Journal of Environmental Management 302 (2022) 114037

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Journal of Environmental Management

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Economic feasibility study of aerators in aquaculture using life cycle costing

(LCC) approach
Subha M. Roy a, *, Rajendra Machavaram a, **, Sanjib Moulick b, C.K. Mukherjee a
a
Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, Pin -721 302, India
b
School of Civil Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, Pin - 751 024, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Selection of aerator is a very important aspect in aquaculture operations. The selected aerator must be
Aerators economically efficient and should be able to fulfil the requirement of oxygen supply in the pond water. In the
Pond aquaculture present study, economic feasibility of nine different types of aerators, namely, perforated pooled circular stepped
Capitalized aeration cost
cascade (PPCSC), pooled circular stepped cascade (PCSC), circular stepped cascade (CSC), paddle wheel (PWA),
Economics
Life cycle costing
spiral aerator (SA), propeller-aspirator-pump (PAA), submersible (SUBA), impeller aerator (IA) and air-jet
aerator (AJA) was assessed based on capitalization method, a life cycle costing (LCC) approach. The results
revealed that the PPCSC aerator can be considered as the most suitable aerator when dissolved oxygen (DO)
content in the pond water is less than equal to 3 mg/L, and pond water volume (V) is less than 2100 m3. In other
situations, mostly when pond water volume is more, IA proves to be the most suitable aerator, followed by PWA,
PPCSC, and other available aerators. The sensitivity analysis conducted by using varying stocking density and
capital cost also showed the same trend with regard to selection of aerators. This life cycle costing approach for
selection of aerator can be implemented for any types of cultured species at any prevailing environmental
conditions.

1. Introduction the knowledge of efficient utilization of aerators to contribute to sus­

The aquaculture sector plays a vital role in meeting food and nutri­
tional demand worldwide (Kobayashi et al., 2015). To meet the growing
demand, fish farmers are increasing production by adopting semi
intensive and intensive aquaculture system. At high stocking density,
dissolved oxygen (DO) is probably the second most important input next
to feed regulating the production of fish (Baylar et al., 2008; Marappan
et al., 2020; Roy et al., 2021a, 2021b). Therefore, it is essential to supply
dissolved oxygen (DO) through artificial aeration in these types of cul­
ture systems (Boyd et al., 1988). Hence, the continuous supply of oxygen
for maintaining the adequate DO concentration to the aquaculture
ponds has become prerequisite for healthy growth and survival of
aquatic species (Vinatea and Carvalho, 2007; Boyd et al., 2017).
The purpose of aeration in pond management is to increase the DO
concentration of the water. Aeration enhances the growth of the fish or
other aquatic animal species and improves quality of water (Roy et al.,
2021a). Aerators can induce circulation of water, supply of DO, remove
small or large size particles and improve bottom mud conditions. But,
tainable production systems is poorly understood. Minimum DO con­
centration can be maintained without causing a decrease in feed
consumption and feed conversion efficiency (Marappan et al., 2020).
Many of the aquacultural farmers have installed and utilized the
aerator to maintain better environmental conditions in aquacultural
ponds and thereby facilitating better fish growth. Many farmers operate
the aerators without knowing its suitability of use and efficiency. Such
empirical practices may not be very beneficial to farmers because the
management expense of aerators may be prohibitive. Therefore, sys­
tematic operation of the aerator with proper knowledge is required from
both economic and environmental points of view. It’s essential to create
research possibilities to reduce the energy usage of aeration in aqua­
culture (Moulick et al., 2005; Roy et al., 2021c).
Different types of aerators, viz., paddle wheel aerator (PWA), spiral
aerator (SA), propeller aspirator aerator (PAA), submersible aerator
(SUBA), impeller aerator (IA), air jet aerator (AJA), circular stepped
cascade (CSC) aerator, pooled circular stepped cascade (PCSC) aerator,
perforated pooled circular stepped cascade (PPCSC) aerator, propeller-

