LM[DVMC ZQOMY NMBMLM@ NB.

GLNQ MLMNGM@
[VDJG Y= [ACJGJGBMC FM@MYM
HAVNMC

Ybdr8

[AVBANFMCOMC JMC [ACOANFMCOMC GLNQ

[ACOAZM@QMC MLMN
Jdsac [acomnpu 8 Erajjy Zum Nusm [mcoomfamc, Y.[j, N.[j

Jgsusuc Dla`

Cmnm 8 Mj`a Mulgm Ymrg

CGN 8 66;6:96;;1/ 6; M

[VDOVMN YZQJG Y= [ACJGJGBMC FM@MYM HAVNMC

EMBQLZMY FM@MYM JMC YACG

QCGUAVYGZMY CAOAVG NAJMC

YA[ZANFAV 6;6=
 

BMZM [ACOMCZMV 

[uhg syubur smym uimpbmc ba`mjgrmt Zu`mc Wmco Nm`m Asm, ymco talm`
nanfargbmc rm`nmt jmc bmrucgm ymco nalgnpm` bapmjm paculgs, sa`gcoom jmpmt
nacyalasmgbmc tuoms gcg tapmt wmbtu.
Mjmpuc ymco nachmjg hujul tuoms smym mjmlm` “Nmbmlm` [arbanfmcomc jmc
[acoanfmcomc Glnu [acoatm`umc Mlmn„. Lmpdrmc gcg jgsusuc jacomc `mrmpmc
jmpmt nanacu`g tuoms Nmtm Bulgm` Glnu Mlmngm` Jmsmr ymco jgmnpu dla` Fmpmb
Erajjy Zum Nusm, Y.[j, N.[j. Nmbmlm` gcg jgsusuc jacomc `mrmpmc jmpmt
nacmnfm` pacoatm`umc jmc wmwmsmc bgtm sanum b`ususcym jmlmn `ml
[arbanfmcomc jmc [acoanfmcomc Glnu [acoatm`umc Mlmn
Hgbm jmlmn paculgsmc nmbmlm` smym tarjmpmt farfmomg basmlm`mc jmc baburmcomc
jmlmn paculgsmccym, nmbm bapmjm pmrm panfmim, paculgs nand`dc nmme ymco
safasmr-fasmrcym mtms bdrabsg-bdrabsg ymco talm` jglmbubmc. @ml tarsafut sanmtm-nmtm
momr nachmjg sumtu avmlumsg jmlmn panfumtmc tuoms gcg.
Nujm`-nujm`mc jacomc mjmcym panfumtmc tuoms gcg jmpmt nanfargbmc nmcemmt
 farupm glnu pacoatm`umc ymco fmgb fmog paculgs nmupuc fmog pmrm panfmim.

Fgchmg, ;7 Yaptanfar 6;6=

Mj`a Mulgm Ymrg

 

JMEZMV GYG
FMF G..............
.............................
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...........:

[ACJM@QLQMC..............
.............................
.............................
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.............................
..............................
..............................
..........................:
...........:
=.= LMZMV FALMBMCO...............
.............................
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.............................
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...........:

=.6 VQNQYMC NMYMLM@...............

.............................
.............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
..................
..............5
...........5

=.9 ZQHQMC..............
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...........?

FMF GG.............
............................
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.............................
.............................
..............................
..................................
..............................0
...........0

BMHGMC [QYZMBM.............
............................
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.............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
...........................
.......................0
...........0

6.=
6.= NAZD
NAZDJA
JA GL
GLNG
NGM@
M@ YAFM
YAFMOM
OMGG JMYM
JMYMV
V G[M.............
G[M ............................
.............................
.............................
..........................0
...........0

6.6 [AVBANFMCOMC GLNQ G[M..............

.............................
.............................
.............................
...................................
...............................7
...........7
6.
6.9
9 VQMC
VQMCO
O LG
LGCO
COBQ
BQ[
[ G[
G[M
M JMC
JMC [ACO
[ACOAN
ANFM
FMCO
COMC
MCCWM.....................................
CWM ..............................................=:
.........=:

FMF GGG.............
............................
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[ACQZQ[...............
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.....................=5
.........=5

9.= BAYGN[QLMC..............
.............................
..............................
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.............................
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...........................=5
.........=5

9.6 YMVMC.............
............................
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.............................
..............................
.............................
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................................
..........................=?
.........=?

JMEZMV [QYZMBM..............
.............................
..............................
.............................
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................................=0
.........=0
 

FMF G
[ACJM@QLQMC
=.= LMZMV FALMBMCO
FALMBMCO
[arbanfmcomc glnu pacoatm`umc mlmn (G[M) mb`gr-mb`gr gcg faogtu pasmt jg tmcjmg
jacomc fmcymbcym pacanumcpacanumc fmru. @ml gcg armt `ufucomccym jacomc
 parbanfmcomc tabcdldog.
[arbanfmcomc
[arbanfmcomc G[M tgjmb `mcym jgtuchubbmc
jgtuchubbmc dla` bunpulmc
bunpulmc embtm,
embtm, nalmgcbmc
nalmgcbmc
tgnful mbgfmt mjmcym natdja glngm` jmc sgbmp glngm`. G[M tgjmb `mcym sabajmr 
 pacoatm`umc, nalmgcbmc nalgfmtbmc dparmsg nactml, batarmnpglmc jmc strmtaog
jmlmn nacanubmc
nacanubmc bdcsap G[M gtu sacjgrg. Imrgc jmc Yucj jmlmn [usbur (=779)
nacjaegcgsg
nacjaegcgsgbmc
bmc G[M safmomg pacoatm`umc
pacoatm`umc ymco sgstanmtgs
sgstanmtgs jmc tarsusuc
tarsusuc saimrm
saimrm

tarmtur, farlmbu unun (ucgvarsml), jmc farupm bunpulmc jmtm `msgl dfsarvmsg jmc
abspargnac.
[anfal
[anfalmhm
mhmrmc
rmc G[M nmsg`
nmsg` jgmhmr
jgmhmrbmc
bmc nacgru
nacgru pmjm pmrmjg
pmrmjgonm
onm pacjgj
pacjgjgbm
gbmc
c lmnm
lmnm
„tami`ar iactaraj„. Bdcsap jmrg ouru jgfargbmc bapmjm sgswm jmc sgswm nacargnm
 faogtu smhm sa`gcoom sgswm tgjmb pm`mn uctub mpm G[M jgpalmhmrg. Ya`gcoom sgswm
tgjmb jmpmt nacarmpbmc bdcsap ymco sgswm jmpmt jg lgcobucomccym. Ygswm `mcym
nacarg
nacargnm
nm bdcsap
bdcsap G[M smhm tatmpg
tatmpg hgbm
hgbm jgfarg
jgfarg sdml mplgbm
mplgbmtge
tge jacomc
jacomc mpm ymco
jgmhmrbmc
jgmhmrbmc ourucym
ourucym nmbm sgswm narmsm
narmsm basulgtmc
basulgtmc uctub nacoarhmbmccym
nacoarhmbmccym ([usbur,
([usbur,
6;;?8 1). [anfalmhmrmc G[M jawmsm gcg nmsg` jgmhmrbmc saimrm tarpgsm` jmc tgjmb 
sasu
sasumg
mg ja
jaco
comc
mc tuct
tuctut
utmc
mc bu
burg
rgbu
bulu
lun,
n, sa
sa`g
`gco
coom
om pa
parl
rlu
u mj
mjmc
mcym
ym sumt
sumtu
u ndja
ndjall
 panfalmhmrmc batarpmjumc.
Nmtm
Nmtm palmh
palmhmr
mrmc
mc Glnu
Glnu [a
[acoa
coatm
tm`um
`umc
c Ml
Mlmn
mn (G
(G[M
[M)) naru
narupmb
pmbmc
mc sm
smlm
lm`
` sm
smtu
tu nmtm
nmtm
 palmhmrmc ymco wmhgf jgpalmhmrg jghachmco pacjgjgbmc jmsmr smnpmg nacacom`, `ml
gcg sasumg jacomc Qcjmco-ucjmco Vapuflgb Gcjdcasgm Cdndr 6; Zm`uc 6;;9
tact
tactmc
mco
o sg
sgst
stan
an pacjg
pacjgjg
jgbm
bmc
c cm
cmsg
sgdcm
dcml.
l. Ym
Ymlm
lm`
` sm
smtu
tu ym
ymco
co nach
nachmj
mjgg tu
tuhu
humc
mc nmtm
nmtm
 palmhmrmc G[M ymgtu nacoanfmcobmc pacoatm`umc jmc panm`mnmc bdcsap-
bdcsap G[M ymco farnmcemmt
farnmcemmt jmc jmpmt jgtarmpbmc
jgtarmpbmc jmlmn ba`gjupmc
ba`gjupmc sa`mrg-`mr
sa`mrg-`mrg.
g.

