BLOOD VESSELS

SHORT NOTES & BRIEF NOTES

Aneurysm
 What is the pathogenesis of Dissecting aneurysms? (FEBRUARY, 2018)
(JULY, 2017)
 Atherosclerotic aneurysm (JULY, 2015)
 Definition and Types of aneurysms (JULY, 2013)
(OCTOBER, 2008) (OCT 2006)
 Pathology of Aortic dissection (JANUARY, 2011)
 Syphilitic Aneurysm (MAY-2006 )
 Berry Aneurysm (OCTOBER-2005) (OCTOBER,2004) (NOV.2002),
site,size,appearance & common complications (JAN 2013)
 Aneurysm (APRIL,2003)

Atherosclerosis
 What are the sequelae of atheroma. (JULY2018)
 Morphology and complications of atherosclerosis (FEBRUARY, 2017)
(AUGUST, 2009) Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis (APR, 2005 )

Hypertension
 Pathogenesis of essential hypertension (OCTOBER,2004)
 HEART
ESSAY
 A 59 year old man is admitted with history of chest pain of half hour
duration. Pain was in the precordial area with radiation in the left arm
pain was severe in nature and was accompanied by vomiting. ECG
showed ST segment elevation with T wave inversion. (JULY, 2017)
a) What is the most likely diagnosis?
b) What biochemical investigations are useful in such a case?
c) What complications can occur?
d) What are the predisposing factors of this disease?

Ans – MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

 A 68-year old man presented with left sided chest pain of one hour
duration. Pain is radiating to the left arm. ECG demonstrated ST
segment elevation with T wave inversion. (JANUARY, 2016)

a) What is the probable diagnosis?

b) Enumerate the tests you will carry out to diagnose.
c) What is the gross and microscopic picture of the lesion?
d) What are its complications?
Ans – MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

 60 year old male presented with substernal pain radiating to the arms,
sweating and dyspnoea=10m (JULY, 2011)
a) What is the provisional diagnosis?
b) Discuss the evolution of pathologic changes in this condition?
c) What are the complications?
Ans – MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

 An adult male patient having coarctation of the Aorta and periodontal

infection with habit of vigorous brushing of teeth came to the hospital
with fever and anaemia. On examination there are crops of petechiae
over the skin, subungual hemorrhages, small tender cutaneous nodules,
pain in the splenic region and retinal hemorrhages. Urine examination
showed hematuria.( MARCH, 2010)
a) What is probable diagnosis? =10m
 b) Describe aetiopathogenesis and morphology of lesions in various
organs involved.
c) Mention the complications.

Ans – INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS with glomerulonephritis.

 35 year old female with history of pharyngitis 1 month back, now

presented with migratory polyarthritis and carditis=10m
(FEBRUARY, 2009)
a) What is the provisional diagnosis?
b) What is the pathogenesis & pathology of the lesion?
c) Discuss its sequelae

Ans – ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER

 17 year old female complains of recurrent upper respiratory infection,

fever, fatigue, give H/O recurrent joint pains and now has both knee
swelling. (OCT 2006)
a) What is the provisional diagnosis?
b) What investigations have to be done?
c) In which organ maximum lesions are seen and describe them.

Ans – RHEUMATIC FEVER

 A 9 year old girl with history of recurrent fever, upper respiratory

tract infection, arthritis, involuntary purposeless movements of limbs
was admitted with odema of feet and breathlessness (1+3+6) (MAY-
2006)
a) What is the provisional diagnosis
b) Describe the aetio-pathogenesis
c) Describe the morphology of the lesions.

Ans - RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE WITH MITRAL

STENOSIS & DEVELOPMENT OF CONGESTIVE HEART
FAILURE.
  10 years old female with the H/O recurrent fever, upper respiratory
tract infection and arthritis with inter ECG abnormalities. Discuss
about the causes and come to correct diagnosis (NOV.2002)
Ans – RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE WITH MITRAL STENOSIS

 Describe the aetiology, pathology and complications of myocardial

infarction (April, 2000)

SHORT NOTES & BRIEF NOTES

Myocardial infarction

 Morphology of Myocardial Infarction (FEBRUARY, 2018)

 Mention four complications of myocardial infarction.(FEBRUARY,
2017)
 Enzyme changes in myocardial infarction (APRIL2009) (MAY, 2007)
 Myocardial Infarction (SEPTEMBER, 2003)