* Corresponding author. Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, Pin -721 302, India.
** Corresponding author. Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, Pin -721 302, India.
E-mail addresses: subhamanash@gmail.com, smroy.agfe@iitkgp.ac.in (S.M. Roy), rajendra@agfe.iitkgp.ac.in (R. Machavaram).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114037
Received 5 February 2021; Received in revised form 5 October 2021; Accepted 28 October 2021
Available online 8 November 2021
S.M. Roy et al.
aspirator pump (PAA) aerator, are being used by the culturists to
enhance fish growth and yield (Boyd, 1998; Moulick et al., 2002, 2005;
Kumar et al., 2013a, 2013b; Roy et al., 2020a, 2020b). Sengupta and
Jana (1987) reported that use of aerators in semi intensive and intensive
aquaculture is important for ensuring better survival, optimal oxygen
supply, higher production, and disease free environment and 25–82%
higher fish production could be achieved in aerated tanks in comparison
with the non-aerated tanks. Boyd (1998) suggested that growth and
survival rate of aquatic species increases with an aeration system. It is
estimated that additional 500 kg of fish production can be achieved per
kW of aeration. Marappan et al. (2020) compared the economic per­
formances of shrimp aquaculture (Penaeus vannamei) production using
various aerators (Impeller, spiral leaf, air-jet, submersible, and paddle
wheel aerator) at different salinities. They found that impellor aerators
(IA) yield 14%–25% high returns across salinities, and spiral leaf aera­
tors give 5% more return at 35‰ salinity.
Artificial aerators are used not only for fish pond aeration but also for
aeration of water and wastewater treatment units. An efficient aerator
will minimize the cost of aeration of water or wastewater. In fact, CSC,
PCSC and PPCSC aerators are very efficient not only for aeration of the
water or wastewater but also for removal of gases like carbon dioxide,
methane, hydrogen sulphide, volatile organic compounds etc. (Singh,
2010; Kumar et al., 2013a; Roy et al., 2020a).
The selection of a particular type of aerator at a particular condition
depends on the economic aspect. Engle (1989) used an economic engi­
neering approach to estimate total aeration cost by estimating fixed, and
variable costs for 23 different electric and tractor powered aeration
devices. Tractor-powered aerators were found to be more efficient
economically than the others when aeration time per season is below
250 h. In other cases, electric aerators were more efficient. However, for
ponds less than 2 ha in size, propeller-aspirator-pumps (1–3 hp) were
cost effective. In general, electric floating paddlewheels were found to
be the most cost-efficient aerators for pond sizes more than 0.4 ha.
Kumar et al. (2013b) conducted economic analysis for five different
aeration systems viz: CSC, PCSC, 1-hp paddle wheel, 2-hp paddle wheel,
and propeller aspirator pump aerators (PAA) for different pond sizes,
initial DO concentrations of pond, and operating hours of aerators. The
economic comparison was in terms of aeration cost per unit time basis.
The analysis showed that for pond sizes less than 1000 m3, CSC and
PCSC aerators are economically efficient, but for pond sizes more than
5000 m3, paddle wheel aerators are the appropriate ones.
The life cycle costing approach is a very popular approach to eval­
uate the economic performances of various projects. The life cycle cost
(LCC) includes the capital cost and recurring cost considering the entire
lifespan of the specific project. In such approach, capital cost of a
product includes the present market price of the product and also the
replacement cost that would be required after the life span of the
product is over (Swamee and Sharma, 2008; Swamee and Sharma, 2020;
Al-Khomairi et al., 2020.). Engle (1989) developed average cost curves
(average cost of aeration per kg of dissolved oxygen vs. hours of aera­
tion) for various aeration devices. The average cost was calculated by
adding the fixed cost and variable cost associated with the aerators. The
depreciation, repair, operating, and labour costs were compared on a
percentage basis for different types of aerators. Further, the least cost
aeration devices were selected for different pond sizes. However, in their
analysis, the time value of money was not considered, which is very
important for comparing different products at present time. Kumar et al.
(2013b) considered the total cost of aeration as the summation of fixed
cost and variable cost. Under fixed cost, capital cost, depreciation cost,
maintenance cost, and bank interest for purchase of the aerators were
included, whereas, the electricity cost and labour cost were considered
as the variable cost. The cost comparisons among various aerators were
made on the basis of total cost incurred per hour of aeration time. In the
cost calculation, only the present worth of fixed cost for the aerators
were considered, but electricity and labour costs were not considered. In
the study conducted by Marappan et al. (2020), economic performances
2
Journal of Environmental Management 302 (2022) 114037
of shrimp aquaculture (Penaeus vannamei) production using various
aerators at different salinities in terms of return on investment (ROI), net
present value (NPV), and internal rate of return (IRR) were considered.
They assumed all other fixed and variable expenditures except aeration
related costs as constant for all aerators to assess the economics of
different aerators. The results of the study are strictly valid for shrimp
aquaculture systems where brackish water environment is a necessity.
Therefore, the economics considered in the study may not be valid for
freshwater aquaculture systems. Moreover, selection of aerator depends
on the DO concentration present in the culture pond (CP), and also on the
volume of pond water (V) (Engle, 1989; Kumar et al., 2013b). CP de­
pends on the culture species, planktonic and benthic species, stocking
density, salinity, temperature, and atmospheric pressure. Therefore, in
the process for selection of aerator, the influences of all the above
mentioned parameters have to be considered.
Keeping in view findings of the above studies, the present study was
conducted to evaluate the economics of different existing aerators;
namely, perforated pooled circular stepped cascade (PPCSC) aerator,
pooled circular stepped cascade (PCSC) aerator, circular stepped
cascade (CSC) aerator, paddle wheel (PWA), spiral aerator (SA),
propeller-aspirator-pump aerator (PAA), submersible aerator (SUBA),
impeller aerator (IA) and air-jet aerator (AJA) for use in freshwater
environment based on life cycle costing (LCC) approach. The capitali­
zation method, a popularly known LCC approach, was used for
comparing the economics among different aerators. In this method, the
total capitalized cost is determined by adding the capital cost of the
aerator with the capitalized values of replacement cost, maintenance
cost, and the energy cost.
A typical Indian major carp (IMC) culture is considered in this study
and based on the oxygen demand posed by the IMC, phytoplankton’s,
benthos, the capitalized cost of nine different aerators were found out
for different conditions (initial DO levels and pond volumes) and the
aerator with the least capitalized cost was recommended for each
condition.
The specific objectives of the study are as follows:
• Comparative evaluation of economics of nine different types of aer­
ators (PPCSC, PCSC, CSC, PWA, SA, PAA, SUBA, IA, and AJA) based
on capitalization method at different pond water volumes, and initial
dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in pond water for a typical
Indian major carp (IMC) culture.
• Recommendation for selection of aerator for different pond
conditions.
• Sensitivity analysis for capital cost and stocking density on the total
capitalized cost of the aerators.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Life cycle costing approach
Life cycle costing (LCC) is an economic analysis technique to eval­
uate the total cost of a system over its life span or over the period a
service is provided. It is a systematic approach that includes all the costs
of the infrastructure facilities incurred over the analysis period (Carter
and Keeler, 2008; Utne, 2009; Fuller, 2010; Babashamsi et al., 2016;
Hamim et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021). The results of an LCC analysis
are used in the decision making to select an option from available al­
