Measures taken by Ayub khan

On october 7, 1958 president Iskendar Mirza revoked the constitution system and declared martial law in
the country. This was the first time in Pakistan history. The constitution of 1956 was abrogated,
assemblies were dissolved and all political activities were banned. General Muhammad Ayub Khan, the
commander of armed forces become the chief martial law administrator and latter on declared himself
president of Pakistan. Ayub Khan took several measures for the constitutional development.
● Rehabilitation of peace: In the absence of an effective government law system was falling in the
entire country. Therefore the first priority of the military government was to check criminal
activities. Special military cells were established in order to deal with any critical situation.
● Price control: The next step the military government took was management of price control cells
and bodies In Democratic government, there was no check over price control. The government of
Ayub printed a price list and made sure that no one could earn excessive profit by exploiting the
needs of the consumer.
● Check on smuggling: Smuggling was one of the monstrous issues that resisted the growth of the
country's economy .Chittagong and Karachi Seaports had been used for smuggling since long. As
soon as the military government took over, strict disciplinary actions were initiated against the
smugglers; crack downs were planned to seize the people involved in such activities.
● Settlement of the properties: Since the independence of the country, the issues of the abandoned
properties could not be resolved. However, the issue has been resolved within a year after
military take over.
● Rehabilitation of migrants: When India was divided a large number of people were migrated
from India to Pakistan. Quaid and liaqat took necessary measures for their rehabilitation, later on
these rules weren't considered important enough. As soon as the military government was
established, they settled the majority of migrants in a very short time.

Reforms taken by Ayub khan

The new military government promised that they would carry out reforms in the entire government
system and clean the corruption from the country. A thorough screening process of all government
servants were conducted and service records were closely scrutinized.
These were the reforms ayub khan took for constitutional and political development.
● Disciplinary actions such as dismissal or compulsory retirement of the public servants could take
place against corrupt officials. A public servant could also be disqualified from holding any
public office for 15 years.
● About 3000 officials were dismissed and many others were hired as a result of these measures.
● Ayub khan focused on land reforms in west Pakistan.
● Landlord commission was set in 1958.
● He adopted an energetic approach towards economic development.
● His period is credited with the green revolution and economic and industrial growth.
● Tax concessions were offered for investment in less developed areas.
● The export bonus voucher scheme and tax incentives stimulated new industrial entrepreneurs and
exporters. Bonus vouchers facilitated access to foreign exchange and import for industrial
machinery and raw materials.
● He also introduced many reforms in the field of education. It meant to raise literacy levels and
train manpower in Pakistan. Technical education and civil defense training was mandatory.
● He also introduced labour reforms. He showed interest in betterment of the labour force and made
it mandatory for factory owners to recognise elected union councils and to consider its opinion in
all issues.
 CONSTITUTION OF 1962
After the military upset of 1958, Ayub khan sat tight for quite a while with the goal of clearing popular
sentiment in support of himself. An authoritative commission was set-up under the initiative of Justice
Shahaab-ud-Din. The commission sent a report on 6th May,1961. Justice Manzoor Qadir planned and
drafted the whole constitution. Ayub Khan with the help of Presidential ordinance made a law, the new
constitution on 8th June,1962. It had following features:

1. It was in written structure and had the data about the state organizations and their common
relations.
2. The constitution was not passed by the assent of the elected representative of individuals. It was
the creation or mind offspring of a single individual.
3. The constitution was president friendly; making changes was simple only if supported and
endorsed by the president or it was a very lengthy and difficult job. For making any corrections,
the ⅔ dominant part of the gathering needed to pass the bill and afterwards needed to send it to
the president. It was needed to gain ¾ majority of assembly.
4. Unlike previous constitutions, the Indian Act 1935 and constitution of 1965. It was presidential in
its nature with all the executive powers resting with the president.
5. It was an unicameral arrangement of government with just one house. The individuals from the
National assembly were chosen by basic democrats.
6. The judiciary was kept independent to the extent of theory.All the judges of the High Court had
to be selected and named by the president with the advice of Chief Justice.
7. The constitution of 1962 was one man show. It was only for a single man.

