Blancardus Lexicon Medicum in Harriss Le

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Words and Dictionaries from the British Isles

in Historical Perspective
Edited by
John Considine and Giovanni Iamartino
CAMBRIDGE SCHOLARS PUBLISHING

Words and Dictionaries from the British Isles in Historical Perspective,
edited by John Considine and Giovanni Iamartino
This book first published 2007 by
Cambridge Scholars Publishing
15 Angerton Gardens, Newcastle, NE5 2JA, UK
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Copyright © 2007 by John Considine and Giovanni Iamartino and contributors
All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.
ISBN 1-84718-168-6; ISBN 13: 9781847181688
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Historical Lexicography and Lexicology
John Considine....................................................................................................vii
Chapter One
Writing the History of English Lexicography: Is There a History of English
Lexicography after Starnes and Noyes?
Fredric Dolezal...................................................................................................... 1
Chapter Two
To “Finde Wordes Newe”: Chaucer, Lexical Growth, and MED First
Citations
R. Carter Hailey .................................................................................................. 14
Chapter Three
The Emergence of Lexicology in Renaissance English Dictionaries
Gabriele Stein...................................................................................................... 25
Chapter Four
The Real Richard Howlet
R. W. McConchie ............................................................................................... 39
Chapter Five
“Certaine Things to be Considered & Corrected in Will. Dugdales Saxon-
Lexicon”
Paola Tornaghi .................................................................................................... 50
Chapter Six
Alphabet Fatigue and Compiling Consistency in Early English Dictionaries
N. E. Osselton ..................................................................................................... 81
Chapter Seven
Blancardus’ Lexicon Medicum in Harris’s Lexicon Technicum:
A Lexicographic and Lexicological Study
Elisabetta Lonati ................................................................................................. 91
vi Table of Contents
Chapter Eight
Reporting Eighteenth-Century Vocabulary in the OED
Charlotte Brewer ............................................................................................... 109
Chapter Nine
Expediency and Experience: John S. Farmer and William E. Henley’s
Slang and its Analogues
Julie Coleman.................................................................................................... 136
Chapter Ten
The Great Un- Crisis: An Unknown Episode in the History of the OED
Peter Gilliver..................................................................................................... 166
Chapter Eleven
Idioms in Journalese: A Synchronic and Diachronic Study of Food
and Drink Idioms in 200 years of The Times
Laura Pinnavaia ................................................................................................ 178
Bibliography of Works Cited ......................................................................... 192
Contributors .................................................................................................... 216
Index................................................................................................................. 219
CHAPTER SEVEN
BLANCARDUS’ LEXICON MEDICUM

IN HARRIS’S LEXICON TECHNICUM:
A LEXICOGRAPHIC AND LEXICOLOGICAL
STUDY
ELISABETTA LONATI
1. Introduction
John Harris’s Lexicon technicum (from now on LT) is considered the first
English encyclopaedia, conceived as a dictionary of arts and sciences,
“explaining not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves” (Harris 1704,
title page). Its author became secretary and vice-president of the Royal Society;
his most important works are concerned with geometry, trigonometry,
astronomy, and navigation (for him, see Stewart 2004). LT was meant as a
helpful reference work to all those educated and curious readers who wished to
be informed about new scientific discoveries, the mechanical arts, and, in
particular, those fields of knowledge which investigate the natural world and its
multifarious aspects (for a fuller account, see Bradshaw 1981b). Harris wrote in
his preface that
The best Account I can give of the following Work, will be to lay before you in a
short View what it contains, wherein it differs from other Books which may seem
to be of the same Nature, and from whence I have collected the Substance of it.
That which I have aimed at, is to make it a Dictionary not only of bare Words but
Things; and that the Reader may not only find here an Explication of the
Technical Words, or the Terms of Art made use of in all the Liberal Sciences,
and such as border nearly upon them, but also those Arts themselves; and
especially such, and such Parts of them as are most Useful and Advantagious to
Mankind. (Harris 1704, sig. a2r)
Among the branches of science included in it, medicine and medical

