Samitha Ratnayake -1- Innovative Physics

E x p l o r e t h e W o r l d w i t h a N e w V i s i o n . . .
Advanced Level
Mechanics
Unit - 02
Part II
PHYSICS
ieliqu ( iñ; r;akdhl

úia:dmk - ld, m%ia:dr - Displacement - time graphs (s - t graphs)

W;a;drK ^f¾Çh& p,s;h
TRANSLATIONAL (LINEAR) MOTION t s
(+)
– –
– –
t=0 – –
– –
s=0 – –

ir, f¾Ldjl p,kh jk jia;=jl ld,h iuÕ ta ta ld,hg wkqrEm úia:dmk uek tla ÈYdjlg we;s ffoYsl Ok
f,i i,ld úia:dmkh yd ld,h w;r w¢kq ,nk m%ia:drhla úia:dmk - ld, m%ia:drhla f,i ye¢kafõ'

t
0

 ffoYsl ms<sn| ´kEu m%ia:drhla we£fï§ tla ÈYdjlg we;s ffoYsl Ok f,i iïu; lr.; hq;=h'

wka;(LKavh - (Intercept)

s - t m%ia:drhl y wCIh u; wka;(LKavfhka t = 0 È úia:dmkh ksrEmKh fõ' t = 0 § jia;=j mej;s ia:dkfha isg
úia:dmk ukskafka kï wka;(LKavh Y=kH fõ'

,CIHj, LKavdxl - (Coordinates of points )

x - LKavdxl ld,h;a y - LKavdxl ta ta ld,hg wkqrEm úia:dmkh;a ksrEmKh lrhs' ld,h iDK úh fkdyels kuq;a
úia:dmkh Ok fyda iDK úh yelsh'

s s s
01. 02. 03.
t

t t

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Samitha Ratnayake -2- Innovative Physics

04. s 05. s 06. s

t t t

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07. s 08. s 09. s

t

t t

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s s
10. 11. 12. s
t t t

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13. s 14. s
t t

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wkql%uKh $ nEjqu (Gradient / slope)

s s
P ysoS wkql%uKh = tan = , t  0
t
s+s
= P ysoS m%fõ.h
s 
fï wkqj úia:dmk - ld, m%ia:drhl hï ,CIHlÈ wkql%uKh u.ska
 t tu ,CIHfha§ m%fõ.h ksrEmKh fõ'
t t+t
Samitha Ratnayake -3- Innovative Physics
 s
01. s 02. 03. s

t t t

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s s s
04. 05. 06.

t t t

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07. s

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----------------------------------------

S - t m%ia:drhlska ,nd .; yels f;dr;=re

(Informations gained from a s - t graph)

úia:dmk - ld, m%ia:drhlska ,nd.; yels iDcq f;dr;=re folls'

i. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 tlu ir, f¾Ldfõ p,kh jk jia;+ka foll úia:dmk-ld, m%ia:dr tlu LKavdxl ;,hl ksrEmKh
l, úg m%ia:dr fol fþokh jk fudfyd;" jia;+ka fol uqK .efik fudfyd; ksrEmKh lrhs'

m%fõ. - ld, m%ia:dr - Velocity - time graphs (v - t graphs)

t v
u (t) – –
– –
t=0 – –
– –
– –

Samitha Ratnayake -4- Innovative Physics

ir, f¾Ldjl p,kh jk jia;=jl ld,h iuÕ m%fõ.h uek tla ÈYdjlg we;s ffoYsl Ok f,i i,ld m%fõ.h
yd ld,h w;r w¢kq ,nk m%ia:drhla m%fõ. - ld, m%ia:drhla f,i ye¢kafõ'

u
t
0

wka;(LKavh (Intercept)

v - t m%ia:drhl y wCIh u; wka;(LKavh u.ska t = 0 È m%fõ.h tkï wdrïNl m%fõ.h ksrEmKh fõ'

,CIHj, LKavdxl - (Coordinates of points)

x - LKavdxl ld,h;a y - LKavdxl ta ta ld,hg wkqrEm m%fõ.h;a ksrEmKh lrhs' ld,h iDK úh fkdyels kuq;a
m%fõ.h Ok fyda iDK úh yelsh'

v v v
01. 02. 03.
t

t t

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04. v 05. v 06. v

t t t

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07. v 08. v 09. v

t

t t

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Samitha Ratnayake -5- Innovative Physics

10. v 11. v 12. v
t t t

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13. v 14. v
t t

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wkql%uKh $ nEjqu - (Gradient / slope) v

v
P ysoS wkql%uKh = tan = , t  0 v+v
t
v P

= P ysoS ;ajrKh

 t
t t+t

fï wkqj m%fõ. - ld, m%ia:drhl hï ,CIHl§ wkql%uKh u.ska tu ,CIHfha§ ;ajrKh ksrEmKh fõ'

01. v 02. v 03. v

t t t

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04. v 05. v 06. v

t t t

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Samitha Ratnayake -6- Innovative Physics

07. v

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----------------------------------------

 wm úi|k fndfyda .eg¿j, ;ajrKh ksh; neúka ta i|yd w¢kq ,nk v - t m%ia:drh ir, f¾Çh yevh .kS'

m%ia:drh hgf;a we;s j¾.M,h (Area under the graph)

AB fldgfia úia:dmkh s kï"

V

AB fldgfia uOHl m%fõ.h B

v+v
s v + v + v A
= = v
t 2

s = ( v + v + v
2 ) t -------- (1)
D
t
C
t+t
t

AB m%ia:dr fldgi hgf;a we;s j¾.M,h

= ABCD ;%mSishfï j¾.M,h

= ( v + v2+t
v
) -------- (2)
(1) = (2) ùfuka fmkS hkafka v - t m%ia:drhla hgf;a we;s j¾.M,h uÕska wod< ld,h ;=, úia:dmk fjki
ksrEmKh jk njhs'
 v - t m%ia:drhl lsishï ld,hla olajd we;s j¾.M, j, ùc fMlHh u.ska tu ld,h jk úg jia;=fõ
iïm%hqla; úia:dmkh ksrEmKh fõ'
 v - t m%ia:drhl hï ld,hla olajd we;s j¾.M, j, úYd,;ajhkaf.a tl;=j u.ska tu ld,h jk úg jia;=j
.uka l< uq¿ ÿr ksrEmKh fõ'

