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Effect of nano silanized silica filler on the mechanical properties of XNBR based
nanocomposites for textile rubber cot.

Conference Paper · June 2021

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 Effect of Nano-silanized Silica on the mechanical properties of Textile Cot

Ali, M.1, Saeed, F1. Haq, I1. Shahzad, M1.

1. Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore,
54890, Pakistan.

*Presenting Author’s Email:  (2016pe24@student.uet.edu.pk)

Abstract
The present study focuses on the development and characterization of rubber cot. Textile spinning element
(rubber cot) has greater influence on the quality and characteristics of yarn. Compound of rubber cot was
prepared containing XNBR as base rubber for cot compound. The Compounds of XNBR based on rubber
cot were prepared using nano-silanized silica filler, curing agent and other ingredients needed to improve
the overall characteristics. The compounds were prepared with the help of Brabender plastic-corder. Effect
of filler loading on mechanical properties was observed. Mechanical testing was performed to determine
the tensile strength, % elongation at break, elastic modulus, Tear strength, abrasion resistance, strain
energy density, compression set and hardness. An increase in the amount of silica filler resulted in the
enhancement of mechanical properties up to a certain limit. The decline in properties was also observed
after certain limit of filler content. Finally, from the results revealed that a compound with a minimum amount
(20 phr) of silica have less tensile strength, tear strength and elastic modulus than the properties with 50
phr of silica i.e., 16.01 MPa, 63.89 KJ/m2 and 6.08 MPa, respectively for 20 wt% silica and 26.38 MPa,
94.19 KJ/m2 and 22.33 MPa respectively for 50 wt% of silica. Maximum abrasion resistance value was
observed for the compound containing 20 phr of silica filler i.e., 28.07 mm3. Abrasion resistance decreased
with the increase in filler amount. Minimum value of percentage deflection was obtained for the compound
having 60 phr of silica filler i.e., 42.29%.

Keywords: XNBR, Nano-silanized Silica, Rubber, Cot, Mechanical properties

2 Methodology
The premixing and compounding were accomplished by using Brabender D-47055 Plasticorder, as an
advance internal mixer, operated at room temperature with 45 rev/min.
XNBR was masticated in the Brabender mixer for the time period of 3-4 minutes. Silica filler was then
incorporated in the mixer and the mixing was allowed to last for 8 to 9 minutes to insure proper mixing.
Further mixing for 2 to 3 minutes was accomplished after the incorporation of other curatives and additives
that are; TBBS, MBTS, zinc oxide, stearic acid and vulcanizing agent (sulphur).
The processed compound from brabender mixer was obtained after proper mixing. The uniform compound
was acquired by passing random compound through the two-roller mill. After that, all the compounded
specimens were tested for determination of curing time by using moving die rheometer (MDR). Sheets for
all specimens, for their specific curing time, were then prepared using compression molded technique.
These compression molded sheets were prepared to use for mechanical characterization through universal
testing machine, abrasion tester, durometer, compression set tester and heating oven.
Five formulations with varying parts per hundreds resin (phr) of silica and sulphur keeping the phr of other
ingredients same as illustrated in Table 2.1 shown below.

Table 2.1. Cot compound formulation

Formulations

Ingredients Formulation 1 Formulation 2 Formulation 3 Formulation 4 Formulation 5

XNBR 100 100 100 100 100

Silica 60 50 40 30 20

Vulkanox Sp 4 4 4 4 4

ZnO 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Stearic Acid 1 1 1 1 1

Coumarone 4 4 4 4 4
Resin

Sulphur 1 2 3 4 5

MBTS 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

TMTD 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Results and Discussion

Cure properties of rubber cot compound were investigated at 140oC for 40 minutes. MDR results revealed
that delta torque increases with an increment of silica filler phr. The highest value of delta torque was
observed as 1.269 N.m for the fourth compound containing 50 phr of silica filler and 4 phr of sulfur
(vulcanizing agent).
Tensile strength (before aging) increased with an increase in filler content. The maximum tensile strength
was found to be at 50 phr of silica, that is, 26.38 MPa. After aging, overall tensile strength was found to be
decreased compared with tensile strength before aging.
Before aging, an increasing trend in elastic modulus was observed as the filler content increase, but after
a certain limit of filler content, elastic modulus started decreasing. The maximum value for elastic modulus
was obtained at 50 phr of silica filler i.e. 22.33 MPa. After aging, maximum elastic modulus was found to
be decreased compare with elastic modulus before aging.
Before aging, elongation at break was detected to be changed in a random manner. Maximum and
minimum elongation at break % was obtained at 30 and 50 phr of filler, that is, 943.6 and 651.7 respectively.
Before aging, maximum strain energy density was accomplished at 60 phr of silica i.e. 10.64 KJ/mm3 and
after aging it was reduced to the value of 9.347 KJ/mm 3 at 60 % filler content.
As the amount of filler increased, an increasing trend in tear strength was observed. Maximum tear strength
was obtained at 60 phr of silica which is 95.12 KJ/m2. Better dispersibility of filler in rubber ultimately results
in the reinforcement of XNBR compound.
The minimum deflection % (42.29) was observed for XNBR compound having 60 phr of silica filler.
An increase in silica filler content results in the enhancement of abrasion loss. Minimum abrasion loss (high
abrasion resistance) was found to be at 20 phr of silica i.e., and at 60 phr of silica, XNBR compound has
maximum abrasion loss i.e 62.77mm3.

Conclusion
It may be concluded that;
1. Hardness increases with the increment of silica filler content due to the higher distribution of filler
in rubber which leads to the stiffness enhancement of the compound.
2. Structure and small particle size of the added filler plays an important role in improving the
mechanical properties of the rubber compound due to their better compatibility and good dispersion
in the rubber.
3. Increase in filler loading results in a marked increase in mechanical properties such as tear
strength, tensile strength and elastic modulus which replicates the reinforcing effect of silica filler.
4. A pronounced increase in hardness, stiffness for XNBR compound loaded with silica filler.
5. The abrasion loss enhanced with the incorporation of silica filler which means abrasion resistance
decreased with the increment of filler content.
6. Generally, abrasion resistance enhanced with enhancing silica content.
The pronounced overall mechanical properties and highest values for elastic modulus and tensile strength
at 50 phr of silica.

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