i

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COMPLETEMATHEMATI
CSNOTES
FORHI
GHSCHOOLS

MrI
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0714497530

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Aboutt
hebook
Educati
oni sakeyf oracountr
iesdevel
opment,butitbecomesahi ndrancewhenitis
unequall
ydistr
ibuted.Thi
sbi
gpr obl
em ofdi
spari
tyinEducationsystem canbesolved
throughtechnology.Hencei
t’
shightimeweembr acetechnologyi
nEducat i
onsooner
thanlat
er.

Teacherswillt
heref
oreusethebooki
nthei
rlapt
opst
oteachandev
engi
vest
udent
s
notestoreadonli
neaft
errev
isi
on.
Thebooki
sdi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreepar
ts:
Par
tone–paperone
Par
ttwo–papert
wo

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Acknowl
edgment
Wewoul dl
iketoacknowl
edgeK.L.
Bforusi
ngsomeofthei
rexamplesandil
l
ust r
ati
on.
Wewoul dalsol
iket
oacknowledgeK.
N.E.
Cforusi
ngt
heirpastpaper
sorrevi
sion
quest
ions.

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Tabl
eofCont
ent
s
For matf ormat hemat i
cspaperone- -
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
---
---
---
---
------
--
10
Nat ur al Number s- -----
----
--
--
----
--
----
--
---
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
---
--
---
--
----
---
11
Fact or s- --
---
---
----
--------
----
--
--
---
---
----
--
---
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
---
---
--
--
-18
Divisibi li
tyt est- -
-------
----
---
--
---
---
----
--
--
----
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
---
---
--
--
---23
G.C. D- -----
--
----
----
--------
----
--
--
---
---
----
--
---
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
---
---
--
--
26
L.C.M- --
---
----
---
----
---------
--
--
---
---
--
----
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
---
--
---
--
--29
Integer s---
----
--
----
--------
----
--
--
----
--
----
--
---
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
---
---
--
--32
Fract ions- -
---
-----
-------
----
---
--
---
---
----
--
--
---
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
----
--
--
-38
Deci mal s- -
---
---
--------
-----
---
--
---
--
---
----
--
---
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
----
--
--
--53
Squar eandsquar er oot s--
---
---
----
--
--
----
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
---
---
--
--
----
---
--63
Algebr aandal gebr aicexpr essions- -
---
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
----
--
---
---
------
--
69
Rat es, Rat io,pr opor tionandper centages---
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
---
---
---
---
------
--
--
--
79
Lengt h- ---
--
----
----
-------
----
---
--
---
---
----
--
--
----
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
---
---
--
--
-90
Area- ----
---
------
----
---------
--
--
---
---
--
----
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
---
--
---
--
--98
Vol umeandcapaci ty- ---
--
--
----
--
----
--
---
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
---
--
---
--
----
---
--113
Mass, wei ghtanddensi t
y--
----
--
----
--
---
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
---
--
---
--
----
---
---119
Time- -
-----
---
---
----
--------
----
--
--
---
---
----
--
---
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
---
---
--
-124
Lineari nequal i
ties- -
-----
---
--
---
--
----
---
--
---
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
----
--
--
----
-129
Commer ci
al arithmet ic---
---
---
--
----
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
---
--
---
--
----
---
--140
Co- ordi natesandgr aphs- -
---
---
----
--
--
----
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
---
---
--
--
----
---
-150
Angl esandPl aneFi gur es---
---
--
----
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
---
--
---
--
----
---
----155
Geomet ri
cconst ruct ion----
---
--
---
---
---
--
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
---
---
---
---
--167
Scal edr awi ng- ---
---------
--
--
---
---
--
----
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
---
--
---
--
----
-180
Commonsol ids- -------
----
--
--
---
---
----
--
---
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
---
---
--
--
-----
195
Cubesandcuber oot s- ---
--
---
--
---
---
---
--
---
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
----
--
---
---
-209
Reci pr ocal ---
---
--------
-----
---
--
---
--
---
----
--
--
----
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
----
--
--
--212
Indicesandl ogar ithms- -
--
---
---
--
----
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
---
--
---
--
----
---
-216
Gradi entandEquat ionofast raightline--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
----
--
--
----
--
------
-227
Ref lect i
onandcongr uence- -
--
---
---
---
--
---
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
---
---
---
---
----235
Rot ation- --
----
---
------
-------
--
---
---
--
---
---
---
--
---
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
---
---
-241
Simi larityandEnl argement- --
---
---
---
--
---
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
---
--
---
---
---
---
--245
ThePy thagor ast heor em --
----
--
----
--
---
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
---
--
---
--
----
---
--256
Trigonomet ri
cr at ios- --
--
--
----
--
---
---
---
--
---
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
---
--
---
---
---
---
259
Areaofat riangl e- -----
----
--
--
----
--
----
--
---
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--267
Areaofquadr il
at er al ---
--
--
----
--
--
----
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
---
-270
Areapar tofaci rcle- -
----
--
--
---
---
----
--
---
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--277
Sur facear eaofsol ids- ---
--
---
--
---
---
---
--
---
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
-288
Vol umeofsol ids- ---
-----
---
--
---
--
---
----
--
--
----
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--302
Quadr at i
cequat ionsandexpr essi ons- -
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
----
--
--
--315
Lineari nequal i
ty- -----
----
---
--
---
---
----
--
--
---
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
322

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Li
nearmot ion- ----
----
--
---
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
----
-333
Stat i
stics1- --
-----
---
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
-342
Angl epr oper ti
esofaci rcl
e---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
----
--
--354
Vect or s----
-----
----
----
--
--
---
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
364
For matf orpapert wo- --
---
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
----
--
376
Quadr aticexpr essi onsandequat i
ons- -
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
----
--
---
---
--
-377
Appr oximat ionander ror--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
----
--
-392
Trigomet ry- ---
----
----
--
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--401
Sur ds- --
----
---
----
----
----
--
---
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
-420
Furt herlogar it
hms- --
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
----
-427
Commer cial arithmet icII--
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
---
---
--
-439
Circles, chor dsandTangent s---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
---
---
--
---
-460
Mat r i
ces- -
--
----
-----
----
--
---
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---489
Binomi al expansi on---
---
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
---
---
---
528
Graphi cal met hods- -
--
---
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
---
---
-546
Probabi l
ity-----
-----
----
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
----
567
Vect or s----
-----
----
----
--
--
---
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--583
Stat i
sticsI I-
----
-----
----
--
--
---
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--623
Thr eedi mensi onal Geomet r
y--
---
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
---
--
----
-642
Longi t
udesandl at i
tudes- -
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
---
---
--
---
665
Li
nearpr ogr ammi ng--
---
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
---
---
---
682
Locus- ---
----
----
-----
---
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--694
Calcul us: Differ ent i
ati
on, i
ntegrati
onandar eaappr oximat i
on- --
--
--
--
--
--
--
707

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MATHEMATI
CS(
121)
PAPERONE
ALTERNATI
VEA
I
NTRODUCTI
ON
 Quest
ionsi
nthi
spaperwi
l
lmai
nlyt
estt
opi
csf
rom For
m 1and2.
 Thet
imeal
l
ocat
edf
ort
hispaperi
s2½hour
s
 Thepaperconsi
stofat
otal
of100mar
ks
 Thepapershal
lconsi
stoft
wosect
ion:
:Sect
ion1andI
I

Sect
ionI
Thi
ssect
ionwi
l
lhav
e50mar
ksandsi
xteen(
16)compul
sor
yshor
t-answerquest
ions

Sect
ionI
I
Thissecti
onwill
have50mar ksandachoi
ceofeight(
8)openendedquest
ion,
forcandi
dat
est
o
answeranyf i
ve(5)
.Thestudent
sshoul
dnotethatanyatt
emptedquesti
onsinthi
ssecti
onwi
ll
bemar kedift
heyarenotcancel
l
ed

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CHAPTERONE
NATURALNUMBERS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Ident
if
y,r
eadandwr
it
enat
ural
number
sinsy
mbol
sandwor
ds;
b.
)Roundof
fnumber
stot
henear
estt
ens,
hundr
eds,
thousands,
mil
l
ionsandbi
l
li
ons;
c.
)Cl
assi
fynat
ural
number
sasev
en,
oddorpr
ime;
d.
)Sol
vewor
dpr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngnat
ural
number
s.

Cont
ent
a.
)Pl
acev
aluesofnumber
s
b.
)Roundi
ngof
fnumber
stot
henear
estt
ens,
hundr
eds,
thousands,
mil
l
ionsandbi
l
li
ons
c.
)Oddnumber
s
d.
)Ev
ennumber
s
e.
)Pr
imenumber
s
f
.) Wor
dpr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngnat
ural
number
s

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Pl
acev
alue
Adigi
thav
eadiff
erentval
ueinanumberbecauseofi
tsposi
ti
oni
nanumber
.Theposi
ti
onofa
di
giti
nanumberi
scalledi
tspl
aceval
ue.

Tot
alv
alue
Thi
sist
hepr
oductoft
hedi
gitandi
tspl
acev
alue.

Exampl
e
Number Hundr
ed Ten Mi
l
li
ons Hundr
ed Ten Thousands Hundr
ed Tens ones
Mi
l
li
ons Mi
l
li
ons Thousands Thousands

345, 901 3
678, 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1

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769, 854 7
301, 6 9 3 0 1 8 5 4

902, 409 9
350, 0 2 3 5 0 4 0 9

Aplacev al
uechar
tcanbeusedt oident
if
ybot
hplaceval
ueand tot
alv
alueofadi
giti
na
number.Thepl
aceval
uechar
tisal
sousedinwr
it
ingnumber
sinwor
ds.

Exampl
e
 Threehundredandf
ort
yfi
vemi
l
li
on,si
xhundr
edandsev
ent
yei
ghtt
housand,ni
ne
hundredandone.
 Sevenhundr
edandsi
xtyni
nemi
l
li
on,Thr
eehundr
edandonet
housand,ei
ghthundr
ed
andfi
ft
yfour
.

Bi
l
li
ons
Abi
l
li
oni
sonet
housandsmi
l
li
on,
wri
tt
enas1,
000,
000,
000.
Ther
ear
etenpl
acesi
nabi
l
li
on.

Exampl
e
Whati
sthepl
acev
alueandt
otal
val
ueoft
hedi
git
sbel
ow?
a.
)47,
397,
263,
402(
placev
alue7and8)
.
b.
)389,
410,
000,
245(pl
ace3and9)

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Thepl
acev
aluef
or6i
stent
housands.I
tst
otal
val
uei
s60,
000.
b.
)Thepl
acev
alueof3i
shundr
edbi
l
li
ons.I
tst
otal
val
uei
s300,
000,
000,
000.

Roundi
ngof
f
Whenr oundingofftothenearestten,
theonesdi
gitdet
erminesthet
eni.
e.i
ftheonesdi
giti
s1,
2,3,or4t henearesttenisthetennumberbeingconsi
dered.Ift
heonesdi
giti
s5ormor ethe
nearestt
enist henexttenorroundedup.
Thus641t
othenear
estt
eni
s640,
3189t
othenear
esti
s3190.
Whenroundi
ngofftothenear
est100,t
hent
hel
asttwodi gi
tsornumber
sendwi
th1t
o49
r
oundoffdownwar
ds.Numberendi
ngwit
h50t
o99areroundedup.
Thus641t
othenear
esthundr
edi
s600,
3189i
s3200.

Exampl
e
Roundi
ngof
feachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngnumber
stot
henear
estnumberi
ndi
cat
edi
nthebr
acket
:
a.
)473,
678(100)

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b.
)524,
239(
1000)
c.
)2,
499(
10)

Sol
uti
on
a.
)473,
678i
s473,
700t
othenear
est100.
b.
)524,
239i
s524,
000t
othenear
est1000
c.
)2,
499i
s2500t
othenear
est10.

Oper
ati
onsonwhol
eNumber
s

Addi
ti
on

Exampl
e
Fi
ndout
:
a.
)98+6734+348
b.
)6349+259+7954

Sol
uti
on
Ar
ranget
henumber
sinv
ert
ical
for
ms
98
6734
+ 348
7180
6349
259
+79542

86150

Subt
ract
ing

Exampl
e
Fi
nd:
73469–8971

Sol
uti
on
73469

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- 8971
64498

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ion
Thepr
oducti
sther
esul
toft
woormor
enumber
s.

Exampl
e
Wor
kout
:469x63

Sol
uti
on
469
X63
1407→469x3=1407
+28140→469x60=28140

29547

Di
vi
sion
Whenanumberi
sdivi
dedbytheresul
tiscal
ledt
hequot
ient
.Thenumberbei
ngdi
vi
dedi
sthe
di
vi
dedandt
henumberdi
vi
dingi
sthedivi
sor.

Exampl
e
Fi
nd:
6493÷14

Sol
uti
on
Weget463and11i
sther
emai
nder

Not
e:
6493=(
463x14)+11
I
ngener
al,
div
idend=quot
ientxdi
vi
sion+r
emai
nder
.

Oper
ati
on Wor
ds

sum
plus
Addi
ti
on added
morethan
i
ncreasedby

dif
fer
ence
Subt
ract
ion minus
subtr
act
edfr
om

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l
esst han
decreasedby
reducedby
deductedfr
om

productof
mul t
ipl
y
Mul
ti
pli
cat
ion ti
mes
twice
thri
ce

quoti
entof
Di
vi
sion
di
videdby

equalto
Equal resul
tis
i
s

Wor
dpr
obl
em
Inwor
kingt
hewordprobl
ems,t
hei
nfor
mat
iongi
venmustber
eadandunder
stoodwel
lbef
ore
att
empti
ngt
hequest
ion.
Thepr
obl
em shoul
dbebr
okendowni
ntost
epsandi
dent
if
yeachot
heroper
ati
onsr
equi
red.

Exampl
e
Ot
egohad3469bagsofmai
ze,
eachwei
ghi
ng90kg.Hesol
d2654oft
hem.
a.
)Howmanyki
l
ogr
am ofmai
zewashel
eftwi
th?
b.
)Ifheadded468mor
ebagsofmai
ze,
howmanybagsdi
dheendupwi
th?

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Onebagwei
ghs90kg.
3469bagswei
gh3469x90=312,
210kg
2654bagswei
gh2654x90=238,
860kg
Amountofmai
zel
eft =312,
210–238,
860
=73,
350kg.
b.
)Numberofbags=815+468
=1283

Ev
enNumber
Anumberwhi
chcanbedi
vi
dedby2wi
thoutar
emai
nderE.
g.0,
2,
4,
60or8
3600,
7800,
806,
78346

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OddNumber
Anynumberthatwhendi
videdby2givesar
emai
nder
.E.
g.471,
123,1197,
7129.
Thenumber
s
endswi
ththefol
l
owingdi
git
s1,3,
5,7or9.

Pr
imeNumber
Apr
imenumberi
sanumbert
hathasonl
ytwof
act
orsoneandt
henumberi
tsel
f.
Forexampl
e,2,
3,5,
7,11,
13,
17and19.

Not
e:
i
.) 1i
snotapr
imenumber
.
i
i
.) 2i
stheonl
yev
ennumberwhi
chi
sapr
imenumber
.

Endoft
opi
c

Di
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ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,
fri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Wr
it
e27707807i
nwor
ds
2.
)Al
lpri
menumbersl
essthantenar
ear
rangedi
ndescendi
ngor
dert
ofor
m anumber
a.
)Writ
edownthenumberfor
med
b.
)Whati
sthet
otal
val
ueoft
heseconddi
git
?
c.
)Wr
it
ethenumberf
ormedi
nwor
ds.

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CHAPTERTWO

FACTORS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Expr
esscomposi
tenumber
sinf
act
orf
orm;
b.
)Expr
esscomposi
tenumber
saspr
oductofpr
imef
act
ors;
c.
)Expr
essf
act
orsi
npowerf
orm.

Cont
ent
a.
)Fact
orsofcomposi
tenumber
s.
b.
)Pr
imef
act
ors.
c.
)Fact
orsi
npowerf
orm

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Def
ini
ti
on
Af
act
ori
sanumbert
hatdi
vi
desanot
hernumberwi
thoutar
emai
nder
.

Number Fact
ors

12 1,
2,
3,
4,
6,
12

16 1,
2,
4,
8,
16

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39 1,
3,
13,
39

Anatur
alnumberwit
honlyt
wof act
ors,oneandit
sel
fisapri
menumber .Oranynumbert
hat
onl
ycanbediv
idedby1andi
tsel
f.Pri
menumber shav
eexact
ly2di
ff
erentfact
ors.

Pr
imeNumber
supt
o100.

2 3 5 7 11

13 17 19 23 29

31 37 41 43 47

53 59 61 67 71

73 79 83 89 97

Composi
tenumber
s
Anynumberthathasmorefact
orst
hanj
ustit
sel
fand1.
Theycanbesai
dtobenaturalnumber
ot
herthan1whicharenotpri
menumber
s.Theycanbeexpr
essedasapr
oductoft
woormor e
pr
imefactor
s.
9=3x3
12=2x2x3
105=3x5x7
Thesamenumbercanber
epeat
edsev
eral
timesi
nsomesi
tuat
ions.
5
32=2x2x2x2x2=2

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3 2
72=2x2x2x3x3=2x3
Toexpr
essanumberi
nter
msofprimefact
ors,
i
tisbestt
otakethenumbersfr
om t
hesmal
l
est
anddi
vi
debyeachoft
hem asmanyti
mesaspossi
blebef
oregoi
ngtothenext
.

Exampl
e
Expr
esst
hef
oll
owi
ngnumber
sint
ermsoft
hei
rpr
imef
act
ors
a.
)300
b.
)196

Sol
uti
on
a.
)

2 300

2 150

3 75

5 25

5 5

1
300=2x2x3x5x5
2 2
=2x3x5
b.
)

2 196

2 98

7 49

7 7

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196=2x2x7x7
2 2
=2 x7

Except
ions
Thenumber s1and0ar eneitherpri
menorcomposi t
e. 1cannotbeprimeorcomposi t
e
becauseitonlyhasonef actor
,itsel
f.0isnei
therapri
menoracompositenumberbecauseit
hasinfi
nit
ef act
ors. Allothernumbers,whet
herprimeorcomposit
e,haveasetnumberof
fact
ors.0doesnotf ol
lowther ul
es.

Endoft
opi
c

Di
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ery
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ng?
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bodyandmakesur
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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Expressthenumber
s1470and7056,
eachasapr
oductofi
tspr
imef
act
ors.
Henceev
aluate: 14702
7056
Leav
ingt
heansweri
npr
imef
act
orf
orm
2.
)Allpr
imenumbersl
essthantenar
ear
rangedi
ndescendi
ngor
dert
ofor
m anumber
(
a)Writ
edownthenumberformed
(
b)Whati
sthet
otal
val
ueoft
heseconddi
git
?

CHAPTERTHREE
DI
VIS
IBI
LITYTES
T

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
Thel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
etot
estt
hedi
vi
sibi
l
ityofnumber
sby2,
3,4,
5,6,
8,9,
10and11.

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48

Cont
ent
Di
vi
sibi
l
ityt
estofnumber
sby2,
3,4,
5,6,
8,9,
10and11

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Di
vi
sibi
l
ityt
estmakescomput
ati
ononnumber
seasi
er.Thef
oll
owi
ngi
sat
abl
efordi
vi
sibi
l
ity
t
est.

Di
vi
sibi
l
ityTest
s Exampl
e
Anumberi
sdi
vi
sibl
eby2i
fthel
astdi
giti
s0,
2,4,
168i sdivi
sibl
eby2si
ncet
hel
ast
6or8. digi
tis8.

Anumberisdiv
isi
bleby3i
fthesum oft
hedi
git
s168i sdivi
sibl
eby3si ncet
hesum of
i
sdiv
isi
bleby3. thedi
gitsi
s15( 1+6+8=15)
,and15is
div
isi
bleby3.

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Anumberisdi
vi
sibl
eby4i fthenumberf
ormedby316 is di
vi
sibl
e by 4 si
nce 16 i
s
t
helastt
wodigi
tsisdi
vi
sibleby4. di
vi
sibl
eby4.

Anumberi
sdi
vi
sibl
eby5i
fthel
astdi
giti
sei
ther195isdivi
sibl
eby5si
ncet
hel
ast
0or5. di
giti
s5.

Anumberisdi
vi
sibl
eby6i
fiti
sdi
vi
sibl
eby2AND168 is di
vi
sibl
e by 6 si
nce i
tis
i
tisdi
vi
sibl
eby3. di
vi
sibl
eby2ANDi ti
sdivi
sibl
eby3.

Anumberisdiv
isi
bleby8ift
henumberf
ormedby7,
120isdivi
sibl
eby8si
nce120i
s
t
helastt
hreedi
git
sisdiv
isi
bleby8. di
vi
sibl
eby8.

Anumberisdiv
isi
bleby9i
fthesum oft
hedi
git
s549i sdivi
sibl
eby9si ncet
hesum of
i
sdiv
isi
bleby9. thedi
gitsi
s18( 5+4+9=18)
,and18is
div
isi
bleby9.

Anumberi
sdi
vi
sibl
eby10i
fthel
astdi
giti
s0. 1,
470isdi
vi
sibl
eby10si
ncet
hel
ast
di
giti
s0.

Anumberi sdivisi
bleby11i fthesum ofitsdigi
ts8,
260,
439sum of8+6+4+9=27:
i
ntheoddposi tonsl ke1st,
i 3rd,5th,
7th 2+0+3=5;
Positions,andt hesum ofi t
sdi gi
tsintheev en27–5=22whichisamult
ipl
eof11
posit
ionlike2nd ,4th,
6th,8th positi
onsareequalor
di
fferby11,orbyamul t
ipleof11

Endoft
opi
c

Di
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standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,
fri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c

CHAPTERFOUR

GREATES
T COMMON DI
VIS
OR

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Fi
ndt
heGCD/
HCFofasetofnumber
s.
b.
)Appl
yGCDt
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)GCDofasetofnumber
s
b.
)Appl
i
cat
ionofGCD/
HCFt
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions

I
ntr
oduct
ion
AGr
eat
estCommonDi
vi
sori
sthel
argestnumbert
hati
saf
act
oroft
woormor
enumber
s.
Whenl ooki
ngfortheGreatestCommonFactor
,youareonl
ylookingfortheCOMMONfact
ors
contai
nedinbothnumber s.Tofi
ndt
heG.C.Doftwoormorenumber s,youfi
rstl
i
stt
hef
act
ors
ofthegivennumbers,
identi
fycommonf
actorsandst
atet
hegreatestamongthem.
TheG. C.
D canalsobeobtainedbyf
ir
stexpr
essi
ngeachnumberasapr oductofi
tspr
ime
fact
ors.Thefact
orswhi
charecommonaredet
ermi
nedandt
hei
rproductobt
ained.

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
heGr
eat
estCommonFact
or/
GCDf
or36and54i
s18.

Sol
uti
on
Thepr
imef
act
ori
zat
ionf
or36i
s2x2x3x3.
Thepr
imef
act
ori
zat
ionf
or54i
s2x3x3x3.
Theybot
hhav
eincommont
hef
act
ors2,
3,3andt
hei
rpr
oducti
s18.
Thati
swhyt
hegr
eat
estcommonf
act
orf
or36and54i
s18.

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
heG.
C.Dof72,
96,
and300

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Sol
uti
on
72 96 300

2 36 48 150

2 18 24 75

3 6 8 25

Endoft
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c

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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c

m.144x3y
2 4
1.
)Fi
ndt
hegr
eat
estcommondi
vi
soroft
het
er and81xy
on144x3y
2 4
b)Hencef
act
ori
zecompl
etel
ythi
sex
pressi -81xy (
2
mar
ks)

2.
)TheGCDoft wonumber
sis7andt
hei
rLCM i
s140.i
foneoft
henumber
sis20,
findt
he
ot
hernumber

3.
)TheLCM ofthr
eenumbersi
s7920andthei
rGCDis12.Twoofthenumber
sar
e48and
264.Usi
ngf
act
ornot
ati
onfi
ndt
hethi
rdnumberi
foneofit
sfact
orsi
s9

CHAPTERFI
VE

LEAS
TCOMMONMULTI
PLE
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Li
stmul
ti
plesofnumber
s.
b.
)Fi
ndt
heLCM ofasetofnumber
s.

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c.
)Appl
yknowl
edgeofLCM i
nreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)Mul
ti
plesofanumber
b.
)LCM ofasetofnumber
s
c.
)Appl
i
cat
ionofLCM i
nreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Def
ini
ti
on
LCM orLCFist
hesmall
estmul
ti
plet
hatt
woormorenumber
sdi
vi
dei nt
oev
enlyi
.e.wi
thouta
remai
nder.Amult
ipl
eofanumberi st
heproductoft
heori
ginalnumberwithanother
number
.
Somemul
ti
plesof4ar
e4,
8,12,
16,
20,
24,
28,
32,
36,
40,
44,
48,
52,
56…
Somemul
ti
plesof7ar
e7,
14,
21,
28,
35,
42,
49,
56…
A CommonMul t
ipl
eisanumberthatisdi
vi
sibl
ebyt
woormor
enumber
s.Somecommon
mult
ipl
esof4and7are28,
56,
84,and112.
Whenl
ookingfort
heLeastCommonMul t
ipl
e,y
ouar el
ooki
ngf
ort
hesmal
l
estmul
ti
plet
hatt
hey
bot
hdi
videint
oevenl
y.Theleastcommonmulti
pleof4and7i
s28.

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
heL.
C.M of8,
12, (
18and20.us
ingt
abl
es)

Sol
uti
on

8 18 20

2 4 6 10

2 2 3 5

2 1 3 5

3 1 1 5

3 1 1 5

5 1 1 1

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TheL.
C.Mi
sthepr
oductofal
lthedi
vi
sionsused.
Ther
efor
e,L.
C.M.of8,
12,
18and20=2x2x2x3x3x5
3 2
=2x3x5
=360

Not
e;
Unl
iketheG.C.Dtabl
es,
ift
hediv
isor/
fact
ordoesnotdi
vi
deanumberexact
ly,t
hent
henumber
i
sretai
ned,e.g.
,2doesnotdi
vi
de9exactly,t
her
efor
e9isret
ained.
Thel
astrowmusthav
eall
val
ues1.

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,
fri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
4.
)Fi
ndt
heL.
C.M ofx2+x,
x2–1andx2–x.
5.
)Findt hel
eastnumberofsweet
sthatcanbepackedint
opol
ythenebagswhi
chcont
ain
ei
ther9or15or20or24sweetswit
hnonelef
tover.
6.
)Anumbernissuchthatwheni
tisdi
vi
dedby27,30,or45,t
her
emai
nderi
sal
way
s3.
Fi
ndt
hesmal
l
estval
ueofn.
7.
)Api
eceofl
andi
stobedi
vi
dedi
nto20acr
esor24acr
esor28acr
esf
orf
armi
ngand
Leav
e7acr
esf
orgr
azi
ng.Det
ermi
net
hesmal
l
estsi
zeofsuchl
and.
8.
)Whenacert nnumberxi
ai sdi
vi
dedby30,45or54,t
her
eisal
way
sar
emai
nderof21.
Fi
ndt
hel
eastval henumberx.
ueoft
Anumberm issucht
hatwheni
tisdi
vi
dedby30,
36,
and45,
ther
emai
nderi
sal
way
s7.Fi
ndt
he
smal
l
estpossibl
eval
ueofm.

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CHAPTERSI
X
I
NTERGERS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Def
inei
nteger
s
b.
)Ident
if
yint
eger
sonanumberl
i
ne
c.
)Per
for
mthef
ourbasi
coper
ati
onsoni
nteger
susi
ngt
henumberl
i
ne.
d.
)Wor
koutcombi
nedoper
ati
onsoni
nteger
sint
hecor
rector
der
e.
)Appl
yknowl
edgeofi
nteger
stor
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)Int
eger
s
b.
)Thenumberl
i
ne
c.
)Oper
ati
ononi
nteger
s
d.
)Or
derofoper
ati
ons
e.
)Appl
i
cat
iont
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions

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I
ntr
oduct
ion
TheNumberLi
ne
I
nteger
sarewholenumbers,negati
vewhol
enumbersandzer
o.I
nteger
sar
eal
way
srepr
esent
ed
onthenumberl
ineatequali
nterval
swhi
chareequal
tooneuni
t.

Oper
ati
onsonInteger
s
Addi
ti
onofI
ntegers
Addi
ti
onofi
nteger
scanber
epr
esent
edonanumberl
i
ne.
Forexampl
e,t
oadd
+3to0,webegi
nat0andmove3unitstot
herightasshownbel
owinr
edt
oget+3,Al
so t
o
add+4to+3wemove4uni
tst
other
ightasshowninbluet
oget+7.

Toadd-
3tozer
owemove3unitstot
heleftasshowni
nredbel
owt
oget-
3whi
l
etoadd-
2to-
3
wemove2st
epstot
hel
eftasshowninbluetoget-
5.

Not
e;
 When addi
ng posi
ti
ve number
s we
mov
etot
her
ight
.

 Whendeal
i
ngwi
thnegat
ivewemov
e
t
othel
eft
.

Subt
ract
ionofi
nteger
s.

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Exampl
e
(
+7)–(
0)=(
+7)
Tosubt
ract+7f
rom 0,wefi
ndanumbernwhi
chwhenaddedt
oget0weget+7andi
nthi
scase
n=+7asshownabov einr
ed.

Exampl
e
(
+2)–(
+7)=(
-5)
St
artat+7andmov
eto+2.5st
epswi
l
lbemadet
owar
dst
hel
eft
.Theansweri
sther
efor
e-5.

Exampl
e
-
3–(
+6)=-
9

|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
-
4-3-
2-1 0 1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10
West
artat+6andmov
est
o-3.9st
epst
othel
eft
,theansweri
s-9.

Not
e:
 I
ngeneralposi
ti
vessi
gnscanbeignor
edwhenwri
ti
ngposi
ti
venumbersi.
e.+2canbe
wri
tt
enas2butnegati
vesi
gnscannotbei
gnor
edwhenwri
ti
ngnegat
ivenumber
s-4can
onl
ybewr i
tt
ens-4.
4–(
+3)=4-
3
=1
-
3-(
+6)=3–6
=-
3
 Posit
ivei
nteger
sar
ealsoref
err
edtoasnat
uralnumber
s.Ther
esul
tofsubt
ract
ingt
he
negati
veofanumberi
sthesameasaddi
ngt
hatnumber.
2–(
-4)=2+4
=6
(
-5)–(
-1)=-
5+2
=-
3
 Inmathemat
icsi
tisassumedt
hatt
hatt
henumberwi
thnosi
gnbef
orei
thasapposi
ti
ve
sign.