Ouru
Ouru G[
G[M
M `m
`mru
russ jgfa
jgfabm
bmlg
lg dla`
dla` bdcsa
bdcsap
p ba
bagl
glnu
numc
mc,, sa
salm
lmgc
gc gt
gtu
u `m
`mru
russ jg
jgfa
fabml
bmlgg
 

batarmnpglmc-batarmnpglmc ymco sasumg jacomc mpm ymco mbmc narabm lmbubmc

jmlmn prdsas panfalmhmrmc cmctg, sartm `mrus jgfabmlg jacomc sgbmp glngm` ymco
 faroucm fmog
fmo g ouru jg jmlmn balms jmc jglumr balms safmomg nmsymrmbmt, jmc `mrus
jgfabmlg jacomc imrm panaim`mc nmsmlm` saimrm glngm` jmc nmsub mbml.
Bata
Batarm
rmnp
npgl
glmc
mc prds
prdsas
as pm
pmjm
jm `m
`mba
babmt
bmtcy
cymm mjmlm
mjmlm`
` natd
natdja
ja uctub
uctub nanp
nanpar
ardl
dla`
a`
 pacoatm`umc jacomc imrm tartactu (Fucju,6;;586=). Nmbsuj jmrg parcymtmmc
tasafut mjmlm` supmym pacoatm`umc jgpardla` saimrm utu` nmbm parlu imrm uctub 
nanpalmhmrgcym, sa`gcoom pacoatm`umc tarsafut tgjmb tarpgsm`-pgsm`. Nmbm bgtm
`mrus
`mrus nanpal
nanpalmhm
mhmrg
rg lmcobm
lmcobm`-l
`-lmcob
mcobm`
m` mtmu
mtmu batarm
batarmnpg
npglmc
lmc-bat
-batarm
armnpg
npglmc
lmc uctub 
uctub 
nanpar
nanpardla`
dla` pacoatm`u
pacoatm`umc
mc tarsaf
tarsafut
ut `mrus
`mrus jgpalmhmr
jgpalmhmrgg dla`
dla` ouru
ouru sabdlm
sabdlm`
` jmsmr.
jmsmr.
Jmlmn panfalmhmrmc
panfalmhmrmc tgjmb `mcym bdcsap-bdcsa
bdcsap-bdcsap
p baglnumc
baglnumc ymco jgpalmhmrg
jgpalmhmrg,, tgjmb 

`mcym batarmnpglmc-batarmnpglmc glngm` ymco `mrus jgnglgbg, nalmgcbmc sgbmp-

sgbmp ymco glngm` huom `mrus jgnglgbg
jgnglgbg dla` sadrmco
sadrmco ouru tarutmn
tarutmnmm batgbm
batgbm narabm
nalmbsmcmbmc prdsas panfalmhmrmc G[M jg balms.
Bacy
Bacymt
mtmm
mmc
c jglm
jglmpm
pmcom
comc,
c, pa
panf
nfal
almh
mhmr
mrmc
mc G[M
G[M jg sa
sabdl
bdlm`
m` jmsmr
jmsmr nmsg
nmsg`
` fa
fars
rsge
gemt
mt
 pacymnpmgmc gcedrnmsg saimrm lgsmc jmrg fubu pmbat bapmjm sgswm, burmcocym
mbtg
mbtgeg
egtm
tmss sg
sgsw
swmm batgb
batgbmm nacog
nacogbu
butg
tg pa
panf
nfal
almh
mhmr
mrmc
mc G[M
G[M jg ba
balm
lmss bmrac
bmracmm `m
`mcy
cymm
nacjaco
nacjacomrb
mrbmc
mc pachal
pachalmsm
msmc
c saimrm
saimrm lgsmc
lgsmc jmrg
jmrg ouru
ouru ymco farjgr
farjgrgg jg japmc
japmc balms,
balms,
jmlmn
jmlmn prdsas
prdsas panfal
panfalmhmr
mhmrmc
mc parmc
parmc ouru
ouru nms
nmsg`
g` smcomt
smcomt nacjdn
nacjdngcm
gcmsg,
sg, prdsas
prdsas
 panfalmhmrmc `mcym nacymnpmgbmc nmtarg palmhmrmc tgjmb nacoanfmcobmc
bmrmbtar mtmu sgbmp glngm` ymco sa`mruscym jgbanfmcobmc jmlmn panfalmhmrmc
G[M, salmgc gtu ouru nacomcoomp fm`wm nmtarg G[M narupmbmc nmtarg `mpmlmc
ym
ymco
co parlu
parlu sg
sgsw
swmm `mpml
`mpmlbmc
bmc sm
smnp
npmg
mg `mpml
`mpml nmta
nmtarg
rg-n
-nmt
mtar
argg ta
tars
rsaf
afut
ut.. Qctu
Qctub 
b 
nanparfmgbg parnmsmlm`mc-parnmsmlm`mc tarsafut pacalgtg nacidfm nanparfmgbg
jg hac
hachmc
hmco
o nm`msg
nm`msgswm
swm imldc
imldc ouru
ouru YJ supmym
supmym batgbm
batgbm narabm
narabm tar
tarhuc
huc basabd
basabdlm`
lm`
saimrm lmcosuco tgjmb nanfmwm prdsas panfalmhmrmc ymco sujm` mjm safaluncym
mtmu bdcvacsgdcml.
Yatgmp prdsas panfalmhmrmc G[M `mrus nacoanfmcobmc batarmnpglmc prdsas smgcs

jmc sgbmp
sgbmp glngm`
glngm`,, fmgb
fmgb jghach
jghachmco
mco Yabdlm
Yabdlm`
` Jmsmr,
Jmsmr, YN[,
YN[, YNM
YNM,, tar
tarutm
utmnm
nm fmog
 

