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04bitumenrid Enstp 2016 1
04bitumenrid Enstp 2016 1
L4 - Bitumen
UNIVERSITY OF PADUA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL, ARCHITECTURAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Historical background
Bitumen (asphalt cement) and tar are considered bituminous materials and these two terms are
often wrongly used as synonyms due to their similarity in appearance and in some similar
applications.
However bitumen and tar are two distinctly different materials with their own origin, chemical
and physical characteristics.
Bitumen has a dark brown to black color and is either naturally occurring or is produced
by petroleum distillation.
Tar is obtained from the destructive distillation of organic materials such as coal. Tar is no longer
used in paving because of some undesirable physical characteristics (high temperature
susceptibility, low softening temperature) and significant health hazards (eye and skin irritation
when exposed to its fumes, considered toxic and carcinogenic). The terms “tar pits”
or “tar sands” are improperly used, indeed, they describe substances which contain asphalt or
heavy crude oil rather than tar.
Since the dawn of civilization bitumen has known for its adhesive and waterproofing
properties.
Applications in shipbuilding, mortar for building or paving blocks, public baths or tanks date
back to 3.000 B.C.
1- Natural asphalts: they occur as relatively soft asphalt material like heavy petroleum
(Trinidad lake deposit) and as a hard, friable material in veins of rock formations (gilsonite) or
impregnated in various limestones, sandstone formations. When native asphalts occur as solid
or semi-solid materials, fluxing materials are added to reduce their consistency.
2- Petroleum asphalts: they are colloidally dispersed hydrocarbons in crude petroleum and are
obtained by refining petroleum crudes (date back to early 1900s).
Almost all paving bitumens used today are obtained by processing crude oils (nowadays
the natural asphalts is relatively less important than refined asphalts).
The crude oil used in Italy is mainly imported from foreign countries.
Mexican Arabian
Carbon (C) 84 % 82 %
Hydrogen (H) 9% 10.50 %
Nitrogen (N) 0.28 % 0.78 %
Sulfur (S) 5.25 % 5.43 %
Oxygen (O) 0.77 % 0.24 %
Vanadium (V) 180 ppm 1380 ppm
Nickel (Ni) 22 ppm 109 ppm
Bitumen
Asphaltenes Maltenes
Resins Oils
A A Asphaltenes
A A
oils
σ = E ⋅ε
σ
t0 t1 t
ε
t0 t1 t
Emiliano Pasquini, PhD Bitumen 13
The viscous liquid
A viscous liquid has no definite shape and, when external forces are applied, flows
irreversibly. The behaviour of a viscous liquid can be described by the Newton’s law.
τ = η ⋅ γ
γ t0 t1 t
t0 t1 t
Emiliano Pasquini, PhD Bitumen 14
Dynamic Viscosity
Viscosity: the ratio between the applied shear stress and the rate of shear.
Viscosity provides a limited estimation of fundamental material properties.
The easiest way to picture shear is to visualize a deck of cards which have a vertical line
marked on the side. As pressure is applied to the top of the deck, the cards slide over one
another and the marked dots on the individual cards start to separate.
The shear rate is the rate at which these dots separate.
τ = η ⋅ γ τ
τ mPa tan α = η
η= s −1 or [cP]
γ α
γ
∂exy
σ xy = (σ xy )E + (σ xy )V = E ⋅ exy + η ⋅
∂t
τ
t
γ
γv γe
γve γve
γe γv
t
Emiliano Pasquini, PhD Bitumen 16
Viscoelasticity
z = x + iy
z = ρ ⋅ (cos ϕ + i sin ϕ )
z = ρ ⋅ e iϕ Stress, Strain
σ = σ 0 sin (ω ⋅ t )
Stress
ε = ε 0 sin (ω ⋅ t − φ ) Strain
σ 0 sin (ω ⋅ t )
E=
ε 0 sin (ω ⋅ t − φ ) Time
σ * = σ 0 ⋅ e i (ϖt )
ε * = ε 0 ⋅ e i (ϖt −φ )
σ 0 iφ
E =*
⋅ e = E0 ⋅ (cos φ + i sin φ ) = E1 + iE2
ε0
Stress
Stress
Strain
Strain
Time
Complex Modulus, G*
Storage Modulus, G1
Stress, Strain
Viscous Modulus, G2
Stress Viscoelastic
Complex Modulus, G*
Strain
Time
Storage Modulus, G1
Stress Stress
Strain Strain
A B
Complex Modulus, G*
Complex Modulus, G*
δA
δB
τ 100000
10000 T=16°C
T=28°C
1000
T=40°C
t 100 T=52°C
γ T=64°C
10
γv γe T=76°C
γve γve 1
γe γv
0,1
t 0,1 1 10 100
Frequency [Hz]
The penetration grading is controlled by penetration test (EN 1426) and involves
measurement of penetration of a standard needle into a sample of bitumen under standard
temperature, time and load. The higher the penetration, the softer the bitumen.
