1.

0 Introduction
Individuals with developed linguistic intelligence usually enjoy writing and are
expressive when they note down their thoughts. Individuals pay attention to detail, easily
understand grammar and have a rich vocabulary. Furthermore, learners are constantly
searching for knowledge and new reading materials which they thoroughly enjoy. Most
individuals with a high level of linguistic intelligence enjoy word games such as scrabble or
crosswords and like playing with words and creating rhymes. Individuals also tend to have
good memories and easily remember trivia facts and quotes. Seeing as these individuals
always searching for new knowledge, they like to learn new languages and are quite good at
it. Also, they are usually very good speakers and have the ability to explain, analyze and
interpret things without difficulties.
According to Lakhiani (2010), Linguistic intelligence is defined as the capacity of
individual to comprehend both written and spoken language, as well as the ability to write
and speak the language. People with linguistic intelligence are recognized for their unique
abilities, which include the capacity to quickly learn a language, comprehend the complexity
of sentence structure, absorb the sound and meaning of a word, and decipher the word
structure.
A variety of issues arise caused by limited vocabulary knowledge of L2 learners, which
prevents them from responding in the target language both orally and in writing. Instructors
have noticed that learners are having difficulty constructing simple sentences and are having
even greater difficulty constructing complicated statements. This is particularly evident when
students are confronted with situations that require proficiency and fluency in English, such
as recitations and composition writings. Patterson (2014) explained that the students will
suffer from a lack of comprehension of grammar. They will also fail to articulate their ideas
in written creation since they lack understanding into what they should accomplish when
writing. The importance of grammar may be observed in the preceding statement since it
allows students to freely express their feelings. Patterson (2014) explained that the students
will suffer from a lack of comprehension of grammar. They also fail to articulate their ideas
in written creation since they lack understanding into what they should accomplish when
writing. The importance of grammar may be observed in the preceding statement since it
allows students to freely express their feelings.
 Brown (2011) stated that learners will face greater problems and challenges as they
progress in their language learning, such as with their pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar,
and other aspects of the language. Additionally, Wilkins (2013) pointed out that errors can be
caused by linguistic aspects, and this can occasionally be related to the interaction from the
native tongue. As a result, grammar cannot be isolated from studying English because it is
one aspect of language.
To address this rising problem of English acquisition and use, Corpuz (2020) proposed a
new instrument of education that would allow students to learn the target language in a fun
and engaging way inside the classroom. It is also to reduce the fear or affective filter that
students experience during English Class. As a result, the instructor was able to use anime
film with English subtitles in class.
According to Haris and Garancho (2011), learners can improve their vocabulary and
reading comprehension skills by watching anime films with subtitles. Students who enjoy
reading will eventually extend their vocabulary size and have the ability to determine word
meanings, as opposed to poor and reluctant readers who are less likely to expand their
vocabulary knowledge through wide reading. In agreement with Gunobgunob (2010), the
ability to comprehend textual materials and due to a lack of vocabulary, it is difficult to
improve reading comprehension. In this scenario, the weaknesses of students in reading and
understanding are overcome by using subtitled films to expand their vocabulary.

As reported by Lynne (2011) and Gorjian (2014), because anime is said to boost student
motivation and make teaching easier, it is now becoming necessary educational medium in
the language classrooms, that enlivens and strengthens the desire of students to succeed the
goal of instructing and learning a second language. Furthermore, anime enriches classes,
promotes discussion, and improves the capacity of students to learn new words and overcome
linguistic barriers.

This research will contribute to the progress of knowledge in teaching tactics, specifically
the use of animated films with subtitles in the classroom to help students improve their
vocabulary and sentence complexity. It will also provide an up-to-date understanding of 21st-
century skills learners and the digital instructional resources that will be used to suit the
interest of learners in response to the K–12 program mission. Furthermore, this research is
 critical in assisting instructors and students in adapting to the rapid changes that are occurring
in the online class. 

1.1 Research Problem

Research Question No. 1: What is the level of linguistic intelligence of Grade 12 STEM Students who
watch Anime?

Research Question No. 2: What is the level of linguistic intelligence of Grade 12 STEM Students who do
not watch Anime?

Research Question No. 3: Is there a significant difference between linguistic intelligence among Grade 12
STEM students who are anime watchers and non-anime watchers?

1.2 Hypothesis

H There is no significant difference in the level of linguistic intelligence between anime watcher
0:

and non-anime watcher among Grade 12 STEM Students.