Rheumatic disease
 Valvular lesions in rheumatic heart disease (JANUARY, 2015)
 Cardiac lesions in Acute Rheumatic fever (JAN 2014)
 Pan carditis ( OCTOBER, 2008)
 Rheumatic heart disease (OCT, 2007)
 Aschoff bodies / nodule (JULY2012) (APRIL2009) (APR, 2005 )
(MAY,2004) (NOV.2002) (October, 2000)
Endocarditis
 Mention four complications of Bacterial Endocarditis (JULY, 2017)
 Mention extracardiac complications of bacterial endocardititis(JAN 2013)
 Types and morphology of Cardiac vegetations (AUGUST, 2014) (JAN
2013)
 Bacterial endocarditis (APR, 2008)
Others
 Mac Callum plaques (JANUARY, 2012)
 Name the causes of left ventricular hypertrophy (JANUARY, 2011)
 Tetrology of Fallot. (AUGUST, 2009)
 LUNG
ESSAY
 A 65 year old man, a chronic smoker, presented with history of weight
loss, low grade fever and difficulty in breathing. He gave history of
hemoptysis for last month. X-ray chest showed enlarged Right
tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Bronchoscopy revealed a fungating
growth in the right bronchus. (FEBRUARY, 2018)

a)
What is the probable diagnosis
b)
Mention the major types (classification)
c)
Give the spread of the tumour
d)
What is paraneoplastic syndrome? Give features of paraneoplastic
syndrome
ANS – CARCINOMA LUNG, probably squamous cell carcinoma with
lymphnodal metastasis & erosion into pulmonary vasculature.

 A 55 year old lady present with breathlessness and cough for the past 2
weeks. She gives history of loss of weight and tiredness for past 6
months. X-ray chest revealed a massive pleural effusion on the left side.
CT scan showed a nodular mass which is peripherally located in the
left lung. CT guided biopsy of the mass showed, large cells with
pleomorphic nuclei and prominent nucleoli, arranged in a glandular
pattern. (JANUARY, 2015)

a) What is your diagnosis? (1+5+4=10)

b) Mention the histological types (sub-classification) of this lesion
with illustrations
c) Describe its etiopathogenesis.
Ans – CARCINOMA LUNG i,e ADENOCARCINOMA spread to pleura

 A male aged 60 years who is a chronic smoker presented with history of

slowly increasing severe exertional dyspnoea and weight loss. He is
barrel-chested and dyspneic with prolonged expiration, sits forward in
a hunched-over position and breaths through pursed lips=
(1+4+4+1=10)m (JAN 2014)
a) What is the probable diagnosis?
 b) Mention the major types (classification) with appropriate diagrams
c) Discuss the pathogenesis of the lesion
d) Mention two causes of death in most of these patients
Ans - EMPHYSEMA

 An elderly male, chronic smoker presented with steadily progressive

dyspnoea. On examination he was found to be barrel chested and
dyspnoeic with prolonged Expiration, sits forward in a hunched over
position and breaths through pursed Lips. Chest X-ray revealed
hyperinflation and small heart (MAY, 2007)

a) What is the probable diagnosis ?

b) Explain the role of smoking in the causation of the disease ?

c) Describe the morphology of the organ involved ?

d) List the complications ?

Ans - EMPHYSEMA

 60years old man habituated to tobacco smoking came with history of

cough, haemoptysis, dyspnoea, loss of weight, severe pain in the
distribution of the ulnar nerve and Horner’s syndrome. (SEPTEMBER,
2003)
a) Mention various laboratory investigations to make a final
diagnosis.
b) Describe the pathology of the lesion

Ans – PANCOAST TUMOR i,e LUNG CANCER in superior pulmonary

sulcus invading the sympathetic ganglia.

 Discuss about the pathogenesis, classification and pathology of

Bronchogenic carcinoma (NOV.2002)

SHORT NOTES & BRIEF NOTES

Pneumonia
 Classify pneumonia. What are the stages of lobar pneumonia? (JULY,
2017) ( OCTOBER, 2008)
 What are the types of pneumonia; write about the morphology of Lobar
pneumonia and its complications. (AUGUST, 2014) (JULY, 2013)
 Morphology of Lobar Pneumonia and complications (JULY, 2015)
(AUGUST, 2010) (APR, 2005 ) (JANUARY, 2012)
 Broncho Pneumonia (OCTOBER-2005 )

Carcinoma lung

 Give the clinical & biochemical features of Carcinoid syndrome.