01. v 02. v 03. v

t t t

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Samitha Ratnayake -7- Innovative Physics

04. v 05. v 06. v

t t t

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07. v

0  t1 : ------------------------------------------------------------------------
t
0 t1 t2
t1  t2 : ------------------------------------------------------------------------

08. v

0  t1 : ------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 t1 t2
t3
t t1  t2 : ------------------------------------------------------------------------
t2  t3 : ------------------------------------------------------------------------

v - t m%ia:drhlska ,nd .; yels f;dr;=re

(Informations gained from a v - t graph)

m%fõ. - ld, m%ia:drhlska ,nd .; yels iDcq f;dr;=re ;=kls'

i. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 jia;+ka foll m%fõ.-ld, m%ia:dr tlu LKavdxl ;,hl ksrEmKh l< úg m%ia:dr fol fþokh jk
fudfyd;" jia;+ka foflys m%fõ. iudk jk fudfyd; ksrEmKh lrhs'

Samitha Ratnayake -8- Innovative Physics

 ;ajrK - ld, m%ia:dr - Acceleration - time graphs ( a - t graphs)

t a
a – –
(+) – –
– –
t=0 – –
– –
a
ir, f¾Ldjl p,kh jk jia;=jl ld,h iuÕ ta ta ld,hg wkqrEm ;ajrKh
uek tla ÈYdjlg we;s ffoYsl Ok f,i i,ld ;ajrKh yd ld,h w;r w¢kq
,nk m%ia:drhla ;ajrK - ld, m%ia:drhla f,i ye¢kafõ'
t
0
wka;(LKavh (Intercept)

a - t m%ia:drhl y wCIh u; wka;(LKavh u.ska ld,h t = 0 È ;ajrKh ksrEmKh fõ'

,CIHj, LKavdxl (Coordinates of points)

x - LKavdxl ld,h;a y - LKavdxl ta ta ld,hg wkqrEm ;ajrKh;a ksrEmKh lrhs' ld,h iDK úh fkdyels kuq;a
;ajrKh Ok fyda iDK úh yelsh'

wkql%uKh $ nEjqu - (Gradient / Slope)

a+a
a P


 t
t t+t

a
P ysoS wkql%uKh = tan = , t  0
t
= P ysoS ld,h u; ;ajrKh fjkia ùfï iS>%;dj

m%ia:drh hgf;a we;s j¾.M,h (Area under the graph)

AB fldgi ;=, m%fõ. fjki v kï" a

v
a = v= a × t -------- (1)
t A B
a
AB m%ia:dr fldgi hgf;a we;s j¾.M,h
= ABCD iDcqfldaKdi%fha j¾.M,h
D C t
= a × t -------- (2) t t+t
(1) = (2) ùfuka fmkS hkafka a - t m%ia:drhla hgf;a we;s j¾.M,h u.ska wod, ld,h ;=, m%fõ. fjki
ksrEmKh jk njhs'

Samitha Ratnayake -9- Innovative Physics

 a - t m%ia:drhlska ,nd .; yels f;dr;=re
(Informations gained from a a - t graph)

;ajrK - ld, m%ia:drhlska ,nd .; yels iDcq f;dr;=re folls'

i. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 jia;+ka foll ;ajrK-ld, m%ia:dr tlu LKavdxl ;,hl ksrEmKh l< úg m%ia:dr fol fþokh jk
fudfyd;" jia;+ka foflys ;ajrK iudk jk fudfyd; ksrEmKh lrhs'

m%ia:dr mßj¾;k (Conversions of graphs)

s – t m%ia:drhla" v – t m%ia:drhla njg yerùu

( Converting a s - t graph in to a v - t graph )

i. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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ii. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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v – t m%ia:drhla" s – t m%ia:drhla njg yerùu

( Converting a v - t graph in to a s - t graph )

Samitha Ratnayake - 10 - Innovative Physics

 i. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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ii. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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NOTE

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a – t m%ia:drhla" v – t m%ia:drhla njg yerùu

( Converting a a - t graph in to a v - t graph )

i. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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ii. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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v – t m%ia:drhla" a – t m%ia:drhla njg yerùu

( Converting a v - t graph in to a a - t graph )

Samitha Ratnayake - 11 - Innovative Physics

 i. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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ii. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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NOTE

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p,s; m%ia:dr weiqßka .eg¿ úi£u

(Solving problems by using graphs of motion)

s - t m%ia:dr weiqßka .eg¿ úi£u

( Solving problems by using s - t graphs )

i. y LKavdxl u.ska úia:dmkh;a

ii. wkql%uKh u.ska m%fõ.h;a ,nd fok nj ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h'

v - t m%ia:dr weiqßka .eg¿ úi£u

( Solving problems by using v - t graphs )

i. y LKavdxl u.ska m%fõ.h;a

i. wkql%uKh u.ska ;ajrKh;a
ii. j¾.M,h u.ska úia:dmk fjki;a ,ndfok nj ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h'

a - t m%ia:dr weiqßka .eg¿ úi£u

( Solving problems by using a - t graphs )

i. y LKavdxl u.ska ;ajrKh;a

ii. j¾.M,h u.ska úia:dmk fjki;a ,nd fok nj ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h'

Samitha Ratnayake - 12 - Innovative Physics

 wNHdi

01. Time target : 15 minutes

my; oelafjk úia:dmk - ld, m%ia:dr m%fõ. - ld, m%ia:drj,g mßj¾;kh lrkak'

i. ii. iii. iv.

s s s s
t

t t t

v. vi. vii. viii.

s s s s
t t

t t

ix. x.
s s

t t

02. Time target : 15 minutes

my; ±lafjk m%fõ.-ld, m%ia:dr úia:dmk - ld, m%ia:drj,g mßj¾;kh lrkak'

i. ii. iii. iv.

v v v v
t

t t t

v. vi. vii. viii.