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Mul
ti
pli
cat
ion
I
ngener
al
i
.) (anegat
ivenumber)x(apposi
ti
venumber)=(anegat
ivenumber
)
i
i
.) (
aposi
ti
venumber)x(anegat
ivenumber)=(anegat
ivenumber
)
i
i
i.
) (anegat
ivenumber)x(anegat
ivenumber)=(aposi
ti
venumber
)

Exampl
es
-
6x5=-
30
7x-
4=-28
-
3x-
3=9
-
2x-
9=18

Di
vi
sion
Di
vi
sioni
sthei
nver
seofmul
ti
pli
cat
ion.I
ngener
al
i
.) (
aposi
ti
venumber)÷(aposi
ti
venumber)=(aposi
ti
venumber
)
i
i
.) (
aposi
ti
venumber)÷(anegat
ivenumber)=(anegat
ivenumber
)
i
i
i.
) (anegat
ivenumber)÷(anegat
ivenumber)=(aposi
ti
venumber
)
i
v.
) (anegat
ivenumber)÷(apposi
ti
venumber)=(anegat
ivenumber
)
Not
e;
Formul
ti
pli
cat
ionanddi
vi
sionofi
nteger
:
 Twol
i
kesi
gnsgi
vesposi
ti
vesi
gn.
 Twounl
i
kesi
gnsgi
vesnegat
ivesi
gn
 Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionbyzer
oisal
way
szer
oanddi
vi
si
onbyzer
oisal
way
szer
o.

Or
derofoper
ati
ons
BODMASi
sal
way
susedt
oshowast
heor
derofoper
ati
ons.
B–Br
acketf
ir
st.
O–Ofi
ssecond.
D–Di
vi
sioni
sthi
rd.
M –Mul
ti
pli
cat
ioni
sfour
th.
A–Addi
ti
oni
sfi
ft
h.

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S–Subt
ract
ioni
sconsi
der
edl
ast
.

Exampl
e
6x3–4÷2+5+(
2-1)=

Sol
uti
on
UseBODMAS
(
2–1)=1wesol
vebr
acket
sfi
rst
(
4÷2)=2wet
hensol
vedi
vi
sion
(
6x3)=18nexti
smul
ti
pli
cat
ion
Br
ingt
hem t
oget
her
18–2+5+1=22wesol
veaddi
ti
onf
ir
standl
ast
lysubt
ract
ion
18+6–2=22

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,
fri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Thesum oft
wonumber
sexceedst
hei
rpr
oductbyone.Thei
rdi
ff
erencei
sequalt
othei
r
pr
oductl
essf
ive.Fi
ndt
het
wonumber
s. (
3mks)

2.
) 3x–1>-
4
2x+1≤7

3.
) Ev
aluat
e -
12÷(
-3)x4–(
-15)
-
5x6÷2+(
-5)
4.
)Wi t
houtusi
ngacal
cul
ator
/mat
hemat
icalt
abl
es,ev
aluat
eleav
ingy
ouranswerasasi
mpl
e
fr
act
ion

(
-4)
(-
2)+(
-12)(
+3) + -
20+(
+4)+-
6)
-
9–(
15) 46-(
8+2)
-3

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5.
) Ev
aluat
e-82+12x9–4x6

567x2

6.
)Ev
aluatewi
thoutusi
ngmat
hemat
ical
tabl
esort
hecal
cul
ator
1.9x0.
032
20x0.
0038

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CHAPTERSEVEN
FRACTI
ONS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Ident
if
ypr
operandi
mpr
operf
ract
ionsandmi
xednumber
.
b.
)Conv
ertmi
xednumber
stoi
mpr
operf
ract
ionsandv
icev
ersa.
c.
)Compar
efr
act
ions;
d.
)Per
for
mthef
ourbasi
coper
ati
onsonf
ract
ions.
e.
)Car
ryoutcombi
nedoper
ati
onsonf
ract
ionsi
nthecor
rector
der
.
f
.)Appl
ytheknowl
edgeoff
ract
ionst
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)Fr
act
ions
b.
)Pr
oper
,impr
operf
ract
ionsandmi
xednumber
s.
c.
)Conv
ersi
onofi
mpr
operf
ract
ionst
omi
xednumber
sandv
icev
ersa.
d.
)Compar
ingf
ract
ions.
e.
)Oper
ati
onsonf
ract
ions.
f
.)Or
derofoper
ati
onsonf
ract
ions
g.
)Wor
dpr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngf
ract
ionsi
nreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

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I
ntr
oduct
ion
a
Af
ract
ioni
swr
it
teni
nthef
orm whereaandbar enumbersandbisnotequalt
o0.
Theupper
b
numberi
scal
l
edt
henumer
atorandthelowernumberi
sthedenomi
nator
.

a→numer
ator
b→denomi
nator

Pr
operf
ract
ion
I
npr
operf
ract
iont
henumer
atori
ssmal
l
ert
hant
hedenomi
nat
or.E.
g.
2 1
,
3 4

I
mpr
operf
ract
ion
Thenumer
atori
sbi
ggert
hanorequal
todenomi
nat
or.E.
g.

7 15 9
, ,
3 6 2

Mi
xedf
ract
ion
Ani
mpr
operf
ract
ionwr
it
tenast
hesum ofani
ntegerandapr
operf
ract
ion.Forexampl
e
7 1
=2+
3 3
1
=2
3

Changi
ngaMi
xedNumbert
oanI
mpr
operFr
act
ion

Mi
xednumber– 4 (
cont
ainsawhol
enumberandaf
ract
ion)

I
mpr
operf
ract
ion- (
numer
atori
slar
gert
handenomi
nat
or)

St
ep1–Mul
ti
plyt
hedenomi
nat
orandt
hewhol
enumber
St
ep2–Addt
hisanswert
othenumer
ator
;thi
sbecomest
henewnumer
ator
St
ep3–Car
ryt
heor
igi
nal
denomi
nat
orov
er

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Exampl
e
3 = 3×8+1=25

Exampl
e
4 = 4×9+4=40

Changi
nganI
mpr
operFr
act
iont
oaMi
xedNumber

St
ep1–Di
vi
det
henumer
atorbyt
hedenomi
nat
or
St
ep2–Theanswerf
rom st
ep1becomest
hewhol
enumber
St
ep3–Ther
emai
nderbecomest
henewnumer
ator
St
ep4–Theor
igi
nal
denomi
nat
orcar
ri
esov
er

Exampl
e
= 47÷5 or

5 =5 = 9

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Exampl
e

= 2 = 2 =4½

Compar
ingFr
act
ions
Whencompari
ngf
ract
ions,t
heyar
efi
rstconv
ert
edi
ntot
hei
requi
val
entf
ormsusi
ngt
hesame
denomi
nat
or.

Equi
val
entFr
act
ions
Togettheequiv
alentfr
acti
ons,
wemulti
plyordiv
idet
henumerat
oranddenomi
nat
orofagiv
en
fr
act
ionbyt hesamenumber .Whenthef r
act
ionhasnofact
orincommonotherthan1,t
he
fr
act
ionissaidt
obei nit
ssimpl
estf
orm.

Exampl
e
Ar
ranget
hef
oll
owi
ngf
ract
ionsi
nascendi
ngor
der(
from t
hesmal
l
estt
othebi
ggest
):
1/
2 1/
4 5/
62/
3

St
ep1:
Changeal
lthef
ract
ionst
othesamedenomi
nat
or.

Step2:Inthi
scasewewi l
luse12because2,4,6,and3allgointoi.
e.Weget12byfi
ndi
ng
theL.C.
M ofthedenominator
s.Togettheequi
val
entfract
ionsdi
v i
dethedenomi
nat
orbyt
he
L.C.
M andthenmulti
plyboththenumer
atoranddenominatorbytheanswer,
For½wedi
vi
de12÷2=6,
thenmul
ti
plybot
hthenumer
atoranddenomi
nat
orby6asshown
bel
ow.

x6 x
3 x2 x4
1 1 5 2
2x6 4x3 6x2 3x4

St
ep3:
Thef
ract
ionswi
l
lnowbe:
6/
12 3/
12 10/
12 8/
12

St
ep4:
Nowputy
ourf
ract
ionsi
nor
der(
smal
l
estt
obi
ggest
.)

3/
12 6/
12 8/
12 10/
12

St
ep5:
Changeback,
keepi
ngt
hem i
nor
der
.

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1/
4 1/
2 2/
3 5/
6
Youcanal
souseper
cent
agest
ocompar
efr
act
ionsasshownbel
ow.

Exampl
e
Ar
ranget
hef
oll
owi
ngi
ndescendi
ngor
der(
from t
hebi
ggest
)
5/
12 7/
3 11/
5 9/
4

Solut
ion
5
X100=41.
67%
12
7
X100=233.
3%
3
11
X100=220%
5
9
X100=225%
4
7/
3,9/
4,11/
5,5/
12

Oper
ati
ononFr
act
ions
Addi
ti
onandSubt
ract
ion
Thenumer
ator
soff
ract
ionswhosedenomi
nat
orsar
eequal
canbeaddedorsubt
ract
eddi
rect
ly.

Exampl
e
2/
7+3/
7=5/
7
6/
8–5/
8=1/
8
Whenaddi
ngorsubt
ract
ingnumber
swi
thdi
ff
erentdenomi
nat
orsl
i
ke:
5/
4+3/
6=?
2/
5–2/
7=?

St
ep1–Fi
ndacommondenomi
nat
or(
anumbert
hatbot
hdenomi
nat
orswi
l
lgoi
ntoorL.
C.M)
St
ep2–Di vi
dethedenomi
nat
orofeachfr
acti
onbythecommondenomi
nat
ororL.
C.M andt
hen
mult
ipl
ytheanswer
sbythenumerat
orofeachfr
act
ion
St
ep3–Addorsubt
ractt
henumer
ator
sasi
ndi
cat
edbyt
heoper
ati
onsi
gn

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St
ep4–Changet
heanswert
olowestt
erms

Exampl
e
+ = Commondenomi
nat
ori
s8becausebot
h2and8wi
l
lgoi
nto8

4+7
+ =
8

Whi
chsi
mpl
i
fiest
o1

Exampl
e
4 – = Commondenomi
nat
ori
s20becausebot
h4and5wi
l
lgoi
nto20

4 = 4

– =

Or

12-
5 7
4 – =4 =4
20 20
Mixed number
scan beadded orsubt
ract
ed easi
l
ybyf
ir
stexpr
essi
ng t
hem asi
mpr
oper
f
racti
ons.

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Exampl
es
2 4
5 +1
3 5

Sol
uti
on
2 4 2 4
5 +1 =5+ +1+
3 5 3 5
2 4
=(
5+1)+ +
3 5

10+12
=6+
15

22
=6+
15
7 7
=6+1 =7
15 15

Exampl
e
-
2 - 1
Ev
aluat
e +
3 5

Sol
uti
on
-
2 -1 -16-3 -19
+ = =
3 5 24 24

Mul
ti
ply
ingSi
mpl
eFr
act
ions
St
ep1–Mul
ti
plyt
henumer
ator
s
St
ep2–Mul
ti
plyt
hedenomi
nat
ors
St
ep3–Reducet
heanswert
olowestt
ermsbydi
vi
dingbycommondi
vi
sor
s

Exampl
e
× = whi
chr
educest
o

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Mul
ti
ply
ingMi
xedNumber
s

St
ep1–Conv
ertt
hemi
xednumber
stoi
mpr
operf
ract
ionsf
ir
st
St
ep2–Mul
ti
plyt
henumer
ator
s
St
ep3–Mul
ti
plyt
hedenomi
nat
ors
St
ep4–Reducet
heanswert
olowestt
erms

Exampl
e
2 ×1 = × =

Whi
cht
henr
educest
o3

Not
e:
Whenopposi ngnumer ator
sanddenomi natorsaredivisi
blebyacommonnumber ,youmay
reducet henumeratorand denominat orbeforemul t
iply
ing. Intheabov eexample,aft
er
converti
ngthemixednumber stoimpr operfract
ions,youwi l
lseet
hatthe3inthenumer at
or
andt heopposi
ng3int hedenominatorcouldhavebeenr educedbydi
vi
dingbothnumbersby3,
resul
tingint
hefol
lowingreducedfr
action:

× = =3

Di
vi
dingSi
mpl
eFr
act
ions
St
ep1–Changedi
vi
sionsi
gnt
omul
ti
pli
cat
ion
Step2– Changethefract
ionf
ollowingthemult
ipl
i
cat
ionsignt
oitsreci
procal(r
otat
ethe
fr
acti
onaroundsotheol
ddenominatori
sthenewnumerat
orandt
heol
dnumer atori
sthenew
denominat
or)
St
ep3-Mul
ti
plyt
henumer
ator
s
St
ep4–Mul
ti
plyt
hedenomi
nat
ors
St
ep5–si
mpl
i
fyt
heanswert
olowestt
erms

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Exampl
e
÷ = becomes × whi
chwhensol
vedi
s

Di
vi
dingMi
xedNumber
s
St
ep1–Conv
ertt
hemi
xednumberornumber
stoi
mpr
operf
ract
ion.
St
ep2–Changet
hedi
vi
sionsi
gnt
omul
ti
pli
cat
ion.
Step3–Changethefract
ionfoll
owi
ngthemulti
pli
cat
ionsi
gntoitsr
eci
procal(f
li
pthefr
act
ion
around so t
heol
d denominatoristhenew numeratorand t
heold numerat
oristhenew
denominator
)
St
ep4-Mul
ti
plyt
henumer
ator
s.
St
ep5–Mul
ti
plyt
hedenomi
nat
ors.
St
ep6–Si
mpl
i
fyt
heanswert
olowestf
orm.

Exampl
e
3 ÷2 = becomes ÷ becomes × =

Whi
chwhensol
vedi
s × = whi
chsi
mpl
i
fiest
o1

Or
derofoper
ati
onsonFr
act
ions
Thesamer
ulest
hatappl
yoni
nteger
sar
ethesamef
orf
ract
ions
BODMAS

Exampl
e
1
4
1
4 ( )
15÷ of12=15÷ x12(
west
artwi
thoft
hendi
vi
sion)

=15÷3
=5

Exampl
e
{ ( )}
1 1 3 11
+ x + - =
6 2 8 34

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Sol
uti
on
4-1 1
1/
3–1/
4= = (west
artwi
thbr
acket
)
12 12

{ }
3 1 11
+ = (
8 12 21
Wet
henwor
koutt
heout
erbr
acket
)

1 1 11 1 11
+ x = + ( Wet
henwor
koutt
hemul
ti
pli
cat
ion)
6 2 48 6 48
1 11 19
+ = ( Addi
ti
oncomesl
asther
e)
6 48 48

Exampl
e
1 1
+
2 3
Ev
aluat
e +½
1 21
of(-)
7 56

Sol
uti
on
1 1
+
2 3
Wef
ir
stwor
koutt
hisf
ir
st
1 21
of(-)
7 56
1 1 3+2 5
+ = =
2 3 6 6

( )
1 21 1 7 1
of - = x =
7 56 7 30 30
5
×30=25
6

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1 1
+
2 3
Ther
efor
e +½=25+½
1 21
of(-)
7 56
=25½

Not
e:
Oper
ati
onsonf
ract
ionsar
eper
for
medi
nthef
oll
owi
ngor
der
.
 Per
for
mtheoper
ati
onencl
osedwi
thi
nthebr
acketf
ir
st.
 I
f(of
)appear
s,per
for
mthatoper
ati
onbef
oreanyot
her
.

Exampl
e
Ev
aluat { ( )
1 3 1 73 1
e: + - of1 ÷5=
2 5 4 37 2 }
Sol
uti
on
=

{ ()
1 3 1 40
+
2 5 4 21
1
}
of1 ÷5
2

= {
1 3 1 40 3
+ x x ÷5
2 5 4 21 2 }
( )
1 3 10 3
= + x ÷5
2 5 21 2

= ( )
13 5
+
2 5 35

= ( )
1 21+5 1 26 13
2 35
= x =
2 35 35

Exampl
e
TwopipesAandBcanf il
lanemptytanki
n3hrsand5hrsrespecti
vel
y.Pi
peCcan
empt
yt hetankin4hrs.I
fthethr
eepi
pesA,BandCareopenedatt hesameti
mefi
nd
howl
ongi twil
ltakef
orthetankt
obeful
l.

Sol
uti
on
1/
3+1/
5-1/
4=20+12-
15

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60
=17/
60
17/
60=1hr
1=1x60/
17
60/
17=3.
5294118
=3.
529hr
s.
Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,
fri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c

1. Ev
aluat
ewi
thoutusi
ngacal
cul
ator
.

2. At
wodigi
tnumberissucht
hatthesum oftheonesandthetensdi
giti
sten.I
fthedi
git
s
ar
erev
ersed,
thenewnumberformedexceedstheor
igi
nalnumberby54.
Fi
ndt
henumber
.

3. Ev
aluat
e

4. Conv
ertt
her
ecur
ri
ngdeci
mal
l i
ntof
ract
ion

5. Si
mpl
i
fy wi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
esorcal
cul
ator

6. Ev
aluat
ewi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
esorcal
cul
ator
s

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7. Mr .Saidikeepstur
key
sandchi ckens.Thenumberofturkeysexceedsthenumberof
chickensby6.Dur i
nganoutbr
eakofadi sease,¼oft
hechi ckenand1/3 ft
o hetur
keys
died.Ifhelostt
otal
of30bi
rds,howmanybi r
dsdidhehavealtoget
her?

9. Wor
kout

10. Ev
aluat
e -
4of(
-4+-
515)+-
3–42)

84-
7+3--
5

11.Wr
it
ether
ecur
ri
ngdeci
mal
0.CanasFr
act
ion

12. Ev
aluat
e wi
thoutusi
ngacal
cul
ator
.

13. Wi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
esorcal
cul
ator
sev
aluat
e.

14. Wi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
esorcal
cul
ator
,ev
aluat
ethef
oll
owi
ng.
- - -
8+(13)x3–(5)
- -
1+(6)÷2x2

15. Expr
ess asasi
ngl
efr
act
ion

16. Si
mpl
i
fy 2½-2/
½of 3½+1½( 3)

¾of2½½

17. Ev
aluat
e:
2
/
5½of4/9–11/
10

1 1
/
8– /6of3/
8

18. Wi thoutusi
ngacal
cul
atorort
abl
e,wor
koutt
hef
oll
owi
ngl
eav
ingt
heanswerasami
xed
numberi
nitssimpl
estf
orm:
-
¾+12/ 3
7÷ /7of21/
3

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3
(
9/7-/8)x2/
3

19. Wor
koutt
hef
oll
owi
ng,
giv
ingt
heanswerasami
xednumberi
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm.
2 1
/
5½ of4/
9–1 /10
1 1
/
8– /16x3/
8

20. Ev
aluat
e;

3
f73/ 1
¼+31/ 2
/
8o 5– /31 3x2/ 5

23. Wi
thoutusi
ngacal
cul
ator
,ev
aluat
e:

14/
5of25/
1812/
3x24

21/
3–¼of125/
3 l
eav
ingt
heanswerasaf
ract
ioni
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm

24. Ther ewasaf und-r

aisi
ngi nMatissehi
ghschool.Onesevent
hofthemoneyt hatwas
rai
sedwasusedt oconst r
uctat eacher
’shouseandt wothi
rdsofther
emaini
ngmoneywas
usedtoconst
ructcl
assrooms.I fshs.
300,000r
emained,howmuchmoneywasraised

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CHAPTEREI
GHT

DECI
MALS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Conv
ertf
ract
ionsi
ntodeci
mal
sandv
icev
ersa
b.
)Ident
if
yrecur
ri
ngdeci
mal
s
c.
)Conv
ertr
ecur
ri
ngdeci
mal
sint
ofr
act
ions
d.
)Roundof
fadeci
mal
numbert
other
equi
rednumberofdeci
mal
places
e.
)Wr
it
enumber
sinst
andar
dfor
m
f
.)Per
for
mthef
ourbasi
coper
ati
onsondeci
mal
s
g.
)Car
ryouroper
ati
onsi
nthecor
rector
der
h.
)Appl
ytheknowl
edgeofdeci
mal
stor
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

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Cont
ent
a.
)Fr
act
ionsanddeci
mal
s
b.
)Recur
ri
ngdeci
mal
s
c.
)Recur
ri
ngdeci
mal
sandf
ract
ions
d.
)Deci
mal
places
e.
)St
andar
dfor
m
f
.) Oper
ati
onsondeci
mal
s
g.
)Or
derofoper
ati
ons
h.
)Real
li
fepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngdeci
mal
s.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Afract
ionwhosedenominatorcanbewr
it
tenast
hepowerof10i
scal
l
edadeci
mal
fract
ionora
deci
mal .E.
g.1/
10,
1/100,50/1000.
Adecimali
salwayswri
tt
enasfol
l
ows1/
10i
swr
it
tenas0.
1whi
l
e5/
100i
swr
it
tenas0.
05.
The
doti
scall
edthedeci
malpoi
nt.
Numbersaftert
hedeci
malpoint
sar ereadassingl
edigit
se.g.5.
875isreadasf
ivepoi
nteight
sev
enf i
ve.Adeci
malfr
acti
onsuch8.3means8+3/ 10.Adecimalf
ract
ionwhi
chrepr
esent
st he
sum ofawholenumberandaproperfr
acti
oniscall
edami xedfr
acti
on.

Pl
acev
aluechar
t

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t
Ten

s
Thousand

Hundr

Tens

Ones

Poi
Deci

Tent

s
Hundr

hs
Thousandt

hs
Thousandt
Ten

hs
Thousandt
Hundr
housands

nt
mal

hs
eds

edt

ed
h
10,
000 100 10 1 . .
1 .
01 .
001 .
0001 .
00001
1,
000

Deci
mal
toFr
act
ions
Toconver
tanumberfr
om fr
acti
onf
ormt odeci
malf
orm,si
mplydi
vi
det
henumer
ator(
thet
op
number
)bythedenomi
nat
or(t
hebot
tom number
)oft
hefr
acti
on.

Exampl
e:
5/
8

8  Addasmanyzer
osasneeded.

48
20
16
40
40
0

Conv
ert
ingadeci
mal
toaf
ract
ion
Tochangeadeci
maltoaf
racti
on,
det
ermi
net
heplaceval
ueoft
helastnumberi
nthedeci
mal.
Thisbecomest
hedenomi
nator
.Thedeci
malnumberbecomesthenumerat
or.Thenreduce
youranswer
.

Exampl
e:

.
625-t
he5i
sint
het
housandt
hscol
umn,
ther
efor
e,

.
625= =r
educest
o

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Not
e:
Yourdenomi
natorwi
llhav
et hesamenumberofzerosast
herearedeci
maldigi
tsinthedeci
mal
numberyoust
artedwit
h-. 625hasthr
eedeci
mal di
git
ssothedenominat
orwil
lhavethr
eezero.

Recur
ri
ngDeci
mal
s
Thesearedeci
malf
ract
ionsi
nwhi
chadi
gitoragr
oupofdi
git
srepeatcont
inuousl
ywi
thout
endi
ng.
1
=0.
333333
3
5
=0.
454545454
11
Wecannotwri
teallthenumber
s,wetheref
orepl
aceadotaboveadi
gitt
hatisrecur
ri
ng.I
fmore
t
hanonedigi
trecursinapat
ter
n,weplaceadotabov
ethefi
rstandt
helastdi
giti
nthepatt
ern.

E.
g.
̇
0.
3333……………………….
iswr
it
tenas0.
3
̇̇
0.
4545………………………i
swr
it
t 45
enas0.
̇̇
0.
324324………………….
iswr
it
tenas0.
324
Anydivi
sionwhosedi
vi
sorhaspr
imef
act
orsot
hert
han2or5f
ormsar
ecur
ri
ngdeci
mal
ornon-
ter
minati
ngdecimal
.

Exampl
e
Expr
esseachasaf
ract
ion
̇
a.
)0.
6
̇
b.
)0.
73
̇̇
c. 15
)0.

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Letr=0.
66666-
--
--
--
(I)
10r=6.
6666-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--(
II
)
Subt
ract
ingIf
rom I
I
9r=6
6
r=
9

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2
=
3
b.
)Letr=0.
73333-
--
--
--
--(
I)
10r
=7.
3333333-
--
--
--
--(
II
)
100r=73.
33333-
--
--
--
--(
II
I)
Subt
ract
ing(
II
)fr
om (
II
I)

90r=66
66
r=
90
11
=
15
c.
)Letr=0.
151515-
--
--
--
--
(I)
100r=15.
1515-
--
--
--
--
--(
II
)
99r
=15
15
r=
99
5
=
33

Deci
mal
places
Whent heprocessofcarr
yingoutdi
vi
siongoesoverandov
eragainwit
houtendingwemay
roundofft
hedi gi
tstoanynumberofrequi
reddi
git
stotheri
ghtofdeci
malpoint
swhichar
e
call
eddeci
mal pl
aces.

Exampl
e
Round2.
832t
othenear
esthundr
edt
h.

Sol
uti
on

St
ep1–Det
ermi
net
hepl
acet
owhi
cht
henumberi
stober
oundedi
s.

2.
832

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St
ep2–I fthedi
gittother
ightofthenumbertober oundedi
slessthan5,r
eplaceitandal
lthe
di
gitstot
heri
ghtofitbyzeros.Ifthedigi
ttother
ightoftheunder
li
nednumberi s5orhigher
,
i
ncreaset
heunderli
nednumberby1andr epl
aceal
lnumber stotheri
ghtbyzeros.Ift
hezeros
ar
edecimaldi
git
s,youmayel i
minatethem.

2.
832 = 2.
830 = 2.
83

Exampl
e
Round43.
5648t
othenear
estt
housandt
h.

Sol
uti
on

43.
5648 = 43.
5650= 43.
565

Exampl
e
Round5,
897,
000t
othenear
esthundr
edt
housand.

Sol
uti
on
5,
897,
000 =5,
900,
000

St
andar
dFor
m
n
Anumberi
ssai
dtobei
nst
andar
dfor
mifi
tisexpr
essedi
nfor
m AX10,
Wher
e1<A<10andn
i
sanint
eger
.

Exampl
e
Wr
it
ethef
oll
owi
ngnumber
sinst
andar
dfor
m.
a.
)36 b.
)576c.
)0.
052

Sol
uti
on
1
a.
)36/
10x10=3.
6x10
2
b.
)576/
100x100=5.
76x10
c.
)0.
052=0.
052x100/
100
1
5.
2×
100
1 2
5.
2×( )
100
-
2
5.
2×10

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Oper
ati
ononDeci
mal
s

Addi
ti
onandSubt
ract
ion
Thekeypoi
ntwi
thaddi
ti
onandsubt
ract
ioni
stol
i
neupt
hedeci
mal
poi
nts!

Exampl
e
2.
64+11.
2= 2.
64

+11.
20 i
nthi
scase,
ithel
pst
owr
it
e11.
2as11.
20
13.
84

Exampl
e
14.
73–12.
155= 14.
730 agai
naddi
ngt
his0hel
ps
- 12.
155
2.
575

Exampl
e
127.
5+0.
127= 327.
500
+ 0.
127
327.
627

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ion
Whenmul t
ipl
yi
ngdecimal
s,dothesum asi fthedecimalpointswerenotthere,andthen
cal
culatehowmanynumbersweretotheri
ghtofthedeci
malpointi
nboththeor
igi
nalnumbers
-next
, pl
acethedeci
malpoi
nti
nyouranswersothatther
earethisnumberofdi
git
stother
ight
ofyourdecimalpoi
nt?

Exampl
e
2.
1x1.
2.
Calculat
e21x12=252.Ther ei
sonenumbert otheri
ghtofthedeci
mali
neachoftheori
ginal
number s,maki
ngatot
aloftwo.Wet her
efor
eplaceourdeci
malsothatt
her
earetwodigi
tsto
therightoft
hedeci
malpoi
ntinouranswer.
Hence2.
1x1.
2=2.
52.
Alway slookaty
ouranswertoseei
fitissensi
ble.2x1=2,soouranswershoul
dbecloset
o2
ratherthan20or0.2whichcoul
dbet heanswersobtai
nedbyput
ti
ngthedecimali
nthewrong
place.

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Exampl
e
1.
4x6
Calcul
ate14x6=84.Ther
eisonedi
gitt
other
ightoft
hedeci
mali
nouror
igi
nalnumber
sso
ouransweri
s8.
4
Check1x6=6soouranswershoul
dbecl
osert
o6t
han60or0.
6

Di
vi
sion
Whendi
vi
dingdeci
mals,thefir
ststepistowrit
eyournumber
sasaf
ract
ion.Not
ethatt
he
sy
mbol/i
susedtodenotediv
isi
oninthesenot
es.
Hence2.
14/1.
2=2.
14
1.
2
Next
,movethedecimalpoi
nttotheri
ghtunti
lbothnumbersarenolongerdeci
mal
s.Dot
hist
he
samenumberofplacesonthetopandbott
om, putt
ingi
nzerosasrequi
red.

2.14 214
Hence becomes
1.
2 120
Thi
scant
henbecal
cul
atedasanor
mal
div
isi
on.
Alwayschecky
ouranswerfrom t
heori
ginalt
omakesur
ethatt
hingshav
en’tgonewrongalong
theway.Youwouldexpect2.14/
1.2t
obesomewherebetween1and2.I nfact
,theansweris
1.78.

Ift
hismethodseemsstrange,t
ryusi
ngacalcul
atort
ocal
cul
ate2.
14/
1.2, 21.
4/12,214/
120
and 2140/1200.Theanswershoul
dalway
sbethesame.

Exampl
e
4.
36/0.
14=4.
36=436=31.
14
1.
14 14

Exampl
e
27.
93/1.
2=27.
93=2793=23.
28
1.
2 120

Roundi
ngUp

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Somedecimalnumbersgoonf
orev
er!Tosi
mpl
i
fyt
hei
ruse,wedeci
deonacut
offpoi
ntand
“r
ound”t
hem upordown.
Ifwewanttoround2.734216tot wodeci
malpl
aces,welookatthenumberi nthethirdpl
ace
aft
erthedeci
mal,i
nthiscase,4.I
fthenumberi
s0,1,2,3or4,wel eavethelastf
igurebefor
e
thecutof
fasiti
s.Ift
henumberi s5,6,7,
8or9we“ r
oundup”thelastfi
gurebefor
et hecutoff
byone.2.
734216ther
efor
ebecomes2. 73whenr
oundedto2decimal pl
aces.

I
fwear
eroundi
ngt
o2deci
mal
places,
wel
eav
e2number
stot
her
ightoft
hedeci
mal
.
I
fwear
eroundi
ngt
o2si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es,
wel
eav
etwonumber
s,whet
hert
heyar
edeci
mal
sor
not
.

Exampl
e

243.
7684=243.
77(
2deci
mal
places)
=240(
2si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es)

1973.
285=1973.
29(
2deci
mal
places)
=2000(
2si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es)
2.
4689=2.
47(2deci
mal pl
aces)
=2.
5(2si
gnif
icantf
igur
es)
0.
99879=1.
00(
2deci
mal
places)
=1.
0(2si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es)

Or
derofoper
ati
on
Thesamer
ulesonoper
ati
onsi
sal
way
sthesameev
enf
ordeci
mal
s.

