Exercise Set 4.

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Let , , and . Find

1.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Let u, v, and w be the vectors in Exercise 1. Find the vector x that satisfies .
2.

Let , , , and . Find scalars , , , and such that

3. .

Show that there do not exist scalars , , and such that

4.

In each part, compute the Euclidean norm of the vector.

5.

(a) (−2, 5)

(b) (1, 2, −2)

 (c) (3, 4, 0, −12)

(d) (−2, 1, 1, −3, 4)

Let , , and . Evaluate each expression.

6.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Show that if v is a nonzero vector in , then has Euclidean norm 1.

7.

Let . Find all scalars k such that .

8.

Find the Euclidean inner product .

9.

(a) ,

(b) ,

(c) ,

(d) ,
10.
(a) Find two vectors in with Euclidean norm 1 whose Euclidean inner product with (3, −1) is zero.

(b) Show that there are infinitely many vectors in with Euclidean norm 1 whose Euclidean inner product with (1, −3,
5) is zero.

Find the Euclidean distance between u and v.

11.

(a) ,

(b) ,

(c) ,

(d) ,

Verify parts (b), (e), (f), and (g) of Theorem 4.1.1 for , , , , and
12. .

Verify parts (b) and (c) of Theorem 4.1.2 for the values of u, v, w, and k in Exercise 12.
13.

In each part, determine whether the given vectors are orthogonal.

14.

(a) ,

(b) ,

(c) ,

(d) ,

(e) ,

(f) ,

For which values of k are u and v orthogonal?

15.
 (a) ,

(b) ,

Find two vectors of norm 1 that are orthogonal to the three vectors , , and
16. .

In each part, verify that the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality holds.

17.

(a) ,

(b) ,

(c) ,

(d) ,

In each part, verify that Formulas 8 and 9 hold.

18.

(a)
, ,

(b)
, ,

Solve the following linear system for , , and .

19.

Find given that and .

20.

Use Theorem 4.1.6 to show that u and v are orthogonal vectors in if . Interpret this result
21. geometrically in .
 The formulas for the vector components in Theorem 3.3.3 hold in as well. Given that and
22. , find the vector component of u along a and the vector component of u orthogonal to a.

Determine whether the two lines

23.

intersect in .

Prove the following generalization of Theorem 4.1.7. If , , …, are pairwise orthogonal vectors in , then
24.

Prove: If u and v are matrices and A is an matrix, then

25.

Use the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality to prove that for all real values of a, b, and ,
26.

Prove: If u, v, and w are vectors in and k is any scalar, then

27.

(a)

(b)

Prove parts (a) through (d) of Theorem 4.1.1.

28.

Prove parts (e) through (h) of Theorem 4.1.1.

29.

Prove parts (a) and (c) of Theorem 4.1.2.

30.

Prove parts (a) and (b) of Theorem 4.1.4.

31.

Prove parts (a), (b), and (c) of Theorem 4.1.5.

32.

Suppose that , , …, are positive real numbers. In , the vectors and determine a rectang
33. of area (see the accompanying figure), and in , the vectors , , and
determine a box of volume (see the accompanying figure). The area A and the volume V are sometimes called
the Euclidean measure of the rectangle and box, respectively.

(a) How would you define the Euclidean measure of the “box” in that is determined by the vectors
(b) How would you define the Euclidean length of the “diagonal” of the box in part (a)?

Figure Ex-33

34.
(a) Suppose that u and v are vectors in . Show that

(b) The result in part (a) states a theorem about parallelograms in . What is the theorem?

35.
(a) If u and v are orthogonal vectors in such that and , then
_________ .

(b) Draw a picture to illustrate this result.

In the accompanying figure the vectors u, v, and form a triangle in , and denotes the
36. angle between u and v. It follows from the law of cosines in trigonometry that

Do you think that this formula still holds if u and v are vectors in ? Justify your answer.

Figure Ex-36

Indicate whether each statement is always true or sometimes false. Justify your answer by giving
37. a logical argument or a counterexample.
 Exercise Set 4.2

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Find the domain and codomain of the transformation defined by the equations, and determine whether the transformation is
1. linear.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Find the standard matrix for the linear transformation defined by the equations.
2.