ternatives to provide a specified service. In this technique, two costs are
considered – (i) capital cost and (ii) recurring cost. Capital cost is the
cost of an infrastructure or a product with a finite life span. Once the life
span of a product gets over, replacement will be needed. Considering the
project life span, suitable replacement cost should be considered as an
additional cost. The recurring cost is the cost which is to be incurred
continuously for keeping the project in operating condition. In order to
combine these costs, capitalization method is popularly used, as
described here briefly.
S.M. Roy et al.
The capitalized cost includes the capital cost (C0), capitalized
replacement cost (CR), capitalized maintenance cost (CM) and capital­
ized energy cost (CE). The capitalized replacement cost means the
amount of money that has to be kept in a bank for the life period (T
years) of the specific aerator, so that its interest will be sufficient to get
the new component. Similarly, the capitalized maintenance cost and
capitalized energy cost, means the amount of money that has to be kept
in a bank, so that its interest will be sufficient to repay the annual
maintenance cost and annual energy cost.
In capitalization method, the replacement cost, maintenance cost,
and the energy cost are capitalized and finally added to the capital cost
of the product to determine the total capitalized cost (Mohammad et al.,
2018).
Thus total capitalized cost (Cc) will be the summation of capital cost,
replacement cost for the product, capitalized maintenance cost and
capitalized energy cost and is represented as follows.
Cc = C0 +CR +CM +CE
where, C0 is the product capital cost, CR is the capitalized replacement
cost, CM is the capitalized maintenance cost, and CE is the capitalized
energy cost.
The capitalized cost of various alternatives can be calculated using
the above equations and the optimal configuration will be the one with
the least capitalized cost.
Following the method as decribed and assuming capital cost includes
the cost of required aerators and standby aerators as a factor of safety,
the capitalized cost of the aerators can be expressed as follows:
[ ]
( )
1 − Sf ( / )
Cc = [C0 × NA × (1 + Sb ) ] × 1 + + Mf r
(1 + r)T − 1
+[(NA × Ps × Oh × ER)/r ]
where, NA is the number of aerators, Sb is the standby fraction of aerator,
Sf is the salvage factor, Mf is the annual maintenance cost, ER is the
electricity rate (Rs/kWh), Oh is the annual operating hours of the
aerator, Ps is the power rating of an aerator (kW), r is the bank interest
rate, %, and T is the life span of the aerator, years.
In the present study, capitalization method was adopted to compare
the capitalized cost of various aerators to satisfy a specific oxygen de­
mand (kg O2/h) for a set of environmental conditions.
2.2. Aeration characteristics of various aerators
Different types of aerators are being used in aquaculture operations.
The aerators in general can be classified under three categories – (i)
Splash Aerator, (ii) Diffused-air Aerator and (iii) Gravity Aerator (Roy
et al., 2021a). Paddle wheel aerator (PWA) and spiral aerator (SA) are
the common types of splash aerators. In PWA, the rotating wheel
splashes the water in a vertical plane into the air and thereby absorbs
oxygen into the water body. Similarly, SA is a modified design of PWA
and it splashes water into the air by the spiral rotation (tangential) of the
spiral wheel. The PWA and SA generally consist of a frame, floats, motor,
coupling, wheel, bearing and speed reduction mechanism. These types
of aerators are popularly used in aquaculture ponds (Roy et al., 2021a).
The propeller aspirator aerator (PAA), submersible aerator (SUBA)
air-jet aerator (AJA) and impeller aerator (IA) are the common types of
diffused-air aerators. The propeller aspirator aerator (PAA), submersible
aerator (SUBA) and air jet aerator work on the same principles. They
consist an electric motor, hollow pipe and propeller. A rotating hollow
pipe is attached with the motor and the motor is connected to the pro­
peller. The propeller rotating into the water body with high velocity
causes a pressure drop within the hollow pipe. This helps in suction of
air in the water body (Kumar et al., 2010). Impeller aerator (IA) is a new
type of aerator developed by the aquaculture industry. It consists of an
electric motor, steadying bar, impeller and floating ball. The IA floats on
Journal of Environmental Management 302 (2022) 114037
the water body, impeller is usually placed one cm below the water
surface and it can be adjusted by injecting water to the floating ball
(Jiang et al., 2019). The circular stepped cascade (CSC), pooled circular
stepped cascade (PCSC) and perforated pooled circular stepped cascade
(PPCSC) are the common types of gravity aerators. A circular stepped
cascade (CSC) in combination with a pump is the key to the main
aeration unit. CSC consists of circular steps in which water is allowed to
fall from the upper step to subsequent next and finally to the bottom step
in a uniformly distributed manner. The submersible pump attached with
a control valve is placed below the circular steeped cascade and regu­
lates the water flow (Singh, 2010). Pooled circular stepped cascade
(PCSC) is the modified version of the circular stepped cascade (Kumar
et al., 2013a). In the PCSC aerator barriers are provided in each step of
the cascade, and Kumar et al. (2013a) optimized the spacing between
the barriers. The water flow over PCSC aerator in a zigzag manner
increased the dissolved oxygen content into the water body. Further
development of PCSC aerator to increase the aeration efficiency led to
(1)
the development of a perforated pooled circular stepped cascade
(PPCSC) aerator (Roy et al., 2020a). In this PPCSC aerator, the cascade
steps are perforated, and the step widths are provided in decreasing
order from top to bottom as the top steps of cascade have to handle more
water as compared to the lower steps during the aeration process.
In the present study, nine different types of available aerators: (i)
perforated pooled circular stepped cascade (PPCSC); (ii) pooled circular
stepped cascade (PCSC); (iii) circular stepped cascade (CSC); (iv) paddle
wheel (PWA); (v) spiral aerator (SA); (vi) propeller aspirator pump
(PAA); (vii) submersible aerator (SUBA), (viii) impeller aerator (IA) and
(ix) air-jet aerator (AJA) (Fig. 1) were considered. The aeration char­
acteristics of the aerators (wire power, SOTR and SAE) following Roy
et al. (2020), Kumar et al. (2013a), Singh (2010), Fast et al., (1999), Roy
et al. (2017), Kumar et al. (2010), Jairaj et al. (2018) and Marappan
(2)
et al. (2020) are reported in Table 1.
2.3. Method for evaluation standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR) and
standard aeration efficiency (SAE) of an aeration system
In order to evaluate the performance of an aerator, standard oxygen
transfer rate (SOTR) and standard aeration efficiency (SAE) are gener­
ally used. These parameters are defined as follows:
The standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR) of an aeration system is
defined as the oxygen transfer per unit time to a water body under
standard conditions (water temperature: 20 ◦ C, initial DO concentration
= 0 mg/L, one atmospheric pressure and clean tap water) (ASCE, 2007)
and is expressed as given in Equation (3).
SOTR = KL a20 × (C* − C0 ) × V (3)
where, SOTR is the standard oxygen-transfer rate (kg O2/h), KLa20 is
overall oxygen transfer coefficient at 20 ◦ C (h− 1), C* is the DO saturation
value (mg/L) for 20 ◦ C, C0 is the initial DO concentration and is taken as
zero (mg/L) under standard condition and V is the volume of water in
the pond, m3.
Standard aeration efficiency (SAE) is a better comparative perfor­
mance parameter than SOTR (Lawson and Merry, 1993) which is
defined as the standard oxygen-transfer rate (SOTR) per unit of power
input to the aerator and is represented by Equation (4).
SAE (kg O2 /kWh) = SOTR/P (4)
where, P denotes the input power to the aerator (kW).
The conditions in the pond are different from that at which the
aerators are tested under standard conditions. Therefore, the oxygen
transfer rate (OTR) of the aerators must be estimated under the pre­
vailing conditions of the pond. Expression for OTR is presented in
Equation (5) by following the method of (Shelton and Boyd, 1983; Boyd,
1998):
3
S.M. Roy et al. Journal of Environmental Management 302 (2022) 114037