COMBINED OPPOSITION PARTY (1965)

January 2, 1965, the principal official political decision was held. Nearly 80,000 'fundamental democrats,
as individuals from metropolitan and local boards, caucused to cast a vote. The official appointment of
January 1965 brought about a triumph for Ayub Khan yet additionally exhibited the appeal of the
opposition. Four ideological groups joined to frame the Combined Opposition Parties (COP).
● There were two fundamental candidates: the Pakistan Muslim League (Conventional) lead by
General Ayub Khan and the Combined Opposition Parties (COP) under the authority of Fatima
Jinnah.
● COP was comprised of about 5 opposition groups, i.e., Pakistan Muslim League (Council), drove
by Khwaja Nazimuddin and Mian Mumtaz Khan Daultana; the Awami League, driven by Sheik
Mujibur Rehman; the National Awami Party, driven by Maulana Bashani; the North West
Frontier gathering of the National Awami Party, driven by Wali Khan, child of the celebrated
Abdul Ghafar Khan; the Nizam-e-Islam Party, driven by Chaudhry Mohammad Ali and Farid
Ahmad; and the Jamaat-e-Islami, drove by Maulana Maudoodi. The COP designated Fatima
Jinnah (sister of the Quaid-I-Azam and known as Madar-I-Millet, the Mother of the Nation) their
official applicant. The nine-point program set forward by the COP underscored the rebuilding of
parliamentary majority rule government.
● Ayub Khan won 63.3 percent of the Electoral College vote. His lion's share was bigger in West
Pakistan (73.6 percent) than in East Pakistan (53.1 percent). The PML made sure about a
pounding lion's share of 120 seats in those races. The resistance could settle just 15 seats.
● The Consolidated Opposition Party (COP) won 10 seats though NDF stowed 5 seats in East
Pakistan and 1 in West Pakistan. The remainder of the seats went to the free movers. Nawabzada
Nasrullah Khan who was the directing soul behind all enemies of government unions including
 the Combined Opposition Parties (COP) that was framed to crush Ayub in the 1965 official
political decision.
● In actuality, it was Khawaja Nazimuddin, who thought of the possibility of a terrific resistance
partnership that inevitably finished in the creation of COP. It was Nasrullah Khan, who initially
proposed the name and later on influenced Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah to challenge against the
Field Marshal in the official appointment of 1965 as the consistently affirmed competitor of the
COP; nonetheless, the fact of the matter is very extraordinary.
● Actually, a portion of the gatherings inside the COP had individual desire to challenge the
political race to turn into the leader of Pakistan. For instance, the Jamaat-e-Islami campaigned for
the candidature of Maulana Maudoodi while Maulana Abdul Hameed Bhashani of the National
Awami Party (NAP) was himself intrigued however both were unsuitable to different gatherings
in the COP.
● Outside the collusion, the up-and-comer, who was probably going to represent a genuine test to
the occupant was General(R) Azam Khan however this suggestion was slyly undercut on the
protests of Bhashani because of Azam's relationship with the military law system through the
kindness of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who, as the unfamiliar clergyman of Ayub, paid rupees five lac
to Bhashani through his companion Masih-ur-Rehman to take out the candidature of Azam Khan.
● While the COP was confused regarding who could be their next most appropriate decision, it was
the 'Wilderness Gandhi' Abdul Ghaffar Khan, the President of (NAP) in the West Pakistan, who
proposed that on the off chance that anyone in the nation could truly take on the tyrant, it was
Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah's sister.
● After much stalling, Fatima Jinnah concurred yet just on the off chance that Bhashani ensured to
stretch out discretionary help to her in the, at that point East Pakistan, which the wily 'Red Mullah
of Bengal' guaranteed by contacting his streaming facial hair however deceived the 'Madar-e-
Millat' in the official political race by coordinating his gathering's Punjab president, C R Aslam to
educate the Basic Democrat individuals from (NAP) to decide in favor of Ayub Khan.
● It was the resistance partnership Democratic Action Committee (DAC) framed under the
Nawabzada in January 1969 that cut down Ayub's administration though actually it was the
fomentation dispatched by the PPP under Bhutto in West Pakistan and the extreme Student
Action Committee (SAC) just as Sheik Mujib in the East Pakistan that arranged the topple of the
Ayub system.
● Nasrullah's resistance was malleable trusting in peaceful and restrained measures. That is the
reason the despot had the option to control for longer than 10 years. Bhutto was more sensible
than Nasrullah and his accomplices as to how to unstick a tyrant. Bhutto accepted that 'a quiet and
sacred battle can never remove a tyrant. On the off chance that the target of the development is to
eliminate the tyrant then the building of lawfulness must be shaken.
● An administration can be changed through the vote just in a majority rule government however it
makes no difference in tyranny.
● A fascism can be disposed of through insurgency, rough development… in light of the fact that a
tyrant neither gives genuine popularity based concessions nor deliberately surrenders power."
Nawabzada was the best, all things considered.
● To sharpen the point, his admirers contend that had he been not the most transcending of the
apparent multitude of legislators, he would not have been acknowledged as the head of DAC by
such political stalwarts as Maulana Maudoodi, Maulana Mufti Mahmood, Wali Khan, Mumtaz
Daultana and Nurul Amin yet the truth is that every one of these fat cats had contending
personalities, thus, they consented to Nawabzada's chairmanship of the DAC in light of the fact
that he was "a powerless individual, agreeable to impact."
● Even his foe Ayub Khan, after certain conferences with Nasrullah finished up, "This man has no
position. He is a frail man and they have put him there in light of the fact that he has no
assessment of his own.
 Elections 1965

