where (k, l, m) are the -coordinates of the -origin.

Exercise Set 3.1

Click here for Just Ask!

Draw a right-handed coordinate system and locate the points whose coordinates are
1.

(a) (3, 4, 5)

(b) ( , 4, 5)

(c) (3, , 5)

(d) (3, 4, )

(e) ( , , 5)

(f) ( , 4, )

(g) (3, , )

(h) ( , , )

(i) ( , 0, 0)

(j) (3, 0, 3)

(k) (0, 0, )

(l) (0, 3, 0)

Sketch the following vectors with the initial points located at the origin:
2.

(a)

(b)
 (c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

Find the components of the vector having initial point and terminal point .
3.

(a) ,

(b) ,

(c) ,

(d) ,

(e) ,

(f) ,

(g) ,

(h) ,

Find a nonzero vector u with initial point such that

4.

(a) u has the same direction as

 (b) u is oppositely directed to

Find a nonzero vector u with terminal point such that

5.

(a) u has the same direction as

(b) u is oppositely directed to

Let , , and . Find the components of

6.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Let u, v, and w be the vectors in Exercise 6. Find the components of the vector x that satisfies .
7.

Let u, v, and w be the vectors in Exercise 6. Find scalars , , and such that
8.

Show that there do not exist scalars , , and such that

9.

Find all scalars , , and such that

10.

Let P be the point (2, 3, ) and Q the point (7, , 1).

11.

(a) Find the midpoint of the line segment connecting P and Q.

 (b) Find the point on the line segment connecting P and Q that is of the way from P to Q.

Suppose an -coordinate system is translated to obtain an -coordinate system whose origin has -coordinates ( ,
12. ).

(a) Find the -coordinates of the point P whose -coordinates are (7, 5).

(b) Find the -coordinates of the point Q whose -coordinates are ( , 6).

(c) Draw the and -coordinate axes and locate the points P and Q.

(d) If is a vector in the -coordinate system, what are the components of v in the -coordinate system?

(e) If is a vector in the -coordinate system, what are the components of v in the -coordinate system?

Let P be the point (1, 3, 7). If the point (4, 0, ) is the midpoint of the line segment connecting P and Q, what is Q?
13.

Suppose that an -coordinate system is translated to obtain an -coordinate system. Let v be a vector whose
14. components are in the -system. Show that v has the same components in the -system.

Find the components of u, v, , and for the vectors shown in the accompanying figure.
15.

Figure Ex-15

Prove geometrically that if , then . (Restrict the proof to the case illustrated in Figure 3.1.8.
16. The complete proof would involve various cases that depend on the sign of k and the quadrant in which the vector falls.)

Consider Figure 3.1.13. Discuss a geometric interpretation of the vector

17.
From the definition of the product , the length of the vector is times the length of u. Expressed as an equation, this
statement says that

(5)

This useful formula is applicable in both 2-space and 3-space.

Exercise Set 3.2

Click here for Just Ask!

Find the norm of v.

1.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Find the distance between and .

2.

(a) ,

(b) ,

(c) ,

(d) ,

Let , , . In each part, evaluate the expression.

3.
 (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

If and , what are the largest and smallest values possible for ? Give a geometric explanation of your
4. results.

Let and . In each of the following, determine, if possible, scalars k, l such that
5.

(a)

(b)

Let , , and . If , what is the value of l?

6.

Let . Find all scalars k such that .

7.

Let , , , , and . Verify that these vectors and scalars satisfy the stated
8. equalities from Theorem 1.

(a) part (b)

(b) part (e)

(c) part (f)

(d) part (g)

9.
(a) Show that if v is any nonzero vector, then is a unit vector.

(b) Use the result in part (a) to find a unit vector that has the same direction as the vector .

(c) Use the result in part (a) to find a unit vector that is oppositely directed to the vector .

10.
(a) Show that the components of the vector in Figure Ex-10a are and .

(b) Let u and v be the vectors in Figure Ex-10b. Use the result in part (a) to find the components of .

Figure Ex-10

Let and . Describe the set of all points (x, y, z) for which .
11.

Prove geometrically that if u and v are vectors in 2- or 3-space, then .

12.

Prove parts (a), (c), and (e) of Theorem 1 analytically.

13.

Prove parts (d), (g), and (h) of Theorem 1 analytically.

14.

For the inequality stated in Exercise 9, is it possible to have ? Explain your

15. reasoning.

