INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2003

Yogyakarta, 28 – 31 July 2003

NEW HYDROGEOLOGICAL DETERMINATION OF NORMAL AND

HOT SPRING COMPLEX AT CIWARINGIN – G. KROMONG – PESAWAHAN,
NORTH OF CIREMAI VOLCANO, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA

By

Deny Juanda P., Hendri Silaen, D. Erwin Irawan

denyjp@bdg.centrin.net.id; hendri26@indosat.net.id; r-win@centrin.net.id

Laboratory of Hydrogeology, Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Mineral Technology
Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia

Abstract

In North of Ciremai volcano (3078 meters) - West Java, Indonesia, many spring and hot springs are
presents at Ciwaringin - G. Kromong - Pesawahan Area. Base on field observation, there are 11 hot
springs at limestone aquifer, 2 hot springs at intrusive rocks aquifer, 8 normal springs at volcanic
aquifer, and 3 normal springs at intrusive rocks aquifer.

This study consists of 8 hydrochemical analysis (major elements) from 7 hot springs; 12
hydrochemical analysis from 12 normal springs; and 5 oxygen-isotope (18O) analysis from 4 hot
springs and 1 normal spring. The methodology used are Piper Diagram, EC diagram,
geothermometric calculation, and isotopic method (Cl- vs 18O diagram).
The occurrence of normal and hot springs are controlled by different geological conditions.
Kromong spring zone is found in intrusive aquifer system and limestone aquifer system. Then
Ciremai spring zone exist in volcanic aquifer system. Normal springs are located at shallow
unconfined aquifer and discharge from fractured lava or porous media of weathering intrusive
rocks. Hot springs in PSB and PST are controlled by fault structure. While fractured intrusive rocks
control Bobos and Kedondong springs.
Water chemistry can be grouped in to 4 facies: Na-Cl/SO4, Na/Mg-HCO3, Ca-HCO3, and Na-
HCO3, consist of: Na-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3 facies (Normal springs), Na-Cl facies (hot springs:
PSB1, PSB2, PSB3 and PST1), Na-SO4 facies (hot springs: PST2), Na/Mg-HCO3 (hot springs:
Bobos and Kedondong).
Oxygen-18 isotope analyses indicates that the hot water is actually a mixing of meteoric water with
hot water. The influence of meteoric water is also shown by the decrease of hot spring flow rate in
dry season and the increase in rainy season.
The hot water is predicted from limestone aquifer of Cibulakan formation. The prediction is also
proved by the result from geothermometry Na/K, which shows 200 m depth. The upward flow can
also drives oil droplets to surface as oil seeps.
18
Key words: hydrogeology, hot and normal spring, stable isotope O, oil seepage, structural and
stratigraphic controlled
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2003
Yogyakarta, 28 – 31 July 2003

1. BACKGROUND

The study of springs is still important to understand the complete hydrogeological settings of an
area. Normal temperature spring and hot springs can have a completely different hydrogeological
control. Nevertheless, they can present in short distance. In such condition, the hydrogeological
setting is always interesting to be detailed studied.

Java
Arjawinangun

Sea
Bongas

Kromong Palimanan
CIREBON
Ciwaringin
River

Cilimus
Majalengka

3078
Ciremay

Cilutung River
Kuningan

0 Waduk Darma
10 km
Cisanggarung River

Fig 1. Location map of study area

2. GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS

Kromong area is Middle Miocene Parigi and Upper Cibulakan Limestone complex, which also
known as Kromong Limestone (Pringgoprawiro, et.al., 1977). These limestones are oil-bearing
formation and have been exploited at Jatibarang oil field. The maximum thickness of Kromong
Limestone does not exceed 200 m. Clay of Kaliwangu Formation (Cisubuh fm by Pringgoprawiro,
et.al., 1977) lies conformably on Parigi limestone. Limestone and clay sediment was intruded by
some Late Tertiary-Quaternary Andesitic and Dasitic intrusions (see fig 2). Southern part of area
study id dominated by volcanic product of Ciremai volcanoes, which consist of lava, volcanic
breccia, tuff, and laharic deposit. The area lies 9 to 22 km north of Mt. Ciremai (3078 m), West
Java.