v v v v
t
t t
t

Samitha Ratnayake - 13 - Innovative Physics

 ix. x.
v v

t
t

03. Time target : 10 minutes

my; ±lafjk ;ajrK - ld, m%ia:dr i`oyd m%fõ. - ld, m%ia:dr w`Èkak'

i. a ii. a iii. a iv. a

t t t

v. a vi. a vii. a viii. a

t
t
t

ix. a x. a

t
t

04. Time target : 10 minutes

my; ±lafjk m%fõ.-ld, m%ia:dr ;ajrK-ld, m%ia:dr j,g mßj¾;kh lrkak'

i. v ii. v iii. v iv. v

t
t

t t

v. v vi. v vii. v viii.

v

t
t
t t

Samitha Ratnayake - 14 - Innovative Physics

 xiv. xv. v
v

05. Time target : 3 minutes

A yd B kue;s fudag¾ r: folla tlu ia:dkhlska p,s;h wrUd tlu ir, f¾Ldjl tlu ÈYdjg ms<sfj,ska
50 kmh–1 yd 75 kmh–1 ksh; fõ. j,ska .uka lrhs' A p,s;h wrUd meh 1 hs ñks;a;= 15 lg miq B p,s;h
werUqfõ kï B g A miq lsÍug .;jk ld,h yd fï jk úg jia;+ka isÿlr we;s úia:dmkh"
i. úia:dmk-ld, m%ia:drhla Ndú;fhka fidhkak'
ii. m%fõ.-ld, m%ia:drhla Ndú;fhka fidhkak'

06. Time target : 5 minutes

O uq, ,CIHfha isg + x ÈYdj Tiafia p,s;h wrUk jia;=jla i|yd s (m)
úia:dmk-ld, m%ia:drh my; ±lafõ'
15
i. jia;=fõ wdrïNl m%fõ.h fidhkak'
10
ii. jia;=fõ wjidk m%fõ.h fidhkak'
5
iii. jia;=j ksYap,;djfha mj;skafka l=uk ld,h ;=<o @
iv. jia;=fõ p,s; ÈYdj fjkia jkafka l=uk fudfydf;a§o @ t (s)
1 2 3 4 5
v. jia;=j kej; uq, ,CIh miq lr hkafka l=uk fudfydf;a§o@ –5
vi. jia;=j i|yd m%fõ.-ld, m%ia:drh w¢kak' –10
–15

07. Time target : 5 minutes

tlu ir, f¾Ldjl .uka .kakd A yd B keue;s jia;+ka foll úia:dmk (S) - ld, (t) m%ia:dr rEmfha
±lafõ'
S (m)
400
350
300
250
A
200
150
100
B
50
t (s)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

i. wdrïNfhaÈ A, B g jvd fldmuK bÈßfhka isáo @

ii. A yd B ys m%fõ. fidhkak'
iii. B úiska A miq lr hkafka l=uk fudfydf;a§o @
iv. B úiska A miq lsÍug .; lrk ld,h ;=, A yd B ys úia:dmk fudkjdo @
v. t = 20 s jk úg B, A g jvd fldmuK bÈßfhka isào @
vi. t = 20 s jk fudfydf;aÈ B ish fõ.h 5 ms-1 olajd ËKslj wvq lf,a kï kej; A úiska B miq lr
hkafka l=uk fudfydf;aÈo @

Samitha Ratnayake - 15 - Innovative Physics

08. Time target : 6 minutes
A yd B hkq tlu ir, f¾Ldfõ tlu ÈYdjg .uka .kakd jia;+ka folls' tajdfha úia:dmk (S) - ld, (t)
m%ia:dr rEmfha ±lafõ'  = tan–1(3) jk w;r t = 0 È yd t = 1 s È B g we¢ iam¾Yl ms<sfj,ska 00 yd
Sin–1(1/5) fldaK idohs' B ys ;ajrKh ksh; nj i,lkak'
S (m)
A
i. A ys m%fõ.h
ii. B ys ;ajrKh B
iii. A g B miq lsÍug .; jk ld,h
iv. kej; B úiska A miq lrk úg tu ld,h ;=, A yd B isÿ
8
lr we;s úia:dmk fidhkak'

 t (s)
0 1
09. Time target : 4 minutes
W;af;da,lhl Odjk m:fha Wi 200 m ls' Bg 300 m/min l Wmßu m%fõ.hla we;' tys ;ajrKfha yd
ukaokfha úYd,;ajh 0.5 ms–2 kï fkdkej;S .uka lrk W;af;da,lhg Wmßu Wig hdug .; jk ld,h
m%fõ. - ld, m%ia:drhla weiqßka fidhkak'

10. Time target : 5 minutes

ksh; ukaokhlska .uka .kakd jia;=jla ish p,s;fha m<uq ;;amr fol ;=, 200 m l úia:dmkhla isÿ lrhs'
B<Õ ;;amr y;r ;=, th 220 m l úia:dmkhla isÿ lrhs' p,s;h wrUd ;;amr 7 la wjidkfha tys m%fõ.h
m%fõ.-ld, m%ia:drhla weiqßka fidhkak'

11. Time target : 4 minutes

frdlÜgqjl wdlD;shla ìï uÜgfï isg isriaj by,g 4 ms–2 taldldr ;ajrKhlska 50 m la .uka l, miq
tys bkaOk wjika úh'
i. frdlÜgqj t<fUk Wmßu Wi;a
ii. kej; th ìï uÜgug ,Õd ùug .; jk ld,h;a m%fõ. - ld, m%ia:drhla weiqfrka fidhkak'

12. Time target : 4 minutes

ksh; ;ajrKhlska .uka .kakd ÿïßhl fofl,jr" tla;rd ,CIhla miq lrk úg ÿïßfha m%fõ.
36 kmh–1 yd 72 kmh–1 fõ' ÿïßfha uOH ,CIHh" wod, ,CIHh miq lrk úg ÿïßfha m%fõ.h fldmuK±hs
m%fõ.-ld, m%ia:drhla weiqßka fidhkak'

13. Time target : 4 minutes

ksYap,;djfhka p,s;h wrUk 100 m Odjlfhla ish p,s;fha m<uq ¾ , 1 ms–2 taldldr ;ajrKfhka .uka
fldg wjidk ¼ , ksh; m%fõ.fhka .uka lrhs' m<uq 50 m yd fojk 50 m Èj hdug Tyqg .; jk ld,
m%fõ. - ld, m%ia:drhla weiqßka fidhkak'