(JULY2018)
 Name any four causes of Carcinoma Lung. (FEBRUARY, 2017)
 Name the histologic variants of carcinoma lung/ Microscopic types of
Carcinoma Lung (JAN 2013) (JULY2012) (JANUARY, 2011)
 Classification of bronchogenic carcinoma (OCT, 2007)

Bronchial asthma
 Pathogenesis of bronchial asthma (JULY, 2016)

Pneumoconiosis
 Asbestosis (JANUARY, 2016) (FEBRUARY, 2009) (MAY-2006 )

Bronchiectasis
 Give the complications of bronciectasis. (JULY2018)
 Bronchiectasis. (JULY, 2011) (APR, 2008) (APR, 2005 ) (April, 2000)

Emphysema
 Emphysema (OCT 2006) -Definition, types & aetiology
(OCTOBER,2004) (NOV.2002) etiopathogenesis (JAN 2013)

Others
 Mesothelioma (AUGUST, 2009) (OCTOBER-2005)
 What is carcinoid? (OCT 2006)
 Lung abscess (APRIL2009) (MAY-2006 ) ( MAY,2004) (APRIL,2003)
(October, 2000)
 KIDNEY &URINARY BLADDER

ESSAY

 A 60year old male with weight loss,presented with painless hematuria

,flank pain & palpable mass in the left renal angle. CT scan confirmed a
specific organ mass lesion, regional lymphnodes & renal vein
involvement . Chest radiograph shows cannon ball secondaries & his
PCV is of 60%=10m (JAN 2013)
a) What is the provisional diagnosis?
b) Discuss etiopathogenesis of the lesion
c) Decsribe its morphology
d) Mention various paraneoplastic lesions produced by the lesion.

Ans – RENAL CELL CARCINOMA with metastasis to lymphnodes,

renal vein, lung and associated with a paraneoplastic syndrome
(excess production of erythropoietin) leading to elevated PCV.

 A 40 year old female patient presented with clinical manifestations of

massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalised edema with
hyperlipidemia and lipiduria=10m (AUGUST, 2009)
a) What is the provisional diagnosis?
b) Mention the causes of this syndrome.
c) Discuss the pathophysiology of the same.
Ans - NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

 A 8 year old boy was admitted with malaise, fever, oliguria, cocoa-
coloured Urine 2 weeks after recovery from sore throat. On
examination, he was found to have peri orbital oedema & moderate
hypertension (APR, 2008)
a) What is the probable diagnosis?
b) Describe the aetio pathogenesis of the condition?
c) What is the morphology of the organ?
d) List the urinary findings for the condition.

Ans – NEPHRITIC SYNDROME i,e POST STREPTOCOCCAL

GLOMERULONEPHRITIS.
  What is nephrotic syndrome? Mention the causes of nephrotic syndrome
and describe the microscopic features of rapidly progressive
glomerulonephritis (October, 2000)

SHORT NOTES & BRIEF NOTES

Glomerular diseases
 Give four microscopic features of Diabetic Kidney. (JULY2018)
 Give causes of crescent formation. Give gross and microscopic picture of
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (FEBRUARY, 2018)
 List four causes of chronic glomerulonephritis. (FEBRUARY, 2017)
 Give the gross and morphologic picture of proliferative
glomerulonephritis (JANUARY, 2016)
 Morphology of Post streptococcal Glomerulonephritis (AUGUST, 2014)
 Name the types of Renal lesions in Diabetic Nephropathy and describe
the histology of glomerular lesions (JAN 2014) (OCTOBER-2005)
(OCTOBER,2004)
 Classification of glomerular diseases (NOV.2002)

Tubular & Interstitial diseases

 Give the gross and microscopic findings in a case of chronic
pyelonephritis (JULY, 2017) (JULY, 2011) (FEBRUARY, 2009) (MAY-
2006 )
 Etiopathogenesis of Chronic Pyelonephritis (JANUARY, 2015)

Vasular diseases
 Kidney lesions in hypertension (JANUARY, 2016) (OCT, 2007)
 Gross pathology of kidneys in benign and malignant nephrosclerosis
(JANUARY, 2012)

Cystic diseases
 Differences between Adult and infantile polycystic diseases
(APRIL,2003)

Obstructive uropathy
 Types of renal calculi (OCT 2006)
 Stag horn calculus (OCTOBER,2004)
 Renal stones (APRIL2009) (SEPTEMBER, 2003) (NOV.2002)

Neoplasms
  Morphology of renal cell carcinoma (JULY, 2016)
 Wilm’s tumor / Nephroblastoma (JULY, 2013) ( OCTOBER, 2008)
(MAY-2006 ) (APR, 2005 ) (April, 2000)
 Renal cell carcinoma (JULY2012)