terminology—along with physiology, anatomy, and surgery—are well
92 Chapter Seven
represented, and this is one of the reasons why it is interesting to focus on this
aspect of its scientific language, but what is most interesting—and the actual
starting point of this study—is the fact that Harris abundantly exploited an
earlier work to compile his own medical entries. This was the Lexicon medicum
(1679) of one of the most important Dutch physicians, Stephanus Blancardus.1 It
was published in English translation as A physical dictionary in 1684 (from now
on PD).
Given this context, at least two points seem to be relevant for the discussion
to follow: firstly, the way Harris deals with medical terminology in his work and
secondly, the relationship between his medical terminology and one of his
declared and most important sources, namely Blancardus’ PD. By the
systematic comparison of Harris’s and Blancardus’ “lexicon medicum,” the
lexicographic and lexicological features of Harris’s medical entries can be
analyzed.
PD is one of the numerous medical publications which were issued in the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and which testify to a widespread interest
in this domain. Unprecedented discoveries in medicine and related fields (such
as anatomy, surgery, pharmacy, and chemistry) led to the production of treatises
and reference works addressed to a specialized audience but also to the
inclusion of specialized terminology in more general reference works. In this
respect, it is to be noted that the interest in medical language is not confined to
LT but is a common feature of other eighteenth-century English encyclopaedias.
These presented the material at different levels. Works such as Chambers’s
Cyclopaedia (1728) and the Encyclopaedia Britannica (1768–1771), like LT,
addressed the educated reader (Bradshaw 1981a, Kafker 1994). John Barrow’s
New and universal dictionary of arts and sciences (1751), William Owen’s New
and complete dictionary of arts and sciences (1754–1755), and Temple Croker’s
Complete dictionary of arts and sciences (1764–1766) tried to equal the success
of the Cyclopedia, but did not capture its market (Kafker 1994). Dyche and
Pardon’s New general English dictionary (1735) manifests a different level of
scientific and linguistic complexity, being a general dictionary whose aim was
to popularize scientific and technical knowledge. It was described on its title
page as “peculiarly calculated for the Use and Improvement of such as are
unacquainted with the Learned Languages,” and Lael Bradshaw has observed
that it “would appeal to laymen [who] would appreciate the fact that most
scientific terms are briefly described in non-scientific, non-technical language”
(Bradshaw 1981c, 159).
1
Steven Blankaart (1650–1702); the name was latinized to Blancardus, hence the forms
Blancard, printed in the title-page of the English translation of his Lexicon medicum, and
Blanchard, used by Harris in the Lexicon technicum.
Blancardus' Lexicon Medicum in Harris's Lexicon Technicum 93
The title-page of the 1684 English edition of PD declares that the aim of the
compilation is to provide an accurate explanation of all those terms “relating
either to Anatomy, Chirurgery, Pharmacy or Chymistry” and its preface
highlights that the dictionary is comprehensive, not omitting “any one useful
term in the whole art of Physick” and explaining that with the dictionary’s help
“the terms (... which all, or the most part of Mankind has daily occasion to use)
… may give a rational account of their discourse” (Blancardus 1684, sigs A3v–
4r). Hence, while being confined to a selected field—or fields—of knowledge, it
does not seem to be restricted to a specialized readership or, at least, the
addressee is not clearly defined: “the most part of Mankind” is an ambitious, as
well as an ambiguous, target audience. The author of the preface simply states
that the aim of PD is to spread and explain medical terminology and techniques
and, as a consequence, to be useful to mankind. Things change in the
subsequent editions of PD, all of them published before LT and cited by Harris
himself in his preface:
The Chymical and Physical Dictionaries of Johnson, Castellus and Blanchard,

have a great many Words and Terms that are not to be met with elsewhere: And
the last hath had four Editions in our own Language; but tho’ many things are
well enough done in him, yet some can hardly be said to be so; so that in many
Places I have been obliged to put his Name to what my Amanuensis or Assistant
transcribed from him, lest the Reader shou’d mistake it for my own Words.
(Harris 1704, sig. a2v)
Here, Blancardus is mentioned as one of the major sources for Harris’s “lexicon
medicum,” and he is often directly referred to as the authority for the
information given in LT’s entries. Harris declares his source but he does not
clarify which among the four editions already published has been used in LT,
even though he is entirely reliable about their number. Actually, after the first
English edition of 1684 (PD1), three further editions were issued in 1693, 1697
and 1702 respectively (from now on PD2, PD3, PD4). All of them are
published as The physical dictionary and their title-pages include detailed
information about their contents: “The Terms of Anatomy, the Names and
Causes of Diseases, Chyrurgical Instruments and their Use; are accurately
Describ’d,” and so on. The preface of PD2, reprinted in PD3 and PD4,
accurately defines its audience: no longer an indefinite or general addressee but
a reader concerned with “all things us’d in the Commonwealth of Physick” and
potentially interested in a range of special subjects.
Here Physicians may find the various Names of Diseases and their Causes, the
Terms of Anatomy and the Vertues of Drugs, and Medicinal Plants. Surgeons
may learn the Name of Ulcers and their Causes, the Names of their Instruments
and their Use. Apothecaries may here find the various Forms of Medicines, and
94 Chapter Seven
the Names of them, and the Method of Compounding them; and how to choose
the best Minerals, Plants, and Drugs. The Chymist may find the Terms of his Art
[etc.]. (Blancardus 1693, sig. A2v = idem 1697, 1702, sig. cit.)
It is clear that PD is a specialized work—indeed a “Treatise”—which “may be

modestly affirm’d to be the most Compleat Medicinal Dictionary now extant”
(ibid.).
2. The word-list and the single entries