Fig. 1. Various types of aerators selected in the present study.

[ { } / ]
Table 1 AE = SAE α × 1.024T− 20
(β Cs − CP ) 9.07 (6)
Specification of various types of aerators.
The total oxygen demand in an aquacultural pond depends on the
Sl. Aerators Wire Power SOTR (kg SAE (kg References
No (kW) O2/h) O2/kWh)
oxygen demand posed by the cultured species, plankton and the benthic
organisms and can be expressed as:
1 PPCSC 0.186 0.249 1.338 Roy et al.,
(2020a) TOD = ODs +ODP +ODb (7)
2 PCSC 0.186 0.161 0.867 Kumar et al.,
(2013a)
where, TOD is the total oxygen demand (kg O2/h), ODs is the demand of
3 CSC 0.186 0.135 0.726 Singh, (2010)
4 PWA 0.750 1.552 2.070 Fast et al., 1999
oxygen by cultured species (kg O2/h), ODP is the plankton oxygen de­
5 SA 0.490 0.490 1.000 Roy et al., (2017) mand (kg O2/h) and ODb is the benthos oxygen demand (kg O2/h).
6 PAA 1.492 0.454 0.304 Kumar et al., Based on the values of TOD and AE, the power requirement (PT) to
(2010) run the aerators can be determined by the following equation:
7 SUBA 0.696 0.429 0.616 Jairaj et al.,
(2018) PT = TOD/AE (8)
8 IA 1.075 2.255 2.098 Marappan et al.,
(2020)
where, PT is the total power requirement for aeration (kW), AE is the
9 AJA 0.651 0.923 1.419 Marappan et al.,
(2020) aeration efficiency of aerator (kg O2/kWh).
When the total power requirement (PT) is divided by the available
power of a single aerator (Ps), the number of aerators (NA), with a
[ ( )] /
OTR = SOTR × α × 1.024T− 20
β Cs − Cp 9.07 (5) standby fraction of Sb, can be determined by using Equation (9).
NA = (PT / Ps ) × Sb = [TOD / (AE × PS )] × Sb (9)
where, Cs is the saturation concentration of pond water (mg/L) at T◦ C,
CP is the initial DO concentration in pond water (mg/L) at T◦ C, α = KLa20
where, Ps is the power rating of an aerator (kW).
pond water/KLa20 tap water and β = DO saturation concentration of
pond water/DO saturation concentration of tap water.
Similarly, aeration efficiency (AE) of oxygen transfer under pond
conditions can be expressed as follows (Equation (6)):