Others
 Urinary findings in Nephritis (JAN 2013)
 Renal dysplasia (JANUARY, 2011)
 Chronic contracted granular kidney. (MARCH, 2010)

ÙRINARY BLADDER

 Four etiopathogenetic factors of urinary bladder cancer.(JULY2018)

 HEAD & NECK , GIT
ESSAY
 An elderly male presented with history of bleeding per rectum, altered
bowel habits, loss of appetite, loss of weight and crampy lower quadrant
discomfort in the abdomen. Hematological evaluation revealed Iron
deficiency anemia. (FEBRUARY, 2017)
a) What is your diagnosis?
b) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of this disease.
c) Describe the morphology of this lesion.
Ans – COLON CARCINOMA

 A 58 year old male labourer presented with history of epigastric pain

occurring immediately and sometimes within two hours of taking food.
The pain relieved by vomiting. He had good appetite but afraid to eat
and used to take bland diet. There is significant loss of body weight and
deep tenderness present in the mid line of epigastrium. (JAN 2012)
1+3+4+2=10
a) What is the provisional diagnosis?
b) Discuss the etiopathogenesis.
c) Describe the morphology of the lesion.
d) Mention the complications.
Ans – PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE (GASTRIC ULCER)

 A 48 years old male presented with weight loss, anorexia, vomiting and
mass in the epigastric region. On investigation, he was detected to have
rigid, thickened leather bottle stomach and a space occupying lesion
in the liver (OCT, 2007)
a) What is the probable diagnosis
b) What are the factors associated with the causation of the condition
c) Describe the morphology of the organ involved?
d) Describe the mode of spread?

Ans – GASTRIC CARCINOMA WITH HEPATIC METASTASIS.

 A 50 year old businessman complained of burning pain in the upper

abdomen and retrosternal region for a long time. The pain worsened
at nights and occurred 3 hours after meals. Pain was relieved with
food. (1+3+6=10marks) (OCTOBER,2004)
 a) What is the provisional diagnosis?
b) What is the aetio-pathogenesis?
c) Describe the pathology& complications

Ans – PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE (DUODENAL ULCER)

SHORT NOTES & BRIEF NOTES

Salivary glands

 Name four Malignant tumors of Salivary glands. (FEBRUARY, 2017)

 Pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland (JULY, 2015) (JULY, 2013)
(AUGUST, 2010) (APRIL,2003) gross & microscopic picture
(JANUARY, 2012)
 Warthin tumor (MARCH, 2010)

Oral cavity

 Leukoplakia (AUGUST, 2010)

Esophagus

 Barrett’s Oesophagitis (JAN 2013) (MARCH 2009) (APR, 2008)

(MAY-2006 ) (APRIL,2003)

Stomach

 Give the clinical & biochemical features of Carcinoid syndrome.

(JULY2018)
 Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer (FEBRUARY, 2018)
 Pathogenesis of Peptic Ulcer, Gross, microscopic apprearence(JULY,
2017) (JULY, 2015) (AUGUST, 2014)
 Complications of peptic ulcer (JULY, 2016) (AUGUST, 2014)
 Chronic gastric ulcer, morphology, complications (JULY, 2013) (JULY,
2011) (OCTOBER, 2008) (MAY-2006 ) (APR, 2005 )
 Various sites of chronic peptic ulcer(MARCH, 2010)
 Gastric carcinoma – location, types and metastasis (JANUARY, 2016)
Gross & microscopic picture (OCT 2006)
 Etiopathogenesis, Gross and histologic classification of carcinoma
stomach (JANUARY, 2015) ( MAY,2004)
Small & Large Intestine

 Give the clinical & biochemical features of Carcinoid syndrome.

(JULY2018)
 Differentiate / Four differences between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative
colitis (JULY2018) (JULY, 2015)
 Crohn’s disease. (AUGUST, 2009) (APRIL,2003) (NOV.2002) –
morphology (JULY2012)
 Ulcerative colitis (APRIL2009) (MAY, 2007) (MAY-2006 )(APR, 2005 )
 What is malabsorption syndrome? (OCT 2006)
 Primary Malabsorption syndromes (SEPTEMBER, 2003)
 What are the four precancerous lesions of large intestine? (JANUARY,
2016)
 Ulcerative lesions of small intestine (April, 2000)
 Morphology of Amoebic colitis (JAN 2014)
 Amoebiasis (MAY-2006 )

Others
 Pre cancerous lesions of G.I.T. (NOV.2002)
 HEPATOBILIARY & PANCREAS
ESSAY
 A 43 year old male, chronic alcoholic dies after a bout of profuse
hematemesis=10m (JANUARY, 2011)
a) What is the probable diagnosis?
b) Desribe the morphological changes in the target organ involved
c) Write the sequential events that have lead to death.