Ayub Khan took over the politics of Pakistan in 1958. The politics of Pakistan was in his hands for almost
10 years. Ayub Khan promoted a new presidential constitution in 1962. These presidential elections
were held in Pakistan on 2nd January, 1965. These elections were a memorable occasion as the first time
these indirect elections were being held.
● The vote was done amongst the 80,000 “basic democrats.” These basic democrats were part of
the urban as well as regional councils. These elections were significant because a woman was
contesting the highest political office of the country. The orthodox religious political parties,
including the Jamaat-i-Islami led by Maulana Maududi, supported the position of Miss
Fatima Jinnah.
● The election showed that the people had no problem against women holding high offices. Women
could be the key players in politics of the country.
● Ayub Khan, won the elections and further ruled the country in coming years. Presidential
candidates for the elections of 1965 were announced before commencement of the Basic
Democracy elections, which was to constitute the Electoral College for the Presidential and
Assembly elections.
● There were two major parties contesting the election: the Convention Muslim League and the
Combined Opposition Parties. The Combined Opposition Parties consisted of five opposition
parties. It had a nine-point program, which included restoration of direct elections,
democratisation of the 1962 Constitution, and adult franchise. The opposition parties of
Combined Opposition Parties did not have unity of any form.
● Ayub Khan was nominated by the Convention Muslim League party while the Combined
Opposition Parties nominated Miss Fatima Jinnah. She did not participate in any political activity
after independence. She accepted the candidature as she was strongly in favour of democratic
ideals. She sympathized with the opposition party and contested the elections.
● There were four candidates; Ayub Khan, Miss Fatima Jinnah and the rest two persons had no
party affiliation in the 1965 elections.
● The campaigning period lasted for a month. It was followed by nine meetings, they were
organised by the Election Commission. These meetings were attended only by the members of
the press and members of the electoral college. The public was not allowed to attend the
projection meetings as it would have influenced Miss Fatima Jinnah’s image.
● In 1964, Ayub seemed to be confident in his popularity and saw deep divisions within the
political opposition, He called for Presidential elections. He was surprised when opposition
parties dropped General Azam as a presidential candidate.
● The joint opposition agreed on supporting the respected and popular Fatima Jinnah, the sister of
the founder of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Miss Fatima Jinnah had an
advantage over Ayub Khan and other candidates. Miss Jinnah’s greatest advantage was that she
was the sister of the Founder of Pakistan. She had detached herself from politics after the Founder
passed away. She moved towards the streets of big cities and in the rural areas.
● Fatima Jinnah declared Ayub Khan as a dictator. Miss Jinnah’s line of attack was that by coming
to terms with India on the Indus Water dispute, Ayub had given the control of the rivers over to
India. Fatima Jinnah created tremendous public enthusiasm, she also drew enormous crowds in
all cities of East and West Pakistan.
 ● Ayub Khan had a great advantage over the rest of the candidates. The Second Amendment of the
Constitution had confirmed him as President till the election of his successor. He had complete
control over all governmental machinery during elections. He utilized the state facilities as head
of state, not as the President of the Convention Muslim League and did not even hesitate to
legislate on electoral maters. Business and bureaucracy helped him with his election campaign.
● Being a political opportunist, he brought all the discontented elements together to support him.
Students were assured the revision of the University Ordinance and journalists the scrutiny of the
Press Laws.Ayub Khan also gathered the support of the ulema who believed that Islam does not
permit a woman to be the head of an Islamic state.
● Miss Fatima Jinnah lost the election of 1965 and Ayub Khan was elected as the President of
Pakistan. On the indirect ballot, Ayub Khan had defeated Fatima Jinnah by taking 64% of the
vote.
● The PML secured a majority of 120 seats in those elections. The opposition could clinch only 15
seats. The Combined Opposition Party (COP) won 10 seats. The rest of the seats went to the
independents. The election did not fall on the international standards and journalists. It is widely
held that the elections were performed in favour of Ayub Khan using the state patronage. He
influenced the indirectly elected Electoral Colleges.