14. Time target : 6 minutes

tlu ir, f¾Åh u.l tlu ÈYdjg 20 ms–1 tlu m%fõ.fhka fudag¾ r:hla yd g%la r:hla .uka lrhs'
fudag¾ r:fha bÈßmi" g%la r:fha miq mi isg 24 m msgq miska mj;sk fudfyd;l g%la r:h miq lsÍu i|yd
fudag¾ r:fha ßheÿre 0.6 ms–2 l ksh; ;ajrKhla ,nd .ks' g%la r:h miq lr g%la r:fha bÈßmig fudag¾
r:h meñfKk úg g%la r:fha bÈßmi isg fudag¾ r:fha miq mig ÿr 26 m ls' fudag¾ r:h 4.8 m È. jk
w;r g%la r:fha È. 22 m ls' m%fõ.-ld, m%ia:drhla weiqßka"
i. by; l%shdj,shg .; jk ld,h fidhkak'
ii. fuu ld,h ;=, fudag¾ r:h l=uk ÿrla .uka lr we;ao @
iii. fuu ld,h ;=, g%la r:h l=uk ÿrla .uka lr we;ao @
iv. fuu ld,h wjidkfha§ fudag¾ r:fha m%fõ.h l=ulao @

Samitha Ratnayake - 16 - Innovative Physics

15. Time target : 5 minutes
rEmfha ±lafjk m%fõ. (v) - ld, (t) m%ia:drh weiqßka wid we;s m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
 = Sin–1 ( 4/17)
v (ms–1)
i. jia;=fõ wdrïNl m%fõ.h l=ulao @
ii. jia;=fõ Wmßu m%fõ.h fidhkak'
iii. jia;=j taldldr m%fõ.fhka .sh ÿr fldmuKo @ 12 
iv. jia;=fõ ukaokh l=ulao @
v. jia;=j ËKsl ksYap,;djhg m;a jkafka l=uk 0 t (s)
fudfydf;aÈo @ 1 2 3 4 5 6
vi. t = 6 s jk úg jia;=fõ iïm%hqla; úia:dmkh fldf;lao @
vii. t = 6 s jk úg jia;=j .uka l, uq¿ ÿr fldmuKo@

16. Time target : 5 minutes

tlu ir, f¾Ldfõ tlu ÈYdjg .uka .kakd A yd B keue;s jia;+ foll m%fõ. (v) - ld, (t) m%ia:dr
rEmfha ±lafõ' wdrïNfhaÈ A , B g jvd 12.5 m bÈßfhka isáfha hehs i,lkak'
i. B f.a ;ajrKh fidhkak' v (ms–1)
ii. t = 1 s jk úg A yd B w;r mr;rh l=ulao @ B
iii. t = 2 s jk fudfydf;aÈ l=ula isÿ fõo @
iv. B, A miq lr hkafka l=uk fudfydf;aoSo @
v. B, A miq lr hk fudfydf;aÈ B ys m%fõ.h l=ulao @
10 A

2 t (s)
17. Time target : 4 minutes
ìu u; msysá O ,laIhl isg U fõ.fhka isriaj Wvq w;g m%lafIamKh lrkq ,enQ wxY=jla .=re;aj n,hg
muKla Ndckh ù p,kh fjñka T ld,hlg miq kej; O g jefghs' wxY=fõ p,s;h i|yd m%fõ.-ld,
m%ia;drfha o< igykla w¢kak' m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;drh muKla Wmfhda.S fldg .ksñka"
U
i. wxY=fõ Wvq w;g p,kh i|yd .;jQ ld,hla há w;a p,kh i|yd .;jQ ld,h;a tlu njo" th g
g
iudk njo"
1 U2
ii. wxY=j ke.s Wmßu Wi njo"
2 g
iii. t1 iy t2 ld,j,§ wxY=j tlu Wilska msysgfha kï t1 + t2 = T njo fmkajkak'

18. Time target : 5 minutes

kj;d we;s fmd,sia ldrhla th miq lr hk 72 kmh–1 ksh; m%fõ.hlska .uka lrk jEka ßhla ksÍlaIKh
lrhs' bka ;;amr 10 lg miqj yUd hEu i|yd .uka wrUk fmd,sia ldrh f ms–2 ksh; ;ajrKhlska 200 m
ÿrf.dia 90 kmh–1 m%fõ.hla ,nd.kS' wk;=rej jEkaßh miqlrk f;lau fmd,sia ldrh tu m%fõ.h mj;ajdf.k
hhs' jdyk folu i|yd m%fõ.h-ld,h w;r o< m%ia:dr tlu rEmigykl w¢kak' fmd,sia ldrfhys m<uq
200 m .ufka§ f ;ajrKh;a" thg jEka ßh miqlsÍug" tajdfha m%:u yuqùfï isg .; jQ uq¿ ld,h;a .Kkh
lrkak'

Samitha Ratnayake - 17 - Innovative Physics

19. Time target : 3 minutes a (ms–2)

10 ms–1 m%fõ.hlska t = 0 È p,s;h wrUk jia;=jl

;ajrK (a) - ld, (t) m%ia;drh rEmfha ±lafõ' 2
my; tla tla fudfydf;a§ jia;=fõ m%fõ.h fidhkak' 1
i. t = 1 min ii. t = 2 min
0
iii. t = 3 min iv. t = 4 min 1 2 3 4 5 t (min)
v. t = 5 min –1

–2

20. Time target : 12 minutes

ialkaOh 0.1 kg jQ l=vd fnda,hla t = 0 § ;sria fmd<jla u;g
ksYap,;dfõ isg w;yßkq ,efí' fnda,h wdrïNfha § fmdf<dfõ
isg H Wilska ;snq w;r iEu tla tla .egqul §u th isriaj
fmd<dmkS' fnda,fha m%fõ. (v) - ld, (t) - m%ia:drfha fldgila
rEmfhys ±lafõ'