1.3 Significance of the Study

The study's findings will be acknowledged with the following:

Researchers- Researchers could gain a better understanding of comparing the level of Linguistic
Intelligence among Grade 12 STEM Anime and Non-Anime watcher students in Our Lady of Fatima
University. It will help them become a better researcher and serve as a possible guideline for future
research.

Teachers- For teachers, knowing an individual's level of intelligence is significant since it has an
influence on a variety of human behaviors this could help them know how a student can operate and how
will they operate in an academic setting, as well as in assisting parents and other instructors in
understanding their children's academic and life capabilities.

Students- This study is to know the level of linguistic intelligence of STEM student who watches anime.
This will be a useful reference for the research who would plan to make any related study to Level of
Intelligence. Furthermore, this study will help them to expand and enhance their limited vocabulary to
also cope with online learning.
1.4 Conceptual Framework

Anime Watcher
Level of Linguistic
Intelligence
Non-anime
Watcher

Figure 1: The Conceptual Mode

Figure 1 demonstrates the difference between STEM Anime Watcher and STEM Non-
Anime Watcher with their Level of linguistic Intelligence. In line with the Theory of Language
Development (Jean Piaget's,1936), which suggests that an individual use both assimilation and
accommodation to learn language. According to him, an individual first create mental structures
within the mind (schemas) and from these schemas, language development happens. As, through
watching videos an individual is about to create a mental structure within his/her mind that truly
assimilate and accommodate what they observed around them. An individual perceives and learn
what he/she can see. Hence, people who are an anime watcher can be imaginative picture maker
as they imagine the visual presentations in their mind. They can easily adapt to the happenings
and scenarios in the videos they are watching which makes their understanding broader and
tendency to have high level of linguistic intelligence. While, with an individual who is not fond
of watching while learning, Theory of Multiple Intelligence (Howard Gardner, 1983) asserts that
there is not only one intelligence, but seven multiple intelligences. Even though an individual
was not fond of watching movies he/she can learn so many things with a lot of ways. Gardner
implied that individual could perceive new languages through Linguistic, Logical/Mathematical,
Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalist. There are lots
of ways of learning, but they have difference on each level of intelligence that can give to an
individual. Moreover, according to Gardner an individual who are fond of reading and writing
can also learn and adapt new words and languages. They have considerable understanding even
though they are not fond of watching movies like anime.

1.5 Definition of Terms

21st Century Skills- It is widely used to describe a set of critical characteristics that proponents
believe schools should educate to prepare pupils for success in recent society.

K-12 - It refers to education from kindergarten, elementary, high school, and senior high school.

L2 Learners- L2 is a second language that a person uses other than a first or native language. L2
learners are the people who learned a language that is not native to theirs.

Anime- It is a Japanese animation form that consists of animated films with themes and styles
comparable to manga comics. 

Digital Instructional Resources- It is also known as Digital Learning Resources that is created
to help students and teachers learn and teach more effectively. 

Language Barrier- It is a figurative term that refers to linguistic communication problems, such
as communication difficulties experienced by people or groups who speak different languages, or
even dialects in some circumstances.

Linguistic Intelligence- It implies the ability to understand, and use spoken and written
language. This can include expressing oneself effectively through speech or the written word and
the ability to learn foreign languages. 

Native Tongue- It is a native language of a person as well as the language of the country in
where a person was born or raised. 

2.0 Variable Discussions

2.0.1 Linguistic Intelligence

According to Kelly (2019), linguistic intelligence is the ability to understand, and use
spoken and written language, and also one of Howard Gardner's eight multiple intelligences.
This can involve being able to successfully express yourself verbally or in writing, as well as
demonstrating an aptitude for learning foreign languages. 

As stated by Marenus (2020), it also addresses sensitivity to spoken and written language,
language learning ability, and the ability to use language to achieve certain goals. Additionally, it
refers to the capacity of a person to process information and produce oral and written output such
as speeches, books, and memorandum. 

Furthermore, Cherry (2019) explained that there are also that known as linguistic-verbal
intelligence, these people with high linguistic-verbal intelligence can utilize words well in both
writing and speech. Also, they are usually excellent at composing stories, memorizing facts, and
reading. And as reported by Baer (2011), linguistic intelligence have the abilities to comprehend
and utilize the sounds, rhythms, as well as meaning and functions of language.

Additionally, Kendra (2019) emphasizes linguistic learning as a beneficial instrument for

learning new things since it assists people in learning new things, while learning a new language,
people must master the phonetics, syntax, and semantics of the language. Language study keeps
the brain of individuals active and healthy because there is always something new to learn.
Learning a language improves personal communication skills, which can help an individual to
develop social and public speaking abilities.