4
S.M. Roy et al. Journal of Environmental Management 302 (2022) 114037

2.4. Estimation of total oxygen demand (TOD) Table 3

Capital cost and useful life of different aquaculture aerators.
The total oxygen demand (TOD) in aquacultural pond depends on Sl. No. Aerators Life span (year) Capital cost (₹) References
the cultured species as well as the quality of water. In the present study
1 PPCSC 6 7800 Present study
standard culture of Indian Major Carps (IMC), namely, catla (Catla 2 PCSC 6 7000 Kumar et al., (2013b)
catla), rohu (Labeo rohita) and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) was considered 3 CSC 6 6500 Singh, (2010)
with a ratio of 4:3:3. The different culture parameters viz., stocking 4 PWA 4 42,000 Marappan et al., (2020)
density (Kumar et al., 2013b), feeding rate (Kumar et al., 2013b), 5 SA 5 42,000 Roy et al., (2017)
6 PAA 4 30,000 Kumar et al., (2010)
respiration rate of IMC (Lawson, 1993), oxygen demand by planktons 7 SUBA 4 25,000 Jayraj et al., 2018
and benthos (Boyd and Tucker, 1998) were assumed and are presented 8 IA 5 31,200 Marappan et al., (2020)
in Table 2. 9 AJA 5 30,300 Marappan et al., (2020)

(1$ = 76.07 ₹).

2.5. Pond conditions
values of CP and pond water volumes.
AE and the number of aerators required directly depend on the water
quality conditions which mainly include water temperature, T; α and β
3. Results
factors, initial DO concentration in pond water (CP) (Equation (5) and
(6)) and pond water volumes. In the present study, typical values of
3.1. Capitalized cost of different aerators
temperature (T), α and β were chosen as 25 ◦ C, 0.95 and 0.90 respec­
tively. The saturation dissolved oxygen concentration, Cs was consid­
The capitalized costs of different aerators at different values of CP
ered as 8.26 mg/L at 25 ◦ C (APHA, 1992; Jiang and Stenstrom, 2012). CP
and pond water volumes were calculated using the procedure detailed in
(1, 2 and 3 mg/L) as well as the pond water volumes (500, 1000, 2000,
Section 2. The step by step calculations of capitalized cost for all the nine
3000, 5000, 8000 and 10,000 m3 with water depth as 1.0 m in each of
different aerators for CP = 1, 2, and 3 mg/L are reported in Appendix A,
the cases) were varied to evaluate the life cycle cost for different
B, and C, respectively. The capitalized cost of all the aerators considered
aerators.
at different values of CP and pond water volumes are presented in
Table 4. The aerator with the minimum capitalized cost at a particular
2.6. Estimation of requirement of aerators (NA) CP and pond water volume is denoted in bold. It can be noted from the
table that at pond water volumes of less than 2000 m3, the minimum
The requirement of a specific type of aerator depends on many fac­ capitalized cost (Cc) is achievable with the PPCSC aerator, particularly
tors like total oxygen demand (TOD) in pond, aeration efficiency (AE) of at low values of CP (CP < 3 mg/L, critical condition in case of an
aerators in pond conditions, power rating of an aerator (Ps) etc. and was intensive aquacultural pond). However, at higher pond water volumes
calculated using Equation (9). (more than 2000 m3) and CP ≥ 3 mg/L, IA is the most preferred aerator.
The capitalized cost of different aerators, Cc, can be expressed as a
2.7. Estimation of total capitalized cost of aeration system (Cc) function of CP and pond water volumes (V) in the form of second order
equations with reasonably high values of coefficient of determination
The values of capital cost and life span of the different aerators are (R2) as shown in Table 5. The Cc value for any one of the nine selected
presented in Table 3. The bank interest rate, maintenance fraction, aerators can be determined easily using the equation mentioned in the
salvage fraction, and standby fraction for the aerators were assumed to table by providing input values as CP and V. The aerator which yields the
be 12%, 0.07, 0.10, and 0.75 respectively. The electricity rate was taken lowest value of Cc can be selected as the most economical one.
as Rs. 4.72/kWh (WBSEDCL, West Bengal, India). Assuming the culture The suitability of various aerators for different CP (mg/L) values and
period to be of 190 days per year with 16 h of aeration time per day, the pond water volumes (V) based on the minimum capitalized cost is pre­
total annual hours of aeration was calculated to be 3040 h. sented in Table 6. It can be observed from the table that, PPCSC aerator
The capital cost, capitalized replacement cost, capitalized mainte­ can be considered as the most suitable aerator (yielding the lowest
nance cost, and capitalized energy cost were first calculated based on the capitalized cost), for the following combinations: (i) CP = 1 mg/L and V
procedure detailed in Section 2.1. assuming the bank interest rate, ≤ 2100 m3, (ii) CP = 2 mg/L and V ≤ 2800 m3 and (iii) CP = 3 mg/L and
maintenance fraction, salvage fraction, and standby fraction as V ≤ 1800 m3. Under other situations, mostly when pond water volume
mentioned above. The total capitalized cost of the nine different types of (V) is more, IA proves to be the most suitable aerator followed by PWA,
aerators were then calculated using Equation (2) for different values of PPCSC and other available aerators.
CP (1, 2, and 3 mg/L) and pond water volumes (500, 1000, 2000, 3000, It is important to note that in intensive fish culture systems, it has
5000, 8000, and 10,000 m3). Economic comparison was eventually become a common practice to adopt small pond sizes for proper man­
made among the different aerators based on the total capitalized cost. agement of the culture system. In such culture ponds, PPCSC aerator will
Finally, the optimal type of aerator was recommended based on the be the most preferred one in comparison with the other available
aerators.
Table 2
Pertinent Parameters for determination of TOD in IMC pond. 3.2. Sensitivity analysis
Sl. Parameters Values References
No. The capitalized cost of aerators depends on various parameters like
1. Stocking density (kg/m3) 0.75 Kumar et al., culture species, oxygen demand by cultured species, planktonic and
(2013b) benthic species, stocking density, the environmental conditions of the
2. Feeding rate (% of biomass/day) 2.0 Kumar et al.,
pond water, including temperature, initial dissolved oxygen (CP), and
(2013b)
3. Respiration rate of IMC (kg O2/kg feed) 0.3 Lawson, (1993) pond water volumes (V).
4. Oxygen demand of planktonic 0.134 Boyd and Tucker, Apart from CP and V, two significant parameters affecting the eco­
respiration (mg/L/hour) (1998) nomics of the aerators are stocking density of fish and the capital cost of
5. Oxygen demand of benthic respiration 0.061 Boyd and Tucker, the aerator as they have a direct impact on the values of Cc for different
(mg/L/hour) (1998)
aerators. In this analysis, only two best performing aerators – PPCSC and

