Ayub called on him to take over the direction of the
government and preserve the integrity of Pakistan.
Indicators of Era of Yahya Khan:
The major indicators of era of Yahya Khan are:
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 Martial Law declared.
 The Political Event during Yahya Period.
 General Election of 1970& Results.
 Six points of Mujeeb-ur-Rehman.
 Causes and impacts of the separation of East Pakistan.
 War of 1971.
 Yahya khan resigned.
1. Martial Law Declared:
 Ayub Khan imposed Martial Law and abrogate the
constitution of 1962 and transfer the
Services of president to Yahya Khan.
 By the law of 1962 the power of president should be given
to the Abdul Jabbar which was the national speaker at that
time but he was never given this chance.
 Yahya Khan succeeded Ayub Khan as president when the
latter resigned his office in March 1969.
 He was appointed chief administrator of martial law,
which he declared with the words “I will not tolerate
disorder. Let everyone return to his post.”

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  General Yahya Khan cleared this that he was not chosen
by people as leader but he was a solider on deputy duty at
that time.

2. Political Events:

 Dissolution of one-unit:
On 28 November 1969 Yahya
khan dissolved national unit restored the three West
Pakistan provinces and created Baluchistan.
 System of one man one vote:
He set the system of one
man one vote for national assembly.
 Legal Frame work order 1970:
The first regulatory
framework order of general Yahya khan government was
made on March 30 1970 which provided a legal base for
general election and resolved that the national assembly
would frame the constitution within 120 days of its first
session and after that period national assembly will
dissolve automatically. It constituted that all the
constitutions must be passed by the national assembly.
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  Holding of First Free Elections on Adult Franchise:
In his era the ever first elections was held on December
1970. By 28 July 1969, Yahya Khan set the framework
for elections.
 Other Events:
The other major political events during
the era of Yahya Khan was the War of 1971 and
Separation of East Pakistan.

3. Elections of 1970:

 These elections was the first general elections of

Pakistan’s history based on direct and universal adult
franchise.
 24 political parties of Pakistan participated in these
elections.

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 The number of registered voters at that time were
56,941,500 out of which 31,211,220 were from East
Pakistan, while 25,730,280 were from West Pakistan.

 Awami League which was led by Sheikh Mujeeb-Ur-

Rehman was the representative party of East Pakistan
and PPP led by Z.A.Bhutto was the representative party
of West Pakistan.

Results:
 167 seats was won by the Awami league of East Pakistan
out of 169.
 In the beginning PPP won 81 seats and then 88 seats out
of 139 seats.
 Not even a single seat was won by Awami league in West
Pakistan.
 Mujeeb-Ur-Rehman was declared the next prime minister
of Pakistan by Yahya khan.

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  Mujeeb-Ur-Rehman declared he would rather be the
father of a new nation than the prime minister of

Pakistan.

4. Mujeeb-Ur-Rehman Six Points:

 The law should be provided for a Federation of Pakistan in

its true sense based on Lahore Resolution and the
parliamentary form of government with supremacy of a
Legislature directly elected on the basis of universal adult
franchise.
 The federal government should focus on only two
subjects:
Defense and Foreign Affairs, and all other residual subjects
should be vested in the federating states.
 Two individual, but easily convertible
Currencies for two wings should be introduced;
If it is not possible, there should be one currency for the
whole country.

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 The power of taxation and revenue collection should be
vested in the federating units and the federal center would
have no such power. The federation would be entitled to a
share in the state taxes to meet its expenditures.
 There should be two individual accounts for foreign
exchange earnings of two wings; the foreign exchange
requirements of the federal government should be met by
the two wings equally or in a ratio to be fixed; indigenous
products should move free of duty between the two
wings, and the constitution should empower the units to
establish trade links with foreign countries.
East Pakistan should have a separate militia or
parliamentary force.

5: Resignation of Yahya Khan:

20 December 1971 he handed over the presidency and

government of Pakistan ton Zulfikar Ali Bhutto the leader of
Pakistan’s powerful and popular (at that time) People’s Party
PPP.

