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This paper describes the experiments and analysis of the interception of personal comput-
er’s display image using emanation of electromagnetic wave. We used personal computers as
the targets and experimented on reconstruction of screen information under the following equip-
ments and environments; (1) using a near magnetic field probe, (2) using an antenna from away
place, (3) using an injection probe over power supply cable. From the result of (1), we show that
the slight difference in the synchronous frequency of video signal among PCs will become the
key which recognizes the target. In the experiment (2), we succeeded from about 4 meters away
place with frequency which is inside of VCCI regulations. In the experiment (3), we succeeded
from about 30 meters away place, and we found that the position relation between a probe and
AC adapter is dependent on results.
Keywords
Electro-magnetic wave, Side-channel attack, TEMPEST, Security, EMC
214 Journal of the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Vol.52 Nos.1/2 2005
3 Experimental equipment and the injection probe, an NEC Tokin EIP-100
targets (frequency bandwidth: 80 kHz to 30 MHz)
was employed (Figs.2 and 3). The MA2601B
With respect to the means of interception offers conversion coefficient values for mag-
described in Table 1, we conducted experi- netic field strength to measured voltage of 35
ments to intercept electromagnetic emissions dB at 5 MHz, 12 dB at 100 MHz, 8 dB at 500
from computers and to recreate screen images MHz, and 10 dB at 1 GHz[4]. Meanwhile, the
from targeted computers. In the experiments, MP666A offers conversion coefficient values
we used a Rohde & Schwarz FSET22 test for magnetic field strength to measured volt-
receiver (Fig.1) and SystemWare FrameCon- age of +3 dB at 100 MHz, -14 dB at 500
trol Ver. 4.24 as an image-processing applica- MHz, and -21 dB at 1 GHz[4].
tion. The test receiver specifications are given We used desktop and notebook computers
in Table 3. FrameControl supports processing as interception targets. The experiments were
of input signals from the test receiver at 256 conducted on desktop computers equipped
frames/3 sec. Real-time image processing is with three types of video cards (ATI Radeon
available by averaging up to 256 frames. As 9700, NVIDIA GeForce2 MX/MX400 PCI,
the near-magnetic field probe, an Anritsu and NVIDIA GeForce3 Ti500) and a notebook
MA2601B (frequency bandwidth: 5 MHz to 1 computer equipped with a graphics controller
GHz) was used; as an antenna, an Anritsu
MP666A log-periodic antenna (frequency Table 3 Specifications of test receiver
used in the experiments
bandwidth: 20 to 2000 MHz) was used; and as
216 Journal of the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Vol.52 Nos.1/2 2005
[Step 1] erate electromagnetic waves in a variety of
Synchronous frequency is standardized by frequencies, so several reception frequencies
the Video Electronics Standards Association are potentially suitable for screen interception.
(VESA) according to screen width and num- In our experiment, reception frequencies of
ber of colors[5]. In this experiment, the hori- 500 MHz to 1 GHz were often found suitable
zontal and vertical synchronous frequency of for screen interception using a near-magnetic
the interception targets was set at 64 kHz and field probe.
60 Hz, respectively. These synchronous fre- [Step 4]
quencies were also set as initial values on the Most of the reception frequencies of step 3
test receiver. merely produced screens of video noise, as
[Step 2] shown in Fig.7. However, particular reception
To find the positions on the interception frequencies yielded screens showing features
targets at which the electromagnetic emissions of the screen images of the interception tar-
from the equipment housings were strongest, gets. In the case of the ATI Radeon 9700, this
we brought the near-magnetic field probe into phenomenon appeared at around 530 MHz. As
contact with the target equipment at various we approached the optimal reception frequen-
locations. As a result, we observed the follow- cy, we obtained a somewhat out-of-sync
ing tendencies regarding the locations at screen, as shown in Fig.8. The experimental
which electromagnetic emissions were most equipment does not support reproduction of
apparent. color information, so a monochrome screen
• Around the connectors on the body
• Around the connectors on the display
side
• Around the display buttons and LCD
bezel
The positions at which emissions are most
apparent are indicated in Fig.6.
[Step 3]
The intercepted screen was observed to
find the reception frequencies most suitable
for interception. At this stage, only the recep-
tion frequency was adjusted, not the synchro- Fig.8 Intercepted screen (unprocessed),
nous frequency set in step 1. Computers gen- after tuning
218 Journal of the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Vol.52 Nos.1/2 2005
means that extreme precision is required in
matching synchronous frequency to intercept
screens based on electromagnetic emissions. It
also means that even in an environment with
several computers running at once, it is possi-
ble to target one screen for interception based
on its distinctive variation in synchronous fre-
quency.
220 Journal of the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Vol.52 Nos.1/2 2005
playing the screen output from the computer
on a CRT (experiment H). The experimental
environment in experiment H is shown in
Fig.17. Here, a 30-m extension cord was used
to supply power to the notebook and CRT, and
the injection probe was fitted to the extension
cord near the wall outlet. Results reflected
those that would have been obtained if the
probe had been used 30 m from the intercep-
tion target. The intercepted screen is shown in
Fig.18. The reception frequency was 23.8
MHz, and Fig. 18 shows the result of averag-
ing for 128 frames. Text in 12-point font or Fig.18 Clearest screen intercepted in
experiment H
larger was legible. It was also possible to dis-
cern movement and changes on the screen, as
with screen savers and the like. Figure 19
shows an enlarged view of the lower-right
portion of Fig.18. As the figure illustrates, text
with easily recognizable features is legible,
such as numbers or katakana characters. Note
that although the extension cord is shown
coiled in Fig.17, the intercepted screen was
just as clear when the cord was unwound and
extended.
5 Discussion
Based on the results of the experiments on
screen interception from electromagnetic
emissions presented in the preceding section,
we have drawn the following conclusions
regarding reception technology.
• Positions from which electromagnetic
waves emanate vary depending on the
housing material and shape of the target.
• Differences between CRT and LCD
monitors do not affect the difficulty of
interception.
• From the standpoint of interception diffi-
culty, there is no difference between tar-
geting desktops or notebooks.
Fig.17 Environment of experiment H The synchronous frequencies of video sig-
222 Journal of the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Vol.52 Nos.1/2 2005
seen in previous reports, specific experimental We nevertheless hope that this paper will
equipment, procedures, and results relating to serve as a significant resource in its presenta-
the potential for intercepting computer screen tion of an experimental outline that is suffi-
images through electromagnetic emissions. ciently specific to enable others to reproduce
We found that the success of screen intercep- these experiments, and we would be pleased if
tion varies depending on the experimental the results of this paper can contribute to the
environment, including the various devices development of research on policies to deal
involved. Thus, this paper is limited to qualita- with interception of electromagnetic emis-
tive evaluations for a few interception targets. sions.
References
01 J.J.Quisquater and F.Koeune, “Side Channel Attacks”, CRYPTREC Report 1047, 2002. (available at
http://www.ipa.go.jp/security/enc/CRYPTREC/fy15/doc/1047_Side_Channel_report.pdf)
02 S.Micali and L.Reyzin, “Physically observable cryptography”, Theory of Cryptography Conference 2004
(TCC2004), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol.2951 Springer-Verlag, pp.278-296, 2004.
03 IST(Information Security Technology Study Group) report 2002.
04 Anritsu products catalog 2004.
05 http://www.vesa.org/, 2004.
06 http://www.vcci.or.jp/, 2004.