Exampl
es
Ev
aluat
e
0.
02+3.
5x2.
6–0.
1(6.
2-3.
4)

Sol
uti
on
0.
02+3.
5x2.
6–0.
1x2.
8=0.
02+0.
91-
0.28
=8.
84

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Endoft
opi
c
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dyouunder
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ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,
fri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c

1.
)Wi
thoutusi
ngl
ogar
it
hm t
abl
esoracal
cul
atorev
aluat
e.

384.
16x0.
0625
96.
04

2.
)Ev
aluat
ewi
thoutusi
ngmat
hemat
ical
tabl
e

1000 0.
0128
200
3.
)Expressthenumber
s1470and7056,
eachasapr
oductofi
tspr
imef
act
ors.
Henceev
aluate: 14702
7056
Leav
ingt
heansweri
npr
imef
act
orf
orm
4.
)Wi
thoutusi
ngmat
hemat
ical
tabl
esorcal
cul
ator
s,ev
aluat
e

3
675x135
2025
5.
)Ev
aluat
ewi
thoutusi
ngmat
hemat
ical
tabl
esort
hecal
cul
ator

0.0625x2.56
0.25x0.08

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CHAPTERNI
NE

S
QUAREANDS
QUREROOTS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthet
opi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeableto:
a.)Fi
ndsquar
esofnumbersbymulti
pli
cat
ion
b.
)Fi
ndsquar
esf
rom t
abl
es
c.
)Fi
ndsquar
erootbyf
act
ormet
hod
d.
)Fi
ndsquar
erootf
rom t
abl
es.

Cont
ent
a.
)Squar
esbymul
ti
pli
cat
ion
b.
)Squar
esf
rom t
abl
es
c.
)Squar
eroot
sbyf
act
ori
zat
ion
d.
)Squar
eroot
sfr
om t
abl
es.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
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Squar
es
Thesquar
eofanumberi
ssi
mplyt
heumbermul
ti
pli
edbyi
tsel
fonce.Forexampl
ethesquar
eof
15is225.
Thati
s15x15=225.
Squar
efr
om t
abl
es
Thesquaresofnumberscanber eaddi
rectl
yfrom t
ableofsquar
es.Thi
stabl
esgi
veonl
y
appr
oxi
mat ev
aluesofthesquar
esto4fi
gures.Thesquar
esofnumbersfr
om 1.
000t
o9.
999
canbereaddi
rect
lyf
rom t
hetabl
es.
Theuseoft
abl
esi
sil
l
ust
rat
edbel
ow

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hesquar
eof
:
a.
)4.
25
b.
)42.
5
c.
)0.
425

Tabl
es

a.
)Tor eadt
hesquareof4.
25,l
ookfor4.2downthecolumnheadedx.Movetotheri
ght
al
ongthi
srow,uptowherei
tint
ersect
swit
hthecolumnheaded5.Thenumberi
nthis
posi
ti
oni
sthesquar
eof4.
25
2
So4.
25 =18.
06t
o4f
igur
es
2 2
b.
)Thesquar
eof4.
25l
i
esbet
ween40 and50 bet
ween1600and2500.
2 12
42.
5=(
4.25x10)
2 2
=4.
25 x10
=18.
06x100
=1806

2 12
c.
)0.
425=(4.
25x )
10
2
2 1
=4.
25 x( )
10
=18.
06x1/
100
=0.
1806

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Thesquaretabl
eshaveextr
acolumnsl
abeled1t o9t otheri
ghtofthethi
ckli
ne.Thenumber s
underthesecol
umnsarecalledmeandi
fferences.Tof i
nd3.
162,read3.16toget9.986.Then
readthenumberintheposi
ti
onwheret
her owcont ai
ning9.
986inter
sectswit
hthediff
erences
columnheaded2.Thedi
ff
erencei
s13andthisshouldbeaddedtothelastdi
git
sof9.986
9.
986
+ 13
9.
999
56.129has5si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
esandi
nor
dert
ouse4f
igur
est
abl
es,
wemustf
ir
str
oundi
tof
fto
fourfi
gur
es.
56.
129=56.
13t
o4f
igur
es
2 12
13 =(
56. 5.613x10)
2
=31.
50x10
=3150

Squar
eRoot
s
Squar
eroot
sar
etheopposi
teofsquar
es.Forexampl
e5x5=25,
wesayt
hat5i
sasquar
eroot
of25.
Anyposit
ivenumberhast
wosquar
eroot
s,oneposi
ti
veandt
heot
hernegat
ive.
Thesy
mbolf
or
thesquar
erootofanumberi
s√.
Anumberwhosesquar
erooti
sani
ntegeri
scal
l
edaper
fectsquar
e.Forexampl
e1,
4,9,
25and
36ar
eperf
ectsquar
es.

Squar
eroot
sbyFact
ori
zat
ion.
Thesquar
erootofanumbercanal
sobeobt
ainedusi
ngf
act
ori
zat
ionmet
hod.

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hesquar
erootof81byf
act
ori
zat
ionmet
hod.

Sol
uti
on
√81= 3x33x
3(Fi
ndt
hepr
imef
act
orof81)
=(
3x3)(
3x3)(
Groupt
hepr
imef
act
orsi
ntot
woi
dent
ical
number
s)
=3x3 (
Outoft
het
woi
dent
ical
pri
mef
act
ors,
chooseoneandf
indt
hei
rpr
oduct
)
=9

Not
e:
Pai
rthepr
imef actor
sint
otwoi
dent
icalnumber
s.Forev
erypai
r,pi
ckonl
yonenumbert
hen
obt
aint
heproduct.

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Exampl
e
Fi
nd√1764byf
act
ori
zat
ion.

Sol
uti
on
1764= 2x2x3x
3x7x7
=2x3x7
=42

Exampl
e
Fi
nd√441byf
act
ori
zat
ion

Sol
uti
on
√441= 3x
3x7x7
=3x7
=21

Squar
eRootf
rom t
abl
es
Squar
eroot
sofnumber
sfr
om 1.
0to99.
99ar
egi
veni
nthet
abl
esandcanber
eaddi
rect
ly.

Exampl
es
Uset
abl
est
ofi
ndt
hesquar
erootof
:
a.
)1.
86 b.
)42.
57 c.
)359 d.
)0.
8236

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Tor eadthesquarerootof1.86,l
ookf or1.8i
nthecolumnheadedx,movet
otheri
ght
al
ongt hi
srow towher eitinter
sectswiththecolumnheaded6.Thenumberi
nthis
posi
ti
onisthesquar
er ootof1.
86.Thus 1.86=1.
364to4fi
gures.

b.
) 42.57Lookfor42i nthecolumnheadedxandmov ealongtherow contai
ning42t o
wherei
tint
ersectswit
hthecolumnheaded5. Readthenumberinthi
spositi
on,whichis
6.
519.Thedif
ferencef
or7from thedi
ff
erencecolumnalongthi
srowis6.Thediff
erence
i
saddedto6.519asshownbel ow:
6.
519
+0.
006
6.
525

Thus,42.
57=6.
525t
o4f
igur
es.
Foranynumberoutsi
dethi
srange,i
tisnecessar
ytof
ir
stexpr
essi
tast
hepr
oductofanumber
i
nthisrangeandanevenpowerof10.

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2
c.
)359=3.
59x10

359= (
3.59x1000)

=1.
895x10
=18.
95(
fourf
igur
es)

()
2
1
d.
)0.
8236=82.
36x
10

1
8236= (
0. 82.
36x )
100

1
=(
9.072+0.
004)x
10
=0.
9076(
4fi
gur
es)

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
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ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,
fri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Ev
aluat
ewi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
esorcal
cul
ator
s

2.
)Ev
aluat
eusi
ngr
eci
procal
s,squar
eandsquar
eroott
abl
esonl
y.

3.
)Usi
ngacal
cul
ator
,ev
aluat
e

(
Showy
ourwor
kingateachst
age)

4.
)Uset
abl
esofr
eci
procal
sandsquar
eroot
stoev
aluat
e

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5.
)Uset
abl
est
ofi
nd;
a)I 9782
)4.
i
i
)Ther
eci
procal
of31.
65
b)Henceev
aluat
eto4.
S.Ft
hev
alueof
9782–1/
4. 31.
65

6.
)Uset
abl
esofsquar
es,
squar
eroot
sandr
eci
procal
stoev
aluat
ecor
rectt
o4S.

3 2
0136(
3.72)
2
0.
7. Wit
houtusi
ngmat
hemat
icalt
abl
esorcal
cul
ator,eval
uate:153x1.
8 gi
vi
ngy
our
answerinst
andar
dfor
m 0.68x0.32

CHAPTERTEN

ALGEBRAI
CEXPRES
SION

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthetopi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)Usel
ett
erstorepr
esentnumbers
b.
)Wr
it
est
atement
sinal
gebr
aicf
orm
c.
)Si
mpl
i
fyal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
ons
d.
)Fact
ori
zeanal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
onsbygr
oupi
ng
e.
)Remov
ebr
acket
sfr
om al
gebr
aicexpr
essi
ons
f
.)Ev
aluat
eal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
onsbysubst
it
uti
ngnumer
ical
val
ues
g.
)Appl
yal
gebr
ainr
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)Let
ter
sfornumber
s
b.
)Al
gebr
aicf
ract
ions
c.
)Si
mpl
i
ficat
ionofal
gebr
aicex
pressi
ons

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d.
)Fact
ori
zat
ionbygr
oupi
ng
e.
)Remov
alofbr
acket
s
f
.) Subst
it
uti
onandev
aluat
ion
g.
)Pr
obl
em sol
vi
ngi
nreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Anal gebr
aicexpr
essioni
samat hemati
calexpr
essi
ont
hatconsi
stsofv ar
iabl
es,numbersand
operati
ons.Thevalueofthi
sexpressi
oncanchangeCl
ari
fythedefi
nit
ionsandhav estudent
s
takenotesonthei
rgraphi
corgani
zer.
Not
e:
o Algebrai c Expr ession—contains atleastone v ariabl
e,one numberand one
operation.Anexampl eofanal gebrai
cexpressioni sn+9.
o Variable—al etterthatisusedi nplaceofanumber .Somet i
mes, thev ari
abl
ewi ll
begi venav alue. Thi svaluewi llrepl
acet hev ari
ablei nordert osolvet he
equation.Ot hert i
mes,thevar i
ableisnotassignedav alueandt hest udentisto
solvet heequat iontodeterminet hevalueofthev ariabl
e.
o Const ant —anumbert hatst
andsbyi t
self.The9i nourpr evi
ousv ocabular
yi san
exampl eofaconst ant
.
o Coef f
icient—anumberi nfrontofandat t
achedt oav ar
iable.Forexampl e,inthe
expressi on5x+3, the5isthecoef fi
cient
.
o Term—eachpar tofanexpressionthatisseparatedbyanoper at
ion.Fori nstance,
i
nourear l
ierexampl en+9, thetermsar enand7.
Exampl
es
Wr
it
eeachphr
aseasanal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
on.
Ni
nei
ncr
easedbyanumberr→ 9+r
Four
teendecr
easedbyanumberx → 14-x

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Si
xlesst
hananumbert→ t-6
Thepr
oductof5andanumbern→5Xn or5n
31
Thi
rt
y-t
wodi
vi
dedbyanumbery 31÷x or
x

Exampl
e
Anelect
ri
cianchargessh450perhourandspendssh200adayongasol
i
ne.Wr
it
eanal
gebr
aic
expr
essi
ont orepr
esenthi
sear
ningsforoneday.
Sol
uti
on: Letxr epr
esentthenumberofhour
st heelect
ri
cian worksin oneday
.The
el
ect
ri
cian'
sear
ningscanberepr
esent
edbyt
hef
oll
owingal
gebrai
cexpression:

Sol
uti
on
450x-200

Si
mplif
icat
ionofAl
gebr
aicExpr
essi
ons
Note:
Basi
cst
epst
ofol
l
owwhensi
mpl
i
fyanal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
on:
 Remov
epar
ent
hesesbymul
ti
ply
ingf
act
ors.
 Useexponentr
ulest
oremov
epar
ent
hesesi
nter
mswi
thexponent
s.
 Combi
nel
i
ket
ermsbyaddi
ngcoef
fi
cient
s.
 Combi
net
heconst
ant
s.

Li
keandunl
i
ket
erms
Li
ket
ermshavet
hesamevar
iabl
e/lett
ersrai
sedtothesamepoweri .e.3b+2b=5bora+5a
2 2
=6aandtheycanbesi
mpli
fiedfurt
herinto5band6ar espect
ivel
y(aa nd3a a
realsoli
ke
te
rms
).Whi
l
eunli
ket
ermshavedif
ferentvari
abl
esi.
e.3b+2cor4b+2xandt heycannotbe
si
mpl
if
iedf
urt
her
.

Exampl
e

3a+12b+4a-
2b = 7a+10b (col
l
ectt
hel
i
ckt
erms)

2x-5y+3x-7y+3w =5x-12y+3w
Exampl
e
Si
mpl
i
fy:
2x–6y–4x+5z–y

Sol
uti
on
2x–6y–4x+5z–y=2x–4x–6y–y+5z
=(
2x–4x)–(
6y+y
)+5z
=-2x–7y+5z

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Not
e:
-
6y–y=-
(6y+y
)

Exampl
e
1 1 1
Si
mpl
i
fy: a- b+ a
2 3 4

Sol
uti
on
TheL.
C.M of2,
3and4i
s12.
1 1 1 6a -
4b+3a
Ther
efor
e a- b+ a=
2 3 4 12
6a
+3a-
4b
=
12
9a
-4b
=
12

Ex
ampl
e
a
+b 2a
-b
Si
mpl
i
fy: -
2 3

Sol
uti
on
a
+b 2a-b 3(
a+b)
-2(
2ab)
-
- =
2 3 6
3a
+3b-
4a+2b
6
3a-
4a+3b+2b
6
-a
+5b
=
6

Exampl
e
5x²-2x²=3x²

4a²
bc-2a²
bc=2a²
bc
3 3 3
a²
b–2bc+3a²
b+bc=4a²
b–bc

Not
e:
Capi
tal
let
terandsmal
ll
ett
ersar
enotl
i
ket
erms.

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Br
acket
s
Br
acket
sser
vet
hesamepur
poseast
heydoi
nar
it
hmet
ic.

Exampl
e
Remov
ethebr
acket
sandsi
mpl
i
fy:
a.
)3(a+b)–2(
a–b)
b.
)1/
3a+3(
5a+b–c)
c.
)2b+3(
3–2(
a–5)

Sol
uti
on
a.
)3(a+b)–2(
a–b)=3a+3b–2a+2b
=3a-2a+3b+2b
=a+5b
b.
)1/
3a+3(
5a+b–c)=1/
3a+15a+3b–3c
1
=15 a+3b-3c
3
c.
)2b+a{3–2(
a–5)
}=2b+a{
3–2a+10}
2
=2b+3a–2a +10a
2
=2b+3a+10a-2a
2
=2b+13a-2a
Theprocessofr emai
ning t
hebr acket
si scal
l
ed expansi
on whi
l
ether
ever
sepr
ocessof
i
nser
ti
ngthebracket
siscal
ledfact
orizat
ion.

Exampl
e
Fact
ori
zet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
a.
)3m +3n=3(
m +n) (t
hecommont
ermi
s3soweputi
tout
sidet
hebr
acket
)
3 4 5
b.
)ar+a
r+a
r
2 42 3
c.
)4xy+20xy-36xy

Sol
uti
on

3 4 5 3
b.
)ar+a
r+a
r(ri
a scommon)

r( +r)
3 2
a 1+r
2 42 3
c.
)4xy+20xy-36xy
2
4xy(
Iscommon)

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2 2
=4xy(1+5xy-9x

Fact
ori
zat
ionbygr
oupi
ng
Whentheter
msofanexpressi
onwhi
chdonothaveacommonf act
oraretakenpai
rwi
se,a
commonfact
orcanbef
ound.Thi
smet
hodi
sknownasf
actor
izat
ionbygroupi
ng.

Exampl
e
Fact
ori
ze:
a.
)3ab+2b+3ca+2c
b.
)ab+bx–a-x

Sol
uti
on
a.
)3ab+2b+3ca+2c=b(3a+2)+c(
3a+2)
=(
3a+2)(
b+c)

b.
)ab+bx–a–x=b(a+x)–1(a+x)
=(
a+x)(
b–1)

Al
gebr
aicf
ract
ions
I
nal
gebr
a,f
ract
ionscanbeaddedandsubt
ract
edbyf
indi
ngt
heL.
C.M oft
hedenomi
nat
ors.

Exampl
es
Expr
esseachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngasasi
ngl
efr
act
ion:
x
-1 x+2 x
a.
) + +
2 4 5
a
+b b-a
b.
) -
b a
1 3 5
c.
) + +
3(
a+b) 8(
a+b) 12a
Sol
uti
on

x
- +2 x 10(x
1 x -1)
+5(x+2)
+4x
a
.) + + = (
10x-
10+5x+10+4x)
2 4 5 12a
19x
=
20

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a a b(a
+b b- +b)
-a(b-
a)
b.
) - =
b a a
b
2 2
a+b
=
a
b

1 3 5
c
.) + + (
fi
ndt
heL.
C.
M.of3,
8and12whi
chi )
s24,
(
3a )
+b 8a( )
+b 12a
(
fi
ndt
heL.
C.
M. nd(a
ofaa +b)i
sa +b))
(a
(
TheL.
C.
M.of3(a
+b),
8(+b)
a and12i +b))
s24a(a

1 3 5 8 a
+9a+10a+10b
+ + =
3(
a+b) 8(
a+b) 12a 24a(a+b)
27a
+10b
=
24a(a+b)

Si
mpl
i
ficat
ionbyf
act
ori
zat
ion
Fact
ori
zat
ioni
susedt
osi
mpl
i
fyexpr
essi
ons

Exampl
es
Si
mpl
i
fy p2–2pq+q2

2p2-
3pq+q2

Sol
uti
on
Numer
atori
ssol
vedf
ir
st.
2 2
p -Pq-pq+q
p(p-
q)-q(
p+q)
2
(
p-q)
Thensol
vet
hedenomi
nat
or
2p2-
2pq-pq-q2
(
2p-
q)(
p-q)
2
(
p-q) p-
q
=
(
2p-q)
(p-
q) 2p-q

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2
(
p- p-
q)=( q)
(p-
q)he
ncei
tca
nce
lwi
tht
hede
nomi
nat
or

Exampl
e
Si
mpl
i
fy

Sol
uti
on
Num.(
4m –3n)(
4m +3n)
Den.4m2–4mn+3mn–3n2
(
4m +3n)(
m –n)
(
4m –3n)(
4m +3n)
(
4m +3n)(
m –n)

4m –3n
m –n

Exampl
e
Si
mpl
i
fyt
heexpr
essi
on.

Sol
uti
on
Numer
ator
18x(
y–r
)
Denomi
nat
or
9x(
r–y
)

18x(y–r)
Ther
efor
e
9x(r-
y)
(
y–r )
=
(r-
y)

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Exampl
e
2 2
12x+ax-
6a
Si
mpl
i
fy 2 2
9x -
4a
Sol
uti
on

Exampl
e
Si
mpl
i
fyt
heexpr
essi
oncompl
etel
y.

ay-
ax
bx-
by
Sol
uti
on
a(y-
x) a(y-
x ) a -a
= = =
b(x-
y) -
b(x-y) -
b b
Not
e:
x-y=-
(y-
x)

Subst
it
uti
on
Thi
sist
hepr
ocessofgi
vi
ngv
ari
abl
esspeci
fi
cval
uesi
nanexpr
essi
on

Exampl
e
2 2
x+y
Ev
aluat
etheexpr
essi
on i
fx=2andy=1
y+2

Sol
uti
on
2 2 2 2
x+y 2+1 4+1
= =
y+2 1+2 3

5 2
= =1
3 3
Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?

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I
fnotaskateacher,
fri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Gi
vent
haty= 2x–z
x+3z expr
essxi
nter
msofyandz
2.Si
mpl
i
fyt
heexpr
essi
on
x–1 -2x+1
x 3x
Hencesol
vet
heequat
ion
x–1 - 2x+1 =2
x 3x 3
3.Fact
orzea2–b2
i
Hencefi
ndtheexactv
alueof25572-25472
4.Si
mpl
i
fy p2–2pq+q2
P3-pq2+p2q–q3
5.Gi venthaty=2x–z,expr
essxint
ermsofyandz.
Fourfar
mer st
ookthei
rgoatst
oamar ket
.MohammedhadtwomoregoatsasKoech
had3t i
mesasmanygoat sasMohammed,whereasOdupoyhad10goat
slesst
hanboth
MohammedandKoech.
(
i) Wri
teasimplif
iedal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
onwi
thonev
ari
abl
e,r
epr
esent
ingt
het
otal
numberofgoats.
(
ii
) Thr
eebutcher
sboughtal
lthegoat
sandsharedt hem equal
l
y.I
feachbut
chergot
17goat
s,howmanydidodupoysellt
othebutchers?
6.Sol
vet
heequat
ion
1=5-7
4x 6x
7.Simpl
i
fy
a + b
2(
a+b) 2(
a-b)

8.Threeyear
sago,Jumawast hr
eetimesasol
d.AsAl
iint
woy
ear
sti
me,t
hesum of
thei
rageswil
lbe62.Det
ermi
nethei
rages

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CHAPTERELEVEN

RATES
,RATI
O,PROPORTI
ONANDPERCENTAGE
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Def
iner
ates
b.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngr
ates
c.
)Def
iner
ati
o
d.
)Compar
etwoormor
equant
it
iesusi
ngr
ati
os
e.
)Changequant
it
iesi
nagi
venr
ati
o
f
.) Compar
etwoormor
erat
ios
g.
)Repr
esentandi
nter
pretpr
opor
ti
onal
par
ts
h.
)Recogni
zedi
rectandi
nver
sepr
opor
ti
ons
i
.) Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngdi
rectandi
nver
sepr
opor
ti
ons
j
.) Conv
ertf
ract
ionsanddeci
mal
stoper
cent
agesandv
ice-
ver
sa
k.
)Cal
cul
ateper
cent
agechangei
nagi
venquant
it
y
l
.) Appl
yrat
es,
rat
ios,
per
cent
agest
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ionsandpr
opor
ti
on.

Cont
ent
a.
)Rat
es
b.
)Sol
vi
ngpr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngr
ates
c.
)Rat
io
d.
)Compar
ingquant
it
iesusi
ngr
ati
o
e.
)Incr
easeanddecr
easei
nagi
venr
ati
o
f
.) Compar
ingr
ati
os
g.
)Pr
opor
ti
on:
dir
ectandi
nver
se
h.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsondi
rectandi
nver
sepr
opor
ti
ons
i
.) Fr
act
ionsanddeci
mal
sasper
cent
ages
j
.) Per
cent
agei
ncr
easeanddecr
ease
k.
)Appl
i
cat
ionofr
ates,
rat
ios,
per
cent
agesandpr
opor
ti
ont
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

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I
ntr
oduct
ion
Rat
es
Ar
atei
sameasur
eofquant
it
y,andcompar
ingonequant
it
ywi
thanot
herofdi
ff
erentki
nd.

Exampl
e
Ifacartakestwohour
st otr
aveladi
stanceof160km.thenwewil
lsaythati
tistr
av el
l
ingatan
aver
ager ateof80km perhour.Ift
woki l
ogr
amsofmai zemeali
ssoldforsh.38.00,thenwe
saythatmaizemeali
sselli
ngatther
ateofsh.19.
00perki
logr
am.

Exampl
e
Whati
sther
ateofconsumpt
ionperdayi
ftwel
vebagsofbeansar
econsumedi
n120day
s?

Sol
uti
on.
Rat
eofconsumpt
ion=numberofbags/
numberofday
s

12
=
120
=1/
10bagsperday

Exampl
e
Al
abor
er’
swagei
ssh.
240perei
ghthour
swor
kingday
.Whati
sther
ateofpay
mentperhour
?

Sol
uti
on
Rat
e=amountofmoneypai
d/numberofhour
s

240
=
8
=sh.
30perhour

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Rat
io
Arati
oisawayofcomparingtwosimil
arquanti
ti
es.Forexampl
e,ifal
i
asi s10yearsol
dandhis
br
otherbasheri
s14year
sold.Thenali
asageis10/14ofBashir
’sage,andthei
ragesaresai
dto
beintherat
ioof10t
o14.Writt
en,10:
14.
Al
i
asage:
Bashi
r’
sage=10:
14
Bashi
r’
sage:
ali
asage=14:
10
I
nstati
ngar at
io,t
heuni
tsmustbet
hesame.I
fonamap2cm rep5km ontheactualgr
ound,
t
hentherat
ioofmapdist
ancet
omapdist
ancei
s2cm:
5x100000cm,whi
chis2:500000.
Ar
ati
oisexpr
essedi
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
ormi
nthesamewayasaf
ract
ion,
E.
g.10/
14=5/
7,hence10:
14=5:
7.
Si
mil
arl
y,2:
500000=1:
250000,
Aproport
ionisacompar i
sonoftwoormorerat
ios.I
f,example,a,bandcarethr
eenumbers
suchthata:b:c=2:3:
5,t
hena,b,caresaidtobeproporti
onalto2,3,5andtherel
ati
onshi
p
shoul
dbei nt
erpr
etedtomeana/2=b/
3=c/5.
Si
mil
arl
y,wecansayt
hata:
b=2:
3,b:
c=3:
5a:
c=2:
5
Exampl
e3
I
fa:
b=3:
4andb:
c=5:
7fi
nda:
c
Sol
uti
on
a:
b=3:
4…………………(
i)
b:
c=5:
7………………….
(i
i)
Consi
dert
her
ighthandsi
de;
Mul
ti
ply(
i)by5and(
ii
)by4t
oget
,a:
b=15:
20andb:
c=20:
28
Thus,
a:b:
c=15:
20:
28anda:
c=15:
28

I
ncr
easeanddecr
easei
nagi
venr
ati
o
Toi
ncreaseordecreaseaquant
it
yinagi
venr
ati
o,weexpr
esst
her
ati
oasaf
ract
ionand
mul
ti
plyi
tbythequanti
ty.

Exampl
e
I
ncr
ease20i
nther
ati
o4:
5

Sol
uti
on
Newv
alue=5/
4x20
=5x5

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=25

Exampl
e
Decr
ease45i
nther
ati
o7:
9

Sol
uti
on
Newv
alue =7/
9x45
=7x5
=35

Exampl
e
Thepri
ceofapeni
sadj
ust
edi
nther
ati
o6:
5.I
ftheor
igi
nalpr
icewassh.
50.Whati
sthenew
pri
ce?

Sol
uti
on
Newpr
ice:
oldpr
ice=6:
5
Newpr
ice/
oldpr
ice=6/
5
Newpr
ice =6/
5x50
=sh.60

Not
e:
Whenar at
ioexpressesachangei
naquant
it
yani
ncr
easeordecr
ease ,
iti
susual
l
yputi
nthe
f
orm ofnewvalue:oldval
ue

Compar
ingr
ati
os
I
nordertocompar er
ati
os,t
heyhav
etobeexpr
essedasf
ract
ionsf
ir
st,i
e.,a:
b=a/
b.t
he
r
esul
tantf
ract
ioncant
henbecompar
ed.

Exampl
e
Whi
chr
ati
oisgr
eat
er,
2:3or4:
5?
Sol
uti
on2:
3=2/
3,4:
5=4/
5
2/
3=10/
15,
4/5=12/
15=4/
5>2/
3
Thus,
4:5>2:
3

Di
str
ibut
ingaquant
it
yinagi
venr
ati
o
I
faquant
it
yist
obedi
vi
dedi
nther
ati
oa:
b:c,
thef
ract
ionoft
hequant
it
yrepr
esent
edby
:

a
(
i) Awi
l
lbe
a
+b+c

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a
(
ii
) B wi
l
lbe
a
+b+c
a
(
ii
i) C wi
l
lbe
a
+b+c
Exampl
e
A72-hact
arefar
mi stobeshar
edamongt
hreesonsi
nther
ati
o2:
3:4.Whatwi
l
lbet
hesi
zesi
n
hect
aresofthet
hreeshar
es?

Sol
uti
on
Tot
alnumberofpar
tsi
s2+3+4=9
Thesheshar
esar
e:2/
9x72ha=16ha
3/
9x72ha=24ha
4/
9x72ha=36ha

Di
rectandinversepr
opor
ti
on
Di
rectpropor
tion
Thet
abl
ebel
owshowst
hecostofv
ari
ousnumber
sofcupsatsh.20percup.

No.ofcups 1 2 3 4 5
Cost(
sh.
) 20 40 60 80 100

Therat
ioofthenumber sofcupsinthef our
thcolumnt othenumberofcupsinthesecond
col
umnis4:
2=2:1.Therati
oofthecor
respondingcostsis80:
40=2:
1.Byconsi
der
ingt
herat
ioof
cost
sinanyt wocolumnsandt hecorrespondi
ngr at
ioandthenumberofcups,youshould
noti
cet
hatt
heyarealwaysthesame.
I
ftwoquant
iti
esaresuchthatwhentheoneincr
eases(
decr
eases)i
npar
ti
cul
arr
ati
o,t
heot
her
oneal
soi
ncreases(decr
eases)i
ntherat
io,

Exampl
e
Acart
rav
els40km on5l
i
tresofpet
rol
.Howf
ardoesi
ttr
avel
on12l
i
tresofpet
rol
?

Sol
uti
on
Pet
rol
isi
ncr
easedi
nther
ati
o12:
5
Di
stance=40x12/
5km

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Exampl
e
Atrai
ntakes3hourst
otrav
elbetweentwost
ati
onsatanaver
agespeedof40km perhour
.At
whataver
agespeedwoul
ditneedtotr
avel
tocovert
hesamedist
ancei
n2hours?

Sol
uti
on
Ti
meisdecreasedint
her
ati
o2:
3Speedmustbei
ncr
easedi
nther
ati
o3:
2av
eragespeedi
s40
x3/2km =60km/ h

Exampl
e
Tenmenworkingsi
xhoursadayt
ake12day
st ocompl
eteaj
ob.Howl
ongwi
l
litt
akeei
ghtmen
worki
ng12hoursadaytocompl
etet
hesamejob?

Sol
uti
on
Numberofmendecr
easesi
nther
ati
o8:
10
Ther
efor
e,t
henumberofday
stakeni
ncr
easesi
nther
ati
o10:
8.
Numberofhour
sincr
easedi
nther
ati
o12:
6.
Ther
efor
e,numberofday
sdecr
easesi
nther
ati
o6:
12.

10 6
Numberofday
staken=12x x
8 12
=7½day
s

Per
cent
ages
Aper
cent
age(
%)i
saf
ract
ionwhosedenomi
nat
ori
s100.Forexampl
e,27%means27/
100.

Conv
ert
ingf
ract
ionsanddeci
mal
sint
oper
cent
ages
Towr
it
eadeci
mal
orf
ract
ionasa%:
mul
ti
plyby100.
Forexampl
e

0.
125 =0.
125100=12.
5%

2 2 2
= 100 (
i.
e. Of100%)=40%
5 5 5
2
Or =25100=40%
5

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Exampl
e
Change2/
5int
oper
cent
age.

