Busel Pae Practice Tests

BILKENT UNIVERSITY
PROFICIENCY IN ACADEMIC ENGLISH

EXAM
PRACTICE TESTS
CONTENTS
Page
INFORMATION ABOUT THE PAE STAGE II EXAM 2
THE LEVEL OF THE PAE STAGE II EXAM 2
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 2

RELIABILITY OF MARKING 2-3
CONTENT OF THE PAE STAGE II EXAM 3-5
PRACTICE TEST ONE 6-37
PRACTICE TEST TWO 38-71
PRACTICE TEST THREE 72-104
PRACTICE TEST FOUR 105-136
ANSWER KEYS 137-140
TAPESCRIPTS 141-170
SPEAKING CRITERIA 171
WRITING PART 1 CRITERIA 172
WRITING PART 2 CRITERIA 173
BUSEL reserves the right to make changes to the exam and the criteria. 1
INFORMATION ABOUT THE PAE STAGE 2 EXAM
The PAE Stage II exam, which measures academic English, has four written papers
and a speaking test. The exam is in two parts, Part A and Part B. Candidates must
pass Part A to be eligible to sit Part B. These are administered on different days.
Further details about each paper can be found on pages 3, 4 and 5 of this
document. In the Reading, Grammar and Vocabulary and Listening papers, which
assess through the multiple choice format, there is a penalty for wrong answers.
This means that for every four incorrect answers, one point will be deducted from
the overall score of that section.
A pencil, eraser and sharpener are provided for each student on the exam day. No
other pencil can be used to code in the answers onto the optic forms. Candidates
should only bring a pen for the writing paper and the note-taking section of the
listening paper.
THE LEVEL OF THE PAE STAGE 2 EXAM

The PAE Stage 2 exam targets Level B2 of the Common European Framework of
Reference for Languages (CEFR). The B2 level is considered a basic minimum for
academic study in Bilkent University as well as many other universities both in
Turkey and abroad.
Learners at the B2 level are expected to read both concrete and abstract texts on
reasonably familiar topics as well as understand the main ideas of complex texts.
They are also expected to understand standard spoken language on both familiar
and unfamiliar topics and be able to interact with a degree of fluency that does not
cause strain for the other party. B2 level learners can write clear, detailed texts on a
range of topics, provided that the topics are familiar, and can also evaluate and
synthesise ideas in their writing and provide systematic arguments. They are also
expected to have a broad active vocabulary connected to familiar and general topics
and express themselves clearly and with some degree of confidence. A high level of
lexical and grammatical accuracy in both speaking and writing is expected at the B2
level.
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

There are four practice sets with answer keys, tapescripts and audio files. The
writing and speaking criteria can be found in the appendices. The aim of these sets
is to familiarise candidates with the formats that are used in the PAE Stage II exam
as well as the range of objectives that are tested.
RELIABILITY OF MARKING
Given the large numbers of candidates who take the PAE exam each year, the
format used in Part A is multiple choice so that it can be reliably marked by an optic
reader. Five options are given. It is essential that great care is taken when
transferring answers to the optic forms. If these forms are not filled in carefully by the
candidates, it will result in a loss of marks.
For the writing papers, double marking is carried out by a team of experienced
raters, who are trained in using the BUSEL PAE writing criteria for tasks 1 and 2.
This team is standardised before each marking session. The same procedure
applies to the speaking exam, which is administered by a trained team of
experienced speaking raters, who receive ongoing training and standardisation.
Speaking exam sessions are recorded and marked by a second rater after the
administration.
CONTENT OF THE PAE STAGE 2 EXAM
PART A – Reading, Grammar, Vocabulary, Listening
There are three booklets in Part A – the first booklet consists of Reading, Grammar
and Vocabulary, the second booklet consists of Listening Part 1 and Listening Part 2
note-taking sheets and the third booklet has the questions for Listening Part 2. The
Reading, Grammar and Vocabulary section takes 1 hour 45 minutes and candidates
are expected to organise their own time as no specific time is set for each section.
The Listening section takes 1 hour.
READING
Candidates code their answers directly onto an optic form – no extra time is given to
transfer answers at the end of the exam.
CONTENT OBJECTIVES TESTED

PART ONE - 3 short texts of - inferring meaning
approximately 270 – 300 - identifying author‘s tone/purpose/audience
words each - deducing meaning from context
- 8 questions - paraphrasing
- identifying main ideas
PART TWO - 2 texts of approximately - identifying main ideas, supporting details and
700 words each specific information
- 12 questions - deducing meaning from context
- inferring meaning
-understanding text cohesion
PART THREE - 1 text of approximately - identifying main ideas, supporting details and
1,600 words specific information
- 15 questions - deducing meaning from context
- inferring meaning
- understanding reference markers
- understanding text cohesion
GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY
Candidates code their answers directly onto an optic form – no extra time is given to
transfer answers at the end of the exam.

GRAMMAR - 2 texts of approximately - grammatical structures in context
250- 275 words each
- 15 questions
VOCABULARY - 2 texts of approximately - vocabulary in context

250 – 275 words each
- 20 questions
LISTENING
For Part One, there are 5 short dialogues set in an academic context. Before each
dialogue, candidates are given 30 seconds to look at the questions. The questions
are answered while listening.
For Part Two, before the lecture starts, candidates are given 30 seconds to look at
the note-taking headings and read the background information that is provided about
the topic. After the lecture has finished, questions are distributed and candidates
have 15 minutes to answer the questions using their notes. At the end of 15
minutes, the optic forms are distributed and 10 minutes is allocated to transfer the
answers for Listening Parts 1 and 2 to the optic form.
For the audio files of the listening tasks in this document, please visit
https://busel-moodle.bilkent.edu.tr/pae

PART ONE - 5 dialogues of - listening for main ideas, specific information
approximately 3 minutes - inferring meaning
each - identifying the speaker‘s tone/purpose
- 15 questions
PART TWO - 1 lecture of approximately - note-taking

15 minutes -listening for main ideas, specific information and
- 15 questions supporting details
- inferring meaning
PART B – Writing & Speaking
There are two writing tasks in Part B. Candidates are given 1 hour 35 minutes to
complete both tasks. Candidates must write in ink.
WRITING PART ONE AND TWO

PART ONE - an input text of - understand a text and a given prompt
approximately 300 words - synthesise information
is provided - support an opinion
- candidates write a - write a coherent text
paragraph of about 150 - use a wide range of grammar and vocabulary
words giving their opinion appropriately
PART TWO - candidates have a choice - ability to comprehend a given prompt

of two prompts - generate and organise ideas appropriately
- candidates write an - justify and support an opinion
essay of about 350 words - use a wide range of grammar and vocabulary
appropriately
- produce a coherent text
SPEAKING
Candidates engage in a short conversation with an assessor for approximately 7

minutes. The exam is recorded.
For samples of speaking performance, please visit

https://busel-moodle.bilkent.edu.tr/pae

- The assessor asks the - answer and expand on questions of personal
candidate a series of interest
questions - discuss topics that arise naturally from the
conversation
- produce relevant, coherent and meaningful
speech
- use correct rhythm and intonation
- produce individual sounds correctly
- use a wide range of grammar and vocabulary
accurately and appropriately
- the ability to self-correct
- speak without unnatural hesitation
BILKENT UNIVERSITY
PROFICIENCY IN ACADEMIC ENGLISH EXAM
STAGE II PART A
PRACTICE TEST 1
READING, GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY
TIME: 1 hour 45 minutes
READING
Part One
Questions 1-8
Read the following three passages. On the optic form, mark the letter A, B, C,
D or E for each question. Give only one answer to each question.
Chikyu
In Jules Verne's classic 19th-century novel Journey to the Centre of the Earth,
Professor Lidenbrock travels to a mysterious underground world. Now a Japanese
ship is aiming to replicate his adventure, starting its own journey to explore the
earth's depths. In August, the deep-sea drilling vessel, the Chikyu, left Nagasaki on
a test run. Though this journey may not reveal the prehistoric monsters or hidden
oceans that Lidenbrock's journey did, it is hoped that it will reach previously
unexplored depths which haven't been seen before.
The ship faces a challenging task. Over the past few decades, scientists have
managed to dig only about 2,000 meters into the earth from the ocean floor. But the
Chikyu uses technology adapted from the oil industry and is capable of drilling 5,000
meters, which is more than doubling the previous record depth. With a price tag of
$582 million, the Chikyu can accommodate 150 people, who will study samples
brought from deep within the earth‘s centre.
The Chikyu has plenty of international cooperation from many countries. But its
mission is especially important to Japan, which is frequently hit by earthquakes.
Japanese scientists hope to improve their prediction capabilities by using the Chikyu
to install monitoring devices underground near Japan. Through the Chikyu, they may
also understand how tsunamis occur, but preventing them completely is still not
possible. Instead of looking up, it‘s time for us to study what‘s deep down
underneath, say Japanese scientists.
1 The author refers to Jules Verne‘s novel in order to
A give some information about the novel.

B attract readers‘ attention to the text.
C show the dangers of the Chikyu's journey.
D predict the results of the Chikyu's journey.
E suggest the reasons for the research.
2 The main idea of the text is that the Chikyu will
A break a world record by digging deeper than ever before.

B prevent tsunamis by studying the ocean floor.
C discover new creatures living underground.
D help Japanese scientists predict earthquakes.
E help the development of the Japanese oil industry.
The Shard
A new giant building has come to London. The prime minister of Qatar was at the
opening party; princes attended a fantastic dinner. To entertain the rest of us,
ordinary citizens of the capital, there was a free laser show. This is how its
developers introduced us to the Shard, a 72-storey skyscraper that now stalks
Londoners everywhere they go. It is inescapable. It is there with you as you stand at
a city bus-stop or walk in a distant suburban park. Get up close to Europe's tallest
tower and its height makes everything around it seem toy-like, laughably tiny.
A monster built in spite of the protests of nearby residents, the Shard is a ‗virtual
town‘, comprising a five-star hotel and classy restaurants. Ten apartments are on
sale at between 30 and 50 million pounds each. Office space below them will be
rented out to finance companies. The only way any ordinary Londoner will enter this
building is to work as a cleaner.
The Shard is the perfect illustration of a number of disturbing trends. First, it shows
how London is becoming a one-dimensional town; finance is now its main industry.
Second, it proves that buildings are no longer just offices owned by businesses.
They are investments, and 52% of London offices are now owned by foreign
investors. London has long been the point at which foreign money enters Britain, but
never before has this happened on such a vast scale as in recent years.
Unfortunately, this cash is not going into productive enterprises which benefit or
employ ordinary Londoners; it is used to throw up ever more luxury flats and office
blocks. And a credit crunch or financial collapse anywhere in the world will now
mean disaster for London.
3 The main idea of paragraph 1 is that the Shard
A has been built to benefit all Londoners.

B is an overwhelming presence in London.
C is now the tallest building in Europe.
D attracts royalty from Middle Eastern countries.
E represents development trends around Europe.
4 We can infer from the text that the writer thinks that London is
A the best place to invest money in property.

B going through too many rapid changes.
C running out of affordable accommodation.
D developing in a way which will cause problems.
E a city where it is easy for anyone to find a job.
5 What is the tone of the writer in this article?
A Neutral
B Amused
C Shocked
D Pleased
E Critical
Space Debris
A woman taking a late-night walk in Oklahoma in January 1997 saw a streak of light
in the sky and then felt something brush her shoulder. It turned out to be part of a
U.S. Delta II rocket launched in 1996. Luckily, the woman was unhurt. A 260
kilogram fuel tank from the same rocket slammed to the ground in Texas around the
same time, just a few metres away from an occupied farmhouse – two narrow
escapes.
At a press briefing following the incidents, NASA said there's generally little danger
of death by space debris. Since the dawn of the Space Age some five decades ago,
no human has been killed or even hurt by an artificial object falling from outer space.
But just because it hasn‗t happened yet doesn‘t mean that it isn‘t possible as there is
an 800 kilometre long debris footprint out there in the Earth‘s orbit. According to
the Aerospace Corporation, a space-research centre, these unused space objects
require carefully controlled disposal as they pose a threat to everyone living on
earth.
One spacecraft, known as the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), was
carried into space by the shuttle Discovery in 1991 to study the Earth's atmosphere.
When it was switched off in 2005, it became another piece of potentially hazardous
space junk, so NASA dragged it toward Earth so that it would mostly burn up in the
atmosphere. What remained fell into the South Pacific Ocean in a controlled manner
at a location known as Spacecraft Cemetery, a place remote from civilization.
To date, nearly 6,000 tonnes of human-made material has been disposed of

properly but what about the other pieces of debris? One object a day, on average,
falls toward Earth unguided. Hopefully, we will all be as lucky as the woman in
Oklahoma.
6 The author starts the text with incidents that happened in Oklahoma and
Texas to
A show how serious the situation can be.

B draw the authorities' attention to the matter.
C warn people living in those specific areas.
D make readers recall similar narrow escapes.
E support the researchers who work for NASA.
7 The phrase ‗debris footprint‘ in paragraph 3 refers to the
A place where space junk is being processed.

B distance between space junk and our planet.
C area covered by the unused objects in space.
D spot which is the farthest from civilization.
E intended destination of an object launched.
8 The main idea in the text is that
A approximately one space object a day is carefully pushed into the

Earth‘s atmosphere to burn up by itself.
B NASA has finally found the safest place to dispose of space junk,
which is a relief for everyone.
C the likelihood of being hit by a space object is getting higher due to the
increasing amount of space junk.
D the variety of manmade objects in space makes it more complicated to
dispose of them.
E the space junk issue is exaggerated as no one has been hurt or killed
so far.
Part Two
Questions 9-20
Read the following two passages. On the optic form, mark the letter A, B, C, D
or E for each question. Give only one answer to each question.
Don Federico
Don Federico Tellez looked at his watch, saw that it was noon and told the six or
seven employees of Rodent Exterminators Inc. that they could go to lunch. He did
not remind them to be back by three on the dot, not one minute later, since all of
them knew very well that, in this company, lack of punctuality was unheard of: those
who were late were fined or even fired on the spot. Once they had left, Don
Federico, as was his habit, double-locked the office himself, put on his grey hat that
he always wore, and headed down the crowded sidewalks to the place where he
kept his car, as he did every day.
He was a man who aroused fear and depressing thoughts in the minds of others; a
person had only to see him passing by on the street to notice immediately that he
was different from others. He was in the prime of his life, his fifties - a fundamental
and unforgettable time in a man‗s life. His distinguishing features, a broad forehead,
sharp nose, and a penetrating gaze, might have made him a Casanova, had he
been interested in women. But Don Federico Tellez had devoted his whole life to
one cause and allowed nothing and no one to distract him from it. He had been
waging this war for forty years now, his ultimate goal being the destruction of every
last rat in the land. His acquaintances and even his wife and their four children did
not know the reason behind this campaign. Don Federico kept it a secret but never
forgot it: it haunted his memory day and night, a persistent nightmare from which he
drew new strength and renewed hatred enabling him to continue in this war that
some people considered ridiculous. Even as he entered the parking lot, started his
car and waited for the engine to warm up, his thoughts went back yet again in time
and space to the remote village of his childhood and the terror that had caused his
destiny.
It had happened in the first decade of the 20th century when the city of Tingo Maria
was just a tiny dot on the map near the Pendencia River. The way it happened was
both simple and horrible. Federico's father and mother had gone to a wedding
ceremony and would be spending the night on the other side of the river, attending
the usual festivities in honour of that occasion. Federico had been left alone in the
little cabin far away from where the farm workers lived. That night, the weather was
very hot and so young Federico decided to take his little straw bed down to the river
where the sound of the water would lull him to sleep. He bathed himself in the river,
lay down on his bed, and fell asleep. In his dreams he seemed to feel things moving
around him, but it wasn't strong enough to awaken him. At dawn, he felt sharp little
teeth biting his foot. He opened his eyes, and thought he would die, or rather that he
had died and was in Hell: he was surrounded by hundreds of rats. They were all
over his body and to his horror he realised that they had chewed off part of his big
toe and all that was left was a small piece of white bone. He leapt to his feet despite
the injury and managed to scream at the top of his lungs, which brought the farm
workers and neighbours to his aid. Together, they were able to drive off the colony
of invaders.
That very morning, after being treated for his injury and being told off by his father
for leaving the house and sleeping outside, the boy became a man in the space of a
few hours. He knelt down and swore to devote his entire life, to his last breath, to the
destruction of the entire species.
9 According to paragraph 1, Don Federico thinks that being late is
A uncontrollable.
B unavoidable.
C unimportant.
D unbelievable.
E unforgivable.
10 In paragraph 2, Don Federico is described as a
A Casanova interested mainly in women.

B determined man over the age of fifty.
C sad man who suffers from depression.
D responsible father for his children.
E sociable man who enjoys his family life.
11 In paragraph 3, Federico went outside on the night of the wedding to get

away from the
A family.
B noise.
C heat.
D crowd.
E light.
12 In paragraph 3, on the night of the wedding, Federico
A had a horrible dream.

B saw some of his friends.
C enjoyed the ceremony.
D fell asleep by the river.
E met his future wife.
13 In paragraph 3, “the colony of invaders” refers to
A a pack of rats.
B farm workers.
C Federico‘s parents.
D the neighbours.
E a different species.
14 According to paragraph 4, after the incident
A Federico had difficulty in breathing properly.

B Federico set a firm goal for his future life.
C Federico‘s father praised him for his bravery.
D Federico swore not to sleep outside again.
E Federico‘s father swore never to leave him alone.
Parenthood
Like any multibillion dollar industry, parenthood took a hit in the recession. A 2009
study found that one in five Americans are delaying major life decisions like getting
married and having children because of the poor economy. No wonder: it costs
$190,000 to raise a child from infancy to high school graduation according to U.S.
government data. College, health insurance, and additional post-graduation
expenses can easily double that bill. And then there are the emotional costs. In a
happiness survey that appeared in Science Magazine in 2004, mothers ranked their
enjoyment in taking care of children below exercising and making meals and just
above housework and working. Maybe that's why the number of women aged 40 to
44 without children has doubled in the last 30 years according to the U.S. Census
Bureau.
But parenting should thrive in an age of austerity, says Bryan Caplan, an economics
professor at George Mason University, and author of the new book Selfish Reasons
to Have More Kids: Why Being a Parent Is Less Work and More Fun Than You
Think. The secret joy of being a parent, Caplan argues, comes from understanding
the limited liability of parenting. Studies have found that child-rearing is, if you can
believe it, a little overrated. In surveys of twins raised together and apart,
behavioural scientists consistently found that nature overpowered nurture in almost
all categories, from character and intelligence to happiness and health. Once you
accept that bad parenting won't always keep your kids from being great and good
parenting might not make a difference, it's easier to relax and enjoy the state of
being a parent.
If the seeds of a good person are sown in a child's DNA, it follows that parents are
probably spending too much to improve their children. Caplan suggests that
parenting doesn't have to be so expensive. Kids don't need the latest gizmos or the
ceaseless, and expensive, attention we provide them. You can easily raise a great
kid on a modest budget. Caplan suggests marginal improvements in four areas:
sleep, discipline, activities, and supervision. Improving these would ease the
emotional and financial costs of parenting. Parents typically lose three years of sleep
per child, Caplan says. Instead of rushing to tend to their babies, parents should use
the Ferber method and let children ‗cry it out‘ for a period of time before rushing to
soothe them. He says discipline should be enforced - don't let your kids run around
like animals - but put things into perspective. Putting your child in the naughty corner
for a spell might be the right message to send in the short term, but it doesn't mean
it will change children's behaviour once they become adults.
In a direct blow to Tiger Moms around the world, Caplan is critical of the view that
every child needs seven activities at once. If your kid hates soccer practice and you
hate chauffeuring your son to soccer practice, stop it! Go to the park. You'll both be
happier. If Caplan calls too much discipline and too many activities overrated, you
can guess what attitude he has toward too much supervision. Citing statistics
showing kids are safer now than they were in the so-called idyllic 1950s, Caplan
encourages parents to loosen the reins a little.
Children are costly, Caplan acknowledged in an interview. Everyone knows that. For
families already struggling to put food on the table, let alone pay for college, it's not
fair to say they can afford four kids if they just avoid expensive babysitters and high-
tech strollers. But if you zoom out to the national level, more kids means more
innovation. There are long-term benefits of an increased population in terms of
progress. The key to progress is new ideas. Ideas are the cause of progress. Where
do they come from? People! More people, more progress.
It is not just a nation‘s economy that benefits from babies. It is older parents, too.
Many of the benefits of children come later in life, Caplan writes. Kids have high
start-up costs, but wise parents weigh their initial sleep deprivation against a lifetime
of rewards, ranging from grandchildren to valuable friendships with adult children.
The Caplan Theory is a bit like the Ferber method: If you stop worrying and let the
kid be for now, everybody will be happier tomorrow.
15 There is a large group of older American women who probably do not have
children because they
A can‘t afford to have them.

B don‘t want to have them.
C don‘t like children very much.
D can‘t find a suitable partner.
E aren‘t in good enough health.
16 Caplan believes that parenting would be easier if people
A found more activities for their children.

B chose to have fewer children.
C nurtured their children more.
D took more responsibility for their children.
E were more relaxed about being a parent.
17 When it comes to looking after babies, the main point Caplan makes is that
babies should be
A left to cry instead of immediately being picked up.

B given as much attention as they need.
C allowed to develop at their own pace.
D provided with unconditional love.
E taught to sleep for longer periods of time.
18 Caplan‘s view on punishment is that it does not
A contribute to the development of a child‘s personality.

B guarantee the child will grow up to be a better person.
C help children and parents maintain a good relationship.
D usually make parents feel they are doing a good job.
E produce good results and should seldom be used.
19 It can be inferred from the text that Tiger Moms make their children
A want to be successful adults.

B grow up far too quickly.
C act in a more disciplined way.
D do too many activities.
E take part in many different sports.
20 Caplan believes that having children
A puts a lot of economic strain on every family.

B can be considered the key to happiness.
C is beneficial for the development of a country.
D should be an obligation for everyone.
E is easier now than for previous generations.
Part Three
Questions 21-35
Read the following passage. On the optic form, mark the letter A, B, C, D or E
for each question. Give only one answer to each question.
1. The trouble with normal is it always gets worse, sang the Canadian guitarist Bruce
Cockburn back in 1983. It would seem that he was on to something, as normal
doesn‘t seem to be working any longer. The new Holy Grail is happiness. Wherever
we look nowadays there are ‗how-to‘ happiness books, articles, TV and radio
programs and websites. There are happiness institutes, camps, clubs, classes,
cruises, workshops, and retreats. Universities are adding courses in Happiness
Studies. Fast-growing professions include happiness counselling, joyology and
happiness science. Personal happiness is big business and everyone is selling it.
Being positive is mandatory, even with the planet in meltdown. Only the bravest are
not being bullied into cheering up or at least shutting up. But a society of
‗happichondriacs‘ isn‘t necessarily a healthy sign. No one is less able to sustain
happiness than someone obsessed with feeling only happiness. A happy and
meaningful existence depends on the ability to feel emotions other than happiness.
2. ―Happiness never appeared to me as an absolute aim,‖ said Einstein. The ideals

that have lighted my way are Kindness, Beauty and Truth. As higher systems of
meaning have withered, life purpose has dwindled to feeling good. Innocence, the
lifeblood of happiness, has gone. We live in a culture perfectly suited for depression.
Other happiness blockers include materialism, perpetual discontent, over-
complication, hyper-competition, stress, rage, boredom, loneliness and existential
confusion. We‘re removed from nature, married to work, adrift from family and
friends, spiritually starved, sleep deprived, physically unfit and enslaved to debt.
3. Health professionals face new epidemics of ‗hurry sickness‘, ‗toxic success

syndrome‘, the ‗frantic family‘, the ‗over-commercialised child‘ and ‗pleonexia‘ or out-
of-control greed. Too much is no longer enough. Many are stretching themselves so
far that they have difficulty feeling anything at all. At its heart, the happiness boom is
a metaphor for the modern struggle for meaning. We laugh only a third as often as
we did 50 years ago. We are the least happy society in history if we measure
happiness in terms of mental health, personal growth, or general sense of vitality.
4. By the middle of the 19th century, social critics were already noticing how
happiness was losing its social, spiritual, moral and intellectual anchors. In his
classic 1863 work Utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill scorned this trend: ―Better to be
Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied‖, he opined. Total satisfaction can actually
be a major obstacle to happiness. Artist Salvador Dali lamented: ―There are days
when I think I‘m going to die from an overdose of satisfaction.‖ To preserve the rarity
value of life, one must resist wrapping heaven around oneself. Keeping paradise at
a distance, yet within reach, is a much better way of staying alive. People who have
it all must learn the art of flirting with deprivation.
5. A society‘s dominant value system dictates how happiness is measured. The

native Navajos in the southwest of the US saw happiness as the attainment of
universal beauty or what they called "Hózhó." Their counterpart of "Have a nice day"
was "May you walk in beauty." Personal satisfaction is the most common way of
measuring happiness today and it is measured by something called the Life
Satisfaction Scale. This mirrors the supreme value that consumer culture attaches to
the acquisition of more and more material goods and feeling satisfied with what you
are doing. When measured this way, most people in the developed world are pretty
happy, even if it is primarily due to false needs being satisfied. A high percentage of
depressed people even end up happy when measured on the Life Satisfaction
Scale.
6. When author John Updike warned, ―America is a vast conspiracy to make you
happy,‖ he was referring to the superficial mass happiness that prevails when
economics successfully conspires to define our existence. I profit, therefore I am. To
be happy, gulp something. Pay later. Novelist J. D. Salinger was so unnerved by the
happiness conspiracy that he confessed: ―I‘m a kind of paranoiac in reverse. I
suspect people are plotting to make one happy.‖ The wrong type of happiness is
worse than no happiness at all.
7. Our ignorance of happiness is revealed by the question on everyone‘s lips: ―Does

money make us happy?‖ The head of a US aid agency in Kenya commented
recently that volunteers are predictably dumbstruck and confused by the zest and
jubilance of the Africans. It has become a cliché for them to say: ―The people are so
poor, they have nothing – and yet they have so much joy and seem so happy.‖ I
never knew how measly my own happiness was until one day in 1988 when I found
myself stranded in a remote western Tanzanian village. I saw real happiness for the
first time. Since then, I have learned that it has vastly more to do with cultural factors
than genetics or the trendy notion of personal choice. So it didn‗t surprise me that an
African nation, Nigeria, was found recently to be the world‗s happiest country. The
study of happy societies‘ is awakening us to the importance of social
connectedness, spirituality, simplicity, modesty of expectations, gratitude, patience,
touch, music, movement, play and down time‘.
8. The small Himalayan nation of Ladakh is one of the best-documented examples

of a ‗happy society‘. As Helena Norberg-Hodge writes in Ancient Futures, Ladakhis
were a remarkably joyous and vibrant people who lived in harmony with their harsh
environment. Their culture generated mutual respect, community-mindedness, an
eagerness to share, reverence for nature, thankfulness and love of life. Their value
systems bred tenderness, empathy, politeness, spiritual awareness and
environmental conservation. Violence, discrimination, avarice and abuse of power
were non-existent and depressed, burned-out people were nowhere to be found. But
in 1991, Ladakh‘s newly appointed Development Commissioner announced: ―If
Ladakh is ever going to be developed, we have to figure out how to make our people
want more.‖ The developers triumphed and a greed economy took root. The issues
nowadays are declining mental health, family breakdown, crime, land degradation,
unemployment, a widening gap between the rich and the poor and pollution.
9. Visionaries tell us that the only happiness that makes sense at this perilous
juncture in Earth's history is ‗sustainable happiness‘. All worthwhile happiness is
life-supporting. But so much of what makes us happy in the age of consumerism is
dependent upon the destruction and overexploitation of nature. A sustainable
happiness implies that we take responsibility for the wider contexts in which we live
and for the well-being of future generations. Sustainable happiness goes back to the
classical Greek philosophies in viewing ethical living as a legitimate vehicle for
human happiness. Compassion in particular plays a central role. In part it rests on
the truth that we can be happy in planting the seeds of happiness, even if we might
miss the harvest.
10. Some argue that as a society we are too programmed to selfishness and
overconsumption for sustainable happiness to take root. But if we manage to take
the first few steps, we may rediscover that happiness resonates most deeply when it
has a price. The greatest irony in the search for happiness is that it is never strictly
personal. For happiness to be mature and heartfelt, it must be shared, whether by
those around us, or by tomorrow's children. If not, happiness can be downright
depressing.
21 In the first paragraph, the writer suggests that most people today are
A turning to happiness studies to help them feel better.

B rebelling against the traditional idea of happiness.
C making more money because they feel happy.
D being forced to act as if they are happy.
E trying to feel emotions other than happiness.
22 In paragraph 2, the writer quotes Einstein in order to
A show that innocence is the lifeblood of happiness.

B support the point being made in paragraph one.
C explain to the reader how happiness can be achieved.
D show that having aims related to happiness is important.
E support the idea that happiness is a superior emotion.
23 The main idea expressed in paragraph 2 is that our lifestyle today is

preventing people from
A finding real happiness.

B having low self-esteem.
C making others happy.
D becoming depressed.
E being successful.
24 According to the writer in paragraph 3, what has happened as a result of this

search for happiness?
A People find satisfaction in the natural world.

B People are better at expressing themselves.
C There is much more laughter everywhere.
D Modern struggles enable us to feel more deeply.
E New types of illnesses have started to appear.
25 Which of the following statements is true according to paragraph 4?
A The pursuit of happiness really began in the 19th century.

B In the past, there was a different understanding of happiness.
C Socrates was the first person to define happiness.
D John Stuart Mill supported the search for happiness.
E Artists used to feel a deeper sense of happiness.
26 According to the artist Salvador Dali,
A being happy all the time is good.

B finding total satisfaction is a bad thing.
C having all you want makes life more valuable.
D depriving yourself is not recommended.
E achieving happiness is the road to paradise.
27 According to paragraph 5, happiness is based on
A personal satisfaction.
B spirituality.
C self-awareness.
D cultural values.
E ambition.
28 The purpose of the Life Satisfaction Scale is to
A define what is meant by happiness.

B test who is at risk of depression.
C measure the concept of universal beauty.
D find out people's supreme values.
E show people their happiness level.
29 According to the writer, why do some people who are depressed end up
being classified as happy?
A Some people think they are depressed but they are not.
B The measurement scale used is looking at the wrong things.
C The needs of depressed people are difficult to understand.
D People can be really happy even when they are depressed.
E The measurement scale shows that depression can be prevented.
30 The writer says that the American notion of happiness is based on
A spending money on things.

B defining what people want.
C creating mass happiness.
D feeling good about yourself.
E helping others to feel happy.
31 The „zest and jubilance‟ of the Africans refers to their
A poverty.
B confusion.
C lifestyle.
D happiness.
E education.
32 When the writer visited Tanzania, he
A felt happiness for the first time in his life.

B appreciated how important happiness is.
C realised that happiness is genetic.
D understood the real meaning of happiness.
E wanted to live there permanently.
33 The main idea of paragraph 8 is that
A consumerism is dangerous for society.

B a happy society is nothing more than fiction.
C greed causes environmental degradation.
D the whole world is suffering a lack of happiness.
E Ladakh is happy but needs to develop.
34 What does the writer mean by the term ‗sustainable happiness‘?
A Happiness and consumerism can be positive.