In order to carry out the present analysis, that is the study of LT’s medical
terminology by close comparison with PD and the presentation of Harris’s
lexicographic techniques, each of the above mentioned editions of PD was taken
into consideration. By medical terminology I mean those few terms labelled by
Harris as belonging to medicine, pharmacy, and surgery or, if not labelled,
clearly referring to these domains, thus excluding such fields as anatomy and
chemistry. The analysis will demonstrate the interrelation between these works
and, in particular, how and how far Blancardus’ Lexicon medicum—or, better,
Blancardus’ PD1234—was exploited by Harris for his own encyclopaedia: that
is, the compiler’s adaptations, transcriptions, abbreviations, or reductions of the
original entries in the economy of his own work.
Firstly, a word list of medical headwords was drawn up for LT following a
thorough scrutiny of the letters A, H, I/J, and P: the beginning, the middle and
the end of Harris’s encyclopaedia. There are 2,338 headwords in these
alphabetical ranges, of which 333 are strictly medical, and another 270 or so
anatomical. Secondly, on the basis of this selection, the corresponding word list
in PD1234 was also established: there are 860 headwords in this range in PD1,
1,184 in PD23, and 1,844 in PD4. A total of 269 headwords are shared by LT
and at least one edition of PD, because certain terms included in LT are not
included in PD1234, and vice versa. However, it is to be highlighted that more
than a half of Harris’s word list—that is 174 headwords—comes from PD1234,
and that most of them are simply transcribed in LT without any alteration.
Before discussing LT entries in detail, it is worth pointing out that the
features shared by LT and PD1 suggest a stronger connection between these
two works than between LT and PD234. In fact, from a structural point of view,
the entries in LT mirror those in PD1 but differ from those of PD234: the
common sequence is HEADWORD + IS/ARE + DEFINITION, with the headword
used as subject of the following definition. The verb form establishes an identity
between the term/s and its/their definition, whereas in the post-1684 versions the
headword simply performs the function of a title: in other words, LT and PD1
generally use a “subject-verb” structure whereas in PD234 a “topic-comment”

structure is preferred and significantly exploited.2
Although a boundary can be drawn up on a structural basis between two
groups of works (PD1 and PD234) and their influence on LT, it is difficult—if
not impossible—to state which of the post-1684 editions were used by Harris
because there is no difference between their entries: PD2 and PD3 are identical
in the number of entries, form, and contents, the only difference being the title-
page, and although PD4 has 660 headwords more than the two previous editions
in the alphabetical ranges under discussion, what is common to all of them
perfectly corresponds in the three versions.
2.1. Simple transcription of PD in LT

Some entries, such as anthrax and parachynanche, were simply borrowed by
Harris from PD with only very minor changes in punctuation or typography, or
accidental changes such as the misreading “separated” for “suppurated” s.v.
anthrax below.
LT PD1 (variants from PD234 in square

brackets)
ANTHRAX, Anthrax,
Carbo, Pruna, or Carbunculus, is Carbo, Pruna, or Carbunculus, is
defined to be a Tumour that arises in defined to be a Tumor that arises in
several places, surrounded with hot, several places, surrounded with hot
fiery and most sharp Pimples, fiery and most sharp Pimples,
accompanied with acute Pains, but accompanied with acute Pain, but
without ever being separated; and without ever being suppurated; and
when it spreads it self farther, it burns when it spreads it self farther, it burns
the flesh, throws off lobes of it when it the Flesh, throws off lobes of it when it
is rotten, and leaves an Ulcer behind it, is rotten, and leaves an Ulcer behind it,
as if it had been burnt in with an Iron. as if it had been burnt in with an Iron.
Blanchard.
PARACHYNANCHE, Parachynanche
is an Inflammation with a continual is an Inflammation with a continual
Fever Feaver
[Parachynanche, an Inflammation*
with a continual Fever]
and difficulty of Breathing excited in and difficulty of Breathing, excited in
2
See, for example, in the following sections, anastomosis, aphthae, helminthagogues /
helminthagoga, parachynanche, pathology, pleuritis, and anasarcha.
96 Chapter Seven
the outward Muscles of the Larynx. the outward Muscles of the Larynx.
[next entry cites Blanchard] *In PD4: Inflamation
Table 7-1: LT’s transcription of the PD entries anthrax and parachynanche
2.2. Reworking of the source text: abbreviations and cuts

Although Harris’s general policy is the transcription of Blancardus’ entries
as such, he does not always limit himself to this and he sometimes reworks the
available material to be exploited in LT. In the following examples Harris adapts
the three entries from the source to fit his lexicographical needs.
Anastomosis is shorter in LT than it is in PD1234; the second half of the
entry-source has been simply left out. Because of the omission, it is not possible
here—if indeed it is possible at all—to determine the edition actually used
(though the headword spelling might indicate PD23 as a source):

brackets)
ANASTOMOSIS, Anastomasis
is an Effluxion is an effluxion
[PD23: Anastomosis, an effluxion; PD4:
Anastamosis, an effluxion]
of the Blood, the Lympha or Chyle, of the Blood, the Lympha or Chyle,
at the meeting of Vessels that close at the meeting of Vessels that close
not narrowly: It is also taken for the not narrowly. It is also taken for the
mutual opening of Veins and Arteries mutual opening of Veins and Arteries
into one another. into one another,
as some long ago dream’t, though they
were awake; for this were to offer
[PD234 as some long agoe falsely
imagin’d; for this were to offer]
violence to the Laws of Circulation: yet it
is not impossible neither, since Veins
open into Veins, and Arteries into
Arteries; as is plain in the Spermatick
Vessels; the Plexus Choroides, rete
mirabile, &c.
Table 7-2: LT’s abbreviation of the PD entry anastomasis

In the case of Aphthae, the LT and PD234 versions are shorter than PD1’s:
the middle section starting from “In the new-born Children” up to “There is not
the same danger in Men and Women,” is completely omitted.