nm`msgswm imldc ouru ymco mbmc nacomhmr nmtm palmhmrmc G[M jg YJ jgbanujgmc
`mrg. Jmsmr jmlmn pacoanfmcomc bdcsap G[M ymgtu batarmnpglmc prdsas smgcs
sa`g
sa`gco
coom
om ja
jaco
comc
mc naco
nacoum
umsm
smgg ba
bata
tarm
rmnp
npgl
glmc
mc gc
gcgg nm`m
nm`msg
sgsw
swmm mb
mbmc
mc nujm
nujm`
`
nanpardla`
nanpardla` pacoatm`umc-p
pacoatm`umc-pacoatm
acoatm`umc
`umc lmgccym
lmgccym ymco farbmgtmc
farbmgtmc jacomc bdcsap
jmsmr G[M.
Ymlm` smtu upmym ymco jmpmt jglmbubmc uctub nacgcobmtbmc batarmnpglmc prdsas
smgcs jmc sgbmp glngm` gcg jmpmt jacomc pacarmpmc ndjal panfalmhmrmc ymco
nmnpu
nmnpu naco`m
naco`mjgr
jgrbmc
bmc baogmt
baogmtmc
mc saimrm
saimrm lmcosu
lmcosuco
co jml
jmlmn
mn prdsas
prdsas panfal
panfalmhm
mhmrmc
rmc
sa`g
sa`gco
coom
om nanf
nanfar
argb
gbmc
mc pa
paco
coml
mlmn
mnmc
mc fa
falm
lmhm
hmrr lm
lmco
cosu
suco
co.. Ym
Ymlm
lm`
` sm
smtu
tu ndja
ndjall
 panfalmhmrmc ymco jmpmt nachmwmf partmcymmc tarsafut mjmlm` ndjal
 panfalmhmrmc I`gljrac Lamrcgco Gc Yigacia (ILGY). Ndjal ILGY narupmbmc

ndjal panfalmhmrmc ymco jglmcjmsg dla` tadrg falmhmr bdcstrubtgvgsna. Jgnmcm

ndjal gcg nanpumcymg
nanpumcymg tm`mp-tm`mp,
tm`mp-tm`mp, ymgtu tm`mp drgactmsg (drgactmtgdc)
(drgactmtgdc),, tm`mp
 panuciulmc omomsmc (algigtmtgdc de gjams), tm`mp pacyusucmc ulmco omomsmc
(rastruiturgco de gjams), tm`mp pacarmpmc omomsmc (mpplgimtgdc de gjams), tm`mp
nacobmhg ulmco parufm`mc omomsmc (ravgaw i`mcoa gc gjams).

=.6 VQNQYM
VQNQYMC
C NMYMLM
NMYMLM@
@
 Nacoatm`ug tactmco pacoanfmcomc G[M

 Nacoatm`ug tactmco natdja glngm` safmomg jmsmr G[M

 Nacoatm`ug rumco lgcobup,tuhumc sartm `mbgbmt jmlmn G[M

=.9 ZQHQ
ZQHQMC
MC
Zuhumc
Zuhumc paculgs
paculgsmc
mc nmbmlm
nmbmlm`
` gcg mjmlm`
mjmlm` uctub
uctub nanfar
nanfargg pacoat
pacoatm`u
m`umc
mc tactmc
tactmco
o
[arban
[arbanfmco
fmcomc
mc jmc [acoanf
[acoanfmco
mcomc
mc Glnu
Glnu [acoatm
[acoatm`umc
`umc Mlmn,
Mlmn, rumco
rumco lg
lgcobu
cobup,
p,
`mbgbmt tuhumc sartm natdja glngm` safmomg jmsmr jmlmn glnu pacoatm`umc mlmn.
[aculg
[aculgsmc
smc nmbmlm
nmbmlm`
` gcg jgtuch
jgtuchubbm
ubbmc
c uctub
uctub unun
unun mtmu
mtmu sanum
sanum bmlmcom
bmlmcomc
c momr 
momr 
 

narabm nacoatm`ug parbanfmcomc jmc pacoanfmcomc glnu pacoatm`umc mlmn

ymco smmt gcg talm` farbanfmco sagrgco jacomc parbanfmcomc tabcdldog.

FMF GG
BMHGMC [QYZMBM

6.= NAZDJA
NAZDJA GLNGM@ YAFMOMG
YAFMOMG JMYMV
JMYMV G[M
Natdja glngm` mjmlm` imrm mtmu prdsajur jmlmn nanpardla` pacoatm`umc
saimrm glngm`.lmcobm`-lmcobm` jmlmn nacatmpbmc natdja gcg tgjmb salmlu
`mrus farurutmc,ymco
farurutmc,ymco pactgco
pactgco panaim`mc
panaim`mc nmsmlm`
nmsmlm` uctub nacjmpmtbmc
basgnpulmc unun(OACAVMLGYMYG)`mcym jgjmsmrbmc mtms jmtm jmc jguhg
ja
jaco
comc
mc jmtm
jmtm jm
jmc
c fu
fubm
bmc
c dla`
dla` ba
bagc
gcog
ogcm
cmc,p
c,prm
rmsm
smco
cobm,
bm,ba
bapa
parim
rimym
ymmc
mc mt
mtmu
mu
 partgnfmcomc lmgc.
Natdja glngm` narupmbmc fmogmc ymco pmlgco pactgco jmlmn nanpalmhmrg
glnu
glnu ml
mlmn
mngm
gm`.
`.pa
pacoa
coatm
tm`u
`umc
mc ymco
ymco jg
jgjm
jmpmt
pmtbm
bmc
c la
lawm
wmtt natd
natdja
ja gl
glng
ngm`
m`
jg`mrmpbmc nanpucymg bmrmbtargstgb-bmrmbtargstgb tartactu,ymbcg rmsgdcml
jmc taruhg,sa`gcoom pacoatm`umc ymco jgsusuc jmpmt jgmcjmlbmc.jmlmn `ml

gcg natdja glngm` nacoomfucobmc imrm farpgbgr gcjubtge jmc imrm farpgbgr 
ja
jaju
jubt
btge
ge jm
jmlm
lmn
n na
nanf
nfmc
mcou
ouc
c tufu
tufu`` pacoa
pacoatm
tm`u
`umc
mccym
cym.. Im
Imrm
rm fa
fare
regb
gbgr
grr 
r 
ja
jaju
jubt
btge
ge ta
targ
rgbmt
bmt jacom
jacomc
c pa
pacoa
coatm
tm`um
`umc
c ymco
ymco fa
fars
rsge
gemt
mt rm
rmsg
sgdcm
dcmll bapmj
bapmjmm
 pacoatm`umc glngm` jmc farsgemt bdcsgstac jacomc
ja comc pacoatm`umc ymco talm`
jgbun
jgbunpul
pulbm
bmc
c sa
safal
falun
uncy
cym.
m. Imrm
Imrm farpg
farpgbg
bgrr gc
gcjub
jubtg
tgee ta
tarb
rbmg
mgtt jacom
jacomc
c
anpgrgsna, jgnmcm jgfutu`bmc embtm-embtm ymco nacjubuco. Anpgrgsna
mjmlm`
mjmlm` pm`mn
pm`mn ymco
ymco farpacj
farpacjmpm
mpmtt fm`wm
fm`wm embtm
embtm ymco
ymco tar
tartmc
tmcobm
obmp
p lawmt
lawmt
 pacomlmnmc nmcusgm ymco farsunfar pmjm bafacmrmc.
 