B Happiness is a personal state.
C Happiness involves thinking of others.
D Happiness is a classical Greek concept.
E Happiness is similar to natural resources.
35 The main idea of this text is that we need to
A stop trying to define what real happiness is.

B try and become less stressed and happier people.
C look to the environment to understand happiness.
D plant the seeds of happiness wherever we go.
E redefine our current understanding of happiness.
GRAMMAR
Questions 36-50
Read the following two texts. On the optic form, mark the letter A, B, C, D or E
Morning Routine
A simple routine in the morning can make you feel better all day. To get off to a
good start, make sure you get a good night‘s sleep _____(36)_____ going to bed
early. During the first part of the night, body repair takes place. Nonetheless, many
people go to bed late and this may lead to symptoms like fatigue and stress, both of
_____(37)_____ are quite common nowadays.
When you wake up, spend the first 15 minutes relaxing. The next recommendation
_____(38)_____ to drink water. According to research, the average person needs to
drink at least 6 to 8 glasses of water a day. Water makes breakfast much easier to
digest and also helps get rid of the toxins that are in your system. _____(39)_____
drunk some water, the next thing is doing some exercise. This increases blood flow,
maximising the amount of oxygen getting to vital organs. Especially in the winter
season, it is essential to warm up first. However, if you push yourself too hard, you
will feel tired later on in the day, _____(40)_____ your body naturally slows down.
Eating a nutritious breakfast is also very important. Carbohydrates, found in bread

and cereals, provide energy, so you can regain _____(41)_____ you have used up
while exercising. The problem, of course, is that most people are usually very busy
in the mornings and find _____(42)_____ difficult to slow down and enjoy a good
breakfast. However, _____(43)_____ who do follow such a program have reported
many benefits such as having more energy and improved concentration levels.
36 A before B until C by D despite E while
37 A that B them C whom D they E which
38 A is B has C ought D is used E is able
39 A Being B After C Having D When E Through
40 A as B but C for D despite E although
41 A these B which C what D if E where
42 A so B this C they D it E as
43 A those B one C that D whether E If
Outdoor Education
Educating younger children outdoors is a growing trend and an increasing number of
schools now offer most of their instruction outdoors. The children attending
_____(44)_____ schools come prepared for all kinds of weather. This is mainly
because they know that they _____(45)_____ spending a lot of time outdoors. Some
lessons are focused on nature while _____(46)_____ focus on regular academic
topics delivered in a natural setting. In all cases, students are active,
_____(47)_____ just sitting at desks, but walking, running, climbing and jumping
instead. The focus is clearly on children being active, which provides children with
three major benefits. The first one is that children become independent learners as
they engage in hands-on activities.
The second benefit is developing respect towards other living creatures and nature.
When children spend time outside, they learn to appreciate the animals and plants
which live around them _____(48)_____ they can actually observe and touch them.
The last advantage is related to health. In a time when so many children are
suffering from obesity because of their inactive life styles, children in outdoor
programs are _____(49)_____ likely to experience such problems related to their
health. Considering all these benefits, it would be good _____(50)_____ traditional
schools were to change their policy and try to increase the amount of time children
spend outdoors.
44 A so B such C as D to E In
45 A will be B are C were D have been E be
46 A others B all C none D any E another
47 A by B and C not D nor E while
48 A as B despite C although D but E before
49 A more B most C less D no E much
50 A if B unless C because D that E whether
VOCABULARY
Questions 51-70
Coffee
Good news about that daily cup of coffee: a recent study finds that drinking coffee
may be _____(51)_____ to a reduced risk of Type II diabetes. This type of diabetes
is the result of the body's inability to _____(52)_____ blood sugar levels. Most
commonly this problem is _____(53)_____ with health issues like obesity. And in
some _____(54)_____ cases it can cause blindness.
Researchers at the University of Minnesota _____(55)_____ the coffee drinking

habits of 28,000 post-menopausal women for over 11 years. At the start of the
study, none of the women studied reported having diabetes or heart disease.
Researchers found that women who drank one or two cups of coffee a day were 22
percent less likely to _____(56)_____ diabetes than those who drank no coffee.
Medical analyst Emily Senay says scientists are not sure what is responsible for this
_____(57)_____ effect. ―Coffee beans themselves contain compounds or chemicals
that might help control carbohydrate metabolism, which is the problem with Type II
diabetes‖, she says. ―What is interesting is that it was the decaffeinated coffee that
produced the healthiest effect, so we know it is a different _____(58)_____ in the
beans, not the caffeine.‖ Senay says the research results are not yet
_____(59)_____ and need further study. She emphasizes moderation, stating that
only one or two cups a day appear to be beneficial. The key to _____(60)_____
diabetes is not drinking coffee, but getting regular exercise and eating a low-fat diet.
51 A warned B accounted C linked D led E compared
52 A regulate B rely C spoil D switch E compensate
53 A related B anticipated C classified D associated E dealt
54 A extreme B diverse C genuine D ideal E doubtful
55 A conducted B enhanced C examined D demonstrated E distinguished
56 A disturb B expose C generate D intend E develop
57 A compatible B favourable C radical D justifiable E constant
58 A substance B feature C impact D origin E quality
59 A intensive B rational C massive D obtainable E conclusive
60 A opposing B avoiding C prohibiting D recovering E saving
Phobias
A phobia is an irrational fear of a particular object or situation. Many people have
phobias and experience anxiety when they _____(61)_____ the thing they fear; for
example, aquaphobics are terribly afraid of deep water. Simple phobias are the
most common. They may involve the fear of _____(62)_____ animals – most often
dogs, snakes or spiders – or situations such as enclosed spaces. Other phobias,
however, such as Agoraphobia – the fear of open spaces – are more serious. This
_____(63)_____ occurs when a sufferer‘s anxiety becomes so strong that he or she
fears doing anything in public. It can seriously _____(64)_____ family life, greatly
restricting the sufferer‘s ability to function normally in society.
Most phobias, however, are mild and do not _____(65)_____ with the ability to cope
with day-to-day life. It is only when the fear causes serious distress and problems
with normal everyday functions that it is considered to be a psychiatric disorder.
Exposure to the feared object or situation causes _____(66)_____ anxiety and
panic attacks. Phobic individuals may also suffer from depression, and even in
some cases paralysis, which is the _____(67)_____ to move.
Phobias can be treated in _____(68)_____ ways. Some phobias can be treated

with exposure therapy. The person is introduced to the situation or object until the
fear disappears. Medication is not useful for this type of phobia. Social phobia and
agoraphobia, however, are often treated with a _____(69)_____ of counselling and
medication. In one clinical trial, 90% of patients were observed to _____(70)_____
have a phobic reaction after appropriate treatment.
61 A access B recall C contradict D encounter E alter

62 A precise B specific C endangered D mere E peculiar
63 A condition B approach C outcome D process E constraint
64 A ignore B attempt C detect D eliminate E disturb
65 A oppose B interfere C compensate D associate E interrupt
66 A insistent B bearable C particular D extreme E apparent
67 A capacity B inability C hesitation D adaptation E tendency
68 A visible B abstract C various D constant E vast
69 A combination B lack C command D quantity E majority
70 A soon B no longer C anymore D forever E so far
BILKENT UNIVERSITY
STAGE II PART A
PRACTICE TEST 1
LISTENING 1 & LISTENING 2 NOTE TAKING

BOOKLET
TIME: 30 minutes
LISTENING PART 1
You are going to listen to five short dialogues. As you listen, answer the
questions related to each dialogue by choosing A, B, C, D or E. You will hear
each dialogue once only. You will be given 30 seconds before each dialogue to
look at the questions.
NUMBER ONE
1 The professor informs the student that the project involves
A translating articles.
B checking articles.
C writing new articles.
D presenting articles.
E discussing articles.
2 Students receive articles from 'Wikiproject Medicine' that have been
A selected by the professor.

B written by medical students.
C chosen by the organizers.
D voted for by the readers.
E rejected by the website.
3 Before speaking to the professor, the student mistakenly believed the

project
A was about health.

B was compulsory.
C earned credits.
D was innovative.
E involved all students.
NUMBER TWO
4 According to the discussion, when did the domestication of dogs start?
A 20,000 years ago

B 10,000 years ago
C 14,000 years ago
D 8,000 years ago
E 12,000 years ago
25
6
5 What was the first role that dogs had after they were domesticated?
A Hunting other animals

B Protecting humans
C Assisting disabled people
D Serving as rescue dogs
E Finding food for people
6 According to the Chinese theory
A dogs had to improve their hunting ability.

B people trained dogs for their own needs.
C dogs domesticated themselves to find food.
D people domesticated dogs before other animals.
E humans struggled to domesticate dogs.
NUMBER THREE
7 The mother thinks the male students look ridiculous because they
A are trying to look tough.

B have untidy hair styles.
C use cosmetics badly.
D look like pop stars.
E wear flashy trousers.
8 The mother things that when it comes to fashion, compared with boys, girls
A spend more money.

B are even worse.
C are more modest.
D have no limits.
E have better taste.
9 It can be inferred that Lydia is
A looking forward to seeing her mum again soon.

B irritated by the way her mum talks about people.
C in agreement with some of what her mum says.
D afraid that her mum will say something to the students.
E pleased that her mum has not criticised her appearance.
26
NUMBER FOUR
10 The student asks for a transcript because he
A wants to do an MA at the same university.

B needs it to be able to apply for a job.
C is required to get it for his MA application.
D wants to apply for the university scholarship.
E needs to plan his courses for next semester.
11 The transcript could be sent through the post if he
A pays the additional charge.

B states his choice on the form.
C fills in the form in advance.
D makes the payment on time.
E signs the request form.
12 The student cannot get the request form in person because he
A does not have enough time.

B is in a different city now.
C needs to look after his brother.
D has a doctor‘s appointment.
E is ill and is at hospital.
NUMBER FIVE
13 According to the speakers, being an intern in the US helps students to
A improve the work culture in the US.

B appreciate differences between other cultures.
C respect various career paths in the US.
D make decisions about their future plans.
E compare different internship programs.
14 According to Mario, an F-1 visa
A is granted if your internship is related to your major.

B is given after you stay in the US for a semester.
C enables you to work for one semester.
D allows you to be an intern when you graduate.
E increases your chances of applying for a college.
27
15 What is Defne‘s tone when she talks about the possibility of Mario being
rejected?
A Biased
B Sceptical
C Mocking
D Encouraging
E Balanced
LISTENING PART 2
You are going to listen to a lecture about the reliability of information on the
Internet. As you listen, take notes under the headings provided. After the
lecture has finished, you will be given questions to answer using your notes -
your notes will not be marked. Some background information is provided
below about the topic.
***********************************************************************************************
The Internet has transformed our lives, providing us with information about every
topic imaginable. There is so much information available to us that it is sometimes
difficult to know where to begin to find the information that we need.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. WHAT IS CRITICAL EVALUATION?
28
3. THE QUALITY OF INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET
29
4. BECOMING A VICTIM OF INTERNET FRAUD
30
BILKENT UNIVERSITY
STAGE II PART A
PRACTICE TEST 1
LISTENING 2 QUESTION BOOKLET
TIME: 15 minutes
31
Use your notes about reliability of information on the Internet to answer the
following questions. On the optic form, mark the letter A, B, C, D or E for each
question. Give only one answer to each question.
16 The speaker asks questions in the introduction in order to
A engage the students in the lecture.

B remind the students of the previous lecture.
C test the students about the lecture topic.
D let the students evaluate the lecture.
E help the students to write useful information.
17 The purpose of the lecture is to help university students
A avoid Internet fraud.

B make quicker Internet searches.
C find information on the Internet.
D do more Internet research.
E use the Internet carefully.
18 According to the speaker, the most important aspect of critical evaluation is

checking
A what the source is and if it is reliable.

B if the information is reasonable and logical.
C if other sources confirm the information.
D who the author is and his experience.
E whether the information is up to date.
19 The Pacific Northwest Tree Octopus website was created in order to
A inform students about an endangered species.

B teach students how to preserve the environment.
C test if students believe everything they read online.
D show students that some people are skilful liars.
E alert students to an obvious Internet scam.
20 What is one clue on Donald Leu's website that shows the information is not
reliable?
A Bigfoot is listed as one of the threats to the tree octopus.

B Octopuses are unable to adapt and evolve to live in trees.
C The Loch Ness Monster is compared to the tree octopus.
D Research shows that the tree octopus is already extinct.
E There are no photographs available on the website.
32
21 How does Donald Leu feel about the results of his online experiment?
A Angry
B Worried
C Critical
D Shocked
E Disappointed
22 The lecturer demonstrates why some people do not trust information on the
Internet by referring to a website that is
A tolerant.
B boring.
C racist.
D unbiased.
E relevant.
23 The lecturer mentions photographs that have been digitally altered to show
that
A people usually believe everything that they can see online.

B the consequences of sharing unproven information can be serious.
C information about celebrities and politicians should not be believed.
D reputable newspapers and magazines cannot always be trusted.
E it is unwise to store your photographs on your computer.
24 An example of something ‗going viral‘ would be
A an illness that stems from Internet addiction.

B an Internet video that promotes health products.
C a photo that is published on a reputable Internet site.
D a story that gets passed around on the Internet.
E a virus that damages information stored on the computer.
25 When someone suspects a photo on the Internet is fake, the lecturer

recommends
A relying on answers from the popular website ‗snopes.com‘.

B disregarding it if it came from a source such as Facebook.
C criticizing those who created it for spreading misinformation.
D reporting it to the relevant authorities immediately.
E consulting several different sources before believing it is real.
33
26 According to the lecture, why have some doctors started treating their
patients with vitamin D-3?
A Vitamin D-3 supplements are less expensive on the Internet.

B Detailed information about vitamin D-3 is on the Internet.
C Multiple studies confirm the benefits of taking vitamin D-3.
D Synthetic medicines are less effective than vitamin D-3 therapy.
E Patients who consult the Internet have been demanding it.
27 What is Randy Pausch‘s opinion of Wikipedia?
A The information on Wikipedia is difficult to verify.

B Wikipedia is as reliable as printed encyclopaedias.
C Using Wikipedia is better than using a library.
D Wikipedia should hire more qualified editors.
E It can be a useful back-up to printed sources.
28 According to the lecture, people tend to become victims of online fraud

because
A reputable companies ask for personal details to check identity.

B they try to make money on the Internet quickly and easily.
C they forget to print their receipts for online payments.
D some fake websites look very similar to official websites.
E they are tempted by offers that are at very low prices.
29 In order to avoid falling for an online credit card scam, the speaker
recommends always
A changing your credit card number on the Internet.

B making inexpensive purchases when shopping on the web.
C dealing with famous, well-known businesses online.
D checking the address bar at the top of the web browser.
E comparing the offers made by several other companies.
30 What is the speaker‘s attitude toward information found on the Internet?
A Cautious
B Trusting
C Pessimistic
D Cynical
E Surprised
34
BILKENT UNIVERSITY
STAGE II PART B
PRACTICE TEST 1
WRITING 1 & WRITING 2 BOOKLET
35
WRITING PART ONE
In the text below, the writer refers to a recent practice between people
planning to get married. In your opinion, does it help people with their
marriage? Write a paragraph of approximately 150 words.
Your paragraph will be assessed on task completion, organisation, grammar

and vocabulary. Copying sentences or chunks from the text is not acceptable
and will be penalised.
There is nothing romantic about an official agreement with your fiancée before
marriage. Most couples deliberately avoid it as they don‘t want to ruin their blissful
idea of a marriage lasting until death. Why then have many celebrities like George
Clooney and Justin Timberlake signed one? Having a prenuptial agreement can
cause conflict in a relationship, but if considered carefully, it can strengthen your
relationship.
Effective communication is one of the central foundations of a successful marriage.

All couples go through hard times, and the core ability to survive and thrive lies in
their ability to communicate openly about difficult issues like having a child or not.
Prenuptial agreements can help couples have open honest discussions about issues
and put the important subjects on the table, ensuring that no one is caught off guard
later in the relationship. This can help eliminate future disagreements on serious
issues. Another major aspect of a prenuptial agreement is full disclosure of income
and assets by both partners. The result of full disclosure is the couple has no
financial secrets. Each knows what the other has and what they expect, which helps
keep a couple‘s expectations realistic.
Despite these advantages, prenuptial agreements come with many points to

consider. For some people, the idea that they would need to agree with their partner
about how to handle problems before problems even emerge suggests that there is
a lack of trust between partners. They believe that accepting they will definitely have
problems later in marriage is not a good start for a relationship, which makes them
feel insecure. Also, it can be uncomfortable to discuss financial issues before
marriage, especially if there is a disparity in the couples‘ income or if one of them
has large debts. Finally, yes, it comes with a financial cost. Could you foresee the
cost of such professionally developed agreements? Paying for the time of an
experienced lawyer is not cheap and can increase the financial strain on a couple
during the arrangements for their marriage ceremony. No couple would fancy such
an extra expense at that time, right?
36
WRITING PART TWO
Choose either topic A or topic B (do not do both) and write an
essay of about 350 words.
A
Life today is becoming extremely stressful and a growing number of people are
suffering from exhaustion. The most common reason given for this is that people are
spending more time working than they used to do in the past. Advances in
technology have also increased the work load as many people tend to take work
home with them and work on their computer.
In your opinion, is work the main reason why people are exhausted today?
OR
B
As more and more people compete for jobs today, it is becoming evident that holding
a university degree is not enough to guarantee a good job. For this reason, a
growing number of students are looking for work experience either before they go to
university or during their university studies.
In your opinion, is it a good idea to gain work experience before you graduate?
37
BILKENT UNIVERSITY
STAGE II PART A
PRACTICE TEST 2
38
READING
Part One
Questions 1-8
Cheap Meat
In their quest for ever cheaper meat supplies, the international beef industry is
always looking for usable tracts of grazing land – anywhere in the world. As one
American rancher put it: ―It boils down to $95 per cow per year in Montana
compared to $25 in Costa Rica,” so rainforests are felled, land is cleared, grass is
planted, cheap beef is produced and consumer demand is satisfied. However,
recently, a growing number of consumers have begun to wonder just how much their
hamburger really costs. So a research body made a simple but shocking calculation.
They reasoned that a hectare of forest – the sort of land regularly cleared for
ranching in remote areas – supports about 800,000 kilos of plants and animals.
When the same hectare has been felled and seeded with grass for animal grazing, it
will produce, at most, enough for about 160,000 hamburgers. The grazing land,
however, doesn‗t last long because it is quickly stripped of its nutrients and is soon
left barren by overgrazing. In a few years the land becomes useless and more trees
are cut down to provide new grassy areas for animals to graze on. This makes the
true cost of a hamburger something in the region of half a ton of rainforest for each
burger or about 9 square metres of irreplaceable natural wealth. Something to think
about the next time you sit down and have a burger!
1 What is the purpose of the quote from the rancher?
A To explain why it costs a lot more money to produce meat on

American ranches
B To compare the quality of American beef with that of the beef
produced in Costa Rica
C To justify why the international beef industry buys meat from countries
that have access to rainforest land
D To show how the international beef industry is putting American
farmers out of business
E To suggest that beef producers in Costa Rica have an unfair
advantage
2 The main idea of the text is that the
A plants in the rainforest are being destroyed.

B resources of the rainforest are being wasted.
C amount of rainforest land used is insufficient.
D cost of a hamburger should be increased.
E processes used in meat production are unhealthy.
39
Graphic Designer
I had only been working in the field of graphic design for a few months and last
month, I was asked to develop a new logo for a human resource company that was
having financial difficulty. I had never done that sort of thing before and to make
things worse, I had to do the presentation on my own. It had to be ready on Monday,
and here it was, the weekend before, and I still couldn‗t decide on what to present as
the symbol of the company.
On Sunday evening, while my sons were changing after their swimming lesson, I
spotted something wriggling near a shower drain. It was a butterfly that was
drowning. I reached down and it eagerly climbed onto my finger. As my sons dried
themselves off, the butterfly dried itself, too. But strangely, it never tried to take off.
Once we were ready to go, I set the butterfly down. After I had my coat on, I put my
finger beside the butterfly and it decided to come along. We left the pool and drove
home, my sons and I and our butterfly.
The next day, I went to my presentation, along with my little assistant. I started the
presentation by explaining my approach to the corporate image and what I thought
their logo should communicate. I unveiled my design - a butterfly. I explained that
the company needed to change just like a caterpillar that changes into a butterfly.
Then I told my audience that something had happened the previous night, which
seemed to confirm the direction the firm should take. My assistant was clearly a sign
of a change for the better and the importance of getting a second chance.
3 The graphic designer can be best described as
A insensitive.
B indifferent.
C inexperienced.
D inadequate.
E intolerant.
4 The idea to use a butterfly as the new logo came to the author
A a few months ago.

B during his presentation.
C by accident.
D with difficulty.
E in the shower.
5 The main idea of the last paragraph is that
A it is important to protect nature for the future.

B there are always opportunities for change.
C we should live in harmony with nature.
D communication is a vital element in our lives.
E people need to assist each other in work life.
40
Didcot
A video of three ultramodern towers being demolished in Didcot was watched
passionately by many people living in southwest England who had known these
buildings all their lives. Yet, for some the live video of the explosion filmed by the
demolition company was not enough. In spite of warnings to stay away for safety
reasons and a deliberately antisocial timing in the early hours of the morning, a
crowd turned up to witness the towers fall.
But the spectacle of knocking down massive modern structures does not appeal to
everyone. Some people find the idea of watching buildings being blown up for
entertainment as tasteless. They also find the idea shockingly insensitive to people
who once called them home. Personally, I am with the enthusiasts who came to
Didcot to see their local buildings demolished. The fact is that a lot of modern
architecture is monstrous, and seeing it destroyed is a great experience. As for
those ultramodern towers that dominate a town or, much worse, an entire rural
landscape, the fewer of them there are, the better it is.
Architecture is the most arrogant of the arts. It occupies not a gallery for a couple of
months but a skyline for tens or hundreds or thousands of years. A beautiful building
adds joy to more lives than any number of novels or paintings. But so much of what
has been built in modern Britain is massively ordinary. Living in the shadow of such
towers is like being told that beauty is not for you. Of course what we see when we
wake up and go outside matters. Buildings can make the world better or make it
worse. They always do one or the other - there is no neutral architecture.
6 It can be understood from paragraph 1 that the
A people in Didcot could be considered to be antisocial.

B towers were not considered safe enough to live in.
C video recordings were not made available to the public.
D people got angry while watching the demolition.
E people who watched the demolition woke up early.
7 It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the people who once lived in these
towers might find the demolition
A sad.
B dangerous.
C inevitable.
D illegal.
E frightening.
8 The main idea of the last paragraph is that
A the skyline of Britain has stayed the same for many years.
B we can compare different forms of art with each other.
C the majority of buildings in Britain should be rebuilt.
D the architecture we see everyday influences our lives.
E we can appreciate the beauty of urban architecture.
41
Part Two
Questions 9-20
In Love
It must have been a Thursday night when I first met her for the first time - at a dance
hall. I reported to work in the morning, after an hour or two's sleep, looking like a
zombie. The day passed like a dream. After dinner, I fell asleep on the sofa and
awoke fully dressed about six the next morning. I felt thoroughly refreshed, pure-
hearted, and obsessed with one idea - to marry her at any cost, even though we
had only exchanged a few words. Walking through the park, I debated with myself
on what sort of flowers to send her. I was approaching my thirty-third year. A totally
new life lay before me, if I had the courage to risk all. Actually there was nothing to
risk: I was at the bottom of the ladder, a failure in every sense of the word.
It was Saturday morning then, and for me Saturday has always been the best day of
the week. I come to life when others are falling asleep with fatigue. This was to be
the week of my life, and it was to last for seven long years. I had no idea at the time,
of course. I knew only that the day was important. To make the big step, to throw
everything to the dogs, I mean, to give up everything, is to be free: the thought of the
consequences never entered my head. To surrender to the woman one loves is to
break with everything. I had only one desire, and that was not to lose her, which is
the most frightening desire of all.
I spent the morning borrowing from everyone I knew, sent her the flowers, then sat
down to write a long letter to be delivered by an express messenger. In the letter I
told her that I would telephone her later in the afternoon. At noon, I left the office and
went home. I was feeling restless, almost ill with impatience. To have to wait until
five o'clock to phone her was torture.
I went again to the park, hardly conscious of anything as I walked over the grass to
the lake where children were sailing their boats. In the distance an orchestra was
playing; it brought back memories of my childhood. None of my dreams had come
true, none of my wishes had been granted. They had died. I was filled with sadness.
I wished I had done more. I thought of certain great men of the past, of all they had
done by the time they were thirty-three. What ambitions I may have had were gone;
there was nothing ı wanted to except devote myself to her. More than anything else I
wanted to hear her voice, know that she was still alive, that she had not already
forgotten me. To be able to say hello every day of my life was all that I wanted. If she
promised to do that, and kept her promise, it wouldn't matter what happened.
At five o'clock I telephoned. A sad, foreign voice belonging to an elderly man

informed me she was not at home. I tried to find out when she would be home but he
put the phone down. The thought that I could not speak to her drove me crazy.
42
A bus came along. Without a thought of its direction I got on and sat at the back. I
rode around for a couple of hours. When we came to the water front I recognised an
Arabian ice-cream shop. I got off and walked beneath Brooklyn Bridge. There were
still several hours before I could to the dance hall where I had met her. The sun was
bright and strong. I sat in the garden of the Arab shop eating ice-cream. I looked at
the owner, he had the face of a wise man. Perhaps I might have asked him
questions about life. Perhaps if he could have answered my questions, I would never
have phoned her again, and been spared a great many sufferings. I would have sat
there happily, thankful for the sun and thankful to be alive, but I was thankful for
neither. Today as I write these words it is cloudy and she is not here. Though we
were married for seven years, and though I have not seen her for twenty years, I feel
very much alive and at peace with the world.
9 Which of the following best describes the woman's importance to the writer?
A She has known him since childhood.

B She offers him the possibility of a new life.
C She makes him realise how successful he is.
D She has shown him the importance of marriage.
E She has taught him to realise age is unimportant.
10 Saturday is the writer's favourite day of the week because he
A feels full of energy.

B can get up late.
C goes to work early.
D loses his sense of time.
E takes his dogs for a walk.
11 When listening to the music in the park, how did the writer feel?
A He felt very happy with himself.

B He thought about all his achievements.
C He wished he were a child again.
D He experienced a strong sense of regret.
E He was aware of the beauty of the place.
12 The writer was unable to speak to the woman on the phone because
A her telephone was cut off.

B he had the wrong number.
C she was not at home.
D her father was upset with her.
E the old man did not understand him.
43
13 Why did the writer get on the bus?
A To go to the ice-cream shop

B Because it happened to pass by
C To go to the waterfront
D Because he was late for an appointment
E To go and look for the woman
14 What is the situation between the writer and the woman now?
A They divorced after twenty years of marriage.

B They are now unhappily married.
C They do not see each other anymore.
D They split up seven years ago.
E They do not want to talk about their past.
Pain Relief
The variety of ways in which pain tortures people is rivalled only by the variety of
ways in which people have tried to relieve it. From candles and copper bracelets to
voodoo dolls, treatments for pain have certainly not been unimaginative. Cherokee
Indians attempted to suck pain out through wooden pipes, and before the civil war,
American doctors used metal sticks to ‗draw out‘ the pain. Talismans, objects
believed to have magical or protective powers, made of everything from garlic to
snake skins, are still used in some parts of the world to try and prevent painful
conditions.
Many ancient therapies survive today and are, in many cases, quite beneficial.
Acupuncture, the ancient Chinese technique of inserting needles into certain points
in the skin, is a good example of such a therapy. There is some evidence that the
effect of the needles activates the release of pain killing chemicals which are called
endorphins. Historical records show us that in the year 43 AD, Scribonius Largus, a
Roman physician, prescribed electric fish, such as eels, for the treatment of
migraine. This technique has a modern and safer equivalent in the form of electrical
stimulators that send a mild electrical current through the skin to interrupt pain-nerve
impulses.
Some methods, however, are best forgotten. Trephination, the practice of drilling a
hole into the patient's head to release painful fluids, usually killed pain by simply
killing the patient. Bloodletting, by placing leeches, worm-like creatures, onto the
patient's skin, which literally sucked out the 'bad blood', was usually a much more
traumatic and painful experience than the actual pain it was supposed to relieve.
th
Until the 19 century, science had little to offer in the treatment of pain. Doctors had
little more to provide against severe pain than sympathy or drugs which would simply
knock the patient out. The idea that chemical substances could be made that would
consistently relieve particular pains without harming the patients or rendering them
unconscious was little more than a dream. However, the dream was transformed into
reality in 1806 when the German scientist, Frederick Serteurner, isolated the
chemical morphine from the opium plant. Within 20 years of this achievement,
44
th
morphine had changed the practice of medicine. In fact, by the middle of the 19
century, morphine was used throughout the United States and Europe to relieve
virtually every type of pain. Further experiments were soon carried out to identify
other pain-killing drugs besides morphine. In the 1860s, cocaine, the active
ingredient in the coca plant, was isolated from the plant's leaf and used as an
th
anaesthetic. By the end of the 19 century, chemists were working extensively on
the production of man-made drugs to relieve pain and revolutionary products such
as Aspirin soon flooded the market.
With this proliferation of painkillers on the market and the relative ease with which
they could be purchased, governments in Europe and the United States soon
realised that some form of regulation was called for. In 1914, the American
Congress passed the Harrison Act in an effort to regulate the use of drugs. This law
required every doctor to have a licence number to prescribe a drug and every
pharmacist to obtain the number before filling in the prescription. This system still
remains in place today.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, many of the products on the market made
totally unrealistic claims. False advertising tricked people into purchasing products
which promised to cure every ache and pain, without any side effects. Nowadays,
however, people generally have confidence in the products that are sold to relieve
pain. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration and other government
agencies try hard to regulate the claims that manufacturers make, requiring warning
labels to be put on packages and bottles about the dangers of overdosing or
potential side effects. For the first time in history, patients and doctors alike have
some measure of trust in the safety and value of the pain relievers they use.
The age of scientific painkillers is now upon us, but there is still no magic solution.
All drugs, including those taken to relieve pain, have a downside. Narcotics, even in
the service of healing, can affect breathing and sometimes strain the operation of
other organs, such as the liver and the kidneys. Because no drug is without risk,
relieving pain is always a balancing act and caution is needed to prevent the risks
from outweighing the benefits. Nonetheless, no thoughtful person would argue that
the potential abuse of pain relievers is a reason to regret their discovery. Because
pain continues to be a universal problem, the search for even more reliable, safe
and consistent pain relief continues.
15 Talismans are used because of the belief that they
A suck out pain.

B cure painful conditions.
C keep pain away.
D give magical powers.
E reduce pain.
45
16 Which of the following practices is no longer used?
A Using electrical stimulators to relieve pain

B Releasing the body‘s natural chemicals
C Wearing or carrying a talisman
D Inserting needles into the patient's skin
E Making a hole in the patient‘s head
th
17 The 19 century is particularly important in the history of pain relief as this
was the time that
A a scientific approach was taken in the production of medicine.

B the wonder drug Aspirin became available to everyone.
C doctors were able to knock patients out for the first time.
D the old-fashioned magical cures were replaced by herbal remedies.
E scientists began to understand the real causes of pain.
18 What effect did the Harrison Act have on American society?
A People could only go to doctors who had a licence number.

B There was a much tighter control on the sale of drugs.
C Doctors could only buy their drugs from special pharmacists.
D There was an increase in the sale of painkillers.
E Fewer new types of man-made drugs were developed.
19 What makes people today generally trust the drugs available?
A Accurate information is available.