Democratic Action Committee

Ayub Khan after winning the elections in 1965, enforced many policies to stabilize the country and
legitimize himself. Economic reforms, Land reforms, Family law reforms, constitutional reforms, social
reforms are among the most prominent.
● The policies of Ayub were criticised by a large number of urban populations. Ayub’s long lasting
rule created resentment in the people. Ayub was forced to take off the ban from trade unions,
opposition parties and student unions.
● Political parties started to turn against him and criticise him. With the undaunted efforts of
Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan, a combined opposition front was launched against Ayub Khan. It is
popularly known as Democratic Action Committee. It worked significantly in the downfall of
Ayub Khan and restoration of democracy.
● On 30th April 1967, Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan succeeded in creating a five-party alliance for
opposition which was called ‘Pakistan Democratic Movement’ but later renamed as ‘Pakistan
Democratic Action Committee’. It played a huge role in the removal of Ayub Khan. He founded
his own party with the help of four other parties in 1969. It was called ‘Pakistan Jamhuri Party’
and became its Vice President.
● In October 1968,the government sponsored a celebration called the Decade of Development.
The festival mainly highlighted the loss of Urban people because of the war. Ayub Khan was now
known for inequality for the masses. Bhutto then challenged Ayub Khan at the ballot box. In East
Pakistan, dissatisfaction of people with the system went on a whole new level.
● In January 1969, several opposition parties formed the Democratic Action Committee with the
declared aim of restoring democracy through a mass movement. The army moved into Karachi,
Lahore, Peshawar, Dhaka, and Khulna to restore order. In rural areas of East Pakistan, curfew
was not effective; local officials began retreating from the peasant revolt.
● In February 1969, Ayub Khan released political prisoners, invited the Democratic Action
Committee and others to meet him in Rawalpindi. He was in a weak position and he had lost the
support of the generals On March 25th1969, martial law again took place. Ayub Khan announced
his resignation and Yahya Khan assumed the presidency.
 ● Yahya Khan soon promised elections on the basis of adult franchise to the National Assembly,
which would make up a new constitution. He also entered into discussions with leaders of
mainstream political parties.
● The new coalition demanded the lifting of the state of emergency and the cancelling of the
criminal law amendment which had been appealed to arrest Mujib for participation in the same
conspiracy. Faced with Mujib’s rising popularity following his arrest, the government responded
by lifting the emergency and abrogating the amendment. It was a victory for the opposition.
Mawdudi’s efforts to recreate interest in the Islamic constitution came to an end. The Jama‘at’s
political agenda ended.
● In August 1968, Mawdudi became ill and was advised to leave Pakistan for medical treatment in
England. During his months of departure, Jama‘at’s affairs were controlled by Mian Tufayl.
Mawdudi’s absence reduced both the Jama‘at’s prominence in the Democratic Action Committee.
Mian Tufayl did not provide new strategies, the People’s Party was unable to control the IJT,
which soon became a force in itself, drawing the Jama‘at into the quagmire of East Pakistani
politics.
● Mawdudi returned before the Round Table Conference between Ayub Khan and the Democratic
Action Committee, which convened in March 1969 to reform the constitution with a view to
accommodating the Awami League’s demands for autonomy. Mawdudi’s address to the
conference was totally removed from the Pakistani politics. He blamed the government for the
crises. It was the only policy that could keep Pakistan united.