a. jd; m%;sfrdaO iy Wvql=re f;rmqu fkdi,ld yßñka" fnda,h i|yd my; i|yka oE .Kkh lrkak'
i) wdrïNl Wi H
ii ) m<uq .egqfï § fnda,fha .uH;dfõ fjkiaùu iy fmd<jg ixl%duKh jq .uH;dj
iii ) fojeks .egqu isÿjk úg t ys w.h
b. fnda,h iy fmd<j w;r .egqu mq¾K m%;Hdia: kï fuu p,s;h i|yd v -t m%ia;drh w¢kak'
c. me;a;l È. 1 m jQ >kldldr ysia fmÜáhla ;=<" ialkaOh 6 x 10-26 kg jQ wxY=jla fmÜáfha m%;súreoaO
ì;a;s folla iu. wNs,ïNj .efgñka bÈßhg iy miqmig p,s;ùug i,iajkq ,efí' wxY=j yd ì;a;s
w;r .egqï mQ¾K m%;Hdia: jk w;r wxY=fjys fõ.h 2 x 103 ms-1fõ' ^wxY=j u; .=re;aj n,h
fkdi,ld yeßh yels hehs Wml,amkh lrkak&
i) wxY=j ì;a;s foflka tla ì;a;shla iu. .efgk YS>%;dj .Kkh lrkak'
ii ) wxY=j úiska tu ì;a;shg .uH;dj ixl%duKh lrkq ,nk YS>%;dj l=ulao @
iii ) fmÜáh ;=< by; i|yka p,s;h u isÿlrk wxY= 2 x 1023 ixLHdjla we;ehs is;kak' fuu wxY=
tlsfkl w;r .egqï isÿ fkdlrk w;r ì;a;s iuÕ tajdfha .egqï" ì;a;sfha lafIa;%M,h mqrd
taldldr j jHdma; ù we;s njo i,lkak' ì;a;s foflka tlla u; wxY= u.ska we;slrkq ,nk
mSvkh .Kkh lrkak' (2004 / AL)

Samitha Ratnayake - 18 - Innovative Physics

 MCQ - Past Papers
Time target : 45 minutes
01. rEmfha olajd we;s úia:dmk (s) - ld, (t) m%ia;drhg wkql+, jk m%fõ. (v) -
ld, (t) m%ia;drh jvd;au fyd¢ka ksrEmKh jkafka my; i|yka jl%j,ska l=uk
jl%fhka o @

1' 2' 3' 4' 5'

(1997 - A/L)

02. rEmfha fmfkk whqre" ld,h t = 0 § ksYap, jia;=jlg F1 ( = 10 N) iy

F2 ( = 9 N) n, folla tl úg fhdokq ,efí' t = t1 § F2 n,h laIKslj
10 N olajd jeälrk w;r ld,h t = 2t1 § F1 n,h iïmQ¾Kfhka bj;a lrkq
,efí' ld,h ( t ) iu. jia;=fõ m%fõ.h ( v ) fjkiajk whqre jvd;au fyd¢ka ksrEmKh lrkafka my;
m%ia;dr j,ska l=uk tllo @
1' 2' 3'

4' 5'

(1998 - A/L)

03. ksh; iïm%hl

q ;
a n,hla u.ska ksYp
a ,;djg f.k tkq ,nk hï jia;j
= l m%fõ.h v , ld,h t iu. úp,kh
jk wkaou jvd;au fyd¢ka ±lafjkafka my; i|yka l=uk m%ia;drfhka o @
1' 2' 3' 4' 5'

(1999 - A/L)
Samitha Ratnayake - 19 - Innovative Physics
04. x - wlaIh Tiafia uksk ,o wxY=jl úia;dmkh (s) ld,h (t) iu.
úp,kh jk wdldrh rEmfhka ±lafõ' wxY=fõ m%fõ.fhys úYd,;ajh
jeäu jkafka th"
1' A isg B olajd p,s;jk úg§ h'
2' B isg C olajd p,s;jk úg§ h'
3' C isg D olajd p,s;jk úg§ h'
4' D isg E olajd p,s;jk úg§ h'
5' E isg F olajd p,s;jk úg§ h' (2000 - A/L)

05. jia;=jl úia:dmkh (y) ld,h (t) iu. úp,kh jk wdldrh m%ia;drh u.ska
fmkajhs my; i|yka m%i;
a drhkaf.ka jia;=fõ pd,l Yla;sh (K) ld,h (t) iu. t
úp,kh jvd;a u fyd¢ka ksremKh lrkafka l=ulska o @
1' 2' 3'

t t t

4' 5'

t t
(2001 - A/L)

06. jia;=jl m%fõ.h (v) ld,h (t) pl%h m%ia;drfhka fmkajhs' Bg wkqrEm úia;dmk
(s) ld, (t) pl%h jvd;a u fyd¢ka ksrEmKh lrkqfha"
1' 2' 3'

4' 5'

(2002 - A/L)

07. rEmfha fmkajd we;s m%ia;drh u.ska jia;=jl m%fõ.h (v) ld,h (t) pl%h
ksrEmKh lrhs' wkqrEm úia;dmkh (s) - ld,h (t) pl%h jvd;au fyd¢ka ksrEmkh
jkafka"
1' 2' 3'

Samitha Ratnayake - 20 - Innovative Physics

 4' 5'

(2003 - A/L)

08. my; fmkajd we;s l=uk m%fõ.h (v) - ld,h (t) m%ia;drh u.ska t1 iy t2 w;r we;s uq¿ ld,dka;rh mqrd
mj;sk idudkH m%fõ.h A yd B fl<jrj,g wkqrEm m%fõ. fofla idudkH w.hg iudk fõo @
1' 2' 3'

4' 5'

(2003 - A/L)

09. § ;sfnk tlu mßudKhg we| we;s ÿr ( s ) - ld, ( t ) m%ia;dr j, m%fõ.hka ys úYd,;ajh
1' A ys wju jk w;r C ys Wmßu fõ'
2' C ys wju jk w;r D ys Wmßu fõ'
3' A ys wju jk w;r D ys Wmßu fõ'
4' B ys wju jk w;r C ys Wmßu fõ'
5' D ys wju jk w;r B ys Wmßu fõ'
(2004 - A/L)

10. fmkajd we;s mßÈ ;sri iu. hï fldaKhla iys;j B;,fhka fmkajd we;s ÈYdjg
.,la úislrkq ,efí' jd; m%;sfrdaOh fkdi,ld yeßhfyd;a my; l=uk m%fõ.
(  ) - ld, ( t ) m%ia;dr" t iu. x iy t iu. y úp,k jvd;a fyd¢ka ksrEmKh
lrhs o @

t iuÕ X t iuÕ Y
1' II III
2' II I
3' I IV
4' II IV
5' II II (2006 - A/L)