brackets)
APHTHAE, Aphthae
are Wheals, Ulcers are Wheals [Aphthae, Wheals]
or Pimples about the Internal Parts of or Pimples about the Internal parts of
the Mouth; as also about the Ventricle the Mouth; as also about the Ventricle
and Guts, which when they come to be and Guts, which when they come to be
ripe, fall off by piece-meal, and are ripe,, fall off by piece-meal, and are
often accompanied with a Fever in often accompanied with a Fever in
those of riper Years. those of riper Years.
[a Fever: A Distemper to which Infants
are very Obnoxious.]
Infants are much subject to the In the new-born Children, I believe it
Aphthae, arises from some Impurities which the
Mass of Blood contracts in the Mothers
Womb; for the Blood for want of
Eventilation there, being more impure,
presently after the birth of the Foetus
begins to flourish and refine. Celsus’s
Aphthae are otherwise described; but,
says He, There are extream dangerous
Ulcers in Children, which the Greeks
call ΄Αφθας, for they often kill them.
There is not the same danger in Men
and Women.*
they begin in the Gums, and These Ulcers begin in the Gums, then
by degrees spread over the whole by little and little spread over the
Palate and Mouth; if they seize the Palate and the whole Mouth; and then
Epiglottis at last descend to the Epiglottis, or
cover of the Wind pipe,
and the upper parts of the Throat, and the upper part of the Throat,
which being once Infected,
the Child seldom recovers. These are the Child hardly recovers.
the Aphthae of Celsus. *This section, “In the new-born…Men
and Women” is omitted from PD234.
Table 7-3: LT’s and PD234’s abridgements of the PD1 entry aphthae
98 Chapter Seven
The compilers of LT and PD234 link the two paragraphs of their entries with
expressions which summarize, in a sense, what is a long and detailed digression
in PD1. However, they deal with the shortening in different ways: the first and
last paragraphs perfectly overlap in PD1234, whereas they are partially
rephrased and reorganized in LT. Harris makes two significant additions. Firstly,
he places “Ulcers” in the first paragraph between “Wheals” and “Pimples,” thus
splitting the couple of equivalents for aphthae and providing a third one; the
term “Ulcers” anticipates what in PD1234 is the subject of the concluding
paragraph, which in LT is substituted by “they.” Secondly, Harris links the two
core sections of his entry with the clause “Infants are much subject to the
Aphthae,” which introduces the last paragraph and, simultaneously, establishes a
strong connection between the two conceptual nuclei. It is not clear whether
Harris either cut and adapted the digression from PD1 himself or modified the
post-1684 linking sentence “A Distemper to which Infants are very Obnoxious.”
Perhaps he exploited both versions; but the sequence “a Fever in those of riper
Years,” reproduced in LT from PD1, along with the completely new expression
“These are the Aphthæ of Celsus,” which closes the LT entry and summarizes
what PD1 states in the digression, seems to suggest that the PD1 version was
the base text for his entry, duly abbreviated and reorganized by cohesive
strategies.
The LT entry apoplexy is shorter than its source. Since the entries in PD1234
perfectly overlap, except for the phrase “shaken, tossed, and pricked” in PD1 as
opposed to “shaken, pull’d, and prick’d” in PD234, it can safely be argued that
Harris’s entry is taken from PD1 and, as under anastomosis, a whole section of
the text is simply left out. The one point which suggests that Harris may also
have consulted PD234 in writing his entry is the identification of attonitus and
stupor as two different synonyms (as PD234 punctuate), rather than as a single
lexical item (as PD1 punctuates).

brackets)
APOPLEXY, Attonitus, Stupor, Apoplexia, Attonitus stupor,
[Attonitus, stupor,]
Sideratio, and Morbus attonitus, is a Sideratio, and Morbus attonitus, is a
profound Sleep, wherein the Patient profound Sleep, wherein the Patient
being either vehemently shaken, tossed, being vehemently shaken, tossed,
or pricked, and pricked,
[shaken, pull’d and prick’d,]
yet perceives nothing, nor affords any yet perceives nothing, nor affords any
sign of Action; accompanied with a sign of Action; accompanied with a
difficulty of Respiration for the most difficulty of Respiration for the most
part, and sometimes with none at all. part, and sometimes with none at all:
Blanchard. it arises [rises] frequently from viscous
Blood, which obstructs the least Pores
of the Brain: or from Blood
Extravasated about the Basis of the
Brain, which oppresses and straitens the
Carotidal Arteries, or the Brain.
Table 7-4: LT’s abridgement of the PD1 entry apoplexy
2.3. Reworking of the source text: rephrasing and popularizing

If most terms and their respective entries are simply transferred from a text
to another and others undergo reductions and cuts, a group of entries, among
which are helminthagogues, pleuritis, and pathology, show Harris’s partially
different approach compared to his source.
Helminthagogues, or helminthicks counts as a single entry in LT; it is absent
from PD1 and is divided in two distinct entries in PD234. In this case, the only
possible source is a post-1684 version, from which Harris duly quotes. He uses
helminthicks as an equivalent of his headword and copies the definition given in
PD234 under helminthagoga. Even though Blancardus is quoted as the only
source for the whole entry, the form of words in the second half of the entry is
original—in the sense that it is not taken from PD234—and may be Harris’s
own or his borrowing from some other source. However, what is added is a
very simple explanation and this may suggest that Harris himself is its author.
LT PD234 (not in PD1)