16.
(a) What relationship must hold for the point to be equidistant from the origin
and the -plane? Make sure that the relationship you state is valid for positive and
 negative values of a, b, and c.

(b) What relationship must hold for the point to be farther from the origin than
from the -plane? Make sure that the relationship you state is valid for positive and
negative values of a, b, and c.

17.
(a) What does the inequality tell you about the location of the point x in the plane?

(b) Write down an inequality that describes the set of points that lie outside the circle of
radius 1, centered at the point .

The triangles in the accompanying figure should suggest a geometric proof of Theorem 3.2.1 (f)
18. for the case where Give the proof.

Figure Ex-18

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Find .
1.

(a) ,

(b) ,

(c) ,

(d) ,

In each part of Exercise 1, find the cosine of the angle θ between u and v.
2.

Determine whether u and v make an acute angle, make an obtuse angle, or are orthogonal.
3.

(a) ,

(b) ,

(c) ,

(d) ,

Find the orthogonal projection of u on a.

4.

(a) ,

(b) ,

(c) ,

(d) ,

In each part of Exercise 4, find the vector component of u orthogonal to a.

5.
 In each part, find .
6.

(a) ,

(b) ,

(c) ,

(d) ,

Let , , and . Verify Theorem 3.3.2 for these quantities.

7.

8.
(a) Show that and are orthogonal vectors.

(b) Use the result in part(a) to find two vectors that are orthogonal to .

(c) Find two unit vectors that are orthogonal to .

Let , , and . Evaluate the expressions.

9.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Find five different nonzero vectors that are orthogonal to .

10.

Use vectors to find the cosines of the interior angles of the triangle with vertices , , and .
11.
 Show that A (3, 0, 2), B (4, 3, 0), and C (8, 1, ) are vertices of a right triangle. At which vertex is the right angle?
12.

Find a unit vector that is orthogonal to both and .

13.

A vector a in the -plane has a length of 9 units and points in a direction that is 120° counterclockwise from the positive
14. x-axis, and a vector b in that plane has a length of 5 units and points in the positive y-direction. Find .

A vector a in the -plane points in a direction that is 47° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis, and a vector b in that
15. plane points in a direction that is 43° clockwise from the positive x-axis. What can you say about the value of ?

Let and . Find k such that

16.

(a) p and q are parallel

(b) p and q are orthogonal

(c) the angle between p and q is π/3

(d) the angle between p and q is π/4

Use Formula 13 to calculate the distance between the point and the line.
17.

(a) ;

(b) ;

(c) ; (1, 8)

Establish the identity .

18.

Establish the identity .

19.

Find the angle between a diagonal of a cube and one of its faces.
20.

Let i, j, and k be unit vectors along the positive x, y, and z axes of a rectangular coordinate system in 3-space. If
21. is a nonzero vector, then the angles α, β, and γ between v and the vectors i, j, and k, respectively, are called
the direction angles of v (see accompanying figure), and the numbers cos α, cos β, and cos γ are called the direction
 cosines of v.

(a) Show that .

(b) Find cos β and cos γ.

(c) Show that .

(d) Show that .

Figure Ex-21

Use the result in Exercise 21 to estimate, to the nearest degree, the angles that a diagonal of a box with dimensions 10 cm
22. × 15 cm × 25 cm makes with the edges of the box.

Note A calculator is needed.

Referring to Exercise 21, show that two nonzero vectors, and , in 3-space are perpendicular if and only if their
23. direction cosines satisfy

24.
(a) Find the area of the triangle with vertices A(2, 3), C(4, 7), and D( , 8).

(b) Find the coordinates of the point B such that the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. What is the area of this
parallelogram?

Show that if v is orthogonal to both and , then v is orthogonal to for all scalars and .
25.

Let u and v be nonzero vectors in 2- or 3-space, and let and . Show that the vector bisects the
26. angle between u and v.
 Figure 3.4.10

Exercise Set 3.4

Click here for Just Ask!

Let , , and . Compute

1.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Find a vector that is orthogonal to both u and v.

2.

(a) ,

(b) ,

Find the area of the parallelogram determined by u and

3.

(a) ,
 (b) ,

(c) ,

Find the area of the triangle having vertices P, Q, and R.

4.

(a) , ,

(b) , ,

Verify parts (a), (b), and (c) of Theorem 3.4.1 for the vectors and .
5.

Verify parts (a), (b), and (c) of Theorem 3.4.2 for , , and .
6.