Ans – CIRRHOSIS OF LIVER WITH DEVELOPMENT OF PORTAL

HYPERTENSION, LEADING TO RUPTURE OF ESOPHAGEAL
VARICIES.

 A 50 year old chronic alcoholic was admitted with distended abdomen

and hematemesis. He appears emaciated and has altered
sensorium=10m (MAY-2006 )
a) What is the provisional diagnosis
b) What is the gross and microscopic picture of the involved organ
c) Mention the complications
Ans – CIRRHOSIS OF LIVER WITH DEVELOPMENT OF PORTAL
HYPERTENSION, LEADING TO ASCITES, RUPTURE OF
ESOPHAGEAL VARICIES AND DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATIC
ENCEPHALOPATHY.

 A 48 years old male was admitted with Acute abdominal pain following
a heavy meal. He is an alcoholic. (OCTOBER-2005)
a) What is the probable diagnosis
b) What important investigations will support your diagnosis
c) What is the pathology in the organ involved

Ans – ACUTE PANCREATITIS.

 A 50 year old chronic alcoholic developed ascites with history of

repeated bouts of hematemesis and bleeding from rectum, admitted
with coma and died. Scan showed shrunken liver and splenomegaly.
(MAY,2004)
 a) What is the probable diagnosis
b) Mention the reasons in support of your diagnosis
c) Describe the pathology of liver and spleen= (2+3+5=10marks)

Ans - CIRRHOSIS OF LIVER WITH DEVELOPMENT OF PORTAL

HYPERTENSION, LEADING TO ASCITES, RUPTURE OF
ESOPHAGEAL VARICIES, HAEMORROIDS,SPLENOMEGALY
AND DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY.

SHORT NOTES & BRIEF NOTES

Liver

Infectious disorders

 Morphology of acute viral hepatitis and its complications (JULY, 2017)

 Chronic active hepatitis – etiology, microscopic picture and fate
(JANUARY, 2016)

 Serologic markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) (OCT, 2007)

 Liver abscesses (MAY-2006 )

Cirrhosis

 Classify cirrhosis . Give gross & microscopic picture of alcoholic

cirrhosis. (JULY2018)
 Post necrotic cirrhosis liver (FEBRUARY, 2018)
 Morphology of liver in Alcoholic Cirrhosis. (FEBRUARY, 2017) (JULY,
2011) (AUGUST, 2010) (AUGUST, 2009) (SEPTEMBER, 2003)
 Four causes for cirrhosis of liver (JULY, 2015)
 Etiology & morphologic classification of cirrhosis of liver. (JAN 2013)
 Etiopathogenesis and morphology of Alcoholic liver disease. (AUGUST,
2014)
 Complications of cirrhosis (OCTOBER-2005)

Tumors

 Etiopathogenesis ,Morphology of hepatocellular carcinoma/hepatoma

(JULY, 2016) (JANUARY, 2015) (JAN 2014) (MARCH, 2010) (MAY,
2007) (APR, 2005 ) (NOV.2002)
Gall bladder

 Types of gall stones and their complications (JULY2018) (JULY, 2016)

(AUGUST, 2014) (JAN 2013) (JULY2012) (FEBRUARY, 2009) (APR,
2008) (NOV.2002) (OCTOBER,2004)

Pancreas

 Acute pancreatitis. ( OCTOBER, 2008) (OCT, 2007) (SEPTEMBER,

2003) (NOV.2002)
 MALE GENITAL TRACT
ESSAY

 30 years old man with the H/o painless swelling in the right side of the
scrotum for the past 6 months duration. Discuss about the differential
diagnosis (APRIL,2003)
ANS – HYDROCELE , INGUINAL HERNIA, VARICOCELE,
GERMCELL TUMORS OF TESTIS, METASTASIS etc

SHORT NOTES & BRIEF NOTES

Testis

 Draw a labelled diagram of Seminoma testis & what is the route of

spread. (JULY2018)
 Morphology of seminoma testis. (FEBRUARY, 2017) (JULY, 2013)
(JULY, 2011) (OCTOBER-2005)
 Seminoma (OCT 2006)
 Classification of germ cell tumours of testis (JANUARY, 2015)
(MAY,2004)
 Undescended testis (JULY2012)