B Doctors are better informed.
C Drugs are sold in pharmacies.
D False advertising no longer exists.
E New drugs are tested more thoroughly.
20 In the last paragraph, the author says that “relieving pain is always a
balancing act” This means that doctors should carefully consider
A whether or not the patient really wants medication.

B the rights of the patient and their family.
C if the treatment would be worse than the illness.
D what would be the best drug to prescribe.
E when to stop using a certain drug.
46
Part Three
Questions 21-35
1. Recently, a researcher at the University of Washington walked into a supermarket

to solve a mystery. He wanted to find out why the most reliable indicator of obesity in
America today is how much money a person has. Why is it that today the people
with the least amount of money to spend on food are the ones most likely to be
extremely overweight? For most of history, the poor suffered from a shortage of
calories, not an excess. The poor were usually thin and being overweight was a sign
of wealth. However, now, at least in America, it is the other way round.
2. For his research, the researcher allowed himself two dollars to spend, and used
them to purchase as many calories as he possibly could. He discovered that with his
dollars, he could buy the most calories in the processed food and soft drink sections
of the supermarket. The researcher found that his first dollar could buy 1,200
calories of cookies but only 250 calories of carrots. Looking for something to drink
with his cookies, he discovered that his second dollar could buy 875 calories of cola
but only 170 calories of orange juice. The researcher concluded that if poor people
are shopping for food on a tight budget they are more likely to eat badly – and get
fat. So how can the supermarket possibly sell a box of cookies for less than a bunch
of carrots? After all, it takes more time, effort and materials to produce and package
cookies than to harvest and sell carrots.
3. For the answer, we need to look at the American government‗s agricultural policy.
This policy controls the American food system – indeed, to a considerable extent,
the world‗s food system. The American government encourages farmers to grow
soybeans, corn and wheat by offering them subsidies. So the more of these crops
farmers grow, the more money they receive from the government. Although one
might think corn, soybeans and wheat are healthy; many processed, pre-packaged
foods contain unhealthy carbohydrates, sugars and fats which are obtained from
wheat, corn and soybeans. By comparison, the agricultural policy rarely encourages
farmers to grow fresh fruit and vegetables. The result of this policy is on display in
supermarkets, where the price of fresh fruit and vegetables between 1985 and 2000
increased by nearly 40 percent while the price of cola and other soft drinks
decreased by 23 percent. The reason the least healthy calories in the supermarket
are the cheapest is because those are in the foods the farm policy encourages
farmers to grow.
4. The American agricultural policy has a major impact not only inside the USA but
in other countries as well. By subsidizing certain crops, the government causes an
overabundance of these foods and enables American farmers to sell their crops
abroad for considerably less than it costs these countries to grow them. Ironically,
this means it is cheaper for Mexicans to buy corn that is produced in America than
corn that is produced in Mexico. In fact, the USA exports around twelve billion
47
dollars worth of corn to Mexico annually. Indirectly, American agricultural policy is
deciding whether farmers in Mexico will continue farming or be forced to look for
other types of jobs in other cities or even in the USA. The Mexican government
estimates that the flood of subsidized grain from the USA into Mexico has thrown
two million Mexican farmers and other agricultural workers out of work since the
mid-90s. This has caused an increase in illegal immigration to the USA, which has
become a very controversial issue among Americans.
5. Every five years the farm policy is discussed by the government and changes may
be made. Given the effect it has on American health and immigration, one would
think this policy would cause heated debate among the American public, but this has
not been the case. Why? Firstly, very few Americans are aware of the link between
farm policy and issues such as illegal immigration from Mexico. Secondly, and more
importantly, the policy document is full of incomprehensible language, making it
almost impossible for the average person to read and it is doubtful this is accidental.
Perhaps some people do not want U.S. farm policy to be written in language the
average American can understand. Many farms are no longer small family run
businesses. Instead they have become huge enterprises, many of which practise
"factory farming." This is when a corporation such as Coca Cola directly contracts
with one of these enterprises for their crops — in this case corn to produce corn
syrup, the major sweetener in Coca Cola. These major corporations have a lot of
money and therefore a lot of political clout. As a result, they can persuade the
government to subsidize the crops they need for their products, despite their
negative effect on public health. Thirdly, most people assume that farm policy just
concerns the country‗s farmers, an area in which few people have an interest. As a
result, people put pressure on their local government representatives to concentrate
on issues such as housing, education and health care rather than agricultural policy.
6. But there are signs that this year will be different. Many consumers with an
interest in food are starting to realize the country cannot hope to address obesity
without addressing the farm policy. They are starting to question why a nation faced
with an epidemic of obesity is encouraging the excessive production of crops such
as corn, wheat and soybeans. As people are becoming increasingly concerned
about the quality of the food in America, a grass-roots social movement concerning
food issues is growing. The signs are everywhere. There are efforts to replace
vending machines in schools that offer junk food and cola with vending machines
that offer fresh fruit and water. There are efforts to force fast food chains to serve
healthier alternatives to hamburgers and French fries. In addition, there has been a
spectacular growth in the number of small local markets and bazaars that sell
organic food. In great and growing numbers, people are demanding a different sort
of food system. To this end, they have started voting with their forks by purchasing
and eating fresh, locally grown food at small local markets rather than buying
processed food produced and sold by large corporations. But is voting with our forks
enough to change the existing system? Can it, for example, change the fact that the
system favours large corporations that produce inexpensive food full of empty
calories, the only food the poor can afford?
7. Instead, the farm policy needs to be viewed as a ‗food policy‘ and needs to be
rewritten with the interests of food consumers placed first. In order to accomplish
48
this, people will have to vote not only with their forks but with their actual votes as
well, which is to say, they will have to start electing local government representatives
who put the needs of consumers of food above the profits of greedy corporations.
8. While there are people who think it is in the best interests of the consumer to have
food as cheap as possible, no matter how poor the quality, there is a growing
number who now recognize the real cost of artificially cheap food to their health. It‗s
a case of pay now or pay later. That is to say, people can pay more for their food
now or pay higher medical bills later. At the very least, many people want a policy
that balances agricultural policy with public health. Consumers want a bill that makes
the most healthy calories in the supermarket competitive with the least healthy ones.
People want a policy that feeds school-children fresh food from local farms rather
than unhealthy processed food made in faraway factories.
9. Unfortunately, changing the policy is not so simple. It will take some imaginative
policy-making to figure out how to encourage farmers to focus on growing real food
for consumers rather than industrial raw materials for the processed food industry.
No matter what, the guiding principle behind the farm policy should be
straightforward and simple: it should be one that promotes the quality of food over
and above the quantity.
10. Such changes seem radical, but only if compared to past farm policies, which
have faithfully reflected the priorities of business interests instead of those of the
consumer. Someday, and hopefully soon, the consumers of America are going to
demand more discussion regarding changes to the farm policy in order to create the
food policy that they need and deserve. This could prove to be that year: the year
when the farm policy becomes a food policy and the consumers at last have their
say.
21 The researcher‘s aim was to discover why poor people in America
A buy more processed food than wealthy people.

B tend to suffer so much from food poisoning.
C tend to be fatter than wealthy people.
D spend too much of their money on food.
E suffer from diet-related diseases.
22 The researcher went to a supermarket to
A see if any low calorie food items were stocked.

B observe the shopping habits of rich customers.
C investigate the store‗s marketing policy on junk food.
D compare the numbers of calories in different foods.
E see what could be bought with limited funds.
49
23 According to paragraph 3, American farm policy is responsible for the
A financial problems farmers are facing.

B low cost of fresh fruit and vegetables.
C types of crops farmers choose to grow.
D big profits made by some supermarkets.
E recent increases in most food prices.
24 We can understand from paragraph 4 that selling American corn in Mexico

is causing
A a fall in the price of Mexican corn.

B the introduction of subsidies in Mexico.
C unemployment among Mexican farmers.
D less corn consumption in Mexico.
E a change in Mexican agricultural methods.
25 In paragraph 5, the word this refers to the fact that
A changes have been made to the farm policy document.

B the farm policy document is difficult to understand.
C public discussion and debate about farm policy is ongoing.
D illegal immigration to the USA is difficult to control.
E the average person is not interested in farm policy.
26 The word clout in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to
A opinion.
B vision.
C activity.
D ambition.
E influence.
27 We can infer from paragraph 5 that most Americans show little interest in
farm policy because they believe it is
A not an issue that affects them personally.

B not open for public discussion.
C well managed by the government.
D controlled by the farmers themselves.
E not something that ever changes.
28 In paragraph 6, what is the question some consumers are now asking?
A Why are farmers being paid to overproduce certain crops?

B Why are fast food restaurants not serving healthier foods?
C Why do people who are overweight continue to eat badly?
D Why does the USA produce such low quality food crops?
E Why are people not willing to spend more on food?
50
29 Efforts to sell fruit instead of junk food in schools are a sign of
A new government controls over the school system.

B young people taking responsibility for their own health.
C a new concern about food among ordinary people.
D the development of ethical awareness in fast food chains.
E attempts by teachers to educate children about food.
30 In paragraph 6, what is meant by the phrase ‗voting with their forks’?
A Consuming larger amounts of food

B Getting rid of corrupt politicians
C Making changes to our eating habits
D Persuading friends to vote the way we do
E Recommending direct political action
31 We can understand from paragraph 7 that in order for farm policy to be

viewed as food policy,
A school-children need to understand what it means.

B political change is necessary at a local level.
C corporations need to make bigger profits.
D food production costs need to come down.
E people need to become more interested in food.
32 In paragraph 8, "pay now or pay later" means people can
A buy cheap food now and pay higher prices for food later.
B buy expensive food now or spend more on medical treatment later.
C pay for health insurance now or pay for health insurance later.
D pay for medical treatment in cash now or make credit payments later.
E pay a lot for food now and leave medical insurance until later.
33 In paragraph 9, what does the writer think will require some „imaginative
policy-making’?
A Encouraging people to buy from local farms

B Getting children to enjoy fresh food
C Improving the quality of processed food
D Persuading farmers to grow different crops
E Forcing change on the processed food industry
51
34 According to paragraph 9, the guiding principle of food production should be
that food is
A nutritious and healthy.

B overproduced by farmers.
C easily affordable for all.
D sold near its place of origin.
E produced by natural methods.
35 The writer concludes by hoping for
A more openness from big agricultural companies.

B a better deal for farmers who grow crops.
C higher standards in food production.
D more power and influence for consumers of food.
E greater government interest in public health.
52
GRAMMAR
Questions 36-50
Sleep Disorders
Dr Shneerson, director of the Sleep Centre, says that just being aware of some
simple tricks can help those who suffer from sleep disorders. Firstly, taking a hot
bath _____(36)_____ going to bed can help induce sleep. This is because your body
temperature has a strong influence on _____(37)_____ quickly you fall asleep. A
good night‘s sleep is normally preceded by a slight drop in body temperature. The
theory behind taking a hot bath _____(38)_____ to raise your body temperature
artificially before allowing it to drop again as it adjusts to the cooler temperature of
the bedroom.
The next thing he advises is going to bed at the same time each night, as doing this
on a regular basis is essential for good sleep. Another piece of advice is to drink a
glass of milk before you go to bed. Now this _____(39)_____ sound unusual but it
really is effective and does work. This is because of milk‘s calcium rich content,
_____(40)_____ experts claim can help you relax. If you want to sleep better, you
should also avoid drinking alcohol before you go to bed _____(41)_____ alcohol
disturbs certain chemicals in the brain which help promote deeper sleep. The final
suggestion is quite simply to buy a new bed, particularly if your current one is more
than 10 years old. The structure of any bed over 10 years old will certainly
_____(42)_____ deteriorated, causing sleep disruption as well as potential damage
to the spine.
36 A by B before C like D so E without

37 A how B why C what D when E whether
38 A needs B is able C Is D gets used E has
39 A must B may C would D should E had better
40 A Which B and C that D so E where
41 A if B since C but D or E for
42 A been B have C being D having E had
53
Vegetarians
There is a common misconception that vegetarians are sickly, underfed individuals.
However, research shows that in fact, they are some of the healthiest people
around. Some of the benefits of vegetarianism are that vegetarians have a lower risk
of cancer than meat eaters and that they are _____(43)_____ likely to be
overweight. Therefore, unlike what many people think, rather than making
vegetarians take additional vitamins, experts now encourage others to eat like
vegetarians – lots of vegetables, fresh fruit and grains.
Having a well-balanced diet is possible without meat, but some vegetarian diets can
be unhealthy. The busy vegetarian _____(44)_____ takes little care with his diet
may not get enough essential vitamins. For example, _____(45)_____ may be more
difficult for them to get enough vitamin B. People who try to become vegetarians and
know very little about nutrition are most at risk.
Experts say that people should not start a vegetarian diet _____(46)_____ they
know a few simple facts. For instance, some vegetarian food is lower in iron.
However, you can increase the amount of iron by adding iron-rich foods
_____(47)_____ beans or green vegetables. Some vegetarians take vitamin
supplements to stay healthy _____(48)_____ a vegetarian‘s body takes in vitamins
from normal vegetarian food very effectively. Vitamin supplements are only needed
in specific situations. For example, new vegetarians should take extra vitamins until
their bodies _____(49)_____ to the new diet. Vitamins may also taken if someone is
ill. These are the most common instances where it is necessary for a vegetarian
_____(50)_____ take vitamin supplements.
43 A more B any C less D some E many

44 A whose B who C whom D what E which
45 A this B they C that D there E it
46 A If B when C unless D which E while
47 A such as B unlike C in case D without E neither
48 A even though B if C as D however E in addition to
49 A are able B have C ought D get used E used
50 A for B and C to D not E less
54
VOCABULARY
Questions 51-70
Water Related Diseases

At any one time, almost half of the population of the developing world is suffering
from water-related diseases. These rob people of their health, destroy their
livelihoods, and _____(51)_____ them of their education opportunities. Despite the
increasingly prosperous global economy, 2.6 billion people, unfortunately, have no
_____(52)_____ even to the most basic toilet facilities. Over one billion have no
source of clean drinking water and women and girls especially have the
_____(53)_____ of walking miles to find water for their families.
To _____(54)_____the UN‘s millennium development goals, a decline in the

proportion of the world which has no clean water is necessary. It is _____(55)_____
that this will cost around 4 billion dollars a year for the next 10 years. That amount is
equal to just a month‘s _____(56)_____ on bottled water in Europe and the US. For
less money than what people now spend on a designer product, we could stop one
of the main causes of _____(57)_____ childhood death due to a lack of clean water.
And if we _____(58)_____1 dollar to supply clean water, another 3 to 4 dollars might
be generated through savings on health spending and increased productivity.
We should not think of water as just a(n)_____(59)_____ that can be bought and
sold in bottles. It is a source of life and dignity and equality of opportunity. That is
why human need, regardless of the ability to pay must be the guiding principle, and
why governments have the _____(60)_____ responsibility to provide this basic
need.
51 A exclude B Deny C deprive D relieve E oppose

52 A potential B commitment C obligation D access E option
53 A attempt B Priority C burden D discrimination E implication
54 A attain B Defend C diversify D emphasize E promote
55 A reviewed B Estimated C accused D exceeded E declared
55
56 A stock B Investment C resources D strain E expenditure
57 A indirect B Incurable C unexpected D incidental E preventable
58 A devote B Allocate C convert D select E accumulate
59 A commodity B Approach C entitlement D export E initiative
60 A crucial B Debatable C mutual D creative E widespread
Google Glass
Google Glass is a new piece of hardware that resembles a pair of glasses. Like a
computer, we can use it to _____(61)_____ various day-to-day tasks such as
reading emails and watching videos. It also has an inbuilt camera for recording your
surroundings. However, Google Glass is now feared as it is believed to blur the lines
of privacy and _____(62)_____ technology use in public places like cinemas and
concert halls. Due to this fear, just a week after the device became available in the
UK, cinema owners took _____(63)_____ action to prevent film viewers from
wearing it in case they try and record the films. Therefore, they have
_____(64)_____ its use in all cinemas. This follows a similar _____(65)_____ by
cinema owners in the US, who revised and reintroduced rules forbidding all
recording devices, including Google Glass, in their cinemas.
A spokesman for US cinemas said: "To ensure movies aren‘t recorded in cinemas,
we agreed to _____(66)_____ a zero-tolerance policy towards Google Glass while
movies are shown. People who _____(67)_____ to take off their Google Glass will
be asked to leave the cinema. If there is any _____(68)_____ that illegal recording is
taking place, the police will be called." Google itself, however, rejects
_____(69)_____ that their device could be used to record films as when it is
activated the screen lights up, which makes it a lousy device for recording things
secretly. They also suggest that if Google Glass is making cinema owners
feel_____(70)_____, they should treat the device as they do the mobile phone. That
is, simply ask people to turn it off before the film starts.
61 A adjust B perform C compensate D incorporate E hinder

62 A constructive B simultaneous C resourceful D deceptive E acceptable
63 A irrational B mutual C accountable D decisive E substantial
64 A implemented B restricted C tolerated D banned E substituted
65 A approach B pretension C coverage D insight E distinction
56
66 A imply B handle C shift D invest E adopt
67 A violate B attribute C persist D refuse E lead
68 A prohibition B indication C deviation D opposition E contradiction
69 A displays B incentives C patterns D motives E claims
70 A neglected B compatible C uneasy D inadequate E ignorant
57
BILKENT UNIVERSITY
STAGE II PART A
PRACTICE TEST 2

BOOKLET
TIME: 30 minutes
58
LISTENING PART 1
NUMBER ONE
1 The student is motivated by the fact that the professor
A has interests that are similar to his.

B lets the class choose their own topics.
C wants to run a course on Irish literature.
D is willing to give feedback on his essay.
E agrees to lend him some of his books.
2 The professor is concerned that the student
A has not started the assignment.

B does not have good research skills.
C has not chosen a specific topic.
D will not find the relevant books.
E will not finish the essay on time.
3 The professor suggests that the student should
A concentrate on one book.

B talk to another student.
C study hard for the exam.
D produce a first draft.
E organize his time better.
NUMBER TWO
4 Mike is unhappy about his kitchen because the
A university does not want to pay for a cleaner.

B students he shares it with do not clean up.
C rubbish bin is only emptied once a week.
D refrigerator is too dirty to put food in.
E furniture is old and smells disgusting.
59
5 How does his mum react to his complaints?
A Disgusted
B Angry
C Shocked
D Disappointed
E Ashamed
6 At the end of the conversation, Mike
A asks his mum to talk to the students.

B puts the phone down on his mum.
C agrees with what his mum suggests.
D blames his mum for the situation.
E begs his mum to take him home.
NUMBER THREE
7 Before they met to study, Mert
A was stuck at the main entrance.

B had a photo taken for his ID.
C applied for a new exam.
D waited for Susan for a long time.
E went to Student Services.
8 According to the students, the novel, Pride and Prejudice
A was not a popular book at first.

B had a different title originally.
C was published after Austen‘s death.
D did not require any revision.
E was liked by teenagers the most.
9 Jane Austen hid her identity because of pressure from
A her family.
B society.
C the publishers.
D other authors.
E the critics.
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NUMBER FOUR
10 How does Maggie feel about the movie?
A Critical
B Neutral
C Disappointed
D Enthusiastic
E Confused
11 What was the original plan for Seretse Khama after he finished his studies in
London?
A Helping to solve racial inequality

B Fighting for independence from Britain
C Sharing his knowledge with law students
D Becoming the leader of his country
E Returning to Africa to deal with a disaster
12 Why does Maggie suggest that Tony go and see the movie?
A He cannot understand the events.

B The events are difficult to explain.
C It is a drama with a happy ending.
D She likes movies that are based on truth.
E It will explain the idea of independence.
NUMBER FIVE
13 Which of the following is true about Linking Road?
A There are speed limits for cars on Sundays.

B There is a lane for bicycles.
C Pedestrians usually outnumber cars.
D It is far away from the city centre.
E It is closed to cars on Sunday mornings.
14 The Equal Streets Movement aims to
A cooperate with private organisations.

B raise money to improve the conditions on the roads.
C encourage children to spend more time outdoors.
D ensure all children have a bicycle.
E help families adopt a healthy lifestyle.
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15 The policemen‘s attitude towards the new movement can best be described
as
A supportive.
B tolerant.
C neutral.
D appreciative.
E hopeful.
LISTENING PART 2
You are going to listen to a lecture about exhaustion. As you listen, take notes
under the headings provided. After the lecture has finished you will be given
questions to answer using your notes – your notes will not be marked. Some
background information is provided below about the topic.
Exhaustion is an extreme form of tiredness. It is a growing cause for concern today

as more and more people are suffering from exhaustion.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. HOW SERIOUS IS THE PROBLEM?
3. THE CAUSES OF EXHAUSTION
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4. WHY PEOPLE DON‟T TALK ABOUT EXHAUSTION
5. DR NICK READ
63
6. ALVIN TOFFLER
7. CONCLUSION
64
BILKENT UNIVERSITY
STAGE II PART A
PRACTICE TEST 2
TIME: 15 minutes
65
LISTENING TWO
Use your notes about exhaustion to answer the following questions. On the
optic form, mark the letter A, B, C, D or E for each question. Give only one
answer to each question.
16 What major change that has taken place since 2002 does the speaker
mention?
A There are many more exhausted working mothers.

B Working women are seeking help for exhaustion.
C Almost everyone is feeling exhausted today.
D People are beginning to talk about exhaustion.
E Doctors recognize exhaustion as a major problem.
17 According to a study carried out by an insurance company,
A worrying about work prevents many people from sleeping.

B most people find it quite hard to get to sleep at night.
C almost half the people interviewed don't get enough sleep.
D a lack of sleep is one of the major causes of depression.
E people with families do not sleep better than single people.
st
18 Back in the 1960s, people believed that life in the 21 century would be
A much easier.
B less relaxing.
C more stressful.
D less exciting.
E much healthier.
19 Medical scientists believe that our current state of exhaustion is caused by
A an emotional imbalance in our way of life.

B the speed at which society is changing.
C suffering the effects of economic stress.
D our reliance on modern technology.
E doing too many things at the same time.
20 The speaker refers to 24-hour petrol stations and supermarkets in order to
A give an example of modern lifestyle trends.

B explain how working during the day affects your body.
C show how sleeping during the day makes you ill.
D show the link between society and exhaustion.
E give an example of an unnecessary change.
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21 The breakneck pace of life refers to a society that
A sleeps little.
B is flexible.
C works less.
D is balanced.
E takes risks.
22 From the lecture we can infer that people who work from home
A are not as exhausted as office workers.

B work very long hours.
C spend more time with their family.
D suffer less mental stress.
E like not having to travel to work.
23 People are afraid to talk about being tired because they
A think people will call them selfish.

B don't want to talk about their private life.
C are afraid they could lose their job.
D don‘t want to appear less intelligent than others.
E find the problem embarrassing.
24 A major difference between the Second World War and now is that during the
Second World War, people
A were more supportive of each other.

B did not suffer from tiredness.
C were less demanding than now.
D had little time to focus on problems.
E didn‘t expect to have any leisure time.
25 Alvin Toffler is well known because he
A helped people cope with exhaustion.

B made predictions about the future.
C wrote about life in the USA.
D criticized modern society.
E advised people on their lifestyle.
26 According to Toffler, the Second Wave Society was characterised by a

change from
A hunting to agriculture.
B agriculture to globalisation.
C agriculture to industrialisation.
D mass to globalized production.
E mass to individual concerns.
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27 One common feature of the move from one wave to another is
A a rise in the middle class.

B health problems.
C a decrease in production.
D social unrest.
E a change in family structure.
28 Massage and hot baths will not really help against exhaustion because
A they actually make you more tired.

B stronger types of medicines are needed.
C the only real cure is a change in work habits.
D exhaustion is a mental, not physical problem.
E they are not available to everyone.
29 According to the speaker, the only way to solve the problem of exhaustion is
by
A relying more on modern medicine.

B having a new technological revolution.
C accepting a lower standard of living.
D placing more emphasis on personal relationships.
E making sure we eat and drink properly.
30 The main focus of the lecture is to
A report the symptoms of exhaustion.

B describe how new trends are affecting us.
C compare life in the past with now.
D explain how to avoid becoming exhausted.
E evaluate ways of dealing with stress.
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BILKENT UNIVERSITY
STAGE II PART B
PRACTICE TEST 2
69
WRITING PART ONE
In the text below, the writer refers to a type of education. Do you think it would
be beneficial? Write a paragraph of approximately 150 words.
Your paragraph will be assessed on task completion, organisation, grammar

and will be penalised.
If you, as a student, were informed that you could receive your formal education in
both your mother tongue and a foreign language, what would you do? While it
seems like a simple decision to make for some due to its benefits, it is actually a
more complicated issue than most of us think.
With bilingual education, the part of your brain that is responsible for learning new
things and encouraging spatial growth can be stimulated further. Studies reveal that
such education leads to increased brain growth and ability to handle multiple tasks at
once. So, once you have opened your mind enough to get education in both
languages, it develops your learning capacity and helps you adopt various vantage
points towards the actions around you too. Besides, while skeptics believe that
bilingual education can confuse people, studies prove that it enhances the mind and
makes it easier for them to understand and relate to other cultures. Those who are
able to receive education in two different languages can open up a larger world to
themselves and are much more likely to be worldly and better-rounded.
However, some experts have come up with some criticisms against bilingual
education. One of the most frequent ones is that it may prevent students from totally
adopting their own culture as they can‘t help being assimilated by foreign culture
owing to the constant exposure to the foreign language and its cultural associations.
Besides, when students are obliged to spend much of their time learning a foreign
language, they will be limited in the development of skills they would need in other
areas. Specializing in a particular area can stunt their overall development and
actually lead to a lack of well-rounded learning. Another prominent issue in bilingual
education is the severe lack of qualified teachers. Quality bilingual education
requires qualified, patient and dedicated teachers. Unfortunately, these professionals
are in very short supply.
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WRITING PART TWO

You will be marked on content, organisation, grammar and

vocabulary.
The internet has improved our lives in many different ways. One of the biggest
advantages is that it allows students to access information very quickly and this
helps them with their studies. However, a growing number of teachers believe that
this easy access to information is making students lazy.
In your opinion, does the internet have any negative effects on students?
OR
Tourism, in all its forms, is a growing industry that has brought huge economic
benefits to many countries. Tourists, whether in their own country or abroad, boost
the local economy when they stay in hotels, buy souvenirs and go on sight-seeing
tours. However, a growing number of environmentalists are critical of the tourist
industry and believe it causes more harm than good.
In your opinion, does tourism have a negative impact on the environment?
71
BILKENT UNIVERSITY
STAGE II PART A
PRACTICE TEST 3
72
READING
Part One
Questions 1-8
Water Policy
The Chinese word for politics includes a character that looks like three drops of
water next to a platform. Politics and water control, the Chinese character implies,
are ultimately linked. Such a way of thinking contrasts with the usual view around the
world, which argues that since humans cannot live without water, it should be a
basic human right that is available to all at no cost. The Chinese character points to
a much more useful approach. In many places, water is becoming scarcer and
treating it as a right makes the scarcity worse. Some of the world‗s great rivers no
longer reach the sea. In many cities, water is rationed and droughts and floods are
becoming more extreme.
Globally, however, there is no shortage of water. Unlike other natural resources such
as oil, water cannot be used up. It is recycled endlessly as rain, snow or evaporation
and on average, people are extracting for their own uses less than a tenth of what
falls as rain and snow each year. The central problem is that so much water is
wasted, mainly by farmers. Agriculture uses three-quarters of the world‗s water and
urban use is trivial in comparison. Any economist knows what to do: price water to
reflect its value. Decades of trying to do this, however, have run into powerful
resistance from farmers, who reject scarcity pricing for the reason that water falls
from the skies. No government owns it and therefore no government should charge
for it and so far, attempts to do so have proved politically impossible.
1 It can be inferred from the description of the Chinese character that the
Chinese believe that
A human rights are closely connected with water.

B having policies regarding the use of water is acceptable.
C making water a political issue is against human rights.
D governments find it difficult to control water use.
E water and politics should be accessible to all.
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2 The main idea of the text is that
A the Chinese language has been affected by the government‘s policies

about water.
B it has been impossible to control water as it is considered to be a free
resource available to everyone.
C Chinese politicians have always wanted to prevent people from wasting
water.
D Chinese officials have difficulty controlling water use due to natural
disasters.
E farmers, in particular, should use water carefully in order not to waste
it.
Harriet Quimby
Harriet Quimby, the first major female pilot in the United States, left a memorable
mark on aviation history and had a major impact on women's roles in society.
Quimby was a true pioneer and helped break down stereotypes about women and
their abilities.
A gifted journalist with a deep love of theatre, Harriet Quimby initially made a name
for herself in the 1900s as a theatre critic in a weekly newspaper. She travelled
unaccompanied throughout the country, searching for stories. This displayed an
independence not expected of a woman at that time. Her role as a theatre critic
brought her into contact with the rich and famous of the day, some of whom became
her close friends. In 1911, she met a flying instructor and asked him if he would
teach her to fly. In September 1911, she flew over New York, becoming the first
woman ever to make a night-time flight.
Ever seeking new adventures, Quimby set out to become the first woman to cross
the English Channel. In 1912, she went to England to pursue her main aviation goal
and made the flight in April. Very few people learned of her accomplishment,
however, due to the poor press coverage it received, as the Titanic had sunk only
two days before and was still the major news event of the day. After crossing the
Channel, Quimby continued to enjoy flying. But her career ended in tragedy. On July
1st, 1912, her plane unexpectedly fell from the sky and exploded. Quimby's aviation
career had lasted only eleven months - her candle had burned brightly but for only a
short time.
3 Harriet Quimby‘s personality can best be described as
A adventurous.
B conformist.
C impulsive.
D cautious.
E proactive.
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4 What effect did the Titanic disaster have on Harriet Quimby‘s achievement?
A The tragedy delayed her flight as America was in mourning.

B The media did not direct its attention towards her flight.
C Quimby asked newspaper owners not to praise her success.
D Quimby thought the loss of the Titanic had brought her bad luck.
E Quimby decided to combine her career in journalism with aviation.
A American women rarely appeared in the media in the1900s.

