Fertilizers:

These are the substances which fulfil the nutrient element needed for the growth of plant, make
them strong and give better. Crops from the same plants.

Plants need water and sunlight for their growth. In addition to its various elements like N, P, K, Ca,
Mg, Fe, Zn etc. also needed and these are drawn out from the soil. After sometime the soil becomes
poor in these elements. Therefore should be added from outside source.

Fertilizers are of two types:

1. Organic: They are prepare from the dead & rotten plants & animals bodies and their wastes.
All the nutrients are available, but difficult to use.
2. Chemical: Prepared in industries. There are large number of chemicals fertilizer which
contain N, P & K. These are the vital ingredients for the soil fertility.

Characteristics:

Freely water soluble, elements required for the plants should be readily available, should be
sufficiently stable, should hence good storage i.e. should not be hydroscopic.

Function of essential nutrients:

N- Helps in rapid growth, increases yield increase protein content, produce green colouring
matter.

P- Quick and vigorous start of plants, stimulates early root formation and growth, early maturity
of crops. Formation of seed, increases resistance to frost.

Potash- Control excess of nitrogen supply, play role in carbohydrate formation, resistance to
disease, make stalks stronger and development of healthy root.

Nitrogen fertilizer

Urea: contains 46% nitrogen, maximum% of nitrogen. Colourless crystalline solid having no
odour, highly soluble in water. Used for growth of plants.

Ammonium Sulphate: 22% nitrogen, white crystalline solid soluble in water, (NH 4)2SO4

Ammonium Nitrate:

CAN- Calcium Ammonium Nitrate: [Ca (NO 3)2 .NH4NO3]

- It is also an important nitrogenous fertilizer which contains about 20% nitrogen. It is directly
consumed by the plants and do not undergo any change is the soil. It is highly soluble in water.

Phosphorus fertilizers:

They are the important source of phosphorus in plants. The principle constituent of super
phosphate in monocalcium tetra hydrogen diphosphate CaH 4 (PO4)2. The amount of available
phosphorus is increased in super phosphate by changing it into double umol triple
superphosphate.

CaH2 (HPO4)2- double superphosphate

Ca (H2PO4)2- triple superphosphat

 Potash fertilizer:
KCl- white crystalline salt, highly soluble in water, increases fertility,
K2SO4- white crystalline salt, 41-42% .K.
KNO3- source of K & nitrogen, white, crystalline solid, highly soluble

Dyes:
A coloured substances that can be applied from solution or dispersion to a substance,
giving it a coloured appearance is called dye. A dye should have a suitable colour, able to
fix itself or be capable of being fixed to the fabric & should be resistant to the action of
water, dilute acid or alkali & fast to light.
Why an object is appear coloured?
- The colour of the dyes is due to selective absorption of light.
- Light totally reflected back- white (colourless)
- Light totally absorbed – black
- Partially absorbed and rest is reflected/ transmitted
- Appear colour

If a single wavelength or narrow band of wavelength is absorbed by a substance and

the rest is transmitted/ reflected then the substance appears to be of the colour
complementary to that of the absorbed light.
Colour absorb Complementary
Violet yellow-green
Blue yellow
Green-blue orange
Blue-green red
Green purple

If only one narrow band of light is reflect transmitted and the rest is absorbed, then
the substance would appear to have 4 colour of reflected the reflected light.

Colour & structure:

An organic compounds appear columned due to pressure of certain unsaturated group in it.
Such group with multiple bands are called chromophore. Eg.

Structure

-Compound with chromo phone group is called chromogen.

- Greater the chromo phone or the greater is the conjugation is the intensity of colour.

The presence of certain group which helps the chromogen to fix permanently to the fabric to be
dyed are called auxochrumes. Eg. Oh, Mg 2, SO3H etc.

Structure:

Classification:

On the basis of origin dyes are classified into two type’s natural and synthetic dyes:

The dyes which are extracted from the plants and animals are called natural dyes. Most of plants
contain columned flowers. The columned and whstnes from the flowers are extracted to obtain
natural dye. Alizarin (red dye) indigo (blue green).

Structure:

On the other hand, synthetic dyes are the are prepared in laboratory. Almost all dye are
synthetic dyes. Most of synthetic dyes are synthesized from coal tar. Different synthetic routes
are employed for the preparation.

Eg. Methyl orange: Structure

Aniline yellow: (azo dye):

Structure

Malachite green:
Structure

Martius yellow:

Structure

Phenolphthalein:

Classification based on mode of application

Acid dye: are sod. Salt of sulphuric acid, used to dye wool, silk, nylon in acidic medium. Eg.
Orange.

Basic dye: Contain amino or substituted amino group, used to dye polyester in basic
medium. Eg. Aniline yellow, Malachite green.

Azo dye: Contains azo group (-N = N-) in chromo phone. Eg. Aniline yellow, methyl orange,
orange (I). Containing silk, Colton, polyester, nylon, leather, etc.