Sol
uti
on
2 x
=
5 100
2
x= x100
5
=40%

Exampl
e
Conv
ert0.
67i
ntoaper
cent
age:
sol
uti
on

67
0.
67=
100
67
Asaper
cent
age,
0.67= x100
100
=67%

Per
cent
agei
ncr
easeanddecr
ease
Aquanti
tycanbeexpr
essedasaper
cent
ageofanot
herbyf
ir
stwr
it
ingi
tasaf
ract
ionoft
he
gi
venquant
it
y.

Exampl
e
Afar
merhar
vest
ed250bagsofmai
zei
naseason.I
fhesol
d200bags,
whatper
cent
ageofhi
s
cr
opsdoest
hisr
epr
esent
?
Letxbet
heper
cent
agesol
d.

200
Then,
x/100=
250
200
So,
x == x100
250
=80%

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Exampl
e
Amanear
ningsh.4800permont
hwasgi
vena25%payr
ise.Whatwashi
snewsal
ary
?

Sol
uti
on
Newsal
ary=25/
100x4800+4800
=1200+4800
=sh.6000

Exampl
e
Adr
esswhi
chwascost
ingsh.1200nowgoesf
orsh.960.Whati
stheper
cent
agedecr
ease?

Sol
uti
on
Decr
easei
ncosti
s1200-960=sh.240
Per
cent
agedecr
ease=240/
1200x100
=20%

Exampl
e
Therati
oofjohn’
searni
ngstomuse’sear
ningsis5:
3.Ifjohn’sear
ningsi
ncr
easeby12%,his
newfigur
ebecomessh.5600.Fi
ndthecor
respondi
ngpercentagechangei
nmuse’sear
ningsi
f
thesum oft
hei
rnewearni
ngsi
ssh.9600

Sol
uti
on
John’
sear
ningsbef
oret
hei
ncr
easei
s100/
112x5600=sh.5000
John’
sear
nings/
muse’
sear
nings=5/
3
Musa’
sear
ningsbef
oret
hei
ncr
ease=3/
5x5000
=sh.3000
Musa’
snewear
nings =9600-5600
=sh.4000
Musa’
schangei
near
nings =4000-
1000
=sh.3000
Per
cent
agechangei
nmuse’
sear
nings=1000/
3000x100
1
=33 %
3

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Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,
fri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Akinyiboughtandbeansf rom awhol esal
er.Shet henmixedt hemai zeandbeansi nthe
rati
o4: 3sheboughtt hemai zeatKshs21perkgandt hebeans42perkg.I fshewast o
makeapr ofi
tof30%.Whatshoul dbet hesell
ingpr i
ceof1kgoft hemi xture?
2.Wat erflowsf rom at apatt her eof27cm3persecondi
at ntoar ectangularcontai
nerof
l
engt h60cm, breadth30cm andhei ght40cm.I fat6.
00PM t hecont ai
nerwashal fful
l
,
whatwi l
lbet heheightofwat erat6.04pm?
3.Twobusi nessmenj ointl
yboughtami ni
buswhi chcouldf erry25pay ingpassengers
whenf ull.Thef arebet weent wotownsAandBwasKshs80perpassengerf oroneway.
Themi nibusmadet hr eeroundt r
ipsbet weent hetwotownsdai l
y.Thecostoff uelwas
Kshs1500perday .Thedr iverandt heconduct orwerepaiddai l
yallowancesofKshs200
andKshs150r espectivel
y.
Af urtherKshs4000 perdaywassetasi de f ormai ntenance,insur ance and l
oan
repayment .
(
a) (
i) Howmuchmoneywascol
l
ect
edf
rom t
hepassenger
sthatday
?
(
ii
) Howmuchwast
henetpr
ofi
t?
(
b) Onanotherday
,themi
nibuswas80%f ul
lont
heaver
agefort
hethr
eer
oundt
rips,
how muchdideachbusinessmangetift
heday
’sprof
itwasshar
edi
ntherati
o
2:
3?
4.Wai
nainahast wodai
ryf
arms,AandB.Far
m Apr
oducesmi
l
kwi
th3¼per
centf
atand
f
arm Bproducesmil
kwit
h4¼percentf
at.
(
a) Det ermine
(
i) Thet
otalmassofmi
l
kfati
n50kgofmi
l
kfr
om f
arm Aand30kgofmi
l
k
fr
om f
armB
(
ii
) Thepercent
ageoff
ati
nami
xtur
eof50kgofmi
l
kAand30kgofmi
l
k
fr
om B
(
b) Therangeofval
uesofmassofmil
kfr
om f ar
m Bthatmustbeused i
na50kg
mixt
uresothatt
hemixt
uremayhav
eatleast4per
centf
at.
5.I
nthey
ear2001, t
hepri
ceofasof
aseti
nashopwasKshs12,000
(
a) Cal cul
atetheamountofmoneyrecei
vedf
rom t
hesalesof240sof
aset
sthat
year.
(
b) (
i) I
nthey
ear2002t
hepr
iceofeachsof
aseti
ncr
easedby25%whi
l
e

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t
henumber ofset
ssolddecreasedby10%.Cal
cul
atet
heper
cent
age
i
ncr
easei
ntheamountr
ecei
vedfrom t
hesal
es
(
ii
) I
ftheendofyear2002,
thepri
ceofeachsofasetchangedi
nther
ati
o16:
15,cal
cul
atet
hepri
ceofeachsof
asetintheyear2003.

(
c) Thenumberofsofaset
ssol
dint
hey
ear2003wasP%l
esst
hant
henumbersol
d
i
ntheyear2001.
Calcul
atetheval
ueofP,gi
vent
hatt
heamount
srecei
vedf
rom sal
esi
fthet
wo
yearswereequal
.
6.Asol
uti
onwhosev ol
umeis80l i
tr
esi
smadeupof40% ofwat erand60% ofal
cohol
.
Whenxli
tr
esofwateri
sadded,
theper
cent
ageofal
cohol
dropst
o40%.
(
a) Fi ndtheval
ueofx
(
b) Thi
rt
yli
tresofwaterisaddedtot
henew sol
uti
on.Cal
cul
atet
heper
cent
ageof
al
cohol
intheresul
ti
ngsolut
ion
(
c) If5li
tresoft
hesolut
ioni
n(b)aboveisaddedto2li
tr
esoftheori
ginalsol
uti
on,
cal
culatei
nthesi
mplestf
orm,t
herati
oofwatertot
hatofal
coholi
ntheresult
ing
sol
uti
on.
7.Threebusi nesspar t
ners,Asha,Nangi l
aand Cher op cont
ributed Kshs60,000,Kshs
85,000andKshs105,000r espectively
.Theyagr eedtoput25%oft heprof
itbacki nto
businesseachy ear.Theyal soagr eedt oputaside40%oft her emainingprofi
tt ocater
fortaxesandi nsurance.Ther estoft heprof
itwouldthenbeshar edamongt hepar t
ners
i
nt her ati
ooft heircont r
ibutions.Att heendoft hefir
styear,thebusinessr eal
izeda
grosspr of
itofKshs225, 000.
(a) Cal culatet heamountofmoneyCher opreceivedmor ethanAshaatt heendof
t
hef i
rstyear.
(
b) Nangil
afurt
herinvestedKshs25,000int
othebusi
nessatthebeginningofthe
secondyear
.Giv enthatthegr
ossprofi
tatt
heendofthesecondyearincr
eased
i
nt herat
io10:
9,calculat
eNangil
a’sshar
eofthepr
ofi
tattheendoft hesecond
year.

8.Kipketercancul
ti
vat
eapi eceofl
andin7hrswhil
eWanji
kucandothesameworki
n5
hours.Findthet
imetheywouldt
aketocul
ti
vat
ethepi
eceofl
andwhenworki
ngt
oget
her
.

9.MogakaandOndi
soworki
ngt oget
hercandoapi
eceofwor
kin6days.Mogakawor
king
al
one,t
akes5daysl
ongerthanOnduso.Howmanydaysdoesi
ttakeOndusotodothe
workal
one.

10.Acertai
namountofmoneywasshar
edamong3chi
l
dreni
nther
ati
o7:
5:3t
hel
argest
shar
ewasKshs91.Fi
ndthe
(a) Tot al
amountofmoney

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(
b) Di
ff
erencei
nthemoneyr
ecei
vedast
hel
argestshar
eandt
hesmal
l
estshar
e.

CHAPTERTWELVE

LENGTH

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthet
opict
hel
earnershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)St
atet
heunit
sofmeasuri
nglengt
h
b.
)Conv
ertuni
tsofl
engt
hfr
om onef
ormt
oanot
her
c.
)Expr
essnumber
stor
equi
rednumberofsi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
d.
)Fi
ndt
heper
imet
erofapl
anef
igur
eandci
rcumf
erenceofaci
rcl
e.

Cont
ent
a.
)Uni
tsofl
engt
h(mm,
cm,
m,km)
b.
)Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsofl
engt
hfr
om onef
ormt
oanot
her
c.
)Si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
d.
)Per
imet
er
e.
)Ci
rcumf
erence(
incl
udel
engt
hofar
cs)
.

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I
ntr
oduct
ion
Lengthist
hedi
stancebet
weent
wopoi
nts.TheSIuni
tofl
engt
hismet
res.Conv
ersi
onofuni
ts
oflengt
h.

1ki
l
omet
er(
km)=1000met
res
1hect
omet
er(
hm)=100met
res
1decamet
er(
Dm)=10met
res
1deci
met
er(
dm)=1/
10met
res
1cent
imet
er(
cm)=1/
100met
res
1mi
l
li
met
er(
mm)=1/
1000met
res

Thef
oll
owi
ngpr
efi
xesar
eof
tenusedwhenr
efer
ri
ngt
olengt
h:
Mega–1000000
Ki
l
o–1000
Hect
o–100
Deca-
10

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Deci
-1/
10
Cent
i-
1/100
Mi
l
li
-1/
1000
Mi
cro-
1/1000000

Si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
Theaccur acywit
hwhi chwest at
eorwr i
teameasurementmaydependonitsrelat
ivesi
ze.I
t
wouldbeunr eal
i
sti
ct ostatethedist
ancebetweent ownsA andB as158.27km.amor e
reasonablefi
gureis158km. 158.
27km isthedi
stanceexpr
essedto5signi
fi
cantfi
guresand
158km t o3signi
fi
cantfi
gures.

Exampl
e
Expr
esseachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngnumber
sto5,
4,3,
2,and1si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es:
(
a)906315

(
b)0.
08564

(
c)40.
0089

(
d)156000

Sol
uti
on

number 5s.
f. 4s.
f 3s.
f 2s.
f 1s.
f.
(
a) 906315 906320 906300 906000 910000 900000
(
b) 0.
085641 0.
085641 0.
08564 0.
0856 0.
085 0.
09
(
c) 40.
0089 40.
009 40.
01 40.
0 40 40
(
d) 156000 156000 156000 156000 160000 200000

Theaboveexampleshow how wewoul

droundof
fameasur
ementt
oagi
vennumberof
si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
Zer
omaynotbeasi
gni
fi
cant
.Forexampl
e:
(
i) 0.
085 -zer
oisnotsi
gni
fi
cantt
her
efor
e,0.
085i
sat
wo-si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
e.

(
ii
) 2.
30–zer
oissi
gni
fi
cant
.Ther
efor
e2.
30i
sat
hree-
signi
fi
cantf
igur
e.

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(
ii
i) 5000–zer omayormaynotbesi gni
fi
cantfigure.Ther
efore,5000t othr
ee
si
gnif
icantf
igur
eis500(zeroaft
er5issi
gnif
icant)
.Toonesi gni
fi
cantf
igur
eis5
000.Zeroaf
ter5isnotsi
gni
fi
cant.

(
iv) 31.
805Or305–zeroi ssi
gni
fi
cant
,ther
efor
e31.
805i
sfi
vesi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
e.305
i
sthreesi
gni
fi
cantf
igure.

Per
imet
er
Theperimet
erofapl aneisthetot
all
engt
hofi t
sboundar
ies.Per
imet
eri
sal
engt
handi
s
ther
efor
eexpressedi
nthesameunit
sasl
ength.

Squar
eshapes
5cm

I
tsper
imet
eri
s5+5+5+5=2(
5+5)
=2(
10)
=20cm
Hence 5x4=20

Soper
imet
erofasquar
e=Si
desx4

Rect
angul
arshapes
Fi
gur
e12.
2isar
ect
angl
eofl
engt
h5cm andbr
eadt
h3cm.
5cm

3cm

I
tsper
imet
eri
s5+3+5+3=2(
5+3)
cm
=2x8
=16cm
Hence per
imet
erofar
ect
angl
e p=2(
L+W)

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Tr
iangul
arshapes
Tof
indt
heper
imet
erofat
ri
angl
eaddal
lthet
hreesi
des.

c
a

b
Per
imet
er=(
a+b+c)uni
ts,
wher
ea,
bandcar
ethel
engt
hsoft
hesi
desoft
het
ri
angl
e.

Theci
rcl
e
Theci
rcumf
erenceofaci
rcl
e=2πrorπD

Exampl
e
(
a)Fi
ndt
heci
rcumf
erenceofaci
rcl
eofar
adi
us7cm.

(
b)Theci
rcumf
erenceofabi
cycl
ewheel
is140cm.f
indi
tsr
adi
us.

Sol
uti
on
(
a)C=πd

=22/
7x7
=44cm
(
b)C=πd

=2πr
=2x22/
7xr
=140÷44/
7
=22.
27cm

Lengt
hofanar
c
Anarcofaci rcl
eispartofitscir
cumf er ence.Figure12.
10(a)showstwoar csAMBandANB.
ArcAMB,whi chislessthanhalft hecircumf erenceoftheci
rcl
e,iscal
ledtheminorar
c,whil
e
arcANB,whichisgreaterhalfofthecircumf erenceiscall
edthemajorarc.Anar
cwhichishal
f
theci
rcumf
erenceoft hecir
cleiscall
edasemi cir
cle.

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Exampl
e
Anarcofaci
rcl
esubtendsanangl
e60atthecent
reoft
heci
rcl
e.Fi
ndt
hel
engt
hoft
hear
cif
ther
adi
usoft
hecir
cleis42cm.(
π=22/
7).
Sol
uti
on
Thel
engt
h,l
,oft
hear
cisgi
venby
:
L=θ/
360x2πr
.
Θ=60,
r=42cm
Ther
efor
e,l
=60/
360x2x22/
7x42
=44cm

Exampl
e
Thelengt
hofanarcofacircl
eis62.
8cm.f
indt
her
adi
usoft
heci
rcl
eift
hear
csubt
endsan
angl
e144att
hecentr
e,(
takeπ=3.
142)
.

Sol
uti
on
L=θ/
360x2πr=62.
8and θ=144
144
Ther
efor
e, x2x3.
142xr=62.
8
360
360
R=62.
8x x2x3.
142
144
=24.
98cm

Exampl
e
Fi
ndtheanglesubt
endedatt
hecent
reofaci
rcl
ebyanar
cofl
engt
h11cm i
fther
adi
usoft
he
ci
rcl
eis21cm.

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Sol
uti
on
L=θ/
360x2xπr=11cm andr=21m
L=θ/
360x2x22/
7x21=11
Thus,
θ=11x360x7/2x
22x21
0
=30

Endoft
opi
c

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ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,
fri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
) Twocoi l
swhicharemadebywi ndi
ngcopperwir
eofdi
ff
erentgaugesandlengt
hhav ethe
samemass.Thef i
rstcoi
lismadebywi ndi
ng270metresofwirewithcrosssecti
onal
diameter2.
8mm whi l
ethesecondcoi
lismadebywindingacertai
nlengthofwirewith
cross-
secti
onal
diameter2.
1mm.Findthelengt
hofwi
reinthesecondcoil.
2. Thefi
gurebel
owr epresent
samodelofahutwi
thHG=GF=10cm andFB=6cm.The
foursl
anti
ngedgesoftheroofareeach12cm l
ong.

Cal
cul
ate
Lengt
hDF.
Angl
eVHF

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Thel
engt
hoft
hepr
oject
ionofl
i
neVHont
hepl
aneEFGH.
Thehei
ghtoft
hemodel
hut
.
Thel
engt
hVH.
Theangl
eDFmakeswi
tht
hepl
aneABCD.
3. Asquarefl
oori
sfi
tt
edwit
hr ect
angul
arti
lesofperi
meter
s220cm.eachr ow(t
il
elength
wi
se)carr
ies20l
essti
l
esthaneachcolumn(ti
lesbr
eadthwi
se)
.Ift
helengthoft
hefloor
i
s9.6m.
Cal
cul
ate:
a.Thedi
mensi
onsoft
het
il
es
b.Thenumberoft
il
esneeded
c. Thecostoffit
ti
ngt heti
les,i
fti
l
esar
esol
dindozensatsh.1500perdozenand
thel
abourcostissh.3000

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CHAPTERTHI
RTEEN

AREA

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthetopi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)St
ateuni
tsofarea
b.
)Conv
ertuni
tsofar
eaf
rom onef
ormt
oanot
her
c.
)Cal
cul
atet
hear
eaofar
egul
arpl
anef
igur
eincl
udi
ngci
rcl
es
d.
)Est
imat
ethear
eaofi
rr
egul
arpl
anef
igur
esbycount
ingsquar
es
e.
)Cal
cul
atet
hesur
facear
eaofcubes,
cuboi
dsandcy
li
nder
s.

Cont
ent
a.
)Uni
tsofar
ea(
cm ,
m,
2km ,
Ar
2 es,
ha)
2

b.
)Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsofar
ea
c.
)Ar
eaofr
egul
arpl
anef
igur
es
d.
)Ar
eaofi
rr
egul
arpl
aneshapes
e.
)Sur
facear
eaofcubes,
cuboi
dsandcy
li
nder
s

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I
ntr
oduct
ion

Uni
tsofAr
eas
Thear
eaofaplaneshapeistheamountofthesurfaceenclosedwi
thi
nitsboundar
ies.I
tis
nor
mall
ymeasur
edi
nsquareunit
s.Forexampl
e,asquareofsi
des5cm hasanareaof
5x5=25cm
Asquar
eofsi
des1m hasanar
eaof1m,
whi
l
easquar
eofsi
de1km hasanar
eaof1km
Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsofar
ea
1m²=1mx1m
=100cm x100cm
=10000cm²
1km ² =1km x1km
=1000m x1000m
=1000000m²
1ar
e =10m x10m
=100m²
1hect
are(
ha)=100Ar
es
=10000m²

Ar
eaofaregul
arplanef
igur
es
Ar
easofr
ectangl
e

5cm

3cm

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Ar
ea,
A=5x3cm
2
=15m
Hence,
thear
eaoft
her
ect
angl
e,A=LXW squar
euni
ts,
wher
eli
sthel
engt
handbbr
eadt
h.

Ar
eaofat
ri
angl
e

H
Base
Ar
eaofat
ri
angl
e
A=1/
2bhsquar
euni
ts

Ar
eaofpar
all
elogr
am
Ar
ea=1/
2bh+1/
2bh
=bhsquar
euni
ts

Not
e:
Thi
sfor
mul
aei
sal
sousedf
orar
hombus

Ar
eaofat
rapezi
um
Thefi
gur
ebelowshowsat r
apezi
um i
nwhichthepar
all
elsi
desar
eauni
tsandbuni
ts,
long.The
per
pendi
cul
ardi
stancebet
weenthetwoparal
l
elsi
desishunit
s.
Ar
eaofat
ri
angl
eABD=1/
2ahsquar
euni
ts
Ar
eaoft
ri
angl
eDBC=½bhsquar
euni
ts
Ther
efor
ear
eaoft
rapezi
um ABCD=1/
2ah+1/
2bh
=1/
2h(
a+b)squar
euni
ts.
Thus,t
heareaofatr
apezium i
sgiv
enbyahal
fthesum oft
hel
engt
hofpar
all
elsi
desmul
ti
pli
ed
bytheper
pendi
cul
ardist
ancebetweent
hem.

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1
Thati
s,ar
eaoft
r um = (a
apezi +b)
h
2

Ar
eaofaci
rcl
e
2
Thear
eaAofaci
rcl
eofr
adi
usri
sgi
venby
:A=πr

Thear
eaofasect
or
Asect
ori
sar
egi
onboundedbyt
wor
adi
iandanar
c.
Supposewewantt
ofi
ndt
hear
eaoft
heshadedpar
tint
hef
igur
ebel
ow

Thear
eaoft
hewhol
eci
rcl
eisπr
²
Thewhol
eci
rcl
esubt
ends360ͦatt
hecent
re.
Ther
efor
e,360ͦ cor
respondst
oπr
²
1ͦ cor
respondst
o1/
360ͦxπr
²
60ͦ cor
respondst
o60ͦ/
360ͦ xπr
²
Hence,
thear
eaofasect
orsubt
endi
nganangl
eθatt
hecent
reoft
heci
rcl
eisgi
venby

θ 2
A= 0 xπr
360
Exampl
e
Fi
ndt hear
eaoft
hesect
orofaci
rcl
eofr
adi
us3cm i
ftheangl
esubt
endedatt
hecent
rei
s140
ͦ(takeπ=22/
7)

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Sol
uti
on
Ar
eaAofasect
ori
sgi
venby
θ 2
A= xπr
3600

0
Her
e,r=3cm andθ=140
140 22
Ther
efor
e,A= x x3x3
3600 7

=11cm²

Exampl
e
Theareaofasect
orofacircl
eis38.
5cm²
.Fi
ndt
her
adi
usoft
heci
rcl
eift
heangl
esubt
endedat
0
thecent
rei
s90 (Takeπ=22/7)

Sol
uti
on
Fr
om t
hef
ormul
aa=θ/
360xπr
²,weget90/
360x22/
7xr
²=38.
5

38.
5x360x7
Ther
efor
e,r
²=
90x22

Thus,
r=7

Exampl
e
Theareaofacir
cler
adius63cm i
s4158cm²
.Cal
cul
atet
heangl
esubt
endedatt
hecent
reof
theci
rcl
e.(
Takeπ=22/7)
Usi
nga=θ/
360xπr
²,

4158x7x360
Θ=
22x63x63
0
=120

Sur
facear
eaofsol
i
ds
Consi
deracuboi
dABCDEFGHshowni nthefigur
ebelow.I
fthecuboi
discutthr
oughaplane
par
all
eltot
heends,t
hecutsur
facehasthesameshapeandsizeastheendfaces.PQRSi
sa
pl
ane.Thepl
anei
scall
edthecr
oss-
sect
ionofthecuboi
d

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Asoli
dwithunif
orm cr
oss-
sect
ioni
scal
l
edapr
ism.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeoft
hepr
isms.The
f
oll
owingaresomeofthepri
sms.

Thesur
facear
eaofapr
ism i
sgi
venbyt
hesum oft
hear
eaoft
hesur
faces.

Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsacuboi
dofl
engt
hl,
breat
hbandhei
ghth.i
tsar
eai
sgi
venby
;
A=2l
b+2bh+2hl

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=2(
lb.+bh+hl
)
Foracubeof
fsi
de2cm;
A=2(
3x2²
)
=24cm²

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaofat
ri
angul
arpr
ism shownbel
ow.

Ar
eaoft
het
ri
angul
arsur
faces=½x5x12x2cm²
=60cm²
Ar
eaoft
her
ect
angul
arsur
faces=20x
13+5x20+12x20
=260+100+240=600cm²
Ther
efor
e,t
het
otal
sur
facear
ea=(
60+600)cm²
=660cm²

Cy
li
nder
Apr
ism wi
thaci
rcul
arcr
oss-
sect
ioni
scal
l
edacy
li
nder
,seet
hef
igur
ebel
ow.

Ifyour ol
lapieceofpaperaroundthecurvedsurf
aceofacyl
inderandopenitout,y
ouwi l
lgeta
rectanglewhosebr eat
histhecir
cumferenceandl engt
hist
heheightofthecyli
nder.Theends
aret wocir
cles.Thesurf
aceareaSofacy l
inderwit
hbaseandheighthist
herefor
egivenby;
S=2πr
h+2πr
²

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Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaofacy
li
nderwhoser
adi
usi
s7.
7cm andhei
ght12cm.
Sol
uti
on
S=2π(
7.7)x12+2π(
7.7)cm²
=2π(
7.7)x12+(
7.7)cm²
=2x7.
7π(
12+7.
7)cm²
=2x7.
7xπ(
19.
7)cm²
=15.
4π(
19.
7)cm²
=953.
48cm²

Ar
eaofi
rr
egul
arshapes
Thear
eaofi
rr
egul
arshapecannotbef
oundaccur
atel
y,buti
tcanbeest
imat
ed.Asf
oll
ows;
(
i) Drawagri
dofuni
tsquar
esont
hef
igur
eorcopyt
hef
igur
eonsuchagr
id,seet
he
fi
gur
ebel
ow

(
ii
) Countal
ltheuni
tsquar
esf
ull
yencl
osedwi
thi
nthef
igur
e.

(
ii
i) Countallpar
ti
all
yenclosedunitsquar
esanddi
vi
det
het
otalbyt
wo,i
.e.
.,t
reateach
oneofthem ashalfofaunitsquar
e.

(
iv) Thesum oft
henumber
sin(
ii
)and(
ii
)gi
vesanest
imat
eoft
hear
easoft
hef
igur
e.

Fr
om t
hef
igur
e,t
henumberoff
ull
squar
esi
s9
Numberofpar
ti
alsquar
es=18
Tot
alnumberofsquar
es=9+18/
2
=18

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Appr
oxi
mat
ear
ea=18sq.uni
ts.

Endoft
opi
c

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dyouunder
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ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,
fri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Cal
cul
atet
hear
eaoft
heshadedr
egi
onbel
ow,
giv
ent
hatACi
sanar
cofaci
rcl
ecent
reB.
eABD=750
AB=BC=14cm CD=8cm andangl (
4mks)

A
14cm

B 750

14cm

C
8cm
B

2.
) Thescal
eofamapi
s1:
50000.Al
akeont
hemapi 16cm2.f
s6. indt
heact
ual
areaoft
he
l
akei
nhact
ares.
(
3mks)

3.
) Thef
igur
ebel
owi
sar
hombusABCDofsi
des4cm.BDi
sanar
cofci
rcl
ecent
reC.Gi
ven
hatABC=1380.Fi
t ndt
hear
eaofshadedr
egi
on.
(
3mks)

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4.
) Thef
igur
ebel
owsowst
heshapeofKamau’
sfar
m wi
thdi
mensi
onsshowni
nmet
ers

140

100

20m

80m

Fi
ndt
hear
eaofKamau’
sfar
minhect
ares (
3mks)

5.
) I
nthef
igur
ebel
owABandACar
etangent
stot
heci
rcl
ecent
reOatBandCr
espect
ivel
y,
t eAOC=600
heangl

Cal
cul
ate
(
a)Thel
engt
hofAC

6.
) Thef
igur
ebel
owshowst
hef
loorofahal
l
.Apar
toft
hisf
loori
sint
heshapeofa
r
ect
angl
eof l
engt
h20m andwi
dth16m andt
her
esti
sasegmentofaci
rcl
eofr
adi
us12m.
Uset
hef
igur
eto f
ind:
-

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(
a)Thesi
zeofangl
eCOD
(
2mks)

(
b)Thear
eaoff
igur
eDABCO (
4mks)

(
c)Ar
eaofsect
orODC
(
2mks)

(
d)Ar
eaoft
hef
looroft
hehouse.
(
2mks)

7.
) Theci
rcl
ebel
owwhosear
eai 05cm2ci
s18. rcumscr
ibesat
ri
angl
eABCwher
eAB=
6.
3cm,
BC=5.
7cm andAC=4.
8cm.Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
heshadedpar
t

8.
) Inthefi
gur
ebelow,
PQRSisarect
angleinwhi
chPS=10kcm andPQ=6kcm.M andN
aremidpoi
ntsofQRandRSr
especti
vely

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a) Findt heareoftheshadedr egi

on (4marks)
b) Givent hattheareaofthetri
angleMNR=30cm2.f indthedi
mensionsofthe
rectangl e (2mar
ks)
c) Calcul atethesizesofangles and giv
ingyouranswerto2deci
mal
places (4marks)
9.
) Thefi
gurebel owshowst wocircleseachofradi
us10.5cm withcent
resAandB.the
ci
rcl
estoucheachot heratT

Gi
vent
hatangl eYBC=1600andl
eXAD=angl i
nesXY,
ATBandDCar
epar
all
el,
cal
cul
atet
he
ar
eaof
:
d)Themi norsectorAXTD (
2marks)
e) Fi
gureAXYBCD (
6mar
ks)
f) Theshadedregion (
2marks)

10.
) Thef
loorofar
oom i
sint
heshapeofar
ect
angl
e10.
5m l
ongby6m wi
de.Squar
eti
l
es
of

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l
engt
h30cm ar
etobef
it
tedont
othef
loor
.
(
a)Cal
cul
atet
henumberoft
il
esneededf
ort
hef
loor
.
(b)Adeal
erwi
shest
obuyenought
il
esf
orf
if
teensuchr
ooms.Thet
il
esar
epackedi
n
car
tons
eachcont
aini
ng20t
il
es.Thecostofeachcar
toni
sKshs.800.Cal
cul
ate
(
i)t
het
otal
costoft
het
il
es.
(ii
)Ifi
naddi
ti
on,
thedeal
erspendsKshs.2,
000andKshs.600ont
ranspor
tand
subsi
stence
r
espect
ivel
y,atwhatpr
iceshoul
dhesel
leachcar
toni
nor
dert
omakeapr
ofi
tof
12.
5%
(
Giv
eyouranswert
othenear
estKshs.
)

11.) Thef
igur
ebel
owi
saci
rcl
eofr
adi
us5cm.Poi
ntsA,
BandCar
ethev
ert
icesoft
he
tr
iangl
e

ABCi chABC=60oandACB=50owhi
nwhi chi
sint
heci
rcl
e.Cal
cul
atet
hear
eaof
ABC)
B

60o

50o
A C

12.
) Mr
.Wany
amahasapl
ott
hati
sinat
ri
angul
arf
orm.Thepl
otmeasur
es170m,
190m
and210m,
butt
heal
ti
tudesoft
hepl
otaswel
last
heangl
esar
enotknown.Fi
ndt
hear
ea
oft
hepl
oti
nhect
ares

13.
) Thr
eesi
renswai
lati
nter
val
soft
hir
tymi
nut
es,
fif
tymi
nut
esandt
hir
tyf
ivemi
nut
es.

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I
ftheywai
ltoget
herat7.
18a.
m onMonday
,whatt
imeanddaywi
l
ltheynextwai
ltoget
her
?

14.
) Af armerdeci
destoputtwo-t
hir
dsofhisfarm undercr
ops.Ofthis,
heputaquart
er
undermai
zeandfour
-fi
ft
hsoftheremainderunderbeans.Theresti
splantedwi
thcar
rot
s.
I
f0.
9acr
esar
eundercar
rot
s,f
indt
het
otal
areaoft
hef
arm

CHAPTERFOURTEEN

VOLUMEANDCAPACI
TY
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthetopi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)St
ateuni
tsofvolume
b.
)Conv
ertuni
tsofv
olumef
rom onef
ormt
oanot
her
c.
)Cal
cul
atev
olumeofcubes,
cuboi
dsandcy
li
nder
s
d.
)St
ateuni
tsofcapaci
ty
e.
)Conv
ertuni
tsofcapaci
tyf
rom onef
ormt
oanot
her
f
.) Rel
atev
olumet
ocapaci
ty
g.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngv
olumeandcapaci
ty.