Penis

 Name three (3) pre-malignant (carcinoma-in-situ) lesions of Penis

mention the common infective agent associated with these lesions (JAN
2014)
 Name one benign tumor & 3 premalignant tumors of penis. (JAN 2013)

 Condyloma acuminata (AUGUST, 2010)

 Name the Benign and malignant tumors of the penis (MARCH, 2010)

Prostate

 Etiopathogenesis and morphology of Carcinoma Prostate.(AUGUST,

2014)

 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (OCT, 2007)

 FEMALE GENITAL TRACT
ESSAY
 A 54-year old woman noted a 6-month history of progressive vaginal
discharge sometimes blood tinged. She was 2 years post menopausal
and earlier took oral contraceptives for 10 years. She complains of right
back pain and right leg swelling. The per-speculum examination
showed an unhealthy cervix with ulceration. (AUGUST, 2014)

a) What is the most likely diagnosis?

b) Write two (2) high risk, two (2) low risk microorganism and two
(2) social factors associated with this lesion.
c) Name the screening tests performed for it.
d) Describe the preventive measures.
Ans – CARCINOMA CERVIX with metastasis to vertebrae

 A 40 year old female has 16 weeks amenorrhoea and on examination

her uterus size was larger & corresponds to 21 weeks size gestation.
She complaints bleeding & passing grape like vesicles per vaginum. Her
blood and urine HCG levels are elevated & higher than normal
pregnancy=1+3+5+1 (JULY, 2013)
a) What is the provisional diagnosis?
b) Mention the two types of this benign non-invasive lesion and
discuss their different pathogenesis
c) Describe the gross and microscopic picture
d) Mention the complications
Ans – MOLAR PREGNANCY / HYDATIDIFORM MOLE

 A 55 year old female presented with post menopausal bleeding and foul
smelling vaginal discharge. PV examination reveal unhealthy, indurated
& ulcerated cervix.(JULY2012)
a) What is the provisional diagnosis?
b) How do you establish the diagnosis
c) Describe the microscopic picture of the lesion.
Ans – CARCINOMA CERVIX.
  35 year old female has 12 weeks amenorrhoea. She is married 1 year
ago. On examination uterus size was larger and corresponding to 20
weeks gestation. She complaints of passing grape like vesicles. Her
blood and urine hCG levels are elevated than normal pregnancy=10m (
OCTOBER, 2008)
a) What is the provisional diagnosis?
b) Describe gross and microscopic picture of the lesion?
c) Discuss its complications.
Ans – MOLAR PREGNANCY / HYDATIDIFORM MOLE

 A 55 years old female presented with bleeding per vaginum and white
discharge. P/v examination revealed unhealthy indurated and ulcerated
cervix. (APR, 2005 )
a) What is the probable diagnosis
b) What laboratory test will confirm the diagnosis
c) What is the histopathology of the disease? (1+3+6=10marks)
Ans – CARCINOMA CERVIX.

SHORT NOTES & BRIEF NOTES

Cervix

 Enumerate pathogenic factors of Carcinoma cervix (FEBRUARY, 2018)

 Etiology of carcinoma cervix (JULY, 2016) ( MAY,2004)
 Carcinoma in situ. (FEBRUARY, 2009) (MAY-2006 )
 Carcinoma cervix (APR, 2008)
 Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasm (CIN) (JANUARY, 2012)
(OCTOBER-2005)

Uterus

 What are the pathogenic factors of endometrial cancer? (JANUARY,

2016)
 Morphology of uterine leiomyoma (JANUARY, 2015)
 Adenomyosis. (JANUARY, 2011)
 Endometrial hyperplasia (OCTOBER,2004)

Ovary
 Classify Ovarian tumors (JULY, 2017) (NOV.2002)
 Give the names of four malignant ovarian tumours (JULY, 2016)
 Classify gonadal stromal tumours of ovary and give the hormone secreted
by each (JANUARY, 2016)
 Benign cystic teratoma of the ovary/Dermoid cyst (JULY, 2015)
(AUGUST, 2010) (APRIL,2003) (April, 2000)
 Dysgerminoma (JAN 2013) (FEBRUARY, 2009) (October, 2000)
 Surface epithelial tumors of ovary (JAN 2013)
 Endometriosis – Definition, chief locations and histogenesis (JAN 2014)
(AUGUST, 2010) (AUGUST, 2009)
 Brenner tumour (MARCH, 2010)
 Functioning ovarian tumours (MAY-2006 )

