8.

Explain the presence of the English language in South Africa and

South Asia.

 In South Africa:
The history of English in South Africa dates from the arrival of the
British at the Cape in 1806. English was brought to South Africa during
the 19th century by administrators, missionaries, settlers, and fortune-
seekers. It took root as a southern African language after settlements of
1820 and 1848–1862. About 14 percent, or 6.3 million, of the population
of South Africa is white. English South Africans make up just under half
of that group, or about 6 percent. English is the principal language of
business and tourism in South Africa. English-language newspapers are
published daily in the urban centers. A visitor to South Africa who speaks
only English would have no difficulty getting about. English South
Africans were prominent in commerce, industry, and the professions
throughout much of this period. They remain influential as one of the
best-educated and most affluent sectors of the population. English has
been spoken in South Africa since the nineteenth century. It is the same
as English spoken elsewhere in the world, but it has a distinctive South
African accent and vocabulary. South African English pronunciation of
the words yes, kettle, and axle are yis, kittle, and eksel. South African
English slang has borrowed some structures from Afrikaans, such as "I
am going to the shop, will you come with?" It has also taken some words
from African languages, such as indaba (gathering).
 In South Asia:
South Asian English is the English dialect of South Asia. Just as in the
Caribbean, the English Language arrived in South Asia as a result of
colonization. Unlike its history in the Caribbean, however, English has
always co-existed in the Indian subcontinent alongside thousands of local
languages. So, for most of the population, it has only ever been a second
language. Also known as British-Indian English during the British
India rule, the English language was introduced to the Indian
subcontinent in the early 17th century and reinforced by the long rule of
the British Empire. Today it is spoken as a second language by about 33
million people, 3% of the total population. Although it is fairly
homogeneous across the region, sharing "linguistic features and
tendencies at virtually all linguistic levels", there are also differences
based on various factors. South Asian English is sometimes called
"Indian English", as British India included most of the region, but today,
the varieties of English are officially divided according to the modern
states: Bangladeshi English, Indian English, Nepali English, Pakistani
English, Sri Lankan English. A small group of South Asians (100,000 or
so) have English as their mother tongue and ethnic identity. They are the
‘Anglo-Indians’ – descendants of mixed marriages many generations ago.
16.5 per cent of Indians claim that they can speak English and 35 per cent
claiming that they can read it. A proportion of South Asians use spoken
English in daily life. Most commonly there is code-mixing of English
words and phrases into local languages; travelers may use English outside
their own states; formal conferences and discussions may be held in
English; and people use English to show off or as a mark of their age or
position.

6. What are the reasons for the influences of British English and
American English into Canadian English?

To understand this, we should look back at Canadian history. Canadian

English is the product of five waves of immigration and settlement over a
period of more than two centuries.

 The first wave of permanent English-speaking settlements in

Canada, and most linguistically important, the influx of ''loyal''
people fleeing the American Revolution, mainly from the Mid-
Atlantic countries - as such, Canadian English is believed by some
scholars to be derived from North American English. Canadian
English has been developing its own features since the early 19th
century.

 The influence of American English into Canadian English

 The second wave from Great Britain and Ireland was encouraged
by the United Kingdom to emigrate to Canada to ensure allegiance
to the mother country after the war of 1812. By the governors of
Canada, who were worried about domination and American
influence among its citizens.

 The influence of British English into Canadian English.

 The wave of immigration from around the world peaked in 1910,

1960 and at the present time has less influence, but they have
transformed Canada into a multicultural country, ready to accept to
change languages from all over the world in the current era of
globalization.

 Canadian English contains components of British English and

American English lexicon, as well as a number of separate
 "Canadian dialects". The phonology, phonology, morphology,
syntax, and vocabulary for most of English in Canada are similar to
those of the Western and Central regions of the United States. As
such, Canadian English and American English are sometimes
classified under the same group of North American English.
Canadian English spelling is largely a blend of British and
American spelling conventions.

 Some examples of the influence of British English and American

English in Canada: Spelling in Canada, they write jail (in American
style) but center (in British style), analyze (in American style) but
colour (in British style).