SITE-SPECIES SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT OF MAJOR INDIGENOUS TREE

SPECIES IN BAGUIO CITY AND LA TRINIDAD, BENGUET, PHILIPPINES

Galate, Ian Rhey

Penaranda, Elmer
Wayan, Jayson

INTRODUCTION

Reforestation is defined to whether by planning for natural regeneration

or planting trees as long as it contributes on helping to restore a degraded area
of land that was formerly considered a forest. Here, we focus on active
reforestation, which we define as the planting of forests on lands that historically
had forests but that have since been converted to other land uses (IPCC,
2007).However there are many potential compromises between the structural
(biodiversity) and functional( carbon sequestration and water yield) effects of
reforestation, which can be affected by decisions on spatial design and
establishment of plantings (Cunningham,2015) .Due to some several problems
and constraints involving the use of exotic over indigenous species, inadequate
site characterization, and poor species-site matching, which lead to
substandard results. The absence of an adequate regional site classification
scheme has brought about problems on site-species matching. This makes the
decision making difficult for the study and for the researchers’, because of the
lack of information, picking of the proposed plantation is hard.

In order to have help in conducting the study and perform site suitability
assessments, GIS tools shall be used by the researchers. The study will involve
gathering information about indigenous species planted at the area, the climate,
topography, and geographic characteristics the study site that will help provide
significant on a province wide scale. Gathered information shall be transformed
and developed into a model that can be applied at Baguio City and La Trinidad
Benguet to asses suitable areas for set of indigenous and plantation tree
species. Overall, this study would significantly contribute in the improvement
and development of a model that would help in the development of a well-
informed decisions in crafting indigenous and plantation tree species-based
development plans, projects and programs.
 OBJECTIVES:

Main Objective:

Develop a model in assessing site-species suitability of major indigenous

and plantation tree species in Baguio City and La Trinidad, Benguet,
Philippines.

Specifically;

1. Characterize the different physical environment of major indigenous tree

species;
2. Gather information about the classification and characterization of indigenous
trees of the study area.
3. Determine the compatibility of soil within the area.
4. Define suitable species in a certain area and gather information which can
recommend places where to plant indigenous trees.

EXPECTED OUTPUT(S):

At the end of the study, the following shall have been met: the physical
environment such as edaphic, climatic, physiographic, and topographic characteristics
of major indigenous tree species were characterized; a geospatial-based index for site-
species suitability assessment was developed; suitable areas for set of indigenous tree
species in Baguio City and La Trinidad, Benguet were assessed; and model
applicability validated.

Further, researchers may consider an extension activity that involves adapting an

area that needs reforestation and where results of the study can be applied and
validated.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Reforestation in the Philippines

Reforestation as viewed from a systems perspective consists of a

number of major activities all contributing towards the provision for immediate
cover to the otherwise bare soil in the target areas. In addition to this protective
function, rehabilitation strategies will also aim for the production of forest goods,
the provision of other services or amenities or the combination of these
objectives. The identification of sites to be reforested is generally followed by
planning for the endeavor. The complexity of the nature of the work and the
oftentimes huge resources outlay demand that a plan be formulated. The plan
essentially becomes the guide for the effective scheduling of the different
activities involved and the efficient allocation of resources, manpower, money,
supplies and equipment. The choice of species is a vital part of the planning
 exercise. Owing to its critical role in determining the success or failure of any
reforestation endeavor, the selection of appropriate species to be planted in an
area needs special attention considering the prevailing conditions therein.
Survey, mapping and planning (SMP) is now a key component activity of the
National Forestation Program of the Philippines. This is a requirement before a
contract reforestation project can be implemented in the said area. The SMPs,
however, are largely fragmented in nature and usually do not consider the most
intrinsic environmental features of the area (Carandang, et.al., undated).