5
S.M. Roy et al. Journal of Environmental Management 302 (2022) 114037

Table 4
Capitalized aeration cost (₹/year) for different types of aerators for different CP and pond water volumes (V).
CP (mg/L) Pond water Volume (m3) Capitalized Aeration cost (₹)

PPCSC PCSC CSC PWA SA PAA SUBA IA AJA

1 500 112,936 115,915 101,527 321,395 261,738 343,914 221,148 279,450 224,398
1000 169,405 211,831 203,055 321,395 523,476 687,828 442,297 279,450 224,398
2000 262,341 370,704 426,110 321,395 785,214 1,031,743 663,446 279,450 448,796
3000 395,278 529,578 609,165 321,395 1,046,952 1,375,658 884,595 279,450 448,796
5000 621,152 847,325 964,511 642,791 1,570,428 2,063,487 1,326,894 558,901 673,195
8000 959,962 1,376,904 1,522,913 964,186 2,355,642 3,095,230 2,211,489 558,901 1,121,992
10,000 1,185,836 1,694,651 1,929,023 1,285,582 2,879,119 4,126,974 2,653,787 838,351 1,346,390
2 500 102,936 105,915 152,291 321,395 261,738 343,914 221,148 279,450 224,398
1000 169,405 211,831 253,818 321,395 523,476 687,828 442,297 279,450 224,398
2000 282,341 423,662 456,873 321,395 785,214 1,031,743 663,446 279,450 448,796
3000 451,747 635,494 710,692 642,791 1,046,952 1,375,658 1,105,745 279,450 448,796
5000 734,088 1,006,199 1,167,566 642,791 1,832,166 2,407,401 1,548,042 558,901 897,593
8000 1,129,367 1,588,735 1,827,495 1,285,582 2,617,380 3,783,059 2,653,787 838,351 1,346,390
10,000 1,411,709 2,012,398 2,284,369 1,285,582 3,402,595 4,814,803 3,096,085 838,351 1,570,789
3 500 112,936 158,873 152,291 321,395 261,738 343,914 221,148 279,450 224,398
1000 169,405 264,789 304,582 321,395 523,476 687,828 442,297 279,450 224,398
2000 318,810 529,578 558,401 321,395 785,214 1,375,658 884,595 279,450 448,796
3000 508,215 741,409 862,983 642,791 1,308,690 1,719,572 1,326,894 279,450 673,195
5000 847,025 1,218,030 1,421,385 964,186 2,093,904 3,095,230 1,990,340 558,901 897,593
8000 1,355,241 1,959,440 2,233,605 1,285,582 3,140,857 4,470,888 3,096,085 838,351 1,570,789
10,000 1,694,051 2,436,060 2,792,006 1,606,977 3,926,071 5,846,546 3,980,681 1,117,802 1,795,187

IA have been selected for comparison.