Causes and Downfall-of-Ayub-Khan-(1969)

The Martial law regime was successful but in the long term failed to solve the problems. In
spite of all the positive steps and development marking General Ayub’s Era, the graph of his popularity
began declining. The immediate cause was the elections of 1965 and the Tashkent Declaration.
Following are the major causes of the downfall of Ayub’s regime
1. Presidential System
● People wanted a parliamentary form of government, but General Ayub. presented the
nation with second constitution in 1962 which was presidential in nature
2. Economic Instability
● After coming into power Muhammad Ayub Khan resolved to make Pakistan
economicallydeveloped. But he failed to stabilize Pakistan’s economy on sound
footings.The number of educated jobless people was increasing day-by-day, prices of
essential commodities raised to such an extent that in 1968 there occurred a serious
shortage of sugar and drinking water in Karachi. Ayub’s economic activities did not bring
any change and revolution in the socio-economic position of the common man. Hence the
people frustrated slowly
3. Political Reason
● The Tashkent Agreement after the 1965 war was not welcomed by the people because it
provided withdrawal retreat of the troops to their respective pre-war positions. That is
why Z.A.Bhutto declared that what Pakistan had gained in the battlefield was lost on the
diplomatic table.The core issue of the war was the Kashmir dispute but it was not
mentioned in the Tashkent Declaration. Hence no advancement was made for the solution
of this problem in the post.
● Tashkent Agreement period, which created disappointment not only among masses but
also in the army.
● The whole of West Pakistan was made in one unit, with which the small provinces were
not happy.
● One more aspect which Ayub neglected from the beginning caused a major upheaval in
his popularity graph was the case of East Pakistan.
 4. Press and Publication Ordinance
● Ayub khan had issued Press and Publication Ordinance in order to revise the existing
laws pertaining to the proprietorship editorship of newspapers etc. But this ordinance
severely affected the freedom of the press as it was used to propagate the idea of the
Government and to defame the Opposition parties. People and the political parties were
deadly opposed to this ordinance, which brought the press under tight grip.

5. Ayub’s University Ordinance

● Under the University Ordinance of Ayub’s regime, Bachelor degree courses were
extended from 2 to 3 years and a method of monthly exam was introduced. The results of
monthly tests were to be considered while determining the annual final results etc. These
measures were rejected by the students and universities staff. Students of East-Pakistan
formed a Students Action Committee to stress him to carry out their 11 Points
programme. The movement gained further momentum when on 20th January 1969 a
student leader was killed by police firing in Decca in March 1969.

LEGAL FRAMEWORK ORDER

In 1969, after becoming the Chief Martial Law Administrator Yahya Khan announced that he would
make it possible that free and fair elections will be conducted in Pakistan and a new constitution will be
made soon. For that, in March 1970 he introduced a Legal Framework Order which determined
principles for the future constitution of Pakistan. It also dissolved the One-Unit scheme on 1st July 1970.
The features of the LFO 1970 are mentioned as under:

1. The National Assembly of Pakistan will consist of 313 seats with 13 seats reserved for women.
Out of 313, 169 seats were to be for East Pakistan, 85 for Punjab, 28 for Sindh, 19 for NWFP,
5 for Balochistan and 7 seats were allotted to the tribal areas.
2. Each province will have a provincial assembly consisting of elected members. East Pakistan
provincial assembly will have 400 members, Punjab 186, Sindh 62, Balochistan 21 and NWFP
42.
3. The elections for National Assembly will be held on 5 October 1970 and for provincial
assemblies not later than 22 October.
4. The new constitution of Pakistan will follow these principles:

A. Pakistan will be a Federal Republic and will be known as Islamic Republic of Pakistan
B. The head of the Pakistan state would be a Muslim and the divinity of Islam will be preserved.
C. The principles of democracy will prevail by holding free elections for federal and provincial
legislatures on the basis of adult franchise. Independent judiciary will be made possible along with
fundamental rights for the citizens.
D. All provinces will be given maximum autonomy while the centre will also remain strong.
E. The citizens of the country will be able to participate actively in the affairs of the state and the
state will try to eliminate economic disparities in the society.
F. The constitution of the country will make it possible for the Muslims of Pakistan to live their
lives according to the teachings of Islam. The minorities will be free to follow their own faiths and
will be able to enjoy the benefits of citizenship along with their fellow Pakistanis.
G. The LFO clarified the status of national and provincial assemblies. It stated that the National
Assembly would either be the only legislature provided that the federal legislature consisting of one
house or it would be the lower house if the federation has two houses. Its tenure would be for the full
term in both cases. The same went for provincial assemblies.
H. Within 120 days of the first meeting of the National Assembly, it would form a constitution
bill and if it fails to do so, it will dissolve.
5: After the elections of the National Assembly, provisions will be made to arrange its meetings.

6: The LFO set broad outlines, structures, conditions and qualifications. Any contesting political
party failing to qualify these conditions would not be able to participate in the elections.

SIX-POINTS FORMULA
Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman was the founder of Bangladesh.He played a major role in Pakistan politics as
a prominent leader of the Awami League in East Pakistan.He presented a Six-Point formula in 1966, in
collaboration with his party and demanded the Pakistan government to accept them and to implement
them the way they were.It was demanded by the Awami League that the new constitution should be based
on the Six-Points. Sheikh Mujib and his party showed extreme rigidity when asked to amend a few
points.Though at times he committed that he would compromise, especially before the elections of 1970,
but after every commitment he backed out and stuck to his Six-Points formula.The Awami League, was
so emotional about it that all its members swore an oath to die trying to implement the Six-Point Program.
And it was due to that very formula that, when not accepted by the central government of Pakistan, the
Awami League declared the independence of Bengal.

The Six-Points formula is mentioned here under :

1. There would be a federal parliamentary system based on direct adult franchise and representation
of provinces would be on the basis of population in the federal legislature.
2. The federal government will be restricted only to foreign affairs, defense and currency. And even
regarding foreign affairs, the dealings of economic matters would rest with the provinces.
3. There would either be two different currencies for the two wings or a single one with separate
Federal Reserve systems for each wing.
4. The power of implementation and collection of taxes would lie with the provinces.
5. The federal government will be given enough shares to fulfill its tasks of foreign affairs and
defense.There would be separate accounts of foreign exchange earnings for each wing.
6. East Pakistan would be given the authority to have a militia or paramilitary force solely under its
provincial government.

Elections 1970

Chief Martial Law Administrator General Yahya Khan after becoming the President of Pakistan in 1969
announced that very soon the free elections will be held in Pakistan on adult franchise to establish a
democratic government in the country. For that purpose,
● A three member Election Commission was formed under the chairmanship of Justice Abdus
Sattar as the Chief Election Commissioner.
● The electoral rolls were printed both in Bengali and Urdu for East and West Pakistan
respectively.
● Initially, the elections were due on 5 October 1970 for the National Assembly and 19 October
for the provincial assemblies. But theses elections were postponed till December of the same year
because of the severe monsoon floods in the eastern wing in August. The new dates announced
were 7 and 17 December 1970.