Samitha Ratnayake - 21 - Innovative Physics

11. wxY=jl p,s;h i|yd ld,h (t) tÈßfhka úia:dmkh (s) jl%h rEmfha fmkajd we;' tys p,s;h ms<sn|j lr
we;s my; i|yka m%ldY i,ld n,kak'
(A) t0 – t1 w;r ld,h ;=< § wxY=j ksh; ;ajrKhlska
.uka lrk w;r" t2 – t3 § th ksh; m%fõ.hlska
.uka lrkq ,nhs'
(B) ld,h t4 ys § wxY=j ksYap,;djg meñfKa'
(C) t0 – t4 ld, mrdih ;=<§ wxY=j .uka lrk ,o
iïmQ¾K ÿr s – t w;r jl%h hg j¾.M,hg
iudk fõ'
by; m%ldY w;=frka
1' (A) muKla i;H fõ' 2' (A) iy (B) muKla i;H fõ'
3' (B) iy (C) muKla i;H fõ' 4' (A) , (B) iy (C) hk ish,a,u i;H fõ'
5' (A) , (B) iy (C) hk ish,a,u wi;H fõ'
(2008 - A/L)

12. mqoa.,fhla hï Wil isg jia;=jla w;yßk fudfydf;au ;j;a jia;=jla isriaj my<g úis lrhs' my; olajd
we;s l=uk m%ia;drh uÕska jia;= fol i|yd m%fõ. () - ld, (t) jl% jvd;a fyd¢ka ksrEmKh lrhso @
^A jl%h w;yßk ,o jia;=j ksrEmKh lrk w;r B jl%h úis lrk ,o jia;=j ksrEmKh lrhs'&
1' 2' 3' 4' 5'

(2009 - A/L)

13. jia;=jl fldaKsl m%fõ.h () rEmfha fmkajd we;s whqßka ld,h (t) iuÕ úp,kh fõ
kï ld,h iuÕ fldaKsl úia:dmkfha () wkqrEm úp,kh jvd;au fyd¢ka ksrEmKh
lrkafka

1' 2' 3' 4' 5'

(2010 - A/L)

Samitha Ratnayake - 22 - Innovative Physics

14. wxY=jl p,s;h i|yd m%fõ.  - ld, (t) jl%h rEmfha fmkajd we;' thg wkqrE
úia:dmk (s) - ld, (t) jl%h jkafka"
1' 2' 3'

4' 5'

(2011 - A/L)

15. ld,h (t) iuÕ wxY=jl m%fõ.fha  úp,kh rEmfha fmkajd we;' wkqrEm
úia:dmk (s) - ld, (t) jl%h jvd;au fyd¢ka ksrEmKh jkafka"
1' 2'

3' 4' 5'

(2012 - A/L)

16. rEmfha ±lafjk wdldrhg" ;sri iu.  fldaKhla idok

ÈYdjlg  m%fõ.hlska jia;=jla .=re;ajdl¾IKh hgf;a
m%lafIamKh lrk ,§' ld,h (t) iu. jia;=fõ m%fõ.fha ;sria
(H) iy isria (V) ixrplhkaf.a úp,khka ksjerÈj
±lafjkafka my; i|yka m%ia;dr w;=frka l=ula u.skao @

1' 2'

Samitha Ratnayake - 23 - Innovative Physics

 3' 4'

5'

(2013 - A/L)

17. jia;=jl m%fõ.h (), ld,h (t) iuÕ (a) rEm igyfka fmkajd we;s mßÈ úp,kh
fõ kï" Bg wkqrEm úia:dmkh (x), ld,h (t) iuÕ úp,kh jk wdldrh jvd;a
fyd¢ka ksrEmKh lrkq ,nkafka"
1' 2' 3'

4' 5'

(2015 - A/L)

18. ksYap,;djfha isg .uka wrUk fudag¾ r:hl frdaohl fldaKsl ;ajrKh (),
ld,h (t) iu. úp,kh ùu (a) rEm igyfka ±lafõ' ld,h (t) iuÕ frdaofhys
fldaKsl m%fõ.h () ys úp,kh jvd;a fyd¢ka ksrEmKh lrkq ,nkafka"
1' 2' 3'

4' 5'

(2015 - A/L)

Samitha Ratnayake - 24 - Innovative Physics

19. úia:dmk (d) - ld, (t) m%ia;drfha fmkajd we;s ir, f¾Ld fol u.ska ksrEmKh
lrkq ,nkafka ld,h t = 0 § ksYap,;djfhka mgka f.k Ok x - ÈYdj Tiafia
.uka lrk A iy B jia;= foll p,s;hka h'jia;=j, p,s;h ms<sn| j lr we;s
my; l=uk m%ldYh i;H fõ o @
1' A jia;=j B g jvd jeä ld,hla .uka lr we;'
2' t = t0 jk úg B jia;=j A g jvd jeä úia:dmkhl isÿ lr we;'
3' A jia;=jg B g jvd jeä m%fõ.hla we;'
4' A jia;=jg B g jvd jeä ;ajrKhla we;'
5' ir, f¾Ld fol tlsfkl lemS hk ,laIHfha § jia;= folg iudk m%fõ. we;' (2016 - A/L)

20. ud¾.hl iDcq iudka;r ux;Sre ;=kl .uka lrk ,  iy  kï fudag¾ r: ;=kl" ld,h t = 0 oS iy
t = t0 oS msysàï (a) rEmfha fmkajd we;s w;r tajdfha wkqrEm m%fõ. (v) – ld, (t) m%ia;dr (b) rEmfha fmkajd
we;'

t=0 t = t0

(a) rEmfha fmkajd we;s wjia:dj isÿ ù ;sìh yelafla m%ia;drj, we;s j¾.M,hka my; i`oyka l=u ;;a;aj
imqrd we;akï muKs o@
1' ABD = DEF iy ABD = DEG 2' BCD = DEF iy ABD = DFG
3' CDB = DEG iy ABD = DEF 4' BCD = ABD iy DEF = DFG
5' ACD = DFG iy BCD = DFG (2017 - A/L)