Northeast and northwest trending faults and east-west axis fold is dominating the structure (Djuri,
1995). These structures are resulted from compressive tectonic and thrust faults system, which had
started since Pliocene. This thrust fault system has cut the oil bearing formation (Amril, et.al.,
1991).

Kromong Limestone is a karstic limestone; with some features of dissolution occur in the area. Hot
springs emerge from cavities as seen at PSB2 and PSB3 (as seen on fig. 3). The cavities are
probably caused by calcite or dolomite dissolution by hot water circulation. The cavities come as
fracture or opening enlargement along bedding.
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2003
Yogyakarta, 28 – 31 July 2003

The Kromong area has been developed as limestone source for cement industries up to now. At the
quarry locations some hot springs present. The hot springs have fluctuated discharge totally 2 l/sec
of groundwater (maximum), which also discharge traces of oil seeps in form of asphalt. Noticing
the condition, the hydrogeological setting is very interesting to be detailed observed.

Fig 2. Geological setting of study area (adapted from Djuri, 1995).

 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2003
Yogyakarta, 28 – 31 July 2003

Fig 3. Karstic feature is show at PSB 3 hot spring. Left photo took on March 2002. Right photo took on April
2002, after a short dry period.

3. PROBLEM

The most interesting problem is the genetic of hot springs, including:

 Does the groundwater is part of meteoric water, formation water, or the mixing of the two
types?
 Where does the high temperature come from?
 How is the groundwater flow pattern in relation with the oil/gas seeps?
All problems need a careful understand of the hydrogeological setting of the spring complex.

4. METHOD

The geological setting needs many approaches, from direct and indirect method (see fig 4). The
direct method consists of study previous research, which is in form of geologic and stratigraphic
data. Unfortunately, there are not many data in the study area. Authors have to refer to some data
outside the study area. The objective is to understand the macro geological settings, concerning
what is the aquifer and what is the impermeable layer. Another direct method is the potentiometric
surface mapping, based on springs data. The map will show the groundwater movement in the area.

The direct method is supported by indirect method, consisting of: hydrochemical test and isotopic
test. Hydrochemical test consists of the measurement of major element concentration (Ca 2+, Na+,
Mg2+, K+, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-). The isotopic test includes measurements of Oxygen-18 concentration.
The objective is to separate the genetic of groundwater, whether it is part of meteoric water,
formation water, or the mixing of the both types.

The laboratory results then plotted using the following diagram, plots, and equation: Piper diagram,
EC diagram, geothermometric equation, and standard isotopic plots. All of the analysis and the
interpretations are objected to find out:

 The genetic of groundwater in the area: meteoric water, formation water, or the mixing of the
two types.
 The source of heat: from volcanic origin or formation origin.
 The groundwater flow pattern.
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2003
Yogyakarta, 28 – 31 July 2003

Study of existing data and literature

Pre survey
Regional geology setting, Hydrogeology and
structure and stratigraphic hydrochemistry

Problem Identifications

Formulate Problems
- Genetic of hot water under the earth surface
- Heat source
- Circulation of hot water and its relation with oil seep

Select technique
- Hydrogeological mapping
- Physical/chemical measurements
- Water chemistry (major element)
- Isotopic (oxygen-18)

Field survey FIELD SURVEY

Structure and Hydrogeology and

Stratigraphic data Hydrochemistry
Understanding
1. Geology setting
2. Aquifer distribution
3. System and geometry aquifer Laboratory and
Laboratory and 4. Recharge and discharge system Studio analysis
Studio analysis 5. Chemical of hot water

Data evaluation
Post survey
Correlate geology, hydrogeology, and
element-isotope hydrochemistry
Correctable

NO
Any correlation?
YES Uncorrectable

Genetic and Circulation of Hot Water Analyses

Discussion

CONCLUSION
Fig 4. Flowchart of the study. The study is divided in to 3 steps: pre-survey, field
survey, and post-survey

5. DATA

Based on field observation during September to Apr 2002, the author found 24 springs and 1 mud
pool. Springs are consisting of: 11 hot springs of limestone aquifer (temperature between 48 - 58
o
C), 2 hot springs of intrusive rocks aquifer (temp 31,5 - 36,5 oC), 8 normal temperature springs
(called normal spring later on) of volcanic aquifer (temp 21,4 - 23,3 oC), and 3 normal springs at
intrusive rocks aquifer (temp 26,8 - 28,3 oC) (see table 1).