HELMINTHAGOGUES, Helminthagoga,
or Helminthicks,
are Medicines that expel Worms, Medicines that expel Worms.
Helminthica, Medicines that kill
Worms.
or bring ’em away by Stool. Blanchard.
Table 7-5: LT’s merging of, and addition to, the PD234 entries
helminthagoga and helminthica
The LT entries pleuritis and pathology are longer than the PD1234 versions
and they end with a sort of comment whose author—like that of the rephrasing
under helminthagogues—it is impossible to determine. However, under pleuritis
the closing textual expansion may suggest the entry pleuritis notha in PD1234
100 Chapter Seven
as a source. Apart from the final comment, pleuritis mirrors PD1234, whereas
the phrase “teacheth … preternatural Constitution” s.v. pathology, clearly
suggests the version used, since LT and PD1 share it in contrast to PD234’s
“shews…diseas’d Constitution.”

brackets)
PLEURITIS, a Pleurisie, Pleuritis a Pleurisy,
is an Inflammation is a Inflammation
[Pleuritis, a Pleurisie, an Inflammation]
of the Membrane Pleura, and the of the Membrane Pleura, and the
Intercostal Muscles, attended with a intercostal Muscles, attended with a
continued Fever, and Stitches in the continual Fever and Stitches in the
Side, Difficulty of Breathing, and Side, difficulty of Breathing, and
sometimes Spitting of Blood; and it’s sometimes spitting Blood, and it’s
either a true Pleurisie, either a true Pleurisy [Pleurisie],
this which we have described, or a this which we have described, or a
Bastard Pleurisie, bastard Pleurisy [Pleurisie].
whose Symptomes are not so violent,
and in some things different from the Pleuritis Notha a bastard Pleurisy, that
former. differs in some things from the other.
PATHOLOGY, is a Part Pathologia is a part
[Pathologia, that part]
of Physick that teacheth us of Physick that teacheth us
[which shews]
the preternatural Constitution of a the preternatural Constitution of a
Man’s Body, Man’s Body
[diseas’d Consitution of the Body].
so as thereby to discover the Nature
and Causes of Diseases.
Table 7-6: LT’s additions to PD1234’s entry pleuritis and PD1’s

entry pathology.
In the case of the entries for anasarcha, LT mirrors PD1, whereas PD234
have a shorter version.

brackets)
ANASARCHA, is a white, Anasarcha is a white,
[Anasarcha, a white]
soft, yielding Tumour of the whole soft, yielding tumor of the whole
outward Body, or of some of its parts, outward body, or of some of its parts,
which dents in by compressing the which dints in by compressing the
Flesh; it is caused by the Blood upon a flesh; *it is caused by the blood upon a
double account; first, When it doth not double account; first, when it does not
rightly sanguify or assimilate the rightly sanguifie, or assimilate the
Chyle; and again, when it is not rightly Chyle; and again, when it is not rightly
accended in the Lungs; the Blood thus accended in the Lungs. The blood thus
perverted, pours forth the Serum at the perverted, pours forth the Serum at the
Extremities of the Arteries in greater extremities of the Arteries in greater
quantities than it can receive and quantity than it can receive and
reduce by the Veins and Lympheducts, reduce by the Veins and Lympheducts,
or expell by the Veins and Pores, and or expel by the Veins and Pores, and
other passages that send it forth. If the other passages that send it forth. If the
Humours be too viscous it is called humours be too viscous, it is called
Leucophlegmatia. Blanchard. Leucophlegmatia.
[*It is caused by some Obstruction in
the Lymphatick Vessels, when the
Lympha is too Thick and the Blood
Viscid. But if the Humours are very
Clammy and Viscid, it is called Leuco-
phlegmatia.]
Table 7-7: LT agrees with PD1 against PD234 in giving the long version of
an entry.
Here, Harris neither abridges, as he does under aphthae, nor adds further
explanations and comments to the text, as he does under helminthagogues,
pleuritis, and pathology, but retains a complex exposition, which is, however,
no longer reproduced in the post-1684 versions, where it might have been
expected, given the specialized nature of the works.
Notwithstanding the fact that the widespread tendency is to transfer entry
text from PD1234 to LT, and that changes which are made tend to be slight,
what can be deduced from the above examples is that these changes are not
meaningless. Such entries as helminthagogues could not have existed in LT if
different versions of PD had not been available to Harris. Some entries such as
aphthae, apoplexy, pathology, and anasarcha suggest that Harris mostly used
102 Chapter Seven
PD1 but that he also exploited at least one—or more—of the post-1684 editions.
Furthermore, under the above-mentioned entries—except for anasarcha—
Harris’s rephrasing and comments are a clear example of scientific
popularizing: in other words, the extension or shortening of the source-text in
order to render its scientific and specialized contents suitable for a non-
specialized reader.
2.4. Quotation of the source

Despite the fact that Harris declares in his preface that he has been extremely
careful to identify the sources of the material he uses “lest the Reader shou’d
mistake it for [his] own,” he is not at all systematic in this practice. Even the
entry medicine, which, in a sense, is the frame introducing the whole word list,
was taken and transcribed with slight formal expansions in LT without any
reference to the source:
LT (variants from PD1234 in square brackets)