Cont
ent
a.
)Uni
tsofv
olume

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b.
)Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsofv
olume
c.
)Vol
umeofcubes,
cuboi
dsandcy
li
nder
s
d.
)Uni
tsofcapaci
ty
e.
)Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsofcapaci
ty
f
.) Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenv
olumeandcapaci
ty
g.
)Sol
vi
ngpr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngv
olumeandcapaci
ty

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Vol
umei
stheamountofspaceoccupi
edbyasol
i
dobj
ect
.Theuni
tofv
olumei
scubi
cuni
ts.
Acubeofedge1cm hasav
olumeof1cm x1cm x1cm =1cm³
.

Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsofv
olume
Acubeofsi
de1m hasav
olumeof1m³
But1m =100cm
1m x1m x1m =100cm x100cm x100cm
Thus,
1m =(
0.01x0.
01x0.
01)m³
=0.
000001m³
=1x10¯
⁶m³
Acubesi
de1cm hasav
olumeof1cm³
.
But1cm=10mm

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1cm x1cm x1cm =10mm x10mm x10mm

Thus,
1cm³
=1000mm³

Vol
umeofcubes,
cuboi
dsandcy
li
nder
s
Cube
Acubeisasol
idhav
ingsi
xpl
anesquar
efacesi
nwhi
cht
heangl
ebet
weent
woadj
acentf
acesi
s
ar
ight
-angl
e.
Vol
umeofacube=ar
eaofbasexhei
ght
=l
²xl
=l
³

Cuboi
d
Acuboi
disasol
i
dwi
thsi
xfaceswhi
char
enotnecessar
il
ysquar
e.
Vol
umeofacuboi
d=l
engt
hxwi
dthxhei
ght
=asq.uni
tsxh
=ahcubi
cuni
ts.

Cy
li
nder
Thi
sisasol
i
dwi
thaci
rcul
arbase.
Vol
umeofacy
li
nder=ar
eaofbasexhei
ght
=πr
²xh
=πr
²hcubi
cuni
ts

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hev
olumeofacuboi
dofl
engt
h5cm,
breadt
h3cm andhei
ght4cm.

Sol
uti
on
Ar
eaofi
tsbase=5x4cm²
Vol
ume =5x4x3cm³
=60cm³

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt hevolumeofasol
i
dwhosecr
oss-
sect
ioni
sar
ight
-angl
edt
ri
angl
eofbase4cm,
hei
ght5
cm andlength12cm.

Sol
uti
on
Ar
eaofcr
oss-
sect
ion=1/
2x4x5
=10cm²

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Ther
efor
evol
ume =10x12
=120cm³

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hev
olumeofacy
li
nderwi
thr
adi
us1.
4m andhei
ght13m.

Sol
uti
on
Ar
eaofcr
oss-
sect
ion=22/
7x1.
4x1.
4
=6.
16m²
Vol
ume=6.
16x13
=80.
08m³
I
ngener
al,
vol
umevofacy
li
nderofr
adi
usrandl
engt
hlgi
venbyv
=πr
²l

Capaci
ty
Capaci
tyi
stheabi
l
ityofacont
ainert
ohol
dfl
uids.TheSIuni
tofcapaci
tyi
sli
tr
e(l
)
Conv
ersi
onofuni
tst
ocapaci
ty
1cent
il
it cl
er( )
=10mi
l
li
li
tr
e(ml
)
1deci
l
itedl
r =10cent
il
it
r cl
e( )
1l
i
tr l
e()=10deci
l
itr dl
es( )
1Decal
i
tr Dl
e( )=10l
i
tr l
es()
1hect
oli
tr
e(Hl
)=10decal
i
tre(Dl
)
1ki
l
oli
tr
e(kl
)=10hect
oli
tr Hl
es( )
1ki
l
oli
tr
e(kl
)=1000l
i
tr l
es()
1l
i
tr l
e()=1000mi
l
li
li
tr ml
es( )

Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenv
olumeandcapaci
ty
Acubedofanedge10cm hol
ds1l
i
treofl
i
qui
d.
1l
i
tre=10cm x10cm x10cm
=1000cm³
1m³=10⁶cm³
1m³=10³l
i
tres.

Endoft
opi
c

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dyouunder
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ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,
fri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.)Al
lthewat
eri
spour
edi
ntoacy
li
ndr
ical
cont
ainerofci
rcul
arr
adi
us12cm.I
fthecy
li
nderhas
hei
ght45cm,
cal
cul
atet
hesur
facear
eaoft
hecy
li
nderwhi
chi
snoti
ncont
actwi
thwat
er.
(
4marks)

2.
)TheBr
it
ishgov
ernmenthi
redt
wopl
anest
oai
rl
if
tfoot
bal
lfanst
oSout
hAf
ri
caf
ort
he
Wor
ldcupt
our
nament
.Eachpl
anet
ook10½hour
stor
eacht
hedest
inat
ion.

Boeng747hascar
ryi
ngcapaci
tyof300peopl
eandconsumesf
uel
at120l
i
tresper
mi
nut
e.I
tmakes5t
ri
psatf
ull
capaci
ty.Boeng740hascar
ryi
ngcapaci
tyof140peopl
e
andconsumesf
uel
at200l
i
trespermi
nut
e.I
tmakes8t
ri
psatf
ull
capaci
ty.I
fthe
gov
ernmentsponsor
edt
hef
ansonewayatt
hecostof800dol
l
arsperf
an,
cal
cul
ate:

(
a)Thet
otal
numberoff
ansai
rl
if
tedt
oSout
hAf
ri
ca.
(
2mks)

(
b)Thet
otal
costoff
uel
usedi
fonel
i
trecost
s0.
3dol
l
ars.
(
4mks)

(
c)Thet
otal
col
l
ect
ioni
ndol
l
arsmadebyeachpl
ane.
(
2mks)

(
d)Thenetpr
ofi
tmadebyeachpl
ane.
(
2mks)

3.
)Ar
ect
angul
arwat
ert
ankmeasur
es2.
6m by4.
8m att
hebaseandhaswat
ert
oahei
ght
of3.
2m.Fi
ndt
hev
olumeofwat
eri
nli
tr
est
hati
sint
het
ank

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4.
)Threeli
tr
esofwat
er(
densi
ty cm3)i
1g/ saddedt
otwel
vel
i
tresofal
cohol
(densi
ty
3
0.
8g/
cm .
Whati
sthedensi
tyoft
hemi
xtur
e?

5.
)Ar
ect
angul
art
ankwhosei
nter
nal
dimensi
onsar
e2.
2m by1.
4m by1.
7m i
sthr
eef
if
thf
ull
ofmi
l
k.
(
a)Cal
cul
atet
hev
olumeofmi
l
kinl
i
tres
(
b)Themil
ki spackedi
nsmallpacket
si ntheshapeofar i
ghtpyr
amidwi
than
equil
ateral
basetr
iangl
eofsides10cm.Thev ert
icalheightofeachpacketi
s13.
6cm.Ful
l
packetsobtai
nedaresoldatshs.
30perpacket.Calculate:
(
i)Thev
ol ncm3ofeachpackett
umei othenear
estwhol
enumber
(
ii
)Thenumberoff
ull
packet
sofmi
l
k
(
ii
i)Theamountofmoneyr
eal
i
zedf
rom t
hesal
eofmi
l
k
6.
)An890kgcul v
erti
smadeofahol l
owcy l
i
ndricalmateri
alwit
houterradi
usof76cm and
ani
nnerr
adiusof64cm.Itcrossesaroadofwi dth3m,determi
nethedensit
yofthe
3
mat
eri
alssusedini
tsconstr
uctioninKg/m cor r
ectto1decimalplace.

CHAPTERFI
FTEEN

MAS
SSWEI
GHTANDDENS
ITY

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthet
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)Def
inemass

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b.
)St
ateuni
tsofmass
c.
)Conv
ertuni
tsofmassf
rom onef
ormt
oanot
her
d.
)Def
inewei
ght
e.
)St
ateuni
tsofwei
ght
f
.) Di
sti
ngui
shmassandwei
ght
g.
)Rel
atev
olume,
massanddensi
ty.

Cont
ent
a.
)Massanduni
tsofmass
b.
)Wei
ghtanduni
tsofwei
ght
c.
)Densi
ty
d.
)Pr
obl
em sol
vi
ngi
nvol
vi
ngr
eal
li
feexper
iencesonmass,
vol
ume,
densi
tyandwei
ght
.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Mass
Themassofanobjecti
sthequant
it
yofmat t
erinit.Massisconst
antquanti
ty,wher
everthe
obj
ecti
s,andmat
teri
sanyt
hingt
hatoccupi
esspace.Thethr
eestat
esofmatteraresol
id,
li
quid
andgas.
TheSIuni
tofmassi
stheki
l
ogr
am.Ot
hercommonuni
tsar
etone,
gram andmi
l
li
gram.
Thef
oll
owi
ngt
abl
eshowsuni
tsofmassandt
hei
requi
val
enti
nki
l
ogr
ams.

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Wei
ght
Thewei ghtofanobjectoneart
hist hepulloftheeart
honi t.Theweightofanyobj
ectv ari
es
from oneplaceontheearth’
ssurf
acetotheot her
.Thisisbecausetheclosur
etheobjectisto
thecentreoftheeart
h,themorethegravi
tati
onalpul
l,hencethemoreitsweight
.Forexampl e,
anobjectweighsmoreatsealevelt
henont opofamount ain.

Uni
tsofwei
ght
TheSIuni tofweighti
snewton.Thepulloftheeart
h,sunandt hemoononanobjectiscal
led
theforceofgravi
tyduetotheear
th,
sunandmoonr espect
ivel
y.Thefor
ceofgrav
ityduetothe
eart
honanobj ectofmass1kgi sappr oxi
matel
yequalto9.8N.Thest r
engt
hoft heeart
h’s
gravi
tati
onalpul
l(symbol
‘g’
)onanobjectonthesurf
aceoftheearthi
sabout9.
8N/Kg.
Wei
ghtofanobj
ect=massofanobj
ectxgr
avi
tat
ion
Wei
ghtN=masskgxgN/
kg

Densi
ty
Thedensi
tyofasubst
ancei
sthemassofauni
tcubeoft
hesubst
ance.Abodyofmass(
m)kg
andvol
ume( v
)m³has:
(
i) Densi
ty(
d)=mass(
m)/densi
ty(
d)

(
ii
) Mass(
m)=densi
ty(
d)xv
olume(
v)

(
ii
i) Vol
ume(
v)=mass(
m)/densi
ty(
d)

Uni
tsofdensi
ty
TheSIuni
tsofdensi
tyi
skg/
m³.t
heot
hercommonuni
tisg/
cm³
1g/
cm³=1000kg/
m³

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hemassofani
cecubeofsi
de6cm,
ift
hedensi
tyoft
hei
cei
s0.
92g/cm³
.

Sol
uti
on
Vol
umeofcube=6x6x6=216cm³
Mass=densi
tyxv
olume
=216x0.
92
=198.
72g

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hev
olumeofcor
kofmass48g.gi
vent
hatdensi
tyofcor
kis0.
24g/
cm³

Sol
uti
on
Vol
ume=mass/
densi
ty
=48/
0.24

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=200cm³

Exampl
e
Thedensi
tyofi
roni
s7.
9g/
cm³
.whati
sthi
sdensi
tyi
nkg/
m³
Sol
uti
on
1g/
cm³=1000kg/
m³
7.
9g/
cm³=7.
9x1000/
1
=7900kg/
m³

Exampl
e
Arect
angularslabofglassmeasur
es8cm by2cm by14cm andhasamassof610g.cal
cul
ate
t
hedensit
yoft heglassinkg/
m³

Sol
uti
on
Vol
umeoft
hesl
ab=8x2x14
=224cm³
Massoft
hesl
ab=610g
Densi
ty =610/
244
=2.
5x1000kg=25000kg/
m³

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,
fri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Asquar
edbr
asspl
atei
s2mm t
hickandhasamassof1.
05kg.Thedensi
tyofbr
assi
s
8.
4g/
cm.Cal
cul
atet
hel
engt
hoft
hepl
atei
ncent
imet
ers. (
3mks)

2.
)Aspher
ehasasur
f ea18cm2.Fi
acear ndi
tsdensi
tyi
fthespher
ehasamassof100g.
(3mks)

3.
)Ny
ahur
uruMuni
cipal
Counci
li
stoconst
ructaf
loorofanopenwhol
esal
emar
ketwhosear
ea
s800m2.Thef
i loori
stobecov
eredwi
thasl
abofuni
for
mthi
cknessof200mm.I
nor
dert
o
maket
hesl
ab,
sand,
cementandbal
l
astar
etobemi
xedsucht
hatt
hei
rmassesar
eint
her
ati
o

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3:
2:3.The massofdr
ysl
abofv
olume1m3i
s2000kg.Cal
cul
ate

(
a)(
i)Thev
olumeoft
hesl
ab
(
2mks)

(
ii
)Themassoft
hedr
ysl
ab.
(
2mks)

(
ii
i)Themassofcementt
obeused.
(
2mks)

(
b)I
fonebagoft
hecementi
s50kg,
findt
henumberofbagst
obepur
chased.
(
1mk)

(
c)I
fal
orr
ycar
ri
es10t
onnesofbal
l
ast
,cal
cul
atet
henumberofl
orr
iesofbal
l
astt
obe
pur
chased. (
3mks)

4.
)Aspher
ehasasur
facear 0cm2.Fi
eaof18. ndi
tsdensi
tyi
fthespher
ehasamassof100
gr
ammes.

(
3mks)

5.
)Apieceofmet
alhasav
olumeof20cm3andamassof300g.Cal
cul
atet
hedensi
tyof
t
hemetal
i m3.
nkg/
6.
)2.5li
tr
esofwat
erdensit
y1g/cm3isaddedt
o8l
i
tresofal
cohol
densi
ty0. cm3.
8g/
Cal
cul
atet
hedensi
tyofthemixt
ure

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CHAPTERTEN

TI
ME
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthetopi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)Conv
ertuni
tsofti
mef r
om oneformt
oanother
b.
)Rel
atet
he12hourand24hourcl
ocksy
stems
c.
)Readandi
nter
prett
rav
elt
ime-
tabl
es
d.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngt
rav
elt
imet
abl
es.

Cont
ent
a.
)Uni
tsoft
ime
b.
)12hourand24hourcl
ocksy
stems
c.
)Tr
avel
time-
tabl
es
d.
)Pr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngt
rav
elt
imet
abl
es

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I
ntr
oduct
ion
Uni
tsoft
ime
1week=7day
s
1day=24hour
s
1hour=60mi
nut
es
1mi
nut
es=60seconds

Exampl
e
Howmanyhour
sar
ether
einoneweek?

Sol
uti
on
1week=7day
s
1day=24hour
s
1week=(
7x24)hour
s
=168hour
s

Exampl
e
Cov
ert3h45mi
nint
omi
nut
es

Sol
uti
on
1h=60mi
n

3h=(
3x60)mi
n

3h45mi
n=(
(60x3)+45)mi
n

=(
180+45)mi
n

=225mi
n

Exampl
e
Expr
ess4h15mi
ninsec

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Sol
uti
on
1hour=60mi
n

1mi
n=60sec
4h15mi
n=(
4x60+15)mi
n
=240+15mi
n
=255mi
n
=255x60sec
=15300sec.

The12andt
he24hoursy
stems
I
nthe12hoursy st
em,t i
meiscount
edfrom midni
ght
.Thet i
mefrom mi
dni
ghtt
omi
ddayi
s
wri
tt
enasam .whil
ethatfr
om mi
ddaytomidni
ghti
swri
ttenaspm.
I
nthe24hoursy
stem,
timei
scount
edf
rom mi
dni
ghtandexpr
essedi
nhour
s.

Tr
avel
timet
abl
e
Travelt
imet
abl
esshowst
heexpect
edar
ri
valanddepar
tur
eti
mef
orv
ehi
cles.Shi
ps,
aer
opl
anes,
tr
ains.

Exampl
e
Thetabl
ebel
owshowsat
imet
abl
eforapubl
i
cser
vicev
ehi
clepl
yi
ngbet
weent
wot
ownsAand
DviatownsBandC.

Town Ar
ri
val
time Depar
tur
eti
me

A 8.
20A.
M
B 10.
40P.
M 11.
00A.
M
C 2.
30P.
M 2.
50 P.
M
D 4.
00P.
M

(
a)Whatt
imedoest
hev
ehi
clel
eav
etownA?

(
b)Atwhatt
imedoesi
tar
ri
vei
ntownD?

(
c)Howl
ongdoesi
ttaket
otr
avel
from t
ownAt
oD.

(
d)Whatt
imedoest
hev
ehi
clet
akest
otr
avel
from t
ownC t
oD?

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Sol
uti
on
(
a)8.
20A.
M

(
b)4.
00P.
M

(
c)Ar
ri
val
timei
ntownDwas4.
00p.
m.i
tdepar
tur
efr
om t
ownAwas8.
20a.
m.

Ti
met
aken=(
12.
00-
8.20+4h)
=3h40mi
n+4h
=7h40mi
n
(
d)Thev
ehi
clear
ri
vedi
ntownDat4.
00p.
m.i
tdepar
tedf
rom t
ownCat2.
50p.
m.

Ti
met
aken=4.
00-
2.50
=1h10mi
n

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,
fri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
) Av
ant
rav
ell
edf
rom Ki
tal
etoKi
sumuadi
stanceof160km.Theav
eragespeedoft
hev
an
f
ort
hef
ir
st100km was40km/
handt
her
emai
ningpar
toft
hej
our
neyi
tsav
eragespeed
was30km/
h.Cal
cul
atet
heav
eragespeedf
ort
hewhol
ejour
ney
.
(
3mks)

2.
) Awat chwhichloosesahal
f-
minut
eeveryhourwassettor
eadthecor
rectt
imeat0545h
onMonday .Deter
mi netheti
me,i
nthe12hoursyst
em,thewatchwil
lshowonthefol
l
owing
Fr
idayat1945h.

3.
) Thet
imet
abl
ebel
owshowst
hedepar
tur
eandar
ri
val
timef
orabuspl
yi
ngbet
weent
wo

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t
owns M andR,
300km apar
t 0710982617

Town Ar
ri
val Depar
tur
e

M 0830h

N 1000h 1020h

P 1310h 1340h

Q 1510h 1520h

R 1600h

(
a)Howl
ongdoest
hebust
aket
otr
avel
from t
ownM t
oR?
(
b)Whati
stheav
eragespeedf
ort
hewhol
ejour
ney
?

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CHAPTERSEVENTEEN

LI
NEAREQUATI
ONS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
hetopi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)sol
vel
i
nearequat
ionsi
noneunknown
b.
)sol
vesi
mul
taneousl
i
nearequat
ionsbysubst
it
uti
onandel
i
minat
ion
c.
)Li
nearequat
ionsi
noneandt
wounknown.

Cont
ent
a.
)Li
nearequat
ionsi
noneunknown
b.
)Si
mul
taneousl
i
nearequat
ions
c.
)Li
nearequat
ionsi
noneandt
wounknownsf
rom gi
venr
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions

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I
ntr
oduct
ion

Li
nearequati
onsarest
rai
ghtl
i
neequat
ionsi
nvol
vingoneortwounknowns.I
nthi
schapter
,we
wi
lldeal
withthef
ormati
onandsol
vi
ngofsuchequati
onsconsi
dert
hefol
l
owingcases.

Exampl
e
Sol
vef
ort
heunknownsi
neachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngequat
ions
3x+4=10

x
–2=4
3
p+5
=5/
4
3
Sol
uti
on
3x+4=10
3x+4–4=10–4 (
tomakext
hesubj
ectsubt
ract4onbot
hsi
des)
3x=6
X=2

x
–2=4
3
x
–2+2=4+2 (
tomakext
hesubj
ectadd2t
obot
hsi
des)
3
x
=6
3
X=18

p+5 5
=
3 4

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p+5 5
3x( )= x3
3 4

5
P+5= x3
4

5
4(
p+5)= x4
4
4p+20=15
4p=-
5

-
5
P=
4
=-1¼

Solv
inganequati
onwi
thf
ract
ionsordeci
mals,
ther
ei sanopti
onofcl
ear
ingt
hef
ract
ionsor
deci
malsinordert
ocr
eat
easimplerequat
ioni
nvol
vingwholenumber
s.
1.Tocl
earf
ract
ions,
mul
ti
plybot
hsi
desoft
heequat
ion(
dist
ri
but
ingt
oal
lter
ms)byt
he
LCDofal
lthef
ract
ions.
2.Tocl
eardeci
mal
s,mul
ti
plybot
hsi
desoft
heequat
ion(
dist
ri
but
ingt
oal
lter
ms)byt
he
l
owestpowerof10t
hatwi
l
lmakeal
ldeci
mal
swhol
enumber
s.

St
epsf
orSol
vi
ngaLi
nearEquat
ioni
nOneVar
iabl
e:
1.Si
mpl
i
fybot
hsi
desoft
heequat
ion.
2.Uset
headdi
ti
onorsubt
ract
ionpr
oper
ti
esofequal
i
tyt
ocol
l
ectt
hev
ari
abl
eter
msonone
si
deoft
heequat
ionandt
heconst
antt
ermsont
heot
her
.
3.Uset
hemul
ti
pli
cat
ionordi
vi
sionpr
oper
ti
esofequal
i
tyt
omaket
hecoef
fi
cientoft
he
v
ari
abl
eter
m equal
to1.
4.Checkyouranswerbysubst
it
uti
ngy
oursol
uti
oni
ntot
heor
igi
nal
equat
ion.
Not
e:
Al
lot
herl
i
nearequat
ionswhi
chhav
eonl
yonesol
uti
onar
ecal
l
edcondi
ti
onal
.

Exampl
e
Sol
vef
ort
heunknowni
neachi
noft
hef
oll
owi
ngequat
ions

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x+1 x-
1
a
.) - =1/
8
2 3
3y 14y-3 y-
1
b.
) - =
2 5 4

c
.
2 ()
)1-y-2 y-
2
3
=0

Sol
ution
a.
)( ) ()
x
+1
2
x
24-
x
-
3
1
x24=1/8x24(mul
ti
plybot
hsi
desbyt
heL.
C.M of2,
3and8)

12(
x+1)
−8(
x–2)=3

12x+12−8x–16=3
4x+28=3
4x=-
25
1
x= -6
4

b.
)
3y
2
x20-
(
14y-
5
3)
x20=
y-
1
4 ()
x
20(
mul
ti
plybot
hsi
desbyt
heL.
C.M of25and4)

30y
-4(
14y-
3)=5(
y–4)
-
26+12=5y-
20
31y=32
32 1
y= =1
31 31

c
.)(
y
( )()
1x2)- x2 -2
2
y-
3
2
x2=0x2

2-y-2(
y-3)=0

2-y-2y+6=0
8-3y=0

8 2
3y= =2
3 3

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Pr
obl
emsl
eadi
ngt
oLi
nearequat
ions
Equati
onsarev eryusefuli
nsol v
ingpr obl
ems.Thebasi ctechni
queistodet ermi
newhat
quanti
tyiti
st hatwear etr
yingtofindandmaket hattheunknown.Wet hent r
ansl
atethe
probl
em int
oanequat i
onandsol veit.Youshouldalwayst r
yt omini
mizet henumberof
unknowns.Forexample,i
fwear etol
dthatapieceofrope8met resl
ongiscutintwoandone
pi
ecei s xmet r
es,t
henwecanwr it
et heremaini
ngpieceas( 8– x)metres,rat
herthan
i
ntroduci
ngasecondunknown.

Wor
dpr
obl
ems
Equati
onsar i
seineverydayli
fe.ForexampleMar yboughtanumberofor angesfrom Anita’
s
ki
osk.Shet henwenttoMar kskioskandboughtthesamenumberofor anges.Markthem gave
herthreemoreoranges.Theorangesf r
om t
hetwokioskswerewrappedi ndif
fer
entpaperbags.
Onr eachingherhouse,shef oundt hataquar
teroft hefi
rstLotorangesandaf if
thoft he
secondwer ebad.Ifintotalsixorangeswerebad,findhow manyor angessheboughtf r
om
Anit
a’skiosk.

Sol
uti
on
Lett
henumberofor
angesboughtatAni
ta’
ski
oskbex.
Then,
thenumberofor
angesobt
ainedf
rom Mar
kski
oskwi
l
lbex+3.

x
+3
NumberofBador
angesf
rom Mar
kski
oskwas .
5
x x
+3
Tot
alnumberofBador
angesi
sequal
to= +
4 5
x x
+3
= +
Thus, =6
4 5
Mul
ti
plyeacht
erm oft
heequat
ionby20(
L.C.
M of4and5)t
ogetr
idoft
hedenomi
nat
or.

x
=20x +20
4 ( )
x
+3
5
=6x20

5x+4(
x+3)=120
5x+4x+12=120(
Remov
ingbr
acket
s)
Subt
ract
ing12f
rom bot
hsi
des.
9x=108
X=12

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Thus,
thenumberofor
angesboughtf
rom Ani
ta’
ski
oskwas12.

Not
e:
Ifanyoper
ati
oni
sper
for
medononesi
deofanequat
ion,
i
tmustal
sobeper
for
medont
heot
her
side.

Exampl
e
x
+3 x
-4
Sol
vef
orxi
ntheequat
ion: - =4
2 3

Sol
uti
on
El
i
minat
ethef
ract
ionsbymul
ti
ply
ingeacht
erm by6(
L.C.
M,of2and3)
.
x+3 x
-4
6x( )-6( )=4x
6
2 3
3(
x+3)–2(
x–4)=24
3x+9-2x+8=24(
not
ethechangei
nsi
ghwhent
hebr
acketar
eremov
ed)
x+17=24
x=7

Li
nearEquat
ionsi
nTwoUnknowns
Manyproblemsinvol
vef i
ndingv aluesoftwoormoreunknowns.Thesear
eoftenli
nkedvi
aa
numberofli
nearequat
ions.Forexampl e,i
fIt
ell
yout
hatt
hesum oftwonumbersis89andthei
r
di
ffer
enceis33,wecanl ett hel gernumberbexandt
ar hesmalleroneyandwr i
tethegi
ven
i
nformati
onasapairofequat ions:
x+y=89(
1)
x–Y=33.(
2)
Thesearecall
edsimultaneousequati
onssinceweseekv uesofxandyt
al hatmakesbot
h
equati
onst
ruesimult
aneously.I
nthiscase,i
fweaddt heequati
onsweobt n2x=122,sox=
ai
61.Wecant hensubsti
tutethi
svaluebackintoei
therequati
on,sayt
hef
ir
st,then61+y=89
gi
vingy=28.

Exampl
e
Thecostoftwoski
rt
sandthr
eebl
ousesissh600.
Ift
hecostofoneski
rtandt
wobl
ousesoft
he
samequali
tysh350,
fi
ndt
hecostofeachit
em.

Sol
uti
on
Lett
hecostofoneski
rtbexshi
ll
i
ngsandthatofonebl
ousebeyshi
l
li
ngs.Thecostoft
wo
ski
rt
sandthreebl
ousesis2x+3yshi
l
li
ngs.
Thecostofoneski
rtandt
wobl
ousesi
sx+2yshi
l
li
ngs.
So,
2x+3y=600……………….
.(I
)
X+2y=350……………………….
.(I
I)

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Mul
ti
ply
ingequat
ion(
II
)by2t
ogetequat
ion(
II
I)
.
2x+4y=700………………(
II
I)
.
2x+3y=600…………………(
I)
Subt
ract
ingequat
ion(
I)f
rom (
II
),y=100.
Fr
om equat
ion(
II
),
X+2y=350buty=100
X+200=350
X=150
Thust
hecostofoneski
rti
s150shi
l
li
ngsandt
hatofabl
ousei
s100shi
l
li
ngs.
I
nsol vi
ngtheprobl
em above,wereducedtheequati
onsfrom two unknownst o asingl
e
unknowninybyel
imi
nat
ing.Thi
sist
heeli
minat
ionmethodofsol
vi
ngsimultaneousequat
ions.

Exampl
es
a.
)a+b=7
a-b=5
b.
)3a+5b=20b=20
5b=12
c.
)3x+4y=18
5x+6y=28

Sol
uti
ons
a.
)
a+b=7-
--
--
--
(i
)-
--
-(i
)
-
--
--
-(i
i)
Addi
ngIt
oII
2a=12→a=6
Subt
ract
ingI
Ifr
om I;
2b=2
b=1
b.
)3a+5b=20-
--
--
--
(i
)
6a-5b=12-
--
--
--
(i
i)
Toeli
minateb,
wes
impl
yaddt
het
woe
qua
tions
oel
imi
nat
eb,
wes
impl
yaddt
het
wo
equa
tions

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9a=32
32
a=
9
Fi
ndt
hev
alueofb

c.
)3x+4y=18-
--
--
--
--
--
(i
)
5x+6y=28-
--
--
--
--
--
(i
i)
He
rei
tisnote
asyt
oknowt
heobvi
ousunknownt
obee
limi
nat
ed
Toel
i
minat
e(I
)by5and(
II
)by3t
oget(
II
I)and(
IV)r
espect
ivel
yandsubt
ract
ing(
IV)f
rom (
II
I)
;
d.
)15x+20y=90-
--
--
--
--
--
(i
ii
)
15x+18y=84-
--
--
--
--
--
(i
v)
2y=6
Ther
efor
ey=3
Subst
it
uti
ngy=3i
n(I
);
3x+12=18
Ther
efor
ex=2
Not
ethatt
heL.
C.M of3and5i
s15.
Toel
i
minat
ey;
Mul
ti
ply
ing(
I)by3,
(II
)by2t
oget(
V)and(
VI)andSubt
ract
ing(
V)f
rom (
VI)
;
9x+12y=54-
--
--
--
--
--
(v)
10x+12y=56-
--
--
--
--
--
(vi
)
Subt
ract
ingx=2i
n(i
i
);
10+6y=28
6y=18
Ther
efor
ey=3.

Not
e;
 I
tisadv
isabl
etost
udyt
heequat
ionanddeci
dewhi
chv
ari
abl
eiseasi
ert
oel
i
minat
e.
 I
tisnecessar
ytochecky
oursol
uti
onbysubst
it
uti
ngi
ntot
heor
igi
nal
equat
ions.