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 Conclusion:
 British Medical estimated the up to 269000 civilian died
as the result of conflict. In the case of 1971 war, the
atrocities of Pakistan army against the Bengali
population during war are well-documented. That time
750000 Biharis were left in Bangladesh in 1972.

The era of Yahya Khan was very controversial in the history

of Pakistan.

Causes and impacts of

separation of East Pakistan
Causes:
The main causes of the separation of East Pakistan are
 Difference between East and West Pakistan
 Trade
 Armed Operations

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 Mukti Bahini
 The role of Hindu Teachers
 1600km Distance between East and West Pakistan
 Issue of Distribution of Power in Centre
 Constitutional Delay
 Language

1. Difference between East and West Pakistan:

The Bengalis believed that eastern wing of country was
ruthlessly exploited by the Western wing of Pakistan. The
bulk of country’s revenue was spent in West Pakistan
because the federal capital was there. A high percentage
of budget was spent on West Pakistan. The Bengalis
believed that 25% of total revenue was spent on East

Pakistan and about 75% on West Pakistan.

2. Trade:
In East Pakistan the population of Jute (Patson)
was greater. The profit that was gained by the trade of
Jute was mostly invest on the development of roads in
West Pakistan. However the development of East Pakistan
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 roads was ignored. That's why Sheikh Mujeeb-Ur-Rahman
said in his 6 points that they need Fiscal policy and a
separate currency in East Pakistan.

3. Armed operations:
On 23 March 1971 the day of
Pakistan’s republic in most of East Pakistan; the Pakistan’s
army launched a Crackdown in the name of Searchlight.
Operation Searchlight was the code name for a planned
military operation carried out by the Pakistan Army in an
effort to curb the Bengali nationalist movement in former
East Pakistan in March 1971.

4. Mukti bahini:

Mukti bahini also known as Bangladesh Forces.

It was a guerrilla residence movement in Bangladesh

consisting of army, paramilitary and civilian. Mukti bahini was
the precursor to the formation of Bangladesh defense force. As
a fighting unit during the war, it carried out operations as a

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Bengali guerrilla army playing a key role in the battle of Sylhet,
Garibpur and Boyar.

5. The Role of Hindu Teachers:

A large number of
Hindu teachers were teaching in the educational
institutions in East Pakistan. They produced such literature
which created negative thinking in the minds of Bengalis
against the people of West Pakistan

6. 1600 km distance between East and West

Pakistan:
From independence until 1971, Pakistan consisted of two
regions –West Pakistan, in the Indus River basin in the
north western portion of the Indian subcontinent, and East
Pakistan, located more than 1,000 miles to the east in the
vast delta of the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system.

7. Issue of distribution of power in center:

Sovereignty is another cause of separation of East of
Pakistan. Every decision was made only in West Pakistan.

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West Pakistan ignored the needs of East Pakistan. The
decision on progress only take place in West Pakistan such
as decision about army, politics or Bureaucracy were taken
in West Pakistan.

8. Constitutional Delay:
After the failure of first constitution, the second
constitution was presented. According to this constitution
between the East and West wings was provided. However,
East Pakistan was not satisfied with the parity principle
and demanded for more provincial autonomy.

9. Language:
Language issue is one of the major causes of the
separation of East and West Pakistan. In the beginning
Urdu was selected as the national language of whole
Pakistan. This sets the people of East Pakistan in jealousy
& criticism. As the population of East Pakistan was greater
than the population of West Pakistan, there started a
campaign against the Urdu language. East Pakistan was in
favor to have Bengali language as national language too. In

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the Constitution of 1956 & 1962 both the languages were
selected as national language of Pakistan. But it doesn't
prove successful since people of West Pakistan had started
to ignore the Bengali language. There were no radio
channel in Bengali language. West Pakistan completely
ignored the Bengali language and its value in East Pakistan,
since radio stations were telecasted only in Urdu language.
This was also the cause of separation of East Pakistan from
West Pakistan.

Impacts:
1: Practically we lost almost 55% of our country after the
separation.
2: Almost more than 90 thousand of our Pakistani Military
and Civil personals were locked up.
3: The power of remaining Pakistan was in the hand of
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
4: In the leadership of Chief Justice of Pakistan

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Justice Hamood-Ul-Rehman was formed to check the
factors that cause the fall of Dhaka. But the report made
by it was never published.
5: There was the time of sorrow and regret that we have
now only half of our country.
6: India and the aligned forces of Bangladesh defeated the
Pakistan in East.
7: The East Pakistan got the separation and now called
Bangladesh.

