ish¨ u ysñlï weúßKs] All Rights Reserved] 8 AL/2021/01-S-II

fuu m%Yak m;%fha iïmQ¾K whs;sh iqim s ja ka Wiia wOHdmk ^fm!oa& iud.u i;= jk w;r fuu m%Yak m;%fha wka;¾.;
lsij
s la bf,lafg%dakslj" hdka;%slj fyda Pdhd msgm;a lsÍu yd .nvd lr ;eîu imqrd ;ykï fõ' tfia l<fyd;a Bg
úreoaOj wm iud.fï kS;s wxYh u`.ska kS;suh mshjr .kq ,nhs

2021 fkdjeïn¾
2021
November 2021

12

B fldgi – rpkd
f;dard.;a m%Yak 04 lg muKla ms<s;=re imhkak'
[ g = 10Nkg-1 ]

5. (a) .=jka hdkhla yd ixikaokfha§ fy,sfldmag¾ hdkd

iqúfYaIS jkafka tajd wyfia ksYap,j mj;ajd .; yels
neúks' ta i`oyd tys wjrfm;s (rotor) ilid we;s wkaou
WmldÍ fõ'
(i) (2) rEmfha ±lafjkafka m%Odk wjrfm;af;a
(Main rotor) iy miqmi wjr fm;af;a (tail rotor)
yrialv kï tajd N%uKfha§ ta u; n,hka
f.dvkef.k whqre fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak' (1) rEmh
(ii) fy,sfldmag¾ hdkd ixikaokfha§ tajdf.a wYajn, m%udKh
(horse power) Ndú;d fõ' iïu; wYajn, tlla (metric HP)
w¾: olajd we;af;a 75kg ialkaOhla ;;amr tlla ;=<§ 1m
(3.28ft) tiùug wjYH Yla;sh fyj;a laIu;djhla weiqßks'
wYajn, tallhl w.h SI tall j,ska fidhkak'
(iii) fy,sfldmag¾ hdkhl wYajn, m%udKh
   (RPM ) 
horsepower hehs § we;' fuys§  hkq m%Odk
 7166 
wjrfm;af;a (main rotor) ys m%;smdok jHdj¾:ho" RPM hkq tys N%uK iS>%;djho fõ' Tn
okakd iólrK weiqßka th wfmdaykh lrkak' (  3.14)
(iv) m%Odk wjr fm;af;a (main rotor) N%uK fõ.h 120rpm jk úg iy túg hdkfha CIu;dj
60HP úg wjr fm;af;a m%;smdok jHdj¾;h .Kkh lrkak'
(b) kuq;a fldaKsl .uH;d ixiaÓ;s uQ,O¾uhg wkql+,j tjka jHdj¾:hla m%Odk wjrfm;a; u;
fhÿko m%;sjHdj¾:hla hdkfha n`o u; l%shd;aul ù th m%;súreoaO ÈYdjg N%uKh ùug fm<fò' th
j,lajd .ekSug tail rotor h ks¾udKh lr we;'
(i) tu`.ska ksYap, jd;h" iM, A j¾.M,hla Ndú;fhka V m%fõ.fhka bj;g úis lrkq ,nhs
kï wjrfm;a; u; we;s jk m%;sl%shdj (F) i`oyd m%ldYkhla ,nd .kak' (  hkq jd;fha
>k;ajhhs&
(ii) by; n,h l%shdldÍ ,laIHfha isg m%Odk wjrfm;af;a N%uK wlaIhg mj;sk ,ïn ÿr 5m
o   1.2kgm3 " A  2m 2 " V  17ms 1 o jk úg fldmuK m%;sjHdj¾:hla tail rotor h
u`.ska uevmeje;aúh yels±hs m%;sY;hla f,i .Kkh lrkak'
(iii) b;sß iq`M m%;sY;h fy,sfldmag¾ hdkfha tkaðu iy .sh¾ moaO;sh (Gear box) u`.ska
iajNdúlj uev meje;afõ hehs m%ldY lrkafka kï th isÿ jk wdldrh ms<sn`o Tnf.a
woyia olajkak'
(c) nhsisl,hla hkq oaúudk jia;=jla f,i ie,lsh yelsh' tjekakla isria ;,fha iu;=,s; lr ùu
m%dfhda.slj wmyiq jQjo nhsisl,h bÈßhg .uka .kakd úg th jvd myiqh' fï i`oyd tys N%uKh
jk frdao fldaKsl .uH;d uQ,O¾ufhka iu;=,s;;dj ia:dhslrKhla (gryrascopic stabalizers) f,i
l%shd l<;a ieneúkau tu`.ska iu;=,s;;djhg b;d wvq n,mEula isÿ lrhs' ^nhsisl,a frdaohl
wjiaÓ;s >Q¾Kh 0.225 kgm 2 fõ'&
(i) nhsisl,h 36kmh1 ^ 10ms 1 " túg frdaoj, fldaKsl m%fõ.h 100 / 3rads 1 ) fõ.fhka
bÈßhg .uka lrk úg moaO;sfha uq`M fldaKsl .uH;dj .Kkh lrkak'
ish¨ u ysñlï weúßKs] All Rights Reserved] 9 AL/2021/01-S-II