Moreover, from spring discharge data, on the period of August 2001 - September 2001, there were
only 2 hot springs with low discharge (<0,1 L/sec) found in this site. During March 2002 to April
2002 period, 8 springs can be observed with total discharge approximately more than 2 l/sec. At the
end of April 2002, the amount of hot springs decrease to 4.
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2003
Yogyakarta, 28 – 31 July 2003

Table 1. The distribution of spring data and observation results

Altitude Temp
No. Name Location Date Color Smell Media Litology
(m) (oC)
Pabrik Semen
1 MaP-1.1 10 Sept 2001 50 48 Colorless Odorless Fracture Limestone
Barat (PSB) 1
2 MaP-1.2 PSB 2 10 Sept 2001 50 49 Whitish Odorless Fracture Limestone
3 MaP-1.3 PSB 3 29 Mar 2002 50 50 Colorless Odorless Fracture Limestone
4 MaP-1.4 PSB 4 29 Mar 2002 50 53 Colorless Odorless Fracture Limestone
5 MaP-1.5 PSB 5 29 Mar 2002 50 41,5 Colorless Odorless Fracture Limestone
6 MaP-1.6 PSB 6 29 Mar 2002 50 49 Colorless Odorless Fracture Limestone
7 MaP-1.7 PSB 7 5 Apr 2002 50 58 Colorless Odorless Fracture Limestone
8 MaP-1.8 PSB 8 19 Apr 2002 50 54 Colorless Odorless Fracture Limestone
Pabrik Semen
9 MaP-2.1 10 Sept 2001 37,5 38,2 Blackish Sulfur Porous Limestone
Timur (PST) 1
10 MaP-2.2 PST 2 10 Sept 2001 37,5 37 Whitish Sulfur Porous Limestone
11 MaP-2.3 PST 3 10 Sept 2001 37,5 - Yellowish Sulfur Porous Limestone
12 Mud pool Cipanas 11 Sept 2001 100 31,5 Brown milk Oil - Limestone
13 MaP-3 Bobos 11 Sept 2001 150 36,5 Colorless Peroxide Fracture Intrusive rock
14 MaP-4 Kedondong 09 Oct 2001 150 36,5 Colorless Peroxide Fracture Intrusive rock
15 Ma-1 Telagaherang 26 Sept 2001 150 23,2 Colorless Odorless Fracture Lava
16 Ma-2 Bojong 26 Sept 2001 175 24 Colorless Odorless Fracture Lava
17 Ma-3 Telaga Remis 26 Sept 2001 225 21,4 Colorless Odorless Fracture Lava
18 Ma-4 Telaga Nilam 26 Sept 2001 187,5 23,3 Colorless Odorless Fracture Lava
19 Ma-5 Telaga Cicerem 03 Oct 2001 312,5 22 Colorless Odorless Fracture Lava
20 Ma-6 Telaga Pancar 03 Oct 2001 400 22,2 Colorless Odorless Fracture Lava
21 Ma-7 Cikejayaan 03 Oct 2001 400 21,8 Colorless Odorless Fracture Lava
22 Ma-8 Cibujangga 03 Oct 2001 437,5 23,2 Colorless Odorless Fracture Lava
23 Ma-9 Kedondong 1 09 Oct 2001 150 28,3 Colorless Odorless Porous Intrusive rock
24 Ma-10 Gunung Jaya 10 Oct 2001 250 26,8 Colorless Odorless Porous Intrusive rock
25 Ma-11 Kedondong 2 24 Mar 2002 125 27,5 Colorless Odorless Porous Intrusive rock

6. ANALYSES AND INTERPRETATION

6.1 Potentiometric mapping

There are two spring zones: Ciremai spring zone and Kromong spring zone. For Ciremai spring
zone, groundwater flows northward. This flow direction is follows the slope of Mt. Ciremai. Water
flows out trough fracture in andesitic - basaltic lava with high discharge, up to 170 l/sec at
Cibujangga springs (IWACO, 1990). Rainfall, which measured at 3 rain gauge stations, is ranging
from 1500 to 3000 mm/year (PWD, 2003). There is no data about relation between fluctuations of
spring’s discharge to fluctuation of rainfall. The flow is interpreted as regional flow from Mt.
Ciremai.