War of 1971, its causes and

impacts on East and West
Pakistan
December 16 is a critical day for India and its neighbors
Bangladesh and Pakistan. In 1971, India won the conflict
against Pakistan that brought about the introduction of
Bangladesh (then, at that point, East Pakistan).

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Causes:
 The 1947 partition of the British Indian empire had
created a Pakistan comprised of
Two “wings”-West Pakistan and East Bengal- that were
separated by 1600 km of Indian Territory.
 The East and West were also very difficult in the way
of their culture, and the West area dominated the
political ways of the country. Although the East had
most of Pakistan’s population, the Western
population, especially the Punjabis, had all of the
political power.
 In 1970, the East won an election by landslide victory,
but the West refused to let the East have power. This
outraged the East, and they believed that
independence was necessary.
 The leader of the Pakistan army was also the self-
appointed president of Pakistan. General Agha
Muhammad Yahya Khan planned a genocide attack

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 on East Pakistan against Bengali elite and the Hindus
of the East.

War Begins:
Strikes on The conflict began when Pakistan sent off air 11
Indian airbases. It was maybe the initial time in which
India's every one of the three powers battled as one.

India immediately reacted to Pakistan Army's

developments in the west and caught around 15,010
kilometers of Pakistan region.
The conflict finished after the head of the Pakistani
powers, General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi , alongside
93,000 soldiers, gave up to the powers of Indian Army and
Bangladesh's Mukti Bahini working closely together.
General A K Niazi marked the Instrument of Surrender on
16 December 1971 in Dhaka, denoting the development of
East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh. Pakistan
likewise lost portion of its region with the introduction of
Bangladesh.

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The conflict went on for only 13 days, and is perhaps the
most limited conflict ever. The tactical showdown among
India and Pakistan happened from 3 December 1971 to
the fall of Dacca (Dhaka) on 16 December 1971.
The Indian Army pushed Pakistani armed force to the brink
of collapse, took 93,000 Pakistani detainees and gave 75
million individuals of Bangladesh their autonomy.
North of 3,800 fighters of India and Pakistan lost their lives
in this conflict to end the massacre Pakistan had been
directing against the Bengali populace of East Pakistan.
The contention was a consequence of the Bangladesh
Liberation war, when Bangladesh (then, at that point, East
Pakistan) was battling to look for independence from
(West) Pakistan. In 1971, Pakistani Army started to submit
the primitive decimation on blameless Bengali populace,
especially the minority Hindu populace in East Pakistan.
As Pakistan's monstrosities expanded, previous Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi chose to make a move against

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Pakistan simultaneously give asylum to regular folks from
opposite side of the boundary.
She requested Army Chief General Sam Manekshaw to
send off hostile against Pakistan following which India sent
off a full-scale battle against its neighbor.
It is assessed that somewhere in the range of 300,000 and
3,000,000 regular folks were killed in Bangladesh. Assault,
torment, killings and clashes followed because of which
eight to ten million individuals escaped the country to look
for asylum in India.
Indira Gandhi was hesitant to send off a full-scale battle
against Pakistan as the nation was at that point
confronting the weight due to the continuous stream of
displaced people from East Pakistan and entering a conflict
implied welcoming more weight.
She additionally engaged world pioneers to intercede and
compress Pakistan to stop its brutalities yet India didn't
have a lot of time and a fast reaction became important.

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On December 6, she declared in Parliament that India had
agreed acknowledgment to the Bangladesh Government.

Results:
 In this war almost 9000 Pakistani were martyred.
 Almost 25000 were wounded.
 And 93000 were prisoned.
 The main ports of Pakistani Karachi facilities were
damaged and fuel tanks were destroyed.
 Pakistani airfields were damaged and cratered.
 On August 2, 1972, India and Pakistan consented to
the Shimla Arrangement under which the previous
consented to deliver every one of the 93,000
Pakistani detainees of war.

Thank You

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