2.0.2 Anime watcher and non-anime watcher

Anime watcher refers to a person who enjoy watching anime. According to Morishita
(2021), there are number of terms floating around the internet right now, such as otaku, wibu,
and weeaboo. The majority of people, believe that an anime fan is an otaku or a weeb. However,
a casual anime viewer is an anime enthusiast. These individuals do not have a lot of anime
products available, such as posters, figurines, and t-shirts. Only on rare occasions do an anime
enthusiast watch anime. Nevertheless, these individuals do not delve too far into the culture.

As stated by Manion et. al (2012), students who are interested in anime are more likely to
study the Japanese language and culture. People that watch anime can be enchanted by its
distinctiveness. Furthermore, as reported by Obrien (2012), Japanese animation is steadily
gaining popularity among teenagers and has made its way into popular culture around the world.
According to Samira (2014), for some people, language exposure has become a common
occurrence as a result of anime. These individuals are learning both the culture and the language.

On the other hand, Morishita (2021) explained that some people refuse to watch anime.
These people are referred to as non-anime watchers in the literal sense. Those individuals may
avoid anime because they find it dull, hold misconceptions about it, or believe it is solely for
children. Furthermore, many people make the mistake of calling it a genre, which is completely
wrong in every sense. 

Moreover, as stated by Geo (2019), anime is a form of art in the same way that paintings,
live-action films, and photography. The anime films were picked because of how universal the
themes are and how easy it is to become engrossed in them. Films from an anime franchise will
be ignored for the most part, with a few exceptions. The mileage of individuals may vary with
each film, and they may or may not enjoy some. Nonetheless, people should watch them because
they might be missing out on an interesting experience.

3.0 Methodology

3.1 Research Design

This study sought to measure the Level of Linguistic Intelligence among Grade 12 STEM
students Anime and Non-anime watcher in Our Lady of Fatima University Valenzuela Campus.
Quantitative research, in accordance of Bhandari (2020) it is the process of collecting and
analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test
causal relationships, and generalize results to wider population. Quantitative research is widely
used in the natural and social sciences: biology, chemistry, psychology, economics, sociology,
marketing, etc. Additionally, according to Williams (2021) the purpose of quantitative research
is to attain greater knowledge and understanding of the social word. Researchers use quantitative
methods to observe situations or events that affect people. Furthermore, Non-experimental
research is research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable, random assignment
of participants to conditions or orders of conditions, or both - characteristics pertinent to
experimental designs (O'Dwyer & Bernauer, 2013). In this study the researchers will compare
the linguistic intelligence between Anime and Non-anime watcher and identify if there's really a
significant difference between the two mentioned groups.

Thinking without comparison is unthinkable. And, in the absence of comparison, so is all

scientific thought and scientific research (Swanson, 1971). Comparative analysis means
describing and explaining the similarities and differences of situations or consequences among
large scale of social units such as regions, nations, societies, and cultures. This definition reflects
traditions such as cross-cultural analysis in anthropology, cross-societal analysis in sociology,
cross-national analysis in political science, comparative historical analysis in history, and
psychological analysis (Smelser, 1973). Moreover, (Given, 2008) stated that comparative
research method can be defined as a research methodology in which aspects of social science or
life are examined across diferrent cultures or countries. It is a form of qualitative approach or
analysis in which different types of methods like case study analysis are used by the researchers
to elucidate the similarities and differences between the entities or countries. Comparative
research method combines theory or theoretical concepts with data collection. In conclusion, the
aim of this Quantitative and Non-experimental Research titled Level of Linguistic Intelligence
among Grade 12 STEM students Anime and Non-anime watcher in Our Lady of Fatima
University Valenzuela Campus is to gather information, and also to gather lived experiences of
the Grade 12 STEM students Anime and Non-anime watcher.

In conclusion, the aim of this Quantitative and Non-experimental Research titled Level of
Linguistic Intelligence among Grade 12 STEM students Anime and Non-anime watcher in Our
Lady of Fatima University Valenzuela Campus is to gather information. And also to gather lived
experiences of the students.

3.2 Research Locale

Due to the current circumstances and based on the protocols implemented by the IATF
wherein limited face to face are available if it is necessary. People are not allowed to go outside
and conduct any activities that are against the regulations. People are not allowed to go outside
without wearing a face mask, having 12 feet social distancing and wearing face shields. By these
protocols have been implemented the researchers utilized a computer-mediated survey for the
Grade 12 Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) strand of the senior high
school in OLFU Valenzuela campus as it is favorable for them due to its accessibility.