For Kromong spring zone, all normal springs occurs in weathering zone of andesitic - dasitic
intrusion. Water flows out with low discharge (<0,5 l/sec) from porous medium. There is no a
common pattern of flow direction. The water flow interpreted as a local flow from upper part of hill
to the hill foot where spring occurs.

The difference at flow pattern in southern and northern part indicates the presence of two different
aquifer systems. The first (Ciremai zone) is volcanic aquifer system characterized by regional flow
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2003
Yogyakarta, 28 – 31 July 2003

and high discharge. The second (Kromong zone) is intrusive rocks aquifer characterized by local
flow and low discharge. Topographically low land area and impermeable strata of Kaliwangu
Formation separate both aquifer systems.

Table 2. The distribution of physical and chemical properties of water

Temperature Temperature DHL Discharge

No. Type Location Alt (m) Date pH
of air (oC) of water (oC) (μS) (L/sec)
1 Hot spring PSB 1 50 10 Sep 2001 31,6 35,5 8 - 0,1
2 Hot spring PSB 2 50 10 Sep 2001 29,4 33,8 8 9300 0,1
3. Hot spring PSB 1 50 29 Mar 2002 32 48 7 - 0,3
4. Hot spring PSB 2 50 29 Mar 2002 32 49 7 12350 0,2
5. Hot spring PSB 3 50 29 Mar 2002 32 50 7 - 0,4
6. Hot spring PSB 4 50 29 Mar 2002 32 53 7 - 0,3
7. Hot spring PSB 5 50 29 Mar 2002 32 41,5 7 - 0,15
8. Hot spring PSB 6 50 29 Mar 2002 32 49 7 8960 0,1
9. Hot spring PSB 7 50 5 Apr 2002 30,5 58 7 14100 0,3
10. Hot spring PSB 8 50 19 Apr 2002 29 54 7 - 0,2
11. Hot spring PST 1 37,5 10 Sep 2001 31,8 38,2 7 17130 0,05
12. Hot spring PST 2 37,5 10 Sep 2001 31,8 37 7 10730 0,05
13. Hot spring PST 3 37,5 10 Sep 2001 - - - - 0
14. Mud pool Cipanas 100 11 Sep 2001 30 31,5 2 7490 0
15. Hot spring Bobos 150 11 Sep 2001 28 36,5 6 835 0,35
16. Hot spring Kedondong 150 09 Oct 2001 29 37,2 6 1103 0,2
17. Hot spring Kedondong 150 5 Apr 2002 29 36,5 6 - 0,2
18. Normal spring Tlg Herang 150 26 Sep 2001 28,6 23,2 6 108 -
19. Normal spring Bojong 175 26 Sep 2001 29 24 6 118 -
20. Normal spring Tlg Remis 225 26 Sep 2001 30,8 21,4 6 133 -
21. Normal spring Tlg Nilam 187,5 26 Sep 2001 31,9 23,3 6 139 -
22. Normal spring Tlg Cicerem 312,5 03 Oct 2001 26,7 22 6 137 -
23. Normal spring Tlg Pancar 400 03 Oct 2001 32 22,2 6 159 -
24. Normal spring Cikejayaan 400 03 Oct 2001 26,3 21,8 6 146 -
25. Normal spring Cibujangga 437,5 03 Oct 2001 28,1 23,2 6 144 -
26. Normal spring Kedondong 1 150 09 Oct 2001 30,7 28,3 7 165 0,25
27. Normal spring Gunung Jaya 250 10 Oct 2001 29 26,8 6 136 0,25
28. Normal spring Kedondong 2 125 24 Mar 2002 29 27,5 7 128 0,5

6.2 Temperature

The temperature of hot springs is ranging from 31,5 to 58 oC (see table 2). Such temperature is
much higher compared to normal springs, which is ranging from 21,4 to 28,3 oC.