(ii) by; m%fõ.fhka .uka lrñka mej;s nhsisl,h yosisf ha isrig

300 la wdk; jQfha kï moaO;sfha fldaKsl .uH;d fjkia ùu
L  2L cos 75 nj iïu; ffoYsl iQ;%h Ndú;fhka idOkh
lrkak' L hkq uq,a fldaKsl .uH;djh fõ'
(iii) tkhska cos 750 = 0.228 úg by; fldaKsl .uH;d fjki isÿ
jQfha 0.1s ;=,§ kï tu`.ska we;s jQ uOHkh jHdj¾:h
.Kkh lrkak'
(iv) nhsisl,alref.a ialkaOh 50kg kï iy Tyqf.a .=re;aj flakaøh A ,laIHfha isg 1m
by<ska mj;sk úg (nhsisl,fha ialkaOh fkdi,ld yßkak& by; 300 wdk; jQ miq A
,laIHh jgd we;s lrk .=re;ajdl¾IK jHdj¾:h fldmuKo@
6. ck.yk j¾Okh;a iu. le,E t<s fmfy,s lsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,i le,Enoj cSj;a jk w,ska ñksia ckdjdi
fj; meñKSu iy .egqï we;s ùu ksrka;rfhka isÿ fõ' uE; w;S;h mqrdu fï ksid ñksiaiq fukau jk w,so
ish cSú; j,ska jkaÈ f.jñka isà' fkdfhla ld, j,§ úúO úi`ÿï w;a yod ne¨ko w,s ñksia .egqu ksid isÿ
jk cSú; yd foam, ydks Èfkka Èk fmkajkafka YS>% j¾Okhls' jk w,skaf.a p¾hd rgd wOHhkh lrñka yd
;dlaIKsl Wml%u fhdod .ksñka w,s ñksia .egqu flfrys úoHd;aul m%fõYhlska úi`ÿula ,nd §ug ,dxlsl
m¾fhaIlhska msßila iu;a ù we;' jk w,s y`ÿkd .ekSu , m,jd yeÍu yd wk;=re we`.ùu hk m%Odk wêhr
;=kla hgf;a fuu jHdmD;sh fï jk úg;a rc rg m%foaY j, w;a yod n,ñka mj;S' m<uq wêhr jk w,s
y`ÿkd .ekSu lïmk y`ÿkd .ekSfï ixfõol ( N+ ÿrl:k) wfOdarla; lsrK loïN laIqø ;rx. fyda f¾vd¾
hk l%u ;=k Tiafia isÿ fõ' w,ska .ï jÈk ia:dk j, w,sk ag ,`.d úh fkdyels uÜgfï Wilska fïjd
msysgqùug wfmalaIs;h' 10m muK mrdih we;s wfOdarla; lsrK loïN tu ia:dk j, ia:dms; lsÍu u.ska
ñksiqka yd fjk;a jk i;=ka jk w,skaf.ka fjka lr y`ÿkd .ekSug wfmalaIs;h' ó<`. wêhr jkafka jk
w,ska úl¾YKh lsÍuhs' fï i`oyd bÈßm;a lr we;s úi`ÿu jkafka 9000V muK úÿ,sh /f.k hk úÿ,s
jeghs' fuys úfYaI;ajh jkafka rn¾ j,ska iE¥ mdo iys; lKqjls' fï ksid jk w,s myr §ul§ úÿ,s jeg ì`o
jeàula isÿ fkdfõ' yÈis wjia:djl ydkshla jqj fyd;a th jefgys iú lr we;s f,ai¾ wdrlaIK u.ska
y`ÿkdf.k m%Odk moaO;sh ±kqj;a flf¾' óg wu;rj w,ska myka j, wdf,dalhg olajk ìh fya;=fjka
iefk,s myka fhdod .ekSug o woyia flf¾' wjidk moaO;sh jk wk;=re we`.ùfï moaO;sh u.ska jk w,s
y`ÿkd .ekSu, jk w,s úl¾YKh ùu, úÿ,s jegg ydks ùu tlsfklg wkkH jQ YíO iys; wk;=re ix{d
u.ska .ï jeishka ±kqj;a lsÍu isÿ fõ'
(a) (i) w,s ñksia .egqug úi`ÿula f,i fuys úia;r lr we;s jHdmD;sfha m%Odk wÈhr ;=k ,shd
olajkak'
(ii) jk w,s y`ÿkd.ekSug fhdod .kakd l%u ;=k i`oyka lrkak'
(iii) jk w,s úl¾YK moaO;sfha wka;¾.; uQ,sl ixrpl fol l=ula o@
(iv) fuys§ ia:dms; lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk úÿ,s jefgys iqúfYaIS ,laIK folla ,shd
olajkak'
(v) wk;=re we`.ùfï moaO;sh ñksiqka ±kqj;a lrk m%Odk wjia:d folla i`oyka lrkak'
(b) fuu jk w,s ixprK y`ÿkd .ekSfï ixfõol moaO;sfha m%uqL;u
ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrk Wmdx.h f,i N+ ÿrl:kh ye`Èkaúh
yel' (1 rEmh) tu.ska m%;siu (analog) N+ lïmk ;rx. fCIa;%
o;a;, ixLHd;h (digital) o;a; njg mßj¾:kh lsÍu isÿ lrkq
,efí' fuys§ m%Odk jYfhka N+ lïmk ;rx.fha isria ixrplh
úYaf,aIKh flf¾' fuu moaO;sh i`oyd N+ ÿrl:kh fhdod
.ekSfï§ m¾fhaIlhskag uqyqK §ug isÿ jk m%Odk .eg`:j kï
l=uk fyda ;dlaIKsl l%ufõohlska w,skaf.a mdo lïmk ixLHd;
fjk;a i;=kaf.a mdo lïmk ixLHd; j,ska fjka lr y`ÿkd
.ekSug isÿ ùuhs' fï i`oyd ta wi,ska .uka lrk
i;ajfhl=f.amdo fmdf<dj yd .efgk úg cks; jk N+ lïmk
;rx. j, ixLHd;h yd úia;drh weiqfrka hï ixikaokhla isÿ
lsÍu ±kg bÈßm;a ù we;s fyd`ou úi`ÿuhs' ulaksido h;a i;a;aj
úoHdj wkqj tla tla cSù fldÜGdY j,g tlsfklg fjkia jQ mdo lïmk ;rx. rgdjla mj;S'
ixLHd;h u.ska w,ska y`ÿkd .ekSu i`oyd N+ ÿrl:kh ;=< ia:dms; ÿkq moaO;sh yd ia lkaOh
Wmfhda.S lr .kS' fuysÈ hï ÿkq moaO;shlg wod<j ndysr lD; lïmkh f,i w,skaf.a mdo lïmk
;rx. ,nd fok úg moaO;sh Wmßu úia;drfhka foda,kh jk ixLHd;h yd .e<fmk f,i WÑ;
ialkaOhla fh§ug woyia lrhs' kuq;a we;eï laISrmdhskaf.a mdo lïmk ixLHd;h iudk neúka th
muKla ie,ls,a,g .ekSu m%udKj;a fkdjk ksid fuys§ ;rx. úia;drh o ie,ls,a,g .ekSug isÿ
fõ' fuu úia;dr kefkda mßudKfha mj;sk neúka .Kkhkaf.a myiqjg my; mßÈ iólrKhla
y`ÿkajd § we;'
M = log10 A + log10 (N 2 K)
ish¨ u ysñlï weúßKs] All Rights Reserved] 10 AL/2021/01-S-II

