Learning outcome

Relate fluid properties and flow (W8)

Examine the friction during the flow and flow

rate (W9)
Application of Bernoulli equation (W8)
Classify the pumps (W9)

1
 Continuity Equation
Continuity equation is used to describe the
quantities conservation
mass
energy
momentum

How many equation important for flowing liq?

2
 Conservation of Mass

Fluid in Fluid out

1
1, A1, u1
M1 A1u1 A2, u2 2
1 2,
M2 2 A2 u 2

M1 M 2
1 A1u1 2 A2u2

For incompressible fluid, 1= 2, and same temperature

A1u1 A2u2
V1 V2
3
 Example 4
Two pipelines of 20 and 30 mm internal
diameter, respectively, merge into a single line
of 50 mm diameter. The same liquid flows in
each branch at mean velocity 1.2 and 0.8 m/s,
respectively. Determine the fluid velocity
downstream of the junction.

4
 1= 20mm,
u1=1.2m/s

3= 50mm,
u3=?
2= 30mm,
u2=0.8m/s

5
 Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but only
changes forms
Energy balance
Energy In = Energy out + accumulation
Energy in = Energy out (steady state)

6
The energies in the flowing fluid (in pipe):
i. kinetic energy= 1 mu 2 Liquid is moving
2
ii. potential energy ( energy due to the high)= mgz
iii. flow work energy ( energy required to displace
fluid) = Pressure (P) x volume (V)
iv. internal energy (energy due to temperature of
fluid)= U If little change in temperature? Neglect?

where, m=mass (kg), g= gravity (9.81 m/s2, z= height (m)

7
 L A= constant
cross sectional
area
F

x
Force being applied to fluid in plain x,

= pressure x area= PA

Force is moving, so is doing work,

work done = force x distance= PA x L

Volume of element, V= AL

Flow work energy= PV

8
 2
u2

u1 1

z1 z2

Conservation of energy

Energy 1 = Energy 2
kinetic energy1 potentialenergy1 flow work energy1 kinetic energy 2 potentialenergy 2 flow work energy 2

1 2 1 2
mu mgz1 P1V1 mu mgz2 P2V2
2 1 2 2

For incompressible fluid, V1=V2 =V, and = m/V, so m = V

1 2
Total energy u gz P
2 9
 Example 5
Water flows through a horizontal pipe. At a
particular cross-section X the velocity of the
water is 1.5m/s and pressure is 175kPa. The
pipe tapers gradually from 150mm at X to
75mm at a section Y. Determine the pressure
at Y, assuming that the frictional losses are
negligible.

10
 X Y

1.5m/s, 75mm, P=?

175kPa,
150mm

11
 Friction in Pipeline
In reality, there is a resistance to flow in a
pipeline friction
Friction forces depend on:
i. Reynolds Number
ii. Roughness of the surface of the pipe
Previously, Bernoulli equation ignore friction
Friction factor, f is used to express the
influence of friction
12
The pressure drop due the friction:
2 L
P 2f u
d

P= pressure drop,
u = average velocity
L = length of pipe
d = diameter of pipe
f = friction factor

13
Friction factor in laminar flow
the friction factor in laminar flow is independent
of surface roughness
16
f
Re

14
Friction in turbulence flow
smooth pipe (2500<Re<104)
0.25
f 0.0792 (Re)

rough pipe (3000<Re<107)

1 3.7d
4 log
f

= equivalent roughness

15
friction factor can also be determined by Moody chart:

16
 Example 6
Water at 30 C is being pumped through a steel
pipe 30m long. The diameter of the pipe is
2.5cm. If the velocity in the pipe is 4m/s,
calculate the pressure drop ( P) due to the
friction in the pipe. ( For steel pipes, the
equivalent roughness, =45.7x10-6 m)
At 30 C, w= 995.7kg/m3, µw= 0.792mPa.s,

17
 Pressure Measurement and Fluid
Metering
Manometer U-tube
fluid A P1 P2 Pa Pb
P1 A g h' hm P2 A gh' B ghm

P1 P2 A gh' B ghm A g h' hm

hm P1 P2 ghm
B A

Pa Pb

fluid B

18
 V1> V2
Flow measurement: equation: P1> P2

venturi meter Cv 2 P1 P2
v2
4
D2 A
1
D1
D1 D2
or
Cv 2 B A ghm
v2
4
m D2 A
1
D1

D22
volumetric flowrate v 2
4

Cv= coefficient of discharge (0.98 for pipe

diameter below 0.2m, and 0.99 for larger
sizes)
19
 Example 7
A venturi meter used to measure the volumetric
flow rate of water has a throat diameter of
75mmin a pipe diameter of 150mm. Calculate
the flow rate if the difference in level in a
mercury U-tube manometer is 178mm, the
mercury being contact with the water. Assume
the coefficient of discharge to be 0.97. Density
of mercury is 13600 kg/m3

20
 Flow measurement: Pitot tube

1 2
2 P2 P1
v Cp

Cp= dimensionless coefficient, varies 0.98

to 1.0

- it is used for measuring local

velocity at given point

21
 Group assignment
Centrifugal pump (Group 1)
Piston pump (Group 2)
Gear pump (Group 3)
Peristaltic pump (Group 4)

22
 What do you need to do
1. Draw a centrifugal/piston/gear/peristaltic
pump and label its part
2. Explain how a C/P/G/P operates
3. What kind of liquids can the pump handle?

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