Natdja glngm` safmomg pmcobml balm`grmc G[M Farmwml jmrg balanm`mc

(mfst
(mfstrmb
rmb jmc lapms
lapms jmrg
jmrg pacomlm
pacomlmnmc
nmc)) jmc pacmlmr
pacmlmrmc
mc gcjubt
gcjubtge
ge (`mcym
(`mcym
 farjmsmr pmjm pacomnmtmc pmcim gcjarm) jgpmjubmc natdja/pacjabmtmc
glngm`
Natdjaa glngm`
Natdj glngm` jglmbubmc
jglmbubmc jacomc baogmtmc pacalgtgmc
pacalgtgmc glngm`
glngm` jglmb
jglmbubmc
ubmc
saimrm sgstanmtgs, tarbdctrdl, farjmsmr jmtm-jmtm anpgrgs. Basgnpulmc jguhg
bafacmrmccym farulmco-ulmco.
Jmlmn natdja glngm`, pacjabmtmc gcg jmpmt jgfubtgbmc jacomc symrmt mtmu
tadrg ymco nacjubuco safmomg fargbut8
=. Zadrg
Zadrg nmsg` fgsm jguhg bdcsgst
bdcsgstacs
acsgcy
gcymm jacomc
jacomc nacomjmbm
nacomjmbmc
c pacalgt
pacalgtgmc
gmc
ulmco (jmpmt jglmbubmc dla` sgmpmpuc, jacomc bdcjgsg jmc lmcobm`

sa
saru
rupm
pm)) jgpa
jgpard
rdla
la`
` `msgl
`msgl yo bdcsg
bdcsgst
stac
ac/m
/mha
habt
btge
ge mt
mtmu
mu ta
tadr
drg-
g-ta
tadr
drgg
safaluncym ymco nanucobgcbmc tgjmb tarhmjgcym bdctmrjgbsg jmlmn
tadrg baglnumc saimrm basaluru`mc.
6. Natdja
Natdja glngm`
glngm` farsge
farsgemt
mt dfyabtge
dfyabtge (fafms
(fafms prmsmcob
prmsmcobm/b
m/baym
aymbgcm
bgcmc
c prgfmjg
prgfmjg,,
 farsgemt tarfubm) `msglcym jmpmt jgmcjmlbmc/lafg` nacjabmtg bafacmrmc
Hmjg, `gnpucmc pacoatm`umc jmpmt jgsafut glnu pacoatm`umc hgbm imrm
nanp
nanpar
ardl
dla`
a`cym
cym ja
jaco
comc
mc natd
natdja
ja gl
glng
ngm`
m` (p
(paco
acoom
omfu
fucom
comc
c mctmr
mctmrmm
 pacmlmrmc jajubtge/rmsgdcmlgsna jmc gcjubtge/anprgsna) tarnmsub huom
G[M (dfhab
(dfhabcym
cym mjmlm`
mjmlm` oahmlm
oahmlm-oa
-oahml
hmlmm mlmn),
mlmn), jgbunp
jgbunpulb
ulbmc
mc nalmlug
nalmlug
natdja glngm`, uctub basahm`tarmmc nmcusgm.

6.6 [AVBANFMCOM
[AVBANFMCOMC
C GLNQ
GLNQ G[M
[acoan
[acoanfmco
fmcomc
mc Glnu
Glnu [acoat
[acoatm`u
m`umc
mc Mlmn
Mlmn Nulmcym
Nulmcym farban
farbanfmco
fmco smcomt
smcomt
lmnfmt
lmnfmt (mfmj =1-=5).La
=1-=5).Lafg`
fg` pasmt satalm
satalm`
` Idparc
Idparcgiu
giuss ymco banujgmc
banujgmc
jgparb
jgparbumt
umt Omlglad
Omlglad (bdcsa
(bdcsap
p oadsac
oadsactrg
trgss bdcsap
bdcsap `algds
`algdsact
actrg
rgs),
s), jgbacml
jgbacml
sa
safm
fmom
omgg pa
parn
rnul
ulmm
mmc
c mf
mfmj
mj glnu
glnu pa
paco
coat
atm`
m`um
umc
c ndja
ndjarc
rc (b
(baf
afac
acmr
mrmc
mc
 farjmsmrbmc gcjubsg).Ymcomt pasmt satalm` bdcsap egsgbm bumctun jmc
 

ralmtgvgtms (mwml mfmj 6;). parlu ravgsg jmc pacyasumgmc bdcsapsg glnu
 pacoatm`umc ba mrm` pangbgrmc ndjarc, ymgtu8
=. Lmcjmsmc
Lmcjmsmc glnu
glnu pacoatm`umc
pacoatm`umc ymgtu 8 `gpdtasg
`gpdtasgs,
s, tadrg,
tadrg, jmc
jmc `ubun8
`ubun8
6. @gpdta
@gpdtasg
sgss 8 jmpmt
jmpmt jgtdl
jgtdlmb
mb bafacmr
bafacmrmccy
mccymm
9. Za
Zadr
drgg 8 su
sujm`
jm` jguhg
jguhg bafac
bafacmr
mrmc
mccy
cym,
m, tm
tmpg
pg nmsg
nmsg`
` nuco
nucobg
bgc
c jg
jgpa
parf
rfmg
mgbg
bg
nachmjg tadrg ymco ymco lafg` tapmt
:. @ubun 8 lmcjmsmc
lmcjmsmc glnu
glnu ymco sujm` tgjmb jgrmoubmc
jgrmoubmc bafacmrmc
bafacmrmccym.
cym.

Glnu
Glnu [acoatm
[acoatm`umc
`umc Mlmn
Mlmn narupm
narupmbmc
bmc tar
tarmpm
mpmc
c jmrg
jmrg fm`msm
fm`msm gcoorg
gcoorgs,
s, ymgtu
ymgtu
cmturm
cmturmll sigaci
sigacia,
a, mrtgcy
mrtgcymm glnu
glnu pacoat
pacoatm`um
m`umc
c mlmn.
mlmn. Hmjg
Hmjg G[M mtmu  sigacia
nanfm`ms tatmco oahmlm-oahmlm mlmn ymo jgsusuc saimrm sgstanmtgs ymco
jgjmsm
jgjmsmrbm
rbmc
c pmjm
pmjm `msgl
`msgl paridfmmc
paridfmmc jmc pacomnm
pacomnmtmc
tmc ymco
ymco jglmbub
jglmbubmcdl
mcdla`
a`
nmcusgmm (Ymnmtdwm,
nmcusg (Ymnmtdwm, 6;;586). Yagrgco
Yagrgco farhmlmccym
farhmlmccym wmbtu parbanfmcomc
parbanfmcomc
glnu
glnu pa
paco
coat
atm`
m`um
umc
c ml
mlmn
mn jgnu
jgnumt
mt jm
jmlm
lmn
n pa
panf
nfal
almh
mhmr
mrmc
mc G[M
G[M ta
tarp
rpmj
mju
u
jgbd
jgbdlm
lmfd
fdrm
rmsg
sgbmc
bmc jacom
jacomc
c ndja
ndjall pa
panf
nfal
almh
mhmr
mrmc
mc fa
farf
rfms
msgs
gs nmsm
nmsmlm
lm`
` mt
mtmu
mu
 [rdflan Fmsa Larmcgco  ([FL).
 ([FL). [mjm ndjal panfalmhmrmc farfmsgs nmsmlm`
, jglmbsmcbmc jacomc nacymhgbmc sumtu parnmsmlm`mc bapmjm sgswm, jmc
sgswm jgngctm uctub nacyalasmgbmc nmsmlm` tarsafut. [acyalasmgmc sumtu
nmsmlm` ymco farbmgtmc jacomc G[M jglmbubmc nalmlug sumtu natdja glngm`
ymco jg`mrmpbmc nacgcobmtbmc batarmnpglmc bgcarhm glngm`cym. Nalmlug 9

tm`
m`mmpmc ymc
mco
o mjm jmlmn lassdc stujy jy,, ymg
ymgtu
tu paraci
paracimcmm
mcmmc
c (plmc)
(plmc),,
 palmbsmcmmc (jd), jmc raelabsg (saa), ouru ymco farbdlmfdrmsg jmlmn
 pacyusucmc racimcm panfalmhmrmc jmpmt smlgco fartubmr pgbgrmc uctub 
nacjmpmtbmc sdlusg uctub parnmsmlm`mc ymco jg`mjmpg.