fuys A hkq kefkda ógr (nm ) u.ska ,nd fok lïmk úia;drh o, N hkq rxpqfõ i;=ka m%udKh
o , K hkq i;ajhd u; r`od mj;sk ksh;hla o yd M hkq mßudKfha fmkajk w.hhs' fuys§
úia;drh u.ska we;s jk n,mEu uefkkq ,nkafka M mßudK w.h u; fõ'
(i) N+ ÿrl:kfha m%Odk ld¾hNd¾h l=ula o@
(ii) N+ ÿrl:kfhkaa m%Odk jYfhka úYaf,aIKh lrkq ,nkafka N+ lïmk ixLHd;fha l=uk
l=uk ixrplh o@
(iii) jk w,s ixprK y`ÿkd .ekSfï l%shdj,shg N+ ÿrl:kh Ndú;d lsÍfï § uqyqK §ug isÿ jk
m%Odk .eg¨j l=ula o@
(iv) “ by; .eg¨jg úi`ÿu fiùfï§ wkqkdoh ixisoaêh Ndú;d lr we;s nj YsIHfhla mjihs ”
Tn Tyqf.a m%ldYh yd tl`. jkafka o@ Tfí woyi i`oyd fya;= olajkak'
(v) ÿkq ksh;h k jQ, ÿkakl my<ska t,ajd we;s ialkaOh m jQ Ndrhlg l=vd úia:dmkhla ÿka
úg isÿ jk ir, wkqj¾;Sh p,s;fha lïmk ixLHd;h i`oyd m%ldYkhla § we;s ixfla;
weiqfrka ,shd olajkak'
(vi) tl tll ÿkq ksh;h k jQ ÿkq folla iudka;r.;j iïnkaO lr we;s úg§ iul ÿkq
ksh;h kʹ i`oyd m%ldYkhla jHq;amkak lr olajkak'
(vii) by; WmlrKfha l%shdldÍ;ajh my; o< wegjqfï l%shdldÍ;ajhg i¾jiu nj Wml,amkh
lrkak'
Ndú;d lr we;s tla ÿkakl ÿkq ksh;h 0.588Nm-1 kï 10Hz ixLHd;hla
,efnk mßÈ t,aúh hq;= m ialkaOh ks¾Kh lrkak' (  2  9.8 f,i .kak')

(viii) w,sfhl= weú§u ksid we;s jk N+ lïmk ;rx.hl úia;drh 2 x 10-9m o, w,shd i`oyd K
w.h 15.81m o kï M mßudK w.fha igyka jk w.h .Kkh lrkak'
(ix) by; ixfõolh wi,ska .uka lrk ñksiqka lKavdhula ksid M mßudKfha by; (vii)
w.hu we;s jk wjia:djla i,lkak' ñksiqka lKavdhfï mdo .eàu ksid we;s jk N+
;rx.fha úia;drh 2.414nm yd ñksid i`oyd k ys w.h 0.131m kï lKavdhfï isá ñksiqka
.Kk fldmuK o@
(x) tkhska fuu moaO;sfha ;jÿrg;a mj;sk ÿ¾j,;djh l=ula o@
(xi) fPaofha È we;s úia;r weiqfrka fuh u.yrjd .ekSug úi`ÿula ,nd fokak'

7. (a) m%;Hdia: jia;= iïnkaO yqlaf.a kshuh ,shd olajkak' tu`.ska hxudmdxlh w¾: olajkak'
(b) wdOdrl mdo ;=klska iukaú; jD;a;dldr fïihla ;sria ;,hla u; mj;S' fuu iEu mdohlau
hxudmdxlh 2  1010 Nm 2 la jk jdfkaj,ska ksmojd we;' wdOdrl mdohl Wi 1.5m jk w;r tys
yrialv 3.75cm 2 fõ' fuu wdOdrl mdo ;=k iumdo ;%sfldaKhl YS¾Ihkays msysgk w;r mdo
folla w;r ÿr 2 3m ls' ^my; (i), (ii) fldgia j,g ms<s;=re iemhSfï§ fïi wdOdrlfha n,
fkdi,ld yßkak'&

(i) fuu mdo w;ßka A mdoh ñ,sógr m%udKhlska È. jeä ù we;s w;r tu mdohg by<ska
200kg ialkaOhla ;enQ úg§ mdofha È. jeä ùu fya;=fjka fïih meoa§u k;r fõ kï A
mdofha wfkla mdohkag idfmalaIj È. jeä ùu .Kkh lrkak'
(ii) miqj 200kg l ialkaOh bj;a fldg fïih u; lsishï ia:dkhlska 800kg l Ndrhla
;nkafka wdOdrl mdo ;=ku iïmSvkh ù fïih ;sria jk mßÈh' fuys§ tla tla mdohkays
iïmSvkh;a" wod, Ndrh fïih u; ;eìh hq;= ia:dkh;a olajkak' Ndrh ;eîug iqÿiq
ia:dkh fiùfï§ A wdOdrl mdofha isg wod, ,laIHhg we;s ÿr .Kkh lrkak'
ish¨ u ysñlï weúßKs] All Rights Reserved] 11 AL/2021/01-S-II