Geospatial Analysis

Definition. Geographical or geospatial analysis is an approach to

applying statistical analysis and other informational techniques to
geographically based data. Such analysis employs spatial software and
analytical methods with terrestrial or geographic datasets, including geographic
information systems and geomatics (Collins Dictionary.com, Undated;
Dictionary.com, 2010; Scharl, 2008).

A geographic information system (GIS) may be defined as an integrated

system of hardware/software, personnel and procedures for the capture,
storage, analysis, manipulation and display of geographically-referenced data
for decision-making (FMB, 2006 as cited by Bantayan, 2006). It allows viewing,
understanding, questioning, interpreting, and visualizing data in many ways that
reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports,
and charts. A GIS helps answer questions and solve problems by looking at
your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared. GIS technology
can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework
(www.esri.com, undated).

Importance. Science and technology has played quite a major role in

providing information through advanced research techniques. In this
regard, spatial analysis is one way through which science is providing
information. Spatial analysis with GIS basically involves studying the
geographical information systems of the world. In this light, spatial analysis is
required to give statistical analysis in the simplest form possible. Geospatial
information analysis is termed as a system that manipulates geographical
information in order to give the required analysis (dlsr.com, 2012).

GIS key role in forestry and natural resources management is evident

in order to ensure the sustainable development of the country. More
importantly, the watershed approach provides the mechanism for a successful
resource management. Thus, GIS plays a vital role in watershed-based
sustainable development initiatives (Bantayan, 2006).

It has extended to almost all industries including defense, intelligence,

utilities, natural resources (i.e. oil and gas, forestry etc.), social sciences,
medicine and public safety (i.e. emergency management and criminology),
disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM), and climate change
adaptation (CCA). Spatial statistics typically result primarily from observation
rather than experimentation (dlsr.com, 2012).
 According to Mahender (undated), geospatial information
technologies - an umbrella term covering a wide gamut of GIS and related
technologies (Remote Sensing, GIS, GPS, Image Processing, Location Based
services) is widely believed to play an increasingly Important role in the present
day. The best way to monitor and manage the environment is with utilization of
the power of functionalities available with in the fast emerging Geospatial
Technologies (GT), which will surely enable the better management of
environment.

Spatial statistics is a rapidly developing discipline which provides

essential techniques for quantitative analysis of spatial environmental data.
Applications of spatial statistics occur in a broad range of disciplines in natural
sciences such as agronomy, geology, soil science, hydrology, ecology,
oceanography, forestry, climatology and meteorology, but also in
social/economic fields such as human geography, spatial econometrics and
epidemiology (Zaragoza, 2014).

Geospatial analysis provides a distinct perspective on the world, a

unique lens through which to examine events, patterns, and processes that
operate on or near the surface of our planet. Spatial analysis exists at the
interface between the human and the computer, and both play important roles.
The concepts that humans use to understand, navigate, and exploit the world
around them are mirrored in the concepts of spatial analysis (de Smith et al.,
2015).

Applications. Eastman et al. (1995) revealed the broad classification on

the application of geospatial analysis in forestry which includes resource
assessment activities such as inventory, monitoring, suitability and productivity
assessment; and resource management activities such as timber harvesting,
fuelwood, wood supplies, fire management, and multiple resource
management. Navanugraha (1993) has applied geospatial analysis to evaluate
soil, land use and climate from secondary sources, actual field survey and
laboratory analysis.

Oszaer (1994 as cited by Combalicer, 2000) used geospatial analysis

in developing a model for land use optimization in the Waeriuapa watershed in
Indonesia. Soil erosion rates and index were considered constraints in land
optimization. Land response units and land capability classes were delineated
based on elevation, slope and soil erosion index. Maximum conservation
practices values for each land response unit were also estimated as basis for
selecting suitable land use.

In the Philippines, Tiburan et al. (2010) developed a model called the

Geospatial-based Regional Environmental Vulnerability Index for Ecosystems
and Watersheds or the GeoREVIEW model. Accordingly, the model utilizes the
integration of geospatial-based techniques and methods in vulnerability
assessment to enhance the capacity in identifying vulnerable regions and areas
of immediate concerns due to the adverse effects of climate change, including
climate variability and extremes.

