PART II Continuity and Conservation of Mass

• Some applications of fluid mechanics • Flow through a pipe:

• . Conservation
. of mass for steady state (no storage) says
m in = mout

m
. m
.

_1A1Vm1 = _ 2A2Vm2
• For incompressible fluids, density does not changes (_ 1 = _ 2)
so A 1Vm1 = A2Vm2 = Q

Fluid Mechanics – Continuity Equation Bernoulli’s equation

• The equation of continuity states that for an

incompressible fluid flowing in a tube of varying Y2
A2 V2
cross-sectional area (A), the mass flow rate is the
same everywhere in the tube: .m .m
1= 2
_ 1A1V1 = _ 2A2V2 _1A1V1= _2 A2V2
• Generally, the density stays constant and then it's Y1 For incompressible flow
simply the flow rate (Av) that is constant. A1 V1
A1V1= A2V2

Assume steady flow, V parallel to streamlines & no viscosity

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 Bernoulli Equation – energy Bernoulli Equation – work
• Consider energy terms for steady flow: • Consider work done on the system is Force x distance
• We write terms for KE and PE at each point • We write terms for force in terms of Pressure and area
Y2 Y2 Wi = FiVi dt =PiViAi dt
A2 V2 A2 V2
Ei = KEi + PEi Note ViAi dt = mi/_i
E1 = 1 2 m&1V12 + gm&1 y1 W1 = P1m&1 / ρ1
Y1 E2 = 1 2 m&2V22 + gm&2 y2 Y1 &2 / ρ 2
W2 = − P2 m
A1 V1 A1 V1

As the fluid moves, work is being done by the external Now we set up an energy balance on the system.
forces to keep the flow moving. For steady flow, the work Conservation of energy requires that the change in
done must equal the change in mechanical energy. energy equals the work done on the system.

Bernoulli equation- energy balance Forms of the Bernoulli equation

Energy accumulation = _Energy – Total work • Most common forms:

0 = (E2-E1) – (W1+W 2) i.e. no accumulation at steady state P1 + 1
2 ρV12 = P2 + 1
2 ρV22 + gρΔh
Or W1+W 2 = E2-E1 Subs terms gives: PS 1 + PV 1 = PS 2 + PV 2 + ΔPht
&
P1m1 P2 m &2
− &2V22 + gm
= ( 12 m &2 y2 ) − ( 1 2 m
&1V12 + gm&1 y1 ) The above forms assume no losses within the volume…
ρ1 ρ2
If losses occur we can write:
P1m&1 1 Pm &
+ 2m &1V12 + gm &1 y1 = 2 2 + 1 2 m &2V22 + gm &2 y2 PS 1 + PV 1 = PS 2 + PV 2 + losses + ΔPht
ρ1 ρ2
And if we can ignore changes in height:
For incompressible steady flow &1 = m
m &2 and ρ1 = ρ 2 = ρ
PS 1 + PV 1 = PS 2 + PV 2 + losses Key eqn
P1 + 1
2 ρV12 + gρy1 = P2 + 1
2 ρV22 + gρy2

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 Application of Bernoulli Equation
 Daniel Bernoulli developed the most important equation in fluid
hydraulics in 1738. this equation assumes constant density,
irrotational flow, and velocity is derived from velocity potential:
Bernoulli Equation for a venturi
• A venturi measures flow rate in a duct using a pressure
difference. Starting with the Bernoulli eqn from before:
PS 1 + PV 1 = PS 2 + PV 2 + losses + ΔPht
• Because there is no change in height and a well designed
venturi will have small losses (<~2%) We can simplify this to:
PS 1 + PS 2 = PV 2 + PV 1 or − ΔPS = ΔPV

• Applying the continuity condition (incompressible flow) to get:

2( PS 1 − PS 2 )
V1 = 2
ρ 1 − A2 2 
 
 A 1 

Venturi Meter VP Measurement

upstream downstream
SUCTION SIDE, INLET PRESSURE SIDE, OUTLET
Ps <0, PT <0, PV >0 Ps >0, PT >0, PV >0
P1 P2
F
2( PS 1 − PS 2 )
V1 = Ce 2
A
N
ρ 1 − A2 2 
 
 A1 

• Discharge Coefficient Ce corrects for losses = f(Re)

PT - Ps = (Ps + PV)- P s = PV

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 Pitot tube END HERE
The static and Pitot tube are often combined into the one-piece Pitot-
static tube.
Total pressure port
V = 4005√Pv
V = velocity in fpm
PV = velocity pressure in “wg Static pressure port

5.12