(iii) fïi wdOdrlfha >klu 5cm la kïo th idod we;s øjHfha >k;ajh 2000kgm3 la o kï
by; wjia:dfõ§ fïi wdOdrlh fya;=fjka muKla tla mdohla u; we;s jk n,h .Kkh
lrkak'
(iv) wdOdrl mdoh idod we;s jdfkaj, >k;ajh 8000kgm3 la kï 800kg l Ndrh fïih u;
;nd we;s úg§ tla tla mdoh u`.ska fmdf<dj u; fhdok n,h .Kkh lrkak'

8. (a) úoHq;a fY%aKsfha by,ska mj;sk øjHhla yd my,ska

mj;sk øjHhla tlsfklg msrsuosk úg fY%aKsfha
by,ska mj;sk øjHh (+) f,io fY%aKsfha my,ska
mj;sk øjHh (-) f,io wdfrdamKh fõ' fuysoS
isÿjkafka fY%aKsfha by<ska mj;sk øjHfha we;s
bf,lafg%dak ìoS my< øjHfha we;s wKq iu. kj
iïnkaOhla idod .ekSuhs' fï ioyd wjYH Yla;sh
imhd .kq ,nkafka øjH fol msrsuosk úg ckkh
jk ;dm Yla;sh u.sks' tys w.h P= kV3 hk
iólrKfhka ,nd fok w;r V hkq øjH fol w;r
idfmalaI m%fõ.h fõ' fufia wdfrdamKh l,
yelafla mrsjdrl muKla jk w;r úoHq;a ikakdhl
fuu l%ufhka wdfrdamKh l, fkdye;' fuu
ixl,amh Ndú;d lr idod we;s jekaä.%d*a cklh
kï WmlrKh úoHd.drfhaoS wdfrdamK ckkh lsrSu
i`oyd Ndú; fõ'
rEmfha mrsos C oKav N%uKh lrk úg B jdfka f.da,hg iïnkaO ;ka;=j p,kh ù th th A ùÿre
f.da,h u; we;s,a,Su ksid A ùÿre f.da,h (+) f,i;a ;ka;=j (-) f,i;a wdfrdamkh fõ' fuu
l%shdj,sh fkdkj;ajd isÿõfï oS A f.da,fha wdfrdamkh by, hk w;r th hï ksYaÑ; Wmßu
úNjhlg ,.d jQ miq f.da,h wdY%s; jdhq wKq whkSlrKh ùu wdrïN fõ' tysoS iEfok bf,laf g%dak
A f.da,hg tl;=jk (+) wdfrdamk WodiSk lsrSu ioyd jeh jk w;r (+) whk D ix.%dylh u;
.eà ix.%dylfha jQ bf,lafg%dak iu. iïnkaO ù WodiSk fõ' tu ksid ix.%dylhg iïnkaO ndysr
f,day lfnd, Ok f,i wdfrdamkh fõ' ;ka;=jg ,efnk (-) wdfrdamk ;ka;=j Tiafia my<g
f.keú;a B jdfka f.da,hg ,ndfokq ,nhs' fuysoSo f.da,h ksYaps; Wmßu úNjhlg ,.d jQ miq ta
wi, jd;h whkSlrKh jk w;r tysos ksmofjk bf,lafg%dak E ix.%dylh u.ska N+.; jk w;r
ksmofjk (+) whk B jdfka f.da,h u; .eà ;ka;=j u.ska f.k tk (-) wdfrdamk WodiSk lrkq
,nhs'
A yd B f.da, 2 g ksh; úNjhlg <.d jQ miq ndysr f,day lfnd, wdfrdamKh ùug mgka .kakd
w;r tu wdfrdamKh wdOdrl yryd N+.; ùu je,elaùug ish,q wdOdrl fldgia mrsjdrl j,ska
ksujd we;'
f.da,Sh f,day mDIaghlg ,nd .; yels Wmßu úNjh 10 kV nj i,lkak.

(i) fmd,sfhiag¾ yd ùÿre w;r mDIaGh ioyd k ys w.h 0.2 f,i f.k ;ka;=j 5cms-1
m%fõ.fhka p,kh jk úg oS ;dm Yla;sh ksmofjk YS>%;djh .Kkh lrkak'
(ii) ùÿre j,ska bf,lafg%dakhla ksoyia ùfï oS 3.1 eV Yla;shla wjfYdaIKh lrk w;r
fmd,sfhiag¾ wKqjla iu. bf,lafg%dakhla iïnkaO ùfï§ 2.475 eV Yla;shla msglrhs kï
ùÿrej, isg fmd,sfhiag¾ fj; bf,lafg%dakhla yqjudre ùug wjYH Yla;sh .Kkh
lrkak'
(iii) by; (i) ys .Kkh l, w.fhka 0.1% l m%;sY;hla muKla bf,lafg%dak yqjudrej ioyd
odhl fõ kï A ùÿre f.da,h wdfrdamKh jk YS>%;djh .Kkh lrkak'
(iv) ùÿre f.da,h mqrd iudldrj wdfrdamK jHdma; jk nj i,ld A ys .nvd l< yels Wmrsu
wdfrdamKh;a tysoS A ys mDIaGh u; we;sjk úoHq;a lafIa;% ;Sj%;djh;a .Kkh lrkak'
(v) ;ka;=fõ m%fõ.h ksh;j mj;ajd .kS kï ndysr f,day lfnd, tys Wmrsu úNjhg ,.dùug
.;jk ld,h .Kkh lrkak' ndysr lfndf,a wrh 50 cm o A fyda B f.da, j, .nvd jk
wdfrdamK u.ska lfnd, u; n,mEula we;s fkdlrk njo i,lkak'
(vi) fujeks jekaä.%d*a cklhla Ndú;d l< yels wjia:d ioyd WodyrK 2la fokak'
ish¨ u ysñlï weúßKs] All Rights Reserved] 12 AL/2021/01-S-II