MEDICINE, or as ’tis commonly called Physick, is an Art [Medicina, Physick,
(is) an Art] assistant to Nature, and designed for the preserving of Health in
Humane Bodies [and preserving Health in Human Bodies], as much as is
possible, by the Use of [by] convenient Remedies. Senertus and others, divide
[rightly divide] it into five parts.
1. Physiologia, which treats of an Human Constitution, as it is sound and well;
to which belongs Anatomy too.
2. Pathologia, which treats of the Preternatural Constitution of our Bodies.
3. Semiotica, which treats of the Signs of Health and Diseases.
4. Hygieina, which delivers Rules for [of] the Regimen to be observed in the
Preservation of Health.
5. Therapeutica, which teaches the management of Diet; and comprehends
Chyrurgery, and the Art of Medicine, properly so called. [which teaches Diet,
Chyrurgery, and Medicine.]
The general Division of Physick is only into two Parts; the Theory and the
Practick: An accurate Skill in both which, are necessary to make a Man a good
Physician. [Practic(e); the Subject of Physick is human Body, as curable; and its
end and design Health. Hippocrates calls it a long Art, and Paracelsus a short
one; and certain Arabians a little one, but in reality it is a long, a great, and
noble Art.]
Table 7-8: LT reworks PD1234’s entry medicina without acknowledgement

This attitude is fairly common throughout LT: in fact, about forty per cent of
the entries analyzed clearly originate in PD, although no source is
acknowledged. Parachynanche, for example, while being a literal copy of the
source, makes no reference to PD; anastomosis, aphthae, and apoplexy are
clearly derived from PD but the source text is only declared s.v. apoplexy; the
source of pleuritis and pathology likewise goes unmentioned. This is not only a
matter of Harris’s attitude to PD, for those medical entries whose contents
derive from other works are also often printed without acknowledgement of
their sources.
3. A lexicological analysis
What has been dealt with so far concerns the lexicographical side of the
present analysis, i.e. how Harris exploited one of his sources to compile his
entries. It seems now relevant to discuss at least a few aspects of Harris’s
encyclopaedia from a lexicological point of view, that is to say (1) the process
of anglicization; (2) the use of lexical variants; (3) the reintroduction of Latinate
terms in LT where PD uses English.
3.1. The process of anglicization

The tendency to anglicize Latin headwords may be observed in both those
terms borrowed from PD and those belonging to other sources (these are
sketchily referenced; the names given by Harris include Cowper, Keil, Tyson,
Malpighius, Lemery, Purcell and Willis). What is more, this process of
anglicization mostly affects the word list in letter A (among those analyzed and
common to LT and PD), whereas the approach in H, I/J and P seems more
conservative or convenient: possibly, the compiler-lexicographer tries to ease
his own task. In actual fact, the average numbers of anglicized terms decreases
from fifty per cent to ten per cent. The following grid exemplifies what has just
been said:
Anglicized forms vs. Latinate forms in the word list common to LT and PD
(LT’s entries derived either from PD or other sources: 269 terms)
A 41 terms out of 85 (~50%)
H 4 terms out of 60 (~8%)
I/J 3 terms out of 19 (~12%)
P 16 terms out of 105 (~7%)
104 Chapter Seven
Anglicized forms vs. Latinate forms in the word list common to LT and PD
(LT’s entries actually taken from PD: 174 terms)
A 10 terms out of 24 (~50%)
H 4 terms out of 56 (~8%)
I/J 3 terms out of 14 (~20%)
P 8 terms out of 80 (~10%)
Table 7-9: Proportion of anglicized to Latinate headwords in different

alphabetical ranges of LT
The latter group of data, that is the set of terms actually taken from PD, also
emphasizes how, as Harris’s work progresses, the number of medical terms
from Blancardus’ book grows: a fact that might have been determined by his not
having enough time or the possibility to exploit ready material from a reliable
source. It is difficult to single out the compiler’s principle implicit in his choices
and practice, not least because the four English editions of PD keep the original
headwords in Latin or Greek, translating only the definition text. The following
pairs of terms taken from LT and PD1234 respectively show Harris anglicizing
PD headwords: alopecy / alopecia, analepticks / analeptica, aneurism /
aneurisma, anorexy / anorexia, antidote / antidotum, helminthagogues /
helminthagoga, hidrotick medicines / hidrotica, hypnoticks / hypnotica,
idiopathy / idiopathia, pachuntick medicines / pachuntica, palliation of a
disease / palliatio, Paracelsistick medicines / Paracelsistica med., pectorals /
pectoralia, etc. In LT, the anglicization usually consists of a single word but in
the case of Latin plural forms the English version may be a phrase; here, as
before, no systematic approach can be discerned. In any case, it is not clear
whether Harris anglicized the terms himself or whether he used forms that were
already present in the language. The Oxford English Dictionary testifies that
most word-forms were already used in specialized medical literature of the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, only some being documented for the first
time in English lexicography before Harris – such as alopecy, listed in Blount’s
Glossographia of 1656 and identified as a rare term, “An adaptation of
ALOPECIA, in Blount Glossogr. 1656, and in mod. Dicts.” As far as the sample
under scrutiny here is concerned, it is interesting to highlight that the
occurrences of helminthagogues (as well as its equivalent helminthicks) and
paracelsistick medicines are recorded for the first time in Harris’s LT, as is the
spelling of pachuntick medicines (pachyntic is attested in 1659). Once more, it
cannot be stated with certainty whether Harris adapted the variant spellings
himself or whether these terms were already in use and, hence, simply
transcribed in his LT.
3.2 The use of multiple headwords