Jmlmn `ml gcg narupmbmc parbanfmcomc ymco pactgco jmc eucjmnactml

 fmog basubsasmc parbanfmcomc salmchutcym. [mrm m`lg nacoanubmbmc
 fm`wm parbanfmcomc gcg jg pardla`
p ardla` nalmlug prdsas
p rdsas nacomlmng jmc falmhmr.
Glnu
Glnu pacoatm
pacoatm`um
`umc
c mlmn
mlmn narupmb
narupmbmc
mc smlm`
smlm` smtu
smtu glnu
glnu pacortm
pacortm`um
`umc
c ymco
ymco

smcomt
smcomt farpar
farparmc
mc pactgc
pactgco
o tar`mjm
tar`mjmp
p saomlm
saomlm banmhu
banmhumc
mc ymco
ymco tar
tarhmj
hmjgg pmjm
 

 parbanfmcomc tabcdldog. G[M far`ufucomc jacomc nacimrg tm`u tactmco

mlmn saimrm sgstanmtgs,sa`gcoom gpm fubmc `mcym sabunpulmc pacoatm`umc
ymco farupm embtm-
embtm- embtm,
embtm, bdcsap,mtmu
bdcsap,mtmu prgcsgp smhm tatmpg huom naruppmbmc
sumtu prdsas pacanumc. Zuhumc jmrg tarfactubcym nmtm palmhmrmc gpm ymco
tarjmpmt jmrg burgbulun tgcobmt smtumc pacjgjgbmc (6;;? 8=05-=7; ) ymgtu 8

=. Nanpar
Nanpardla
dla`
` baymbgcmc
baymbgcmc tar`mjm
tar`mjmp
p tu`
tu`mc
mc ymco nm`m asm farjms
farjmsmrb
mrbmc
mc
bafarmjmmm, bagcjm`mc, jmc batarmturmc mlmn igptmmcym
6. Nacoa
Nacoanf
nfmc
mcob
obmc
mc pa
paco
coat
atm`
m`um
umc
c jm
jmc
c pan
panm`m
m`mnm
nmc
c bdcsa
bdcsapbd
pbdcs
csap
ap gp
gpmm
ymco farnmcemmt jmc jmpmt jg tarmpbmc jmlmn ba`gjupmc sa`mrg- `mrg.
9. Nacoan
Nacoanfmco
fmcobmc
bmc rmsm gcogc
gcogc tm`u,
tm`u, sgbmp pdsgtg
pdsgtgee jmc basmjm
basmjmrmc
rmc tactmco
tactmco
mjmcym `ufuomc ymco smlgco nanpacomru`g mctmrm
gpm,lgcobucomc,tabcdldog jmc nmsymrmbmt.
:. Nacoanfmcobmc
Nacoanfmcobmc batarm
batarmnpglm
npglmc
c prdsas uctub nacyalg
nacyalgjgbg
jgbg mlmn
mlmn sabgtmr,
sabgtmr,
nanaim`bmc nmsmlm` jmc nanfumt baputusmc
1. Nacgcobmtbmt basmjmrmc uctub farparmc sartm jmlmn
nanalg`mrm,nachmom jmc nalastmrgbmc lgcobucomc mlmn.

Ytrmtaog panfalmhmrmc G[M ymco jmpmt nacoanfmcobmc pacmlmrmc glngm`

sg
sgsw
swmm jgmc
jgmctm
tmrm
rm mjmlm
mjmlm`
` st
strm
rmta
taog
og gc
gcbu
bugr
grgg (Ngr
(Ngrgg jb
jbb.,
b., 6;
6;;?
;?22 Ha
Hacs
csac
ac jm
jmc
c
Lmwsdc, 6;==). Ytrmtaog gcbugrg nmnpu nacombtgebmc sgswm saimrm egsgb 
nmupu
nmupuc
c nact
nactml
ml (Ymy
(Ymyymj
ymjgg jb
jbb,
b, 6;
6;=5)
=5).. [a
[arm
rmco
cobm
bmtt pa
panf
nfal
almhm
mhmrm
rmc
c ymco
ymco
jgnmbsuj
jgnmbsuj jmlmn `ml gcg mjmlm` rmcimcomc panfalmhmrmc,
panfalmhmrmc, smhgmc bdctac
jmlmn factub fubu mhmr, najgm panfalmhmrmc jmc mlmt-mlmt prmbtgbun ymco
jgoucmbmc. [anfalmhmrmc G[M jmlmn nacmnpglbmc sumtu eacdnacm jmpmt
jgsm
jgsmhg
hgbm
bmc
c jmlmn
jmlmn factu
factub
b tgom
tgom ra
rapr
pras
asac
actm
tmsg
sg ymgtu
ymgtu nmbr
nmbrds
dsbd
bdpg
pgs,
s, su
suf
f
ngbrdsbdpgs jmc sgnfdlgs, ngsmlcym jmlmn panfalmhmrmc bdcsap bgngm
(I`gttlafdrduo` jmc Zramoust, 6;;?2 Ygr`mc, 6;;?).

6.9 VQMCO LGCOBQ[

LGCOBQ[ G[M JMC [ACOANFMC
[ACOANFMCOMCCW
OMCCWM
M
 

Vumco lgcobup nalgputg mlmn sanastm saimrm basaluru`mc fmgb ymco mjm jg
lumr mcobmsm, jmlmn fung jmc jg parnubmmc fung. Zrgmctd (6;==8 =9?)
nacymtmbmc fm`wm saimrm unun G[M jgpm`mng safmomg glnu ymco lm`gr 
jmc farbanfmco nalmlug lmcobm`-lmcobm` dfsarvmsg, parunusmc nmsmlm`,
 pacyusucmc `gpdtasgs, pacouhgmc `gpdtasgs nalmlug abspargnac, pacmrgbmc
basgnpulmc sartm pacanumc tadrg jmc bdcsap.
Nacu
Nacuru
rutt Yu
Yusm
smctd (6;
ctd (6;=18
=18=55)
=55) Gl
Glnu
nu [acoat
[acoatm`u
m`umc
mc Mlmn
Mlmn mjmlm`
mjmlm` usm`m
usm`m
nmcusgm jmlmn nanm`mng mlmn sanastm nalmlug pacomnmtmc ymco tapmt
 pmjm smsmrmc, sartm nacooucmbmc prdsajur jmc jghalmsbmc jacomc
 pacmlmrmc sa`gcoom nacjmpmtbmc sumtu basgnpulmc. Yajmcobmc
Nmslgi`m
Nmslgi`m` Msy'mrg (6;;58?) huom nachalmsbmc fm`wm smgcs mtmu Glnu
` Msy'mrg

[a
[acoa
coatm
tm`u
`umc
mc Ml
Mlmn
mn mj
mjml
mlm`
m` pa
paco
coat
atm`
m`um
umc
c nmcus
nmcusgm
gm ta
tact
ctmc
mco
o ml
mlmn
mn ym
ymco
co
jgpard
jgpardla`
la` jacomc
jacomc imrm
imrm ymco
ymco tar
tarbdct
bdctrdl
rdl.. [achalm
[achalmsmc
smc gcg nacomc
nacomcjuco
juco
nmbsuj fm`wm smgcs salmgc nachmjg safmomg prdjub huom safmomg prdsas.
Ymgcs safmomg prdjub ymgtu pacoatm`umc nmcusgm jmc safmomg prdsas ymgtu
 fmomgnmcm nacjmpmtbmc pacoatm`umc tarsafut.
Vumco Lgcobup G[M jmc [arbanfmcomccym G[M `mrus jgpmcjmco safmomg
imrm farpgbgr uctub nanm`mng mlmn, nalmbubmc pacalgtgmc, jmc Yafmomg
bunpul
bunpulmc
mc pacoatm
pacoatm`um
`umc.
c. G[M pmjm
pmjm `mbabmt
`mbabmtcym
cym narupm
narupmbmc
bmc .Bunpu
.Bunpulmc
lmc
 pacoatm`umc (m fdjy de bcdwlajoa) `msgl pacanumc jmc bramtgvgtms
glnuwmc salmnm farmfmj-mfmj jgbunpulbmc jmc jgsusuc saimrm sgstanmtgb 
jgbald
jgbaldnpd
npdbbmc
bbmc sasumg
sasumg fgjmco
fgjmco bmhgmc
bmhgmc (fgdld
(fgdldog,
og, egs
egsgbm
gbm,, bgn
bgngm,
gm, jll
jll)) Glnu
Glnu
 pacoatm`umc jmpmt farupm8
=. Embtm
Embtm (bafacmr
(bafacmrmc/
mc/bamj
bamjmmc
mmc sumtu
sumtu dfhab/
dfhab/facj
facjm,
m, nacuchubbm
nacuchubbmc
c mpm ymco
jmpmt
jmpmt jgmnmt
jgmnmtg)E
g)Embt
mbtmm G[M jmpmt
jmpmt jggjac
jggjactge
tgegbm
gbmsg
sg farjms
farjmsmr
mr 6 brgtar
brgtargm8
gm8
Jmpmt jgmnmtg saimrm lmcosuco2 jmc jmpmt
jgtuchubbmc/jgjandcstrmsgbmc satgmp wmbtu (tmpg gcomt8 tgjmb sanum
embtm jmpmt jgjandcstrmsgbmc satgmp
satgmp wmbtu) .
 