(b) l¾udka; Yd,djla u.ska ksmojkq ,nk wmjd;fha wvx.= ÿú,s wxY= bj;a lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d jk
l%shdj,shla rEmfha oelafõ' m%:ufhka jd;h yryd bf,lafg%dak Odrdjla hjd tys we;s ish¨ ¥ú,s
wxY+ tAl (-) wdfrdams; whk njg m;a lrk w;r bkamiq tu jd;h yrialv j¾.M,h A jk
fkdi,hla ;=,ska ;sriaj V m%fõ.fhka úoskq ,nhs' bka miq tu jd;h AB úoHq;a lafIa;%h ;=<g
we;=¿ jk w;r tysoS jd;fha jQ ¥ú,s wxY= (+) ;yvqj fj; p,kh ù tys we;s isÿre ;=<ska bj;g
.uka lr m%Odk jd; Odrdfjka bj;a ùu isÿfõ' (x = 1m f,i i,lkak')
- - - - - - - - - - -
- -
v msßisÿ jd;h

whkSlrKh l<
A + + + + + + + + B
wmjd;h
(i) wmjd;fha wvx.= ¥ú,s wxY= + + kï lïy, úiska
m%;sY;h 600ppm 2.4kgs-1 YS>%;djfhka
wmjd;h ksmojk úgoS" ÿú,s wxY=jl uOHkH ialkaOh 5μg f,i f.k ÿú,s wxY= ish,a,
tAl RK wdfrdams; whk njg m;a lsÍug ;;amrhlg jd;h yryd heúh hq;= wdfrdamK
m%udKh .Kkh lrkak' ^bf,lafg%dakhl wdfrdamKh = 1.6x10-19C fõ&
(ii) fkdi,fha yrialv j¾.M,h 400cm2 o" jd;fha >k;ajh 1.2kgm-3 o kï fkdi,h ;=<ska
jd;h bj;g úosk m%fõ.h .Kkh lrkak'
(iii) fkdi,fha isg (+) ;yvqjg we;s ÿr x o" úoHq;a lafIa;%fha m%n,;ajh E o" wxY=jl ialkaOh
m o kï" ÿú,s wxY=jla Ok ;yvqfõ .eàug fmr .uka lrk ld,h i|yd m%ldYkhla ,nd
.kak'
(iv) wmjd;fha mj;sk ÿyqú,s wxY= j, ialkaOh 1μg isg 10μg olajd mrdihl mj;S'
lafIa;%fhka m%:ufhkau bj;a jk wxY=j l=ulao hkak olajd Tfí ms<s;=rg fya;=j olajkak '
(v) E=2x1010NC-1 o kï" ish¿ ÿysú,s wxY= lafIa;%fhka bj;a ùug mj;ajd .;hq;= úoHq;a
lafIa;%fha wju os. .Kkh lrkak'

9. (A) fldgig fyda (B) fldgig muKla ms<s;=re imhkak'

(A) (a) my; olajd we;af;a pqïnl i%dj >k;ajh B jk pqïnl lafIa;%hl l
È.e;s oKavla V m%fõ.fhka p,s; jk wjia:djhs' fuys oKafâ
fofl<jr fm%aß; úoHq;a.dul n,h i`oyd m%ldYkhla *erfâf.a
úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arK kshuh Ndú;fhka f.dvk`.kak'
(b) by; rEmfha olajd we;s ABC yd DEF o`vq
;sriaj ;nd we;s w;r tu o`vqj, úoHq;a
m%;sfrdaOh fkd.eksh yels ;rï l=vd fõ'
fuu o`vqj, AD fofl<jr m%;sfrdaO iïnkaO
lr we;' fuu moaO;shg ,ïnlj isriaj
my,g i%dj >k;ajh 5T jQ pqïnl lafIa;%hla
mj;ajd .kS'rEmfha olajd we;s wdldrhg 40cm
È. PQ ikakdhl oKav 20ms-1 m%fõ.fhka
ol=Kg p,kh lrhs' fuu oKafâ m%;sfrdaOh
10 fõ'
(i) PQ oKav by; olajd we;s m%fõ.fhka p,kh lrk úg§ 4 m%;sfrdaOh yd 8
m%;sfrdaOh yryd .,d hk úoHq;a Odrd .Kkh lrkak'
(ii) PQ oKafvys by; m%fõ.h mj;ajdf.k hdu i`oyd th u; ld¾hh l< hq;=
iS>%;dj .Kkh lrkak'
(iii) tkhska moaO;sfha m%;sfrdaOj, isÿ jk ;dm W;ai¾ckh i`oyd w.hla ksudkh
lrkak'
(c) miqj by; moaO;sfhys 20cm È." m%;sfrdaOh 5 jQ RS oKav my; rEmfha mßÈ ksYap,j
;nd we;'
(i) ±ka PQ oKav by; b(i) ±lajQ
wdldrhg 20ms-1 ksh;
m%fõ.fhka ol=Kq ÈYdjg
p,s; lrhs kï 4
m%;sfrdaOh ;=<ska .uka lrk
úoHq;a Odrdj;a wdrïNl
fudfydf;a§ RS ;=<ska .uka
lrk úoHq;a Odrdj;a .Kkh
lrkak'
ish¨ u ysñlï weúßKs] All Rights Reserved] 13 AL/2021/01-S-II