(a)

(b)
 (c)

(d)

Find the standard matrix for the linear operator given by

3.

and then calculate by directly substituting in the equations and also by matrix multiplication.

Find the standard matrix for the linear operator T defined by the formula.
4.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Find the standard matrix for the linear transformation T defined by the formula.
5.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

In each part, the standard matrix of a linear transformation T is given. Use it to find . [Express the answers in
6. matrix form.]
 (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

In each part, use the standard matrix for T to find ; then check the result by calculating directly.
7.

(a) ;

(b) ;

Use matrix multiplication to find the reflection of (−1, 2) about

8.

(a) the x-axis

(b) the y-axis

(c) the line

Use matrix multiplication to find the reflection of (2, −5, 3) about

9.

(a) the -plane

(b) the -plane

(c) the -plane

 Use matrix multiplication to find the orthogonal projection of (2, −5) on
10.

(a) the x-axis

(b) the y-axis

Use matrix multiplication to find the orthogonal projection of (−2, 1, 3) on

11.

(a) the -plane

(b) the -plane

(c) the -plane

Use matrix multiplication to find the image of the vector (3, −4) when it is rotated through an angle of
12.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Use matrix multiplication to find the image of the vector (−2, 1, 2) if it is rotated
13.

(a) 30° about the x-axis

(b) 45° about the y-axis

(c) 90° about the z-axis

Find the standard matrix for the linear operator that rotates a vector in through an angle of about
14.

(a) the x-axis

(b) the y-axis

 (c) the z-axis

Use matrix multiplication to find the image of the vector (−2, 1, 2) if it is rotated
15.

(a) about the x-axis

(b) about the y-axis

(c) about the z-axis

Find the standard matrix for the stated composition of linear operators on .
16.

(a) A rotation of 90°, followed by a reflection about the line .

(b) An orthogonal projection on the y-axis, followed by a contraction with factor .

(c) A reflection about the x-axis, followed by a dilation with factor .

Find the standard matrix for the stated composition of linear operators on .
17.

(a) A rotation of 60°, followed by an orthogonal projection on the x-axis, followed by a reflection about the line .

(b) A dilation with factor , followed by a rotation of 45°, followed by a reflection about the y-axis.

(c) A rotation of 15°, followed by a rotation of 105°, followed by a rotation of 60°.

Find the standard matrix for the stated composition of linear operators on .
18.

(a) A reflection about the -plane, followed by an orthogonal projection on the -plane.

(b) A rotation of 45° about the y-axis, followed by a dilation with factor .

(c) An orthogonal projection on the -plane, followed by a reflection about the -plane.
 Find the standard matrix for the stated composition of linear operators on .
19.

(a) A rotation of 30° about the x-axis, followed by a rotation of 30° about the z-axis, followed by a contraction with
factor .

(b) A reflection about the -plane, followed by a reflection about the -plane, followed by an orthogonal projection
on the -plane.

(c) A rotation of 270° about the x-axis, followed by a rotation of 90° about the y-axis, followed by a rotation of 180°
about the z-axis.

Determine whether .
20.

(a) is the orthogonal projection on the x-axis, and is the orthogonal projection on the
y-axis.

(b) is the rotation through an angle , and is the rotation through an angle .

(c) is the orthogonal projection on the x-axis, and is the rotation through an angle .

Determine whether .
21.

(a) is a dilation by a factor k, and is the rotation about the z-axis

through an angle .

(b) is the rotation about the x-axis through an angle , and is the rotation about the z-axis
through an angle .

In the orthogonal projections on the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis are defined by
22.

respectively.

(a) Show that the orthogonal projections on the coordinate axes are linear operators, and find their standard matrices.

(b) Show that if is an orthogonal projection on one of the coordinate axes, then for every vector x in
the vectors and are orthogonal vectors.
 (c) Make a sketch showing x and in the case where T is the orthogonal projection on the x-axis.

Derive the standard matrices for the rotations about the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis in from Formula 17.
23.