B Quimby‘s flying adventures had a limited effect on society.
C despite her accomplishments, few people knew about Quimby.
D Quimby‘s achievements were an inspiration to American women.
E although she was a pilot she was more successful a a journalist.
Pollution-free Paris
In March 2015, a rise in air pollution briefly made Paris the most polluted city in the
world, with smog so bad it almost completely obscured the city's landmarks,
including the Eiffel Tower. As Paris prepares to host this year's massive climate
change conference, the city was under pressure to make a meaningful gesture in
acknowledgement of this. Anne Hidalgo, the mayor of Paris, launched the idea of
the French capital's first car-free day.
With the eight lanes of the Champs Elysées, France's most famous avenue, clear of
all traffic on Paris's first car-free day, the usual cacophony of thundering motorbikes
and car engines had given way to the squeak of bicycle wheels, the laughter of
children and even the gentle rustling of wind in the trees. It was, as one Parisian
pensioner observed as she walked up the centre of the road taking big gulps of air,
"like a headache lifting."
There were other weird and pleasant effects of this carless utopia. "Everyone seems
to be smiling, and not as stressed," thought Elisabeth Pagnac, a civil servant in her
50s. She was emboldened to cycle down the Champs Elyées without wearing a
helmet for the first time in her life. But strangest of all was the sky. "I live high in a
tower block in the east of the city and looking out of my window today, I saw the
difference straight away: the sky has never been this blue, it really is different
without a hazy layer of pollution hanging in the air," she said.
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A the air pollution in Paris resulted from the effects of climate change.
B the car-free day in Paris had positive effects on tourism in the city.
C cycling instead of driving led to an increase in bike sales in Paris.
D the car-free day was introduced to solve the traffic problem in Paris.
E the car-free day in Paris helped reduce both air pollution and stress.
7 The tone of the passage is
A amusing.
B positive.
C cautious.
D pessimistic.
E ironic.
8 The word emboldened is closest in meaning to
A confident.
B unwilling.
C talented.
D competitive.
E unprepared.
Part Two
Questions 9 -20
Evolution and Cooking

The 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin‘s birth prompted much debate on how our
understanding of evolution has progressed since the introduction of his theory. The
eternal question has always been why humans came to be so different from our
primate ancestors and what caused that change – in short, what was it that made us
human? According to Dr Richard Wrangham, an anthropologist from Harvard
University, what makes the human species so unique and distinct from other animals
is the fact that we cook our food. What makes Wrangham‘s theory so interesting is
that it is contrary to the generally held theory that cooking was a skill that developed
quite late and had, in fact, little evolutionary significance.
What is it about cooking that prompted Dr Wrangham to put forward his controversial
theory? Cooking is universal. There is no society anywhere on earth that does not
cook food in some form or another and only a few extremists actually try and survive
on raw food alone. The consumption of a cooked meal, usually in the company of
family and friends, is normal in every known society. Dr Wrangham believes that the
emergence of cooking and other forms of preparing food is the fundamental
evolutionary change that underpinned all other changes that defined us as human
76
beings. He proposes that we were cooking approximately 1.8 million years ago. This
activity was not an outcome of being human but being human, particularly as
regards taking on a human appearance, was an outcome of cooking.
It is generally accepted that our earliest human ancestor, a species called Homo
Erectus, emerged 1.8 million years ago. This species had a skeleton very similar to
modern man‘s – that is, a large, brain-filled skull and a small abdomen with a small
stomach. Anthropologists believe that this change in appearance from that of our
ape-like ancestors, who had much smaller skulls and wider pelvises, was simply
because of the shift from a vegetable-based diet to a meat-based one. The theory
was that as meat had more calories than plants, a smaller stomach could, therefore,
support a larger brain.
In contrast to the traditional theory, Dr Wrangham believes that the change in

appearance from our ape-like ancestors to Homo Erectus was not because of a
change in diet but because we learnt to cook our food. His argument begins with the
fact that because raw food is harder to digest, it takes a great deal of effort to get the
calories out of it, whereas cooked food, by contrast, is easier to digest, gives you
more energy and takes less time to eat. Cooking also kills bacteria. Therefore, when
early man began to heat food, he literally improved his chances of survival. Once
man started to eat soft, cooked food, his jaws and teeth were no longer required to
work so hard, and as a result, they became smaller and more delicate. Similarly, the
more cooked food he ate, the less heavy digestion work he had to do, and as a
result, the stomach became smaller. That, according to Dr Wranhgham, is why we
don‘t look like apes anymore. Just as our bodies evolved to walk on two legs, our
stomach changed to better handle cooked food as opposed to raw food. This had
two enormous benefits. First of all, as our gut became smaller and less energy was
needed to digest food, this freed up energy for our brains to operate on a larger and
larger scale. Second, as we spent less time eating, we had more time to do other
things with our expanding brain, such as strategic planning and more sophisticated
problem solving.
However, as with all emergent theories, Wrangham‘s theory is open to question,

particularly as it is impossible to find archaeological evidence to support it. For that,
we would have to have evidence in the form of ancient fire sites which would have
indicated that some form of cooking took place. However, there is no physical
evidence to support the use of fire before 800,000 years ago. No one doubts that
cooking played a part in human evolution, but to say that it was a major factor is a
claim that is not easy to substantiate. Dr Wrangham‗s theory hinges on the belief
that we started using fire 1.8 million years ago. Unfortunately, the lack of strong
evidence to support the theory means that it is unlikely to make it into the
textbooks in the foreseeable future.
77
9 According to paragraph 1, in the debate about evolution, Dr Wrangham‘s
theory
A adds a new perspective.

B supports Darwin‘s views.
C provides a definitive answer.
D has created a lot of tension.
E has led to many questions.
10 In paragraph 2, the phrase ˈcooking is universalˈ means that cooking is
A important.
B healthy.
C necessary.
D widespread.
E revolutionary.
11 According to paragraph 3, compared to our ape-like ancestors, Homo Erectus

had a
A larger brain.
B smaller skull.
C larger pelvis.
D smaller skeleton.
E larger stomach.
12 According to paragraph 4, eating cooked food
A increased the choice of food.

B gave man more free time.
C forced man to hunt more.
D affected digestion negatively.
E required more energy.
13 In paragraph 5, the writer states that Dr Wrangham‘s theory is
A linked to other emergent theories.

B difficult to argue against.
C not supported by archaeologists.
D not based on real evidence.
E critical in explaining man‘s evolution.
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14 In paragraph 5, by saying, “it is unlikely to make it into the textbooks”, the
writer means that the theory will not
A help other anthropologists.

B get support from politicians.
C become widely accepted.
D become a topic for debate.
E be developed further.
The Telephone
When I was quite young, my father had one of the first telephones in our
neighborhood. I remember well the polished, old case fastened to the wall and shiny
receiver on the side of the box. I was too little to reach the telephone, but used to
listen to my mother while she was talking on the phone. Then, I discovered that
somewhere inside the wonderful device lived an amazing person, and her name was
"Information Please." There was nothing she did not know. She could supply
anybody's number and the correct time.
My first personal experience with this genie-in-the-bottle came one day while my
mother was visiting a neighbor. Amusing myself at the tool bench in the basement, I
hit my finger with a hammer. The pain was terrible, but there didn‘t seem to be any
reason in crying because there was no one home to give sympathy. I walked around
the house sucking my aching finger, finally arriving at the stairway. The telephone!
Climbing up, I unhooked the receiver and said "Information Please." A click or two
and a small clear voice spoke into my ear, "Information." "I hurt my finger" I wailed
into the phone - the tears came easily. "Isn't your mother home?" came the question.
"Nobody's home but me," I cried. "Are you bleeding?" the voice asked. "No," I
replied. "I hit my finger and it hurts." "Can you open your icebox?" she asked. I said I
could. "Then chip off a little piece of ice and hold it to your finger," said the voice.
After that, I called "Information Please" for everything. I asked her for help with my
geography and she told me where Philadelphia was. She helped me with my math.
Then, there was the time Petey, our pet canary died. I called "Information Please"
and told her the sad story. She listened, then said the usual things grownups say to
soothe a child. But I was unconsoled. I asked her, "Why is it that birds should sing
so beautifully and bring joy to all families, only to end up as a heap of feathers on the
bottom of a cage?" She must have sensed my deep concern, for she said quietly,
"Paul, remember that there are other worlds to sing in." Somehow I felt better.
Another day I was on the telephone. "Information Please." "Information," said the
now familiar voice. "How do you spell ‗fix‘?" I asked.
All this took place in a small town near Seattle. When I was nine years old, we
moved to Boston. I missed my friend very much. "Information Please" belonged in
that old wooden box back home and I somehow never thought of trying the tall, shiny
new phone that sat on the table in the hall. As I grew into my teens, the memories of
those childhood conversations never really left me. Often, in moments of doubt and
perplexity I would recall the sense of security I had then. I appreciated now how
patient, understanding and kind she was to have spent her time on a little boy.
79
A few years later, on my way west to college, my plane put down in Seattle. I had
about half-an-hour or so between planes. I spent 15 minutes on the phone with my
sister. Then, without thinking what I was doing, I dialed my hometown operator and
said, "Information, please." Miraculously, I heard the small, clear voice I knew so
well. "Information."
I hadn't planned this, but I heard myself saying, "Could you please tell me how to
spell ‗fix‘?" There was a long pause then came the soft spoken answer, "I guess
your finger must have healed by now." I laughed, "So it's really still you," I said. "I
wonder if you have any idea how much you meant to me during that time." "I
wonder," she said, "if you know how much your calls meant to me. I never had any
children and I used to look forward to your calls." I told her how often I had thought
of her over the years and asked if I could call her again when I came back to Seattle.
"Please do," she said. "Just ask for Sally."
Three months later I was back in Seattle. A different voice answered, "Information." I
asked for Sally. "Are you a friend?" she said. "Yes, a very old friend," I answered.
"I'm sorry to have to tell you this," she said. "Sally had been working part time the
last few years because she was sick. She died five weeks ago." Before I could hang
up she said, "Wait a minute. Did you say your name was Paul?" "Yes." "Well, Sally
left a message for you. Let me read it to you." The note said, "Tell him I still say
there are other worlds to sing in. He'll know what I mean." I thanked her and hung
up. I knew what Sally meant.
15 How did the little boy feel about the telephone?
A Skeptical
B Fascinated
C Tolerant
D Suspicious
E Amused
16 The boy started crying after he called ―Information Please‖ because
A there was someone to comfort him.

B his hurt finger started bleeding.
C the telephone operator upset him.
D he wanted to find his mother.
E his mother got angry with him.
17 What does the operator mean by ―there are other worlds to sing in‖?
A It is possible to sing everywhere.

B Birds may sing beautifully elsewhere.
C Life may continue in different ways.
D Singing brings joy to the world.
E Life can bring various pleasures.
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18 It can be inferred that the writer called the operator when he was at Seattle
airport because
A he had a genuine question to ask her.

B he could not contact anyone else in Seattle.
C he got tired of waiting alone at the airport.
D his childhood memories were so strong.
E his plane had been seriously delayed.
19 Sally‘s last message revealed that she had
A retired as she was receiving treatment.

B needed sympathy during her illness.
C wanted to have a child like Paul.
D expected another call from Paul.
E collected information about Paul‘s life.
20 In all the phone calls, Sally‘s attitude was
A surprised.
B creative.
C humorous.
D enthusiastic.
E sympathetic.
Part Three
Questions 21-35
Read the following passage. On the answer sheet, mark the letter A, B, C, D or
E for each question. Give only one answer to each question.
1. It is clear that everything we do affects the environment and wildlife. We are the
dominant creatures on this planet and we can choose to wipe out most of the
species just by continuing our present course of accelerating resource use. To save
wildlife requires changes in our lifestyle and changes in our general way of thinking;
we must remember the slogan ‗Think Globally, Act Locally‘ and realise we are bound
with all other forms of life in one gigantic ecosystem. The following are a few things
we can do to help wildlife and, eventually, help ourselves.
2. One of the dominant features of American culture is our obsession with saving
time as though it were something that could be stored in a deep freeze. We
consume enormous quantities of energy by using ‗time saving‘ gadgets from
dishwashers to power lawnmowers. We drive powerful automobiles at speeds
slightly faster than the law allows to get to places as quickly as possible. All too often
the time ‗saved‘ is used for trivial amusement: to watch a TV program or play an
extra game of football. We need to consider the environmental cost of all this
collective time saving and act accordingly; plan long trips for more leisurely driving,
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be willing to take the extra time needed to use public transportation, try to take the
few extra minutes needed to mow a lawn with a hand mower. I am not suggesting a
return to the living styles of 200 years ago - just minor adjustments to our present
lifestyles.
3. Neatness is another obsession of our century, but it is the enemy of wildlife.

Much traditional landscaping, with its wide open spaces and neatly cut plants and
bushes, leaves little room for birds and other animals, and it often requires heavy
use of fertilisers and pesticides. Let the grass and bushes grow. Plant native trees.
Our demand for perfect fruit and vegetables without insect bites forces the heavy
use of pesticides to control birds and other pests. Damaged or slightly wormy fruit is
still good enough to eat. My father had the habit of never eating an apple without
taking out his pocket knife and cutting it up. This habit comes from being brought up
on a farm in the days before the heavy use of pesticides. Adopting simple habits like
this can help to save wildlife and maybe our own health.
4. ‗Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle‘ is a slogan that goes well with ‗Think Globally, Act
Locally‘. I apologise for presenting these slogans as you have probably heard them
many times before, but they do have a great element of truth to them. Environmental
degradation is a major problem in most communities and all three general activities
can increase your personal contribution to protecting the environment. Reduce the
amount of materials and energy you consume by buying fewer pre-packaged goods,
share magazines and books, minimise the use of heating or air conditioning. Reuse
items as much as you can. Many ‗disposable‘ items are reusable, especially
containers. Recycling is one of the easiest ways to reduce your environmental
impact. In fact, recycling paper, aluminium, and bottles is so easy that it is your
responsibility to recycle. If your apartment complex or work place does not have bins
for recycling, demand that some be installed. If you have a choice, avoid using
materials that cannot be recycled. Recycling is just one of many things you can do in
your daily life to improve the planet. Many other suggestions are provided in detail in
dozens of accessible books on recycling that are available in most bookstores. Lack
of information is no longer an excuse for not taking action.
5. Off-road vehicles or ORVs have become enormously popular in recent years and
are a symbol of human mechanical ingenuity and a result of the abundance of
leisure time available to Americans. They include four-wheel drive trucks and a
variety of motorcycles. The use of ORVs, especially on public lands, has been
expanding, thanks in good part to campaigns by the vehicle manufacturers. The
agencies managing public lands have been unable to cope with the sudden invasion
of ORVs, often because they lack the person power to regulate ORV use or assess
the damage they cause. And ORVs do cause damage, which affects the landscape
and reduces wildlife populations. The most obvious effect of ORVs is erosion, which
not only eliminates the hillside plants, but also causes soil to fill in rivers, thereby
reducing aquatic life. Noise is another major problem caused by ORVs, as each
vehicle causes noise that disturbs all kinds of wildlife, altering their behaviour
patterns. One solution to the ORV problem could be not to use them for recreation in
wild areas. Recreational use should be confined to special parks. However, this is
not likely to happen, unfortunately, for wildlife. Practically speaking, if you are an
ORV user, you should stay on roads or ORV trails, and respect wildlife habitats.
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Otherwise, your impact could be disastrous. An alternative to motorized ORV use is
the use of mountain bicycles, which can provide many of the same thrills without the
noise or severe environmental damage, but it is unlikely that ORV users will give up
their gas guzzling machines any time soon. Modern powerboats can be every bit as
harmful to wildlife as ORVs. Their waves accelerate the erosion of river banks and
lake shores and disturb the nesting of birds which build floating nests next to
riversides. But the fact that they also pollute the water and air with gasoline and oil is
the most significant issue. Their noise and speed also makes them largely
incompatible with wildlife. The preferred methods of boating should be to use
sailboats, canoes, and other quiet, non-polluting vehicles. Modern sailboats are
increasingly safe and comfortable. Keep in mind, however, that there can be too
much of a good thing; a river crowded with canoes and sail boats may also have its
wildlife populations diminished through constant disturbance.
6. Is it possible to love nature to death? The growing crowds in our national and
state parks are telling us the answer may be "yes". In the popular national parks of
Kenya, vehicles full of tourists are so common that predatory animals may use them
to hide behind when hunting their prey. These are signs that people who come to
see animals in their natural setting are changing the behaviour of these animals,
probably to their detriment. Efforts to see or photograph wildlife close up in the short
time available on a vacation trip requires interrupting the activities of the wildlife,
often at times when the animals are resting, breeding, or taking care of young. As
the California Department of Fish and Game points out in one of their brochures for
eco-tourists, ―There’s a fine line between viewing and victimising wildlife. The
other side of this problem, of course, is that eco-tourists spend lots of money,
important in the economies of impoverished nations and rural areas of North
America. Most of the wildlife areas would not exist without these tourist dollars or at
least would not be managed as well. The problem isn‘t with managing the parks
themselves, though. The problem is managing the behaviour of eco-tourists to
minimise their effects on wildlife. If you are visiting a natural area, here are some
things you can do to reduce your impact: Carry a good pair of binoculars so that you
do not have to get so close to the animals, stay on the designated roads and trails,
be patient, be quiet, and move slowly near wildlife. Also, going out with a guide or
friend who knows the area will increase your probability of seeing wildlife and reduce
your impact on it if your guide is sensitive. Be willing to go out when the animals are
out, rather than disturbing them during the day so that you can see them at your
convenience. Also remember that nature reserves and wildlife areas are notoriously
short of funds for management, so donate money to those you use.
7. Finally, the key to saving wildlife is protecting their habitats and the quality of the
environment. This is best done through collective action that influences the activities
of local, state, and federal governments. Collective action requires organisation and
this means individuals joining together in environmental organisations. Much of the
environmental protection that exists today is the direct result of lobbying and other
activities of environmental organisations like The Wilderness Society. There are
groups to fit nearly every political viewpoint and need, from organisations supported
largely by industry (e.g. Keep America Beautiful, which is supported by the
packaging industry, the chief source of litter), to mainstream groups such as The
Sierra Club and The Nature Conservancy.
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8. Historically, the distribution of life on earth was largely determined by interactions
through evolutionary time with the climate. Scientists have also hypothesised that
geography, and even other organisms, have had a large role to play. Now we
humans have become the dominant ‗other organism‘ that all creatures have to deal
with, as we drive some species to extinction, change whole ecosystems, and even
change climates. We humans generally assume we can exist independently of
climate and geography - and are finding to our sorrow that it is not true.
21 The writer thinks that it is important to give up time saving devices in order
to
A adopt the simpler lifestyle people had in the past.

B have an impact on time – our most important resource.
C save money by buying cheaper devices.
D minimise the impact we have on the planet.
E enjoy the time we spend with our friends.
22 According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true?
A Traditional landscaping is bad for the environment.

B Bushes need to be removed to make room for animals.
C Pesticides are necessary to produce healthy fruit.
D Insects pose a real threat to the environment.
E Animals prevent the landscape from being neat.
23 In paragraph 3, what does ‗this‘ refer to?
A Letting the grass and bushes grow

B Using fertilisers and pesticides
C Avoiding fruit that is slightly wormy
D Controlling birds and other pests
E Cutting up an apple before eating it
24 The writer feels that the slogans used in paragraph 4 are
A true but difficult to put into operation.

B overused a lot but still very valid.
C not to be taken too seriously.
D too complicated to understand.
E not good enough to raise awareness.
25 In paragraph 4, the word degradation means
A contribution.
B reduction.
C adjustment.
D failure.
E damage.
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26 The writer‘s attitude to recycling is that it is
A simply a matter of personal choice.

B difficult and requires special equipment.
C hard as access to information is poor.
D the only thing one can do to help the environment.
E possible only if the authorities take responsibility.
27 According to the text, which of the following is true about ORVs?
A They help Americans to create more leisure time.

B Manufacturers have campaigns to save the environment.
C Public agencies are able to minimise the impact of ORVs.
D Their most easily noticed effect is the erosion of the soil.
E They are popular mainly because they are safe vehicles.
28 The most realistic solution to the ORV problem is to
A use them in areas where there is no wildlife.

B confine their use to special parks.
C use alternative vehicles like mountain bikes.
D use them on ORV trails and roads.
E replace them with canoes and sailboats.
29 Power speed boats cause the most damage through
A the erosion of river banks and lake shores.

B disturbing nesting birds with floating nests.
C air and water pollution caused by gasoline.
D overcrowding the rivers and lakes.
E the loud noise that they make.
30 In paragraph 6, the phrase, ―There is a fine line between viewing and

victimising wildlife” means that tourists
A have to line up and wait to see animals in wildlife parks.

B should take care not to become the victims of wild animals in parks.
C need to visit parks more often to really understand wildlife.
D need to be sensitive as even watching animals can be harmful.
E must pay a lot of money to observe animals in the parks.
31 The writer thinks that wildlife
A parks need the money they get from tourists.

B parks need to be managed much more carefully.
C should be viewed when it is convenient for the tourists.
D is best viewed alone to minimise any negative impact.
E should be controlled and monitored regularly.
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32 ‗Collective action‘ can best be described as people
A taking individual responsibility and action.

B joining an organisation to act as a group.
C expressing a particular political viewpoint.
D being involved in government activities.
E working with the government to take action.
33 Which of the following groups does the writer distrust?
A Keep America Beautiful

B The Wilderness Society
C The Sierra Club
D The Nature Conservancy
E Collective Action Society
34 According to the last paragraph, which of the following now has the biggest
impact on the environment?
A Climate
B Geography
C Evolution
D People
E Wildlife
35 Throughout the text, the author‘s attitude towards the American lifestyle is
A supportive.
B indifferent.
C neutral.
D suspicious.
E critical.
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GRAMMAR
Questions 36-50
Home Cooking
Do the words ‗delicious home cooking‘ make you think of a group of people sitting
around a table eating together in warm companionship? British food fits this image
perfectly, as it‘s the sort of food that _____(36)_____ continuity and stability into a
home.
_____(37)_____ now known that families which are the most 'successful' are those
that spend enough time together talking things through. The easiest way of
accomplishing this is to sit around a table together as often as possible and share a
meal. Most British people have fond memories of the food from their childhood,
when they and their family _____(38)_____ sit down together and eat, and as adults,
they remember how they enjoyed the dishes that were served when they were
young.
The essentially friendly quality of British food makes it possible for the host or
hostess to entertain guests _____(39)_____ too much stress as the meal is easy to
prepare. In addition, because most of the dishes can be prepared in a short time,
guests are never kept waiting while the hostess is in the kitchen.
British cuisine is not as heavy as it once _____(40)_____. This is because people

everywhere have responded to the new passion for light and healthy food. The
ingredients available today are better than ever - there is _____(41)_____ fat in
meat, fish is fresher and the vegetables are excellent quality. Even the old jokes
about overcooked vegetables are no longer true as they are now cooked for a
shorter time _____(42)_____ preserve their flavours and colours.
36 A to bring B brought C bringing D bring E brings

37 A These are B It is C This has D It has been E Those have
38 A can B do C may D would E used
39 A without B as C so D due to E If
40 A has B did C does D was E Is
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41 A any B more C much D many E less
42 A that B however C to D for E while
GM Foods
New food technologies have the power to change what we eat. The most notable of
these technologies is called genetic farming; a science which inserts genes from
_____(43)_____ species into another to give new traits to the target species. The
result is genetically modified foods. Scientists have long _____(44)_____ able to
alter foods by inserting genes from other plants into them. Many more products
containing insect, fish and even human DNA are _____(45)_____ developed and will
soon be headed for our dinner plates.
The supporters of genetic farming argue that genetically modified foods pose
_____(46)_____ threat to human health and are just as good as organic, healthy
food. Moreover, genetically modified foods can survive in harsh conditions and are
resistant _____(47)_____ diseases. Genetic farming can also increase crop
productivity without increasing land use, which is very important for the world's ever
expanding population. According to an article from the magazine Consumer Reports,
these foods will play a big role in feeding at least 1 billion people _____(48)_____
having to use more farmland. Indeed, it has been suggested that the only way to
overcome world hunger _____(49)_____ by developing genetically modified foods.
Whereas the large chemical companies seem quite satisfied with this technology,
farmers and consumers are concerned about the potential, negative impact on
health. The technology is still in its infancy and no one _____(50)_____ predict the
long term effects of genetic farming.
43 A that B some C one D those E the

44 A are B been C were D being E be
45 A have B just C to D being E still
46 A no B none C any D not E neither
47 A from B with C at D about E To
48 A without B although C but D despite E and
49 A will B which C is D were E who
50 A must B had to C does D would E can
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VOCABULARY
Questions 51-70
Read the following two texts. On the answer sheet, mark the letter A, B, C, D or
E for each question. Give only one answer to each question.
Exercise and Heart Disease

Evidence is building that sitting for too long can cause heart disease — even in
people who exercise, the American Heart Association recently said. The trouble is,
it's hard to _____(51)_____ just how inactive people are. Furthermore, there's not
enough evidence yet to show just how much, or how often, you have to exercise to
counteract the effects of sitting. In the _____(52)_____, the heart association's team
of experts has advised people to try to sit less and move more. Given the state of the
science on such behaviour and in the _____(53)_____ of sufficient data to
recommend clear guidelines, it is appropriate to recommend, 'Sit less, move more'.
At least 30 minutes a day of moderate exercise should be the minimum goal, they
advise, and strongly _____(54)_____ that a walk around the neighbourhood brings
more health benefits than simply walking around the house. Thirty minutes of
continuous exercise a day is quite _____(55)_____ for most people. It may also be
worthwhile to _____(56)_____ desk-bound workers to move about every hour or so.
Yet even this may not _____(57)_____ the effects of sitting at a computer all day,
driving home in a car, and then relaxing in front of the TV. Clearly, _____(58)_____
of how much physical activity someone gets, prolonged periods of inactivity could
negatively impact the health of your heart. However, experts do not have
_____(59)_____ evidence that immobility leads to cardiovascular disease. What is
certain is that _____(60)_____ a balanced lifestyle which includes regular, physical
activity means a healthier life.
51 A assess B feel C link D include E deny
52 A beginning B moment C situation D meantime E process
53 A absence B bulk C reduction D release E denial
54 A determine B emphasise C persuade D consider E endeavour
55 A feasible B proper C remarkable D accessible E dramatic
56 A tempt B encourage C demand D release E undertake
57 A dismiss B reverse C deteriorate D justify E adjust
58 A despite B nonetheless C regardless D lack E reduction
59 A total B sufficient C demanding D coherent E mutual
60 A providing B prescribing C manipulating D maintainig E resisting
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Back to School
Are you bored? Feeling unchallenged by your job? Tired of staying at home taking
care of everyone else? The _____(61)______ may be simple: go back to school!
Twenty years ago, if an older woman was seen on a university campus, people
would _____(62)_____ she was a teacher or somebody's mother. But that is no
longer true. More than one third of the students who _____(63)_____ in university
courses are over 25. In fact, people who are 35 and older _____(64)_____ the
fastest growing population on college campuses and two out of three of them are
women! Naturally, after having spent such a large amount of time out of the
education system, many find the _____(65)_____ of returning quite frightening.
Jane Smith went back to university after her four children had grown up. At first, she
felt strange and initially _____(66)_____ to study with students half her age. Her
biggest worry was that the students would see her as their mom and not as a fellow
student. However, she settled in quickly. She recalls, "We _____(67)____ some
difficult times, but we all got on together. " Indeed, going to school at a later age has
one big ____(68)_____. Kids who go to university right out of high school aren't
always sure about what they want to study. _____(69)_____ adults, on the other
hand, who have some life experience, usually have a better idea of what they want.
If going to school sounds interesting but a little demanding, remember that, whatever
your goal is, adult education may be the best way to _____(70)_____ it.
61 A adjustment B approach C incentive D solution E compromise

62 A demand B assume C estimate D emphasise E deduce
63 A enrol B compete C pursue D engage E involve
64 A comprise B highlight C include D combine E contribute
65 A potential B prospect C circumstances D knowledge E attachment
66 A envious B threatened C advantaged D worthy E reluctant
67 A realised B encountered C developed D revealed E understood
68 A significance B contradiction C advantage D association E possibility
69 A creative B independent C potential D flexible E mature
70 A sustain B Increase C request D attain E resolve
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BILKENT UNIVERSITY
STAGE II PART A
PRACTICE TEST 3

BOOKLET
TIME: 30 minutes
91
LISTENING PART 1
NUMBER ONE
1 Kids are likely to be more successful in sports competitions if they
A start playing sports at a young age.

B try to win their parents‘ approval.
C enjoy what they are doing.
D are determined to win.
E are trained by a coach.
2 Prof Smith‘s attitude towards ―better performers think differently‖ can best be
described as
A emotional.
B annoyed.
C critical.
D defensive.
E disappointed.
3 According to Prof Smith, the word better is problematic because
A the results of our efforts are not immediate.

B there are always people who are more successful.
C the criteria for good performance is not always the same.
D it is not possible for some people to improve their skills.
E it is not easy to measure people‘s success.
NUMBER TWO
4 The students attended a lecture on
A different types of zoos.

B the preservation of DNA.
C different types of banking.
D Russian research methods.
E the future of DNA samples.
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5 The students think that the plan outlined in the lecture is a good one because
A there are less elephants surviving in zoos today.

B it was started in 1976 and it is still working well.
C plants and animals are rapidly becoming extinct.
D the same ideas were included in a documentary.
E the samples will be frozen and kept in Russia.
6 The health of surviving animals will be affected by
A bank security.
B their fertility.
C backup plans.
D zoo policies.
E extinct species.
NUMBER THREE
7 The counselor says “Oh, perfect! How could you do that Kate?” because she
is
A anxious.
B sarcastic.
C doubtful.
D supportive.
E terrified.
8 Kate will be able to take English 201 if she
A receives the dean‘s approval.

B registers for an elective course.
C improves her overall grades.
D gets professional development.
E has enough credits to graduate.
9 What are the speakers mainly discussing?
A Assessing Kate‘s transcript

B Kate‘s career development plans
C Fixing Kate‘s timetable for an elective course
D Course requirements for Kate‘s graduation
E Arranging an appointment for Kate
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NUMBER FOUR
10 Julie and Sam have met to
A do some research.
B study for an exam.
C find lecture notes.
D look for a place to study.
E prepare a presentation.
11 Julie is trying to help Sam
A understand how the library works.

B become a top student.
C study more effectively.
D appreciate the lectures.
E take better notes.
12 How does Julie react to Sam‘s suggestion?
A Disappointed
B Excited
C Indifferent
D Surprised
E Angry
NUMBER FIVE
13 How does Peter sound when he enters Dr Sawyer‘s room?
A Unconfident
B Enthusiastic
C Happy
D Terrified
E Angry
14 What is Peter‘s excuse?
A His data hadn‘t been put on Excel.

B His friend stole his data from his room.
C His data hadn‘t been summarised.
D He lost all of his data yesterday.
E His friend threw his data into the bin.
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15 Dr Sawyer cannot give him an extension because
A it would be unfair to others.

B Peter lied to him last course.
C it would be irresponsible.
D Peter did the same thing before.
E it would be considered cheating.
LISTENING PART 2
You are going to listen to a lecture about conservation and indigenous

peoples. As you listen, take notes under the headings provided. After the
lecture has finished you will be questions to answer using your notes – your
notes will not be marked. Some background information is provided below
about the topic.
Conservation is basically the preservation and careful management of the

environment and of natural resources. One of the largest conservation groups states
that their aim is to conserve the Earth‗s living natural heritage, our global biodiversity
and to demonstrate that human societies are able to live harmoniously with nature.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CONSERVATION TODAY
3. ATTITUDE TOWARDS INDIGENOUS GROUPS – PAST TO PRESENT
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4. LARGE CONSERVATION GROUPS
AN EXAMPLE OF THE PROBLEM
5. WHAT INDIGENOUS GROUPS CAN DO
6. THE EXAMPLE IN NICARAGUA
7. CRITICISM OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
96
8. SOME POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
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BILKENT UNIVERSITY
STAGE II PART A
PRACTICE TEST 3
TIME: 15 minutes
98
Use your notes about conservation and indigenous people to answer the
following questions. On the optic form, mark the letter A, B, C, D or E for each
question. Give only one answer to each question.
16 The speaker gives the example of a new national park that was set up in
A South America.
B India.
C Australia.
D Africa.
E Siberia.
17 Which one of the following was introduced by President Roosevelt?
A Large-scale National Parks

B Conservation Groups
C Protection of the Rain Forests
D Legal Recognition of Indigenous Groups
E Good Forestry Practice
18 The speaker quotes from President Roosevelt‗s book in order to
A show how America has always led the way in conservation.