A number of entries in LT have multiple headwords, as in the
following table:
Headwords Notes
Anthrax, Carbo, Pruna, or Carbunculus all directly from PD
Apoplexy, Attonitus, Stupor, Sideratio, and Morbus first item translated;
attonitus synonyms directly
from PD
Parastatae. See Epididymis. Epididymida added;
Epididymis, or Epididymida, or Paristata, in Latine, otherwise directly
Supergeminalis from PD
Helminthagogues, or Helminthicks translated from two
distinct headwords
in PD234
Hypoglossis, or Ranula directly from PD
Impetigo Celsi, … Lepra Graecorum directly from PD
Palliation of a Disease, or a Palliative Cure translated from PD
Paracentesis, or Punctio, a Perforation directly from PD
Pleuritis, or Pleurisie directly from PD
Ptarmica, or Sternutatoria directly from PD
Pyrotica, or Urentia directly from PD
Table 7-10: Multiple headwords in LT and their sources
These multiple headwords may be lists of Latin or of English lexical items.

Some of these lists mix Latin and English (e.g. those beginning apoplexy and
paracentesis above, and aphthae in table 7-3), but this rarely happens. More
often than not, Harris retains the forms belonging to the source except when he
anglicizes the first headword, in which case he also anglicizes those which
follow, e.g. helminthagogues, or helminthicks and palliation of a disease, or a
palliative cure.
3.3. Reintroduction of Latinate forms in LT

Harris sometimes restores Latinate words in his definition or explanation
where the translator of Blancardus’ Lexicon medicum uses English non-
specialized words already established in the language.
106 Chapter Seven
Headword Definition text in PD and LT

Paracentesis “near the white Seam in the Abdomen” PD1234
“near the Linea Alba in the Abdomen” LT
Paraphrenitis “through the Inflam(m)ation of the Midriff … and thence the
Midriff” PD1234
“through the Inflamation of the Diaphragm … and thence the
Midriff” LT
Icterus “weakness, obstruction, or Schirres of the Liver” PD1234
“Weakness, Obstruction, or a Schirrus of the Liver” LT
Hydrocele “outermost Skin of the Cods” PD1234
“outermost Skin of the Scrotum” LT
Table 7-11: Latinate forms substituted by Harris for the English of PD
A special case here is the substitution of schirrus for the inaccurate schirres s.v.
icterus: the Greek etymon is σκίρρος, not, as the translator of PD must have
imagined, *σχίρρης. In the other cases, the terminology rejected by Harris does
not come from prestigious classical languages but from the core vocabulary of
English.
As in the previous examples, it seems there is no strictly linguistic reason for
such occasional substitutions but there might be—of course—extralinguistic
reasons. Actually, Harris seems to amend the text of the anonymous English
translator and to emphasize both the linguistic and the cultural authoritativeness
of this specific field of knowledge. In other words, the anglicization of the
headwords may be allowed but the replacement of technical terms with common
vocabulary seems to be unacceptable, even in a dictionary-encyclopaedia such
as LT whose target is a non-specialized reader.
4. Concluding remarks
The collation carried out in the course of the present analysis confirms a
close correlation—both from a lexicographical and a lexicological point of
view—between Blancardus’ Physical dictionary and Harris’s Lexicon
technicum.
PD has a functional aim, that is, to inform and help a specialized reading
public of physicians, surgeons, anatomists and apothecaries—maybe also mere
practitioners—in carrying out their job. The preface of PD1 emphasizes that the
wordlist comprises “the most useful of all the Terms in Anatomy, Pharmacy,
Chirurgery, and Chymistry,” and “has not omitted any one useful term in the
whole art of Physick” (Blancardus 1684, sig. A3v) adding
That the Publick-Good has all along been drove at in this Affair, both by the
Author and Bookseller, is very apparent, in that it might have made a Book of
three times the price, and the matter spun out to a far greater bulk; but in things
of this nature, the Buyer’s Interest ought to be, and has been consulted. (ibid.,
sig. A4r)
The prefaces of post-1684 editions likewise stress “the Usefulness and

Necessity of Dictionaries” and “the Usefulness of the present Undertaking”
(Blancardus 1693, 1697, 1702 sig. A2r).
Hence, if Blancardus’ dictionary works as a short treatise but also as a
handbook whose interest (and use) seems to be confined to a relatively small
group of people, what still remains to be seen is the purpose of medical
terminology in Harris’s LT, in whose preface there is no reference at all to a
specialized reading public, but only to an educated—albeit curious and
enquiring—“Reader.”
The difference between the intended audiences of the two dictionaries does
not affect Harris’s lexicographical and lexicological procedure. LT entries are
usually transcribed from the source without substantial changes and, where
changes are introduced, they are slight adaptations, such as rephrasing.
However, such variant readings are meaningful enough to establish the basic
text used as a source. As far as reductions are concerned, the general trend is to
shorten Blancardus’ entries by simply leaving out what can deviate from the
main topic: hence, digressions which would be useless for a non-specialized
reader are normally omitted. However, the approach varies from entry to entry:
for example, under aphthae the contents were adapted for the aim of LT,
whereas under anasarcha a long digression is completely maintained. In other
words, sometimes Harris reworks the source text in order to popularize its
specialized contents for his technical but non-specialized LT, sometimes he does
not select the information given, but simply transfers specialized details from
PD to LT.
This can be explained partly by some of the obstacles in Harris’s way. It is,
firstly, often true that a compiler’s enthusiasm and aim at the beginning of his
work come to be restrained by circumstances during the course of the work.
Lack of time and editorial pressure play a key role because of the publisher’s
need to have the book ready to be sold or delivered to the subscribers of the
undertaking. Secondly, anglicizing or translating medical terminology (and
indeed other technical terminology) was often found to be difficult. As R. W.
McConchie has said of sixteenth-century English writers on medicine,
108 Chapter Seven
Some perceived that certain words might be difficult to understand or to

translate, but this was not always seen to be due to the shortcomings of English.
The difficulties were also those presented by the terms in the source languages
themselves, and in the opacity of the specialist lexicon in whichever language it
was to be found. (McConchie 1997, 51)
These considerations may well be relevant to Harris as to his predecessors.

