Resume Materi Kuliah

PENGGUNAAN MOTOR LISTRIK

Nama
NIM. …...............

POLITEKNIK NEGERI MALANG

NOVEMBER 2021
 CHAPTER 1
Tuliskan Judul
1.

1.1. INTRODUCTION
In power electronic circuits, dc or low frequency ac waveforms are
synthesized by using segments of an input waveform. The motor voltage
produced by the power electronics inverter in an ac motor drive is shown in Fig.
4-1 (a).

Fig. 1.1.1.1.1 Nonsinusoiudal waveforms in Steady State

Often, the line current drawn from the utility by the power electronic equipment
is highly distorted, as shown in Fig. 4-1 (b). In steady state, such waveforms

2
 3

repeat with a time period T and a frequency f (≈ω/2π) = 1/T. This repetition
frequency is called the fundamental frequency, and it is usually designated by a
subscript 1. In addition to a dominant component at the fundamental frequency,
the waveforms in Fig. 4-1 contain components at the unwanted frequencies that
are harmonics (multiples) of the fundamental frequency. These components can
be calculated by means of Fourier analysis.
1.2. FOURIER ANALYSIS OF REPETITIVE WAVEFORMS
In general, a nonsinusoidal wavefom f(t) repeating with an angular
frequency ω can be expressed as

∞ ∞
1
f ( t )=F 0 + ∑ f h ( t )= a 0+ ∑ {ah cos ( hωt ) +b h sin (hωt) } (4-1)
h=1 2 h=1

where F0 = 1/2a0 is the average value in Eq. 4-1,

2π
1
a h= ∫ f ( t ) cos ( hwt ) d ( wt ) h=0 , .. . . .. , ∞ (4-2)
π 0
and
2π
1
b h= ∫ f ( t ) sin ( hwt ) d ( wt ) h=0 ,. . . .. . , ∞ (4-3)
π 0
In Eq. 4-1, each frequency component f h ( t )=ah cos ( hωt )+ bh sin(hωt ) can be
represented as a phasor in terms of its rms value,
j θh
F h=F h e (4-4)
where the rms magnitude

2
√a h + bh 2
F=h
(4-5)
√2
and phase θh is given by

(−b h)
tanθ h= (4-6)
ah

As shown later, the rms value of the function f(t) can be expressed in
terms of the rms values of its Fourier series components
 4

∞
F=
√( F 02 +∑ Fh2
h=1
) (4-7)

It should be noted that many ac waveforms such as that in Fig. 4-1 have a
zero average value (F0 = 0). Moreover, by use of the waveform symmetry it is
often possible to simplify the calculations of a h and bh in Eqs. 4-2 and 4-3. Table
3-1 summarizes the types of symmetry, required conditions, and the expressions
for ah and bh.
Table 1.2.1.1.1.1 Use of Symmetry in Fourier Analysis

1.3. LINE-CURRENT DISTORTION

Figure 4-2 shows a line current i s drawn from the utility by the power
electronic equipment that deviates significantly from a sinusoidal waveform. This
distorted current can also lead to distortion in the utility-supplied voltage.
However, the distortion in the utility voltage is usually small. For the sake of
significantly simplifying our analysis, we will assume the utility input voltage to
be purely sinusoidal at the fundamental frequency (with ω1 = ω and f1 = f) as
 5

v s=√ 2 V s sin ω1 t (4-8)

The input current in steady state is the sum of its Fourier (harmonic)
components as (here it is assumed that there is no dc component in i s)

i s ( t ) =i s 1 ( t )+ ∑ i sh ( t ) (4-9)
h ≠1

where is1, is the fundamental (line-frequency f 1) component and ish is the

component at the h harmonic frequency f h(=hf1). These current components in
Eq. 4-9 can be expressed as

i s ( t ) =√ 2 I s 1 sin ( ω1 t +θ1 ) + ∑ √2 I sh sin ( ω h t +θh ) (4-10)

h ≠1

where θ1 is the phase angle between the assumed sinusoidal input voltage v s and
is1 (a positive value of θ1 means that the current is1 lags the voltage). The rms
value Is of the line current can be calculated by applying the definition of rms in
the previous chapter, as in the following equation (where T1 = 1/f1 = 2π/ω1):
T1

I s=
1
√
T1 ∫
0
i s2 ( t ) dt (4-11)

Fig. 1.3.1.1.1 Line-current distortion

Substituting for is from Eq. 4-9 into Eq. 4-11 and noting that the integrals of all
the
cross-product terms (i.e., the product of two different frequency components)
are individually zero,

I s= I s 12 ( t ) +∑ I sh2 ( t )
√ h ≠1
(4-12)
 6

The amount of distortion in the voltage or current waveform (here in the

input current) is quantified by means of an index called the total harmonic
distortion (THD). The distortion component idis of the current from Eq. 4-9 is

i dist ( t )=i s ( t ) −i s 1 ( t )=∑ i sh (t ) (4-13)

h≠ 1

It is plotted in Fig. 4-2. In terms of the rms values,

I dis =√ I s2−I s 12= 2

√∑ I
h≠ 1
sh (4-14)

The THD in the current is defined as

I dis (4-15)
% THD i=100 x
I s1

2
√I s −I s 12
% THD =100 xi
I s1

I sh 2
% THD i=100 x ∑ I
h≠ 1 s1 √ ( )
where the subscript i indicates the THD in current. A similar index THD v can be
ex-
pressed by using voltage components in Eq. 4-15. In many applications, it is
important to know the peak value of the is waveform in Fig. 4-2 as a ratio of the
total rms current Is. This ratio is defined as

I s , peak
crest factor= (4-16)
Is

1.4. POWER AND POWER FACTOR

Starting with the basic definition of average power, in Fig. 4-2
Ti Ti
1 1
P= ∫ p ( t ) dt =¿ ∫ v s ( t ) i s ( t ) dt ¿ (4-17)
Ti 0 Ti 0
Using vs from Eq. 3-8 and is from Eq. 3-10 and once again noting that the
integrals of all cross-product terms are individually zero,
 7

Ti
1
P= ∫ v= √2 V s sin ω1 t . √ 2 I s 1 sin(ω1 t−θ1 )dt=V s I s 1 cos θ1 (4-18)
Ti 0
Note that the current components at harmonic frequencies do not
contribute to the average (real) power drawn from the sinusoidal voltage source
vs. The apparent power S is the product of the rms voltage V s and the rms current
Is (as in Eq. 3-10 for sinusoidal quantities),

S=V s I s (4-19)
The power factor (PF) is the same as in Eq. 3-15 for sinusoidal quantities:
P
PF= (4-20)
S
Using Eqs. 4-18 through 4-20,
V s I s 1 cos θ1 I s 1 cos θ1
PF= = (4-21)
V s Is Is
The displacement power factor (DPF, which is the same as the power factor in
linear circuits with sinusoidal voltages and currents) is defined as the cosine of
the angle θ1:

DPF=cos θ1 (4-22)
Therefore, the power factor with a nonsinusoidal current is

I s1
PF= DPF (4-23)
Is
From Eq. 4-14, we note that a large distortion in the current waveform will result
in a small value of Is1/Is and hence a low power factor. In terms of Eqs. 4-25 and
4-23, the power factor can be expressed as
1
PF= 2
DPF (4-23)
√ 1+THD i
8