B give an example of how politicians can help with conservation.
C point out the conservation movement has been around for a long time.
D exemplify an important point that he is trying to make.
E highlight how conservation policies have been changing.
19 The speaker criticises the large international conservation groups because

he feels that they
A interfere in government policy.

B are too rich and powerful.
C damage local conservation groups.
D are out of touch with reality.
E have too many policies.
20 The problem for the indigenous people in the Chiquitania forest was that a
A logging company came in and cut down the trees.

B pipeline destroyed their natural habitat.
C chemical factory polluted the rivers and streams.
D government decision forced them from their land.
E conservation group refused to talk to them.
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21 The Bolivian example shows us how
A indigenous groups and conservation organisations can work positively

together.
B large, powerful international companies control the major conservation
organisations.
C conservation organisations can limit the damage done by the oil and
timber companies.
D indigenous groups can benefit from working together with international
companies.
E conservation organisations and governments try to protect the forest
areas.
22 A recent trend among indigenous groups has been to
A integrate more fully into mainstream society.

B physically defend their lands against development.
C set up their own small conservation groups.
D work closely with the government of their country.
E take legal action against oil and timber companies.
23 The problem for the Awes Tingi Indians was that they
A were not considered to belong to Nicaragua.

B could not support themselves on their land.
C did not have their rights officially recognised.
D would not recognise the Nicaraguan government.
E were not allowed to join a conservation group.
24 According to the speaker, some people say that indigenous groups are part
of the conservation problem because they
A are often uneducated and don‘t understand the issues.

B have an agricultural policy that damages the environment.
C are totally unaware of the global conservation needs.
D have little interest in working with conservation groups.
E are often critical of government policies that could help them.
25 How does the speaker feel about the future?
A Energy companies will soon see the need to change their policy.
B The international conservation groups could lose their influence.
C Indigenous groups will finally have a say in decision making.
D Progress will be made slowly regarding conservation issues.
E International companies and governments may start working together.
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26 The speaker says that indigenous groups must
A be involved in any dialogue about their lands.

B have recognition by their government.
C set up their own conservation groups.
D fight for their rights through the law courts.
E change their attitude towards conservation.
27 The speaker believes that the large conservation groups can actually
damage indigenous groups' rights because they
A encourage indigenous groups to fight against the government.

B make existing conflicts between indigenous groups much worse.
C ignore the important differences between indigenous groups.
D cause indigenous groups to break the law if necessary.
E make indigenous groups feel as if they are causing the problem.
28 According to the speaker, what is probably not a realistic solution to the

problem?
A To stop giving financial support to large conservation groups.

B To make it illegal for oil companies to support conservation groups.
C To ban oil and timber companies from areas such as the Amazon.
D To give indigenous groups much more financial support.
E To make large conservation groups work with the government.
29 Regarding the conservation groups, the speaker believes that not enough
A money is given to fund large-scale conservation projects.

B attention is paid by conservation groups to the public.
C time is allocated to ensure the success of conservation projects.
D information is available about the success of conservation projects.
E support is given to large conservation groups by the governments.
30 Throughout the lecture the attitude of the speaker towards the large
conservation groups is
A supportive.
B optimistic.
C hostile.
D critical.
E neutral.
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BILKENT UNIVERSITY
STAGE II PART B
PRACTICE TEST 3
102
WRITING PART ONE
In the text below, the writer talks about online sites used by some students. In
your opinion, is it acceptable for university students to use these websites?
Write a paragraph of approximately 150 words.
Your paragraph will be assessed on task completion, organization, grammar

and will be penalized.
If a university student knows where to look online, they can buy a 2,000-word
original essay for about £400 from an essay writing website. The student can then
submit this essay to their professor as their own work. Although the exact number of
students who do this is unknown, researchers in the UK believe that it is happening
on a huge scale.
But why aren‘t students who use these essay writing websites writing their own
essays? Of course laziness is a factor. If you can pay someone to get you good
grades while you go out and party all weekend, then there are many students who
will happily do so. But there are other factors involved. There are International
students who have not been taught to write essays and feel they have no choice but
to buy essays otherwise they will never be able to meet their professor‘s
expectations. Some students may simply be short of time. As the cost of going to
university continues to escalate, more and more students are getting part-time or
even full-time jobs while others are balancing school with marriage, parenthood, and
other family responsibilities. Other students use the essays they buy not to submit to
their professors but as a model on which to base their own essay, or they use the list
of references that come with the essay to point them in the direction of useful
authors journals and sources of information.
When students buy essays and submit them as their own they are, however,
devaluing the very degree programs they pursue. They are making a mockery of the
very idea of education by putting - assignments, grades, and degrees - ahead of real
learning. They're cheating their instructors, who issue grades on the presumption
that they represent a student's actual work. They are also cheating their classmates
who invest the time and effort necessary to earn their own grades. But ultimately,
students who use essay-writing services are cheating themselves. They are
depriving themselves of the opportunity to ask, "What new insights and perspectives
might I gain in the process of writing this paper?" In fact, they are preventing
themselves from learning the skills universities are trying to teach.
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WRITING PART TWO
A
In order to provide the ever-increasing population with affordable food, it is
necessary to have factory farms to produce meat at a cheap cost. Critics, however,
many people believe that this practice is cruel and the animals suffer because they
are kept in an unnatural environment.
In your opinion, are the rights of animals more important than our need for cheap
food?
OR
B
Climate change can no longer be ignored - rising sea levels and extreme weather
conditions are a reality. People can no longer expect governments or other
organisations to deal with this issue. Every individual has a moral obligation to do
something to protect the planet for future generations.
In your opinion, do individuals have a responsibility to protect our planet for the
future generations?
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BILKENT UNIVERSITY
STAGE II PART A
PRACTICE TEST 4
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Part One
Questions 1-8
Children as Individuals
When you were born and your parents first looked at you, what did they see?
Someone who would love clothes and shopping as much as her mother did, or
someone who would be as football crazy as his dad? Most parents would probably
say that they see their children as individuals whose point of view they accept.
However, while many parents think that they do this, often they do not.
Accepting another person means accepting everything about them and not just the
bits and pieces that you like. Because they don‘t understand this, most parents can
still do things that leave children feeling unaccepted, inadequate, and unable to be
themselves. Moreover, parents often underestimate how much they impose their
needs and wishes on their children. Sometimes it is because the parent wants the
child to compensate him or her for past losses, or to fulfil an ambition they failed to
fulfil. The idea that children are wild things that have to be tamed is still very
prevalent in our society. To be seen as being a good parent, you have to produce
children who are well-behaved and obedient. Such a result is more likely to be
achieved by stern discipline than by taking into account your child‘s point of view.
1 The main idea of the text is that many parents
A lack proper skills to raise their children.

B do not discipline their children properly.
C fail to see their children as individuals.
D do not spend enough time with their children.
E are unwilling to accept their children.
2 The writer believes that parents often
A expect too much from their children.

B embrace their child's point of view.
C accept that their children can be difficult.
D give their children too much freedom.
E have self-confident children.
3 The idea that ―children are wild things that have to be tamed‖ means that
children
A are like animals when they are born.

B need to be shown real love.
C must be properly controlled.
D should understand what freedom means.
E have to learn good manners.
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Overpromise
If there is a sure way to end up stressed, it's trying to live up to other people's
expectations. Do you find yourself slaving away at 8 p.m. to finish the report you
promised your boss? Or do you spend Saturdays stuck in traffic rather than relaxing,
because three friends put pressure on you to see them on the same day? Next time,
ask yourself: is there the tiniest chance that it could be your fault? Women in
particular are prone to 'overpromise', which puts them under unnecessary stress.
Lifestyle guru Dawna Walter says, "It's in our nature; we want to please others, so
when they ask us for something, we tend to tell them what they want to hear. But we
should start saying ‗No!‘ to people.
Here is how to avoid the overpromise trap - 'underpromise'. Before agreeing to do

something, calculate how long you think it will take, given your other commitments.
Then add an hour, a day, a week - whatever is appropriate. If you finish early,
terrific; you'll be seen as efficient. Don't be bullied into doing something you don't
want to do. If you are asked to commit to a task that won't be easy for you, explain
that you aren't prepared to agree to something that will put you under unnecessary
pressure. Be firm. You may feel unhelpful but this is misplaced guilt. By not over
committing yourself, you'll have the space to react more calmly to a real crisis rather
than reacting to an artificial crisis created by others.
A women are more stressed than men.

B we should not make commitments to others.
C other people are the main cause of stress.
D there are ways to keep from overcommitting.
E humans are people pleasers by nature.
5 Walter's attitude towards people who want to please others is
A ironic.
B critical.
C encouraging.
D approving.
E understanding.
6 “Misplaced guilt” means feeling guilty
A almost all of the time.

B about the wrong things.
C because you are a woman.
D when you are bullied.
E when something is difficult.
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Globalisation in the Philippines
One of the most common ways to argue against globalisation is to illustrate how little
money people in low-wage countries are paid. The logic appears to be that people
cannot live on these wages, that they are being hurt, and therefore they should be
saved from these jobs. If I had no firsthand knowledge of developing countries, I
might actually agree with this. But let us examine these questions more deeply. Are
wages so unfair that they hurt workers? I currently live in the Philippines, where
workers in the clothing industry, according to one worker rights‘ organisation, make
58 to 74 cents per hour. This is compared to 8.42 dollars in the United States.
However, things cost much less in the Philippines and upon moving here, I learnt
very quickly to stop thinking in dollars. What matters is the local buying power, which
depends on your wages. In local currency, this wage works out to about 5000 pesos
per month. You can rent a place to live for 1000 pesos per month. You can buy a TV
for 2000 pesos and have a meal at a restaurant for 20 pesos. Do their children have
their own rooms and cars? No, but is that the measure of happiness? To
compensate, families tend to stick together more and perhaps that is one reason
why people here seem happier. More importantly, if you ask the workers who
produce foreign products, they are grateful for their employment and do you honestly
think you would be helping them by taking their jobs from them? The alternative of
living in complete poverty is far worse than their current situation and is
inconceivable to most people from developed countries.
7 The main idea of the text is that globalisation
A increases the poverty rate.

B has made the United States richer.
C provides workers a better life.
D hurts workers in developing countries.
E has led to greater happiness.
8 The writer gives the cost of rent, a TV and a meal in a restaurant to illustrate
that in the Philippines
A for foreigners things are really cheap.

B workers earn enough money for their needs.
C workers earn less money than Americans.
D such things make people materialistic.
E people can‘t afford to pay for such things.
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Part Two
Questions 9 -20
Poverty in Africa
As a reporter for a BBC radio documentary series, I went on a journey across Africa
to investigate why the vast majority of African countries are clustered near the
bottom of the United Nations Human Development Index: in other words, why they
have a terrible standard of living.
First, I visited Pibor in South Sudan, and the answer to why this town is poor seems
fairly obvious. The people, most of whom are from the Murle ethnic group, are
troubled by tribal conflicts related to disputes over cows and other large cattle, which
are worth a lot of money in South Sudan. The Murle have recently been at war with
one tribe to the north of Pibor and with another to the west. In recent fighting,
several hundred people, many of them women and children, were killed in deliberate
attacks on villages, and there have been similar clashes across South Sudan in
recent years. The answer to why this area of South Sudan is poor is easy: war
makes you destitute.
As I continued to investigate, I realized that the majority of Africans themselves may

be poor, but Africa as a place is fantastically rich. To give one example, South
Sudan is bigger than Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi combined. Not only
does it have a vast amount of land, but that land is also very fertile, receives an
enormous amount of rainfall, and has tremendous agricultural resources. In addition,
the land is full of oil and many other minerals. This paradox hints at another reason
why Africa is poor: colonialism. Outsiders have been coming here for hundreds of
years to invade, occupy, steal, and trade, and the haunting history of slavery and
colonialism is always present in almost every serious conversation with Africans
about why most of them are poor. Slavery made parts of Africa extremely poor and
colonialism set up trading patterns which were aimed at benefitting the coloniser, not
the colonised.
In addition to the economic effects of colonialism, there is a psychological impact

too. Nigerian politicians addressing poverty issues in the country told me that
colonialism was all about taking, not building, and that this attitude still affects the
way people think today. They explained that it was sometimes difficult to include
local people when designing poverty-reduction programmes. "We politicians sit
around a table with the local residents and ask them, ‗What are your needs?‘ and
there is no response. For years, the people have been told what they're going to
have, so the ability to involve them in planning has been difficult for us."
As I continued my journey, something else became clear. One government official in

Nigeria pointed out that the informal sector of most African economies is huge and
almost completely uncontrolled. Marketplaces, tiny repair shops, and small-scale
factories are what most urban Africans rely upon for a living. However, such is their
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distrust of government officials that most businesspeople in this informal sector
avoid all contact with the authorities. But this isn‘t confined just to Nigeria.
Kenyan architect and town planner, Mumo Museva, took me to the busy Eastleigh
district of Nairobi, where traders have created a booming economy. One indication
of the success of the traders is the high per-square-metre rents that people pay for
business and office space; Eastleigh has the most expensive real estate in Nairobi.
Despite the wealth, this area has been almost completely abandoned by the
government. It is a filthy part of the city where rubbish lies uncollected, the potholes
in the roads are the size of swimming pools, and the drains have collapsed. Mr.
Museva believes that if he could persuade the district‘s traders to trust the
government, they might pay some taxes in return for adequate services, lifting
people out of poverty.
"Remember, poverty is more than just a lack of money; it‘s related to quality of life,
and the quality of life here is terrible, despite the huge amount of wealth flowing
through these areas,‖ Mr. Museva said. ―Africa is not poor. Africa is just poorly
managed."
9 According to paragraph 1, the reporter went to Africa in order to
A compare the way of life in various countries.

B carry out research for the United Nations.
C make a film about people in developing countries.
D learn the reasons for poverty across the continent.
E investigate the impact of international aid.
10 According to paragraph 2, the Murle people are poor because they
A own unhealthy cattle.

B have a declining population.
C are involved in conflicts.
D suffer from many diseases.
E live in rural areas.
11 In paragraph 3, what is the paradox?
A Africa benefitted from colonialism despite slavery.

B Despite having resources, many Africans are poor.
C Trade made the urban areas richer, but weaker.
D Despite adequate rainfall, crops do not grow in Africa.
E Africa had natural resources, but colonizers stole them.
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12 In paragraph 4, ―They‖ refers to
A people.
B residents.
C programmes.
D needs.
E politicians.
13 According to paragraph 6, the Kenyan government does not provide services

for Eastleigh because
A local businessmen have created their own economy.

B politicians do not care about the people living there.
C businessmen in the area do not pay their taxes.
D its residents can afford to improve the area themselves.
E local politicians are planning to develop the infrastructure.
14 According to paragraph 7, Mumo Museva believes
A the government should not be trusted.

B money is not enough to prevent poverty.
C politicians should earn less than they do.
D high rents make people in the area poorer.
E Africans must accept poverty is their fate.
Hospital Patient
There was a row of black, plastic chairs placed up against the wall outside the
hospital ward where I sat for about twenty minutes before a thin, angry looking Asian
doctor came over to me and wrote down my details: She asked me if I had any
allergies and tied a label with my name on it to my wrist. Then she led me into a
small, two-bed room. There was a man in striped pyjamas lying on one of the beds
with his face to the wall. I was about to protest that I had been promised a private
room, when he turned to look at us and I saw that he was black. Not wishing to be
taken for a racist, I swallowed my complaint. The doctor then ordered me to take off
my clothes and put on one of those hospital nightgowns that open down the back,
which was lying folded up on top of the vacant bed. She told me to remove any false
teeth, glass eyes, artificial limbs or any other such accessories I might have on my
person. I undressed, put on the nightgown, watched by the man in the other bed. He
told me that he had been admitted into hospital three days ago for a hernia operation
and nobody had come near him since. He seemed to have fallen into some
bureaucratic hole in the hospital system and had been totally forgotten.
I sat on the edge of the bed in my nightgown, feeling the draught up my legs. The
man turned his face to the wall again and seemed to fall into a light sleep, groaning
to himself occasionally. The young Asian doctor came back into the room and
checked the name on my label against her notes as if she had never met me before.
She asked me again if I had any allergies. I began to have doubts about this hospital
and was rapidly losing my patience. ―That man says he has been here for three days
and nobody has taken any notice of him.‖ I said. ―Well at least he has had some
111
sleep,‖ said the doctor, ―which is more than I have had for the last thirty-six hours.‖
She left the room again. Time passed very slowly. A low winter sun shone through
the dusty window and I watched the shadows move across the wall. Then a nurse
and a porter pushing a stretcher on wheels came to take me to the operating theatre.
The porter was a young man with a serious face, and the nurse, a well-built Irish girl
whose uniform seemed a size too small for her. The porter told me to get up onto the
stretcher. I said that I could walk if they could give me a dressing gown as I wasn‘t in
any pain, but they told me I had to be taken to the operating theatre on a stretcher as
it was the hospital regulations. In fact, the strange thing was that I hadn‘t
experienced any pain at all in my knee for over a week now, which is quite typical of
all such cases: as soon as you decide to have some kind of treatment, the
symptoms automatically disappear. I got on the stretcher and lay down. The nurse
asked me if I was nervous. ―Should I be?‖ I asked. She started to giggle but made no
further comment. The porter looked at the name on the label around my wrist. ―Mr
Passmore, isn‘t it? Having your right leg cut off today, aren‘t you?‖ ―No!‖ I screamed,
sitting up suddenly in alarm. ―Just a minor knee operation.‖ The nurse quickly
reassured me that he was just trying to be funny. They covered me up with a dull,
faded hospital blanket and tucked it in tightly, pinning my arms to the sides to
prevent me from falling off the stretcher. My room-mate woke up and raised himself
on one elbow to watch me go. I never saw him again.
15 When the writer entered the room he thought about complaining because
A he had to wait for about twenty minutes.

B there was another patient in the room.
C the doctor lost her temper with him.
D he didn‘t like the look of the other man.
E the beds were too close together.
16 The other man told the writer that he was in hospital because he had
A to have surgery on his eye.

B to have an operation.
C fallen down a hole.
D lost a limb in an accident.
E problems with his teeth.
17 The writer was annoyed when the Asian doctor returned because she
A complained about feeling tired.

B mistreated the other man.
C asked the same question.
D tied another label to his wrist.
E continued to treat him badly.
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18 It can be inferred from the text that the doctor is
A bad-tempered.
B angry.
C exhausted.
D thoughtless.
E forgetful.
19 The writer was taken down to the operating theatre on a stretcher because
A his knee was troubling him.

B he didn‘t bring a dressing gown.
C his symptoms had become worse.
D he wasn‘t allowed to walk there.
E it was painful for him to walk.
20 What upset the writer at the end?
A He felt concerned about his room-mate.

B The nurse made him feel very nervous.
C He was worried about the operation.
D The porter made a joke in bad taste.
E They tied him down and he couldn‘t move.
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Part Three
Questions 21 - 35
1. Compared with the 1950s, today we own twice as many cars per person, eat out
twice as often and enjoy endless other commodities that weren't around then - big-
screen TVs, microwave ovens and mobile phones, to name just a few. But are we
any happier? Certainly, happiness is difficult to pin down, let alone measure. But a
recent literature review suggests that actually we are no more contented than we
were then - in fact, maybe even less so. "Compared with their grandparents, today's
young adults have grown up with much more wealth, slightly less happiness and are
at much greater risk of suffering from depression," notes psychologist David G.
Myers. "Our becoming much better off over the last four decades has not been
accompanied by an increased sense of well-being." These findings emerge at a time
when the consumer culture has reached what can only be termed as a fever pitch.
2. So what exactly does psychologists' research say about the possible effects of
this consumer culture on people's mental well-being? Based on the literature to
date, it would be too simplistic to say that a desire for material wealth means
dissatisfaction. Although the least materialistic people report the most life
satisfaction, some studies indicate that materialists can be just as happy if they have
got the necessary money and their acquisitive lifestyle does not conflict with other
more soul-satisfying pursuits. But for those materialists with less money and other
conflicting desires, which is the most common situation, unhappiness emerges,
researchers are finding. So if you're poor, it's very bad to be a materialist and if
you're rich, it doesn't make you happier than non-materialists, but you can catch up.
3. The relationship between mental state and materialism is complex: indeed,

researchers are still trying to determine whether materialism leads to unhappiness
or unhappiness fuels materialism, or both. According to Professor Edward Diener at
the University of Illinois, several factors may help to explain the negative effects of a
relentless pursuit of wealth. In simple terms, a strong consumerist inclination, what
William Wordsworth in 1807 called "getting and spending," can lead to unhappiness
because it takes time away from the things that can promote happiness, including
relationships with family and friends. "It's not absolutely certain that chasing after
material wealth will interfere with your personal and social life," Diener says. "But it
can, and if it does, it probably has quite a negative effect on your general well-being
and the satisfaction that you get out of life.
4. People with strong materialistic values appear to have goal orientations that may
lead to a poorer state of well-being, adds psychologist and researcher Tim Kasser.
In his book The High Price of Materialism, Kasser describes his and others'
research showing that when people organize their lives around extrinsic goals such
as product acquisition, they report greater unhappiness in relationships, poorer
moods and generally more psychological problems. Kasser distinguishes "extrinsic"
goals, which tend to focus on possessions, image, status and receiving rewards and
praise, from "intrinsic" ones, which aim at outcomes like personal growth, a feeling
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of belonging and a sense of having a local community connection, all of which are
satisfying in and of themselves.
5. One of the most negative sides of extreme consumerism is that materialists place
unrealistically high expectations on what consumer goods can actually do for them
in terms of relationships, autonomy and happiness. The common assumption is that
having such things as the latest television or car is somehow going to change their
lives in a dramatically positive way. (26) _________________________________.
6. Given that most of us experience the same consumer culture, the question then
arises, why is it that some people develop strongly materialistic values whereas
others don't? A line of research suggests that insecurity, both financial and
emotional, lies at the heart of consumerist cravings. Indeed, it is not money in itself
that is the problem, but rather the striving to get it that is linked to unhappiness.
"Research suggests that when people grow up in unfortunate social situations
where they are not treated very nicely by their parents or when they experience
extreme poverty or even the threat of death," says Kasser, "they become more
materialistic as a way of coping with the situation." A 1995 paper in Developmental
Psychology by Kasser and his colleagues was the first to dramatically demonstrate
this. The study found that teenagers who reported having higher materialistic
attitudes tended to have been born into poorer families and most of them had less
nurturing parents than those teenagers who reported lower materialism scores.
Another interesting finding to emerge from the same study was that young people
whose parents had undergone divorce or separation were much more likely to
develop materialistic values later in life than those who came from unbroken homes.
7. In a longitudinal study, reported in the November 2003 issue of Psychological

Science, psychologist Carol Nickerson of the University of Illinois examined two
linked data sets which had been collected 19 years apart. This study was carried out
with 12,000 people who had graduated from elite, prestigious colleges and
universities in the 1970s. These same people were then followed up again in 1995
to see if their values had changed over the years and if they had managed to
achieve what they had set out to get almost twenty years before. On average, those
who had initially expressed higher financial expectations reported a lower life
satisfaction two decades later than those who had expressed lower monetary
desires. However, as the income of the higher-aspiration participants rose, so too
did their reported life satisfaction, the team found.
8. So, is it wrong then to pursue material goods? James E. Burroughs, Professor of

Commerce at the University of Virginia's School of Commerce, argues that material
things are neither bad nor good. "It is the role and status they are given in one's life
that can be problematic. The key, it seems, is to find a balance: basically to
appreciate what you have, (30) _________________________________________.
9. It must be stated that not all materialists suffer. However, even if some
materialists manage to swim through life with little distress, extreme
consumerism carries larger costs that are certainly worth worrying about.
There are serious consequences of materialism that can affect the quality of not
only other people's but also other species' lives. To that end, Kasser and others are
beginning to study links between materialistic values and attitudes towards the
115
environment, and to write about the way in which consumerism has come to affect
our collective mind. Psychotherapist Allen D. Kanner, who co-edited "Psychology
and Consumer Culture" with Kasser, cites examples as minor as parents who
unnecessarily drive their children to school in order to show off their latest car, and
those as big as international corporations leading people in poor countries to crave
products they will never be able to afford.
10. Indeed, consumerism is an example of an area where psychology needs to look

beyond its focus on the individual and examine the wider impact of the
phenomenon, Kanner believes. "Corporate-driven consumerism is having massive
psychological effects, not just on people, but on our planet as well," he says. "Too
often, psychology over-individualizes social problems. In so doing, we end up
blaming the victim, in this instance by locating materialism primarily in the person
while ignoring the huge corporate culture that's invading so much of our lives."
21 In paragraph 1, the writer suggests that compared with people today, those
who grew up in the 1950s were
A very materialistic.
B more unfortunate.
C more content.
D very well off.
E more depressed.
22 In paragraph 1, the writer says that consumer culture has reached a fever
pitch to show that it is
A making people sad.

B beginning to increase.
C on the decline.
D harmful to society.
E stronger than ever.
23 According to paragraph 2, which of the following statements is true?
A The consumer culture has a positive effect on people‘s mental health.

B The happiest people are those who do not need to have a lot of
material possessions.
C Materialists are generally happy as they know what to get from life.
D Poor people are generally less satisfied with their life than those who
have money.
E Being both rich and a materialist will provide the greatest happiness.
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24 When the relationship between mental state and materialism is considered,
Professor Edward Diener thinks
A materialism is one of the most common causes of unhappiness.

B it is easy to identify the underlying factors causing materialism.
C there can be a link between materialism and dissatisfaction.
D financial problems can result in a nervous breakdown.
E materialism can lead to unhappiness but it is a part of modern life.
25 According to Tim Kasser, which one of the following goals is more likely to
provide happiness?
A Saving money to buy a more comfortable car

B Being appreciated for the quality of your work
C Undergoing plastic surgery to look younger
D Learning how to play a musical instrument
E Building an online relationship through a video game.
26 Which of the following could best complete the blank in paragraph 5?
A For example, a man in Kasser's book wanted a big house to improve

his family relationships.
B Who, after all, wants to consume things that are not necessary?
C Materialists spend so much money on goods that they have little time
for enjoyment.
D When behaving in such a way, people end up with little purpose in life.
E Yet many people with lots of goods have a deeper sense of happiness.
27 From the information presented in paragraph 6, it would seem that some

people who have materialistic values have
A inherited a genetic tendency towards being materialistic.

B had problems trying to find money to meet their needs.
C blamed their parents for their unhappiness in later years.
D become materialistic as a means of coping with divorce.
E developed this tendency as a result of their childhood.
28 The word nurturing in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to
A serious.
B caring.
C demanding.
D strict.
E intelligent.
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29 About the longitudinal study, it is true that those who had
A gone to college or university ended up being more materialistic.

B shown few materialistic desires when they were young were happier.
C expressed high financial expectations managed to achieve their goals.
D become wealthier were the ones who had materialistic tendencies.
E recieved higher education changed their professions later in life.
30 Which of the following endings would best complete the last sentence in
paragraph 8?
A but not spend too much money in the process.

B but not at the expense of things that really matter.
C but not give up your materialistic dreams.
D but not end up by getting stressed and ill.
E but not become unnecessarily wealthy.
31 In paragraph 9, what does the writer mean by "even if some materialists

manage to swim through life with little distress, extreme consumerism
carries larger costs that are certainly worth worrying about."?
A Some materialists do not realise that consumerism can be distressing.

B Consumerism has negative effects but few materialists worry about
them.
C The effects of consumerism are more serious than most people
realise.
D The more people consume, the more worried they get.
E While people are consuming, they feel less distressed.
32 The main idea in paragraph 9 is that consumerism
A has serious consequences for our planet.

B is something that is not going to go away.
C is an unnecessary evil we must live with.
D is a serious threat to poor countries.
E also affects developing countries.
33 In paragraph 10, its refers to
A consumerism.
B psychology.
C phenomenon.
D example.
E impact.
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34 Kanner criticises psychologists who only
A study the effects of consumerism on the world.