Gestational disorders

 Hydatidiform mole (JULY, 2011) (MAY, 2007)

 Choriocarcinoma (APRIL2009) (SEPTEMBER, 2003)
 ENDOCRINE

SHORT NOTES & BRIEF NOTES

Pituitary

Thyroid
 Name the thyroid tumors & indicate their route of spread. (JULY2018)
 Hashimoto thyroiditis (JULY, 2017) (JULY, 2013) (JULY, 2011)
(APRIL2009) (MAY-2006 ) (MAY-2006 ) (APRIL,2003)
 Name four Malignant tumors of Thyroid (FEBRUARY, 2017) (JULY,
2015)
 Microscopic appearance of papillary carcinoma of thyroid (JULY, 2016)
(SEPTEMBER, 2003)
 Follicular adenoma thyroid , histologic picture (JULY2012) ;
Microscopic patterns (JANUARY, 2016)
 Graves disease, pathogenesis,pathology morphology , microscopic
picture (JAN 2014) (JAN 2013) (MAY, 2007)
 Medullary carcinoma of thyroid (JANUARY, 2012) (FEBRUARY, 2009)
 Thyroid adenoma (OCTOBER,2004)
 Toxic goiter (NOV.2002)
 Primary hyperplasia of thyroid (October, 2000)

Parathyroid
 Three causes of primary hyperparathyroidism and one cause of secondary
hyperparathyroidism (JANUARY, 2015)
 Four clinical features of primary hyper-parathyroidism (JANUARY,
2011)

Adrenal
 Phaeochromocytoma (OCT, 2007) (MARCH, 2010) ( OCTOBER, 2008)
(MAY-2006 )
 Cushing’s syndrome (April, 2000)
Diabetes

 Complications of diabetes mellitus (FEBRUARY, 2009)

 BONES & JOINTS
ESSAY

 A 25 year old man is admitted with swelling of the upper end of the
tibia. X-ray shows a turnover in the metaphyseal area of tibia with
evidence of new bone formation. (JULY2018)
a) What is the probable diagnosis?
b) Give the microscopic picture of the turnover with labelled diagram.
c) Name the organs where it metastasizes
d) Classify bone tumors.

Ans – OSTEOSARCOMA.

SHORT NOTES & BRIEF NOTES

Bone

Infections

 Sequestrum. (AUGUST, 2010)

 Morphology of pyogenic osteomyelitis (MARCH, 2010)
 Tuberculous osteomyelitis (APR, 2008) (OCTOBER,2004)
 Osteomyelitis (APR, 2005 )
Tumors

 Give the microscopic picture, X-ray appearance and spread of osteogenic

sarcoma (FEBRUARY, 2018) (MAY-2006 ) (SEPTEMBER, 2003)
Gross appearance (JULY, 2015)
 Morphology of common & classic osteosarcoma. (JAN 2013)
 Four (4) conditions known to be associated with development of
Osteosarcoma.(JAN 2012)
 Classify bone tumors. Give X-ray appearance and microscopic picture of
giant cell tumor. (JULY, 2017)
 Osteoclastoma / Giant cell tumor (JULY, 2013) (JULY, 2011) ( OCTOBER,
2008), morphology (FEBRUARY, 2017) (JANUARY, 2011) (OCTOBER-
2005) (APRIL,2003) (NOV.2002) (April, 2000) , Microscopic
appearance(JANUARY, 2015) (OCT 2006) common sites and its
radiological and microscopic picture (AUGUST, 2014)
 Ewing’s sarcoma (JULY2012) (MAY, 2007) ( MAY,2004) (NOV.2002)–
common sites, X-ray appearance and microscopic picture. (JAN 2014)
 Multiple Myeloma (OCT 2006)

Others

 Osteitis fibrosa cystic (AUGUST, 2009)

Joints

 Gouty Tophii/ arthritis (APRIL2009) (MAY-2006 )

 Gout (MAY-2006 )
Soft tissue
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
SHORT NOTES & BRIEF NOTES

 Name four brain tumors (JANUARY, 2015)

 Meningioma (JULY, 2015) (OCT, 2007) (MAY-2006 ) (April, 2000)

Morphology (AUGUST, 2014) (AUGUST, 2010) Various histological
types (MARCH, 2010)
 Astrocytomas (JANUARY, 2011) (AUGUST, 2009) (OCTOBER-2005)
(SEPTEMBER, 2003) (NOV.2002) (JANUARY, 2012) Morphology
(JAN 2014)

 Glioblastoma (JULY, 2011) ( MAY,2004).