From fig 5, analysis on 27 temperature data on 24 springs and 1 mud pool shows 13 hot springs (17
observations) in hyperthermal area (PSB1-8, PST1-3, Bobos springs, and Kedondong Springs), 6
springs in mesothermal, and 5 springs in hypothermal area. PST and PSB spring group of Kromong
zone are located at north of Kromong (50 masl-meter above sea level). Bobos spring and
Kedondong spring are located at southeast of Kromong (150 masl).
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2003
Yogyakarta, 28 – 31 July 2003

An interesting point is shown on one mud pool location, which shows acid water (pH  2) of
sulfuric-gas mud pool, which located near Kedondong village (southeast Kromong). The mud pool
data is classified as mesothermal water. This pool is occurring in clay or shale of Kaliwangu
formation.

hyperthermal
water
hyperthermal area
mesothermal
water

hipothermal area
hipothermal
water

Fig 5. Plots of temperature versus elevation in study area

6.3 Conductivity

The conductivity can be classified in to 2 groups:

 Group 1. Less than 500 microSiemens. Normal springs are grouped to Group 1 with the
range of 168 to 165 microS
 Group 2. More than 500 microS. Hot spring samples are grouped to Group 2 ranging from
835 to 17130 microS. Group 2 can be divided in to 2 sub group based on the aquifer:
o Intrusive rock aquifer of Bobos and Kedondong hot springs (near 1000 microS)
o Limestone aquifer of PS-Barat and PS-Timur hot springs (more than 1000 microS).

Fig 6 shows the plots of conductivity vs temperature. The plots show a bad correlation (R 2 < 0.95)
between conductivity and temperature. High temperature is catalyzing chemical reactions between
water and the aquifer.

Group 2a

Group 2b

Group 1

Fig 6. Plots of conductivity vs water temperature

6.4 Chemical facies

Table 3 shows chemical composition of water from 11 normal springs, 8 hot springs, and 1 mud
pool. Based on Piper diagram (see fig 7), the chemical of groundwater can be grouped in to 4
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2003
Yogyakarta, 28 – 31 July 2003

facies: Na-Cl/SO4, Na/Mg-HCO3, Ca-HCO3, and Na-HCO3. Normal springs are included to Na-
HCO3 and Ca-HCO3 facies; while hot springs are included to Na-Cl facies (PSB1, PSB2, PSB3 and
PST1), Na-SO4 facies (PST2), Na/Mg-HCO3 (Bobos and Kedondong).

From Schoeller diagram (see fig 7) it can be seen that almost all of the hot water data contain
cation more than 10 meq/L. Sodium is the dominant cation with the amount more than 10 meq/L.
on the other hands, magnesium and calcium are dominate amount of cation in cold water from
volcanic aquifer. The occurrence of high sodium and potassium could be used to distinguish hot
spring in intrusive rock aquifer system and limestone aquifer system (Kromong zone) from
volcanic aquifer system.

High contents of HCO3 in normal springs caused by high influence of meteoric water and indicate a
short period of water flow. High contents of Ca in those springs are caused by reaction of water
with Ca-plagioclase mineral of andesitic to basaltic lava. While high contents of Na is due to
reaction between water with Na-plagioclase of andesitic to dasitic intrusive rocks.