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Sol
uti
onbysubst
it
uti
on
2x+3y=600-
--
--
--
-(
-)
i
x+2y=350-
--
--
--
--
--
(i
i)
y=350-
--
--
--
--
--
(i
i)
al
one;
x+2y=350
Subt
ract
ing2yf
rom bot
hsi
des;
x=350-2y-
--
--
--
--
-(i
ii
)-
--
(i
ii
)
t
ingt
hisv
alueofxi
nequat
ion(
i);
2(
350–2y
)+3y=600
700–4y+3y=600
Y=100
Subst
it
uti
ngt
hisv
alueofyi
nequat
ion(
ii
i)
;
x=350-2y
=350-200
x=150

Thi
smet
hodofsol
vi
ngsi
mul
taneousequat
ionsi
scal
l
edt
hesubst
it
uti
onmet
hod

Endoft
opi
c

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dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,
fri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Aclothdeal
ersol
d3shirt
sand2t r
ouser
sf orKshs840and4shi
rt
sand5t
rouser
s
forKshs1680fi
ndthecostof1shir
tandthecostof1tr
ouser
2.Solvethesi
mult
aneousequat
ions
2x–y=3
x2–xy=-
4
3.Thecostof5ski
rt
sandbl
ousesi
sKshs1750.Mueni
boughtt
hreeoft
heski
rt
sand

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oneoft heblousesf orKshs850.Fi ndt hecostofeachitem.

4.Aki nyiboughtt hreecupsandf ourspoonsf orKshs324.Wanj ir
uboughtfivecups
andFat umaboughtt wospoonsoft hesamet ypeast hoseboughtbyAkinyi,Wanj
iku
paidKshs228mor ethanFat uma.Fi ndthepri
ceofeachcupandeachspoon.
5.Mar yhas21coi nswhoset ot alvaluei sKshs.72.Therear et
wiceasmanyf ive
shi
lli
ngscoi nsast her earet enshi l
lingcoins.Therestoneshill
ingscoi
ns.Findthe
numberoft enshi l
l
ingscoi nst hatMar yhas. (4mks)
6.Themassof6si milarartbooksand4si mil
arbiol
ogybooksi s7.2kg.Themassof2
suchar tbooksand3suchbi ol
ogybooksi s3.4kg.Findt hemassofonear tbook
andt hemassofonebi ologybook
7.Kar ani bought4penci l
sand6bi r os–pensf orKshs66andTachor abought2
pencilsand5bi r
opensf orKshs51.
(a) Fi ndt hepriceofeachi tem
(
b) MusomaspentKshs.228tobuyt
hesamet
ypeofpenci
l
sandbiro–pensift
he
numberofbi
ropensheboughtwer
e4morethant
henumberofpenci
l
s,f
indthe
numberofpenci
l
sbought.
8.Sol
vet
hesi
mul
taneousequat
ionsbel
ow
2x–3y=5
-
x+2y=-
3
9.Thel engt hofaroom is4met r
esl
ongerthanit
swidt
h.Findt
helengt
hoftheroom i
f
i
tsareai s32m2
10.HadijaandKagendoboughtt hesametypesofpensandexerci
sebooksfr
om the
samet y
pesofpensandexer ci
sebooksfrom t
hesameshop.Hadij
abought2pens
and3exer ci
sebooksforKshs78.Kagendobought3pensand4exerci
sebooksfor
Kshs108.
Calculatethecostofeachi
tem
11.Infourteeny earsti
me, amot herwillbet wiceasol dasherson.Foury ear
sago, the
sum oft heirageswas30y ears.Findhowol dt hemot herwas, whenthesonwas
bor n.
12.Thr eeyearsagoJumawast hreet i
mesasol dasAl i
.Intwoy earsti
met hesum of
theirageswi llbe62.Deter
mi netheirages.
13.Twopai r
soft rousersandthreeshi r
tscost sat otalofKshs390.Fi v
esuchpai rsof
trousersandt woshi rt
scostat otalofKshs810.Fi ndt hepri
ceofapai roftrousers
andashi r
t.
14.Ashopkeepersel l
stwo-typesofpangast ypexandt ypey.Twelvexpangasand
fi
v etypeypangascostKshs1260, whileninet ypexpangasandf i
fteentypey
pangascost1620.Mugal aboughtei ghteent y
peypangas.Howmuchdi dhepayf or
them?

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CHAPTEREI
GHTEEN

COMMERCI
ALARI
THMETI
C

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthet
opict
helear
nershoul
dbeablet
o:
a.)St
atet
hecurr
enci
esofdif
fer
entcount
ri
es
b.
)Conv
ertcur
rencyf
rom onef
ormi
ntoanot
hergi
vent
heexchanger
ates
c.
)Cal
cul
atepr
ofi
tandl
oss
d.
)Expr
esspr
ofi
tandl
ossasper
cent
ages
e.
)Cal
cul
atedi
scountandcommi
ssi
on
f
.)Expr
essdi
scountandcommi
ssi
onasper
cent
age.

Cont
ent
a.
)Cur
rency
b.
)Cur
rentcur
rencyexchanger
ates

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c.
)Cur
rencyconv
ersi
on
d.
)Pr
ofi
tandl
oss
e.
)Per
cent
agepr
ofi
tandl
oss
f
.)Di
scount
sandcommi
ssi
ons
g.
)Per
cent
agedi
scount
sandcommi
ssi
ons

I
ntr
oduct
ion
I
ncommer cialari
thmeti
cwedealwi t
hcal cul
ati
onsinv
olvingbusi
nesstr
ansacti
on.Themedium
ofanybusinesst r
ansacti
onsisusuall
ycal l
edthecurrency.TheKenyacurrencyconsi
stofa
basi
cunitcalledashi l
li
ng.100cent
sar eequival
enttooneKeny anshi
ll
i
ngs,whileaKeny an
poundi
sequi val
enttotwentyKenyashi
ll
ings.

Cur
rencyExchangeRat
es
TheKeny ancurr
encycannotbeusedforbusi
nesstransacti
onsinothercount
ri
es.Tofaci
l
itat
e
i
nternat
ionalt
rade,manycurr
enci
eshavebeengivendiff
erentval
uesrelat
ivet
oanother
.These
areknownasexchanger at
es.
Thetablebelow showstheexchangerat
esofmajori
nter
nat
ionalcur
renciesatt hecloseof
busi
nessonacer tai
ndayintheyear2015.
Thebuy
ingandsel
l
ingcolumnr epresentst
her at
es
atwhichbanksbuyandsell
thesecurr
enci
es.

Not
e
Therat
esarenotal waysfi
xedandtheykeeponchar gi
ng.Whenchangi
ngtheKeny ancur
rency
tof
orei
gncurr
ency ,thebanksel
lst
oy ou.Ther
efore,
weusethesell
i
ngcolumnr at
e.Conversel
y
whenchangi
ngf oreigncurr
encytoKeny anCurr
ency,t
hebankbuysf r
om you,soweuset he
buyi
ngcol
umnr ate.

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Cur
rency Buy
ing Sel
l
ing
DOLLAR 102.
1472 102.
3324
STGPOUND 154.
0278 154.
3617
EURO 109.
6072 109.
8522
SARAND 7.
3332 7.
3486
KES/USHS 33.
0785 33.
2363
KES/TSHS 20.
9123 21.
0481
KES/RWF 7.
2313 7.
3423
AEDI
RHAM 27.
8073 27.
8653
CAN$ 77.
6018 77.
7661
JAPNESEYEN 84.
0234 84.
1964
SAUDIRI
YAL 27.
2284 27.
2959
CHI
NESEYUAN 16.
0778 16.
1082
AUSTRALI
AN$ 71.
8606 72.
0420

Exampl
e
Conv
erteachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngcur
renci
est
oit
sst
atedequi
val
ent
a.
)Us$305t
oKsh
b.
)530Di
rham t
oeur
o

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Thebankbuy
sUs1atKsh 102.
1472
Ther
efor
eUS$305=Ksh(
102.
1472x305)
=Ksh31,
154.
896
=Ksh31,
154.
00(
Tot
henear
estshi
l
li
ngs)
Thebankbuy
s1Di
rham atKsh27.
8073
Ther
efor
e530Di
rham =Ksh(
21.
8073x530)
=Ksh11,
557.
00 (
Tot
henear
estshi
l
li
ngs)
Thebanksel
l
s1Eur
oat109.
8522
Ther
efor
e530Di
rham =11,
557/
109.
8522

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=105.
170Eur
os

Exampl
e
Dur
ingacer
tai
nmont
h,t
heexchanger
atesi
nabankwer
easf
oll
ows;

Buying Sel
l
ing(
Ksh.
)
(Ksh.)
1US$ 91.
65 91.
80
1Eur
o 103.
75 103.
93

Atouri
stlef
tKeny atotheUni
tedSt
ateswit
hKsh.
1000,
000.
Ontheai
rpor
theexchangedallt
he
moneyt odollar
sandspent190dol l
arsonai
rti
cket
.Whil
einUShespent4500dol lar
sf or
upkeepandpr oceededtoEur
ope.Whil
einEur
opehespentatot
alof2000Euros.How many
Eurosdi
dher emainwith? (
3marks)

Sol
uti
on

Pr
ofi
tandLoss
Thediff
erencebetweent
hecostpr i
ceandthesell
i
ngpr
iceisei
therpr
ofi
torl
oss.I
fthesel
li
ng
pri
ceisgreatert
hanthecostpri
ce,thedi
ff
erencei
saprof
itandift
hesell
i
ngpri
ceislesst
han
thetot
alcostpri
ce,t
hedi
ffer
enceisaloss.

Not
e
Sel
l
ingpr
ice-costpr
ice=pr
ofi
t

Prof
it
Per
cent
agepr
ofi
t= x100
Costpri
ce
Costpr
ice-sel
l
ingpr
ice=l
oss

Prof
it
Per
cent
agel
oss= x100
Costpri
ce

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Exampl
e
Ol
l
ieboughtacowatsh18000andsol
ditatsh21000.
Whatper
cent
agepr
ofi
tdi
dhemake?

Sol
uti
on
Sel
l
ingpr
ice=sh21000
Costpr
ice=sh18000
Pr
ofi
t=sh(
21000-
18,
000)
=sh3000

3000
Per
cent
agepr
ofi
t= x100
18000
2
=16 %
3
Exampl
e
Johnnyboughtadr
essat3500andl
atersol
ditatsh.
2800.
whatper
cent
agel
ossdi
dhei
ncur
s?
Costpr
ice=sh3500
Sel
l
ingpr
ice=sh2800
Loss=sh(
3500-2800)
=Sh700

700
Per
cent
agel
oss= x100=20%
3500

Di
scount
Ashopkeepermaydecidetosellanart
icl
eatr
educedpr i
ce.Thedi
ffer
encebet
weenthemarked
pr
iceandthereducedpri
ceisreferr
edtoasthediscount.Thedi
scounti
susuall
yexpr
essedas
apercent
ageoftheact
ualpri
ce.

Exampl
e
Thepr
iceofanart
icl
eismarkedatsh120.
Adi
scounti
sal
l
owedandt
hear
ti
clesol
datsh
96.
Cal
cul
atet
heper
centagedi
scount
.

Sol
uti
on
Act
ual
pri
ce=sh120.
00
Reducedpr
ice=sh96.
00
Di
scount=sh(
120.
00–96.
00)
=sh24

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Per
cent
agedi
scount=24/
120x100
=sh20%

Commi
ssi
on
Acommi ssi
oni
sanagr
eedr
ateofpay
ment
,usual
l
yexpr
essedasaper
cent
age,
toanagentf
or
hi
sser
vices.

Exampl
e
Mr.Neasa,asal
esmaninasoapindust
ry,sol
d250piecesoft
oil
etsoapatsh45.00and215
packet
sofdeter
mini
ngatsh75.00perpacket.I
fhegota5%commi ssi
ononthesal
es,how
muchmoneydidhegetascommissi
on?

Sol
uti
on
Sal
esf
ort
het
oil
etsoapwas250x45=sh11250
Sal
esf
ort
hedet
ergentwas215x75=sh16125

5
Commi
ssi
on= (11250+16125)
100
5
x27375=s
h1368
100

Exampl
e
A sal
esman earnsa basicsalaryofsh.9, 000 permonth.I
n addi
ti
on he i
sal
so pai
da
commissi
onof5% f orsalesabovesh.15,000.Inacer t
ainmont
hhesoldgoodswor t
hsh.
120,
000atadiscountof2½%.Calcul
atehi
stotalearni
ngst
hatmont
h.
{3marks}

Sol
uti
on
s
ale
ssh.
120,
0000

e
taf
terdi
scount 5/
97. 100×120,
000=17,
000

s
ale
saboves
h.15,
000=117,
000-15,
000e
saboves
h.15,
000=117,
000-
15,
000

5
c
ommi
si
ion ×102,
000=5,
100
100

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t
otl
ear
ning
s=9,
000+5,
100
=ks
hs14,
100

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,
fri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Thecashpr izeofat el
evi
sionsetisKshs25000.Acust
omerpai dadepositofKshs
3750.Her epaidtheamountowi ngin24equalmont hl
yinstall
ments.Ifhewas
chargedsimpl eint
erestattherateof40%p.ahowmuchwaseachi nst
all
ment?
2.MrNgenybor rowedKshs560, 000from abanktobuyapi eceofl and.Hewas
requir
edt or epayt heloanwi thsimpleint
erestf
oraper i
odof48mont hs.The
repaymentamount edtoKshs21, 000permonth.
Calculat
e
(
a)Thei
nter
estpai
dtot
hebank
(
b)Ther
ateperannum oft
hesi
mpl
eint
erest
3.Acardeal ercharges5%commi ssionf
orsel
li
ngacar.Hereceiv
edacommi ssi
onof
Kshs17,500f orsell
ingcar.Howmuchmoneydi dtheownerreceiv
efr
om thesaleof
hiscar
?
4.Acompanysal esladysoldgoodswor thKshs240,
000fr
om t hi
ssalesheearneda
commissionofKshs4, 000
(a)Cal
culatetherateofcommi ssion
(
b)I
fshesol
dgoodwhoset
otal
mar
kedpr
icewasKshs360,
000andal
l
owed
adi
scountof2%cal
cul
atet
heamountofcommi
ssi
onsher
ecei
ved.
5.A busi nesswomanboughtt wobagsofmai zeatt hesamepr iceperbag.She
discov er
edthatonebagwasofhi ghqualit
yandtheotheroflowqual it
y.Onthehigh
qualit
ybagshemadeapr ofitbysel
li
ngatKshs1, 040,whereasont helow quali
ty
bagshemadeal ossbysel li
ngatKshs880.I ftheprofi
twast hreet i
mest heloss,
calculatethebuyi
ngpriceperbag.
6.Asal esmanget sacommi ssionof2.4%onsal esupt oKshs100, 000.Heget san
additi
onalcommi ssionof1. 5% onsalesabovet hi
s.Calcul
atethecommi ssionhe
getsonsal esworthKshs280, 000.
7.Threepeopl eKoris,Wangar eandHassancont ri
butedmoneyt ost artabusiness.
Korircont ri
but
edaquar t
eroft hetotalamountandWangar et wo f i
ft
hsoft he
remainder .

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Hassan’scont
ri
buti
onwasoneandahal ft
imesthatofKori
s.Theybor
rowedtherest
ofthemoneyf r
om thebankwhichwasKshs60,
000lessthanHassan’
scontr
ibut
ion.
Fi
ndt hetot
alamountrequi
redt
ostar
tthebusi
ness.
8.AKeny ant
ouri
stl
eftGermanyforKeny
at hroughSwit
zerl
and.Whi
leinSwi
tzer
landhe
boughtawatchworth52deutscheMarks.Findthev
alueofthewatchi
n:
(a) Swi ssFrancs.
(
b) Keny
aShi
l
li
ngs
Uset
heexchanger
tesbel
ow:
1Swi
ssFr
anc=1.
28Deut
scheMar
ks.
1Swi
ssFr
anc=45.
21Keny
aShi
l
li
ngs
9. Asal
esmanearnsabasi
csal
aryofKshs.9000permont
h
I
naddit
ionhei
salsopai
dacommi ssi
onof5%forsal
esabov
eKshs15000
I
nacertai
nmonthhesol dgoodswor
thKshs.120,000atadi
scountof2½ %.
Cal
cul
atehi
stot
alear
ningst
hatmont
h
10.I
nthi
squesti
on,mathemat
icalt
ableshoul
dnotbeused
AKenyanbankbuy
sandsel l
sforei
gncurr
enci
esasshownbel
ow
Buy
ing Sel
l
ing
(
InKeny
ashi
l
li
ngs) I
nKeny
aShi
l
li
ngs
1HongKongdol
l
ar 9.
74 9.
77
1Sout
hAf
ri
canr
and 12.
03 12.
11
Atouri
stsar
ri
vedinKeny awit
h105000HongKongdol lar
sandchangedthewhol
e
amounttoKenyanshil
li
ngs.WhileinKeny a,
shepentKshs403897andchangedt
he
bal
ancetoSouthAfri
canrandbef or
el eav
ingforSout
hAfri
ca.Cal
cul
atet
heamount,
i
nSouthAfri
canrandthatshereceived.
11.AKenyanbusinessmanboughtgoodsfrom Japanwort
h2,950000Japanesey
en.
Onarr
ival
inKenyacustom dut
yof20%waschar gedont
heval
ueoft
hegoods.
Ift
heexchangerateswereasfol
lows
1USdol
l
ar=118JapaneseYen
1USdol
l
ar=76Keny
ashi
l
li
ngs
Cal
cul
atet
hedut
ypai
dinKeny
ashi
l
li
ngs

12.Twobusi nessmenjointl
yboughtami nibuswhi chcouldfer
ry25payi
ngpassenger
s
whenf ul
l.ThefarebetweentwotownsAandBwasKshs.80perpassengerf orone
way .Theminibusmadet hr
eeroundt r
ipsbet weenthet wotownsdai
l
y.Thecostof
fuelwasKshs1500perday .Thedri
v erandt heconductorwerepai
ddail
yal
l
owances
ofKshs200andKshs150r espect
ively.
Af urt
herKshs4000perdaywassetasi def ormaintenance.

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(
a)Onedayt
hemi
nibuswasf
ull
onev
eryt
ri
p.
(
i) Howmuchmoneywascol
l
ect
edf
rom t
hepassenger
sthatday
?
(
ii
) Howmuchwast
henetpr
ofi
t?
(
b)Onanot herday
,themi
nibuswas80%ontheaver
ageforthet
hreer
ound
tr
ips.Howmuchdi deachbusi
nessgeti
fthedayspr
ofitwasshar
edinther
ati
o
2:
3?

13.Atravel
erhadsterl
i
ngpounds918withwhichheboughtKeny ashil
li
ngsattherate
ofKshs84perst erl
ingpound.Hedi
dnotspendt hemoneyasi ntended.Lat
er,he
usedtheKenyanshilli
ngst
obuyster
li
ngpoundatt herateofKshs.85persterli
ng
pound.Calcul
atethe amountofmoney i n st
erli
ng pounds l
osti nthe whole
tr
ansact
ion.

14.A commer
cialbankbuy
sandsel
l
sJapaneseYeni
nKeny
ashi
l
li
ngsatt
her
ates
shownbel
ow
Buyi
ng 0. 5024
Sel
l
ing 0.
5446
AJapanesetouri
statt
heendofhistourofKeny
awasleftwit
hKshs.30000which
heconver
tedtoJapaneseYent
hroughthecommerci
albank.How manyJapanese
Yendi
dheget ?

15.Inthemont hofJanuary
,ani nsur
ancesal
esmanearnedKshs.6750whi
chwas
commissi
onof4.5%ofthepremiumspaidt
othecompany.
(a)Cal
cul
atethepr
emium pai
dtothecompany.
(
b)I
nFebr
uar
yther
ateofcommi
ssi educedby662/
onwasr 3%andt
he
pr
emiumsr
educedby10%cal
cul
atet
heamountear
nedbyt
hesal
esmani
nthe
mont
hofFebr
uary

16.Aki
nyi,Bundi,CuraandDi bainvest
edsomemoneyi nabusinessinther at
ioof
7:
9:10:
14r especti
vely
.Thebusinessreal
izedapr ofi
tofKshs46800.Theyshared
12% ofthepr ofi
tequall
yand theremai nderi
nt herat
io ofthei
rcontr
ibut
ions.
Cal
culat
ethet otalamountofmoneyrecei
vedbyDiba.

17.At elephonebil
lincl
udesKshs4320f oral ocalcall
sKshs3260fort
rankcal
lsand
rentalchargeKshs2080.Av al
ueaddedt ax(V.A.T)ist
henchar
gedat15%,Fi
ndthe
totalbill
.
18.Dur i
ngacer t
ainperi
od.Theexchangerat
eswer easf ol
l
ows
1st erl
ingpound=Kshs102.0
1st
erl
i
ngpound=1.
7usdol
l
ar

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1U.
Sdol
l
ar=Kshs60.
6
Aschoolmanagementintendedtoimporttext
bookswor t
hKshs500,000fr
om UK.It
changedthemoneyt osterl
ingpounds.Laterthemanagementf oundoutthatt
he
booksthester
li
ngpoundst odollar
s.Unfort
unatel
yaf i
nanci
alcri
sisar
oseandthe
moneyhadt obeconvert
edt oKenyashil
li
ngs.Calcul
atethet
otalamountofmoney
themanagementendedupwi th.

19.Af r
uit
ererbought144pineapplesatKshs100f orever
ysixpi
neappl
es.Shesold
someoft hem atKshs72foreveryt
hreeandt
herestatKshs60f
orever
ytwo.
Ifshemadea65% pr of
it
,calcul
atethenumberofpineappl
essol
datKshs72f or
everyt
hree.

CHAPTERTEN

COORDI
NATESANDGRAPHS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opict
helear
nershoul
dbeableto:
a.)Dr
awandl
abelt
hecomplet
eCartesi
anpl
ane
b.
)Locat
eandpl
otpoi
ntsont
heCar
tesi
anpl
ane
c.
)Chooseanduseappr
opr
iat
escal
eforagi
vendat
a
d.
)Makeat
abl
eofv
aluesf
oragi
venl
i
nearr
elat
ion
e.
)Usev
aluest
odr
awal
i
neargr
aph
f
.)Sol
vesi
mul
taneousl
i
nearequat
ionsgr
aphi
cal
l
y
g.
)Dr
aw,
readandi
nter
pretgr
aphs.

Cont
ent
a.
)Car
tesi
anpl
ane
b.
)Car
tesi
anco-
ordi
nat
e
c.
)Poi
ntsont
heCar
tesi
anpl
ane

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d.
)Choi
ceofappr
opr
iat
escal
e
e.
)Tabl
eofv
aluesf
oragi
venl
i
nearr
elat
ion
f
.)Li
neargr
aphs
g.
)Gr
aphi
cal
sol
uti
onsofsi
mul
taneousl
i
nearequat
ions
h.
)Int
erpr
etat
ionofgr
aphs.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Theposit
ionofapointinaplanisl
ocatedusi
nganorderedpairofnumberscal
l
edco-or
dinat
es
andwrit
tenintheform( x,y).
Thefi
rstnumberr
epresentsthedist
ancealongt
hexaxisandis
cal
l
edt hexco- or
dinates.Thesecondnumberrepresentsdist
ancealongtheyaxisandit’
s
cal
l
edtheycoor di
nates.
Thexandycoordi
nat
esinter
sect
sat(0,0)apointcal
l
edt heori
gin.Thesy
stem ofl
ocat
ing
poi
ntsusi
ngt
woaxesatr
ightangl
esi
scall
edCar
tesi
anplansyst
em.
Tolocat eapoi
ntontheCart
esianplane,moveal
ongthex-axistothenumberi ndicat
edbythex-
coordinateandthenal
ongthey -
axistothenumberi
ndicatedbythey -coor
dinate.Forexampl
e,
tolocatethepoi
ntwithcoor
dinates(1,2)
,move1unitt
ot her i
ghtoftheorigi
nandt hen2units
up

TheCar
tesi
anpl
an

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TheGr
aphofast
rai
ghtl
i
ne
Considert
heLinearequat
iony=2x+1.Somecorr
espondi
ngval
uesofxandyar
egi
veni
nthe
tabl
ebelow.I
fwepl ott
hepoint
swenot
icet
hatt
heyall
li
einastr
aightl
i
ne.

Sol
uti
on
St
ep1wr
it
ether
ule y=2x+1
St
ep2Dr
awat
abl
eandchoosesi
mpl
exv
alues

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St
ep3Uset
her
ulet
ofi
ndeachyv
alueandent
ert
heni
nthet
abl
e.
E.
g.whenx=-
2,y
=2x-
2+1=-
3.
whenx=-
1,y
=2x-
1+1=-
1
st
ep4Dr
awaCar
tesi
anpl
anandpl
ott
hepoi
nts.
St
ep5Joi
nthepoi
ntst
ofor
m ast
rai
ghtl
i
neandl
abel
thegr
aph

Not
e:
 Twopoi nt
sar
esuf
fi
cientt
odet
ermi
neast
rai
ghtl
i
ne,butweuset
het
hir
dpoi
ntasa
check.
 I
tisadv
isabl
etochoosepoi
ntswhi
chcanbepl
ott
edeasi
l
y.

Gr
aphi
ngsol
uti
onsofsi
mul
taneousl
i
nearequat
ion
Thegraphsoft heform ax+by=cr epresentsastrai
ghtl
i
ne.Whent wolinearequati
onsare
repr
esentedonthesameCar tesianpl
an,
t hei
rgraphsmayormaynotinter
sect.Forexample,i
n
solv
ingthesi
mul t
aneousequationsx+3y=5and5x+7y=9gr aphi
cal
ly,t
hegr aphsofthetwo
equati
onaredrawn.

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Thet
woli
nesi
nter
sectatp(
-1,
2).
Thesol
uti
ont
othesi
mul
taneousequat
ionsi
s,t
her
efor
e,x=-
1andy=2.

Gener
algr
aphs
Graphsareappliedwidelyi
nscienceandmanyot herfi
elds.Thegraphsshoul
dt hei
rfoebe
drawninawayt hatconveyi
nfor
mationeasi
lyandaccurat
ely.Themostofimport
anttechni
que
ofdrawi
nggraphsisthechoi
ceofappropri
atescal
e.
Agoodscal
eisonewhichusesmostoft
hegr
aphpageandenabl
esust
opl
otpoi
ntsandr
ead
of
fval
ueseasi
l
yandaccurat
ely
.
Av
oidscal
eswhi
ch:
 Gi
vet
inygr
aphs.
 Cannotaccommodat
eal
lthedat
aint
het
abl
e.
I
tisgoodpr
act
icet
o:
 Label
theaxescl
ear
ly.
 Gi
vet
het
it
leoft
hegr
aph.

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,
fri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

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Rev
isi
onQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Copyandcompl
etet
het
abl
eandhencedr
awt
hecor
respondi
nggr
aph.
Y=4x+3

x -
2 -
1 0 1 2
y

2.
)Dr
awt
hegr
aphoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:
a.
)Y+2x=5
b.
)y/
2+2x=5

CHAPTERTWENTY

ANGLESANDPLANEFI
GURES
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
hetopi
cthel
earnershouldbeabl
eto:
a.)Nameandi
denti
fyt
ypesofangles
b.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngangl
esonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne

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c.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngangl
esatapoi
nt
d.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngangl
esonat
ransv
ersal
cut
ti
ngpar
all
ell
i
nes
e.
)St
ateangl
epr
oper
ti
esofpol
ygons
f
.)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngangl
epr
oper
ti
esofpol
ygons
g.
)Appl
ytheknowl
edgeofangl
epr
oper
ti
est
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)Ty
pesofangl
es
b.
)Angl
esonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne
c.
)Angl
esatapoi
nt
d.
)Angl
esonat
ransv
ersal
(cor
respondi
ng,
alt
ernat
eandal
l
iedangl
es)
e.
)Angl
epr
oper
ti
esofpol
ygons
f
.)Appl
i
cat
iont
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Afl
atsur
facesuchast
het
opofat
abl
eiscal
l
edapl
ane.Thei
nter
sect
ionofanyt
wost
rai
ght
l
i
nesisapoint
.

Repr
esent
ati
onofpoi
ntsandl
i
nesonapl
ane
Apointi
srepresent
edonaplanebyamarklabel
l
edbyacapi
tall
ett
er.Thr
oughanyt
wogi
ven
poi
ntsonaplane,onl
yonest
rai
ghtl
i
necanbedrawn.

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Thel
i
nepassest
hroughpoi
ntsAandBandhencecanbel
abel
l
edl
i
neAB.

Ty
pesofAngl
es
Whent
woli
nesmeet ,t
heyform anangl
eatapoint
.Thepoi
ntwheret
heangl
eisf
ormedi
s
cal
l
edt
hev
ertexoft
heangle.Thesymbol
<isusedt
odenot
eanangl
e.

Acut
eangl
e. Ref
lexangl
e.

Obt
useangl
e Ri
ghtangl
e

Toobt ai
nthesizeofarefl
exanglewhichcannotber eaddi rect
lyf
rom aprot
ract
or,
the
0
corr
espondi
ngacut
eorobt
useangl
eissubtr
act
edfrom 360.Ifanytwoangl
esXandYaresuch
that
:
0
i
.) Angl
eX+angleY=90,t
heangl
esaresai
dtobecompl
ement
aryangl
es.Eachangl
e
i
sthensai
dtobet
hecompl
ementoft
heother
.
0
i
i
.) Angl
eX+angleY=180,theanglesaresaidt
obesuppl
ement
aryangl
es.Eachangl
e
i
sthensai
dtobet
hesupplementoftheother
.

I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow<POQand<ROQar
eapai
rofcompl
ement
aryangl
es.

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I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow<DOFand<FOEar
eapai
rofsuppl
ement
aryangl
es.

Angl
esonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.
Thebel
owshowsanumberofangl
eswi
thacommonv
ert
ex0.
AOEi
sast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.

Twoanglesonei t
hersi
deofast
rai
ghtl
i
neandhav
ingacommonv
ert
exar
eref
err
edt
oas
adj
acentangl
es.
I
nthef
igur
eabov
e:
<AOBi
sadj
acentt
o<BOC
<BOCi
sadj
acentt
o<COD
<CODi
sadj
acentt
o<DOE

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0
Angl
esonastr
aightl
i
neaddupt
o180.
Angl
esatapoi
nt
Twoint
ersect
ingst
rai
ghtl
inesf
ormf ourangl
eshavi
ngacommonv ert
ex.Theangleswhi
char
e
onopposi
tesi
desofthevert
exarecall
edvert
ical
l
yopposi
teangl
es.Consi
derthefoll
owi
ng:

I
nthefi
gur
eabove<COBand<AOCar
eadj
acentangl
esonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.Wecannowshow
t
hata=casfol
l
ows:
0
a+b=180(
Angl
esonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne)
0
c+d=180(
Angl
esonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne)
0 0 0
So,
a+b+c+d=180+180 =360
0
Thi
sshowst
hatangl
esatapoi
ntaddupt
o360

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Angl
esonat
ransv
ersal
At
ransv
ersal
isal
i
net
hatcut
sacr
osst
wopar
all
ell
i
nes.