(ii) RS ;=<ska .uka lrk úoHq;a Odrdj fya;=fjka fuu oKav u; pqïnl n,hla
l%shd;aul jk w;r tys m%;sM,hla f,i tu oKavo p,s; fõ' fuúg tu oKav
u`.ska pqïNl n, f¾Ld fþokh lrk neúka ta ;=< úoHq;a .dul n,hla
f.dvkef.a' PQ oKav ;jÿrg;a ol=Kq ÈYdjg 20ms-1 m%fõ.fhka p,s; lrk úg§"
RS oKafâ m%fõ.h V jk wjia:djl ta ;=< f.dvkef.k úoHq;a m%;s.dul n,h E
kï ta ;=<ska .uka lrk úoHq;a Odrdj i`oyd m%ldYkhla E weiqßka f.dvk.kak'
(iii) by; m%ldYh Ndú;d lr RS oKav tla;rd wjia:djl§ ksh; m%fõ.hla ,nd
.kakd nj fmkajd tu wjia:dfõ§ th ;=< f.dvkef.k úoHq;a m%;s.dul n,h;a
tu wjia:dfõ§ oKafâ m%fõ.h;a .Kkh lrkak'
(d) by; c) ys olajd we;s moaO;sfha PQ ol=Kq ÈYdjg 20ms-1 m%fõ.fhka p,s; lrk úg§ RS
jï ÈYdjg 10ms-1 m%fõ.fhka p,s; lrkafka kï 4 m%;sfrdaOh yryd .uka lrk úoHq;a
Odrdj .Kkh lrkak'
(B) id.rh háka .uka lrk iíueÍk j, l%shdldÍ;ajh flfrys iíueÍkh ta jk úg .s,S mj;sk
.eTqr b;d jeo.;a fõ' my; olajd we;af;a iíueÍkhla .s,S we;s .eUqr ksjerosj ks¾Kh lsÍu ioyd
fhdackd lrk ,o bf,lafg%dksl mrsm:hls' fuu bf,lafg%dksl mrsm:fha A f,i kï fldg we;s
>¾IKhla rys;j i¾mkh úh yels ieye,a¨ msiagkhla mj;sk w;r th iíueÍkfhka msg; mj;S'
iíueÍkh uqyqÿ c,h u;=msg mj;sk úgoS jdhquh is,skavrfha os. L jk w;r tys jdhqf.da,Sh
mSvkfha mj;sk jd;h wka;¾.; fõ' jdhqf.da,Sh mSv kh  f,i .kak'

iíueÍkh l%ufhka uqyqÿ m;=, fj; .uka lsÍfï§ c,fhka we;s lrk mSvkh ksid msiagkh jug
p,kh fjñka is,skavrfha jd; wjldYfha mrsudj wvqfjhs' P Q hkqfjka úp,Hh m%;sfrdaOhla
olajhs' tu m%;sfrdaOfha uq¨ os. l fõ' th os.;a iu. m%;sfrdaOh taldldrj úp,kh jk wdldrfha
m%;sfrdaOhla jk w;r msiagkh jug .uka lsrSfï oS ta iu.u msiagkhg iïnkaO (R) i¾mlho
.uka lrhs'
is,skavrh jQ jd;fha mSvkh jdhq f.da,Sh mSvkhg iudk jQ úg oS i¾mlh Q ,laIHfha mj;S'
fhdod.kakd g%dkaisiagrhg wod, Vb = 0.7 V jk w;r thg wod, m%Odk ,dlaIKslh iy ixl%uK
,dlaIKslh my; m%ia;drj, wdldrhg ir,j bosrsm;a l, yelsh'

(a) (i) g%dkaisiagrfha ir, Odrd ,dNh ioyd m%ldYkhla  weiqrska ,shd olajkak'
(ii) msiagkh ;=, jQ jd; ialkaOfha WIaK;ajh wp, ksh; w.hl mj;sk nj
Wml,amkh fldg iíueÍkh lsishï h .eUqrlska msysgk úg oS uqyqo u;=msg
iíueÍkh msysá wjia:djg idfmalaI msiagkh úia;dmkh ù we;s m%udKh (x) ioyd
m%ldYkhla ,shd olajkak' uqyÿq c,fha >k;ajh d f,i .kak'
(iii) fuu h .eTqrg wod,j IB ioyd m%ldYkhla ,shd olajkak'
(iv) IB Odrdj b;d l=vd f,i ie,lsh yelsh' tkhska Ic fyj;a weóg¾ mdGdxlh ioyd
m%ldYkhla ,shd olajkak'
(b) fuu iíueÍkhg wdrlaIs;j .uka l, yels Wmrsu .eUqr 4000m fõ' óg jvd .eUqrlg
.uka lsÍu wjodkï iys; fõ' fuu Wmrsu .eUqf¾oS R iam¾lh PQ úp,h m%;sfrdaOfha os.
f;dardf.k we;' tfiau mßm:hg fjda,aàh;d ,nd oS we;af;a fuu fudfydf;aoS
g%dkaisiagrh hka;ñka ix;Dma; jk wdldrhghs' id.r c,fha >k;ajh 1000 kgm-3 f,i
.kak' ( jdhq f.da,Sh mSvkh 1«105 Pa f,i .kak')
ish¨ u ysñlï weúßKs] All Rights Reserved] 14 AL/2021/01-S-II

(i) fï i`oyd fhdod.; hq;= PQ m%;sfrdaOfha os. .Kkh lrkak' ms<s;=r wdikak
oYuia:dk ;=klg ;nkak' (L = 1m f,i .kak')
(ii) fuu Wmrsu .eUqf¾ oS VBE ks¾Kh fldg tkhska RB .Kkh lrkak'   30 f,i
.kak'
(iii) g%dkaisiagrfha Odrd ,dNh 50 la kï RC .Kkh lrkak' LED n,anh oe,afjk úg
ta yryd 1V úNj wka;rhla we;s nj i,lkak'
(iv) iíueÍkh .s,S we;s tla;rd fudfyd;l weóg¾ mdGdxlh 2 3 A kï iíueÍkh ta
jk úg mj;sk .eUqr .Kkh lrkak'
(c) RC ;=,ska Wmrsu ixlaIsma; Odrdj .,dhk úg oS nirhla iajhxl%Shj l%shd;aul ù ta nj
iíueÍkfha fufyhqïlrejdg oekqïoSug my; whqßka by; bf,lafg%dksl mßm:h
úia;drkh fldg we;' fuys R1 yd R2 i¾jiu LDR (wdf,dal ixfõoS m%;sfrdaOl) m%;sfrdaO
folls' R2 m%;sfrdaOhg mfilska by; bf,lafg%dksl mrsm:fha LED n,an ia:dms; lrhs'
Wmrsu ix;Dma; Odrdj mrsm:fha LED n,anh ;=,ska .,dhk úg R2 m%;sfrdaOh u; we;sjk
wdf,dal ;sj%;djg jvd uola wvq ksh; ;Sj%;djhla iys; wdf,dal loïnhlg ksrdjrkh lr
;nkq ,nhs'