A particular difficulty was posed by the authority and tradition established by
medical authors whose linguistic medium was still often Latin (or latinized
Greek). Moreover, there was no actual need for Harris to translate headwords, as
far as medical terminology is concerned. His aim was to define and explain, to
make the reader understand the meaning and function of words, that is to say
what they represented in the real world: it was not a question of word-form—or
not primarily of word-form—in this case, but of content. His encyclopaedia was
addressed to a non-specialized reader interested in what was hidden behind the
linguistic surface.
Last but not least, the ambition to produce a new technical dictionary whose
authoritativeness was guaranteed by the best specialized publications of the
period—which therefore did not need to be extensively modified—may have
suggested his careful attitude towards the translation or anglicization of medical
headwords as well as the reintroduction of Latinate words where the translator
of PD uses English equivalents. This is what Harris may have either consciously
chosen or unconsciously experienced while compiling his own Lexicon
technicum or, better, his own “lexicon medicum” in Lexicon technicum.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS CITED
Manuscripts and Archival Sources

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MSS Additional 24281-24283.
MSS Cotton Titus A. xv and xvi
MSS Harley 8 and 9
MS Harley 374
Oxford, Bodleian Library:
MS Dugdale 29.
Oxford, Oxford University Press Archives:
Delegates’ Order Book 1920-21
Letters and papers PP/1919 to PP/1924
Minutes of Finance Committee 1922-24
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Words and Dictionaries from the British Isles

John Considine and Giovanni Iamartino

CAMBRIDGE SCHOLARS PUBLISHING

This book first published 2007 by

Cambridge Scholars Publishing

15 Angerton Gardens, Newcastle, NE5 2JA, UK

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Copyright © 2007 by John Considine and Giovanni Iamartino and contributors

Bibliography of Works Cited ......................................................................... 192

Contributors .................................................................................................... 216

BLANCARDUS’ LEXICON MEDICUM

Among the branches of science included in it, medicine and medical

The Chymical and Physical Dictionaries of Johnson, Castellus and Blanchard,

It is clear that PD is a specialized work—indeed a “Treatise”—which “may be

2. The word-list and the single entries

generally use a “subject-verb” structure whereas in PD234 a “topic-comment”

2.1. Simple transcription of PD in LT

LT PD1 (variants from PD234 in square

[next entry cites Blanchard] *In PD4: Inflamation

Table 7-1: LT’s transcription of the PD entries anthrax and parachynanche

2.2. Reworking of the source text: abbreviations and cuts

LT PD1 (variants from PD234 in square

Table 7-2: LT’s abbreviation of the PD entry anastomasis

LT PD1 (variants from PD234 in square

LT PD1 (variants from PD234 in square

Table 7-4: LT’s abridgement of the PD1 entry apoplexy

2.3. Reworking of the source text: rephrasing and popularizing

LT PD234 (not in PD1)

LT PD1 (variants from PD234 in square

Table 7-6: LT’s additions to PD1234’s entry pleuritis and PD1’s

LT PD1 (variants from PD234 in square

2.4. Quotation of the source

LT (variants from PD1234 in square brackets)

Table 7-8: LT reworks PD1234’s entry medicina without acknowledgement

3.1. The process of anglicization

Table 7-9: Proportion of anglicized to Latinate headwords in different

3.2 The use of multiple headwords

Table 7-10: Multiple headwords in LT and their sources

These multiple headwords may be lists of Latin or of English lexical items.

3.3. Reintroduction of Latinate forms in LT

Headword Definition text in PD and LT

Table 7-11: Latinate forms substituted by Harris for the English of PD

The prefaces of post-1684 editions likewise stress “the Usefulness and

Some perceived that certain words might be difficult to understand or to

These considerations may well be relevant to Harris as to his predecessors.

Manuscripts and Archival Sources

English, French, German, Italian, etc. 7 vols. [London and Edinburgh]:

Martin, Benjamin. 1749. Lingua Britannica reformata, or, a new English

cognatis linguis collationibus, plurimisque in gratiam linguae

Barber, Charles. 1997. Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. 1808–19/1987. Lectures 1808–1819: on literature.

———. Forthcoming 2006. World Englishes and lexicography. In The

McKerrow, R. B. 1949. Printers’ and publishers’ devices in England and

Nares, Robert. 1810–12. A catalogue of the Harleian manuscripts in the British

Conference on the History of the English Language (Istituto Universitario

Schäfer, Jürgen. 1970. The hard word dictionaries: A re-assessment. Leeds

———. 1987. Peter Levins: a sixteenth-century English word-formationalist. In

Wiegand, Herbert Ernst. 1998. Wörterbuchforschung: Untersuchungen zur

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