The specifications for paving grade bitumens are reported in EN 12591.
The second method of classifying bitumen is by viscosity grading, as specified in ASTM D3381.
This grading is based on the viscosity at 60 °C.
The performance based method of classifying asphalt cements was developed in the
Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP). The method is specified in ASTM D6373
20 − PI 1
tgα = A
A= ⋅
log(800) (10 + PI ) 50
20 ⋅ TR & B + 500 ⋅ log Pen − 1952
log(pen@25°C)
PI =
TR & B − 50 ⋅ log Pen + 120
25 T R&B T [°C]
Emiliano Pasquini, PhD Bitumen 29
Stiffness
Van der Poel Nomograph (1954)
Pen@25°C:
250 ÷ 900 dmm
Soft bitumens
Bitumen A B C D
Penetration P1 @25°C [dmm] 40 63 75 180
Softenining point R&B1 [°C] 55 51 46 48
Fraass breaking point [°C] -4 -6 -8 -10
After RTFOT
Mass variation [%] 0.4 0.8 0.7 1.5
Penetration P2 @25°C [dmm] 25 30 55 57
Softening point R&B2 [°C] 60 65 51 59
Why?
Road materials testing conditions (traffic loading increase, climatic conditions)
Innovative, more complex materials
Better understanding of materials properties and mechanics of pavement structures
Rheology
Complex stiffness modulus and phase angle
Relaxation and ductility
Viscosity
(the behavior of a viscoelastic material depends on temperature, time of loading and aging)
Maximum design
temperature of the pavement
Oscillating B
Plate
Time
B C
A
A
A C
• Short term issue since with long term aging the binder stiffens being less prone to rutting
• A stiffer binder is less prone to permanent deformations (high G*)
• A more elastic binder is less prone to permanent deformations (low δ)
Stress Stress
Strain Strain
A B
Complex Modulus, G*
Complex Modulus, G*
δA
δB
• Long term issue since with long term aging the binder stiffens being more prone to cracking
• A softer binder is less prone to cracking (low G*)
• A more elastic binder is less prone to cracking (low δ)
Stress Stress
Strain Strain
A B
Complex Modulus, G*
Complex Modulus, G*
δA
δB
Fluid bath
• Long term issue since with long term aging the binder stiffens being more prone to cracking
• A softer binder is less prone to cracking (low S)
• A higher m means an enhanced ability of the asphalt binder to relieve thermal stress by flowing
Stress
Strain = ΔL/Le
• Long term issue since with long term aging the binder stiffens being more prone to cracking
• A more ductile binder is less prone to cracking (high εf)
τ = η ⋅ γ
Viscosity: 10-2 Pa·s – 103 Pa·s
Viscosity [mPa*s]
Viscosità [mPas]
100000
1000
10
60 80 100 120 140 160
Temperatura[°C]
Temperature [°C]
• Test conducted on unaged binder since it evaluates the mixing and compaction workability
• A less consistent binder is more workable (low η)
Maximum design
temperature of the pavement
• Of the three different asphalts for which DSR results are shown next, pick the one(s) that
is(are) suitable for a project in a climate where the maximum pavement temperature is 76°C:
Unaged 1.20 87
A 76
RTFOT aged 2.19 84
Unaged 0.90 86
B 76
RTFOT aged 2.04 82
Unaged 1.08 88
C 76
RTFOT aged 2.15 83
10000
Example
70/100:
1000 mixing temperature > 145 °C
compaction temperature > 135 °C
100 35/50:
mixing temperature > 155 °C
compaction temperature > 140 °C
10
40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Temperature [°C]
τ = η ⋅ γ c
1. Newtonian liquid
2. non-Newtonian liquid (shear thinning)
3. non-Newtonian liquid (shear thickening)
Viscosity [Pa·s]
• calculate the effect of long-term
100000,0
Virgin bitumen
ageing expressed as ratio between
viscosity of aged bitumen and 10000,0
η = 2,506E+29 · T-1,327E+01
viscosity of virgin bitumen; R² = 9,611E-01
1000,0
Viscosity [Pa*s]
1 0 60 0.01 13,100 18.000
2 10 60 0.01 14,300
3 20 60 0.01 15,000 16.000
4 30 60 0.01 15,600 14.000
5 40 60 0.01 16,000
6 50 60 0.01 16,400
12.000
7 60 60 0.01 16,700 10.000
8 70 60 0.01 17,000 8.000
9 80 60 0.01 17,300 SR=0.005 [1/s]
10 90 60 0.01 17,500 6.000
SR=0.01 [1/s]
11 100 60 0.01 17,700 4.000
12 110 60 0.01 17,900
2.000 SR=0.05 [1/s]
Mean Value (after 60 s): 17,480
Meas. Pts. Time Temperature Shear Rate Viscosity 0
[no.] [s] [°C] [1/s] [Pa·s]
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1 0 60 0.05 10,000
2 10 60 0.05 11,800 Time [s]
3 20 60 0.01 12,600
4 30 60 0.01 13,100
5 40 60 0.01 13,500 Temperature Shear Rate Viscosity C.V.