An assessment of the vulnerability of La Mesa Watershed (LMW), a

vital carbon sink and an important source of domestic water supply in Metro
Manila was conducted by Tiburan et al. (2013) with the application of geospatial
analysis. It generated indispensable information which can be used to address
 management issues such as resource prioritization and optimization. In
addition, these can be utilized to sustainably manage the watershed particularly
on the provision of quality water for domestic use of several cities in the national
capital region as well as its neighboring provinces.

Suitability Assessment

Definition. Suitability is a measure of how well the qualities of a land unit

match the requirements of a particular form of land use. Suitability is assessed
for each relevant use and each land unit identified (FAO, 1980). Land suitability
assessment is a prerequisite for sustainable forestry production (Van Loi,
2008). Accordingly, it involves simultaneous consideration of geo-morphological
and ecological factors and environmental and socio-economic aspects in order
to produce land potential maps for development of forestry production.

Aim of suitability assessment. The suitability classification aims to show

the suitability of each land unit for each land use. In FAO's Framework for Land
Evaluation, land is first classed as suitable (S) or not suitable (N). These
suitability classes can then be further sub-divided, as required. In practice, three
classes (S1, S2 and S3) are often used to distinguish land that is highly
suitable, moderately suitable and marginally suitable for a particular use (FAO,
1980).

Identifying the most suitable land use. Based on FAO (1980), once
evaluated, land units are rated according to their suitability for a range of uses,
including the production of individual crops. The requirements of types of land
use or crop are compared with the characteristics and qualities of each land
unit. This matching process provides a measure of how successful any land use
would be on a specific land unit.

Furthermore, since land use normally involves the production of

crops or products for consumption or sale, the matching process concentrates
on soil and climatic factors, measuring the level of output that could be
produced from a particular land unit using a given production system or level of
inputs. In fact, the resulting suitability rating often represents average expected
yield levels.

The evaluation process is carried out separately for each individual

crop and land use, and results in an individual suitability rating. Clearly,
decisions about best or optimum land use must take into account the objectives
of land users and the community, economic factors, input/ output relationships
in terms of money, labour or produce, demand and other factors (FAO, 1980).

Suitability classification. According to land evaluation for forestry of FAO

(FAO, 1984), the suitability is the fitness of a given type of land for a defined
use. The land may be considered in its present condition or after improvements.
The process of land suitability classification is the appraisal and grouping of
specific areas of land in terms of their suitability for defined uses. There are four
categories recognized for land suitability classification:
a) Land Suitability Orders: Reflecting kinds of suitability, land suitability orders
indicate whether given types of land are suitable or not suitable, for the land utilization
type concerned. Whereas S = Suitable, N = Not suitable for the land use.
 b) Land Suitability Classes: Reflecting degrees of suitability within suitable
orders, three classes are normally recognized: Highly suitable, moderately suitable and
marginally suitable, indicated by symbols S1, S2 and S3 respectively.

• S1 (Highly suitable): Land having no significant limitations to sustained

application of a given land utilization type, or only minor limitations that will not
significantly reduce productivity or benefits and will not raise inputs above an
acceptable level.
• S2 (Moderately suitable): Land having limitations which in aggregate are
moderately severe for a sustained application of a given land utilization type. The
limitations will reduce productivity or benefits and increase required inputs to the extent
that the overall advantage to be gained from the use will be appreciably inferior to that
expected on class S1 land.
• S3 (Marginally suitable): Land having limitations which in aggregate are
severe for sustained application of a given land utilization type and will so reduce
productivity or benefits, or increase required inputs, that this expenditure will only be
marginally justified.
• N1 (Currently not suitable): Land having limitations which may be
surmountable in time but which cannot be corrected with existing knowledge at
currently acceptable cost. The limitations are so severe as to preclude successful
sustained application of the given land utilization type.
• N2 (Permanently not suitable): Land having limitations which appear as
severe as to preclude any possibilities of successful sustained application of a given
land utilization type.
c) Land Suitability sub-classes: Subclasses reflect kinds of limitations or
required improvements measures within classes.
d) Land Suitability Units: indicating differences in required management within
subclasses.