3.3 Key Informant Selection & Sampling Technique

Purposive sampling is a type among the non-probability sampling technique that can be
used in both qualitative and quantitative research studies. As stated by Ritchie (2003), members
of a sample are chosen with a purpose to represent a location or type in relation to the criterion”.
The researchers choose specific people within a sample population and use multiple
criteria. Also, according to Bernard (2002) and Lewis & Shepard (2006), in purposive sampling,
the researchers decided what needs to be known and sets out to find people who can and are
willing to provide information by the virtue of knowledge and/or experience. So, the researchers
are intended to have prior knowledge in choosing population who will participate. Foley (2018)
also affirmed that this sampling method requires the researchers to have the prior knowledge
about the purpose of their studies for the reason that they can properly choose and approach the
eligible participants.

The respondents that are acquired to the set of criteria are invited to participate in the
study. The researchers’ sampling frame consists of twenty-five (25) persons per group that will
be a total of fifty (50) purposive quota sample participants. The informants that the researchers
gave the questionnaires to were identified as the grade 12 Senior High School Students of the
STEM Strand who were currently enrolled in Our Lady of Fatima University in Valenzuela City
for the academic year 2021-2022. The previously mentioned respondents’ age should only range
from sixteen to nineteen years old. The 50 selected respondents will be given the same set of
survey questionnaires to answer.

The researchers set concrete criteria that are relevant to their study and is solely for Grade
12 STEM students who are anime watchers and non-anime watchers that will determine their
level of linguistic intelligence.

3.4 Research Ethics

Ethics are the moral principles that govern the behavior of a person. Research ethics may
be referred to as doing what is morally and legally right in research. They are actually norms for
conduct that distinguish between right and wrong, and acceptable and unacceptable behavior
(Parveen and Showkat, 2017).  Research Ethics is a personal system of behavior based on respect
for oneself, others, and the environment. It is regulated by the concepts or assumptions that
underlie how people or organizations behave. Also, it applies fundamental ethical concepts to
study activities, such as research design and execution, respect for society and others, use of
resources and research outputs, professional misbehavior, and research regulation. In every
research, it is essential to a personal code of conduct based on respect for oneself, others, and the
environment. It is on the principles or assumptions that guide how people or groups act. A
significant part of research ethics is the application of fundamental ethical principles to the
design and implementation of research, the use of resources and findings, research misconduct,
and the regulation of research. Informed consent is the basis of ethical research (Denzin &
Lincoln, 2011).

Researchers have to take the sole responsibility for the ethical conduct of their own
research. In simple terms, ethics is responsibility of a researcher. First and the foremost
responsibility of a researcher is to take care of the safety, dignity, rights and well-being of the
participants. Researchers have to take care of various other issues at different stages of the
research process. Both the researcher and participants have an important role to play.
Researchers have to take care of the right of participants and must consider the research from the
perspective of participants (Parveen and Showkat, 2017). 

The researchers also make sure that there are no biases, and the collected information are
sufficient and reliable. Researchers make sure the methods and procedures used is humane and
has its limitations. The researchers also promised to keep their identities completely anonymous. 

Also, researchers did not want to have a plagiarized work so, as such they use the right
APA citation. Authorship: Each author must be credited in the manuscript. In the same way, all
the persons listed as authors in the article should have contributed significantly to both the
research and writing (Parveen and Showkat,2017). A plagiarist undermines not only his or her
own reputation as a researcher, but also the credibility of the research. Both researchers and
research institutions are responsible for preventing plagiarism. It is important to distinguish
between direct quotes and paraphrasing in footnotes and endnotes as well as in the text.
Paraphrasing must not be so close to the original text that it in reality constitutes a quote. If
several paraphrases are connected, the entire interpretation and argumentation may be based on
the work of others. If so, this may also constitute plagiarism (Torp,2019)

The Personal Data Act requires that people who process personal data protect their
integrity and privacy. Personal data consists of information and assessments that are either
directly or indirectly linkable to a person, for example, names, national identification numbers,
or e-mail addresses, or by compiling background data. Electronic processing of such information
is subject to an obligation to notify and, in general, this processing must be based on free and
informed consent. When an institution has a data protection officer, the obligation to notify the
Data Protection Authority is replaced by an obligation to notify the data protection officer (Torp,
2019). 

