Unit 1

Chapter 2
Ch 2 of life
.

Chemistry
Matter
T
elements ( il 8 so far)
I atoms
→ protons neutrons electrons
, ,

Atomic # =
# of protons

Mass # =
I pin

→ chemical bonds octet rule

isotopes , ,
What are chemical •

2-1 elements interact → molecules

bonds ?

what are the names .

cations = + ions

of ions ? -

anions =
- ions

strong electron transfer

^
-

ionir bonds vs donating electron

covalent shared electron

polar nonpolar share

nonpolar pear =
is =
.
"

gravitating
"

covalent electron
bonds
equally
hydrogen bout
what are van
)wEAk→ Slightly
polar
positive
-

der Waals
interactions ?
 water is Polar

hydrophyllivrs hydrophobic
.

of motion Ckcnetiu )
temperature measure
energy
-

of molecular

- Water : can

c) stabilizes temp dissolve.

2) excellent solvent
→
opener
cohesion us .

3) chested surface tension

adhesion

Buffer PH Adds, Baser

, ,
what do acids
"

acids H
→
hydrogen ions
/ baseopnoide, bases → hydroxide OH
-

ions

respectively ?
•

consider buffer
2. 3 Molecular
Biological

bonding 4 Macromolecules
carbon
types of
e)
d)
Carbohydratesacids
( saccharide)
)
3)
lipids ( fatty acid of
proteins ( made
by amino
↳
engines
4) nucleic acids
Eukaryotes

r DNA housed in nucleus

membrane-bound
organelle
-

Larger in site
•

Kingdom :
protestor, fungi , plantae, animalia

Prokaryotes -
DNA NOT housed in nucleus

-
caek mean -
band organelles
- smaller in size

Andraebacteria
-

Kingdom Eubactensr ,

Endosymbiosis Theory
Prokaryotes → evolved into
eukaryotes
÷: ÷ : ÷ ÷ ÷
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 Quiz Corrections
Lab1A_
the fluid
I. Which term best represents
that is contained within the plasma
membrane ?

not
cytoplasm,
but
-8¥
2 .
Which statement is true regarding
amoebas ?
called pokagon,
amoebas are not single
celled
but single eukaryotes
single called
3.
By
definition ,
organisms
are not prokaryote ,
butbth

cells
share resourcesby lining
A. Animal may materials
and exchanging
up close
together
not cilia but all of the abare
though ,

JOIN THE DARKSIDE

 ?
15 .
Which statement is true
regarding prokaryotes
do not have a nucleus BUT
prokaryote
- o

havent is false ?
6. Which statement

Lol what

JOIN THE DARKSIDE

 Lab 113
bases
Part 1 : The pH scale : acids
/
1. What is the range of the pH scale?
2. What does the pH scale measure?
3. What range in the pH scale denotes an acid? a base?
4. The pH scale is logarithmic. In this video, this concept is
described using the term exponential. What does it mean to say
that the pH sale is exponential?
5. What range of the pH scale measures acids? What range of the
pH scale measure bases?
6. What is the pH of a solution if the concentration of H+ ions is
equal to the concentration of OH- ions.

1. 0 -

14

around an
2. measures amount of hydrogen ions floating
→ OH aqeous solution
-

H+ a-

3. 0-7 =
acidic j 7- 14 = basic

4.
exponential means 10x increase or decrease
compared to a
previous level

5. see question 3

6. 7 Canter)
Chapter 3
 Animated ⑤ ell Parts

have : DNA
all cells cell membrane
, cytoplasm ,

DNA → chromosomes

→
what organelle Nucleolus → ribosomes protein
marker protein ? ↳ ER →
GB → ship "

name the proved of mitochondria → A-Tp

ATP
making
eukaryotic v8 .
prokaryotic
 1

Tour of an Animal cell

extracellular matrix .

sticky space between 2 cells ( like

glue)
cytoskeleton
-
structure t tracks for transportation

ATP is made in ? -
inner membrane of mitochondria

nuclear envelope .
double membrane of nucleus exterior

explain
how DNA .
DNA → mRNA → ribosome →
protein's
is turned into protein
.

_ourofa÷EE;÷im_
What is cell wall made of? cellulose fibro se

vacuole deer 1) regulates composition

2) creates internal pressure
3) stores compounds food
p
chloroplasts chem I> → →
ATP
light →
sugar
 Diffusion us
. Osmosis Animation

diffusion high to low concentration

gradientevent
a
both directions
→ particles move in in evil .

osmosis semi -

permeable

hypotonic isotonic
hypertonic

Fi d
: i.

pressure pushes cell membrane to wall

turgor

diffuse !
alveoli helps lung gas
☒embrane Transport

facilitated diffusion → PASSIVE

Na Kt pumps → moves sodium ions

"
OU potassium IN-
" "
Na I'm OUT "
KI 'm in

exocytosis materials out

endocytosis materials in
Chapter 4
 How cells obtain
energy
what is metabolism ? Chem reactions
. inside cells

anabolic us
.
catabolite ana ( building polymers) REQUIRES ENERGY
pathways Cata

↳
(
breaking down poly →
CATACLYSM !
monomers RELEASES ENERGY

thermodynamics energy transfer →

phys ,
matter

is :
energy
1) constant is conserved

transferrable not
destroyable/ produceable
•

,
2) all
energy transfers involve the loss of

energy
in an unusable form ( heat)
released
potential V. Kineton stored us in moto energy
reaction
during
.