Table 3. Chemical measurements

Ion Na K Ca Mg HCO3 Cl SO4

Location mg/l meq/l mg/l meq/l mg/l meq/l mg/l meq/l mg/l meq/l mg/l meq/l mg/l meq/l
Tlg. Herang 5,29 0,23 3,81 0,10 12,6 0,63 2,15 0,18 67,5 1,11 2,86 0,08 0 0
Bojong 5,82 0,25 3,99 0,10 11,1 0,55 4,33 0,36 67,7 1,11 4,8 0,14 0 0
Tlg. Remis 6,35 0,28 4,57 0,12 14,0 0,70 4,22 0,35 86,3 1,41 2,38 0,07 0,48 0,01
Tlg. Nilem 6,39 0,28 3,88 0,10 14,0 0,70 4,22 0,35 85,6 1,40 2,86 0,08 0,48 0,01
Tlg. Cicerem 5,82 0,25 4,68 0,12 13,3 0,66 3,85 0,32 82,8 1,36 2,38 0,07 2,99 0,06
Tlg. Pancar 6,70 0,29 4,45 0,11 14,8 0,74 5,93 0,49 98,0 1,61 2,38 0,07 0,48 0,01
Cikejayaan 6,17 0,27 4,67 0,12 14,0 0,70 6,37 0,52 85,8 1,41 1,90 0,05 4,02 0,08
Cibujangga 6,00 0,26 4,98 0,13 14,8 0,74 3,78 0,31 79,9 1,31 2,86 0,08 1,97 0,04
Kedondong 1 22,76 0,99 3,10 0,08 10,40 0,52 3,91 0,32 110,0 1,80 4,80 0,14 2,48 0,05
Gn. Jaya 15,68 0,68 3,34 0,09 8,87 0,44 6,52 0,54 85,8 1,41 7,70 0,22 6,72 0,14
Kedondong 2 15,50 0,67 2,40 0,06 10,1 0,50 1,07 0,09 57,6 0,94 3,57 0,10 0 0
PSB 2 1800 78,3 121,8 3,11 29,6 1,48 33,02 2,72 1104 18,09 2438 68,77 57,99 1,21
PST 1 3900 169,9 230,4 5,89 29,6 1,48 24,5 2,02 1233 20,21 5095 144 35,97 0,75
PST 2 1992 86,65 143,0 3,66 59,15 2,95 40,6 3,34 1311 21,49 2897 81,7 4755 99,0
Bobos 86,72 3,77 7,01 0,18 44,4 2,22 18,9 1,55 452,3 7,41 10,6 0,30 0,48 0,01
Kedondong 70,60 3,07 5,55 0,14 78,4 3,91 60,8 5,00 845 13,34 5,76 0,16 0 0
Mud pool 1500 65,25 98,0 2,51 149 7,44 181 14,89 0 0 93,94 2,65 6128 128
PSB 2 2429 106 199 5,09 108 5,40 23,0 1,89 1266 20,75 2461 97,62 123 2,57
PSB 6 1639 71,29 142 3,63 81,2 4,05 69,1 5,68 1083 17,75 2548 71,87 140 2,91
PSB 7 2644 115 226 5,78 77,8 3,88 35,3 2,90 1405 23,03 4009 113 167 3,48

The abundant of travertine deposit that found in PSB area indicates occurrence of high CaCO 3 in
hot water. This deposit is originated from limestone aquifer dissolution. Since the calcium
precipitate due to cooling process, sodium becomes the dominant ion in the hot water. Sodium is
only very minor in carbonate rocks, but in clay is the major component. It is possible if hot water
passes through shale layer of Upper Cibulakan Formation before enter the Parigi limestone. High
chloride in PSB and PST hot water indicates an intensive influence of evaporites, which occurs in
carbonate or shale aquifer. High chloride is also show that meteoric water near surface has
penetrated to significant depth.

The Bobos and Kedondong hot spring are classified as an HCO 3-type hot spring. High contents of
bicarbonate in these springs caused by high influence of meteoric water and also indicates a quite
short distance flows. Mud pool, which contain sulfuric-gas seep near Cipanas village classified as
SO4-Cl-type water. High sulfur in this water caused by oxidation of gas seep by water in the pool.
Due to occurrence of Ciremai volcanism, Kromong intrusion, and hydrocarbon bearing layer, there
are two options to the source of this gas-seep: volcanic gas or hydrocarbon gas.
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2003
Yogyakarta, 28 – 31 July 2003

Piper Diagram

Schoeller Diagram (modified)

1000.00

100.00
Concentration (meq/L)

10.00 Tlg Herang

Bojong
Tlg Remis
Tlg Nilem
1.00 Tlg Cicerem
Na K Ca Mg HCO3 Cl SO4 Tlg Pancar
Cikejayaan
Cibujangga
Kedondong 1
0.10 Gn Jaya
Kedondong 2
PSB 2
PST 1
0.01 PST 2
Bobos
Kedondong
MudPool Ked
PSB 2
0.00 PSB 6
Cation - Anion PSB 7

Fig 7. Piper and Schoeller diagram

 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2003
Yogyakarta, 28 – 31 July 2003

6.5 Concentration of O18

The range of 18O concentration of hot water is -7,42 to -3,18 (see table 4). The results are fairly
higher than the 18O concentration from normal spring water (-7,96). This result can be the
important clue to the hydrogeological setting.

Table 4. Ratio of chloride and oxygen-18 isotope

No. Location  18O (o/oo) Cl (meq/l)
1 PSB 2 -4,7 97,62
2 PSB 6 -5,37 77,67
3 PSB 7 -3,18 113
4 Kedondong -7,42 0,3
5 Kedondong-2 -7,96 0,1

Fig 8 shows the plots between 18O concentrations vs. chloride concentration. The plots show a good
correlation between the 2 parameters. This means that the enrichment of chloride have relationship
with enrichment of oxygen-18 isotope.