B look at the social problems that come from consumerism.
C blame the corporate culture that is invading our lives.
D focus on the effects of consumerism on the individual.
E consider the problems of consumerism in the developed world.
35 What would be the best title for this text?
A How To Become a Materialist

B Consumerism and Happiness
C How To Improve a Society
D The Dangers of Possessions
E The Development of Consumerism
119
GRAMMAR
Questions 36-50
Chinese Bikes
The Chinese government has announced a change in Chinese transport policy and
rediscovered the environmental and health benefits of the bicycle. The government
announced that any bike lanes _____(36)_____ had been narrowed or destroyed in
recent years to make way for cars would be returned to their original use. This
followed orders that all civil servants must not drive to work and _____(37)_____
cycle or take public transport to reduce the pollution that chokes major cities.
A government minister said it was important for China to retain its title as the
―kingdom of bicycles‖. This title was well-deserved 25 years ago _____(38)_____
China was famous for its swarms of cyclists. But a quarter of a century of industrial
development has transformed the streets of almost every city. China is in love with
the car, seen as a symbol of success and modernity. The minister was quoted as
saying that over the next 15 years, the number of vehicles on China‘s roads was
predicted _____(39)_____ to over 130 million. This is a very worrying prospect in
terms of the environment.
In Beijing alone, _____(40)_____ is estimated that 1000 new cars come onto the
roads every day, adding to the appalling traffic jams. Until now, planners have tried
to alleviate the problem _____(41)_____ building thousands of miles of multi-lane
roads. This has happened at the expense of bike lanes, which makes it difficult for
cyclists to get around. The government‘s recent change of focus regarding the
bicycle _____(42)_____ at the start of a new economic plan in which the
government says its priority is to improve the environment and conserve energy.
36 A whether B what C how D whose E which

37 A nor B no C either D neither E both
38 A but B as C despite D before E until
39 A to rise B rising C to rising D rise E risen
40 A this B it C its D that E where
41 A after B till C while D by E for
42 A came B is coming C come D had come E comes
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Lines of Nasca
On a barren desert in South America lies one of the greatest archaeological puzzles
in the world. On the surface of the desert sand are hundreds of man-made lines and
geometric shapes _____(43)_____ patterns are only clearly visible from the air.
They were built _____(44)_____ people called the Nasca, but why and how they
created these lines is yet to be explained.
The Nasca Lines _____(45)_____ first spotted when planes began flying across the
Peruvian desert. It was a complete mystery; no-one knew who had built them or
what their intended purpose was. _____(46)_____ their discovery in 1925, the
Nasca Lines have inspired fantastic explanations. Some people claim that it was
aliens from _____(47)_____ planet who made the shapes, but many believe that
they were some sort of sophisticated astronomical calendar. However, work done
with computers has revealed no relationship at all between the Nasca Lines and the
stars or planets.
A recent discovery has thrown some light on the mystery. In the Peruvian desert,
archaeologists discovered Cahuachi, the lost capital city of the Nasca. This
discovery has helped archaeologists understand why the Nasca people built
_____(48)_____ an architectural wonder.
It was originally believed that Cahuachi was a military stronghold, but now it is
thought to have been a place of ritual and ceremony. Apparently, a series of natural
disasters destroyed Cahuachi, forcing the inhabitants to abandon the city.
_____(49)_____ leaving, the Nasca people covered their sacred city in the dry
desert sand. This explains the reason _____(50)_____ until recently, it was no more
than a barely visible mound of sand in the desert.
43 A that B what C where D whose E which

44 A for B with C by D beside E around
45 A have been B could be C would be D had been E were
46 A Despite B Besides C Until D During E Since
47 A other B the C another D any E its
48 A such B So C on D towards E under
49 A Thus B Instead of C From D By E Before
50 A that B when C whether D why E how
121
VOCABULARY
Questions 51-70
Read the following two texts. On the answer sheet, mark the letter A, B, C, D
Brain and Cognitive Challenge

Keeping the brain youthful can be a challenge, particularly nowadays as people
live longer than they used to. Many people use games like Sudoku to
_____(51)_____ their mental ability and make it stronger. However, evidence
suggests that these are relatively simple activities and are no _____(52)_____ for
the more effective brain training games found on a website called Lumosity.
These games can help the brain to reshape neural connections because they
_____(53)_____ challenging experiences. These challenges are created through
a programme that is able to _____(54)_____ task difficulty to an individual‘s
performance on a moment-to-moment basis. This means the more successful you
are, the more challenging the games get. The aim is to _____(55)_____ that the
games are challenging but not discouraging.
Effective cognitive games must _____(56)_____ new challenges. Games like

Sudoku are actually over-learnt tasks in which the players practise the same type
of activities. Unfortunately, these do not force the brain to _____(57)_____ in
different ways. Effective cognitive training must force the brain to _____(58)_____
the information it receives in new ways. Lumosity achieves this by
_____(59)_____ the player to a new game whenever he enters the website. Don‘t
worry if the games seem _____(60)_____ at times; it is perfectly normal to feel
challenged and it is good for you.
51 A allow B enforce C enhance D cease E endure
52 A innovation B distraction C dimension D substitute E approach
53 A regard B attribute C gain D relate E provide
54 A adjust B compile C deduce D allocate E capture
55 A enable B ensure C analyse D create E attempt
56 A intervene B involve C coordinate D emerge E persist
57 A collapse B compose C derive D bound E operate
58 A process B distort C progress D deviate E facilitate
59 A guiding B compromising C introducing D consulting E accessing
60 A relaxing B deceiving C engaging D demanding E comforting
122
Child Labour
In different parts of the world, there are different attitudes to the types of work
children should be allowed to do. In most developed countries, even young children
are _____(61)_____ to help around the house by doing things like tidying their
rooms or setting the table. As they get older, they may start to earn pocket money
by working at weekends or during school holidays. This is seen as a positive
_____(62)_____ to children‘s development. It provides them with a variety of skills
and experience, and helps them to become _____(63)_____ and productive
members of society.
However, in a number of developing countries, many children have to work to

survive. These children are often _____(64)_____ to harsh working conditions.
They spend long hours working with dangerous machinery and chemicals in filthy
factories. This is called child labour, which is _____(65)_____ as work that is
harmful to the physical and mental development of children. It is considered
_____(66)_____ because it violates children‘s basic human rights. Children‘s
_____(67)_____ in work should not damage their health or prevent them from
getting an education. To eliminate child labour, either new laws should be
introduced or the existing ones should be strictly _____(68)_____. However, child
labour is still seen as acceptable in certain situations. In Europe, for example, the
use of children is _____(69)_____ legal under European labour laws for certain
cultural, artistic, sporting and advertising situations. Likewise, in the United States, it
is _____(70)_____ out of respect for the cultural and religious needs of certain
ethnic groups, particularly the Amish people.
61 A employed B encouraged C Inspired D devoted E enforced

62 A expectation B contribution C Introduction D component E deception
63 A expectant B inseparable C independent D intolerant E reluctant
64 A forced B collected C isolated D exposed E supposed
65 A allowed B borrowed C transmitted D endured E defined
66 A unattractive B ethical C potential D constructive E immoral
67 A organization B participation C consideration D reputation E diversification
68 A revealed B planned C outlined D modified E enforced
69 A interpreted B restored C considered D dedicated E regarded
70 A believed B permitted C donated D restored E abolished
123
BILKENT UNIVERSITY
STAGE II PART A
PRACTICE TEST 4

BOOKLET
TIME: 30 minutes
124
LISTENING PART 1
each dialogue once only. You will be given 30 seconds before each dialogue
to look at the questions.
NUMBER ONE
1 Lauri is going to
A take his driving test.

B go to a friend‘s party.
C sit an important exam.
D travel to another country.
E enter a sports competition.
2 Martin feels his mother is
A unreliable.
B discouraging.
C interfering.
D conservative.
E demanding.
3 Anne is looking for somewhere to live because her flat
A is far away.
B is very noisy.
C is expensive.
D has no internet.
E has no heating.
NUMBER TWO
4 Why is the student in the classroom?
A He is waiting for his class to start.

B His class has just finished.
C He is waiting for his professor.
D He came to pick up his essay.
E He wants to study quietly.
5 The student's purpose in starting this conversation is to
A get his grade raised on his essay.

B better understand the Romantic poets.
C get feedback on his writing technique.
D get a topic idea from his professor.
E learn more about major English poets.
125
6 What will the student try to do with his next essay?
A Contain his subject

B Write a shorter essay
C Choose an narrower topic
D Research more carefully
E Start writing it earlier
NUMBER THREE
7 Pat's mum is upset because he
A decided to leave his university course.

B did not discuss his decision with her.
C wasted his father‘s hard-earned money.
D was unhappy living in the dormitory.
E was not able to make many new friends.
8 Pat wants his mum to
A lend him some money.

B speak to his father.
C let him live at home.
D collect his belongings.
E visit him in London.
9 Pat‘s mum is happy that when he is in London he will
A stay with an old friend.

B meet his sister‘s boyfriend.
C look at university courses.
D be away from bad influences.
E start trying to find a job.
NUMBER FOUR
10 Andy and Brian are mainly discussing
A study problems.
B profit making.
C pirate copying.
D publishing companies.
E research problems.
126
11 Brian is not concerned about his actions because
A somebody else will pay for his expenses.

B other students are doing the same thing.
C he is trying to save money for a car.
D in the future he will be a well-paid writer.
E he knows that he will not fail the course.
12 Andy and Brian are both concerned about
A understanding diagrams.
B the cost of restaurants.
C illegal activities.
D understanding the course.
E expenses and profits.
NUMBER FIVE
13 The student‘s mother injured her knee when she was
A working.
B exercising.
C cleaning.
D cooking.
E driving.
14 The professor suggests that the student
A keep a record of how many classes she‘s missed.

B consider how her absence will affect her grades.
C ask another person in the class for lecture notes.
D go back and read the syllabus if she‘s forgotten it.
E make up a quiz if she misses one during her absence.
15 It can be inferred that the student is
A ignorant.
B talented.
C irritating.
D committed.
E indifferent.
127
LISTENING TWO
You are going to listen to a lecture on science fiction. As you listen, take
notes under the headings provided. After the lecture has finished you will be
given questions to answer using your note – your notes will not be marked.
Some background information is provided below about the topic.
Science fiction is a literary genre that appeals to people of all ages. Looking to the
future and imagining a totally different way of life, aliens invading our planet, the
notion of time travel – these are just some of the areas that science fiction touches
upon.
1. DEFINING SCIENCE FICTION
2. FANTASY FICTION
128
3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE FICTION
129
BILKENT UNIVERSITY
STAGE II PART A
PRACTICE TEST 4
TIME: 15 minutes
130
Use your notes about science fiction to answer the following questions. On
the optic form, mark the letter A, B, C, D or E for each question. Give only one
answer to each question.
16 The speaker stresses that quality science fiction should be written
A speculatively.
B humorously.
C carefully.
D rationally.
E excitingly.
17 Which of the four features that the speaker describes is perhaps the most
important aspect of science fiction?
A The first
B The second
C The third
D The fourth
E All of them
18 The speaker calls science fiction the „literature of ideas‟ because it makes
us think about
A the possibility of other life forms existing in the universe.

B issues such as nanotechnology and robotics.
C how scientists incorporate new ideas into their research.
D how the laws of nature can be contradicted.
E future political or social systems and their impact.
19 What does the writer Lester del Rey say about the science fiction genre?
A It includes a range of subgenres and themes.

B It is a realistic speculation about future events.
C It is based on adequate knowledge of the real world.
D It is a genre that has almost no limits.
E It needs a knowledge of science to understand it.
20 Science fiction differs from sci-fi because it is
A of far better quality.

B known as pulp fiction.
C focussed more on aliens.
D found in B movies.
E a more recent development.
131
21 People can often relate to fantasy fiction because the main characters are
A people we can admire.

B generally poor people.
C faced with day-to-day challenges.
D usually from a different world.
E recognisable to us.
22 People often confuse fantasy fiction and science fiction because both
A have common characters.

B are set in a different world.
C present the characters with a challenge.
D have elements of the supernatural.
E involve characters with magic powers.
23 The speaker mentions Aslan from Narnia to exemplify
A someone from a world similar to our own.

B a non-human character in a fantasy novel.
C man‘s struggle between good and evil.
D the power of a superior being.
E a being with supernatural powers.
24 What is the sixth feature of a fantasy novel?
A Overcoming serious obstacles in life

B Escaping from enemies
C Battling with the Guardians
D Defeating an evil power
E Starting on a journey to find something
25 How does the speaker conclude the section about fantasy fiction?
A Fantasy fiction and science fiction are very different genres.

B Fantasy fiction is generally more popular than science fiction.
C Fantasy fiction is less probable than science fiction.
D Fantasy fiction and science fiction share 4 common traits.
E Fantasy fiction is better written than most science fiction.
26 One of the earliest science fiction books, written by Lucian of Samosata,
A closely reflected Homer‘s Iliad.

B included the first description of robots.
C gave details about time travel.
D described a journey to the moon.
E was a story about monsters.
th
27 The 17 century was an important time for the development of science fiction
because
A for the first time, people were witnessing incredible changes during
their lifetime.
B the novel had just emerged as a new literary form and was ideal for
science fiction.
C until that time people had been unable to think of any reality other than
their own.
D the first science fiction novel, the Story of the Future Century, was
written.
E for the first time, there were many people who had enough time to
read fiction.
th
28 The science fiction written in the 18 century can generally be classified as
A pessimistic.
B unrealistic.
C ridiculous.
D shocking.
E frightening.
th
29 The speaker lists many of the technological developments of the 19
century in order to
A show how science fiction led to some real inventions.

B give the background to the development of real science fiction.
C help us understand how a novel like Frankenstein could be written.
D demonstrate how the modern world was shaped by science fiction.
E explain why more and more people were reading science fiction.
30 Mary Shelley‘s second science fiction novel deals with
A a man of science.
B man and the environment.
C the industrial revolution.
D the end of the world.
E a social revolution.
133
BILKENT UNIVERSITY
STAGE II PART B
PRACTICE TEST 4
134
WRITING PART ONE
In the text below, the writer refers to a certain company‟s dress code. In your
opinion, should the company have changed its policy? Write a paragraph of
approximately 150 words.
Your paragraph will be assessed on task completion, organization, grammar and

vocabulary. Copying sentences or chunks from the text is not acceptable and will
be penalized.
We all know that how people dress for work is no longer a signifier of success or
importance. I think Steve Jobs‘ dedication to jeans and trainers ended that. It is
surprising, however, that some people still feel the need to dictate the type of clothes
people wear.
Recently, a young woman called Nicola Thorp was sent home from her receptionist job
at Portico, an employment agency, for refusing to wear high heels. She‘d been
employed in a temporary role at the agency whose dress code requires women to wear
a five-to-nine-centimetre heeled shoe.
Nicola took her cause public, starting a petition for a parliamentary hearing titled ‗Make
it illegal for a company to require women to wear high heels at work.‘ In order for
Parliament to consider a petition, one must get more than 100,000 signatures, and 24
hours later she had 140,712. Almost immediately, ITV, a British television network,
conducted a poll on whether employers should be allowed to require women to wear
heels; social media freaked out and Portico announced it had changed its policy: Flat
shoes were now acceptable for women.
Nicola may have won her battle for her flat shoes. But there will be times even Nicola
may want to wear high heels. In fact, when you‘re a working woman, there can be
advantages to heels, particularly if you‘re the shortest person in a room filled with tall
men who want to literally talk over your head. Heels can elevate you, force you to throw
your shoulders back and lift your head up, they can make you feel powerful. But that
power must come from your choice. It must be your decision to make.
135
WRITING PART TWO
Choose either topic A or topic B (do not do both) and write an essay
of about 350 words.
A
The 21st century is a fast-paced, interconnected world where people are constantly
bombarded with information on every imaginable subject. Whenever an event takes
place somewhere in the world, it is instantly transmitted world-wide. While it is very
useful to be well informed, there can be disadvantages.
In your opinion, what are some of the possible disadvantages of information overload?
OR
Many people believe that blaming TV, movies and violent video games for the increase
in violence today is a wrong way of looking at things. They say that this way of thinking
is avoiding the real issues that lead to violence in society such as poverty, racism and
the availability of guns.
In your opinion, what are the reasons for the increase in violence today?
136
PAE STAGE 2A PRACTICE TEST 1 ANSWER KEY
READING GRAMMAR & LISTENING

VOCABULARY
1.B 36.C 1.B
2.A 37.E 2.C
3.B 38.A 3.B
4.D 39.C 4.A
5.E 40.A 5.B
6.A 41.C 6.C
7.C 42.D 7.B
8.C 43.A 8.B
9.E 44.B 9.B
10.B 45.A 10.C
11.C 46.A 11.B
12.D 47.C 12.E
13.A 48.A 13.D
14.B 49.C 14.C
15.B 50.A 15.D
16.E 51.C 16. A
17.A 52.A 17. E
18.B 53.D 18. C
19.D 54.A 19. C
20.C 55.C 20. A
21.D 56.E 21. B
22.B 57.B 22. C
23.A 58.A 23. B
24.E 59.E 24. D
25.B 60.B 25. E
26.B 61.D 26. C
27.D 62.B 27. B
28.E 63.A 28. D
29.B 64.E 29. D
30.A 65.B 30. A
31.D 66.D
32.D 67.B
33.A 68.C
34.C 69.A
35.E 70. B
137

VOCABULARY
1.A 36.B 1.B
2.B 37.A 2.C
3.C 38.C 3.B
4.C 39.B 4.B
5.B 40.A 5.B
6.E 41.B 6.B
7.A 42.B 7.E
8.D 43.C 8.B
9.B 44.B 9.B
10.A 45.E 10.D
11.D 46.C 11.D
12.C 47.A 12.B
13.B 48.A 13.E
14.C 49.D 14.C
15.C 50.C 15.A
16.E 51.C 16. C
17.A 52.D 17. C
18.B 53.C 18. A
19.A 54.A 19. B
20.C 55.B 20. A
21.C 56.E 21. A
22.E 57.E 22. B
23.C 58.B 23. C
24.C 59.A 24. A
25.B 60.A 25. B
26.E 61.B 26. C
27.A 62.E 27. B
28.A 63.D 28. C
29.C 64.D 29. B
30.C 65.A 30. B
31.B 66.E
32.B 67.D
33.D 68.B
34.A 69.E
35.D 70. C
138

VOCABULARY
1.B 36.E 1.C
2.B 37.B 2.C
3.A 38.D 3.A
4.B 39.A 4.B
5.D 40.D 5.C
6.E 41.E 6.E
7.B 42.C 7.B
8.A 43.C 8.A
9.A 44.B 9.D
10.D 45.D 10.D
11.A 46.A 11.C
12.B 47.E 12.E
13.D 48.A 13.A
14.C 49.C 14.E
15.B 50.E 15.A
16.A 51.A 16.D
17.C 52.D 17.E
18.D 53.A 18.D
19.D 54.B 19.B
20.E 55.A 20.B
21.D 56.B 21.B
22.A 57.B 22.E
23.E 58.C 23.C
24.B 59.B 24.B
25.E 60.D 25.D
26.A 61.D 26. A
27.D 62.B 27. B
28.C 63.A 28.A
29.C 64.A 29.D
30.D 65.B 30.D
31.A 66.E
32.B 67.B
33.A 68.C
34.D 69.E
35.E 70. D
139

VOCABULARY
1.C 36.E 1.E
2.A 37.C 2.C
3.C 38.B 3.A
4.D 39.A 4.E
5.E 40.B 5.C
6.B 41.D 6.C
7.C 42.E 7.B
8.B 43.D 8.D
9.D 44.C 9.E
10.C 45.E 10.C
11.B 46.E 11.B
12.E 47.C 12.D
13.C 48.A 13.B
14.B 49.E 14.C
15.B 50.D 15.D
16.B 51.C 16.D
17.C 52.D 17.D
18.C 53.E 18.E
19.D 54.A 19.D
20.D 55.B 20.A
21.C 56.B 21.E
22.D 57.E 22.B
23.B 58.A 23.D
24.C 59.C 24.E
25.D 60.D 25.A
26.D 61.B 26.D
27.E 62.B 27.A
28.B 63.C 28.A
29.B 64.D 29.B
30.B 65.E 30.D
31.C 66.E
32.A 67.B
33.B 68.E
34.D 69.C
35.B 70.B
140
TAPESCRIPTS
PRACTICE TEST 1
LISTENING PART ONE
Bilkent University Proficiency in Academic English Exam, listening section. Listening

part 1. You are going to listen to five short dialogues. As you listen, answer the
questions related to each dialogue by choosing A, B, C, D or E. You will hear each
dialogue once only. You will be given 30 seconds before each dialogue to look at the
questions.
NUMBER ONE
Student: Good afternoon professor.
Professor: Good afternoon. It's Sam, isn't it?
Student: Yes that's right.
Professor: Ok Sam. Have a seat. Now you mentioned in your email that you want some
information about Wikiproject Medicine.
Student: That's right. I didn't attend the presentation last week but some of my friends
were talking about it and it sounds interesting. But everyone seemed to
understand the project differently. One said we'd be translating articles but
another said that we, that we'd be writing articles.
Professor: Well, they're both right but it depends on what year you are. Yes I mentioned
translation but that's not what fourth year students like yourself will be
involved in. So let me give you a quick summary of what's involved.
Student: Thanks professor that would be great.
Professor: Now as you know Wikipedia contains lots of health information, but because
anyone can post information on the site and edit it, well, as you can expect,
the information isn't always accurate. So what you'll be doing is deciding if
the information is accurate and if not changing it.
Student: So do I just go and choose a random article from Wikipedia?
Professor: No it doesn't work like that, What happens is, if you decide to become
involved in the project we contact the organizers. They look at the pages that
have got the most hits from the public and are the pages you will be dealing
with.
Student: It does sound interesting. How many credits do we get for this?
Professor: I'll need to check my notes. But I hope that's not the only reason you're
thinking of volunteering.
Student: Volunteering? I don't have to do it then?
Professor: No. It's up to you.
Student: Oh I didn't realize.
141
Professor: Well although you can earn credits, we want students to think about more
than that. We want them to think about impact this project could have on
society. You can help to improve the health of people around the
world. So think about that and let me know.
Student: Ok professor. I'll let you know.
NUMBER TWO
Teacher: Today, in our tutorial we‘re going to talk about the first animal to be
domesticated —man‘s best friend, the dog!
Student: Wow! I love dogs. But I know nothing about this topic.
Teacher: I see. Of course, there‘s a lot we don‘t know. For one thing, we don‘t know
when the domestication happened. For ages, scientists studying dog DNA
thought that it occurred about 10,000 years ago.
Student: Really?
Teacher: Well, later, some scientists pushed that date way back in time. A piece of
bone that definitely belongs to a dog was found in a cave in Germany, and
it‘s 14,000 years old. So, I think, we can clearly say that domestication most
probably took place around 20,000 years ago.
Student: That‘s amazing. Ok, but I have a question. What had driven humans to
domesticate dogs?
Teacher: Dogs were first domesticated during the earliest stage of the humankind - the
hunter- gatherer period. Apparently, their first job was to serve as guards.
With their perfect sense of smell and hearing, it was almost impossible for
strangers to come up to a village by surprise.
Student: Oh! I thought they were hunters.
Teacher: Well, humans took advantage of dogs‘ hunting ability later. Dogs helped
humans get meat and skins from wild animals.
Student: I know dogs are used for different purposes today such as assisting disabled
and rescuing people in trouble. But how do we know that they were used for
hunting in prehistoric times?
Teacher: Look at this photo! It‘s a rock painting found in a cave in Asia. It might be
8,000 years old. It shows people hunting deer and they‘re using dogs to help
them.
Student: That‘s interesting! I found it really difficult to train my own dog. How did they
manage to domesticate wild dogs?
142
Teacher: We don‘t have a clear answer for this. One theory from China claims that
dogs more or less domesticated themselves because they figured out that
they could find food easily if they hung around humans and could eat the
leftover food.
Student: Wow! So smart!
Teacher: Sure! To have access to human‘s food; dogs had to get over their natural
fear of humans.
NUMBER THREE
Lydia: Mum, did you like the campus? I mean the people, buildings and
atmosphere. Please say you liked it!
Mum: All right Lydia, I must say that I am impressed with the campus itself but the
students, I mean young people studying here; they look strange... Like all
young people do nowadays.
Lydia: What do you mean? They all look perfectly normal to me!
Mum: See, you are not even aware of it. What I mean is their appearance and their
strange sense of fashion.
Lydia: Come on mum, don‘t start again!
Mum: Just look around you Lydia. Look at those boys over there. Boys are expected
to be strong and tough, but they look pale, tender and delicate. They look like
they apply all sorts of cosmetics. Just look at them. Together with their flashy
and colourful shirts, their tight trousers and the way they do their hair – their hair
is a real mess, they look ridiculous.
Lydia: People have different tastes mum. Get over it!
Mum: I‘m not questioning their choices Lydia; I am talking about decency. Look at
them. They don‘t care what they look like. It looks like they are trying to follow
the fashions of film artists but how can university students afford that.
Obviously, they don‘t think about the fashion trend before they follow it.
Lydia: Ok mum, I think that‘s enough. Let‘s go before you start criticising the girls.
Mum: Well just let me say a few things about them as well. Compared to the boys,
the girls have gone even further. They wear strange shirts and trousers.
Their hair-styles are a mess. See those girls over there; they look just as
ridiculous as the boys.
Lydia: I just can‘t believe you mum – don‘t you remember what it was like to be
young?
Mum: Don‘t criticise me Lydia. I am just saying the obvious. I mean every fashion
within limits is admirable but when limits are crossed, it results in bad taste.
Students should think about the styles that they are imitating. As I have always
said there‘s nothing wrong with having a bit of modesty.
143
Lydia: Thanks for visiting me mum, see you sometime.
NUMBER FOUR
Woman: Hello! University of California - Student Registrar‘s Office. How can I help
you?
Student: Hello! It‘s Jack Smith. I would like to apply for a Master‘s program and I need
a copy of my transcript. How can I get one?
Woman: Well, did you graduate from the University of California?
Student: Yes, I did... Last year.
Woman: And... Are you applying for an MA program here? If so, as a graduate from
this university, you don‘t have to get a transcript. You just fill in a request
form, make the payment and a copy of your transcript is sent to the
department you are applying to.
Student: No, no... I‘m applying to another university, University of Chicago.
Woman: I see. Then you have to fill in another form and pay the amount of money
indicated on the form first.
Student: I‘m sorry! Do I need to make the payment first and then fill in the form?
Woman: Well, first you should fill in the form, and then go to the bank and pay. Then,
you should come back with two documents - the form you‘ve filled in and the
proof of payment.
Student: Can you send the transcript to a different university through the post?
Woman: Yes, we can send it directly to University of Chicago if you indicate your
preference on the form.
Student: Does it cost more when you send it to another university?
Woman: No, the amount of money you have to pay is the same.
Student: Okay. I‘ve got another question. I‘m in the hospital now due to a health issue
and I won‘t be able to leave before Friday. And the deadline for the
application is in three days. Do I have to get the request form myself? I
mean, can a family member, like my brother, take it for me?
Woman: Well, we can‘t give your transcript to another person because it includes
confidential information. But someone else can get the request form instead
of you.
Student: Oh, that would be great! And when does the office close?
Woman: At five in the afternoon.
NUMBER FIVE
Mario: Hi Defne.
Defne: Hi. You were absent yesterday.
144
Mario: Yeah. I went to the job fair organised by the university. You know they
advertise jobs in different countries; you talk with representatives from
different companies.
Defne: You‘re thinking of going to America, right? Any good opportunities?
Mario: Actually, I couldn‘t find anything related to my major. But you know what, I
talked to a counsellor. She gave me good ideas...about doing an internship.
Defne: Oh really? What did she say?
Mario: She said international students studying in America aren‘t just interested in
getting an education but also they‘re interested in gaining practical work
experience, I mean doing an internship.
Defne: I think an internship is a great opportunity to understand the work culture in

America and compare it to working here.
Mario: Exactly. the counsellor said that an Internship may help students decide
more clearly on their future career path. She also mentioned some practical
things for an internship.
Defne: Like?
Mario: I should find an opportunity that interests me. I mean, to get the right
internship, I must decide what to do, and where to do it.
Defne: Sounds logical.
Mario: She warned me about visa limitations though. She said when it comes to
working; many student visas don‘t allow the student to have a permanent job.
Defne: Seriously?
Mario: Even with these restrictions, it‘s still possible to get an internship. She told
me most international students are enrolled in a US college on an F-1 visa.
Under the F-1, they‘re allowed to intern only for a semester.
Defne: So, before applying for an internship program, you must check the type of
your visa.
Mario: If I want to do an intern after graduatuation, my F-1 visa will be invalid. I‘ll
have to apply for another type of visa; but if it‘s approved, I can work there for
up to one year.
Defne: Anything about your major?
Mario: The internship must be related to my field of study; otherwise, my application

won‘t be accepted.
Defne: Oh, don‘t think like that – you‘ve got just as good a chance as anybody.
That was the end of listening part 1.
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LISTENING PART TWO
You are going to listen to a lecture about the reliability of information on the
internet. As you listen, take notes under the headings provided. After the lecture
has finished you will be given questions to answer using your notes – your notes
will not be marked. You have 30 seconds to look at the headings.
Good morning. In our series of lectures designed for new university students, today we‗re going
to be taking a look at some issues surrounding the reliability of information on the internet. Let‗s
start by taking a fun little quiz. I‗ve seen the following statements on the internet, but is this
information true or false? Write down what you think in your notes, and we‗ll check your
answers at the end of the lecture.
Okay, here‗s the first one: One popular claim on the internet is that Coca-Cola used to contain
cocaine. What do you think? Is this information true or false? Here‗s another. A pregnant
woman was once accused of trying to steal a basketball from a sporting goods store. Is this true
or false? Go ahead and write down what you think.
Alright, then. Let‗s get on with today‗s topic: Is the information we find on the internet reliable
and trustworthy? In today‗s lecture we are first going to take a look at what critical evaluation is
and why it is important to critically evaluate what we read online. Then, we will take a look at the
quality of information on the internet. Finally, I will discuss some of the dangers of easily
believing everything you see online, namely becoming a victim of internet fraud, which are often
referred to as scams.
Okay, let‗s begin by looking at what it means to critically evaluate something. If you critically
evaluate an article, for example, you don‗t just automatically assume the information is accurate
or true. You have to ask yourself several questions first. For example, who wrote it? Is the
source reliable? Is the information logical? And I believe the most important aspect of critical
evaluation is to consider if other studies or articles say the same things. So, that‗s a very basic
explanation of critical evaluation. But why is it important to critically evaluate what we read
online? Let‗s take a look at this classic example from 1998. In 1998, Donald Leu, a researcher
from the University of Connecticut, suspected students believed everything they read online. In
order to test his suspicions, he created a website dedicated to saving the endangered tree
octopus, which he claimed lived in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Now, in
reality, there is no such thing as a Pacific Northwest tree octopus, but this researcher posted
fake scientific information, photos edited in Photoshop, and links to environmental organizations
that were supposedly working to save this animal from extinction. Using this website, Donald
Leu then conducted several experiments to see if university students critically evaluate what
they read on the internet. Can you guess what happened? In one experiment, 24 out of 25
university students believed the information about the fake tree octopus, even though some of
the information on the website was clearly questionable.
Let‗s go back to our definition of critical evaluation. The first thing we have to consider is who
wrote it and if the source is reliable. There are no names listed on the website about the tree
octopus, and at the bottom of the website it says, this site is not associated with any school or
educational organization, other than…the Wild Haggis Conservation Society. Now, haggis is a
type of Scottish sausage, and this organization doesn‗t even exist! This was a very big clue that
the source was not reliable, but students didn‗t seem to notice. Now, let‗s look at the next
aspect of our definition of critical evaluation: Is the information logical? Do octopuses live in
trees? When information contradicts basic, common knowledge, you should question the
content and do more research before believing it. In addition, the website said that the tree
octopus was endangered because it is eaten by not only eagles, but also by Bigfoot! Now
Bigfoot is a legendary creature, just like the Loch Ness Monster in Scotland is legendary, and
most people would agree that Bigfoot is simply a myth. Is it logical to say that a mythical
creature is causing the extinction of an animal species? And do you remember what I said the
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most important aspect of critical evaluation was? You need to check if other articles or studies
say the same things. If you research the Pacific Northwest Tree Octopus, you will not find one
reliable scientific report because the tree octopus simply does not exist. After conducting this
online experiment, Donald Leu wasn‗t surprised. He said, most students simply have very little
in the way of critical evaluation skills. Students may tell you they don‗t believe everything they
read on the Internet, but they do. It's a cause for serious concern.
Okay, it‗s time to move onto the next part of my talk, which is about the quality of internet-based
information and research. Obviously, not everything you read or see online is true. As a result,
some people have a very negative attitude about information that has been posted online and
they reject anything that doesn‗t come straight from a newspaper or a library. Let me give you
an example of this kind of misinformation. Martin Luther King, Jr. was an important leader during
the American Civil Rights movement, and worked toward equal rights for all. He was killed in
1968, but even today, most people honour him and regard Dr. King as a hero for his work.
However, there are some groups of people who are prejudiced against him because of his race.
One such group created a website called martinlutherking.org, which looks like a website that
contains valid historical information about Dr. King. Instead, it is full of bigoted, false information
that smears, or destroys, his reputation.
Now let‗s look at another type of misinformation on the internet. Sometimes people intentionally
mislabel or alter a picture in a photo program, and this makes it look like the person in the
photograph was participating in a socially unacceptable activity. This happens quite frequently
with photos of celebrities and politicians. These types of altered photographs occasionally get
published in reliable newspapers, but they often go viral on the internet. Now, let me give you
an example of something going viral on the internet because this is becoming a common phrase
that you are likely to hear again and again. When something goes viral, it is like a virus that
quickly gets passed from one person to another. You have probably seen the Charlie bit me
video that was posted on YouTube several years ago, you know, the video where the boy was
holding his baby brother and stuck his finger into the baby‗s mouth and, as a result, he was
bitten. This is a great example of something going viral. One person sees something on the
internet, sends it to all of his friends, and then those people pass it along to all of their friends,
and it continues to be passed around the internet until almost everyone has seen it. So that‗s
what going viral means, and like I said, sometimes edited photographs that do not show reality
get passed around the internet in this way, often on social media sites such as Face book.
Unfortunately, these photos have the potential to ruin someone‗s life because, once they have
been passed around, it is difficult to convince the public that they are not real. As a result, a
person‗s reputation can be ruined forever, even if he is innocent. So, before you believe
something you see online, do a little research to find out if it is true. There is a website called
Snopes.com—let me spell that for you. S-N-O-P-E-S.com. Snopes.com is considered one of the
most reliable websites addressing fake photos, mistakes in the media, and myths like the tree
octopus. Many people use Snopes to find out if an internet rumour is true or not. However, don‗t
trust these kinds of sites completely. Always remember that it‗s important to check several
sources with a variety of perspectives before deciding what to believe.
So yes, there is a lot of misinformation online, but there is also a lot of good information
available from organic gardening and do-it-yourself projects to new scientific theories to
educational research to information related to alternative medical treatments. This is why many
people have a very positive view of the internet and argue that if we choose to ignore something
simply because it‗s on the web, we might miss out on some of this very useful information. Let
me give you an example. Several years ago, a doctor posted information on his website about
the benefits of taking a vitamin
D supplement, specifically vitamin D-3. He claimed that most westerners spend too much time
indoors and that this lack of sun exposure was causing a lot of problems like depression and
mental illnesses. Many people found his recommendations too simplistic and rejected this
information simply because it was posted on the internet. However, in recent years, more and
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more studies and articles about the effectiveness of vitamin D therapy have been published.
Now that there are more sources on the topic that confirm one another, some doctors have
started treating their patients with vitamin D-3 before resorting to expensive, synthetic
medicines.
So yes, you can find good information on the internet, and believe it or not, this includes
Wikipedia. Wikipedia is often criticized because the articles can be written or edited by anyone.
Consequently, some people believe that none of the information is reliable. However, most
entries list their sources, so it is easy to see if the information in the article is valid or not. In
addition, when a statement is not verified by a source, Wikipedia makes a note in the text when
the author of an article did not explain where he got his information from. Furthermore, author
and lecturer Randy Pausch (That‗s P-A-U-S-C-H, Pausch), once wrote an article that was
published in a printed encyclopaedia in the 1980s, long before people had internet connections
at school, at work, and at home. In his book, The Last Lecture, Randy Pausch explains that the
editors of the encyclopaedia didn‗t bother to check if the information he wrote was reliable or
not. They simply printed his article in the encyclopaedia without consulting any other sources.
He therefore believes that Wikipedia is just as good as a printed encyclopaedia you would find
in a library. Now I just want to make it clear that an encyclopaedia entry should never be used
as your only source when conducting research, but there is nothing wrong with consulting
Wikipedia in an initial search for information. Okay? Is everyone ready to move on?
Alright. Let‗s continue with the last point of today‗s lecture, and that is how to avoid falling for an
internet scam, or, in other words, how to avoid becoming a victim of fraud. At some point in
time, you will probably receive an email message that looks like it came from your bank. This
message may explain that there is a problem with your credit card. You are then directed to a
webpage that looks almost identical to the bank‗s official webpage, and this is why so many
people fall for the scam. On this fake page, you will be told to enter your credit card number and
security code in order to protect your account. Once someone has entered these details,
another person is able to make expensive online purchases using his credit card information.
People also try to collect credit card information from those who shop online by creating fake
websites that look very similar to the official business sites of companies like PayPal, eBay,
amazon.com, etc. In order to protect yourself from scams like these, you need to make sure
that any business you do online is on an official website of a trustworthy business. Looking for
https in the address bar at the top of your web browser is one way that can help you understand
if you are on a secure website or if you are on a fake website that is collecting your passwords
or credit card information.
Before we end our session, I‗d like to go back to the statements I shared at the beginning of the
lecture. Would you believe that Coca-Cola actually used to contain extremely small amounts of
cocaine? It used to, but it doesn‗t anymore. Would you also believe that a pregnant woman
really was accused of stealing a basketball from a sporting goods store? It sounds crazy, but it‗s
true. However, don‗t take my word for it. Before you believe me, conduct some research of your
own to see if multiple sources confirm or disprove those statements. Thank you very much for
your attention today, and if you have any questions related to the lecture, please don‗t hesitate
to stay and ask.
That was the end of the listening section. You now have 15 minutes to answer the
questions which will be distributed for Part 2.
The optic forms will then be distributed and you will have 10 minutes to transfer
your answers for both Listening Part 1 and Part 2 to the optic form.
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PRACTICE TEST 2
LISTENING PART ONE