(i) LDR m%;sfrdaOhla u; m;kh jk wdf,dal ;Sj%;dj jeä jk úg tys m%;sfrdaOhg

ljrla fõo?
(ii) ldrld;aul j¾Olfha (+) yd (-) m%Odk w.%h;a ksjerosj ,l=Kq fldg fmkajkak'
ms,s;=r ,nd.;a wdldrh myokak'

10. (A) fldgig fyda (B) fldgig muKla ms<s;=re imhkak'

(A) Google iud.u úiska f,dj mqrd wkq;¾cd, myiqlï fnod yeÍu
i|yd l%shd;aul lrk Æka jHdmD;shg (Project Loon) iu.dój ›
,xldj fjkqfjka Æka neÆk ;=kla ks¾udKh lr we;' ia;r
f.da,fha /oùug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk fuu neÆk j, l%shdldÍ;ajh
ieflúka fuf,i oelaúh yelsh'
tys m%Odk wx.h jk neÆkh by<ska mj;sk w;r th WKqiqï jd;h
r|jd.ekSug yelsjk mßos øjdxlh 2000C jk >klï fmd,s;Ska fros
Ndúfhka ksujd we;' neÆkfha iúl< f,day fmÜáh ;=<
bf,lafg%dksla mßm:" iQ¾h mek," fldaI" wekafgkd" bkaOk iy
oyk l=àrh we;=¿ Wmdx. wka;¾.; lr we;' fïjd kshuqjka rys;j
l%shd;aul fõ' ^neÆkh my<ska jdhqf.da,hg újD; újrhla mj;S&
fuu neÆkhl mßudj 100m3 jk w;r f,day fmÜáfha uq¿
ialkaOfha 10kg fõ' neÆkfha ialkaOh fkdi,ld yeßh yelsh'
^mßir WIaK;ajh 270C" jd;fha >k;ajh 1.2kgm-3&
(a) (i) neÆkh yd iei`§fïÈ l+vfha mßudj fkd.sksh yels hehs i,ld moaO;sh u;
Wvql=re f;rmqï n,h .Kkh lrkak'
(ii) mßmQ¾K jdhq iólrKfhka wdrïN lrñka jd;fha WIaK;ajh yd >k;ajh
iïnkaO lrkq ,nk m%ldYhla ,shd olajkak'
(iii) tkhska neÆkh ;=< wka;¾.; jdhqfõ >k;ajh 0.9kgm3 olajd my< fy,Su
msKsi tys jd;h r;a l< hq;= WIak;ajh fi,aishia wxYl j,ska .Kkh lrkak'
(iv) fuys§ wdrïnfha neÆkh ;=< mej;s jd;fha ialkaOh fldmuK Nd.hla bj;aj
.sfhao@
ish¨ u ysñlï weúßKs] All Rights Reserved] 15 AL/2021/01-S-II

(v) by; (iii) fldgia fjkialu isÿ l< miq th fmdf<djg wdikakj r`ojd ;eîug
wju jYfhka l=uk fNaol wd;;shla iys; lUhla Ndú;d l< hq;=o@
(vi) tu lUh ksoyia l< miq neÆkh by< k.sk ;ajrKh .Kkh lrkak'
(b) fuu neÆk weußldfõ ksmojd .=jka.; lr › ,xldjg /f.k tAug ie,iqï lr we;'
tla ne¨ula .=jka .; lsÍfïoS jQ m%udo fodaIhla ksid kshñ; fõ,djgu ne¨kh by<g
f.k hdug kï 4.5 ms-2 ;ajrKhlska by<g f.k hdug isÿfõ' fï i|yd ne¨kfha wvx.=
jd;h l=uk WIaK;ajhlg f.khd hq;=oehs fidhd tkhska fuh isÿl, fkdyels nj
fmkajkak'
(c) ne¨u kshñ; Wila olajd /f.k hdfuka wk;=rej oyk l=àrh iajhxl%Shj l%shd úrys;
jk w;r ne¨fï my< újrho ixjD; fõ'
bkamiq ne¨u ;=< WIaK;ajh hï ksIaÑ; w.hla olajd wvqù ksh; fõ' ne¨kh idod we;s
fmd,s;Ska l=ikakdhlhka ksid fuu WIaK;ajh mßir WIaK;ajhg jvd uola by< w.hls'
^jdhqf.da,h mqrd uOHkH ujq,sl ialkaOh ksh; nj i,lkak '&
(i) ia;r f.da,fha ne¨u mj;sk m%foaYfha WIaK;ajh 130C yd mSvkh 26kPa kï tu
m%foaYfha jd;fha >k;ajh fidhkak'
(ii) fuu m%foaYh ;=< ne¨kh r|jd ;nd .ekSug ne¨khg mej;sh hq;= wju mßudj
.Kkh lrkak'
(iii) túg ne¨kh ;=< jd;fha >k;ajh .Kkh lr ne¨u ;=< jd;fha WIaK;ajh
>kkh lrkak'
(d) by; (a) (vi) fldgfia mßosu ne¨u ;ajrKfhka by< hk wjia:djla i,lkak ' fufia
by<g hk w;r;=r ne¨fï by< fldgfia we;s jQ isÿrlska r;ajQ jd;h 2m3s-1 iS>%;djlska
bj;g hk w;r ne¨kfha mßudj ksh; jk mßos my< úYd, újrfhka 270C ys jd;h
we;=,g meñfKa' fï ld,h ;=< r;a jQ jd;fhka mßirhg isÿjk ;dm ydksh fkdi,ld
yßkak'
(i) ne¨kfha ialkaOh jeä ùfï iS>%;dj .Kkh lrkak '
(ii) ne¨kh u; iïm%hqla; n,h Y=kH ùug .;jk ld,h .Kkh lrkak '
(iii) ne¨kh iïmQ¾Kfhka isis,a jd;fhka msÍug .;jk ld,h fidhkak'