I
ntheabov
efi
gur
ePQandSTar
epar
all
ell
i
nesandRUcut
sthr
ought
hem.
RUi
sat
ransv
ersal
.
Name:
i
.) Cor
respondi
ngangl
esar
eAngl
esbande,
candh,
aandf
,dandg.
i
i
.) Al
ter
nat
eangl
esaandc,
fandh,
bandd,
eandg.
i
i
i.
) Co-
int
eri
ororal
l
iedangl
esar
efandd,
cande.

Angl
epr
oper
ti
esofpol
ygons
Apol
ygoni
sapl
anf
igur
ebor
der
edbyt
hreeoror
est
rai
ghtl
i
nes

Tr
iangl
es
At r
ianglei
sat hr
eesidedpl
anefigur
e.Thesum ofthethreeangl
esofat
ri
angl
eaddupt
o
0
180.tr
iangl
esar
eclassi
fi
edonthebasi
sofei
therangl
essi
des.
0
i
.) At
ri
angl
einwhi
choneoft
heangl
esi
s90 i
scal
l
edar
ightangl
edt
ri
angl
e.
i
i
.) Ascal
enet
ri
angl
eisonei
nwhi
chal
lthesi
desandangl
esar
enotequal
.
i
i
i.
) Anisoscel
estr
iangl
eisoneinwhi
cht
wosi
desar
eequalandt
heequalsi
desmake
equalangl
eswi
ththethi
rdsi
de.
i
v.
) Anequil
ater
alt
ri
angl
eisonei
nwhi
chal
lthesi
dear
eequalandal
ltheangl
esar
e
equal

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Ext
eri
orpr
oper
ti
esofat
ri
angl
e

Angl
eDAB=p+q.
Si
mil
arl
y,Angl
eEBC=r+qandangl
eFCA=r+p.
0
Butp+q+r=180
0
Butp+q+r=180
Ther
efor
eangl
eDAB+angl
eEBC+angl
eFCA=2p+2q+2r
=2(
p+q+r
)
0
=2x180
0
=360
0
I
ngener
alt
hesum ofal
ltheext
eri
orangl
esofat
ri
angl
eis360.

Quadr
il
ater
als
A quadr
il
ateralisaf our–si
dedplanfi
gure.Theint
eri
orangl
esofaquadr
il
ater
aladdput
0
360.Quadr
ilater
alsar
ealsocl
assi
fi
edi
nter
msofsidesandangl
es.

PROPERTIESOFQUADRI LATERALS
Proper
ti
esofPar
all
elogr
ams
I
napar
all
elogr
am,

1.Theparal
l
elsidesareparal
lel bydef i
nit
ion.
2.Theopposit
esidesarecongr uent .
3.Theopposit
eanglesarecongr uent.
4.Thedi
agonalsbisecteachother .
5.Anypai
rofconsecutiveanglesar esuppl ement
ary
.

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Pr
oper
ti
esofRect
angl
es
I
nar
ect
angl
e,

1.All
thepropert
iesofapar al
lel
ogr
am appl
ybydef
ini
ti
on.
2.All
anglesarerightangl
es.
3.Thediagonal
sar econgruent.

Pr
oper
ti
esofaki
te
1.Two di
sjoi
nt pai
rs of consecut
ive si
des ar
e congr
uent by
def
ini
tion.
2.Thediagonalsareperpendi
cular.
3.Onediagonal i
stheperpendicul
arbi
sectoroftheot
her
.
4.Oneoft hediagonalsbi
sectsapairofopposit
eangl
es.
5.Onepai rofopposit
eanglesarecongruent
.
Pr
oper
ti
esofRhombuses
I
nar
hombus,

1.All
theproper
ti
esofapar all
elogram applybydefini
ti
on.
2.Twoconsecutiv
esi desar econgr uentbydefi
nit
ion.
3.All
sidesarecongruent.
4.Thediagonal
sbisecttheangl es.
5.Thediagonal
sareper pendicularbisector
sofeachot her.
6.Thediagonalsdivi
det her hombusi ntofourcongr uentri
ght
t
ri
angl
es.
Pr
oper
ti
esofSquar
es
I
nasquar
e,

1.All
theproper
tiesofarectangl
eappl
ybydefi
niti
on.
2.All
theproper
tiesofarhombusapplybydefi
nit
ion.
3.Thediagonal
sf or
mfourisoscel
esri
ghtt
ri
angles.

Pr
oper
ti
esofI
soscel
esTr
apezoi
ds
I
nani
soscel
est
rapezoi
d,

1.Thel
egsarecongr uentbydefi
nit
ion.
2.Thebasesareparall
elbydefi
nit
ion.
3.Thel
owerbaseangl esarecongruent.
4.Theupperbaseanglesarecongruent.
5.Thedi
agonalsarecongruent.
6.Anyl
owerbaseangl eissuppl
ement ar
ytoanyupperbaseangl
e.

Pr
ovi
ngThataQuadr
il
ater
ali
saPar
all
elogr
am
Anyoneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngmet
hodsmi
ghtbeusedt
opr
ovet
hataquadr
il
ater
ali
sapar
all
elogr
am.

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1.I
fbot
hpai
rsofopposi
tesi
desofaquadr
il
ater
alar
epar
all
el,t
heni
tisapar
all
elogr
am
(
def
ini
ti
on)
.
2.I
fbot
hpair
sofopposit
esi desofaquadri
lat
eral
arecongr
uent,t
heni
tisaparal
lelogr
am.
3.I
fonepai
rofopposi
tesidesofaquadril
ater
alarebot
hparal
lel
andcongruent
,theniti
sa
par
all
elogr
am.
4.I
fthediagonal
sofaquadr
il
ater
albi
secteachot
her
,thenthei
tisaparal
lel
ogram.
5.I
fbot h pair
s ofopposi
te angl
es ofa quadri
l
ateralare congr
uent,then i
tisa
par
all
elogr
am.

Pr
ovi
ngThataQuadr
il
ater
ali
saRect
angl
e
Onecanpr
ovethataquadri
l
aterali
sarect
angl
ebyfi
rstshowingthati
tisapar
all
elogr
am and
t
henusi
ngeit
heroft
hefol
lowingmethodst
ocompl
etetheproof.

1.I
faparal
lel
ogr
am cont
ainsatleastoner
ightangl
e, t
heniti
sarect
angl
e(def
ini
ti
on)
.
2.I
fthedi
agonal
sofaparall
elogram ar
econgruent
,theniti
sarect
angl
e.
One can al
so show t
hata quadr
il
ater
ali
sa r
ect
angl
e wi
thoutf
ir
stshowi
ng t
hati
tisa
par
all
elogr
am.

3.I
fal
lfourangl
esofaquadr
il
ater
alar
eri
ghtangl
es,
theni
tisar
ect
angl
e.

Pr
ovi
ngThataQuadr
il
ater
ali
saKi
te
Topr
ovet
hataquadr
il
ater
ali
saki
te,
eit
heroft
hef
oll
owi
ngmet
hodscanbeused.

1.I
ftwodi
sjoi
ntpai
rsofconsecut
ivesi
desofaquadr
il
ater
alar
econgr
uent
,theni
tisaki
te
(
def
ini
ti
on)
.
2.I
foneoft
hedi
agonal
sofaquadr
il
ater
ali
stheper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
oroft
heot
her
di
agonal
,theni
tisaki
te.

Pr
ovi
ngThataQuadr
il
ater
ali
saRhombus
Toprov
et hataquadri
lat
erali
sar hombus,onemayshow t
hati
tisapar
all
elogr
am andt
hen
appl
yei
theroft
hefoll
owingmethods.

1.I
fapar
all
elogr
am cont
ainsapai
rofconsecut
ivesi
dest
hatar
econgr
uent
,theni
tisa
r
hombus(
def
ini
ti
on)
.
2.I
fei
therdi
agonalofapar
all
elogr
am bi
sect
stwoangl
esoft
hepar
all
elogr
am,t
heni
tisa
rhombus.
One can also pr
ovet
hata quadr
il
ater
ali
sa r
hombuswi
thoutf
ir
stshowi
ng t
hati
tisa
par
all
elogram.

3.I
fthedi
agonal
sofaquadr
il
ater
alar
eper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orsofeachot
her
,theni
tisa
r
hombus.
Pr
ovi
ngThataQuadr
il
ater
ali
saSquar
e
Thef
oll
owi
ngmet
hodcanbeusedt
opr
ovet
hataquadr
il
ater
ali
sasquar
e:

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I
faquadr
il
ater
ali
sbot
har
ect
angl
eandar
hombus,
theni
tisasquar
e.

Pr
ovi
ngThataTr
apezoi
disanI
soscel
esTr
apezoi
d
Anyoneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngmet
hodscanbeusedt
opr
ovet
hatat
rapezoi
disi
soscel
es.

1.I
fthenonpar
all
elsi
desofatrapezoi
darecongr uent,
theniti
sisoscel
es(defi
nit
ion)
.
2.I
fthel
owerorupperbaseanglesofatrapezoidarecongruent
,theniti
sisoscel
es.
3.I
fthedi
agonalsofatr
apezoi
dar econgruent
,thenitisi
soscel
es.

Not
e:
 I
fapol
ygonhasnsi
des,
thent
hesum ofi
nter
iorangl
es(
2n-
4)r
ightangl
es.
0
 Thesum ofext
eri
orangl
esofanypol
ygoni
s360.
 At
ri
angl
eissai
dtober
egul
ari
fal
li
tssi
desandal
li
tsi
nter
iorangl
esar
eequal
.

Thefi
gur
ebel
owi
sahexagonwi
thi
nter
iorangl
esg,
h,I,
kandIandext
eri
orangl
esa,
b,c,
d,e
,andf
.

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,
fri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow,
li
nesABandLM ar
epar
all
el.

A B
y z

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Fi
ndt
hev
aluesoft
heangl
esmar
kedx,
yandz (
3mks)

CHAPTERONE
GEOMETRI
CCONS
TRUCTI
ONS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het opi
cthel
earnershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)Usear
ulerandcompassesonlyto:
 const
ructaper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orofal
i
ne
 const
ructanangl
ebi
sect
or
 const
ructaper
pendi
cul
art
oal
i
nef
rom agi
venapoi
nt
 const
ructaper
pendi
cul
art
oal
i
net
hroughagi
venpoi
ntont
hel
i
ne
 const
ructangl
eswhosev
aluesar
emul
ti
plesof7½°
 const
ructpar
all
ell
i
nes
 di
vi
deal
i
nepr
opor
ti
onal
l
y
b.
)Usear ulerandasetsquaret
oconst
ructpar
all
ell
i
nes,
div
ideal
i
nepr
opor
ti
onal
l
y,andt
o
const
ructperpendi
cul
arl
i
nes
c.
)Constructar
egul
arpol
ygonusi
ngr
ulerandcompassesonl
y,andr
uler
,compassesand
pr
otr
actor
d.
)Const
ructi
rr
egul
arpol
ygonsusi
ngar
uler
,compassesandpr
otr
act
or.

Cont
ent
a.
)Const
ruct
ionofl
i
nesandangl
esusi
ngar
ulerandcompassesonl
y
b.
)Const
ruct
ionofper
pendi
cul
arandpar
all
ell
i
nesusi
ngar
ulerandasetsquar
eonl
y
c.
)Pr
opor
ti
onal
div
isi
onofal
i
ne

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d.
)Const
ruct
ionofr
egul
arpol
ygons(
upt
oahex
agon)
e.
)Const
ruct
ionofi
rr
egul
arpol
ygons(
upt
oahexagon)
.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Const
ruct
ionI
nst
rument
s
Thefoll
owingmi
nimum setofi
nst
rument
sisr
equi
redi
nor
dert
o const
ructgoodqual
i
ty
drawi
ngs:

o Twosetsquar
es.
o Apr
otr
act
or.
o A 15cm or150mm r
uler
o Compass
o Pr
otr
act
or
o Di
vi
der
o Aner
aser
/rubber
o Twopenci
l
s-a2HandanHB,t
oget
herwi
thsomeshar
peni
ngdev
ice–Razorbl
adeor
shaper
.
Constructi
onofPerpendi
cul
arLi
nes
Perpendicul
arl
ines
Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsPQasaper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orofagi
venl
i
neAB.

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Toobt
aint
heper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orPQ
 WithAandBascent r
e,andusi
ngt
hesamer
adi
us,
draw ar
csonei
thersi
deofAB t
o
i
ntersectatPandQ.
 Joi
nPt
oQ.

Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsPE,
aper
pendi
cul
arf
rom apoi
ntPt
oagi
venl
i
neAB.

Toconst
ructaper
pendi
cul
arl
i
nef
rom apoi
nt
 Todr
opaper
pendi
cul
arl
i
nef
rom poi
ntPt
oAB.

 Sett
hecompasspoi
ntatPandst
ri
keanar
cint
ersect
ingABatCandD.

 Wi
thCandDascent
resandanyr
adi
usl
argert
hanone-
hal
fofCD,

 St
ri
kear
csi
nter
sect
ingatE.

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 Al
i
nef
rom Pt
hroughEi
sper
pendi
cul
art
oAB.

Toconst
ructaper
pendi
cul
arl
i
nef
rom apoi
nt
 Usi
ngPascent
reandanyconv
eni
entr
adi
us,
drawar
cst
oint
ersectt
hel
i
nesatAandB.
 UsingAascent
reandar
adi
uswhosemeasur
eisgr
eat
ert
hanAP,
drawanar
cabov
ethe
l
ine.
 Usi
ngBast
hecent
reandt
hesamer
adi
us,
drawanar
ctoi
nter
actt
heonei
n(i
i
)atpoi
nt
Q.
 Usi
ngar
uler,
drawPQ.

FI
GUR21.
4

Const
ruct
ionofper
pendi
cul
arl
i
nesusi
ngasetsquar
e.
Twoedgesofasetsquarear
eper pendicul
ar.Theycanbeusedtodraw per
pendicul
arl
i
nes.
Whenoneoftheedgesi
sputalongal i
ne,alinedrawnal
ongtheot
heroneisperpendi
cul
art
o
thegi
venl
i
ne.

Toconst
ructaper
pendi
cul
arf
rom apoi
ntpt
oal
i
ne
 Pl
acear
uleral
ongt
hel
i
ne.
 Pl
aceoneoft
heedgesofasetsquar
ewhi
chf
orm ar
ightangl
eal
ongt
her
uler
.
 Sl
i
det
hesetsquar
eal
ongt
her
ulerunt
ilt
heot
heredger
eachesp.
 Hol
dthesetsquar
efi
rml
yanddr
awt
hel
i
net
hroughPt
omeett
hel
i
neper
pendi
cul
arl
y.

Const
ruct
ionofAngl
esusi
ngaRul
erandapai
rofcompassonl
y
0 0 0
Thebasi
cangl
efr
om whi
chal
ltheot
her
scanbeder
ivedf
rom i
sthe60,
45 a
nd90

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0
Const
ruct
ionofanAngl
eof60
 LetAbet
heapexoft
heangl
e
 Wi
thcent
reAdr
awanar
cBCusi
ngasui
tabl
eradi
us.
 Wi
thbast
hecent
redr
awanot
herar
ctoi
nter
sectar
cBCatD.
0
 Dr
awal
i
neAEt
hroughD.Theangl
eEACi
s60
0
Const
ruct
ionofanAngl
eof90
 LetAbet
heapexoft
heangl
e.
 Wi
thcent
reAdr
awanar
cBCofl
arger
adi
us.
 Dr
awanar
conBCusi
ngasui
tabl
eradi
usandmar
kitD.
 Usi
ngt
hesamer
adi
usandpoi
ntDast
hecent
redr
awanar
cE.
 BDandDEar
eoft
hesamer
adi
us.
 Wi
thcent
reDdr
awanyar
cF.
 Wi
thcent
reEdr
awanar
cequal
inr
adi
ust
oDF.
0
 Joi
nAFwi
thast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.Angl
eBAFi
s90

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0
Const
ruct
ionofanAngl
eof45
0
DrawABandACatr i
ghtangl
es45 toeachother
.Wi
thcent
reAand wit
hlargeradi
us,
drawan
arct
ocutABatD andandACatE. Wit
hcentresEandDdrawarcsofequalradi
ustoi
nter
sect
0
atDrawast
rai
ghtl
i
nef r
om Athr
oughAngleBAFis45

10 0 0
Const
ruct
ionofangl
esofmul
ti
pleof7 3015..
2
0 0
Thebisect
ionof 60 angl
eproduces30 andt
hesuccessi
vebi
sect
ionoft
hisangl
epr
oduces
0
0 1
15 whichi
sbisect
edtoproduce7 asshownbelow.
2

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0
 Dr
awABandACat60 t
oeachot
herasshownabov
e.

 Wi
thcent
reA,
andal
arger
adi
us,
drawanar
ctocutABatEandACatD.
 Wi
thcent
resEandDdr
awar
csofequal
radi
ust
oint
ersectatF.
 Dr
awal
i
nef
rom At
hroughF.
0 0
 Angl
eCAFi
s30 hal
f60.
0
01
Toconst
ruct15 7
2
0
 Dr
awACandAFat30 t
oeachot
herasdescr
ibedabov
e.
 Wi
thcent
resGandDdr
awar
csofequal
radi
ust
oint
ersectatH
 Dr
awal
i
nef
rom At
hroughH
0
 Angl
eCAHi
s15.
0
1
 Wi
thcent
resJandDaf
urt
herbi
sect
ioncanbemadet
ogi
ve7
2

Const
ruct
ionofpar
all
ell
i
nes
Toconstr
uctal
inet
hroughagivenpoi
ntandparal
l
elt
oagi
venl
i
ne,
wemayusear
uleranda
pai
rofcompassonl
y,orarul
erandasetsquar
e.

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Usi
ngar
ulerandapai
rofcompassonl
y
Par
all
elogr
am met
hod
Thel
i
neEPpar
all
elt
oACi
sconst
ruct
edasf
oll
ows:

 Wi
thXast
hecent
reandr
adi
usPQ,
drawanar
c.
 Wi
thQast
hecent
reandr
adi
usPX,
drawanot
herar
ctocutt
hef
ir
star
catR.
 Joi
nXt
oR.

Pr
opor
ti
onal
Div
isi
onofl
i
nes
Li
nescanbepr
opor
ti
onat
elydi
vi
dedi
ntoagi
vennumberofequal
par
tsbyuseofpar
all
ell
i
nes.

Todi
vi
del
i
neAB
 Di
vi
del
i
neABi
ntot
enequal
par
ts.
 Thr
oughb,
drawal
i
neCBofanyconv
eni
entl
engt
hatasui
tabl
eangl
ewi
thAB.
 Usi
ngapai
rofcompasses,
mar
kof
f,
al
ongBC,
tenequal
int
erv
alsasshownabov
e.
 Joi
nCt
oA.
Byusi
ngasetsquar
eandar
uler
,dr
awl
i
nespar
all
elt
oCA.
 Thel
i
nei
sther
efor
edi
vi
dedt
enequal
par
tsori
nter
val
s.

Const
ruct
ionofRegul
arPol
ygons
Apol
ygoni
sregul
ari
fal
li
tssi
desandangl
esar
eequal
,ot
her
wisei
tisi
rr
egul
ar.

Not
e:
Forapol
ygonofnsi
des,
thesum ofi
nter
iorangl
esi
s(2n-
4)r
ightangl
es.
Thesi
zeofeach

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2n-
4 0
i
nter
iorangl
eoft
her
egul
arpol
ygoni
sther
efor
eequal
to( )90.
n
0
Thesum ofext
eri
oranglesofanypol
ygoni
s360.
Eachext
eri
orangl
eofar
egul
arpol
ygoni
s
0
360
ther
efor
eequal
to .
n

Const
ruct
ionofar
egul
arTr
iangl
e

Const
ruct
ionofar
egul
arQuadr
il
ater
al

Const
ruct
ionofar
egul
arpent
agon.

Toconst
ructar
egul
arpent
agonABCDofsi
des4cm.
(10-
4) 0
Eachoft
hei
nter
iorangl
es= ri
ghta
ngl
es= 108
5
 Dr
awal
i
neAB=4cm l
ong.
0
 Dr
awangl
eABC=108andBC=4cm

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 Uset
hesamemet
hodt
olocat
epoi
ntsDand

Not
e;
Uset
hesamepr
ocedur
etoconst
ructot
herpoi
nts.

Const
ruct
ionofi
rr
egul
arpol
ygons
Const
ruct
ionoft
ri
angl
es
Toconst
ructat
ri
angl
egi
vent
hel
engt
hofi
tssi
des
 Dr
awal
i
neandmar
kapoi
ntAoni
t.
 Ont
hel
i
nemar
kof
fwi
thapai
rofcompassapoi
ntB,
3cm f
rom A.
 Wi
thBast
hecent
reandr
adi
us5cm,
drawanar
c
 Wi
thAasthecent
reandr
adi
us7cm,
drawanot
herar
ctoi
nter
sectt
hear
cin(
ii
i)at
C.
Joi
nAtoCandBt oC.
Toconst
ructat
ri
angl
e,gi
vent
hesi
zoft
woangl
esandl
engt
hofonesi
de.
0 0
Const
ructat
ri
angl
eABCi
nwhi
ch<BAC=60,
<ABC==50 andBC=4cm.
Thesket
chi
sshown
bel
ow.
 Dr
awal
i
neandmar
kapoi
ntBoni
t.
 Mar
kof
fapoi
ntCont
hel
i
ne,
4cm f
rom B.
0 0
 Usi
ngapr
otr
act
or,
measur
eanangl
eof=50 and=70 atBandCr
espect
ivel
y.
Toconst
ructat
ri
angl
egi
vent
wosi
desandoneangl
e.
Gi
vent
hel
engt
hsoftwosi
desandthesi
zeofthei
ncludedangl
e.Const
ructat
ri
angl
eABC,
in
0
whi
chAB=4cm,BC=5cm and<ABC=60.Draw asketchasshownbelow.
 Dr
awal
i
neBC=5cm al
ong
0
 Measur
eanangl
eof=60 atBandmar
kof
fapoi
ntA,
4cm f
rom B.
 Joi
nAt
oC.

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Toconst
ructat
rapezi
um.
Theconst
ruct
ionofat
rapezi
um ABCDwi
thAB=8cm ,
BC=5cm ,
CD=4cm andangl
eABC=
0
60 andAB=8cm
 Dr
awal
i
neAB=8cm.
0
 Const
ructanAngl
eof=60 atB.
 Usi
ngBast
hecent
reandr
adi
usof5cm,
mar
kanar
ctoi
nsectt
hel
i
nei
n(i
i
)atC.
 Thr
oughC,
drawal
i
nepar
all
elt
oAB
 Usi
ngCast
hecent
reandr
adi
usof4cm,
Mar
kanar
ctoi
nter
sectt
hel
i
nei
n(i
v)atD.
 Joi
nDt
oAt
ofor
mthet
rapezi
um.

Endoft
opi
c
Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,f
ri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Usi
ngar
ulerandapai
rofcompassesonl
y,
a) Const
ructat
ri
angl
eABCi
nwhi
chAB=9cm, eBAC=37½0
AC=6cm andangl
a)Dr
opaper
pendi
cul
arf
rom Ct
omeetABatD.Measur
eCDandhencef
indt
hear
eaof
t
het
ri
angl
eABC
b)Poi
ntEdi
vi
desBCi
nther
ati
o2:
3.Usi
ngar
ulerandSetSquar
eonl
y,det
ermi
nepoi
nt
E.Measur
eAE.
2.
X
B
A

Ont
hedi
agr
am,
const
ructaci
rcl
etot
ouchl
i
neABatXandpassest
hrought
hepoi
ntC.
(
3mks)

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3. Usi
ngr
ulerandpai
rofcompassesonl
yforconst
ruct
ionsi
nthi
squest
ion.
(
a)Const
ructt
ri
angl
eABCsucht
hatAB=AC=5. eABC=300.Measur
4cm andangl eBC
(
4mks)
(
b)Ont
hedi
agr
am abov
e,apoi
ntPi
sal
way
sont
hesamesi
deofBCasA.Dr
awt
he
l
ocusofPsucht
hatangl
eBACi
stwi
ceangl
eBPC (
2mks)
(
c)Dr
opaper
pendi
cul
arf
rom At
omeetBCatD.Measur
eAD (
2mks)
(
d)Det
ermi
net
hel
ocusQont
hesamesi
deofBCasAsucht
hatt
hear
eaoft
ri
angl
e
4cm2
BQC=9. (
2
mks)
4. (
a)Wi
thoutusi
ngapr
otr
act
ororsetsquar
e,const
ructat
ri
angl
eABCi
nwhi
chAB=4cm,
BC=6cm andABC=67½0.TakeABast
hebase. (
3mks)
Measur
eAC.
(
b)Dr
awat
ri eA1BC1whi
angl chi
sindi
rect
lycongr
uentt
otr
iangl
eABC.
(
3mks)

5. Const
ructt
ri
angl
eABCi
nwhi
chAB=4.
4cm,
BC=6.
4cm andAC=7.
4cm.Const
ructan
escr
ibedci
rcl
eopposi
teangl
eACB (
5mks)
(
a)Measur
ether
adi
usoft
heci
rcl
e (
1mk)
(
b)Measur
etheacut
eangl
esubt
endedatt
hecent
reoft
heci
rcl
ebyAB (
1mk)
(
c)Apoi
ntPmov
essucht
hati
tisal
way
sout
sidet
heci
rcl
ebutwi
thi
ntr
iangl
eAOB,
wher
eOi
sthecent
reoft
heescr
ibedci
rcl
e.Showbyshadi
ngt
her
egi
onwi
thi
nwhi
chP
l
i
es. (
3mks)
6. (
a)Usi
ngar
ulerandapai
rofcompassesonl
y,const
ructapar
all
elogr
am PQRSi
nwhi
ch
PQ=8cm,
QR=6cm and PQR=1500 (
3mks)
(
b)Dr
opaper
pendi
cul
arf
rom St
omeetPQatB.Measur
eSBandhencecal
cul
atet
he
ar
eaoft
hepar
all
elogr
am. (
5mks)
(
c)Mar
kapoi
ntAonBSpr
oducedsucht
hatt
hear
eaoft
ri
angl
eAPQi
sequal
tot
hree
quar
ter
sthear
eaoft
hepar
all
elogr
am (
1mk)
(
d)Det
ermi
net
hehei
ghtoft
het
ri
angl
e. (
1mk)
7. Usi
ngarul
erandapai
rofcompassesonl
y,const
ructtr
iangl
eABCinwhichAB=6cm,
eABC=45o.Dr
BC=8cm andangl opaperpendi
cularf
rom A toBCatM.Measur
eAM
andAC
(4mks)
8. a)Usi
ngarul
erandapai
rofcompassesonlyt
oconstructatr
apezi
um ABCD

sucht
hat , , and (
5mks)

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b)
From t
hepoi
ntDdr
opaper
pendi
cul
art
othel
i
neABt
omeett
hel
i
neatE.measur
eDE
hencecal
cul
atet
hear
eaoft
het
rapezi
um (
5mks)
9. Usingapairofcompassesandr uleronl
y;
(a)Const
ructtr
iangleABCsucht hatAB=8cm, BC=6cm andangleABC=300. (
3marks)
(b)MeasurethelengthofAC (
1mark)
(c)Drawacircl
ethattouchest hev er
ti
cesA,BandC. (
2marks)
(d)Measuretheradiusoftheci r
cle (
1mark)
(e)Henceorotherwise,cal
culatetheareaoftheci
rcl
eoutsidet
hetr
iangle. (
3mar
ks)
10. Usingarul
erandapai rofcompassesonl y
,constr
uctthel
ocusofapointPsuchthat
eAPB=600ont
angl hel
i
neAB=5cm. (
4mks)

A B
11. Usingasetsquar
e,r
ulerandpai
rofcompasesdi
vi
det
hegi
venl
i
nei
nto5equal
por
ti
ons.
(3mks)

12. Usi
ngar
ulerandapai
rofcompassesonl
y,dr
awapar
all
elogr
am ABCD,
sucht
hatangl
e
DAB=750.Lengt
hAB=6.
0cm andBC=4.
0cm f
rom poi
ntD,
dropaper
pendi
cul
art
o
meetl
i
neABatN
a)Measur
elengt
hDN
b)Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
hepar
all
elogr
am (
10mks)

13. Usingarulerandapai
rofcompassesonly
,drawaparal
lel
ogr
am ABCDinwhi
chAB=
6cm,BC=4cm andangleBAD=60o.Byconst
ruct
ion,det
ermi
netheper
pendi
cul
ardi
stance
bet
weent
heli
nesABandCD

14. Wit
houtusi
ngapr
otr
act
or,
drawat
ri
angl eCAB=30o,
eABCwher AC=3.
5cm and
AB=6cm.measureBC

15. (a)Usi
ngarulerandapai rofcompassonl
y,constr
uctatri
angleABCinwhi
ch
o
angl
eABC=37. 5, BC=7cm andBA=14cm
(b)Dropaperpendicularfrom AtoBCproducedandmeasur eit
sheight
(c)Useyourheightin( b)t
of i
ndthear
eaofthetri
angleABC
(
d)Useconstructi
ont of i
ndtheradi
usofaninscri
bedcir
cleoftr
iangl
eABC

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16. Int
hisquesti
onuseapairofcompassesandarul
eronl
y
a)Const
ructtri
angl
ePQRsucht hatPQ=6cm, QR=8cm and<PQR=135°
b)Const
ructthehei
ghtoftr
iangl
ePQRin(a)abov
e,t
aki
ngQRast hebase

17. Ont
heli
neACshownbel
ow, poi
ntBl
i
esabovetheli
nesucht 5oand]
hatBAC=52.
AB=4.
2cm. ( Usear
ulerandapai
rofcompassesfort
hisquest
ion)

A C
(
a)Const
ructBACandmarkpoi
ntB
(b)Dr
opaperpendi
cul
arf
rom Bt
omeett
hel
i
neACatpoi
ntF.Measur
eBF

CHAPTERTWENTYTW0

S
CALEDRAWI
NG
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthetopi
cthel
earnershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)I
nter
pretagiv
enscal
e
b.
)Chooseanduseanappr
opr
iat
escal
e
c.
)Dr
awsui
tabl
esket
chesf
rom gi
veni
nfor
mat
ion
d.
)St
atet
hebear
ingofonepoi
ntf
rom anot
her
e.
)Locat
eapoi
ntusi
ngbear
inganddi
stance
f
.) Det
ermi
neangl
esofel
evat
ionanddepr
essi
on
g.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngbear
ingsel
evat
ionsandscal
edr
awi
ng
h.
)Appl
yscal
edr
awi
ngi
nsi
mpl
esur
vey
ing.

Cont
ent
a.
)Ty
pesofscal
es
b.
)Choi
ceofscal
es
c.
)Sket
chi
ngf
rom gi
veni
nfor
mat
ionandscal
edr
awi
ng
d.
)Bear
ings
e.
)Bear
ings,
dist
anceandl
ocat
ingpoi
nts
f
.)Angl
esofel
evat
ionanddepr
essi
on
g.
)Pr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngbear
ings,
scal
edr
awi
ng,
angl
esofel
evat
ionanddepr
essi
on

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h.
)Si
mpl
esur
vey
ingt
echni
ques.