Part 1. You are going to listen to five short dialogues. As you listen, answer the
questions.
NUMBER ONE
Student: Good morning Professor. I was wondering if I could ask you a

question about my essay?
Professor Well Jack yes I suppose you can. Luckily for you my meeting with the
Dean has been cancelled so I‘ve got some free time. But don‘t make a
habit of turning up without an appointment; students are supposed to
make an appointment when they want to see their professor?
Student: Thanks Professor. It won‘t happen again. I just want to know what you
think about the topic I‘ve chosen.
Professor: Ok then let‘s have a look. So you‘ve decided to focus on Irish literature
too. You‘re the second student to choose that. I‘m a big fan of Irish
literature myself although I ‗m surprised you‘ve chosen this area; we
haven‘t actually studied it.
Student: I hope that‘s not a problem Professor. You did say we could choose
any area of literature and focus on a theme in that area and I want to
say professor it was really great to hear that, it makes a great change
from being told what to write. I don‘t think I‘ve ever been so eager to
do a piece of work.
Professor: Well, Jack it‘s great to see such enthusiasm. I do try to give my
students some freedom with their assignments. So the paper is due in
a few weeks time; you have to write 3,000 words and you‘ve chosen
‗religion in Irish literature‘. Well, it looks like you‘re going to have to do
a lot of research.
Student: Oh! You think it‘s too challenging then?
Professor: I‘m not saying it‘s too difficult. I just wonder if you have really thought
about what you‘ve taken on. Irish literature is a huge area. You need to
narrow it down; it needs to be more focused.
Student: I see. I hadn‘t thought about that. I suppose I need to think about
it some more.I definitely want to choose Irish literature. But maybe I
could focus on one writer or maybe one book. I could write about one
book that would make it more manageable.
Professor: Well before you make any decisions why don‘t you get together with Andy?
He‘s also chosen Irish literature. Have a chat with him and maybe he can give
you some ideas.
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NUMBER TWO
Mike: Hi mum, how are you?
Mum: Fine, how are you, it‘s great to hear from you. Are you settling in?
Mike: (sounding sad) Yeah!
Mum: What‘s wrong?
Mike: Nothing really it‘s just I miss home, I never appreciated just how easy living at
home was. I mean, I just took things like a clean kitchen for granted and there
was always something to eat in the refrigerator.
Mum: Well that‘s all part of being a university student and living away from home, you‘ll
get used to sharing with other people. At least you are only sharing a kitchen
and not the bathroom. Lots of students have to share a room with people they
have never met before, imagine how hard that could be. Come on, you are
actually very lucky. (sounding a bit irritated)
Mike: Yes, I know but still I can‘t use the kitchen.
Mum: What do you mean, you can‘t use the kitchen, that sounds a bit exaggerated to
me. Is it dirty?
Mike: Dirty doesn‘t even begin to describe it – we have only been here a week and
already the bin is overflowing, there is rubbish everywhere and no-one washes
their dishes. The sink is full of bits of food and the whole place smells
disgusting! The cleaners only come in once a fortnight.
Mum: Well, Mike, you know it‘s not the cleaners‘ responsibility to wash the dishes or
empty the bins – they will wash the floors, sink etc but they won‘t clean up after
you – that is your responsibility.
Mike: Oh please mum. Give me a break. I just knew you wouldn‘t understand! You
never do. What am I supposed to do, I can‘t live like this, it is disgusting. I wish
I‘d never left home.
Mum: Don‘t be so childish, I suggest you calm down and talk to the others, if you are
sharing a kitchen then you need to share the responsibility, do something about
it and talk to them and just deal with it.
Mike: That‘s easy for you to say! Goodbye.
Mum: Don‘t you dare hang up on me. Mike, Mike!
NUMBER THREE
Susan: Hi, Mert. Did I keep you waiting for a long time? You know the traffic at this time
of the day. And, you know about the road construction at the entrance to main
campus.
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Mert: Yeah Susan, I know. No worries. I‘ve just arrived. I needed to pay a visit to
student services. I‘ve lost my ID and I need a new one with a recent photo. You
know otherwise I cannot sit the exam tomorrow.
Susan: Oh. Will you be able to get a new one until tomorrow?
Mert Yes, it will be ready in the afternoon.
Susan: Good. Let‘s get started then. Have you studied the life of Jane
Austen?
Mert: Well not completely. But I know that Jane Austen was born in
Steventon, England, in 1775. She began to write while in her teens
and completed the original manuscript of Pride and Prejudice.
Susan: Yes, do you know that it was named First Impressions at the
beginning. A publisher rejected the manuscript, and it took years for
Austen to bring it to the final version.
Mert: It was her first novel, right?
Susan: Actually, Pride and Prejudice was published two years after her first
novel, which is called Sense and Sensibility. But Pride and Prejudice
immediately achieved popularity. It‘s a popular book still. That‘s why
maybe you think that it‘s her first novel. Austen published four more
novels. Two of them were published a year after she died.
Mert: Maybe. She wasn‘t a well-known author at that time but only her
immediate family knew she was the author of these novels, and she
used to hide all the manuscripts in her house before any visitor
entered there.
Susan: Is it because of her family?
Mert: On my note it says there were two reasons why she chose not to
reveal herself. First, it helped her preserve her privacy at that time,
because you know English society believed females belonged to the
domestic life.
Susan: Things have not changed much huh?
Mert: Yes. What about the other reason?
Susan: Well,...
NUMBER FOUR
Maggie: (enthusiastic) So, as I was saying, I saw a great movie last night.
Tony: Oh, yeah. Which one, Maggie?
Maggie: (enthusiastic) ‗A United Kingdom‘...and it will help us with Professor

Rutherford‘s class.
Tony: United Kingdom? What, about Britain, Maggie?
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Maggie: No, it‘s about Botswana...in Africa.
Tony: If I remember from the lectures, Botswana has been something of a

success story, by African standards. So, what happens in the movie?
Maggie: (enthusiastic) Well, it‘s a romantic...romantic drama, I suppose, but

based on true events.
Tony: Like what?
Maggie: Well, it tells the story of a man called Seretse Khama. He was sent by
his tribe in Africa to study law in London, just after the Second World
War.
Tony: What a great opportunity!
Maggie: Yes. Especially back then. The idea was that he would get a good education and
then return to Africa to become the ruler of Botswana.
Tony: Was it really called Botswana back then?
Maggie: No. It was called Bechuanaland, but became Botswana when it gained
its independence.
Tony: Yes, I think I remember that from my notes.
Maggie: It‘s actually an interesting story. Seretse was all set to go back to Africa and
then he met and fell in love with an English woman in London.
Tony: Did they get married? I mean, what did their parents think of the love
affair?
Maggie: Well, at first it was a big disaster.
Tony: How so?
Maggie: Her parents, or at least her father, didn‘t want them to get married because she
was white and he was black. The same for his family.They wanted him to
become the ruler of the country and they wouldn‘t accept a white woman as an
African king‘s wife.
Tony: You said, ‗at first‘...does that mean a happy ending?
Maggie: Well, it‘s a bit complicated. You really should go and see the movie...it will help
you to undersand the events...I‘m not much of a teacher...but I suppose things
changed for Seterse and his country...because times changed.
Tony: What do you mean?
Maggie: Well, the country was controlled from Britain at the time and Seretse showed his
people that he could negotiate with the colonial rulers and ultimately obtain
independence for what became Botswana.
Tony: Interesting! Maggie, let‘s add this to our notes!
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NUMBER FIVE
Jane: Oh Pete, last night I watched a programme about your assignment on city
designs and I took some notes for you.
Pete: Oh really? You‘re so kind, Jane. What was it about?
Jane: Well, it was about a movement called Equal Streets Movement which has
contributed to some changes in Mumbai.
Pete: In Mumbai? Wow, that‘s surprising as it is one of the most crowded cities.
Jane: Yes, it is very crowded. Especially on one of the roads called the Linking Road,
there is almost no room for pedestrians. But, through this movement, they have
started to close the Linking Road to traffic on Sundays between 7 and 11am.
Pete: Did you get any other information about this street?
Jane: Actually, there was a video of the street. There were people with bicycles,
skateboards and yoga mats. There was also a girl. She was so happy that she
could cycle freely without worrying about cars speeding next to her.
Pete: I must find and watch the video when I go back to the dorm.
Jane: Why don‘t you google it?
Pete: Good idea. What about this Equal Streets Movement? Were you able to take any
notes about it?
Jane: Well, let me see. It is a non-government organisation. They aim to provide space
for everyone without any danger. One of the most important objectives of this
movement is to make children stop playing indoor or watching TV but encourage
them to spend more time outdoors.
Mike: Isn‘t that too difficult to achieve in a city like Mumbai?
Jane: Yes, but to make it come true, they provide free bicycles for use on Sunday
mornings, and hold running programmes for children.
Mike: I wonder if the authorities really support this new movement.
Jane: Well, you‘ll be surprised but a force of 500 policemen ensure that Linking Road
stays car free on Sundays, and they even, I mean the policemen even help the
visitors choose by offering suggestions about various activities. Actually, some
individuals also try to contribute to this movement. For example, a lawyer started
a programme with children, painting lines on the roads to mark where
pedestrians could walk.
153
LISTENING PART TWO
You are going to listen to a lecture about exhaustion. As you listen, take notes under the
headings provided. After the lecture has finished you will be given questions to answer
using your notes – your notes will not be marked. You have 30 seconds to look at the
headings.
Good morning everyone and welcome to the second in our series of lectures about our modern
lifestyle. In today‗s lecture we will look at the last taboo of our age, a subject that people talk
about in private but refuse to talk about publicly and that is – exhaustion or extreme tiredness.
In 2002, Allison Pearson wrote a book titled I Don't Know How She Does It. In her book she
discussed, for the first time, the stress and exhaustion of a modern working mother, a mother
trying to look after a family, a home and work full-time outside the home. It became an
international best seller, as many women around the world were able to relate to her story of
stress and tiredness. However, in the short time between when her book was published and
now, there seems to have been yet another enormous social change. Nearly everybody is
exhausted, not just working women with children.
Ok then, so just how serious is the problem? Well recently, a major insurance company
interviewed 5,000 people and found that 42 per cent of these 5,000 people said that lack of
sleep was their biggest health concern. Another 34 per cent of those interviewed said that they
worried about low-level, general fatigue or tiredness. More than 50% of the 5,000 also said they
were stressed or admitted suffering from depression. The report concluded by saying that
working long hours combined with not seeing enough of friends and family is about to threaten
our health.
Let me move on now to talk about some of the causes of exhaustion. So what has caused this
epidemic of tiredness? Back in the Sixties, it was predicted that in the 21st century living would
be easier. Everybody thought we would benefit from the invention of machines to carry out
various tasks in our life, leaving us far more time for leisure and relaxation. And yet the opposite
has happened. Despite having all these labour saving devices which make our life easier,
exhaustion, this extreme tiredness is a common problem in today‗s world and is affecting more
and more people. So why is this happening? Well, medical scientists have established a link -
they believe that there is a connection between exhaustion and the extremely fast speed of the
changes currently transforming or changing our modern society and the economies of industrial
nations. Think about the major changes that have occurred in the way we work in many
countries in the last few decades. Flexible working hours, round-the-clock services, such as 24
hour petrol stations and 24 hour supermarkets, working nights. All of these are very common
now and all of these modern lifestyle trends tend to upset the natural light-dark rhythm. By that I
mean working nights and sleeping during the day does not allow your body to recover properly
and such unnatural habits may sooner or later lead to emotional imbalance or exhaustion. In
other words, we are all exhausted due to what social commentators refer to as 'the breakneck
pace of life', or the 24/7 society, the society that never sleeps.
But this isn‗t the only cause of our exhaustion. Researchers also point to our inability to switch
off and to relax. Nowadays we don‗t need to go to the office to work because modern
technology means that many people can work from home. And more and more companies are
allowing their workers to work from home. However, rather than spending eight hours working
from home, many workers are sitting in front of their computers working from early morning to
late at night. In fact, all the time they save travelling to and from the office is simply spent in front
of the computer working. In fact people working at home are spending more time than ever
before working. Unfortunately other equally important areas of their life are suffering, such as
family relationships.
Now I‗d like to talk about why people don‗t like speaking about exhaustion. If you remember, in
the introduction to my lecture I called exhaustion the last taboo of our age. Why is it that despite
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the high numbers of people suffering from exhaustion many people are too afraid to say that
they are suffering from exhaustion? Why is everybody talking about it in private but not in
public? Actually when you consider it properly, you can‗t blame people for not admitting to being
exhausted. Nowadays we are living in a very selfish, every-man-for-himself world where people
are obsessed with material goods and possessions. In such a climate who wants their boss to
think they can't cope with their work, that they can‗t cope with the stress, that they can‗t get the
work finished, especially when there are bills to be paid and a family to be looked after? People
feel they are failing, they aren‗t coping but they are afraid to ask for help. They fear that others,
namely their colleagues or bosses, will interpret their request for help as a sign of weakness.
People are all absolutely terrified that if they don't just carry on, if they don‗t continue, they might
be sacked - they might lose their jobs.
But is life really worse now than it was 50 years ago? Is this the first time in history people have
become so exhausted? I‗d like to talk about the work of Dr Nick Read, the author of the book
Sick and Tired‗. He is a consultant physician and psychoanalytical psychotherapist who helps
people cope with exhaustion. Dr Read argues that although people in the past suffered from
exhaustion it wasn‗t quite the same as now. People were suffering from exhaustion during the
Second World War but Read argues the Second World War was a fundamentally different
experience. Yes, of course it was tiring in its own way, but not the same kind of exhaustion that
seems so commonplace now. According to Read, many people who remember the war say it
was the best time of their lives. They were living and socialising and supporting each other and
this he believes is the key. There was a tremendous sense of the problems and the dangers
being overcome together. The threats were all external but they were facing it all together; there
was a real sense of emotional togetherness. Nowadays, the everyday threats to our lives are
much less obvious and people feel much more isolated. Family structures are changing along
with the social support and emotional reassurance these can provide.
Now I‗ll move on and talk about the writer Alvin Toffler. Now Toffler is well known for having
forecast or predicted many of the features of contemporary life. He predicted the spread of
loneliness and rise of religion, cloning, virtual reality, the threat of terrorism and many other
features of contemporary life. He also predicted the increase in the speed of daily life,
information overload and work-at-home.In his book The Third Wave, published in 1980, Toffler
describes three types of societies, based on the concept or idea of 'waves', with each wave
pushing the older societies and cultures aside. The First Wave is the society after the
agricultural revolution which replaced the hunter-gatherer civilisation. The Second Wave is the
society during the industrial revolution, so that‗s the late 1600s through the mid-1900s. The
main components of the Second Wave society are nuclear family, factory-type education
system. The Second Wave Society is industrial and based on things such as mass production,
mass distribution, mass consumption, mass education, mass media and weapons of mass
destruction. The third wave is the post-industrial society. According to Toffler, since the late
1950s most countries are moving away from a Second Wave Society into what he would call a
Third Wave Society. The Third Wave Society, which we are experiencing at the moment,, is the
process of change from an industrial culture to a globalised one. According to Toffler each of
these changes, or as Toffler refers to it waves, has been associated with some kind of ill health.
The stress and exhaustion doctors are seeing in patients now, it is argued, are the same as
those in middle-class England in the late 18th century. They just have different names.
So to finish then, what can we do about this? Meditation, massage and hot baths in the evening
may lessen the effects of exhaustion but they won‗t remove the essential cause. Until we
change the way we work, and lower expectations of others and ourselves in the workplace, we
will be forever asking our bodies to do unrealistic things. The current climate of exhaustion,
always in the background, will start to have serious effects on our health and well-being. We'll
drink more, be too tired to exercise, and not give our bodies time enough to recover from colds
and flu. It seems that nothing short of another revolution in technology, in the way we work, and
the way we re-organise our lives will free us from the ever-present feeling of fatigue. Thank you
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PRACTICE TEST 3
LISTENING PART ONE

questions.
NUMBER ONE
Prof Brown: Prof Smith, what do highest achivers do differently to reach peak
performace?
Prof Smith: Well, it is a complicated issue, isn‘t it Prof Brown. But, I‘m quite sure
that the determinant of success isn‘t talent or experience; it‘s mindset.
Say for example, in professional football, everyone is talented. It
becomes an issue of, ―Who are the ones that really fully maximize
their talent?‖
Prof Brown: Sorry, but I‘m not sure about what you mean by maximising talent?
Prof Smith: Well, let me give you an example. Take for example two kids with
equal talent and one kid loves to practice, then his whole experience
of practice is going to be different because he‘s doing something he
wants to do.
Prof Brown: I see. Are there any other factors?
Prof Smith: Actually, you might also find kids who are not trying to win someone‘s
approval or show that they‘re good enough. They‘re just playing the sport
out of the joy of it. These kids have a huge advantage. We know that
human beings are at their best when they‘re not concerned about
themselves.
Prof Brown: Prof Smith, some experts in sports psychology say, ―better performers
think differently.‖ Do you agree with that?
Prof Smith: I‘m afraid I don‘t. Well, the reality is not that they think differently. It‘s
that they don‘t think. It‘s the absence of thought and emotion. That
really is the advantage.
Prof Brown: Sorry, I don‘t quite follow you.
Prof Smith: Well, actually we all live in a culture and society that‘s obsessed with
better, right? We‘ve been taught since day one that to be successful,
we need to be the best in whatever we are doing, in sports, at school,
or in our professions.The problem with better is better is about the
future. You can‘t be better now. No matter how hard you try, you
need time to improve your performance. The only thing you should
think about is doing your job to the best of your ability. And, the best
way to get recognized is not to worry about the result.
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NUMBER TWO
Student 1: Wow! That was pretty interesting, wasn‘t it?
Student 2: What?
Student 1: The lecture! I didn‘t realize that Russian science was that far
advanced.
Student 2: I know. Imagine creating a…what did she call it?…a Noah‘s Ark.
Student 1: Yes. I just can‘t get my head around them being able to collect frozen
samples of all that DNA. I just…
Student 2: I know. Every creature that has ever lived. Imagine that! And by next
year too!
Student 1: It does make me think, though, how many other DNA banks there are
in the world.
Student 2: Well, she talked about ‗frozen zoos‘ and gave San Diego as an
example. Actually, I saw a documentary about their zoo only the other
week and…
Student 1: I can‘t seem to get my brain to think about the idea of just going into
the bank, taking out a DNA sample and what? Creating a living
creature? An elephant or a rhinoceros? I mean how‘s that going to
work?
Student 2: I dunno.
Student 1: It‘s a clever idea though. I mean, we‘re facing extinction of animals at
an alarming rate and this idea could be a big help.
Student 2: It is and it could. But what I don‘t understand is. Take the example of
the San Diego Zoo. They started the bank back in what, 1966…
Student 1: 1976.
Student 2: Okay, ‘76. That‘s a long time ago. Way before we were born. I mean,
are those samples going to be okay? How do we know that this idea
has a long term future?
Student 1: Yeah, I see your point. But, I think that she said they have over 8,000
samples from about 800 species, in their bank. So, they must know
what they‘re doing, I suppose. Maybe there are lots of samples for
each species. You, know, like a backup plan.
Student 2: Maybe? I was just thinking. She said that it‘s not just saving
endangered plants and animals from extinction. She said that there is
less variety amongst those that survive.
Student 1: How do you mean?
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Student 2: Well, as we have less and less variety it somehow affects the health and
the fertility rates of the remaining species
Student 1: If you say so! Can we compare our notes? Do you have time?
NUMBER THREE
Kate : Excuse me, Mrs. Morgan?
Counselor: Oh, Kate isn't it? Come in. I haven't seen you for a long time. Are you
graduating this year?
Kate : Well...I‘d love to say ―yes‖ but I am still not sure.
Counselor: OK! Could you please be more specific?
Kate : Well..., I think I may not have enough credits to graduate. This is my last
term before graduation and I noticed that I haven‘t taken English 201
yet, which is compulsory for my major.
Counselor: Oh, perfect! How did you do that Kate?
Kate : I didn‘t pay attention, I‘m so sorry. Is there anything I can do to solve this
problem?
Counselor: Well, I am not sure. Let me check the available English 201 classes. If
there is room for you in any class you can get it this semester and
graduate this year. O.K. I think you‘re lucky. One student has just
dropped the course in section D, so you can register for that class if it fits
your time table.
Kate : Really? That‘d be great. When is it?
Counselor: Thursdays at 3 pm.
Kate : Oh! I have already signed up for American Drama 101.
Counselor: Is that a compulsory or an elective course?
Kate : It‘s an elective but it's highly recommended for my major. And I really
need that course for my professional development.
Counselor: Hmm… Kate, I think you need to decide which one has priority for you.
Kate : Oh! so maybe I don't need Drama 101 then?
Counselor: That's right. Listen, I need to talk to the dean and inform him about this. If
he approves, you can register for ENG 201
Kate : Do you think he would?
Counselor: Well, if your grades are good enough and everything else is in order. Are
they?
Kate : Oh, yeah! My GPA's 3.7 and I've got all the other credits.
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Counselor: Can you bring me a copy of your transcript later today?
Kate : I have one here. Here you are.
Counselor: Mmm. Yes. It does look good, Kate- 3.7 and a good scattering of 'A's,
too! OK. I'll arrange to see the dean as soon as I can- if not today, then
tomorrow morning. Stop by tomorrow afternoon.
Kate : Sure! I hope he‘ll approve it. I'm happy to do whatever it takes to graduate
on time.
NUMBER FOUR
Sam: It‘s pretty impressive, isn‘t it?
Julie: I told you so, I can‘t believe you are in your second year and this is the
first time you have been in the building.
Sam: Well, not the first time, we had a tour during our introduction to the
university but, yeah, you‘re right – all this time, I should have made more
of an effort. There‘s no excuse.
Julie: Well, better late than never – now let‘s find a nice quiet place and settle
down. What about over there, there is a large desk just by the window –
there‘s plenty of room and the view is lovely.
Sam: yeah, this is fine – now I just have to discipline myself a bit and start
concentrating. I think I‘ll go over the notes I took yesterday in the lecture
on bio-fuels.
Julie: It was interesting but don‘t you think it would make more sense to start at
the beginning of the course, I mean we‘ve had a series of 8 lectures on
protecting the environment. For revision purposes I think we should go
back to the beginning, start with the first lecture where we got the general
overview.
Sam: Actually I‘ve got a better idea, Julie – there were 8 lectures, so why don‘t
we split them – you do 4 and I‘ll do 4 and then we can swap our notes – it
would save a lot of time. What do you think?
Julie: I don‘t think so. I‘d prefer to go over all of them myself and then exchange
notes – I want to see how all the lectures fit together and then I‘ll feel
better prepared for the exam.
Sam: Seriously? That sounds like a lot of unnecessary work to me?
Julie: Ok, sorry Sam. I thought the whole point of coming here together was for
you to get your act together and make a fresh start, to get organised and
finally do some serious studying. I just don‘t get you at all!
Sam: Hey, sorry. I know you‘re trying to help and I appreciate it – forget what I
said, ok. It‘s now or never, so let‘s get started. 8 lectures it is then!
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NUMBER FIVE
Dr Sawyer: Come in Peter, take a seat.
Peter: Actually, Dr Sawyer I need to ask you for an extension, unfortunately I just
haven‘t been able to finish my report, I have a problem with my data.
(sounding unconfident)
Dr Sawyer: (sounding bored) Really, Peter, you did the same thing with your last report,
remember? I allowed you an extension then but I‘m not sure that I can do the
same thing again – that would mean I am treating you differently from the
other students. So unless you have a very good excuse, I‘m afraid I‘m going
to have to give you a zero.
Peter: Of course I understand Professor, but I do have an excuse although you may
find it hard to believe but I promise it is true.
Dr Sawyer: Ok, good ahead I‘m listening.
Peter: Well, I had finished collecting all my data and I had responses from over 50
students and I was planning to type the last 20 responses onto an Excel
chart and then summarise the conclusions, but ...
Dr Sawyer: (sounding exasperated) but what?
Peter: Well, some of it accidentally got thrown away. I know that is hard to believe
but it is true and it is not even my fault, my roommate thought he was doing
us a favour and tidied our room – it was a real mess with papers everywhere.
He says that I had put a pile of papers in the rubbish bin and he emptied it.
But, I swear they were on my desk, not in the bin. I feel terrible about it, I am
so sorry. Can I please have an extension?
Dr Sawyer: Do you really expect me to believe that story – how could you be so careless
and leave things lying around on the floor. I‘m sorry but I am not going to
accept that, I am not saying that you are lying but it is really irresponsible and
you have not shown much responsibility at all during my course.
Peter: Please, I cannot afford to fail this course. I have worked so hard and it took
me ages to get all that data.
Dr Sawyer: I‘m afraid my answer is no, as I said before I can‘t treat you differently
from the other students.
LISTENING PART TWO

You are going to listen to a lecture about conservation and indigenous peoples.
As you listen, take notes under the headings provided. After the lecture has
finished you will be given questions to answer using your notes - your notes will
not be marked. You have 30 seconds to look at the headings.
Welcome everybody to today‗s lecture on conservation, in which we will be dealing mainly with
the issue of indigenous peoples. Now before I start can I just clarify, is everyone familiar with the
160
term indigenous? Could someone give me another term (elicit native), yes that‗s right, the native
people of a country, we often use it to describe Indians or tribes of people who live in remote
areas, in places like the Amazon rainforest. So, I‗ll be talking then about some of the problems
concerning conservation, in particular with the big conservation groups. The order of the lecture
will basically follow the prompts that you have on the note-taking sheet.
Ok let‗s start off then by looking at conservation today. We are constantly hearing about
initiatives to protect places, or that a new nature reserve has been opened. Recently for
example, in Africa, in the Congo Basin to be exact, the government, in liaison with a large
international nature conservation group, has just created a new African national park. Now
that‗s all very well - endangered species will be protected, but surely there is another issue.
Anyone? Exactly, the indigenous people who live in the area have been forced out. They have
had to leave their traditional homeland.
Right, it would be useful now to look at the attitude towards indigenous groups in the past and
today. This problem is nothing new, let‗s go back to just over a hundred years ago to America.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Theodore Roosevelt was the president of the United States
and he is well remembered for his interest in conservation. During his presidency five new
national parks were created, an extra 150 million acres of forest were planted in the US, and he
established what is now referred to as good forestry practice – which basically means a
selective cutting down of trees – so good forestry practice. But, and this is very important, he
was not concerned too much with the indigenous people who were living on the land where
these parks and forests were created. Let me just quote to you from his book ‗Winning the
West‗, which will exemplify clearly what I mean:
In his book Roosevelt said