21. ud¾.hla wi, we;s myka lKqjlg idfmalaIj fudag¾ r:

foll p,s;hkays úia:dmk - ld, m%i;a dr rEm igyfka ±lafõ'
myka lKqfõ isg ol=Kq ÈYdjg úia:dmkh Ok f,i i,lkak'
m%ia;drfha i,l=Kq lr we;s P , Q iy R ,laIHhkag wod<j
fudag¾ r:hkays p,s;h iïnkaOfhka isiqjl= úiska my;
m%ldY isÿ lrk ,§'
(A) P g wod< j : jïmiska meñfKk 1 fudag¾ r:h" 2
fudag¾ r:h yd tlsfkl udre fõ'
(B) Q g wod< j : fudag¾ r: folu myka lKqj foig
meñfKk w;r tlsfkl udre fõ'
(C) R g wod< j : ol=Kqmiska meñfKk 2 fudag¾ r:h myka lKqj miq lr hhs'
by; m%ldYj,ska ksjeros jkafka l=ulao@$ l=uk tajdo@
1' B muKs' 2' C muKs' 3' A iy B muKs
4' B iy C muKs 5' A, B iy C ish,a,u (2019 - A/L)

Samitha Ratnayake - 25 - Innovative Physics

 ms<s;=re - wNHdi

05. meh 2 hs ñks;a;= 30" 187.5 km 06. i. 7.5 ms–1 ii. –12.5 ms–1

iii. 3 jk ;;amrh ;=< iv. t = 3 s v. t = 4.2 s §

07. i. 50 m ii. A - 10 ms–1, B - 15 ms–1 iii. t = 10 s iv. A - 100 m , B - 150 m

v. 50 m vi. 30 s

08. i. 3 ms–1 ii. 0.5 ms–2 iii. 4s iv. A - 24 m, B - 32 m

09. 50 s 10. 10 ms –1

11. 70 m, 10.74 s 12. 56.9 km h–1 13. 10s , 4.24s

14. i. 16 s ii. 396.8 m iii. 320 m iv. 29.6 ms–1

15. i. 12 ms–1 ii. 20 ms–1 iii. 40 m iv. 20 ms-2

v. t=5s vi. 72 m vii. 92 m

16. i. 5 ms–2 ii. 20 m iii. A yd B ys m%fõ. iudk fõ'

iv. t=5s v. 25 ms–1 18. 25 ms–2 , 90 s

16

19. i. 10 ms–1 ii. 130 ms–1 iii. 190 ms–1 iv. 220 ms–1

v. 100 ms–1
b. .egqul§ we;sjk .uH;d fjki
= 0.1×30–0.1×(–20) – – – 01
20. i. a. V2 = U2 + 2aS fyda mgH = 1/2 mV2 fh§fuka
= 5 kg ms–1 – – – 01
302 = 0 + 2 × 10 × H – – – 01
.egqul§ fmdf<djg ixl%uKh jQ .uH;dj
ksjerÈ wdfoaYh i|yd
= .egqul§ fnda,fha we;sjk .uH;d fjki
H = 45 m – – – 01
= 5 kg ms–1 – – – 01

30
c. m<uq .egqug ld,h t1 t1 = 3s
10
m<uq .egqfuka miq fojk .egqug .; jk ld,h t2
= 2 × 20/10 = 4 s – – – 01
fyda wkqrEm ;s%fldaK Ndú;fhka
30/3 = 20/t , t = 2 s
t2 = 2xt = 2×2 = 4s – – – 01
t ys w.h
t = t1 + t2 = 3+4
= 7s – – – 01

ii.

^Ok yd iDK me;af;a jl%j, Wi iudk úh hq;=h'&

Samitha Ratnayake - 26 - Innovative Physics

iii. a. .egqï folla w;r ld,h = 2/ (2×103)
= 10–3 s – – – 01
tla ì;a;shla u; wxY=j .efgk iS>%;dj = 1/ 10–3
= 103 s–1 – – – 01

b. tla .egqul§ ixl%uKh jk .uH;dj = 2×6×10–26×2×103

wxY+fjka ì;a;shg ixl%uKh jk .uH;d iS>%;dj = 2×6×10–26×2×103×103 – – – 01
–19 –2 – – – 01
= 2.4×10 kg ms

c. 2×1023 wxY= m%udKhlska ixl%uKh jk uq¿ .uH;d iS>%;dj

= 2.4×10–19×2×1023 – – – 01
ì;a;s u; l%shd lrk n,h } wxY= u.ska ixl%uKh jk uq¿ .uH;d iS>%;dj – – – 01

2.4×10–19×2×1023
ì;a;sh u; we;slrk mSvkh =
1×1

= 4.8×104 N m–2 (Pa) tallh wjYHh – – – 01

ms<s;=re - MCQ

01. 4 02. 4 03. 3 04. 2 05. 3

06. 1 07. 2 08. 5 09. all 10. 1
11. 5 12. 1 13. 5 14. 5 15. 5
16. 5 17. 1 18. 3 19. 3 20. 2
21. 2

Samitha Ratnayake - 27 - Innovative Physics

mÍCIKd;aul o;a; m%ia:dßlj ksrEmKh lsÍu
Graphical Representation of Experimental Data

tlsfkl iïnkaO jQ rdYska lsysmhl mÍCIKd;aul w.hka mÍCId lsÍfuka muKla tu rdYs w;r mj;sk iïnkaOh
jgyd .ekSu fndfyda úg wmyiq fõ' tjeks iïnkaO;d wkdjrKh lr .ekSu i|yd m%ia:dßl l%uh nyq,j Ndú;
flf¾' tu.ska m%;sM,j, Ñ;%uh oiqkla fmkajk w;r o;a; w¾: ksrEmKh myiq fjhs'

iajdh;a; yd mrdh;a; úp,Hhka - Independent and dependent variables

fndfyda fN!;sl úoHd mÍCIKj,§ lsishï rdYshla ksYaÑ; w.hka j, mj;ajd .ksñka tu rdYsh yd noaO jQ ;j;a
rdYshla i|yd mdGdxl ,nd .ekSu isÿ lrhs' fuys§ ksYaÑ; w.hkaj, mj;ajd .kakd rdYshg iajdh;a; úp,H hehs
lshkq ,nk w;r iajdh;a; úp,H u; fjkia jk rdYshg mrdh;a; úp,H hehs lshkq ,efí'