6. Bdcs
Bdcsap
ap88 mf
mfst
strm
rmbs
bsgg jm
jmrg
rg ba
bahm
hmjg
jgmc
mc-- ba
bahm
hmjg
jgmc
mc , df
dfha
hab-
b-df
dfha
hab
b , mt
mtmu
mu
eacdnacm ymco nanglgbg sgemt- sgemt
sgemt /mtrgfut-mtrgfut
/mtrgfut-mtrgfut tartactu.
9. [rgcsg
[rgcsgp
p jmc `ubun
`ubun jgmc
jgmcoom
oomp
p sgcdcg
sgcdcgn
n jgfact
jgfactub
ub jmrg
jmrg embtm
embtm-em
-embtm
btm jmc
jmc
bdcsap-bdcs
bdcsap-bdcsap,
ap, farsgemt
farsgemt lafg` unun tatmpg
tatmpg huom farbmgtmc
farbmgtmc jacomc
jacomc
eacdnacm ymco jmpmt jgmnmtg
:. Za
Zadr
drgg uctu
uctub
b sa
sasu
sumt
mtu
u ym
ymco
co tg
tgjm
jmb
b jm
jmpm
pmtt jg
jgmn
mnmt
mtgg sa
saim
imrm
rm lm
lmco
cosu
suco
co,,
ngsmlcym 8 tadrg Jmrwgc
1. Ndjal,
Ndjal, raprasa
raprasactm
ctmsg/
sg/ wmbgl
wmbgl jmrg bdcjgsg
bdcjgsg cymtm
cymtm mtmu jmrg sasumt
sasumtu
u ymco
tgjmb jmpmt bgtm lg`mt nanfmctu uctub nanm`mng sumtu eacdnacm
mlmn, sartm nachalmssbmc jmc nanm`mng sumtu tadrg.
Imrm Farpgbgr (_my de t`gcbgco),[mrm glnuwmc jgjdrdco dla` rmsm gcogc

tm`u jmc `msrmt uctub nanm`mng eacdnacm mlmn gja-gja jmc pachalmsmc
tactmc
tactmco
o eacdna
eacdnacm
cm mlmn
mlmn jgsusu
jgsusuc
c jmlmn
jmlmn pgbgrm
pgbgrmc
c huom
huom mjm rmsm
rmsm parimym
parimym
 fm`wm `ubun-`ubun mlmn jmpmt jgsusuc jmrg `msgl dfsarvmsg jmc
jghalmsbmc nalmlug pgbgrmc jmc mlmsmc.

@mbgbmt Ymgcs

@mbgbmt smgcs mjmlm` lmcjmsmc uctub farpghmb jmlmn nanpalmhmrg

G[M. Fmcymb imrm ymco talm` jglmbubmc
j glmbubmc uctub nacimpmg mspab ymco
y mco
tarbmcjuco jg jmlmn `mbgbmt smgcs, cmnuc falun huom nacuchubbmc
`msgl ymco nanumsbmc.
nanumsbmc. @ml gcg sahmlmc
sahmlmc ymco jgucobmpbmc
jgucobmpbmc _gjdjd
_gjdjd
(6;;?) panfalmhmrmc smgcs ymco `mcym nanfalmhmrbmc embtm, bdcsap,
 prgcsgp,`ubun, jmc tadrg sasuc oou`cym falun nanfalmhmrbmc smgcs
saimrm
saimrm utu`.
utu`. Jmlmn
Jmlmn nanfal
nanfalmhm
mhmrbm
rbmc
c smgcs
smgcs ouru
ouru `acjmbc
`acjmbcym
ym huom
huom
nalmtg` batarmnpglmc sgswm uctub farprdsas (batarmnpglmc prdsas)
jmc huom nacmcmnbmc sgbmp glngm`, ngsmlcym rmsm gcogc tm`u, huhur,
 fabarhm barms, pmctmco nacyarm` , jmc tarfubm. Qctub nacimpmg
`mbgbmt smgcs saimrm utu` nanfutu`bmc upmym
up mym jmc bdnpatacsg ouru
uctub nanumt mspab `mbgbmt smgcs jmlmn prdsas panfalmhmrmc G[M.
[aridfmmc pmjm panfalmhmrmc G[M narupmbmc factub sajar`mcm jmrg
mspab smgcs safmomg prdsas ymgtu n almbubmc baogmtmc glngm` sa`gcoom
nanfmcobgtbmc ndtgvmsg sgswm nachmjg sadrmco glnumc jg nmsm mbmc
 

jmtmco. _mlmupuc jangbgmc sgbmp glngm` nachmjg mspab ymco smcomt

 pactgco jmlmn nalmbsmcmbmc paridfmmcparidfmmc (baogmtmc glngm`
sajar`mcm). Ygbmp glngm` sgs wm nachmjg tdlmb ubur atgbm pacalgtgmc
 pmrm glnumc jmlmn nachmlmcg baogmtmc glngm`. Mpmfglm sgbmp glngm`
sgswm jmlmn nalmbsmcmbmc paridfmmc
paridfmmc tgjmb
tgjmb jgnglgbgcym,
jgnglgbgcym, nmbm mbmc
 farjmnpmb caomtge bapmjm prdjub smgcs mtmu tabcdldog ymco narabm
`msglbmc. Dla` safmf gtu sgbmp glngm` jmlmn nalmbsmcmbmc paridfmmc
 pmjm prdsas panfalmhmrmc nachmjg symrmt nutlmb ymco `mrus
jgbatm`ug
jgbatm`ug jmc jgnglgbg
jgnglgbg dla` pasartm
pasartm jgjgb.
jgjgb. Jmrg `msgl pacalgtgmc
pacalgtgmc
nacoom
nac oomnfm
nfmrbm
rbmc
c pactgco
pactgcocym
cym mspab
mspab `mbgbmt
`mbgbmt smgcs
smgcs jmlmn
jmlmn prdsas
prdsas
 panfalmhmrmc G[M. Zursgcmwmtg (6;=;) nachalmsbmc tactmco
 pacgcobmtmc panm`mnmc sgswm pmjm mspab smgcs safmomg sgbmp farmjm
 pmjm bmtaodrg ymco pmlgco racjm` jgfmcjgcobmc jmrg ms Yusglmwmtg
(6;;7) nachalmsbmc fm`wm pab lmgc pmjm `mbgbmt smgcs. ouru falun
nanm`mn
nan m`mngg `mbgbmt
`mbgbmt smgcs
smgcs sautu`
sautu`cym.
cym. Ymlm`
Ymlm` smtu
smtu embtdr
embtdr nmsg`
nmsg`

racjm`cym panm`mnmc `mbgbmt smgcs dla` ouru.

