SpE.

-ak1ng: kuldeep kumar (Host)

Environmental Studies (syllabus continue

Unit 2 Ecosystems
What is an ecosystem? Structure and function of
ecosystem;
Energy flow in an ecosystem: food chains, food
webs and ecological succession.
Case studies of the following ecosystems
a)Forest ecosystem; b)Grassland ecosystem;
c)Desert ecosystem; d)Aquatic ecosystems
(ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries)

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Classification Systems

• Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Atmosphere and

Biosphere
• Abiotic and Biotic

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ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM

• Ecology - the scientific study of interactions among
organisms and their environment, such as the
interactions organisms have with each other and
with their abiotic environment.
• Ecosystem - a community of living organisms
(plants, animals and microbes) in conjunction with
the nonliving components of their environment
(things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as
a system. These biotic and abiotic components are
regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles
and energy flows.

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 Speaking: 21101036_Kartik Kumar

FOOD CHAIN

energy producer primary secondary tertiary

consumer consumer consumer

◊
~

"t! ~1~ _J- '!c.,

3~\£4 I

) '~
sun -+ grass ➔ grasshopper - . shrew owl

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FOOD WEB

.J., _,.---- j.
Hognose Snake • HavAc.- - - - - - - .
....,.,,.,,,,

_,. Toad ,. ~ Ga er Snake

..--' • ' °'::::::--~......_,,, 7
Rabbit '
I / : ,,,....-
Spid; "
_ ~- , "
-
Preying Mantis
/
I
Grgs$hoppc,-._:_ \
~ -................__ '
~
-
I
t
, ,,,. / --......_ ~~ -~ --""sparrow
. _ Mouse
Grass - - - - - - - -

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ENERGY AND THROU te,,t~''f:mw > E..xpand panel to show video
,. 3 Layout

ECOSYSTEMS
FOOD CHAIN
rJACTERIA

CAIWIVORES / 2 - ' r ~'.tf'·

HERBIVORES

BACTERIA

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 Energy Flow ltff8tfW:-1:cosyste Expand panel to show video
,. 3 Layout

• SUN is the main source of energy on earth.

• Photosynthesis - the transfer of energy from
the sun to the green plants.
• The plants (Producers) use energy to carry
out their daily life activities and the remaining
energy is then passed to the following food
chain level. Without the plants there would be
no way for energy to flow.
• Herbivores (Primary Consumers) - animals
that depend solely on the plants for their
survival.
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• Carnivores {Secondary Consumers) - anim E..xpand panel to show video

that depend on the primary consumers for

their daily living.
• Omnivores (Tertiary Consumers) - feed on
both the primary consumers and the
secondary consumers.
• Detritivores - feed on dead plants and
animals

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VARIOUS TROPHIC LEVELS

• PRODUCERS
• CONSUMERS
- HERBIVORES
- CARNIVORES
- OMNIVORES
- DETRITIVORES

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Assignment Question
Study the ecological
pyramid shown here and
comment (whether you S09mmsor
humon tissue
agree or disagree, and grams
hlcl<an
justify your view) on the
following statement:

"A vegetarian diet is

better for the
environment"

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• The Inconvenient Truth {2005)

l..-
• Inconvenient Sequel. .... {2017)

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Assignment Question
• https://stanfordmag.org/contents/can-
vegetarianism-save-the-world-essential-answer
• https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jul/
18/vegetarianism-save-planet-environment
• https://vegsoc.org/info-hub/why-go-
veggie/environment/

You may also watch the video "Game Changers" to

break the myths associated with Non-Veg diet

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ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID

__
__....,. Tert iary
Consumers

Primary
Consumers

Producers

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TYPES OF ECOLOGICAL PYRAMI

• Pyramid of Number : compares the number of

organisms at each trophic level
• Pyramid of Biomass : compares the mass of
organisms at each trophic level
• Pyramid of Energy : compares the amount of
energy passing through each trophic level over
a period of time

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 UPRIGHT AND INVERTED E..xpand panel to show video

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID

Though examples of inverted ecological

Pyramid of Number and Pyramid of Biomass
exist but Pyramid of Energy is always upright.

Important Principles of Ecology

• Matter/nutrients have biogeochemical cycles
• Energy has only unidirectional flow. It never
gets cycled

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INVERTED PYRAMID OF NUMB
INVERTED PYRAMID OF BIOM
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Numbers ..
(Individuals / 0.1 ha)
C1 11 200,000
C3=1

P • 1,II00,000
Grnaland , ..,..,..,.,,
C3•2

.. g.,., ~
Temper■le forHt (aummer)

1 c2.. o.01 c2..,1

~
"1 1 C1•132
Biomass
(g / m 2} P=4 ,... 500 P.703
Envll1h Wlsconoln Georgia Eni-tok
Channel Uk• old flt ld c«al...t

Energy
C1'"3388
(kcal m"2 yr"') . .
P■20,810

Sllvt< Springs, Florld1

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BIOMAGNIFICATION
Biomagnification, also known as bioamplification or
biological magnification, is the increase in
concentration of a substance that occurs in a food
chain.
Characteristics of Toxins which biomagnify :
• Persistent (can't be broken down by environmental
processes)
• Lipophylic and hydrophobic substances are fat
soluble and get stored in the body ( hydrophyllic and
water soluble substances get excreted )
• Food chain energetics

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 ~ Reel
"fonn,i Paintar s:':. Sec1Jon • 8 / U S A
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(l;plxwd s1.io, ,-

SpE.-.1k,r.g kuldeep kum.ar (Host)

[I] BIOMAGNIFICATION AT MINAMATA BAY

• Minamata disease was first discovered

in Minamata city in Kumamoto prefecture, Japan, in
1956. i-;uldeep kur-,ar (Hostl

• It was caused by the release of methyl mercury in the

industrial wastewater from the Chisso Corporation's
- ---· chemical factory, which continued from 1932 to
-~--- -
n[§
___
----- 1968.
• Methylmercury bioaccumulated in shellfish and fish
in Minamata Bay and the Shiranui Sea, which, when
-----
·------ eaten by t he local populace, resu lted in mercury
---- Chclc to add not~s

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