iajdh;a; úp,H x wCIh Tiafia;a mrdh;a; úp,H y wCIh Tiafia;a m%ia:dr.; lsÍu idudkH iïm%odhhs'

mßudK f;dard .ekSu - Choice of scale

m%ia:drhla we£fï§ th m%ia:dr lvodish mqrdu jHdma; jk f,i;a .Kkh lsÍulska f;drj myiqfjka ´kEu
,CIHhl LKavdxl lshúh yels jk f,i;a" wCI l%udxlkh lrk mßudK f;dard .; hq;=h'

idudkHfhka m%ia:dr lvodis foj¾.hla mj;S' tla j¾.hl wÕ,a mßudK Ndú;d lrk w;r tys w.,a 1 × wÕ,a 1
úYd, fldgq .Kkdjla mj;S' tu iEu fldgqjlau wÕ,a 0'1 × wÕ,a 0'1 ne.ska jQ l=vd fldgq 100 lg fnod we;'
wfkla j¾.fha lvodis j, cm mßudK Ndú; flf¾' tys we;s 1cm × 1cm jQ úYd, fldgq 1mm × 1mm ne.ska jQ l=vd
fldgq 100 lg fnod we;'

tla úYd, fldgqjl È.ska tall 1"2"5"10"20"50"100 jeks ixLHd ksrEmKh lrk úg l=vd fldgqjl È.ska ksrEmKh
lrk ixLHdj m%ia:drh foi neÆ ú.iu jgyd .; yelsh' ^ 4 iuyr úg Ndú;hg .efka & lsisúfgl;a tla úYd,
fldgqjl È.ska tall 3"6"7"9 jeks ixLHd ksrEmKh jk mßÈ mßudK f;dard fkd.; hq;=h' túg l=vd fldgqjl È.ska
ksrEmKh jk ixLHdj fiùug .Kkh l, hq;= neúks'

wCI fol i|yd f;dard .;a mßudK tlu ùu w;HjYH fkdjk w;r wCI i|yd f;dard .;a mßudK fjk fjku
i|yka lsÍuo wjYH fkdfõ'

m%ia:dr .ekaúh hq;= w.hka b;d úYd, fyda l=vd jk úg tu ixLHd tf,iu wCIj, i,l=K lsÍu w;HjYH fkdfõ'
tjeks wjia:djl tu w.hka fmdÿ oyfha n,hla iuÕ ,shd oyfha n,h wCIfha fl,jr;a ixLHd;aul w.hka m%Odk
fnÿï wi,;a ±laùu l, yelsh'

wCI kï lsÍu - Labeling the axis

l=uk wCIfha l=uk úp,H m%ia:dr.; l, hq;=±hs ;SrKh l, miq m%ia:dr.; lrk rdYsh" Bg WÑ; tallh;a iuÕ
wod, wCIh wi, olajkak' m%ia:dr lvodisfha by,skau m%ia:drfha ku ,shkq ,efí' ta iuÕ thg my;ska x yd y
iïnkaO flfrk iólrKh ,shd x yd y ksrEmKh lrk ixfla; háka bß w¢kq ,efí'

Samitha Ratnayake - 28 - Innovative Physics

m%i:
a drh i,l=Kq lsÍu yd we£u - Plotting and drawing the graph

o;a; ,CIH i,l=K lsÍfï§ ishqï ;=vla iys; mekai,lska l=vd ;s;a ;nd tla tla ;s; l=vd jD;a;hlska m%fõYfuka
jg lrkak' m%ia:drhla we£fï§ ish¨u ,CIH iqug jl%hla u; msysgk mßÈ we£u yeuúgu myiq fkdfõ' tjeks
wjia:djl§ uOHl w.h ksfhdackh jk mßÈ ,CIH fY%aKshla yryd iqug jl%hla we¢h hq;=h'

Wiia fm< mÍCIKj,§ m%ia:dr fndfyduhla ir, f¾Ld fjhs' idOdrK ir, f¾Ldjla we£u i|yd o;a; ,CIH
yryd we¢h hq;= fyd|u f¾Ldj jkafka w¢kq ,nk f¾Ldj u; fkdmsysgk ,CI f¾Ldj fomig we;s lrk
wm.ukhka iudk jk wkaofï f¾Ldjhs' ^ th lsisÿ o;a; ,CIHhla yryd fkdhdugo bv ;sfí' & kQ,la fyda úksúo
fmfkk fldaÿjla ;eîfuka fuu f¾Ldj we| .; yelsh'

wkqlu
% Kh fiùu - Calculating the gradient

ir, f¾Çh m%ia:drhl wkql%uKh fiùfï§

i. tu f¾Ldj u; msysá
ii. meyeÈ,sj w.hhka lshúh yels
iii. b;d ióm fkdjk
,CI foll y – LKavdxl fjki" x – LKavdxl fjkiska fnÈh hq;=h'

 wkql%uKh fiùug fhdod .;a ,CIH fol m%ia:dr lvodisfhys meyeÈ,sj ±laúh hq;=h' fï i|yd B;, Ndú;
lsÍu fyda tu ,CIHj, LKavdxl ,CI wi, igyka lsÍu fyda l< yelsh'

 wkql%uKh fiùu i|yd o;a; ,CIH Ndú; fkdlsÍu ms<s.;a iïm%odhhs'

wka;#LKavh fiùu - Calculating the Intercept of the graph

ir, f¾Çh m%ia:drhl wka;#LKavh fiùfï§ wkqlu

% kfhys w.h;a ir, f¾Ldj u; msysá tla ,CIHl LKavdxl;a
wod< iólrKhg wdfoaY l, yelsh' wka;#LKavh m%ia:drfhka lshùfuka tys ksjerÈ w.h fndfyda úg ,nd .;
fkdyels fõ'

 i,l=Kq lrk ,o ,CIH hï Wmk;shla ( trend ) fmkajhs kï m%ia:drh tu Wmk;sh olajk ÈYdjg Èla lsÍu l,
yelsh' fï i|yd ;ks brla fjkqjg lv brla fhdod .ekSu ms<s.;a iïm%odhhs' tu.ska m%ia:drfha tu fldgi
i|yd mÍCIKd;aul o;a; wm i;= fkdjk nj ±lafjhs'

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Samitha Ratnayake - 29 - Innovative Physics