Find a vector v that is orthogonal to the vector .

7.

Find the scalar triple product .

8.

(a) , ,

(b) , ,

Suppose that . Find

9.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)
 Find the volume of the parallelepiped with sides u, v, and w.
10.

(a) , , )

(b) , ,

Determine whether u, v, and w lie in the same plane when positioned so that their initial points coincide.
11.

(a) , ,

(b)

(c) , ,

Find all unit vectors parallel to the -plane that are perpendicular to the vector .
12.

Find all unit vectors in the plane determined by and that are perpendicular to the vector
13. .

Let , , , and . Show that

14.

Simplify .
15.

Use the cross product to find the sine of the angle between the vectors and .
16.

17.
(a) Find the area of the triangle having vertices , , and .

(b) Use the result of part (a) to find the length of the altitude from vertex C to side .

Show that if u is a vector from any point on a line to a point P not on the line, and v is a vector parallel to the line, then the
18. distance between P and the line is given by .

Use the result of Exercise 18 to find the distance between the point P and the line through the points A and
19.

(a) , ,
 (b) , ,

Prove: If is the angle between u and v and , then .

20.

Consider the parallelepiped with sides , , and .

21.

(a) Find the area of the face determined by u and w.

(b) Find the angle between u and the plane containing the face determined by v and w.

Note The angle between a vector and a plane is defined to be the complement of the angle θ between the vector and
that normal to the plane for which .

Find a vector n that is perpendicular to the plane determined by the points , , and .
22. [See the note in Exercise 21.]

Let m and n be vectors whose components in the -system of Figure 3.4.10 are and .
23.

(a) Find the components of m and n in the -system of Figure 3.4.10.

(b) Compute using the components in the -system.

(c) Compute using the components in the -system.

(d) Show that the vectors obtained in (b) and (c) are the same.

Prove the following identities.

24.

(a)

(b)

Let u, v, and w be nonzero vectors in 3-space with the same initial point, but such that no two of them are collinear. Show that
25.

(a) lies in the plane determined by v and w

(b) lies in the plane determined by u and v

Prove part (d) of Theorem 3.4.1.

26.
 Hint First prove the result in the case where then when , and then when .
Finally, prove it for an arbitrary vector by writing .

Prove part (e) of Theorem 3.4.1.

27.
Hint Apply part (a) of Theorem 3.4.2 to the result in part (d) of Theorem 3.4.1.

Let , , and . Calculate using the technique of Exercise 26; then check
28. your result by calculating directly.

Prove: If a, b, c, and d lie in the same plane, then .

29.

It is a theorem of solid geometry that the volume of a tetrahedron is . Use this result to prove that the
30. volume of a tetrahedron whose sides are the vectors a, b, and c is (see the accompanying figure).

Figure Ex-30

Use the result of Exercise 30 to find the volume of the tetrahedron with vertices P, Q, R, S.
31.

(a) , , ,

(b) , , ,

Prove part (b) of Theorem 3.4.2.

32.

Prove parts (c) and (d) of Theorem 3.4.2.

33.

Prove parts (e) and (f) of Theorem 3.4.2.

34.

35.
(a) Suppose that u and v are noncollinear vectors with their initial points at the origin in 3-space
Make a sketch that illustrates how is oriented in relation to u and v.
EXAMPLE 9 Distance Between Parallel Planes

The planes

are parallel since their normals, and , are parallel vectors. Find the distance between these planes.

Solution

To find the distance D between the planes, we may select an arbitrary point in one of the planes and compute its distance to the
other plane. By setting in the equation , we obtain the point in this plane. From (9), the
distance between and the plane is

Exercise Set 3.5

Click here for Just Ask!

Find a point-normal form of the equation of the plane passing through P and having n as a normal.
1.

(a) ;

(b) ;

(c) ;

(d) ;

Write the equations of the planes in Exercise 1 in general form.

2.

Find a point-normal form of the equations of the following planes.

3.

(a)

(b)
 Find an equation for the plane passing through the given points.
4.

(a) , ,

(b) , ,

Determine whether the planes are parallel.

5.

(a) and

(b) and

(c) and

Determine whether the line and plane are parallel.

6.

(a) , , ;

(b) , , ;

Determine whether the planes are perpendicular.

7.

(a) ,

(b) ,

Determine whether the line and plane are perpendicular.

8.

(a) , , ;

(b) , , ;

Find parametric equations for the line passing through P and parallel to
9.