Relation of 18O isotope vs chloride

1000.0

PSB-2
100.0
Chloride concentration (meq/L)

PSB-7
PSB-6

Cl enrichment

10.0
Cl and 18O
enrichment

1.0
18
O enrichment

Kedondong
0.1
Kedondong2

0.0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

18
O isotope contents (o/oo)

Fig 8. Chloride versus O-18 isotope diagram

Enrichment in 18O caused by isotope exchange with the aquifer rock. Waters from carbonate rocks
having originally  18O between 20 - 30 o/oo (Hoefs, 1987). High temperature and low water/rock
ratios causes shifting the oxygen concentration of water. Mixing of meteoric water with this kind of
water produce enrichment of  18O as occur at PSB 2, 6, and 7.

While in Kedondong hot spring, the oxygen shifting much smaller than in PSB springs. Smaller 18O
shifts accompany with hydrothermal alteration and high water/rock ratios in hydrothermal system
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2003
Yogyakarta, 28 – 31 July 2003

(Hoefs, 1987). Evidence of alteration at intrusive rocks in this area is shown in the form of white
colored intrusive rocks and formation of secondary mineral.

6.6 Geothermometer calculation

Based on geothermic calculation of Na/K concentration, the temperature of heat source is varying
between 130 – 220 oC (see table 5). This temperature range indicated that the heat source occurred
from 50 up to 200 meters of depth.

Table 5. Geothermometric results

Calculation PSB-2 PST-1 PST-2 Bobos Kedondong PSB-2 PSB-6 PSB-7

+
Na 1800 1992 3900 86,72 70,60 2429 1639 2644
K+ 121,80 143,00 230,40 7,01 5,55 199,00 142,00 226,00
Ca2+ 29,60 59,15 29,60 44,40 78,40 108,20 81,20 77,80
SiO2 40,38 20,88 41,72 31,45 40,35 49,75 33,80 29,30
T (SiO2, oC) 94,143 70,396 95,404 84,767 94,114 102,355 87,421 82,197
T (Na/K; Fournier, oC) 185,641 190,124 175,665 199,398 197,186 200,469 204,988 203,889
T (Na/K; Truesdell, oC) 148,967 154,382 137,036 165,686 162,977 167,002 172,570 171,213
o
T (Na/K; Giggenbach, C) 202,939 207,162 193,515 215,873 213,798 216,878 221,109 220,081
T (Na-K-Ca, oC) 43,765 35,139 54,151 -3,823 -13,842 31,712 31,346 39,732

Temperatures of heat source between 193 – 220 oC Na/K are resulted from the geothermometry
calculation (Giggenbach method). Due to cooling process, silica geothermometry analysis produce
lower temperature than Na/K geothermometry result. By using the boiling point versus depth
curves for Na-Cl water, Na/K temperatures indicate the depth of hot water system is less than 200
meter under the surface. This system depth lowers chance of magmatic or volcanic activities as
heat source.

7. THE INPUT-OUTPUT SYSTEM OF GROUNDWATER IN NORTH KROMONG CASE

Based on the geological data, Kromong limestone takes part as the aquifer, while the hydrologic
boundary consist of Cisubuh clay, Cibulakan clay, and Kromong intrusive rocks (see fig. 9). The
Kromong limestone aquifer is consisting of two parts. The upper part is Parigi limestone, which is
overlain by Cisubuh clay and underlain by Cibulakan clay. The lower part is Cibulakan limestone,
which is overlain and underlain by Cibulakan clay. This stratigraphic form enables the occurrence
of a local recharge - discharge system.

As described above, the number and water discharge of hot springs in this area is decreasing as the
rainfall drops. Another facts, water temperature also rises in rainy season (from 35 oC in dry season
to 58 oC in rainy season). The increasing of volume of recharge-discharge water and reducing
travel time of water flows to the surface can raise the water temperature. These facts are interpreted
caused by the high dependency of the hot springs to rainfall. Based on the geothermometry
calculation, the depth of hot water system is 200 m below the surface. This depth is interpreted as
the other reason of fluctuation of hot water discharge. Percolate rainwater are not flows in long-
time and long path to reach the hot water system. The fluctuation also interpreted as result of karst
feature at some springs.

