Unit 2

6. 1 The Genome

DNA complement
genome
diploid us .
haploid 4 us .
2
,
somatic us.
gametes
h.
chron . Same
gene & location
/ locus

6. Z The Cell Cycle

= DIVIDE !

90-1 }} noir
interphase
more
=
.

i. proteins
cytoplasm -1
of probe 33
.

sister first
chromatids gap

④ ☐ A → proteins i. organelles

what is homologous chromosome ?

a

What are the 5 of mitosis ?

stages
 Kinetochore
#
prophase *
D) [
aligns microtubule w/ centromere

prometaphaso ¥ ¥¥
.

metaphase ¥¥¥
anaphase ¥Ée¥¥
telophase E. %t§

cytokinesis

furrow ( a. cell )

V5 .

cell plate ( p Cell )

.

Go = dormant

what is the
purpose
of cell
cycle checkpoints ?
↳
regulate errors
 6. 4N cell Division
Prokaryotic
origin

septum
↳ split cells
 6.3 Cancer + cell cycle

proto oncogenes
- NORMAL (t)

MUTATED & CANCEROUS

oncogenes

tumor suppressor (→ proteins

genes reg .

↳
unstoppable
7. E- Meiosis

fertilization Union of 2 cells from 2

Individual
organisms
interphase
↳ Meiosis I chron →
so close
synapsis
=
.

chiasm ata
crossing over →

random
,
independent
assortment
interlines is brief interphase
meiosis I

which meiosis phase =

reduction division ?

d
meiosis 2 ( tells = halted)
Review
7.3 Errors in Meiosis

karyotype number and appearance of

chromosome

nondisjunction no
separation
→
problem

euploid normal ( 23 chron .

)

aneuploid problem
chromosome
inversion I
BE
 8. 1 Mendel 's Experiments

continuous v5.
→ hybridization
discontinuous
variation

I → f
reciprocal cross = ✗ oh on ✗

8. 2 laws of Inheritance
alleles variants from mutations
gene

homozygous v5,

heterozygous
2 true
monohybñd between
breeding parents
-

law of must into

Seg .
genes separate equally
gametes =
equal probability .

What were the results of E, ? Of Fz ?

What is the cave of dominance ?

What is the law of

segregation ?
law of Ind influence other
genes don't each
-

.
ass
.

8. 3 Non Mendell ian Genes -

incomplete some
p appears
dominance

codons induce A and B →

blood AB

✗ -
linked us -

hemizygous (male)

linkage based on
proximity
↳ recombination

epistasis .
one
gene
masks / interferes w/ other

what is the law of independent assortment

9. 1 DNA structure
9. 2 DNA Replication
The process of DNA replication can be summarized as follows:

1. DNA unwinds at the origin of replication.

2.New bases are added to the complementary parental strands. One

new strand is made continuously, while the other strand is made in
pieces.

3. Primers are removed, new DNA nucleotides are put in place of the
primers and the backbone is sealed by DNA ligase

helicase us replication forks

i.
polymerase elongates nucleotides
DNA adds

strands
primer , leading
i.
lagging
↳ Okazaki
fragments
DNA ligase = sealer
9. 3 transcription

transcription bubble + promoter

protein coding sequences : introns i. extrons

" "
splicing
9. 4 Translation

ribosome mRNA
protein
+ → →
tRNA

9. 5 Gene Regulation
prokaryotes
v5
.
eukaryotes
DNA
to
transcription
in nucleus
RNA
to in
translation
proteins cytoplasm
Test Corrections

histone =
protein

8
genome =
genes
HBB mutations cause clumps ,
sickle
shape , & damage
DMD =
proteins distorted in all directions

CAG earlier
more
symptoms appear
=

ribosome =
proteins e ribosomal RNA

1978
aspirin :

AS A = buoy shops ,
eh for All Small Anoas
,
.

RNA
g.
-
only arguing ; binding

germ cell
a
diploid → sexed chaplain