@mbg
@m bgbmt
bmt smsmgc
gcss ymymco
co jgng
jgnglg
lgbg
bg ououru
ru , `ml gcgcgg tg
tgjm
jmb
b nanp
nanparardl
dla`
a`
 pacoatm`umc ymco halms tactmco `mbgbmt smgcs. @mbgbmt
@mb gbmt smgcs falunlm`
nachmjg
nachm jg smtu basmtumc
basmtumc jmlmn prdsas
prdsas panfalmhmrm
panfalmhmrmcc G[M. [actgcocym
[actgcocym
 pacoanfmcomc sgbmp glngm` sgswm jmlmn nalmbsmcmbmc baogmtmc
glngm` sa`gcoom jmpmt nanfactub sgbmp smgctgs ymco tapmt. Jacomc
jangbgmc mbmc tarimpmglm` `mbgbmt smgcs/G[M saimrm utu`. Nmbm parlu
mjmcym sumtu pacalgtgmc uctub nacoatm`ug pacoumsmmc bdcsap `mbgbmt
sm
smgc
gcss jm
jmlm
lmn
n pa
palm
lmbs
bsmc
mcmmc
mmc pa
pari
ridf
dfmmc
mmc pmjm
pmjm pa
panf
nfalalmh
mhmr
mrmc
mc G[
G[M.
M.
[acoumsmmc bdcsap G[M jmpmt jgmrtgbmc safmomg banmnpumc bdocgtge 
sgswm jmlmn nanm`mng jmc nacoumsmg bdcsapbdcsap smgcs nalmlug
sumtu eacdnacm, bahmjgmc, dfyab, mtmu baogmtmc ymco tarbmgt jacomc
nmtargg G[M jmpmt nacoumsmg
nmtar nacoumsmg bdcsap G[M mpmfglm
mpmfglm sgswm
sgswm nacoartg
nacoartg
nmbcm. Ygswm nmbcm jmrg prdsas bahmjgmc,
bahmjgmc, pargstgwm,
pargstgwm, eacdnacm,
eacdnacm, jmc
dfyab nalmlug
nalmlug prdsas
prdsas pacomnmtmc
pacomnmtmc jmc pachalmsmc
pachalmsmc ouru. [acouburmc
[acouburmc
 pacoumsmmc bdcsap G[M jmpmt jglmbubmc nalmlug tas ymgtu tas mwml
jmc tas mb`gr.
mb`gr. [acoumsmmc
[acoumsmmc bdcsap narupmbmc
narupmbmc banmnpumc
banmnpumc pactgco
pactgco
ymco `m jgbanfmcobmc pmjm sgswm. Mpmfglm sgswm nmnpu nacoumsmg
bdcsaprus
bdcsap rus bdcsap nmtm palmhmrmc
palmhmrmc ymco jgmhmrbmc
jgmhmrbmc dla` ouru, nmbm
saimrmm unun jmpmt jgbmtmbmc
saimr jgbmtmbmc sgswm
sgswm tarsafut
tarsafut talm` nacoartg
nacoartg mtmu
nanm`mng
nanm` mng bdcsapbdcsap.
bdcsapbdcsap. [mjm jmsmrcym
jmsmrcym pacoumsmmc
pacoumsmmc bdcsap talm`
jgnglgbg
jgng lgbg dl a` mcmb sanmchmb
sanmchmb jgm baigl `gcoom tunfu` jawmsm jmc
satgmp smmt sasadrmco gtu nanpucymg panm`mnmc tartactu mbmc sasumtu
`ml. Bgtm tgjmb jmpmt nacomtmbmc
nacomtmbmc fm`wm panm`mnmc
panm`mnmc sadrmco
sadrmco mcmb 
 

gtu smlm`, nalmgcbmc fm`wm panm`mnmc narabm gtu tarfmtms. Zuoms

sadrmco
sadrm co p acjgjgb
acjgjgb mjmlm` nanfmctu
nanfmctu mcmb tarsafut
tarsafut nanpardla`
nanpardla`
 pacoumsmmc bdcsap spdctmc tarsafut ymco nacomrm` bapmjm
 pacoumsmmc bdcsap pmrm glnumc ymgtu pacoumsmmc bdcsap glngm`.
Nacurut Nmrgmcm jmc [rmogcjm (6;;7) `mbgbmt Glnu [acoatm`umc
Mlmn (G[M) nar
aru
upmbm
bmcc nmbcm m lmn jm
jmc
c farfmomg
eacdnacm/pa
eacdn acm/parglmb
rglmbu/bmrm
u/bmrmbtarg
btargstgb
stgb ymco jgbanms
jgbanms nachmjg
nachmjg sabunpulmc
sabunpulmc
tadrg jmc bdcsap nalmlug sarmcobmgmc prdsas glngm`.

Vumco Lgcobup jmc Zuhumc Glnu [acoatm`umc Mlmn

G[M mjmlm` smlm` smtu nmtarg mhmr ymco nanglgbg imbupmc smcomt lums.
Qctub
Qctub nanpalm
nanpalmhmr
hmrgcy
gcymm `mrus
`mrus nanpar
nanpar`mt
`mtgbm
gbmc
c tgcobmt
tgcobmtmccy
mccym.
m. Nacuru
Nacurutt
Nulymsm (6;;?8==6) rumco lgcobup uctub fm`mc bmhgmc G[M uctub YJ/NG

nalgputg mspab-mspab fargbut8

m. Nmb`
Nmb`lulub
b `gju
`gjup
p jm
jmc
c prds
prdsas
as ba
ba`g
`gju
jupm
pmc,
c, ym
ymgt
gtu
u nmcu
nmcusg
sgm,
m, `a
`awm
wmc,
c,
tunfu`mc jmc gctarmbsgcym jacomc lgcobucomc, sartm basa`mtmc.
 f. Facjm/nmtarg, sgemt-sgemt jmc baoucmmccym nalgputg8 imgr, pmjmt, jmc
oms.
i. Acarog
Acarog jmc parufm`mccym
parufm`mccym nalgputg
nalgputg88 omym, fucyg, pmcms,
pmcms, nmocat,
nmocat, lgstrgb,
lgstrgb,
im`mym, jmc pasmwmt sajar`mcm.
j. Fung jmc mlmn
mlmn sanastm
sanastm nalgputg
nalgputg88 tmcm`, fung,
fung, tmtm surym,
surym, jmc facjm-
facjm-
 facjm lmcogtcym.

Farjmsmrbmc mpm ymco talm` jgbanubmbmc dla` Nulymsm (6;;?8==6) nmbm

jm
jmpm
pmtt jgbmt
jgbmtmb
mbmc
mc rumco
rumco lgco
lgcobup
bup G[
G[M
M mj
mjml
mlm`
m` sa
sanu
numm ym
ymco
co mj
mjmm jg ml
mlmn
mn
sanastm ymco nalgputg8
=. Nm`l
Nm`lub
ub `gju
`gjup
p ta
tarn
rnms
msub
ub pr
prds
dsas
as ba
ba`g
`gju
jupm
pmcc
ccym
ym ym
ymco
co naci
nacimb
mbup
up
nmcusgm, `awmc sartm tunfu`mc.
6. Facjm/nmtar
Facjm/nmtargg ymco nalgputg
nalgputg facjm imgr,
imgr, facjm
facjm pmjmt jmc facjm
facjm oms.
9. Acarog
Acarog sartm parufm`mcc
parufm`mccym
ym ymco nalgputg
nalgputg omym, fucyg,
fucyg, pmcms,
pmcms, nmocat,

lgstrg, im`mym jmc pasmwmt sajar`mcm.