Cheon
.

↳
consider : location
,
matter
}
IG f) free
exergonir us undergone change energy
exo Cspontaneous
'-
, =

reactions DG (t ) =
pes.
" "
endo Creeds catalyst)

what are the laws of thermo dynamis ?

define AG
 (
activation req for all drew including exergoniie)
energy
.

.
.
ncaa

enzymes
↳ substrates reactants

↳
active site location

" "
lock and model
key
competitive inhibition

is
noncompetitive
v5 allosteric
.

inhibition competitive noncomp . allosteric

similar shape to binds elsewhere birds → new

cofactors and substrate but still blocks

enzyme shape
coenzymes
( helper molecules) ↳ steals slot sub ,
↳ sub . doesn't fit

feedback inhibitor reactant product regulates future production

sites influenced ?
are active
by environment
 Glycolysis
1st step the breakdown of
glucose
glycolysis ↳
in

for cell metabolism

energy

citric Acid and oxidative

Phosphorylation
cycle
CoA mitochondrial matrix
pyruvate
→
acetyl in

oxidative
phosphorligation
chain
electron
transport

ATP
synthase
chemiobrmosis

explain glycol isis

explain the Krebs cycle
Chapter 5
 Overview of
Photosynthesis

auto v. heterotroph

light dependent
-
→ location : thykaloid membrane

reactions

stroma

I??¥dÉÉÉsyn+uesisÉ
→ location :

F- wavelength
electromagnet i spectrum energy

photon "

packet of energy
'

starers ATP i. NADPH

energy
+
( cc )
lower
energy > ADP & NADP

carbon fixation incorporation of C from to

organic form
inorganic

where & how does

photosynthesis take place ?
explain the Calvin cycle process
what is carbon fixation?
Photosynthesis
visible light ( white
.

→ E)

endergonir
}zg
reaction

2¥ cycle
Calvin
stage 7-
*• .
•
☒@
&••¥••
c e e ②②④

•• :*
*e*

1. chlorophyll in PSII +
O¥ = XD 1) 5C +
C from Oz → Rn BP

2. thylakoid receives e- → catalyst 2) ATP i. NADPH break RUBP

↳ 3C
4 .
Hzo broken
,
t't pulled to
thy .
molecules PGA

Oz released e-
replenishes 3) some make glucose, others
,

5. electrons help NADP-1-1 Ht → NADPH reprogram

→
cycle continues

6. P= ATP
diffusion into stroma ADP +
"
H
 Cellular Respiration GLYCOLYSIS
PYRUVATE
GLUCOSE
ACETYL-COA
-
ETHANOL
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
2 ATP
6 NADH
-

biologycorner.com FERMENTATION LACTIC ACID MITOCHONDRIAL CHRISTAE 2 FADH

begins with OXYGEN CARBON DIOXIDE CYTOPLASM 2 ATP
KREB'S CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN 2 NADH
36 ATP

glucose
which is broken down during
which occurs in the
cytoplasm
coe
glycolysis zµa☐µ
nzy
me
s 36AtP
produces a net gain of
mitorhondñar

Oxygen
results in 2 molecules of cnnstnee
ZATP produces

occurs in the
can be used in
pyruvate that is used in
requires

releases carbon Electron

which is oxidized, creating dioxide
anaerobic
aerobic
Transport
processes co Chain
en
respiration zy

GNADH
me

Acetyl-CoA
s
such as starting with

moves to the co
fermentation en
zy
LFADH
me used
s
which is shuffled into the in
the
which produces
which occurs in the

Mitochondria
ZATP
Lactic Acid
Kreb's
matrix
cycle
ethanol
Test 1 Study Guide
archaea prokaryotic
-

and both
unicellular multicellular
prokaryote vs
-

He Had to break staff

teach
hydrolysis
-

me

teach me
dehydration synthesis
-

release the → make molecules

chaperone proteins correct misfolded

protein
-

biome is .
biosphere

isomer formula structures

molecules w/ same molecular but
w/ different
-

tissues in small amounts

trace elements minerals present in
living
-

chitin -

polysaccharide ; part of insect exoskeleton i.

fungal cell walls

binary fission -

cell division of
prokaryotes
transport of specific molecules INTO
phagocytosis cell
eating bind to specific receptors in cell mem
-

molecules

pihouytosis cell
drinking
-

receptor-mediated endocytosis -

transport of speech
INSIDE uih
molecules
receptor
proteins