Table 5
In order to evaluate the effect of stocking density of fish on Cc, a
Developed regression models of Capitalized aeration cost (Cc) for different CP
sensitivity analysis was performed for PPCSC and IA by varying the
(mg/L) values and pond volumes (V).
stocking density by ±20% for different pond water volumes (V) of 500,
Sl. Aerators Regression models R2 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, 8000, and 10,000 m3 and CP values (1, 2, and 3
No. value
mg/L). The results for CP = 1, 2, and 3 mg/L are shown in Figs. 2–4,
1 PPCSC Cc = 122,040–81697.30 × CP + 80.92 × V + 0.998 respectively. It can be noted from these figures that when stocking
15764.10 × CP2 + 4.97 × 10− 4 × V2 +27.11 × CP ×
density is decreased by 20%, PPCSC aerator is preferable with V less
V
2 PCSC Cc = 160,667–150,005 × CP + 121.36 × V + 0.997 than equal to 2000 m3 at all values of Cp.
37570.40 × CP2 + 4.62 × 10− 4 × V2 + 37.41 × CP × At lower water volumes, requirement of oxygen is less, and thereby
V requirement of aerators is also less. PPCSC aerator, being cheaper, will
3 CSC Cc = 127,266–126,972 × CP + 144.64 × V + 0.997 prove to be more suitable at lower water volumes than IA. However, at
31458.50 × CP2 – 6.33 × 10− 5 × V2 + 43.69 × CP × V
4 PWA Cc = 226,898–19243.30 × CP + 60.74 × V + 0.954
higher water volumes, oxygen demand is high, requirement of number
4999.95 × Cp2 + 2.20 × 10− 3 × V2 + 19.49 × CP × V of aerators will depend upon the oxygen transfer rate of the aerators.
5 SA Cc = 440,764–273,766 × CP + 212.59 × V + 0.997 PPCSC aerators have low oxygen transfer rate, and large numbers of
52347.70 × CP2 - 5.237 × 10− 4 × V2 + 58.87 × CP × aerators will be needed to meet the oxygen demand. This will increase
V
the capital cost. Therefore, IA will be more useful for large volume of
6 PAA Cc = 589,260–393,973 × CP + 246.31 × V + 0.996
85978.6 × CP2 + 2.89 × 10− 3 × V2 + 95.819 × CP × water.
V Similar pattern can also be observed when stocking density is
7 SUBA Cc = 372,377–294,396 × CP + 194.52 × V + 0.995 increased by 20% with the exception that at low values of CP, i.e., 1 mg/
66344.7 × CP2 - 5.38 × 10− 4 × V2 + 63.311 × CP × V L, PPCSC aerator is economically better than IA up to V = 5000 m3.
8 IA Cc = 310,344–38,920 × CP – 2.24 × V + 0.100 × Cp2 0.939
+ 3.75 × 10− 2 × V2 + 17.88 × CP × V
The variation of capitalized cost due to changes in capital cost
9 AJA Cc = 232,477–104,991 × CP + 87.39 × V + 22,439 0.968 (±20%) of the aerators at different pond water volumes for CP values of
× Cp2 - 3.901 × 10− 4 × V2 – 27.40 × CP × V 1, 2, and 3 mg/L are presented in Figs. 5–7, respectively. It can be clearly
noticed from all the figures that, PPCSC aerator performs better than IA
up to V = 2000 m3. However, at higher values of V, economic perfor­
Table 6 mance of IA is better.
Suitability of various aerators for different CP (mg/L) values and pond volumes This life cycle costing approach for selection of aerators can very well
based on life cycle costing approach. be applied to any types of culture systems. However, the input param­
CP (mg/ Pond water volume Optimal aerator in the order of suitability eters involving the culture of the specific aquatic species have to be
L) (m3) modified, and the capitalized cost for all the aerators can be calculated
1 ≤ 2100 PPCSC > PCSC > CSC > IA > PWA > AJA >
and compared accordingly.
SUBA > SA > PAA
>2100 IA > PWA > PPCSC > PCSC > CSC > AJA > 4. Discussion
SUBA > SA > PAA
2 ≤ 2000 PPCSC > PCSC > CSC > IA > PWA > AJA >
In the earlier studies, the researchers (Engle, 1989; Kumar et al.,
SUBA > SA > PAA
>2000 IA > PWA > PPCSC > PCSC > CSC > AJA > 2013b; Marappan et al., 2020) did not consider all the influencing pa­
SUBA > SA > PAA rameters (water quality of culture pond, oxygen demand of biological
3 ≤ 1800 PPCSC > PCSC > CSC > IA > PWA > AJA > species and capitalized fixed and operating cost of aeration) in the se­
SUBA > SA > PAA lection of aerator in the aquaculture operation. In the current study,
>1800 IA > PWA > PPCSC > PCSC > CSC > AJA >
SUBA > SA > PAA
Capitalization method, a life cycle costing (LCC) approach, was used to
compare the economics of nine aerators (PPCSC, PCSC, CSC, PWA, PAA,

6
S.M. Roy et al.
Fig. 2. Sensitivity analysis of stocking density towards capitalized aeration cost (₹) at different pond volumes and CP = 1 mg/L.
Fig. 3. Sensitivity analysis of stocking density towards capitalized aeration cost (₹) at different pond volumes and CP = 2 mg/L.
SA, SUBA, IA, and AJA) at different pond conditions for a typical Indian
major carp (IMC) culture. At first, the numbers of aerators required were
determined based on the aeration performance data (SAE and wire
power) and the total oxygen demand in the pond culture system. The
capitalization method was then used to determine the capitalized cost of
aeration by different types of aerators for different pond water volumes
and initial dissolved oxygen concentrations in pond water.
The economic analysis clearly shows that PPCSC aerator is
economically the most efficient aerator when pond water volume is less
than equal to 2100 m3 and the initial pond dissolved oxygen is critically
low (less than equal to 3 mg/L). However, for higher pond water vol­
umes, IA is the most suitable one followed by PWA, PPCSC, and other
aerators. The sensitivity analysis of the capital cost of the aerator and the
stocking density on the capitalized cost of the aerators revealed that up
to 2000 m3 of pond water volume, PPCSC aerator is economically better
than IA, however for other volumes, IA should be the only choice for
selection.
It can be noted that PPCSC aerator, even with very high SAE, is not
economically the most efficient aerator when culture pond volume is
more than 2100 m3. This is because; this aerator has very less SOTR and
thereby number of aerators required becomes very high, leading to high
7
Journal of Environmental Management 302 (2022) 114037
cost when culture pond volume is more. IA aerator performs better when
cultured pond volume is more than 2100 m3. However as IA aerator is
subjected to high wear and tear, therefore as far as possible it is better to
use gravity type aerator viz., PPCSC, PCSC and CSC aerator as it involves
gravity as the only means of adding oxygen to water. Typically intensive
aquaculture ponds with high stocking density of cultured aquatic species
have pond volume from 1000 to 4000 m3 (Roy et al., 2021a). From
management point of view it is a practice to use small ponds for per­
forming intensive culture (Mohammad et al., 2018; Opiyo et al., 2018).
Therefore, the PPCSC aerator can very well be used in such culture
system effectively.
A method for selection of aerator in aquaculture operation based on
life cycle costing approach has been developed and presented. In this
study, the applicability of various aerators in aquaculture pond was
ascertained. This study may help the user to select the best aerator based
on their requirements. Quite a few assumptions like cultured species,
their oxygen consumption, water qualities, pond conditions, etc., were
made for economic evaluation. Therefore, for actual field applications,
the concerned user can follow this methodology presented in this study
and use the available field data to identify the appropriate aerator.
S.M. Roy et al. Journal of Environmental Management 302 (2022) 114037