Applications. Adjei et al. (1999) conducted a site suitability assessment

of some degraded forest reserves and headwaters in the Ashanti Region and a
small part in the Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana for the purpose of establishing
Ceiba pentandra (silk cotton tree) plantations. Data on soil and climatic
conditions of the site were matched with the species' growth requirements to
assess the potential of the land for the establishment of silk cotton tree
plantation.

Fungo (2010) also provided a GIS-based model for rapid site

suitability assessments using clonal Eucalyptus as an example using secondary
soils (soils attribute data such as phosphorus, organic matter, pH, clay content)
and topography (elevation)., topographic and infrastructure data.

Van Loi (2008) modeled an assessment of forestry land’s potential in

Thua Thien Hue Province of Central Vietnam through GIS. He combined factors
consisting of climate, soil property, topography, vegetation and their impacts to
express land suitability for the land potential. The remotely sensed data have
been integrated through GIS modeling to define potential areas and identify
better and more suitable places for predetermined forest trees. He used the
method described in FAO guidelines for land evaluation for forestry suitability
classifications. Likewise, Baynes, (2007) also modeled an area of private land
suitable and available for growing hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) in North
Queensland was modeled using a geographic information system (GIS). He
utilized factors such as mean annual rainfall, soil type, land with slope,
vegetation and agriculture areas in determining suitable and available areas for
expansion.
 Jeyanny et al. (2010) on the other hand, implemented a geospatial-
based site suitability assessment for sustainable forest plantation establishment
of Dyera costulata in a West Malaysian tropical forest using factors consisting of
topsoil chemical and physical properties.

Site Characterization Procedure

There is clearly a need to refine the procedure of characterizing the

areas intended for reforestation in the country. As pointed out earlier, the
current SMP process is much localized in nature and may not be economically
worth pursuing. It is not even feasible to prioritize the target reforestation areas
all over the country with the results of the numerous SMPs conducted so far.
Current site appraisal activities should be geared towards the development of a
site classification system that is wider in scope and is more meaningful than
small-scale SMP activities. Regional site classification schemes taking into
consideration variations in climate, topography, soil, other biotic site factors and
anthropogenic conditions can be formulated (Carandang, et.al., undated).

Appropriate Site - Species Mix

The choice of the most appropriate species to be planted in the area

will be highly facilitated if there is complete information on the different site
classes within the regions. Species introductions will no longer be done
haphazardly, that is, species trials can be programmed systematically which
may also be coupled with suitable risk assessments on a regional basis
(Carandang, et.al., undated).
METHODOLOGY

The Study Site

Figure 1.Map of Municipality of

Baguio

The Municipality of Baguio is a landlocked city located 250 kilometers

north of Manila, in the heart of the province of Benguet. It has a land area of
57.5 km². It is known as the gateway to the Cordillera of the mountain provinces
of Northern Philippines. The city also serves as the regional center of the
Cordillera Administrative Region. The city has a land area of 57.51 square
kilometers or 22.20 square miles. Its population as determined by the 2015
Census was 345,366. This represented 20.06% of the total population of the
Cordillera Administrative Region. Based on these figures, the population density
is computed at 6,005 inhabitants per square kilometer or 15,557 inhabitants per
square mile. Baguio, the capital of the Cordillera Administrative Region
province, has a latitude of 16°24'51.3"N and a longitude of 120°33'49.05"E or
16.41425 and 120.563625 respectively.(philatlas.ph)

The municipal center of Baguio is situated at approximately 16° 25'

North, 120° 36' East, in the island of Luzon. Elevation at these coordinates is
estimated at 1,445.3 meters or 4,740.7 feet above mean sea level.
 The Study Site