(a) ;

(b) ;
 (c) ;

(d) ;

Find parametric equations for the line passing through the given points.
10.

(a) ,

(b) ,

Find parametric equations for the line of intersection of the given planes.
11.

(a) and

(b) and

Find the vector form of the equation of the plane that passes through and has normal n.
12.

(a) ;

(b) ;

(c) ;

(d) ;

Determine whether the planes are parallel.

13.

(a) ;

(b) ;

Determine whether the planes are perpendicular.

14.

(a) ;
 (b) ;

Find the vector form of the equation of the line through and parallel to v.
15.

(a) ;

(b) ;

(c) ;

(d) ;

Show that the line

16.

(a) lies in the plane

(b) is parallel to and below the plane

(c) is parallel to and above the plane

Find an equation for the plane through that is perpendicular to the line , , .
17.

Find an equation of
18.

(a) the -plane

(b) the -plane

(c) the -plane

Find an equation of the plane that contains the point and is

19.

(a) parallel to the -plane

 (b) parallel to the -plane

(c) parallel to the -plane

Find an equation for the plane that passes through the origin and is parallel to the plane .
20.

Find an equation for the plane that passes through the point and is parallel to the plane .
21.

Find the point of intersection of the line

22.

and the plane .

Find an equation for the plane that contains the line , , and is perpendicular to the plane
23. .

Find an equation for the plane that passes through and contains the line of intersection of the planes
24. and .

Show that the points , , , and lie in the same plane.

25.

Find parametric equations for the line through that is parallel to the planes and
26. .

Find an equation for the plane through that is perpendicular to the planes and
27. .

Find an equation for the plane through that is perpendicular to the line of intersection of the planes
28. and .

Find an equation for the plane that is perpendicular to the plane and passes through the points
29. and .

Show that the lines

30.

and

are parallel, and find an equation for the plane they determine.

Find an equation for the plane that contains the point and the line , , .
31.

Find an equation for the plane that contains the line , , and is parallel to the line of intersection of the
32. planes and .
 Find an equation for the plane, each of whose points is equidistant from and .
33.

Show that the line

34.

is parallel to the plane .

Show that the lines

35.

and

intersect, and find the point of intersection.

Find an equation for the plane containing the lines in Exercise 35.
36.

Find parametric equations for the line of intersection of the planes

37.

(a) and

(b) and

Show that the plane whose intercepts with the coordinate axes are , , and has equation
38.

provided that a, b, and c are nonzero.

Find the distance between the point and the plane.

39.

(a) ;

(b) ;

(c) ;

Find the distance between the given parallel planes.

40.

(a) and

(b) and

(c) and
 Find the distance between the line , , and each of the following points.
41.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Show that if a, b, and c are nonzero, then the line

42.

consists of all points that satisfy

These are called symmetric equations for the line.

Find symmetric equations for the lines in parts (a) and (b) of Exercise 9.
43.
Note See Exercise 42 for terminology.

In each part, find equations for two planes whose intersection is the given line.
44.

(a) , ,

(b) , ,

Hint Each equality in the symmetric equations of a line represents a plane containing the line. See Exercise 42 for
terminology.

Two intersecting planes in 3-space determine two angles of intersection: an acute angle and its supplement
45. (see the accompanying figure). If and are nonzero normals to the planes, then the angle between and
or , depending on the directions of the normals (see the accompanying figure). In each part, find the acute angle
of intersection of the planes to the nearest degree.

(a) and

(b) and
 Figure Ex-45

Note A calculator is needed.

Find the acute angle between the plane and the line , , to the nearest degree.
46.
Hint See Exercise 45.

What do the lines and have in common? Explain.

47.

What is the relationship between the line , , ? and the plane

48. ? Explain your reasoning.

Let and be vectors from the origin to the points and ,

49. respectively. What does the equation

represent geometrically? Explain your reasoning.

Write parametric equations for two perpendicular lines through the point .
50.

How can you tell whether the line in 3-space is parallel to the plane
51. ?

Indicate whether the statement is true (T) or false (F). Justify your answer.
52.

(a) If a, b, and c are not all zero, then the line , , is perpendicular to the
plane .

(b) Two nonparallel lines in 3-space must intersect in at least one point.

(c) If u, v, and w are vectors in 3-space such that , then the three vectors lie in
some plane.

(d) The equation represents a line for every vector v in 2-space.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.