 Name 4 glial tumors (APRIL2009)

 Brain abscess (APR, 2008)

 Berry Aneurysm (OCTOBER-2005)

 CSF changes in

o Meningitis (JULY, 2016)

o Tuberculous Meningitis (FEBRUARY, 2018) (OCT 2006)
o pyogenic meningitis. (FEBRUARY, 2017) (JULY, 2013)
(JULY2012)
 SKIN

SHORT NOTES & BRIEF NOTES

 Basal cell carcinoma / Rodent ulcer (FEBRUARY,2009)

(OCTOBER,2004) Morphology (JULY, 2016)

 Malignant melanoma (APRIL2009) (APR, 2008) Morphology

(JANUARY, 2015) Histology / Microscopic picture (AUGUST, 2010)
(JANUARY, 2012)

 Name four preneoplastic lesions of skin (JANUARY, 2011) (MAY,2007)

 Name four variant forms of Nevocellular Nevi (MARCH, 2010)

 Vesiculo-bullous lesions of skin (MAY-2006 )

 BREAST

ESSAY

 A 20 year old female presented with a painless slowly growing freely

mobile solitary lump in the lower part of her left breast. On
examination, the nipple is normal. The lump is not fixed to the overlying
skin. No axillary lymph nodes are palpable. (JULY, 2016)
(APRIL2009)
a) What is the provisional diagnosis?
b) Discuss various investigations to confirm your final diagnosis
c) Describe the gross and microscopic picture of the lesion.
Ans - FIBROADENOMA

 A 45 year old lady presented with a painless swelling in the left breast for
3 months duration. On examination the swelling was firm, fixed to the
overlying skin. Left axillary lymph nodes were enlarged. Fine needle
aspiration of the swelling showed loosely cohesive cells with
pleomorphic hyperchromatic nuclei and prominent nucleoli. (JULY,
2015)

a) What is your diagnosis

b) Describe the etiopathogenesis of this condition
c) How will you classify this condition?
d) What are prognostic factors for this condition?
Ans – CARCINOMA BREAST WITH METASTASIS TO AXILLARY
LYMPHNODES

 40 year old female presented with lump in the breast. The lump is hard
and adhered to the underlying structures and axillary lymphnodes are
enlarged.=10m (AUGUST, 2010)
a) What is the provisional diagnosis?
b) How do you classify them?
c) Discuss the etiology and pathogenesis of the lesion.
 Ans – CARCINOMA BREAST WITH METASTASIS TO AXILLARY
LYMPHNODES

SHORT NOTES & BRIEF NOTES

 Breast cancer, prognostic factors (FEBRUARY, 2018) (MAY, 2007),

Microscopic types / Histological types (JANUARY, 2016) ( MAY,2004)
Classification of breast tumours (OCTOBER-2005)
 Paget’s disease of Nipple ( OCTOBER, 2008) (OCT, 2007) (JANUARY,
2012) Gross and microscopic picture (JAN 2014)
 Diagrammatically illustrate the 2 microscopic patterns of fibroadenoma
breast (JAN 2013)
 Name the benign tumors of breast (JULY2012)

 Fibro-Cystic disease of breast (APRIL,2003)

 Medullary carcinoma breast (JANUARY, 2011)

 Cystosarcoma phyllodes / Phyllodes tumour. (AUGUST, 2009)

(FEBRUARY, 2009) (APR, 2008)

 Fibroadenoma ( OCTOBER, 2008)

 MISCELLANIOUS
SHORT NOTES & BRIEF NOTES

 Hodgkin Lymphoma (NOV.2002), Nodular Sclerosing (FEBRUARY,

2018) (MAY, 2007) Staging (JULY, 2017) WHO classification (JULY,
2013) Microscopic picture (APR, 2005 ) Morphology (SEPTEMBER,
2003)

 Burkitt’s Lymphoma (AUGUST, 2014) (October, 2000)

 Reed-Sternberg cell (JULY, 2011) (APR, 2008) (APR, 2005 ) Variants

(AUGUST, 2009)

 Causes of lymphadenopathy (OCT, 2007)

 Sago spleen (October, 2000)

 Neuroblastoma (October, 2000)

PREPARED BY

DR.RAJA SEKHAR.S.V.R.

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPT OF PATHOLOGY

GEMS HOSPITAL