Figure 2. Map Municipality of La Trinidad

La Trinidad is a municipality in the landlocked province of Benguet. It serves as

the provincial capital. The municipality has a land area of 70.04 square
kilometers or 27.04 square miles which constitutes 2.53% of Benguet's total
area. Its population as determined by the 2015 Census was 129,133. This
represented 29.07% of the total population of Benguet province, or 7.50% of the
overall population of the Cordillera Administrative Region. Based on these
figures, the population density is computed at 1,844 inhabitants per square
kilometer or 4,776 inhabitants per square mile.(philatlas.ph)

The municipal center of La Trinidad is situated at approximately 16° 28'

North, 120° 35' East, in the island of Luzon. Elevation at these coordinates is
estimated at 1,318.3 meters or 4,241.1 feet above mean sea level.

I. Characterization on the physical components of the study area.

Data and information will be obtained to characterize the physical components of

the study area which include climatic, edaphic, physiographic and topographic
information.

a. For the Climatic data, the following will be gathered:

 Past 10-year climate on the following will be obtained from nearest
PAGASA weather station:
 Daily rainfall data
 Daily maximum, minimum and mean temperature data
 Daily maximum wind data
 Daily relative humidity data
  Daily solar exposure data
a. For the Edaphic data, the following will be conducted
 Soil sampling will be conducted per land cover type within the watershed.
An existing land cover map will be sourced out from related agencies or
organizations governing the watershed as a basis of identifying the
number of sample pits and their random locations.
 Sample pit size where soil will be sampled is 20 cm x 20 cm.
 Analysis of soil physical properties such as soil texture and bulk density;
and chemical soil properties such as pH, bulk density, organic matter,
nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium will be analyzed.
 The geographic coordinates indicating the location of each sample pit will
be taken using a global positioning system (GPS) monitor.

c. For the Physiographic/Topographic data, a geographic information system

(GIS) will be utilized as a tool to generate topographic, elevation, and slope
maps.

II. Development of Thematic maps per indicator.

Thematic map per indicator will be prepared using the obtained data and
information from primary and secondary sources as inputs. These analyzed and
processed through the use of QGIS software.

Data on the physical components of the study area such as rainfall, temperature,
soil texture and bulk density; soil chemical properties such as pH, OM, NPK; slope, and
topography will be transformed into spatial data for geospatial analysis. Output thematic
maps in the geospatial analysis included location, boundary/area, elevation, climate,
slope, and soil maps.

Furthermore, maps will be generated to show the location of major indigenous

species in Baguio City and La Trinidad, Benguet.

III. Suitability assessment of area.

Geospatial-based suitability assessment will be employed using QGIS software (Quantum

GIS) as an analysis tool in identifying areas suitable for indigenous and plantation tree
species in Baguio City and La Trinidad, Benguet. Using the GIS processing and analysis
techniques, suitability map at varying levels of the different areas within the province will
be generated.

Weighted suitability scale. For the weighted suitability scale per site, theme maps layers for
all indicators will be overlaid. Suitability code scales convert into numbers such that math
computations in the GIS software. Theme map layers of the indicators of suitability will
be developed and reclassified to produce the final suitability map of the study areas.

This study will utilize a 5-point suitability rating scale along the different reforestation sites of
municipalities in Baguio City and La Trinidad, Benguet. A rating scale of 5 indicates that
areas under this category are highly suitable for planting based on the selected
suitability indicators. On the other hand, a rating scale of 1 denotes those areas or
regions within the study area are not suitable for planting. The other rating scales such
as 2, 3 and 4 indicated that regions within the study belonging to these categories have
low suitability, moderately suitable and suitable; respectively (Table 1).
Table 1. Rating scales for suitability of planting of major indigenous species.

RATING SCALE DESCRIPTIVE SCALE

1 Not Suitable
2 Low Suitability
3 Moderately Suitable
4 Suitable
5 Highly Suitable

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