Fig. 4. Sensitivity analysis of stocking density towards capitalized aeration cost (₹) at different pond volumes and CP = 3 mg/L.

Fig. 5. Sensitivity analysis of capital cost of aerator towards capitalized aeration cost (₹) for different pond volumes at CP = 1 mg/L.

Fig. 6. Sensitivity analysis of capital cost of aerator towards capitalized aeration cost (₹) for different pond volumes at CP = 2 mg/L.

8
S.M. Roy et al. Journal of Environmental Management 302 (2022) 114037

Fig. 7. Sensitivity analysis of capital cost of aerator towards capitalized aeration cost (₹) for different pond volumes at CP = 3 mg/L.

5. Conclusions Abbreviations

The specific conclusions of the study are as follows: DO Dissolved oxygen

C Concentration of oxygen at time t (mg/L)
• A framework for comparative economic analysis among aerators for C*∞ Equilibrium liquid phase oxygen concentration (mg/L)
use in aquacultural ponds has been developed based on capitaliza­ C0 Initial DO concentration (mg/L)
tion method, a life cycling costing approach. KLaT Overall oxygen transfer coefficient at T ◦ C (h− 1)
• Comparative economic analysis assuming a typical IMC culture re­ t time of sampling (T)
veals that T temperature ( C)
(i) PPCSC aerator is economically the most efficient aerator when θ Temperature correction factor
pond water volume is less than equal to 2100 m3 and the pond V Volume of water under aeration (m3)
dissolved oxygen is critically low (less than equal to 3 mg/L). SOTR Standard oxygen-transfer rate (kg O2/h)
(ii) For pond water volumes more than 2100 m3, IA is the most SAE Standard aeration efficiency (kg O2/kWh)
suitable aerator followed by PWA, PPCSC and other aerators. P Input power to the aerator (kW)
(iii) The sensitivity analysis of the capital cost of the aerator and the OTR oxygen transfer rate in actual ponds (kg O2/h)
stocking density on the capitalized cost of the aerators revealed Cs Saturation concentration of pond water at T◦ C (mg/L)
that up to 2000 m3 of pond water volume, PPCSC aerator is CP Initial DO concentration in pond water at T◦ C (mg/L)
economically better than IA. However, for higher pond water AE Aeration efficiency in actual ponds (kg O2/kWh)
volumes, IA performs the best on economical basis. TOD Total oxygen demand (kg O2/h)
ODs Demand of oxygen by cultured species (kg O2/h)
Credit author statement ODp Plankton oxygen demand (kg O2/h)
ODb Benthos oxygen demand (kg O2/h)
Subha M. Roy: Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, PT Total power requirement for aeration (kW)
Writing- Original draft preparation. Rajendra Machavaram: Supervi­ Ps Single aerator power rating (kW)
sion, Software, Writing- Reviewing and Editing. Sanjib Moulick: NA Number of aerators
Writing- Reviewing and Editing, Conceptualization, Formal analysis. C. Sb Standby fraction
K. Mukherjee: Supervision, Conceptualization, Methodology LCC Life-cycle costing
CR Replacement Cost
Declaration of competing interest C0 Capital cost of aerators (₹)
T Life span of the aerator, years
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial Sf Salvage factor
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence IR Compound interest
the work reported in this paper. IMC Indian major carp
CN Net liability
Acknowledgments r Bank interest rate, %
Mf Annual maintenance factor
We sincerely thank Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, CM Capitalized maintenance cost (₹)
Aquacultural Engineering Section, IIT Kharagpur to carry out this CE Capitalized energy cost (₹)
research work. ER Electricity rate (₹/kWh)
Cc Capitalized cost (₹)
Appendix A. Supplementary data Oh Annual operating hours of the aerator
CSC Circular stepped cascade
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi. PCSC Pooled circular stepped cascade
org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114037. PPCSC Perforated pooled circular stepped cascade

9
S.M. Roy et al.
PWA Paddle wheel aerator
SA Spiral aerator
PAA Propeller aspirator aerator
SUBA Submersible aerator
IA Impeller aerator
AJA Air jet aerator
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