The term consists of two crucial parts, informed and consent, both of which require
careful study. Participants must be thoroughly informed about what is expected of them, how the
data will be used, and what (if any) repercussions may result. To engage in the study, individuals
must offer explicit, active, written permission, including recognizing the rights to access the
information and the right to withdraw at any time. The process of informed consent may be seen
as a contract between the researcher and the participants. The attendees all seemed to be
participating freely in the talks shows that the interview method enabled participants to share the
tales in a safe and non-judgmental environment. This experience may have been educational for
some participants since it helped them express their feelings. This is particularly important in a
society where the stories of people are often disregarded and muted (Motsemme, 2002).

3.5 Research Instrument

3.5.1 Screening Tool

The process of evaluating items gathered from a sampling frame to determine whether
they are eligible for a survey is known as Screening Tool. All members of the sample frame
should ideally be eligible. However, eligibility information is frequently unavailable prior to the
construction of frame. In this situation, the sampling frame must be sub-sectioned, matched
against an external administrative data source, or collected eligibility information directly from a
sampled respondent or a proxy for that respondent to include only eligible study participants
(Lavrakas, 2008). A person who enjoys viewing anime is referred to as an anime watcher.
Several terms, such as otaku, wibu, and weeaboo, are currently trending on the internet. The
majority of people consider anime fans to be otakus or weebs. However, a casual anime watcher
is an anime enthusiast. These people don't have a lot of anime merchandise, such as posters,
figurines, and t-shirts, on hand. An anime fan only watches anime on rare occasions. These
individuals, however, do not go too deeply into the culture. On the other hand, some people are
adamant about not watching anime. In the literal sense, these folks are referred to as non-anime
watchers. Those people may avoid anime because it bores them, they have misconceptions about
it, or individuals believe it is only for children. Furthermore, many individuals mistakenly refer
to it as a genre, which is incorrect in every way (Morishita, 2021). Above all, anime watchers are
watchers who watch anime for accumulated of more than 4 hours in a day (Kiyama, 2010). The
researchers will provide the screening tool to select the two groups based on the criteria supplied
in the key informant and population sample for the groups chosen, which include anime watchers
and non-anime watchers.

3.5.2 Linguistic Intelligence Test (Armstrong, 2019)

According to the characteristics of the problems and its aim (2005), this tool is classroom
action research (CAR). Linguistic Intelligence test is the implementation of flipped classroom
using screencast-o-matic to know and improve the linguistic intelligence of students. It uses two
cycles, in every cycle has been done through the stages of planning, doing, observing, and
reflecting the action (Hasanudin, 2018). Furthermore, it was originally provided by Armstrong
(2000) as a means to determine the extent of linguistic intelligence of learners.  Also, it provides
a great variation of assessment by suggesting multiple ways to evaluate learners. Moreover, it is
essential to observe students and keep notes on how well they are working and improving in
every activity (Mai, 2008). The Linguistic Intelligence Test (LIT) can be done as a whole with
students that are eligible for the study.

3.6 Data Collection

The researchers will use the purposive sampling method for the selection of respondents
and a google form questionnaire to collect the necessary data from the participants. The
researchers will use google form to stores the feedback received so that the researchers will
analyze it in detail. To start using this tool, the participants will only need a Google account, the
same one participant need to access Gmail and are intended to use Fatima Gsuite account in
answering the questionnaire. The researchers will be the ones who will select and recruit the
participants who will be involved in the data collection process. Once the questionnaire is
approved and validated, the researchers will contact Grade 12 STEM students of Our Lady of
Fatima University. Specifically, those who have an experience in watching anime and non-anime
watchers. The participants will be informed about the study and will be asked for their
participation and consent for the data gathering procedure. On the weeks allotted for data
gathering, the researchers will distribute the questionnaires to the first batch of student
participants through their emails or private messages. The selected students will be given enough
time to complete the survey. The researchers will then collect the responses for one week.
Finally, the findings on the survey will be applied to answer the problems presented by the study
and to find the result of watching anime to the linguistic intelligence of the selected Grade 12
STEM students.

3.7 Data Analysis

The data analysis is the process of the process of organizing, structuring, and interpreting
a large amount of data. It may be a confusing, ambiguous, time-consuming, creative, and
intriguing process (Marshall & Rossman, 1999). For this study, to measure the linguistic
intelligence of participants, the researchers use Thomas Armstrong Linguistic Intelligence Test.
(Armstrong, T. (2000) to solve a variety of the research problem and to analyze the data gathered
by the researchers. The information was collected throughout time and evaluated nearly
concurrently. As stated by the University of Arizona Military Reach (2009), Independent
samples t-test is used to compare two groups whose means are not dependent on one another.
The researchers utilized SPSS, or the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, to solve a
number of research difficulties and efficiently analyze and assess the data obtained for this study.