Oxygen-18 isotope analysis indicates mixing of meteoric water with water from limestone aquifer.
This process causes increasing concentration of bicarbonate in PSB and PST hot waters. And so,
low sulfate in water indicates low influence of magmatic fluids. Hot water system suppose to takes
place in Kromong limestone, which is consist of Parigi and Cibulakan limestone layer. Chemical
analyses indicate the occurrence of hot water flow from Cibulakan limestone through Cibulakan
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2003
Yogyakarta, 28 – 31 July 2003

clay to Parigi limestone. This process causes increasing of concentrations of chloride in hot water
of PSB and PST springs.

200 m Subsurface Cross Section G. Picung

254 m
North Kromong Area (no scale)
.

150 m

100 m
PSB6 +
PSB7 PSB2 Oilseep
+ +
+ +
50 m
m.
+ +
su
bu
hf
m. m.
+
Ci f nf
0m
r igi la ka
Pa bu
Ci

-50 m

?
-100 m

-150 m HEAT SOURCE

Fig 9. Sub surface cross section

There is no possibilities or indication of presence of regional flow to the hot water system. Heat
source is interpreted occurs at clay of Cibulakan formation due to the depth of the layer. Northward
and northwestward fault and also its subsidiary fractures are believed to be main conduit of hot
water to the surface. Subsequently for hot springs, O 18, Cl-, EC, and HCO3- values increase, which
are accompanied by oil seepages from Parigi limestone formation. This condition is interpreted due
to groundwater flow in oil-bearing aquifer. The oil droplet probably resulted from action of hot
water or steam to this aquifer system, which is known at Jatibarang oil field as formation.
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2003
Yogyakarta, 28 – 31 July 2003

8. CONCLUSIONS

1. The occurrence of normal and hot springs are controlled by different geological conditions.
Kromong spring zone is found in intrusive aquifer system and limestone aquifer system. Then
Ciremai spring zone exist in volcanic aquifer system. Normal springs are located at shallow
unconfined aquifer and discharge from fractured lava or porous media of weathering intrusive
rocks. Hot springs in PSB and PST are controlled by fault structure. While fractured intrusive
rocks control Bobos and Kedondong springs.
2. Water chemistry can be grouped in to 4 facies: Na-Cl/SO4, Na/Mg-HCO3, Ca-HCO3, and Na-
HCO3, consist of: Na-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3 facies (Normal springs), Na-Cl facies (hot springs:
PSB1, PSB2, PSB3 and PST1), Na-SO4 facies (hot springs: PST2), Na/Mg-HCO3 (hot springs:
Bobos and Kedondong).
3. Oxygen-18 isotope analyses indicates that the hot water is actually a mixing of meteoric water
with hot water. The influence of meteoric water is also shown by the decrease of hot spring
flow rate in dry season and the increase in rainy season.
4. The hot water is predicted from limestone aquifer of Cibulakan formation. The prediction is
also proved by the result from geothermometry Na/K, which shows 200 m depth. The upward
flow can also drives oil droplets to surface as oil seeps.

9. REFERENCES

Adnan A., Sukowitono, and Supriyanto, 1991, Jatibarang Sub Basin – A Half Graben Model in
The Onshore of Northwest Java, Proceedings Ind. Petr. Ass. 20th, page 279 – 297.
Bowen, R., 1989, Geothermal Resources, Elsevier Science Publisher, New York, page 117 – 182.
Djuri, 1995, Peta Geologi Lembar Arjawinangun Skala 1: 100.000, Geological Research and
Development Centre, Bandung, 1 sheet.
Ellis A.J. and Mahon W.A.J., 1977, Chemistry and Geothermal System, Academic Press Inc., 392
pages.
Hoefs, J., 1987, Stable Isotope Geochemistry 3rd edition, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany,
page 117 – 130.
Pringgoprawiro H., Suwito P., dan Roskamil, 1977, The Kromong Carbonate Rocks and Their
Relationship with the Cibulakan and Parigi Formation, Proceeding Ind. Petr. Ass., page
221 – 240.
Kartokusumo W. S., 1984, Laporan Penelitian Mataair Panas Daerah Tampomas dan Ciremai,
Dir. Volkanologi, page 7 – 19.
Mathess,G. and Harvey, J.C., 1982, The Properties of Groundwater, John Wiley and Sons, 397
pages.