6 50 60 0.01 13,700 [°C] [1/s] [Pa·s] [%]
7 60 60 0.01 14,000
8 70 60 0.01 14,100
60 0.005 14,960
9 80 60 0.01 14,300 60 0.010 17,480 11
10 90 60 0.01 14,400 60 0.050 14,400
11 100 60 0.01 14,500
12 110 60 0.01 14,700
Viscosity [Pa*s]
10 90 100 0.005 48.4
11 100 100 0.005 48.8
50
12 110 100 0.005 49.1
Mean Value (after 60 s): 48.3
Meas. Pts. Time Temperature Shear Rate Viscosity 40
[no.] [s] [°C] [1/s] [Pa·s]
1 0 100 0.01 45.9 30
2 10 100 0.01 46.4
3 20 100 0.01 46.4 SR=0.005 [1/s]
4 30 100 0.01 46.8 20
5 40 100 0.01 47.1 SR=0.01 [1/s]
6 50 100 0.01 46.7 10
7 60 100 0.01 46.9 SR=0.05 [1/s]
8 70 100 0.01 46.8
9 80 100 0.01 47.0
0
10 90 100 0.01 46.9 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
11 100 100 0.01 46.9
12 110 100 0.01 47.0
Time [s]
Mean Value (after 60 s): 46.9
Meas. Pts. Time Temperature Shear Rate Viscosity Temperature Shear Rate Viscosity C.V.
[no.] [s] [°C] [1/s] [Pa·s]
1 0 100 0.05 40.4
[°C] [1/s] [Pa·s] [%]
2 10 100 0.05 40.2 100 0.005 48.3
3 20 100 0.05 39.9 100 0.010 46.9 13
4 30 100 0.05 39.5
5 40 100 0.05 39.2 100 0.050 37.5
6 50 100 0.05 38.8
7 60 100 0.05 38.4
8 70 100 0.05 38.1
Temperature Shear Rate Viscosity C.V.
9 80 100 0.05 37.8 [°C] [1/s] [Pa·s] [%]
10 90 100 0.05 37.5 100 0.005 48.3
11 100 100 0.05 37.2 2
12 110 100 0.05 36.9 100 0.010 46.9
Mean Value (after 60 s): 37.5 Mean value 47.6
Emiliano Pasquini, PhD Bitumen 67
Exercise <4>
Meas. Pts. Time Temperature Shear Rate Viscosity • calculate the average after 60 seconds
[no.] [s] [°C] [1/s] [Pa·s]
1 0 135 50 1.75 • represent viscosity vs time
2 10 135 50 1.83
3 20 135 50 1.84
4 30 135 50 1.84
5 40 135 50 1.84 • are the viscosity values steady over time?
6 50 135 50 1.84
7
8
60
70
135
135
50
50
1.84
1.84
• does shear rate influence the viscosity?
9 80 135 50 1.84
10 90 135 50 1.83
11 100 135 50 1.83
12 110 135 50 1.83
Mean Value (after 60 s): 1.83
Meas. Pts. Time Temperature Shear Rate Viscosity 2,0
Viscosity [Pa*s]
[no.] [s] [°C] [1/s] [Pa·s] 1,8
1 0 135 100 1.81
2 10 135 100 1.81 1,6
3
4
20
30
135
135
100
100
1.81
1.81
1,4 T = 135 °C
5 40 135 100 1.81
1,2
6 50 135 100 1.81 1,0
7 60 135 100 1.81
0,8 SR=50 [1/s]
8 70 135 100 1.81
9 80 135 100 1.81 0,6
10 90 135 100 1.81
SR=100 [1/s]
0,4
11 100 135 100 1.81 SR=150 [1/s]
12 110 135 100 1.81 0,2
Mean Value (after 60 s): 1.81 0,0
Meas. Pts. Time Temperature Shear Rate Viscosity
[no.] [s] [°C] [1/s] [Pa·s] 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1 0 135 150 1.79 Time [s]
2 10 135 150 1.79
3 20 135 150 1.79
4 30 135 150 1.79 Temperature Shear Rate Viscosity C.V.