 

:. Fung
Fung jmc mlmn
mlmn sanastm
sanastm nalgput
nalgputgg fung, tmtm surym
surym huom sanum
sanum facjm
facjm
lmcogt. Jmrg rumco lgcobup tarsafut, G[M narupmbmc glnu pacoatm`umc
ymco nacobmhg tactmco bdcsap jmc prgcsgp jmsmr ymco asacsgml tactmco
sanum oahmlm mlmn sanastm.
Jmrg mspab-mspab ymco unun nm`lub `gjup smnpmg mspab b`usus prdsas
ba`gjupmccym. Jmrg embtm jmsmr tactmco fung `gcoom embtm lafg` jmlmn
tactmco tmtm surym.
 

FMF GGG
[ACQZQ[

9.= BAYGN[Q
BAYGN[QLMC
LMC
Glnu [acoatm`umc Mlmn (G[M) far`ufucomc jacomc imrm nacimrg tm`u
tactmco mlmn saimrm sgstanmtgs, sa`gcoom G[M fubmc `mcym pacoumsmmc

bunpulmc pacoatm`umc ymco farupm embtm-embtm, bdcsap-bdcsap, mtmu

 prgcsgp-prgcsgp smhm tatmpg huom narupmbmc sumtu prdsas pacanumc.
[acjgjgbmc
[acjgjgbmc G[M jg`mrmpbmc jmpmtnachmjg
jmpmtnachmjg wm`mcm fmog pasartm
pasartm jgjgb 
uc
uctu
tub
b nanp
nanpal
almh
mhmr
mrgg jgrg
jgrg sa
sacj
cjgr
grgg jm
jmc
c ml
mlmn
mn sa
sabg
bgtm
tmr,
r, sa
sart
rtmm pr
prds
dspa
pab 
b 
 pacoanfmcomc lafg` lmchut jmlmn nacarmpbmccym jg jmlmnba`gjupmc
sa`mrg-`mrg. [rdsas panfalmhmrmccym nacabmcbmc pmjm panfargmc
 pacomlmnmc saimrm lmcosuco uctub nacoanfmcobmc bdnpatacsg momr
nachal
nachalmhm
mhm`g
`g jmc nanm`m
nanm`mng
ng mlmn
mlmn sabgt
sabgtmr
mr saimrm
saimrm mlmngm
mlmngm`.
`. [ac
[acjgj
jgjgbm
gbmc
c
narupmbmc ndjml uctub nanfmcouc sunfar jmym nmcusgm (YJN) ymco
iarjms jmc farfujg lu`ur. Nmcusgm nalmlug pacjgjgbmc mbmc nalm`grbmc
tmtmcmc lgcobucomc ba`gjupmc ymco fmgb. smlm` smtucym jacomc Glnu
[acoatm`umc Mlmn (G[M). [arbanfmcomc G[M tgjmb `mcym jgtmcjmg dla`
mj
mjmcy
mcymm bu
bunp
npul
ulmc
mc em
embt
btmm sm
smhm
hm,, ta
tatm
tmpg
pg hu
huom
om jg
jgtm
tmcj
cjmg
mg dl
dla`
a` nuciu
nuciulc
lcym
ym
natd
natdja
ja glng
glngm`
m` (s
(sig
igac
actg
tgeg
egii nat`
nat`dj
djs)
s) ymco
ymco ta
tarw
rwuh
uhuj
uj nalm
nalmlu
lugg su
sumt
mtu
u
rmcobmgmc barhm glngm` (wdrbgco sigactgegimlly), cglmg jmc sgbmp glngm`
(sigactge
(sigactgegi
gi mttgtujas)
mttgtujas) Japjgbcms (6;;?8 0). Zuhumc
Zuhumc panfalmhmrmc
panfalmhmrmc G[M
saimrm tarsgrmt nacuctut uctub nacomhmrbmc banmnpumc farpgbgr.   Dla`

bmracm gtu, panfalmhmrmc G[M parlu nacstgnulmsg nm`msgswm uctub mbtge 

 

jmlmn
jmlmn panfal
panfalmhm
mhmrmc
rmc nalmlu
nalmlugg prdsas
prdsas abspld
abspldrms
rmsgg sasumg
sasumg banmnp
banmnpumc
umc
 farpgbgr nm`msgswm. Banmnpumc farpgbgr mjmlm` banmnpumc jg jmlmn
nacymt
nacymtubm
ubmc
c pargl
parglmbu/
mbu/tg
tgcjmb
cjmbmc,
mc, pacoatm
pacoatm`um
`umc,
c, jmc banmnp
banmnpumc
umc ymco
ymco
nanucobgcbmc
nanucobgcbmc sasadrmco
sasadrmco uctub nanfactub
nanfactub lgcobucomccym
lgcobucomccym nachmjg
aeabtge.

9.6 YMVM
YMVMC
C
Yatal
Yatalm`
m` sm
smym
ym sa
sala
lasm
smgg nacu
naculg
lgss nmbm
nmbmlm
lm`
` gc
gcgg sm
smym
ym nacy
nacymj
mjmr
mrgg jmc
nacoatm`mug nmbmlm` gcg hmu` jmrg bmtm sanpurcm bmracm gtu brgtgb jmc
smrmc
smrmc ymco nanfmco
nanfmcouc
uc smcomt
smcomt jgparl
jgparlubmc
ubmc uctub
uctub nacoan
nacoanfmc
fmcobmc
obmc
banmnpumc naculgs nmbmlm` glngm` bajapmccym.
 

JMEZMV [QYZMBM

Vaearacias
@mrndcg, M. (c.j.). [acomctmr Glnu Mlmngm` Jmsmr.  Oucmjmrnm.

[. Vm`myu, Y. N. (=5 Hmcumrg 6;=6). [acoanfmcomc [almhmrmc G[M Zarpmju jacomc

Nacooucmbmc Ndjal [anfalmhmrmc [rdflan Fmsa Nalmlug Lassdc Ytujy. Hurcml
[acjgjgbmc G[M Gcjdcasgm, 59-?;.

Ymputrd, I. F. (6;=?). Nacgobmtbmc @msgl Falmhmr Ygemt-Ygemt Im`mym jacomc Natdja Gcqugry
[mjm balms U YJ Caoarg .  Hurcml Ngtrm [acjgjgbmc
[acjgjgbmc , vdl = 61;-:0=.

Yuwmrtd. (Jasanfar 6;=?). [acoanfmcomc Zas Glnu [acoatm`umc Mlmn Zarbdnputargsmsg.

 Hurcml [acalgmc jmc Avmlumsg
Avmlumsg [acjgjgbmc Udluna 6=, Cd 6 , =19-=5=.
Udluna

Zursgcmwm. (Udl. 6 Cd.:, Mprgl 6;=5). [acoumsmmmc Bdcsap @mbgbmt Ymgcs jmlmn
[almbsmcmmc [aridfmmc [mjm [anfalmhmrmc G[M jg YJC Bdtm Fmcjm Mia`. Hurcml
[asdcm Jmsmr , ?6-0:.

_mwmc Abm Yamwmc, Carg Aog Vusnmcm. (Dbtdfar 6;=0). [acarmpmc Ndjal [anfalmhmrmc
I`gljrac Lamrcgco Gc Yigacia (ILGY) jmlmn [anfalmhmrmc Bdcsap Jmsmr G[M Qctub
Nacgcobmtbmc Batarmnpglmc [rdsas Ymgcs jmc Ygbmp Glngm` Nm`msgswm Imldc Ouru.
Udl.5 Cd.6, 55-?:.
 Hurcml [asdcm Jmsmr Udl.5