● Still, elections for nine seats of the National Assembly and eighteen for provincial assemblies
were held next year on 17 January 1971 due to cyclones in East Pakistan. The elections were
held on party basis and from 1 January 1970 the political parties were allowed to start
 campaigning. A total of twenty-four political parties participated in the elections. There were
mainly two types of parties, religious and secular.
● The religious parties included convention Muslim League, Qayyum Muslim League, Pakistan
Muslim League, Pakistan Democratic Party, Jamiat-ul-Ulama-a-Islam, Jamiat-ul-Ulama-a-
Pakistan and Jamiat-a-Islam Party among many others.The secular and most prominent political
parties were two, among many others. They both were regional, Pakistan Peoples Party of
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Awami League of Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman.
● The religious parties called for the Islamization of the country. But though having a common
attitude they were absolutely different from one another and that is why could not unite on a
single platform. The regime of Yahya Khan was supporting the religious parties for their
conservative attitude that was in demand of a strong central government. While the secular and
most prominent political parties both got immense public support as compared to all other parties.
Their supporters belonged to all the sections of the society. Consequently, these two turned into
mass movements.
● Both parties owed their dominant positions and popularity in the massive political competition to
their leaders. Both Bhutto and Mujib were gifted leaders and possessed extraordinary appeals in
their personalities for people of all ages and professions.

Results of Elections 1970

With the election campaign, the drastic differences between the two leading political parties became even
more obvious and their regional outlook became evident. The Awami League popularized its Six-Points
and promulgated that it was by the dint of eastern wing’s products that western wing was prospering but
the east was not getting its due share. The PPP, on the other hand was emphasizing on economic
problems of the whole country but at the same time it closed down its branch in East Pakistan and thus
proved itself to be the representative of only the Pakistanis of the western side.The results brought drastic
changes in the political setup of the country.
● The religious parties were totally a failure because the public was less concerned about being
dictated by the government to spend their lives according to the teachings of Islam. The results
also confirmed the provincialism of Pakistan politics.
● The two major winners were the PPP and the AL.
● The AL was the first great majority party that secured 160 seats in the National Assembly out of
which only seven candidates belonged to West Pakistan. However, the AL could not win a single
provincial assembly seat from any of the west wing provinces.
● The PPP won a second great majority in the National Assembly. It got 81 seats out of 130
allotted to the western wing but it did not have a single seat from East Pakistan.
● The LFO had declared that the National Assembly was responsible for making the constitution
within 120 days.
● And only after the making of the constitution, the transfer of power to the provinces would take
place.

● But the great differences between the two major parties especially on issues of the Six-Points
Program were a great hindrance in that process.
● Unfortunately these differences were never resolved and the end of the story was the division of
the country into two sovereign states.
 Dates Events

1956 Constitution of 1956 was abrogated

October 7, 1958 President Iskander Mirza abrogated the

Constitution and declared Martial Law in the
country. This was the first of many military
regimes in Pakistan’s history

10th October 1958 the Laws Orders was promulgated with a view to
bring about new legal order.

1958. Landlord commission was set in

1960 the Constitution Commission appointed

24 October 1958. President Mirza tried to rationalize the power

structure and state framework by appointing Ayub
Prime Minister

6th May,1961 The commission sent a report

8th June,1962 Ayub Khan with the help of Presidential ordinance

made a law, the new constitution

January 2, 1965 the pr the principal official political decision was held

1958 Ayub Khan took over the politics of Pakistan

8th June 1962 Ayub Khan promoted a new presidential

constitution

1965 Enemy of Government United to Crush Ayub

khan

2nd January, 1965 The presidential elections were held in Pakistan

1965 Fatima Jinnah lost the elections

1965 Presidential elections were held

1965 Ayub Khan enforced army policies to stabilise

country

1966 Tashkent declaration was signed between India

pakistan

1966-1667 the growth rate of economy slow down to 3.1

30th April 1967 Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan created a five party

alliance
 Dates Events

August 1968 Mawdudi became ill and was advised to leave

Pakistan

1968 storage of sugar, drinking water in karachi

1968 many people were discontented with the

government

Oct-1968 there were student protest all over west pakistan

January 1969 Nawabzada Founded his own party

February 1969 Several parties formed democratic action

committee

March 1969 Marshal Law again took place.

1969 student leader was killed by police firing in Decca

1969 Yahya Khan become the Chief Martial Law

Administrator

March 1970 A Legal Framework Order introduced

1st July 1970 the One-Unit scheme on dissolved

5 October 1970 elections for National Assembly will be held

22 October 1970 elections for provincial assemblies

7 December 1970. New date of elections for National Assembly

17 December 1970. New date of elections for provincial assemblies

17 January 1971 elections for nine seats of the National Assembly

and eighteen for provincial assemblies were held