5 40 135 150 1.79
[°C] [1/s] [Pa·s] [%]
6 50 135 150 1.79
7 60 135 150 1.79 135 50 1.834
8 70 135 150 1.79 135 100 1.810 1
9 80 135 150 1.79
10 90 135 150 1.79 135 150 1.792
11 100 135 150 1.79 Mean value 1.812
12 110 135 150 1.80
Mean Value (after 60 s): 1.79
Viscosity [Pa*s]
Meas. Pts. Time Temperature Shear Rate Viscosity 0,9
[no.] [s] [°C] [1/s] [Pa·s]
1 0 160 100 0.583
0,8
2 10 160 100 0.582 0,7
3 20 160 100 0.58
0,6
4 30 160 100 0.579
5 40 160 100 0.579 0,5
6 50 160 100 0.578
0,4 SR=50 [1/s]
7 60 160 100 0.577
8 70 160 100 0.577 0,3
9 80 160 100 0.576
SR=150 [1/s]
0,2
10 90 160 100 0.575 SR=100 [1/s]
11 100 160 100 0.574 0,1
12 110 160 100 0.574 0,0
Mean Value (after 60 s): 0.575
Meas. Pts. Time Temperature Shear Rate Viscosity 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
[no.] [s] [°C] [1/s] [Pa·s] Time [s]
1 0 160 150 0.566
2 10 160 150 0.565
3 20 160 150 0.564
4 30 160 150 0.563
5 40 160 150 0.562
6 50 160 150 0.561
Temperature Shear Rate Viscosity C.V.
7 60 160 150 0.561 [°C] [1/s] [Pa·s] [%]
8 70 160 150 0.560
160 50 0.591
9 80 160 150 0.560
10 90 160 150 0.560 160 100 0.575 3
11 100 160 150 0.559 160 150 0.560
12 110 160 150 0.559
Mean Value (after 60 s): 0.560 Mean value 0.575
bitumen
135 1.812
160 0.575
10,0
1,0
η = 5,85128E+20*T-9,56765E+00
R² = 9,87510E-01
0,1
0 50 100 150 200
Temperature [°C]
Ideal behaviour
Exercise
temperatures
Temperature
Use in: HMA, SMA, porous asphalt, bituminous emulsion (slurry seals, chip seals, tack coat, …)
Emiliano Pasquini, PhD Bitumen 71
Polymer modified bitumen
microstructure
Use in: slurry seals, chip seals, tack coat, cold recycling, cold asphalt mixtures, crack sealing, …
Emiliano Pasquini, PhD Bitumen 77
Bituminous emulsion
The breaking of emulsion occurs when water separates from bitumen. Breaking starts
when emulsion come in contact with aggregates or pavement and it is generally accompanied
by the formation of black and sticky material from the more fluid and brownish emulsion.
The breaking characteristics of an emulsion can be affected by the asphalt content,
composition of the aqueous phase, droplet size distribution, environmental conditions, type of
aggregates, and use of breaking agents. The rate of breaking can be increased with an increase
in asphalt and emulsifier content, and by reducing the size of asphalt droplets. Note that the
breaking process is accelerated by the evaporation of water from the emulsion, as well as by
the absorption of the emulsifier into the aggregates. High temperatures and low humidity are
favorable to breaking, while the presence of dust coating on the aggregate surface could
accelerate the breaking process without causing any adhesion of the asphalt binder to the
aggregate surface.
The knowledge of such properties is needed for the proper choice of the product related to the
corresponding use. Different types of emulsion exist to match different construction needs.
The desirable properties of emulsion include adequate stability during storage, transportation
and application, proper viscosity to facilitate application, optimum breaking characteristics in
a timely manner, and strong adhesion with the aggregates.
FOAMED BITUMEN
WATER
Crumb Rubber
Modifier (CRM)
5 % Plain Bitumen
In some cases clear asphalts are used with pigment addicted. These additives, generally
metallic oxides in form of powder, have the effect to make the pavement clearer or give it a
particular color (red, yellow…).