―The fierce settler who drives the rude savage native from the land is doing all civilised
mankind a great service. It is of incalculable importance that America, Australia and Siberia
pass from the hands of the native owners of the land and become the property and heritage of
the dominant world races.‖
OK, it was written over a hundred years ago and times have changed, but what do you think of
that? Well, many people today feel that the policy outlined by Roosevelt in ‗Winning the West‗
is still an issue today.
Ok, let‗s look now at the role the large conservation groups play. Can anyone think of any
international conservation groups? (Elicit World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International and
The Nature Conservancy. Well these groups are, to some extent helping to keep this policy
alive. (So what do I mean by this?). Yes, basically the rights and needs of indigenous people
are not a priority for them. This is happening because basically, these large conservation
organisations have partnered up with people, often large international organisations that have
money and power, and as a result the conservation organisations themselves have become
very rich and very powerful and they have a monopoly of conservation. Everyone clear with the
term monopoly? In many cases they have swallowed up the smaller non-profit organisations
and basically, they decide what is going to happen, often to the detriment of the local people.
Now I‗d like to give an example of the problem. This is particularly a problem in Latin America,
especially in the Amazon region with countries like Bolivia, Peru, and Venezuela. Let‗s take
Bolivia.
Well, in Bolivia, an oil pipeline runs through a very rich forest area – the Chiquitania (spell)
forest. When the pipeline was being built it caused the poisoning of rivers, it destroyed large
areas of land and of course killed off the wildlife in the area – of course, all of this has affected
the lives of the indigenous people living there. Now interestingly, one of the large conservation
groups was supposed to be dealing with this, to be protecting the area and the people. But, the
Oil Company involved, it actually made a deal with the conservation group. This was in theory to
lessen the damage to the environment. Now that sounds good, but as this oil company is
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actually a major financial contributor to the conservation group, well you can guess the
outcome, can‗t you? – yes the Chiquitania forest was damaged, and the native people suffered.
Let‗s move on now and talk about what can indigenous groups do? Well, the problem is that
many of these people feel marginalised, they are not part of mainstream society and feel that
they have no support. However, sometimes they do fight back, I don‗t mean literally with guns,
but they do take these large energy or timber companies to court, and sometimes they even
take the government of their country to court. I‗ll give you another example, this time Nicaragua.
In Nicaragua, the problem was the government refused to recognise the rights, that is the
ancestral rights of a tribe of Indians whose land was going to be taken away from them. Their
forests were going to be cut down, because the government had given permission to a Korean
timber company to clear their land. This tribe, the Awes Tingi, let me just spell that, they took
their case to the Inter- American court of human rights, but they lost. What happened was that
the conservation group that had said they would support their case, in the end backed down
and supported the Nicaraguan government. Now can anyone guess why? Well they were afraid
that they would not be able to continue to work in Nicaragua if they upset the government, so it
was not in their interest to support the Awes Tingi, not to support the indigenous people.
Not everyone supports the indigenous people. I‗ll move on to talk about the criticism of
indigenous people. Some people say that indigenous people are actually part of the problem.
Can anyone think why that might be? Well, they have what is often referred to as a slash and
burn agriculture; they cut down the trees and burn areas of land to grow crops. But really I don‗t
agree with that, the damage they do is minimal compared to the damage done by the energy or
timber companies when they come in.
So the picture looks bleak, but there are some possible solutions. Basically the whole system
needs a major shakeup, but it would be naive to think that there is going to be a change
overnight, it is going to take a long time. You cannot expect these large international companies
to suddenly change their policy, nor can you ignore them. The energy industry is an important
sector of society, it employs a lot of people and their interests also have to be taken into
consideration. So there needs to be dialogue with them, only that way will we get results – it will
be incremental progress, slow but sure. So dialogue is the first step – but the dialogue needs to
involve the indigenous peoples. Another problem, and that is one that really needs to be
addressed, is that often there are different groups of indigenous people involved, different
groups of indigenous people. Sometimes these groups are in conflict with each other and what
usually happens is that the conservation organisation will side with one group and ignore the
other – in what is called a divide and conquer policy – this policy of playing one group off
against the other is very dangerous.
What else, well a radical solution, although probably not very realistic, would be to stop giving
the large conservation groups so much money, stop funding them. Because they have so much
money, they have too much power and they also become dependent on the groups that finance
them. So smaller conservation groups are probably a better option.
Now the final point I‗d like to make is that some real in-depth studies are needed to actually see
what conservation groups are doing and how successful they really are. At the moment we
don‗t really have this information, we don‗t really know what is working and what isn‗t. Many
issues are not clear as there is a lack of detailed project descriptions from conservation groups.
So there needs to be far more accountability from the conservation groups and the results of
their work should be more widely publicised, both the positive and the negative.
Well, unfortunately that‗s really about all we have time for today, so thank you for listening.
That was the end of the listening section. You now have 15 minutes to answer the questions
which will be distributed for Part 2.
The optic forms will then be distributed and you will have 10 minutes to transfer your answers for
both Listening Part 1 and Part 2 to the optic form.
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PRACTICE TEST 4
LISTENING PART ONE

questions.
NUMBER ONE
Martin: What time‘s it at?
Lauri: It starts at 08.30 in the morning
Martin: Why so early?
Lauri: There‘s all the formalities to get through. You have to register and that
takes time.
Martin : Well, at least it won‘t take long to get there, there won‘t be much traffic around
at that time of the morning. That‘s the only good thing I can think of about
getting up so early.
Lauri: You know I won‘t be at the party on Friday night.
Martin: What! You know I‘ve been looking forward to it for ages.
Lauri. I know but if I get through this time, I stand a chance of representing the
country.
Martin: Really! I didn‘t know you were that serious about it. For some reason I
thought all that equipment in your car was your brother‘s.
Lauri: Why do you think I‘ve been going to the gym every night?
Martin: Anyway. Good luck just in case I forget.
Lauri: Maybe you should come along and watch. You might get inspired and take it
up. You could do with some exercise.
Martin: Oh don‘t you start. I get enough of that from my mum. Eat this, don‘t eat that,
you‘ll get fat.
Lauri: You know what mums are like. She cares about you.
Martin: It doesn‘t feel like it. I wish I could afford to move away. I feel suffocated.
Lauri: She always seems pretty reasonable to me.
Martin: Try living with her for a while then you‘ll find out. I can‘t do anything or go
anywhere but she wants to know.
Lauri: Believe me it‘s better than living on your own.
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Martin: You don‘t have to live alone you know. Anne is looking for somewhere to stay.
Lauri: Anne oh yeah that‘s right. She told me her neighbours were noisy.
Martin: No they‘ve gone someone else‘s moved in.
Lauri: So why does she want to move? I know she complains the internet
connection isn‘t good but her rent isn‘t very high.
Martin: Yeah but it‘s cheap for a reason. Do you know what time she has to get up in
the morning.
Lauri: That‘s true. She did mention all the travelling she had to do.
NUMBER TWO
Professor: Well, hello, Jason. What are you doing sitting in here all alone?
Jason: Hi, Dr Wescott. Oh, I was just looking for a quiet place to study where there's
no distractions. Dr Wescott, would you have a minute? Could I just ask you
about the comment you wrote on my last essay?
Professor: Yes, I have a few minutes now. What did I write on it?
Jason: Well, here's the essay- "The Heights of Post Modernism"- and you
wrote just the word "vague!" at the top beside my grade....
Professor: Oh yes. It's an interesting topic choice, Jason, but that title covers a lot of very
major English poets!
Jason: Yeah, I guess it does, doesn't it? Joyce, Beckett, Fowles etc. You know, I felt
that way too, actually, after I got started with it. But by then I was kind of
trapped, I mean and I was hooked.
Professor: What do you mean?
Jason: Well, I had already started research. I'd picked out some key passages from
the Waiting for Godot, from Beckett, etc. I'd already learned a good bit about
their personal lives- I was, you know, committed.
Professor: Well now, listen, one of the key steps in writing an essay is choosing and
defining your topic at the very beginning. If you get a feeling that the theme's
too broad or too narrow, abandon it and find a fresh theme. That's rule number
one.
Jason: Hmm. Yeah, I guess you're right. Well, could you give me an example of how I
could've narrowed this down to a manageable size? Should I have just chosen
one poet, do you think?
Professor: Yes, that's a simple solution to the problem here. But with only three pages to
work with, you could afford to narrow it even more.
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Jason: I'm also interested in the Symbolists, and I've been reading about Rimbaud-
he's kind of seminal, isn't he?
Professor: He certainly is- and in a way Rimbaud is a topic already narrowed down for
you. He stopped writing when he was 21 and ran off to become a trader in
Africa.
Jason: OK, I'll try. Thanks very much for your time, Dr Wescott. I really appreciate it.
Professor: My pleasure, Jason. See you in class.
Jason: Bye.
NUMBER THREE
MUM: You‘ve done what?
PAT: Don‘t get angry mum. You knew I wasn‘t happy. I never really wanted to
come here in the first place.
MUM: I knew you hadn‘t settled down in the dormitory but you were making friends.
Maybe you should given yourself more time You‘ve only been there a few
months.
PAT: I knew you‘d try to persuade me to stay. That‘s why I didn‘t tell you before.
Look mum I‘ve left and I‘ll pay back all the money you and dad spent.
MUM: Oh I‘m not interested in the money. You were unhappy, you did something
about it. I‘m proud of you for that but you shouldn‘t make major decisions like
that by yourself. I just wish you‘d talked to me about it.
PAT: We‘ll I‘ve done it now. Look mum I haven‘t got much time. Can you do
something for me?
MUM: Well I‘m not telling your dad. You can do that yourself and don‘t be surprised if
he gets angry.
PAT: Mum listen. I have to leave the dorm by Friday.
MUM: So you want to come back home then. Ok but only for a few months. I don‘t
want you hanging round the house all day doing nothing.
PAT: Mum!. I need to go to London on Tuesday but I don‘t want to take all my stuff
with me. Can you help?
MUM: Let me see. I suppose your father and I could drive up on Thursday, we need
to go and see your grandmother anyway so we can get your stuff at the same
time and we can have a chat about things, like why you‘re going to London
and where you‘re going to stay?
PAT: Mum it‘s all sorted I‘m staying with Pete.
MUM: Pete? And how does your sister feel about that?
PAT: No mum not that Pete.
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MUM: Good. You know what I think about him
PAT: Pete from primary school. You remember him.
MUM: Yes I do; the one who was always getting into trouble.
PAT: That was a long time ago. Anyway he lives near all the universities so it‘s a
lively area. I should be able to get a job.
MUM: Well that‘s good, at least you won‘t be borrowing money from us.
NUMBER FOUR
Andy: Hey, Brian, what're you doing?
Brian: Oh, just trying to make sense of this morning‘s lecture.
Andy: Tell me about it! I think that I‘m gonna fail this course. I haven‘t even got the
course book yet!
Brian: Don‘t worry, Andy, use my copy. Here!
Andy: Wait...this err...this doesn‘t look like the course book. Where did you get it?
Brian: Friend of mine had it copied, at that place down the street. Very inexpensive. I
can get you a copy too...if you like.
Andy: But, Brian, that‘s illegal!
Brian: No big deal! Everyone‘s doing it.
Andy: So that makes it okay, does it? Because everyone is doing it?
Brian: I dunno...who‘s gonna pay all that money...for the original copy? It‘s so
expensive! I mean...
Andy: It‘s not the point, Brian. I see that you can afford to run that nice car and what
about the money that you spend on restaurant food and...
Brian: So what! It can‘t really be illegal...not if...I mean, most of the class have copies
like this. At least mine‘s coloured!
Andy: (Sarcastic) Oh, well. A coloured copy. That‘s all right then!
Brian: It is. At least I can see the charts and diagrams.
Andy: That‘s not the point. It‘s illegal and it‘s wrong.
Brian: Why? What‘s the big deal, Andy?
Andy: Well, for starters...what about the writers?
Brian: What about them?
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Andy: Well, they must have worked hard to research and write the book. Who‘s
going to pay them for all that work?
Brian: Well...I err....
Andy: Exactly...nobody!...And what about the publishing company...how will they

cover their costs of producing the book? They must be getting paid
somehow...aren‘t they?
Brian: I don't know, who cares?
Andy: Come on, Brian...think about it! You‘re giving your money to that photocopy
place...that‘s where the profits are being made. Not the publisher...and
certainly not the writers. How will they get paid?
Brian: I still don‘t see why you‘re worried about it. Come and help me figure out these
notes. I can‘t understand anything.
Andy: I know, I feel the same
Brian: So, I'm not that stupid!
Andy: Err, no comment, Brian.
Brian: You know your problem, Andy. You worry and think too much. If I was you...
NUMBER FIVE
Student: Excuse me, do you have a minute, Professor Jenkins?
Professor: Oh, sure. Come on in.
Student: Thank you. I‘m just coming by to let you know I won‘t be in class next week.
Professor: Oh, I‘m sorry to hear that. Is everything okay?
Student: Yes, actually my mom is having a minor operation next week and needs some
help doing things around the house while my dad‘s away at work. It‘s nothing
too serious, but will keep her in bed for a while because it‘s a knee
operation...she injured it when she was running. I‘m sure staying off her feet
will drive her crazy because she‘s a very active person.
Professor: Oh, I see. Well, I hope that she recovers quickly. It‘s very nice of you to take
care of her.
Student: Yes, well seeing that I‘m an only child I don‘t have much of a choice. I mean,
someone has to help her do the cleaning and cooking, and I‘m glad to do it.
Anyway, I wanted to let you know I won‘t be in class. Besides the lectures,
which I‘m really sorry to miss, it seems that there is nothing due next week,
is that right?
Professor: Well, since you‘re missing the lectures you‘ll want to be sure and get the notes
from a classmate because anything could be tested on the final exam.
Student: I see
167
Professor: Also, don‘t forget that the syllabus states we could have a pop quiz at any time,
and these cannot be made up under any circumstances. But considering how
good your grades have been so far, I don‘ think missing a quiz should impact
your grade very much. I mean, it would barely make a difference.
Student: Okay, thank you, Professor. And one last question...the absenteeism limit is
25 per cent, is that correct?
Professor: Yes, it is. Are you keeping track of the number of classes you‘ve missed?
Student: Yes, I am. I‘ve only missed two classes until now.
Professor: Alrighty then, you should be fine.
Student: Thank you so much for your time. I‘ll see you the week after next.
LISTENING PART TWO
You are going to listen to a lecture about science fiction. As you listen, take notes under
the headings provided. After the lecture has finished you will be given questions to
answer using your notes – your notes will not be marked. You have 30 seconds to look
at the headings.
Welcome to today‗s lecture in which I will be talking about a very popular literary genre -
Science fiction. I will cover three main areas - I will start off with defining what science fiction is,
then I will look at fantasy fiction and how it is different from science fiction and then in the third
part I will look at the development of science fiction as a genre over the years.
Let me begin then by discussing or defining what science fiction is. Basically it is a very broad
genre of fiction and one that is often confused with fantasy fiction, but they are quite different as
I will explain later. Science fiction often involves speculations, I mean when you make guesses
about something when you do not have enough information to be certain, so speculations
based on current or future science or technology. Science fiction is found in books, art,
television, films, games, theatre, and other media. Good science fiction is largely based on
writing in an interesting way and in a rational way, now that is a key word when discussing
science fiction, writing rationally about alternative possibilities in settings that are contrary to
known reality. There are basically four typical settings or features for science fiction stories, but
they don‗t have to include all of these features. So let me just go over them briefly. So these
four main features are, one - a different time, so the story is set in a different time either in the
future, or in a historical past that contradicts the known facts of history or archaeological
records. The second feature is a setting in outer space on other worlds, so parallel worlds or on
different planets, often Mars and usually there are aliens involved. The third feature is that the
stories contradict or go against the known or generally accepted laws of nature and finally the
fourth feature is that the stories may involve the discovery or application of new scientific
principles, such as time travel or a new technology, such as nanotechnology, faster-than-light
travel or robots and also new and different political or social systems. This fourth feature is often
central to science fiction and exploring the consequences of these different political or social
systems is a key feature of a lot of science fiction. In this sense we can call science fiction a
"literature of ideas". So it is often referred to as a literature of ideas because it explores possible
future political or social systems.
168
So I have talked about some of the features of science fiction but actually, science fiction is
quite a difficult genre to define, as it includes a wide range of subgenres and themes. Let me
just give you a couple of definitions from the experts themselves, so from science fiction writers.
One writer, Robert Heinlein, says quite simply that it is a realistic speculation about possible
future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on
a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method. So Heinlein‗s
definition is quite a good one but it does not cover all of the four features that I mentioned
previously. However, another science fiction writer, Lester Del Rey, more or less says that it is
impossible to define because basically there are no easily delineated limits to science fiction,
because it can include so many different things. I would like to add here that although it is hard
to define we can easily distinguish between real science fiction and the cheap imitation known
commonly as sci–fi. Sci-fi is a term which first appeared in 1954 and was used to describe the
mass of what we call pulp science fiction that was appearing in comics and paperback novels
and movies, all those B movies about aliens invading Earth and so on, they were all very
popular in the United States at that time. This work is dismissed by serious writers such as
Damon Knight. So the difference between what we call sci –fi and science fiction can be clearly
seen. That brings me on to my next point and I would like to talk about the difference between
two genres that people often confuse and these are fantasy fiction and science fiction.
Fantasy fiction is closely associated with science fiction, and many writers, including C. S.
Lewis, worked in both genres. But let me explain more closely what fantasy fiction is. I have
already mentioned C.S Lewis, and his Chronicles of Narnia are clear examples of the Fantasy
genre as is Tolkien‗s Lord of the Rings. But what are the key features of fantasy fiction; well I
mentioned 4 traits in science fiction, so it is useful to look at the basic features of fantasy fiction.
There are basically 6 and I will go through each one very briefly. Well obviously, the first one is
that there has to be a story. The second feature is that the characters are common characters, I
mean they are like us, ordinary people, and through them we enter the story and the story, in a
sense, becomes ours. These characters usually face powerful mental and spiritual struggles.
The third one, and this is one that shares a feature of science fiction and which often confuses
people about the two genres, and that is
that it is set in another world, but not so very different from our world but rather a world that
matches our own, so although it is a different world, we can see our own world reflected in it.
Think of Harry Potter and Hogwarts School or Frodo in Middle Earth, they are both different
worlds but not too far removed from the ordinary world as we know it. The fourth feature is the
use of magic and the supernatural, so we have the presence of powers whose origin and nature
lie outside of human knowledge or common experience, think of Aslan in Narnia or Gandalf in
Lord of the Rings. The fifth characteristic is that in fantasy novels, and this is not apparent in all
science fiction, is that there is a clear sense of good and evil, so there is a struggle between
good and evil. The inevitable outcome is that good prevails. And finally the sixth feature is that
there is a quest, a quest or a search for something. It usually takes the form of a long, often
hazardous journey in search of an object of great importance, or the search for a person. During
this quest, the character often has to undergo many tests and is helped along the way but is
also hindered in his quest, when the guardians or the protectors of what he or she is searching
for try and prevent him from reaching his goal. So that basically is all I want to say about fantasy
fiction and I hope you can see how it differs from science fiction. I think we can say that in
general, science fiction is the literature of things that might someday be possible, and fantasy is
the literature of things that are inherently impossible.
Let me move on now and talk about the gradual development of science fiction. As a means of
understanding the world through speculation and storytelling, science fiction goes back to
Ancient Greece. In Homer‗s Iliad for example, he describes servants that are actually like
robots. In another example from ancient Greece, Lucian of Samosata wrote a book called
Journey through the Air in which a man with artificial wings makes a journey to the Moon.
However it wasn‗t until the 17th century that we can see the beginnings of science fiction as a
169
new literary genre. It comes as no surprise that the 17th century saw the emergence of science
fiction. This was because of what was happening in the 17th century. It was at this period that
technological and social change were accelerating so rapidly that incredible developments and
changes could be experienced within a person's lifetime and this had never happened before. It
would soon become possible to imagine an historical future that was very, very different from
the past or the present and people‗s imaginations were literally set alight. Prior to the 17th
century, it can be said that there had never been a fiction set in a future period of human history
and the first futuristic novel was written by Jacques, it was the Story of the Future Century
which was written in 1659. However, fully developed fictions set in the future would not appear
until well into the 18th century.
The 18th century saw the beginnings of science fiction but the authors took a bleak view of the
ever-accelerating technological and social change. We can see this for example in Gulliver's
Travels, which was written in 1726 by Jonathan Swift. The writer presents a vision of a terrifying
super weapon, a flying island which is used by its rulers literally to crush anyone who dares to
defy them. Another famous science fiction novel was written by the French writer Voltaire, who
wrote a book called Micromégas in 1732. This is the first known story of visitors from other
planets: two giants, one from Saturn and one from Sirius. They come to earth and are shocked
by us. They find us to be ridiculous beings.
However, it is in the 19th century that science fiction really came into its own at a time when
science and technology was spreading at an incredible rate. The century began with the first
experimental locomotive in 1801, then the airship in 1852, and the century ended with the first
experimental airplane in the late 1890s. In that century came the first steamboat, the bicycle,
and the automobile. From among all this advanced technology which many, many people
considered to be madness and against human nature, came one of the greatest science fiction
novels ever – Frankenstein. Most people now accept Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, which she
wrote in 1818, as the first true science fiction novel. This reflected the feeling that many people
had that man was letting science get out of control. Shelley set the standard for this new genre
and less than a decade after Frankenstein, she created one of the very first science fiction
visions of the end of the world, when she wrote The Last Man in 1826. This pessimistic novel
has the character in the title, the last man on earth, wandering alone over a dead planet,
observing all the useless achievements of human society.
Finally we move on to the 20th century and science fiction became really popular, particularly in
America, and we have great names such as Isaac Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke, to name just a
few.
But we‗ll have to leave it there for today and continue with the topic next week when we will be
looking at some of the greatest science fiction stories of the last century. Thank you.
That was the end of the listening section. You now have 15 minutes to answer the
questions which will be distributed for Part 2.The optic forms will then be
distributed and you will have 10 minutes to transfer your answers for both
Listening Part 1 and Part 2 to the optic form.
170
PAE SPEAKING CRITERIA
20  Speaks very fluently and coherently with no hesitation, restriction or pronunciation issues
Communication is maintained  A strong sense of spontaneity
without any problems  Contributions are developed through relevant examples and details
 Consistently uses a very wide range of grammar and vocabulary naturally, accurately and appropriately
19 Elements of both 18 and 20 OR slightly better than 18
18  Speaks fluently and coherently with almost no hesitation, restriction or pronunciation issues
Communication is maintained  Almost always spontaneous
with no major problems  Contributions are almost always developed through relevant examples and details
 Almost always uses a very wide range of grammar and vocabulary naturally, accurately and appropriately
16  Speaks mostly fluently and coherently with little hesitation, restriction and few pronunciation issues
Communication is maintained  Mostly spontaneous
relatively easily  Contributions are mostly developed through relevant examples and details
 Mostly uses a wide range of grammar and vocabulary naturally, accurately and appropriately
14  Speaks generally fluently but there may be some hesitation, restriction and pronunciation issues although this does
Communication is maintained not disturb the listener
without any strain on the part  Generally spontaneous
of the listener  Contributions are generally developed through relevant examples and details
 Generally uses a range of grammar and vocabulary with occasional inaccuracy and inappropriacy
12  Speaks with a sense of fluency, with some hesitation, restriction and noticeable pronunciation issues at times
Communication is maintained although this does not affect intelligibility
but in a few places there may  Some spontaneity; little evidence of rehearsed speech
be a little effort required on  Contributions are supported through relevant examples but may lack a few details
the part of the listener  Uses a range of grammar and vocabulary with less accurate and inappropriate use evident; meaning not obscured
10  Maintains a flow of speech with some effort, incoherence, hesitation, restriction and pronunciation problems,
Communication is maintained which affect intelligibility in places
but requires some effort on  Intermittently spontaneous; some evidence of rehearsed speech
the part of the listener  Most contributions are supported but examples and details are limited
 Uses a limited range of grammar and vocabulary with inaccurate and inappropriate use at times; meaning is
obscured in places
8  Maintains a flow of speech but with noticeable effort, incoherence, hesitation, restriction and pronunciation
Communication breaks down problems, which frequently affect intelligibility
at times and requires constant  Not very spontaneous; generally rehearsed
effort on the part of the  Many contributions are not developed with adequate examples and details
listener  Uses a very limited range of grammar and vocabulary with frequent inaccuracies and inappropriate usage
throughout; meaning is generally obscured
7 Elements of both 6 and or 8 OR slightly better than 8
6  Is able to speak in a limited fashion with considerable effort, incoherence, hesitation, restriction and pronunciation
Communication breaks down problems, which mostly affect intelligibility
due to limited language  Rarely spontaneous; mostly rehearsed
 Almost all contributions are made with limited exemplification and detail
 Uses basic grammar and vocabulary with inaccuracies and inappropriate usage throughout; meaning is mostly
Obscured
4  Is able to speak in a very limited fashion with considerable effort, serious incoherence, hesitation, restriction and
Communication breaks down pronunciation problems, which make the speech unintelligible
due to unwillingness or very  No spontaneous speech; completely rehearsed
limited language  Contributions are attempted but the result is inadequate
 Uses very basic grammar and vocabulary with inaccuracies and inappropriate usage throughout; meaning is
obscured at all times
3  Unintelligible speech with very long pauses
Almost impossible to maintain  Rarely attempts to contribute
communication  Only produces isolated words and phrases
2 Almost no assessable language
No evidence of ability to
perform task
1 No assessable language
0 Does not attend
171
PAE WRITING PART 1 CRITERIA
Identifies the information that is asked for in the prompt and the opinion is very well supported and fully expanded using the
information in the text.
10 and
Uses a sophisticated range of grammar and vocabulary – almost no errors
Identifies the information that is asked for in the prompt and the opinion is very well supported using the information in the text
9 and
Uses a wide range of grammar and vocabulary – very few errors
Identifies the information that is asked for in the prompt and the opinion is well supported using the information in the text
8 and
Uses a range of grammar and vocabulary. Minor errors are evident but meaning is not hindered
Identifies the information that is asked for in the prompt and the opinion is adequately supported using the information in the text
7 and
Uses an adequate range of grammar and vocabulary with some errors but meaning is not hindered
Identifies the information that is asked for in the prompt and the opinion is supported in a simple manner using the information in
6 the text with some expansion
and
Some range of grammar and vocabulary with some errors but meaning is not hindered
Identifies the information that is asked for in the prompt and gives an opinion based on the information in the text without much
expansion
5 and
The language is not always at the level in terms of range and accuracy and meaning may be hindered in places
Does not clearly identify the relevant information that is asked for in the prompt but presents an opinion based on the
information in the text
or
4 Identifies the information that is asked for in the prompt, gives their opinion but it is very repetitive or presented in a list-like
paraphrase of the main points in the text without any expansion
and /or
Uses a very limited range of language or There are many language errors and meaning is hindered in places
Able to identify the information that is asked for in the prompt but presents an opinion that has little or no relation to the
information in the text
3 and /or
The range of grammar and vocabulary is way below the level expectations and few sentences are accurately formed throughout
the text
Unable to identify the information that is asked for in the prompt and therefore cannot develop an opinion based on the text
or
Summarises all the points in the text / Summarises all the points relevant to his argument
2 or
Gives a memorised response to a general topic
and /or
Language errors seriously affect the intelligibility of the text
Elements of 2 and language falls far short of level expectations
1 or
Very little assessable text
0 Task not attempted
 If any element of the task (identification of the information that is asked for OR supporting their opinion OR language) is not
fulfilled, the highest grade that can be awarded is a 4.
 From the 5 band upwards, the emphasis is on supporting the opinion and the range of grammar and vocabulary used.
 Any incoherence or if the meaning is unclear then no higher than 5 can be awarded.
 There are two descriptors in each band. If a paper falls short of one of the descriptors, it should be placed in the lower band.
172
PAE WRITING PART 2 CRITERIA
10 An excellent response to the prompt
Very good coverage of topic
Well-developed, coherent, clear passage with good justifications
Very good use of linking devices
9 Accurate use of a wide range of appropriate structures
Good use of complex sentences
Occasional unimportant language errors
A wide range of appropriate vocabulary
Good coverage of topic

Fairly well-developed, coherent, clear passage with good justifications
Good use of linking devices
8 Fairly accurate use of a good range of appropriate structures with some minor language errors
Some complex sentences
Good range of vocabulary used mostly appropriately
Adequate coverage of topic

Adequate development of ideas, generally coherent, clear passage with some justifications
An attempt to use linking devices, mostly appropriately
7 Adequate range of structures with some error but meaning is not obscured
Occasional use of complex sentences
Adequate range of vocabulary used appropriately
Answers the prompt

6 Limited development of ideas
BORDERLINE Some attempt to use linking devices
PASS Limited range of structures with some basic language errors but meaning is not obscured
Limited range of vocabulary
Answers the prompt but meaning is not always clear

5 Attempts to use linking devices but not always appropriately
BORDERLINE Overuse of memorised chunks that do not always fit
FAIL Limited range of structures with some basic language errors
Attempts to answer the prompt but lack of control over the language makes the text difficult to
4 understand
Overuse of memorised chunks
Attempts to answer the prompt but the text poses serious problems for the reader
3 Frequent language errors – poor control of basic structures
Very limited vocabulary
2 Falls far short of the word limit but has some relevance to the topic
1 Too little text to grade. Produces 2 or 3 sentences

0 No attempt to answer the question or totally irrelevant response
173

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BILKENT UNIVERSITY

PROFICIENCY IN ACADEMIC ENGLISH

INFORMATION ABOUT THE PAE STAGE II EXAM 2

THE LEVEL OF THE PAE STAGE II EXAM 2

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 2

CONTENT OF THE PAE STAGE II EXAM 3-5

PRACTICE TEST ONE 6-37

PRACTICE TEST TWO 38-71

PRACTICE TEST THREE 72-104

PRACTICE TEST FOUR 105-136

ANSWER KEYS 137-140

SPEAKING CRITERIA 171

WRITING PART 1 CRITERIA 172

WRITING PART 2 CRITERIA 173

THE LEVEL OF THE PAE STAGE 2 EXAM

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

CONTENT OF THE PAE STAGE 2 EXAM

PART A – Reading, Grammar, Vocabulary, Listening

CONTENT OBJECTIVES TESTED

CONTENT OBJECTIVES TESTED

VOCABULARY - 2 texts of approximately - vocabulary in context

CONTENT OBJECTIVES TESTED

PART TWO - 1 lecture of approximately - note-taking

WRITING PART ONE AND TWO

CONTENT OBJECTIVES TESTED

PART TWO - candidates have a choice - ability to comprehend a given prompt

Candidates engage in a short conversation with an assessor for approximately 7

For samples of speaking performance, please visit

CONTENT OBJECTIVES TESTED

PROFICIENCY IN ACADEMIC ENGLISH EXAM

READING, GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY

TIME: 1 hour 45 minutes

1 The author refers to Jules Verne‘s novel in order to

A give some information about the novel.

2 The main idea of the text is that the Chikyu will

A break a world record by digging deeper than ever before.

3 The main idea of paragraph 1 is that the Shard

A has been built to benefit all Londoners.

A the best place to invest money in property.

5 What is the tone of the writer in this article?

To date, nearly 6,000 tonnes of human-made material has been disposed of

A show how serious the situation can be.

7 The phrase ‗debris footprint‘ in paragraph 3 refers to the

A place where space junk is being processed.

A approximately one space object a day is carefully pushed into the

9 According to paragraph 1, Don Federico thinks that being late is

10 In paragraph 2, Don Federico is described as a

A Casanova interested mainly in women.

11 In paragraph 3, Federico went outside on the night of the wedding to get

A had a horrible dream.

13 In paragraph 3, “the colony of invaders” refers to

14 According to paragraph 4, after the incident

A Federico had difficulty in breathing properly.

A can‘t afford to have them.

A found more activities for their children.

A left to cry instead of immediately being picked up.

18 Caplan‘s view on punishment is that it does not

A contribute to the development of a child‘s personality.

A want to be successful adults.

20 Caplan believes that having children

A puts a lot of economic strain on every family.

2. ―Happiness never appeared to me as an absolute aim,‖ said Einstein. The ideals

3. Health professionals face new epidemics of ‗hurry sickness‘, ‗toxic success

Researchers at the University of Minnesota _(55)_ the coffee drinking

Phobias can be treated in _(68)_ ways. Some phobias can be treated