(B) iQ¾hhd ialkaOh 2  1030 kg jQo wrh 7  108 m jQo uOHu m%udKfha ;drldjls' tys wNHka;rfha
isÿjk kHIaál ú,hk m%;sl%shd u`.ska uqla; flfrk Yla;sh u`.ska tys mDIaÀl WIaK;ajh 6000K
jeks by< w.hl mj;ajd .efkhs' ú,hk m%;sl%shdjl§ m%Odk jYfhka my; whqßka m%;sl%shd
fY%aKshla Tiafia H kHIaá folla iQ¾hhdf.a uOHfha mj;sk wêl WIaK;ajh ksid .eàug ,la ù
He kHIaáhla ks¾udKh fjhs'
1
1H  1
1H  2
1H  e  Ve  Yla;sh
2
1H  1H 
1
2H 
3
  Yla;sh
3
2 He  2 He 
3 4

2 He  11H  Yla;sh
1
1H
fuu m%;sl%shd u`.ska b;d úYd, Yla;s m%udKhla iQ¾hhd u`.ska wNHjldYhg uqod yßkq ,nk w;r
iQ¾hhd ksid o< jYfhka mDÓú mDIaGh u; 1400Wm 2 úlsrK ;sj%;djhla we;s fõ'
id¾:l mßir ys;ldó jdhq bkaOkhla f,i Ndú;d lrk
H 2 jdhqj uyd mßudKj ksIamdokh lsÍu i`oyd (Solar Jet)
iQ¾h ridhksl m%;sl%shdldrlh Ndú;d lrhs' fuh ;=<§ CO2
yd H 2O fhdod .ksñka tajd ú>gkh fldg H 2 , CO yd
O2 jeks jdhq j¾. ksmojhs' Solar Jet WmlrKfha
l%shdldÍ;ajhg iQ¾hhd u`.ska mDÓú mDIaGh u; we;s lrk
úlsrK ;Sj%;djh m%udKj;a fkdjk ksid thg úiÿula f,i
fuu j¾Ifha§ c¾udKq úoHd{hska msßila lD;su iQ¾hhfhl=
ks¾udKh fldg we;' tu ks¾udKh i`oyd Tjqka úiska
lDIaK l=àrhl ixl,amh fhdod f.k we;' lDIaK l=àrhla
lD;su iQ¾hhd
;=< úÿ,s n,fhka l%shd;aul jk Xenon n,an rdYshla
wka;¾.; jk w;r tajdfhka ksl=;a lrk by< úlsrK
Yla;sh ksid l=àrh ;=< WIaK;ajh o< jYfhka 4000K l muK w.hl mj;ajd.; yels fõ' fuu
l=àrh 4000K l muK WIaK;ajhla we;s mQ¾K lDIaK jia;=jla f,i l%shd;aul jk w;r tu`.ska
uqla; jk úlsrK Yla;sh fhdod f.k iQ¾h ridhksl m%;sl%shdldrlh ;=< isÿjk c,fha ú>gk
l%shdj,sh i`oyd wjYH Yla;sh ,nd .kS'
ish¨ u ysñlï weúßKs] All Rights Reserved] 16 AL/2021/01-S-II

(a) (i) iQ¾hhd ;=< isÿjk kHIaál ú,hk m%;sl%shd

03 l ,shd olajkak'
(ii) iQ¾hhd mQ¾K lDIaK jia;=jla f,i
ie,lsh yelskï iQ¾hhd u`.ska úlsrK
Yla;sh úfudapkh lrk iS>%;djh
fidhkak'
^iafg*dka ksh;h  5.7  108Wk 4 m2 )
(iii) iQ¾hhdf.ka ksl=;a lrk úlsrKfha Wmßu
;Sj%;djhg wod, ;rx. wdhduh .Kkh
lrkak' (ùka ksh;h  2.9  103 mK )
(iv) mDÓúfha isg iQ¾hhdg mj;sk uOHkH ÿr
1.5  1011m kïo mDÓú jdhqf.da,h u`.ska
iQ¾hhdf.a isg meñfKk úlsrK Solar jet WmlrKh
;Sj%;djfhka 10% jdhqf.da,h u`.ska
wjfYdaIKh lr.kS kï iQ¾hhd u`.ska mDÓú mDIaÀh u; we;s jk úlsrKfha
;Sj%;djh .Kkh lrkak'
(v) by; (a)(iv) ys .Kkh l< úlsrK ;Sj%;djh fuka oi oyia .=Khl (  10 4 )
úlsrK ;Sj%;djhla Solar Jet WmlrKh u; m;s; úh hq;= hehs i,ld úlsrKfha
uq`M ;sj%;djh .Kkh lrkak'
(b) (i) Solar Jet WmlrKh u; m;s; úlsrK ;Sj%;djh wdikakj lD;su iQ¾h mDIaGfha
úlsrK ;Sj%;djhg iudk nj Wml,amkh lr lD;su iQ¾hhdf.a mDIa Àl WIaK;ajh
ljrla úh hq;=oehs .Kkh lrkak'
(ii) lD;su iQ¾hhdf.ka ksl=;a jk úlsrKfha Wmßu ;Sj%;djhg wod, ;rx. wdhduh
fldmuKo@
(iii) lD;su iQ¾hhdf.a mDIaÀl lafIa;% M,h 31m 2 kï tla Xenon n,anhl CIu;djh
224.4kW o kï lD;su iQ¾hhd u`.ska by; laIu;djh ksmoùug wjYH n,an
m%udKh fldmuKo@
(iv) lD;su iQ¾hhd meh 04 l ld,hla l%shd;aulj ;enqjfyd;a jehjk uq`M úoHq;a
Yla;sh .Kkh lrkak'
(v) ñksiqka 1000 muK jev lrk l¾udka; Yd,djl ffoksl úÿ,s mßfNdackh
17.7GJ kï tu l¾udka; Yd,dj wLKavj jirla mqrd isÿ lrk úÿ,s mßfNdackh
lD;su iQ¾hhd wdikakj meh 4 la n,.ekaùug jeh jk nj fmkajkak'

***