Bernoulli’s

Equation
 Bernoulli’s Principle
● In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the
speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or
a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. The principle is named after
Daniel Bernoulli, who published it in 1738 in his book
Hydrodynamics.
● Daniel Bernoulli was a Swiss mathematician and physicist in the
mid-1700s. He excelled in the fields of statistics and probability, but
also was influential in applying mathematics to physical mechanics.
Particularly, he is known for his work in fluid dynamics, now known
as Bernoulli's Principle.
 What is Bernoulli’s equation?
● Bernoulli's equation is essentially a more general and mathematical
form of Bernoulli's principle that also takes into account changes in
gravitational potential energy. 
● It can be explained in terms of the law of conservation of energy.
● Bernoulli's equation relates the pressure, speed, and height of any
two points (1 and 2) in a steady streamline flowing fluid of density ρ.
Bernoulli's equation is usually written as follows,

P1 + ½ρv1² + ρgy1 = P2 + ½ρv2² + ρgy2

 Derivation
X1
A1 ← F1
V1
X2 m

A2 V2
F2 →
m

y2 y1

Region 2 Region 1
 Derivation
Work
W=F2X2-F1X1
=P2A2X2-P1A1X1
=P2V2-P1V1
But V1=V2=V

W=(P2-P1)V
 Derivation
●  
KE = ½mv²
PE = mgy
V Total Mechanical Energy
E = KE + PE = ½mv² +
mgy
∆E = E1 - E2
Work-Energy theorem
W = E 1 - E2

W = (P2 - P1)V
 Bernoulli’s Equation
● In the steady flow of a nonviscous, incompressible fluid of density ρ,
the pressure P, the fluid speed υ, and the elevation y at any two points
(1 and 2) are related by
P1 + ½ρv1² + ρgy1 = P2 + ½ρv2² + ρgy2

● Since the points 1 and 2 were selected arbitrarily, the term P + ½ ρυ²
+ ρgy has a constant value at all positions in the flow. For this
reason, Bernoulli’s equation is sometimes expressed as
P + ½ρυ² + ρgy = constant.
v1 = v 2 Note:
P1 + ½ρv1² + ρgy1 = P2 + ½ρv2² + ρgy2 High Velocity gives
P1 + ρgy1= P2 + ρgy2 low pressure and
vice versa.
P2 = P1 + ρg(y1 − y2) = P1 + ρgh
y1 = y 2 Note:
P1 + ½ρv1² + ρgy1 = P2 + ½ρv2² + ρgy2 High elevation gives
low pressure and
P1 + ½ρυ12 = P2 + ½ρυ2 vice versa.
Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation

Conceptual Example
● When a truck is stationary, the tarpaulin lies flat, but it bulges
upward when the truck moves down the highway. Why does this
happened?
Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation

Conceptual Example
● The physics of … household plumbing…
● The U-shaped section of pipe beneath the sink is called a “trap,”
because it traps water, which serves as a barrier to prevent sewer gas
from leaking into the house.
Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation

Conceptual Example
● The physics of … airplane wings…

(a) Air flowing around an airplane wing. The wing is moving to the
right. (b) The end of this wing has roughly the shape indicated in part a.
Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation

Conceptual Example
● The physics of… a curveball…
Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation

Conceptual Example
● A tank is open to the atmosphere at the top. Find an expression for
the speed of the liquid leaving the pipe at the bottom.
Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation

●  
 Practice Problems
● Water flows through a circular pipe with a constant radius of 10cm.
The speed and pressure at point A is 4m/s and 250,000Pa
respectively. What is the pressure at point B which is 10m higher
than point A?
Low P
P1= 250,000Pa B V2 = 4m/s

V1 = 4m/s A h2= 10 m
P2= ?
h1= 0
High P
● P1 + ½ρv1² + ρgy1 = P2 + ½ρv2² + ρgy2
● P1 + ρgy1 = P2 + ρgy2
● P1 = P2 + ρgy2
● 250,000 Pa = P2 + (1000kg/m³)(9.8m/s²)(10m)
● 250,000 Pa = P2 + 98,000 Pa

● P2 = 152,000 Pa
 Practice Problems
● Calculate the pressure and speed of water at points B and C shown
below. A↑V↓
A1V1=A2V2
A2V2=A3V3
V1 = 10 m/s A (3m²)(10m/s)=(6m²)(V3)
V2 = 10 m/s V3 = 5m/s
A1 = 3 m²
P1 = 300,000 Pa 20 m
B C V = 5m/s
3

A2 = 3m² A3 = 6m²
 Practice Problems
● Calculate the pressure and speed of water at points B and C shown
below.
h↑P↓
h↓P↑
v↑P↓
V1 = 10 m/s A
v↓P↑
V2 = 10 m/s
A1 = 3 m² PC>PB>PA

P1 = 300,000 Pa 20 m
B C V = 5m/s
3
h=0
A2 = 3m² A3 = 6m²
 Practice Problems
Points A - B
● P1 + ½ρv1² + ρgy1 = P2 + ½ρv2² + ρgy2
● 300,000 Pa + (1000kg/m³)(9.8m/s²)(20m) = P2
● P2 = 496, 000 Pa

Points A – C
P1 + ½ρv1² + ρgy1 = P3 + ½ρv3² + ρgy3
300kPa + ½(1000kg/m³)(10m/s)² + (1000kg/m³)(9.8m/s²)(20m) = P3 + ½(1000kg/m³)(5m/s)²
300,000Pa + 50,000Pa + 196,000Pa = P3 + 12,500Pa
546,000 Pa = P3 + 12,500Pa
P3 = 533,500Pa or 533.5kPa