Use Formula 17 to find the standard matrix for a rotation of radians about the axis determined by the vector
24. .

Note Formula 17 requires that the vector defining the axis of rotation have length 1.

Verify Formula 21 for the given linear transformations.

25.

(a) and

(b) and

(c) and

It can be proved that if A is a matrix with and such that the column vectors of A are orthogonal and have
26. length 1, then multiplication by A is a rotation through some angle . Verify that

satisfies the stated conditions and find the angle of rotation.

The result stated in Exercise 26 is also true in : It can be proved that if A is a matrix with and such that
27. the column vectors of A are pairwise orthogonal and have length 1, then multiplication by A is a rotation about some axis of
rotation through some angle . Use Formula 17 to show that if A satisfies the stated conditions, then the angle of rotation
satisfies the equation

Let A be a matrix (other than the identity matrix) satisfying the conditions stated in Exercise 27. It can be shown tha
28. if x is any nonzero vector in , then the vector determines an axis of rotation when u is
positioned with its initial point at the origin. [See “The Axis of Rotation: Analysis, Algebra, Geometry,” by Dan Kalman,
Mathematics Magazine, Vol. 62, No. 4, October 1989.]

(a) Show that multiplication by

 is a rotation.

(b) Find a vector of length 1 that defines an axis for the rotation.

(c) Use the result in Exercise 27 to find the angle of rotation about the axis obtained in part (b).

In words, describe the geometric effect of multiplying a vector x by the matrix A.

29.

(a)

(b)

In words, describe the geometric effect of multiplying a vector x by the matrix A.

30.

(a)

(b)

In words, describe the geometric effect of multiplying a vector x by the matrix

31.

If multiplication by A rotates a vector x in the -plane through an angle , what is the effect of
32. multiplying x by ? Explain your reasoning.

Let be a nonzero column vector in , and suppose that is the transformation

33. defined by , where is the standard matrix of the rotation of about the origin
through the angle . Give a geometric description of this transformation. Is it a linear
transformation? Explain.

A function of the form is commonly called a “linear function” because the graph
34. of is a line. Is f a linear transformation on R?

Let be a line in , and let be a linear operator on . What kind of

35. geometric object is the image of this line under the operator T? Explain your reasoning.
 (g) .

(h) The range of is .

(i) is one-to-one.

Exercise Set 4.3

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By inspection, determine whether the linear operator is one-to-one.

1.

(a) the orthogonal projection on the x-axis in

(b) the reflection about the y-axis in

(c) the reflection about the line in

(d) a contraction with factor in

(e) a rotation about the z-axis in

(f) a reflection about the -plane in

(g) a dilation with factor in

Find the standard matrix for the linear operator defined by the equations, and use Theorem 4.3.4 to determine whether the
2. operator is one-to-one.

(a)

(b)
 (c)

(d)

Show that the range of the linear operator defined by the equations
3.

is not all of , and find a vector that is not in the range.

Show that the range of the linear operator defined by the equations
4.

is not all of , and find a vector that is not in the range.

Determine whether the linear operator defined by the equations is one-to-one; if so, find the standard matrix for
5. the inverse operator, and find .

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Determine whether the linear operator defined by the equations is one-to-one; if so, find the standard matrix for
6. the inverse operator, and find .

(a)
 (b)

(c)

(d)

By inspection, determine the inverse of the given one-to-one linear operator.

7.

(a) the reflection about the x-axis in

(b) the rotation through an angle of in

(c) the dilation by a factor of 3 in

(d) the reflection about the -plane in

(e) the contraction by a factor of in

In Exercises 8 and 9 use Theorem 4.3.2 to determine whether is a linear operator.

8.
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

9.
(a)
 (b)

(c)

(d)

In Exercises 10 and 11 use Theorem 4.3.2 to determine whether is a linear transformation.

10.
(a)

(b)

11.
(a)

(b)

In each part, use Theorem 4.3.3 to find the standard matrix for the linear operator from the images of the standard basis
12. vectors.

(a) the reflection operators on in Table 2 of Section 4.2

(b) the reflection operators on in Table 3 of Section 4.2

(c) the projection operators on in Table 4 of Section 4.2

(d) the projection operators on in Table 5 of Section 4.2

(e) the rotation operators on in Table 6 of Section 4.2

(f) the dilation and contraction operators on in Table 9 of Section 4.2

Use Theorem 4.3.3 to find the standard matrix for from the images of the standard basis vectors.
13.

(a) projects a vector orthogonally onto the x-axis and then reflects that vector about the y-axis.
 (b) reflects a vector about the line and then reflects that vector about the x-axis.

(c) dilates a vector by a factor of 3, then reflects that vector about the line , and then projects that
vector orthogonally onto the y-axis.

Use Theorem 4.3.3 to find the standard matrix for from the images of the standard basis vectors.
14.

(a) reflects a vector about the -plane and then contracts that vector by a factor of .

(b) projects a vector orthogonally onto the -plane and then projects that vector orthogonally onto the
-plane.

(c) reflects a vector about the -plane, then reflects that vector about the -plane, and then reflects that
vector about the -plane.

Let be multiplication by
15.

and let , , and be the standard basis vectors for . Find the following vectors by inspection.

(a) , , and

(b)

(c)

Determine whether multiplication by A is a one-to-one linear transformation.

16.

(a)

(b)
 (c)

Use the result in Example 6 to find the orthogonal projection of x onto the line through the origin that makes an angle with
17. the positive x-axis.

(a) ;

(b) ;

(c) ;

Use the type of argument given in Example 8 to find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of T. Check your
18. conclusions by calculating the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors from the standard matrix for T.

(a) is the reflection about the x-axis.

(b) is the reflection about the line .

(c) is the orthogonal projection on the x-axis.

(d) is the contraction by a factor of .

Follow the directions of Exercise 18.

19.

(a) is the reflection about the -plane.

(b) is the orthogonal projection on the -plane.

(c) is the dilation by a factor of 2.

(d) is a rotation of about the z-axis.

20.
(a) Is a composition of one-to-one linear transformations one-to-one? Justify your conclusion.

(b) Can the composition of a one-to-one linear transformation and a linear transformation that is not one-to-one be
one-to-one? Account for both possible orders of composition and justify your conclusion.

Show that defines a linear operator on but does not.

21.

22.
(a) Prove that if is a linear transformation, then —that is, T maps the zero vector in into the
zero vector in .

(b) The converse of this is not true. Find an example of a function that satisfies but is not a linear transformation.

Let l be the line in the -plane that passes through the origin and makes an angle with the positive x-axis, where .
23. Let be the linear operator that reflects each vector about l (see the accompanying figure).

(a) Use the method of Example 6 to find the standard matrix for T.

(b) Find the reflection of the vector about the line l through the origin that makes an angle of with the
positive x-axis.

Figure Ex-23

Prove: An matrix A is invertible if and only if the linear system has exactly one solution for every vector w in
24. for which the system is consistent.

Indicate whether each statement is always true or sometimes false. Justify your answer by giving a
25. logical argument or a counterexample.

(a) If T maps into , and , then T is linear.

 (b) If is a one-to-one linear transformation, then there are no distinct vectors u
and v in such that .

(c) If is a linear operator, and if for some vector x, then is an

eigenvalue of T.

(d) If T maps into , and if for all scalars and and

for all vectors u and v in , then T is linear.

Indicate whether each statement is always true, sometimes true, or always false.
26.

(a) If is a linear transformation and , then T is one-to-one.

(b) If is a linear transformation and , then T is one-to-one.

(c) If is a linear transformation and , then T is one-to-one.

Let A be an matrix such that , and let be multiplication by A.

27.

(a) What can you say about the range of the linear operator T? Give an example that illustrates
your conclusion.

(b) What can you say about the number of vectors that T maps into 0?

In each part, make a conjecture about the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the matrix A
28. corresponding to the given transformation by considering the geometric properties of multiplication
by A. Confirm each of your conjectures with computations.

(a) Reflection about the line .

(b) Contraction by a factor of .

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