I
ntr
oducti
on
Thescal
e
Therat
iooft
hedist
anceonamapt otheactual
dist
anceonthegr
oundi
scall
edthescal
eofthe
map.Therat
iocanbeinst
atementf
orm e.
g.50cm repr
esent
s50,
000cm orasarepr
esent
ati
ve
1
f
ract
ion(
R.F)
,1:
5,000,
000i
swr
it
tenas .
5,
000,
000
Exampl
e
Thescaleofamapi sgiveni
nast
atementas1cm r
epr
esent
s4km.conv
ertt
hist
oa
repr
esent
ati
vef
ract
ion(
R.F)
.

Sol
uti
on
Onecm r
epr
esent
s4x100,
000cm.1cm r
epr
esent
s400,
000

1
Ther
efor
e,t
her
ati
ois1:
400,
000andt
heR.
Fis
400,
000
Exampl
e
Thescal
eofamapi
sgi
venas1:
250,
000.
Wri
tet
hisasast
atement
.

Sol
uti
on
1:
250,
000means1cm ont
hemapr
epr
esent
s250,
000cm ont
hegr
ound.Ther
efor
e,1cm
250,
000
r
epr
esent
s km.
100,
000
I
.e.1cm r
epr
esent
s2.
5km.

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Scal
eDi
agr
am
Whendur
ingusingscal
e,oneshoul
dbecarefuli
nchoosi
ngt
her
ightscal
e,sot
hatt
hedr
awi
ng
f
it
sonthepaperwit
houtmuchdetai
lsbei
ngleft
.

Bear
ingandDi
stances
Di
rect
ioni
sal
way
sfoundusi
ngacompasspoi
nt.

Acompasshasei ghtpoint
sasshow above.Thefourmainpoi
ntsofthecompassareNorth,
Sout
h,East,andWest .Theotherpoi
ntsar
esecondar
ypoint
sandtheyi
ncludeNort
hEast(
NE) ,
Sout
hEast( SE),Sout
hWest( SW)andNorthWest(NW).
Eachanglef
ormedatthecent
reofthe
0 0
compassis45 t heangl
ebetweenNandEi s90.

CompassBear
ing
Whenthedi
recti
onofapl acefrom anotheri
sgi venindegreesandi
ntermsoffourmainpoint
s
0
ofacompass.E.g.N45 W, t
hent hedir
ecti
oni ssaidtobegi v
enincompassbeari
ng.Compass
bear
ingi
smeasur edeitherclockwiseoranticlockwisefr
om Northorsouthandt heangl
eis
acut
e.

Tr
uebear
ing
0 0
Nor
thEastdi
recti
on,
writ
tenasN45 Ecanbegi
veni
nthr
eefi
gur
esas045 measur
edcl
ockwi
se
f
rom Tr
ueNorth.Thi
sthr
ee-fi
gur
ebeari
ngi
scal
ledt
hetr
uebear
ing.
0 0
Thetruebear
ingsduenor
thi
sgi
venas000 .
Duesout
hEastas135 anddueNor
thWest
0
as315.

Exampl
e
Fr
om t
ownP,at ownQi s60km awayonabear i
ngSout
h80ºeast.At hi
rdtownRis100km
from Ponthebeari
ngSouth40ºwest
.Acy cl
i
sttr
avel
l
ingat20km/hleav
esPforQ.He
staysatQf oronehourandthencont
inuest
oR.Hest ay
satRf or1½ hr
s.andthen
retur
nsdi
rectl
ytoP.
(
a) Cal
cul
atet
hedi
stanceofQf
rom R.

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P²=100²+60²-2(
100)(
60)Cos120
P²=13600–12000Cos120
P²=19600
P =140km

(
b) Cal
cul
atet
hebear
ingofRf
rom Q.

M1

M1

=38.
2° A1
Bear
ing270–38.
2=241.
8 B1

(
c) Whati
sthet
imet
akenf
ort
hewhol
eroundt
ri
p?

Ti
mef
rom Pt
oR

B1foral
lthr
ee
Ti
mef
rom Qt
oR cor
rect

Fr
om Rt
oP

Takent
rav
ell
i
ng=3+7+5 M1
=15hr
s

Exampl
e
AportBisonabearng080of
i r
om aportAandadist
anceof95km.ASubmar i
neisstat
ionedat
o
aportD,whi
chisonabearingof200 fr
om A,andadist
anceof124km fr
om B.Ashipl
eav esB
andmov esdir
ect
lySouthwardstoanI sl
andP,whichisonabear ingof140o f
rom A.The
Submari
neatDonr eal
i
zingthatt
heshipwasheadingtotheIsl
andP,deci
destoheadstraight

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fortheIsl
andtoi
nter
cepttheship.Usi
ngascal
eof1cm t
orepr
esent10km,makeascal
e
drawingshowi
ngt
herelat
iveposi
ti
onsofA,
B,DandP. {4marks}

Hencef
ind:
b) Thedi
stancef
rom At
oD. {
2mar
ks}
4.
6±0.
1×10=46KM ±1KM
c) Thebear
ingot
heSubmar
inef
rom t
heshi
pwhent
heshi
pwasset
ti
ngof
ffr
om B.
{
1mark}

240°±1°ORS60°W ±2°
d) Thebear
ingoft
heI
slandPf
rom D.
{
1mar
k}
122°±ORS58°E±1°
e) Thedistancet
heSubmari
nehadt
ocov
ert
oreacht
heI
sland P127±0.
1
×10=127±1KM {
2marks}

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Angl
eofEl
evat
ionandDepr
essi
on

Angl
eofEl
evat
ion:
Theangleabov
et hehori
zontalt
hatanobserv
ermustl
ooktoseean
obj
ectthati
shigherthantheobserv
er.Example,
amanlooki
ngata
bi
rd.

Angl
eofDepr
essi
on:
Theanglebel
ow hori
zont
althatanobser
vermustl
ooktoseean
obj
ectthatislowerthantheobserv
er.Exampl
e,abir
dlooki
ng
downatabug.

Angl
esofdepr
essi
onandel
evat
ioncanbemeasur
edusi
ngani
nst
rumentcal
l
edcl
i
nomet
er
Tof
indt
hehei
ght
sort
hel
engt
hswecanusescal
edr
awi
ng.

Si
mpl
esur
veymet
hods
Thisinvol
vestaki
ngfiel
dmeasurement
softheareasot
hatamapoft
hear
eacanbedr
awnt
o
scale.Pi
ecesoflandareusual
l
ysurv
eyedi
norderto:
 Fi
xboundar
ies
 Fort
ownpl
anni
ng
 Roadconst
ruct
ion
 Wat
ersuppl
i
es
 Mi
ner
aldev
elopment

Ar
easofi
rr
egul
arshapes
Ar
easofi
rr
egul
arshapecanbef
oundbysubdi
vi
dingt
hem i
ntoconv
eni
entgeomet
ri
calshapes

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e.
g.t
ri
angl
es,
rect
angl
esort
rapezi
a.

Exampl
e
Thear
eai
nhect
aresoft
hef
iel
dcanbef
oundbyt
hehel
pofabasel
i
neandof
fset
sasshown.

Fi
g22.
26
XYi
sthebasel
i
ne360m.
SM,
RP andQNar
etheof
fset
s.
TakingXast
hest
art
ingpoi
ntoft
hesur
vey
,thei
nfor
mat
ioncanbeent
redi
naf
iel
dbookas
fol
lows.

Thesket
chi
sasf
oll
ows:
Usi
ngasui
tabl
escal
e.

Thear
eaoft
hesepar
atepar
tsi
sfoundt
hencombi
ned.
Ar
eaof
:
2
Tr
iangl
eXPRi
s½x180x90=8100m
2
Tr
iangl
ePRYi
s½x180x90=8100m

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2
Tr
iangl
eXSM i
s½x120x60=3600m
2
Tr
iangl
eQNYi
s½x120x180=10800m
2
Tr
apezi
um SQNM =½(
QN+SM)xSQm
2
½(
180+60)x120m
2
=14400m
2
Tot
alar
ea=8100+8100+3600+10800+14400=45000m

Endoft
opi
c
Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,f
ri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Apoi ntBisonabear ngof0800f
i rom aportAandatadi stanceof95km.Asubmar i
neis
0
stat
ionedatapor tD,whichisonabear i
ngof200 f rom AM andadi stanceof124km from
B.
Ashipl eav
esBandmov esdi r
ectl
ysouthwardstoani sl
andP, whichisonabear i
ngof140
fr
om A.Thesubmar i
neatDonr eali
zi
ngthattheshipwasheadi ngfrotheisl
andP, deci
des
toheadst r
aightf
ortheislandtointer
ceptt
heship
Usingascal
e0f1cm t
orepr
esent10km,
makeascal
edr
awi
ngshowi
ngt
her
elat
ive
posit
ionsofA,
B,D,
P.
Hencef
ind
(
i)Thedi
stancef
rom At
oD
(
ii
)Thebear
ingoft
hesubmar
inef
rom t
heshi
pwasset
ti
ngof
ffr
om B
(
ii
i)Thebear
ingoft
hei
slandPf
rom D
(
iv)Thedi
stancet
hesubmar
inehadt
ocov
ert
oreacht
hei
slandP
2.FourtownsR,T,KandGar esuchthatT i
s84km di rect
lyt
othenort
hR,andKisona
bearngof2950f
i r
om Ratadi st
anceof60km.Gi sonabear ngof3400f
i rom Kanda
di
stanceof30km.Usingascaleof1cm t orepresent10km, makeanaccur
atescal
e
drawi
ngt oshow ther
elat
iveposi
ti
onsofthetown.
Fi
nd

(
a)Thedi
stanceandt
hebear
ingofTf
rom K

(
b)Thedi
stanceandt
hebear
ingGf
rom T

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(
c)Thebear
ingofRf
rom G

3. Twoaer
opl
anes,SandTleav
eairpor
tsAatthesameti
me.Sf
li
esonabear
ingof060at
750km/
hwhileTfl
iesonabear
ingof2100at900km/
h.

(
a) Usi
ngasui
tablescal
e,dr
awadi
agr
am t
oshowt
heposi
ti
onsoft
heaer
opl
ane
af
tert
wohours.

(
b) Usey
ourdi
agr
am t
odet
ermi
ne

(
i)Theact
ual
dist
ancebet
weent
het
woaer
opl
anes

(
ii
)Thebear
ingofTf
rom S

(
ii
i)Thebear
ingofSf
rom T
4. ApointAisdi
rect
lybel
owawi ndow.AnotherpointBis15m from Aandatthesame
hor
izont
all
evel
.From Bangleofelevat
ionofthet opofthebott
om ofthewi
ndowis300
andtheangl
eofelevat
ionofthetopoft hewindowi s350.Cal
culat
ethever
ti
caldi
stance.
(
a) Fr
om Atothebot
tom oft
hewi ndow
(
b) Fr
om t
hebot t
om t
otopofthewi ndow
4. Fi
ndbycal
cul
ati
onthesum ofal
ltheint
eri
orangl
esi
nthef
igur
eABCDEFGHI
bel
ow

6. Shoppi
ngcent
ersX,YandZaresucht
hatYis12km sout
hofXandZi
s15km f
rom X.
Zisonabearngof3300f
i rom Y.Fi
ndt
hebeari
ngofZfrom X.
7. Anelect
ri
cpylonis30m hi
gh.ApointSonthet opofthepyloni
sv er
tical
lyabov
eanother
poi
ntRont heground.Poi
ntsAandBar eont hesamehorizont
algroundasR.PointA
duesouthofthepy l
onandtheangleofel
evationofSfrom Ais260.PointBisduewest
oft
hepy l
onandt heangl
eofelev
ati
onofSf rom Bis320
Fi
ndt
he
(
a) Di
stancef
rom AandB

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(
b) Bear
ingofBf
rom A
8. Thef
igur
ebel
owi
sapol
ygoni
nwhi
chAB=CD=FA=12cm BC=EF=4cm
andBAF=-CDE=1200.ADi
sal
i
neofsy
mmet
ry.

Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
hepol
ygon.
9. Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsat
ri
angl
eABC

a) Usi
ngar
ulerandapai
rofcompasses,
det
ermi
neapoi
ntDont
hel
i
neBC
sucht
hatBD:
DC=1:
2.

b) Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
ri
angl
eABD,
giv
ent
hatAB=AC.

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10. Aboatatpoi
ntxi
s200m t
othesout
hofpoi
ntY.Theboatsai
l
sXt
oanot
her
poi
ntZ.PointZis200m onabear
ingof3100f
rom X,
YandZar
eont
hesame
hor
izont
alplane.
(
a)Cal
culatethebear
ingandt
hedist
anceofZfr
om Y
(
b)W i
st hepointont
hepathoft
heboatnear
estt
oY.
Calculat
ethedist
anceWY
(c)Av ert
ical
towerst
andsatpoi
ntY.Theangl
eofpointXf
rom thetopoft
het s60
oweri
calcul
atetheangl
eofel
evati
onofthet
opofthetowerf
rom W.
11. Thefigurebelowshowsaquadri
lat
eral
ABCDinwhichAB=8cm, DC=12cm,BAD=
0 0 0
45,CBD=90 andBCD=30.

Fi
nd:
(
a)Thel
engthofBD
(
b)Thesi
zeoftheangl
eADB
12. Inthefi
gurebel
ow,ABCDEi
sar
egul
arpent
agonandABFi
sanequi
l
ater
alt
ri
angl
e

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Fi
ndt
hesi
zeof

a)ADE
b)AEF
c) DAF
13. I
nthi
squest
ionuseapai
rofcompassesandar
uleronl
y

(
a)const
ructt
ri
angl
eABCsucht BC=8cm andABC1350
hatAB=6cm,
(
2marks)
(
b)Const
ructt
hehei
ghtoft
ri
angl
eABC i
na)abov
etaki
ngBCast
hebase
(
1mark)
s3x0whi 0
14. Thesi
zeofanint
eri
orangl
eofaregul
arpol
ygoni l
eit
sext
eri
orangl
eis(
x-20).
Fi
ndthenumberofsi
desofthepol
ygon
15. Poi
ntsLandM areequi
dist
antfrom anot
herpoi
ntK.Thebear
ingofLf
r s3300.
om Ki
0
Thebear
ingofM f
rom Kis220.
Cal
cul
atet
hebear
ingofM f
rom L
16. Fourpoi
ntsB,C,
QandDlieonthesameplanepointBi
sthe42km duesouth-westof
0
townQ.PointCis50km onabeari
ngof560 fr
om Q.Poi
ntD isequi
dist
antfrom B,
Q
andC.
(
a) Usingthescal
e1cm repr
esent
s10km,
const
ructadi
agr
am showi
ngt
he
posit
ionofB,C,QandD
(
b) Det
ermi
net
he
(
i) Di
stancebet
weenBandC
(
ii
) Bear
ingDf
rom B

17. Twoaeropl
anesPandQ,l
eaveanair
portatthesamet
imef
li
esonabear
ingof2400at
900km/
hrwhileQf
li
esdueEastat750km/ hr
(
a) Usingascal
eof1vcm dr
awi
ngt
oshowt
heposi
ti
onsoft
heaer
opl
anesaf
ter40
minutes.

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(
b) Usethescal
edr
awi
ngt
ofi
ndt
hedi
stancebet
weent
het
woaer
opl
aneaf
ter40
minut
es
(
c) Det
ermi
net
hebear
ingof
(
i) Pf
rom Qans2540
(
ii
) Qf
rom Pans740

18. AportBisnoabear
ingof080f
rom apor
tAandatadist
anceof95km.Asubmarineis
st
ati
onedportDwhi
chisonabear
ingof2000f
rom A,
andadist
anceof124km f
rom B.
Ashipleav
esBandmov esdi
rectl
ysouthwar dst oanisl
andP,whi
chi
sonabeari
ngof
0
140 fr
om A.Thesubmar i
neatDonr eali
zingt hatt
heshipwasheadi
ngf
ort
heisl
andP
deci
destoheadstr
aightfort
heisl
andt ointercepttheship.
Usingascaleof1cm t
orepr
esent10km,
makeascal
edr
awi
ngshowi
ngt
her
elat
ive
posit
ionofA,BD andP.
Hencef
ind:
(
i) Thedi
stancef
rom AandD
(
ii
) Thebear
ingoft
hesubmar
inef
rom t
heshi
pwhent
heshi
pwasset
ti
ngof
ffr
om B
(
ii
i) Thebar
ingoft
hei
slandPf
rom D
(
iv) Thedi
stancet
hesubmar
inehadt
ocov
ert
oreacht
hei
sland

19. FourtownsR,T,KandGar esuchthatTis84km direct

lyt
othenor
thRandKi sona
0 0
beari
ngof295 fr
om Ratadi st
anceof60km.Gi sonabear i
ngof340 fr
om Kanda
di
stanceof30km.Usingascaleof1cm t or
epresent10km,makeanacutescal
e
drawi
ngtoshowt her
elat
iveposit
ionsoft
hetowns.
Fi
nd
(
a)Thedi
stanceandbear
ingofTf
rom K
(
b)Thebear
ingofRf
rom G

20. I
nt hefigur
ebel
ow,ABCDEi
sar
egul
arpent
agonandM i
sthemi
dpoi
ntofAB.DM
i
ntersectsEBatN.(
T7)

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Fi
ndt
hesi
zeof

(
a)BAE

(
b)BED

(
c)BNM
21. Usearul
erandcompassesi
nthi
squest
ion.Drawaparal
lel
ogr
am ABCDinwhi
chAB=
8cm,BC=6cm andBAD=75.Byconstr
uction,det
ermi
netheper
pendi
cul
ardi
stance
bet
weenABandCD.

22. Theint
eri
orangl
esoft e2x0,
hehexagonar ½x0,
x+400,
1100,
1300and1600.Fi
ndt
he
val
ueofthesmall
estangl
e.

23. Thesizeofani
nter
iorangl
eofar
egul
arpol
y s1560.Fi
goni ndt
henumberofsi
desoft
he
pol
ygon.

CHAPTERTWENTYTHREE
COMMONS
OLI
DS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
hetopi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Ident
if
yandsketchcommonsol
ids
b.
)Ident
if
yver
ti
ces,
edgesandf
acesofcommonsol
i
ds
c.
)St
atet
hegeomet
ri
cpr
oper
ti
esofcommonsol
i
ds
d.
)Dr
awnet
sofsol
i
dsaccur
atel
y
e.
)Makemodel
sofsol
i
dsf
rom net
s
f
.)Cal
cul
atesur
facear
eaofsol
i
dsf
rom net
s

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Cont
ent
a.
)Commonsol
i
ds(
cubes,
cuboi
ds,
pyr
ami
ds,
pri
sms,
cones,
spher
es,
cyl
i
nder
set
c)
b.
)Ver
ti
ces,
edgesandf
acesofcommonsol
i
ds.
c.
)Geomet
ri
cpr
oper
ti
esofcommonsol
i
ds.
d.
)Net
sofsol
i
ds.
e.
)Model
sofsol
i
dsf
rom net
s.
f
.) Sur
facear
eaofsol
i
dsf
rom net
s(i
ncl
udecubes,
cuboi
ds,
cones,
pyr
ami
dspr
isms)

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Asol
idisanobj
ectwhi
choccupi
esspaceandhasadef
ini
teorf
ixedshape.Sol
i
dsar
eei
ther
r
egul
arori
rr
egul
ar.

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Not
e:
 I
nter
sect
ionsoff
acesar
ecal
l
ededges.
 Thepoi
ntwher
ethree
ormore edgesmeeti
scal
l
ed
aver
tex.

Sket
chi
ngsol
i
ds
Todr
awar
easonabl
esket
chofasol
i
donapl
anpaper
,t
hef
oll
owi
ngi
deasar
ehepf
ul:

Useofi
somet
ri
cpr
oject
ions
I
nthi
smet
hodt
hef
oll
owi
ngpoi
ntsshoul
dbeobt
ained:
 Eachedgeshoul
dbedr
awnt
othecor
rectl
engt
h.

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 Al
lrect
angul
arf
acesmustbedr
awnaspar
all
elogr
ams.
 Hor
izont
alandv
ert
ical
edgesmustbedr
awnaccur
atel
ytoscal
e.
0
 Thebaseedgesar
edr
awnatanangl
e30wi
tht
hehor
izont
all
i
nes.
 Par
all
ell
i
nesar
edr
awnpar
all
el.

Exampl
es
a.) Cubenet

b.
) Cuboi
dnet

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c.
) Tr
iangul
arpr
ism net

d.
) Pent
agonal
pri
sm

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e.
) Squar
ebasepy
rami
d

f
.) Cy
li
ndernet

g.
) Conenet
Teache
Co

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Conenet
h.
) Hexagonal
pri
sm

i
.) Tet
rahedr
on

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j
.) Oct
ahedr
on

k.
) Dodecagon

Exampl
e
Anantmov
edf
rom Yt
oXt
hemi
dpoi
ntofRSt
hroughPi
nther
ightpy
rami
dbel
ow

Y
15cm

P S
8cm O X
QO
R
Dr
aw thenetoft
hepy
rami
dshowi
ngt
hepat
hoft
heanthencef
indt
hedi
stancei
t
moved.

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Sol
uti
on

Di
stance=15+

=27.
649cm

Exampl
e
Dr
awt
henetoft
hesol
i
dbel
ow.

H1c
G

E J
F C
1c
5c
2.

I m
B
m

D 3cm
3cm
A

Sol
uti
on

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H G
B1 Scal
edr
awi
ng
J

G H C B J G

B1 Cor
rect
l
abel
ing

F E H A I F
I
Corr
ect
E F B1
measur
ement
ofGJandFI

Endof
t
opi
c
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ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,f
ri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsanetofapr
ism whosecr
oss–sect
ioni
sanequi
l
ater
alt
ri
angl
e.

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a) Sket
cht
hepr
ism
b)St
atet
henumberofpl
anesofsy
mmet
ryoft
hepr
ism.
2.Thef
igur
ebel
owr
epr
esent
sasquar
ebasedsol
i
dwi
thapat
hmar
kedoni
t.

Sket
chandl
abel
thenetoft
hesol
i
d.
3.Thefi
gur
ebel
owr
epr
esentsbel
owr
epr
esent
sapr
ism ofl
engt
h7cm
AB=AE=CD=2cm andBC–ED=1cm

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Dr
awt
henetoft
hepr
ism (3mar
ks)
4.Thediagram bel
owr
epr
esent
sar
ightpy
rami
donasquar
ebaseofsi
de3cm.Thesl
antof
thepy
r amidi
s4cm.

(
a)Dr
awanetoft
hepy
rami
d (2mar
ks)
(
b) Ont
henetdr
awn,
measur
ethehei
ghtofat
ri
angul
arf
acef
rom t
het
opof
t
hePy
rami
d (1mar
k)
5. (
a) Drawaregularpent
agonofside4cm (1mar k)
(
b) Onthediagr
am drawn,const
ructaci
rcl
ewhi
cht
ouchesal
lthesi
desofthe
pent
agon (2mar ks)

6.Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsasol
i
dregul
art
etr
apackofsi
des6cm

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(
a) Dr
awanetoft
hesol
i
d
(
b) Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaoft
hesol
i
d

7.Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsasol
i
dmadebypast
ingt
woequal
regul
art
etr
ahedr
al

(
a) Dr
awanetoft
hesol
i
d
(
b) Ifeachf
acei
sanequi
l
ater
alt
ri
angl
eofsi
de5cm,
findt
hesur
facear
eaoft
he
soli
d.

8(
a)Sket
cht
henetoft
hepr
ism shownbel
ow

(
b)Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaoft
hesol
i
d

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CHAPTERTWENTYFOUR
CUBESANDCUBEROOTS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a)Fi
ndt
hecubeofanumberbymul
ti
pli
cat
ion
b)Fi
ndt
hecuber
ootofanumberbyf
act
ormet
hod
c)Fi
ndcubesofnumber
sfr
om mat
hemat
ical
tabl
es
d)Ev
aluat
eexpr
essi
onsi
nvol
vi
ngcubesandcuber
oot
s
e)Appl
ytheknowl
edgeofcubesandcuber
oot
stor
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions

Cont
ent
a.
)Cubesofnumber
sbymul
ti
pli
cat
ion.
b.
)Cuber
oot
sofnumber
sbyf
act
ormet
hod.
c.
)Cubesf
rom mat
hemat
ical
tabl
es.
d.
)Ex
pressi
onsi
nvol
vi
ngcubesandcuber
oot
s
e.
)Appl
i
cat
ionofcubesandcuber
oot
s

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I
ntroduct
ion
Cubes
Thecubeofanumberi
ssi
mpl
yanumbermul
ti
pli
edbyi
tsel
fthr
eet
imese.
g.
a×a×a=a3
1×1×1=13; 8=2×2×2=23; 27=3×3×3=33;

Exampl
e1
Whati
sthev
alueof63?
63=6x6x6
=36x6
=216

Exampl
e2
Fi
ndt
hecubeof1.
4
=1.
4x1.
4x1.
4
=1.
96x1.
4
=2.
744

Useoft
abl
est
ofi
ndr
oot
s
Thecubescanber
eaddi
rect
lyf
rom t
het
abl
esj
ustl
i
kesquar
esandsquar
eroot
.
CubeRoot
susi
ngf
act
ormet
hods
Cubesandcubesroot
sar
eopposi
te.Thecuberootofanumberi
sthenumbert
hati
s
mult
ipl
i
edbyitsel
fthr
eet
imest
ogetthegivennumber

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Exampl
e
Thecuber
ootof64i
swr
it
tenas;
∛64=4 Because4x4x4=64
∛27=3 Because3x3x3=27

Exampl
e
Ev
aluat
e:∛216
=∛(
2x2x
2x3x
3x3)
=2x3
=6

Not
e;
Af
tergr
oupi
ngt
hem i
ntopai
rsoft
hreey
ouchoseonenumberf
rom t
hepai
randmul
ti
ply

Exampl
e
Fi
nd:
Thev
ol s1000cm3.
umeofacubei Whati
sthel
engt
hoft
hecube
3
Vol
umeoft
hecube,
v=l
L3=1000
L=∛1000
=10
Thel
engt
hoft
hecubei
sther
efor
e10cm
Endoft
opi
c

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ery
thi
ng?
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bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
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oregoi
ngtosleep!

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CHAPTERTWENTYFI
VE
RECI
PROCALS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Fi
ndr
eci
procal
sofnumber
sbydi
vi
sion
b.
)Fi
ndr
eci
procal
sofnumber
sfr
om t
abl
es
c.
)User
eci
procal
sofnumber
sincomput
ati
on.

Cont
ent
a.
)Reci
procal
sofnumber
sbydi
vi
sion
b.
)Reci
procal
sofnumber
sfr
om t
abl
es
c.
)Comput
ati
onusi
ngr
eci
procal
s

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I
ntr
oduct
ion
Ther
eci
procal
ofanumberissimpl
ythenumberputi
nfr
act
ionf
orm andt
urnedupsi
de
downe.
g.,
thereci
procal
of2.

Sol
uti
on:
2
Change2i
ntof
ract
ionf
orm whi
chi
s ,
1
1
Thent
urni
tupsi
dedownandget
2

Not
e:
Wheny
oumul
ti
plyanumberbyi
tsr
eci
procal
youget1,
2 1
x =1
1 2

Fi
ndi
ngt
her
eci
procal
ofdeci
mal
s
Fi
ndi
ngt
her
eci
procal
ofadeci
mal
canbedonei
nanumberofway
s.
Changet
hedeci
mal
toaf
ract
ionf
ir
st.

Exampl
e.
0.
25i
s25/100andi
sequi
val
entt
othef
ract
ion1/
4.Ther
efor
eit
sreci
procal
woul
dbe
4/
1or4.

Keepthedeci
mal
andf
ormt
hef
ract
ion1/
?? Whi
chcant
henbeorconv
ert
edt
oa
deci
mal.

Exampl
e
0.75Ther ecipr
ocalis1/0.
75.Usingacalcul
ator
,thedeci
malf orm canbefoundby
perfor
mingt heoperati
on:1div
idedby0.75.Thedecimalreci
procalinthi
scaseisa
repeat
ingdecimal,1.
33333.
..
.
Aft
erf
indi
ngareci
procalofanumber
,perf
orm aqui
ckcheckbymul
ti
ply
ingy
ouror
igi
nal
numberandt
hereci
procaltodet
ermi
nethatt
heproduct
.

Reci
procal
ofNumber
sfr
om Tabl
es.
Reci
procal
ofnumber
scanbef
oundusi
ngt
abl
es.

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
her
eci
procal
of2.
456usi
ngt
her
eci
procal
tabl
es.

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Sol
uti
on.
Usi
ngr
eci
procal
tabl
es,
ther
eci
procal
of2.
456i
s0.
4082-0.
0010=0.
4072

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
her
eci
procal
of45.
8.

Sol
uti
on
1
Youf
ir
stwr
it
e45.
8inst
andar
dfor
m whi
chi 58x10.
s4.
1 1
Then = 1
45.
8 4.58x10
1 1
= x
10 4.58
1
= x0.
2183
10
=0.
02183

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
her
eci
procal
of0.
0236

Sol
uti
on
-
2
Change0.
0236i
nst
andar
dfor
m whi
chi 36x10
s2.
1 1
= -
2
0.
0236 2.
36x10
1 1
= 2x
-
10 2.
36
2
=10x0.
4237
=42.
37

Exampl
e
User
eci
procal
tabl
est
osol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
1 1
+
0.
0125 12.
5

Sol
uti
on
Mul
ti
plyt
henumer
ator
sbyt
her
eci
procal
ofdenomi
nat
ors,
thenaddt
hem
1(
reci
procal
0.0125)+1(
reci
procal
12.
5)

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Usi
ngt
abl
esf
indt
her
eci
procal
s,
= 1(
80)+1(
0.08)
= 80.
08

Exampl
e
4 3
-
0.
375 37.
5

Sol
uti
on
= 4(
rec0.
375)-3(
37.
5)
= (
4x2.
667)–(
3x0.
026667)
= 10.
59

Endoft
opi
c

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dyouunder
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ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
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oregoi
ngtosleep!

CHAPTERTWENTYSI
X
I
NDI
CESANDLOGARI
THMS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Def
inei
ndi
ces(
power
s)
b.
)St
atet
hel
awsofi
ndi
ces
c.
)Appl
ythel
awsofi
ndi
cesi
ncal
cul
ati
ons
d.
)Rel
atet
hepower
sof10t
ocommonl
ogar
it
hms
e.
)Uset
het
abl
esofcommonl
ogar
it
hmsandant
i-
logar
it
hmsi
ncomput
ati
on.

Cont
ent
a.
)Indi
ces(
power
s)andbase
b.
)Lawsofi
ndi
ces(
incl
udi
ngposi
ti
vei
nteger
s,negat
ivei
nteger
sandf
ract
ional
indi
ces)

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c.
)Power
sof10andcommonl
ogar
it
hms
d.
)Commonl
ogar
it
hms:
 char
act
eri
sti
cs
 mant
issa
e.
)Logar
it
hm t
abl
es
f
.)Appl
i
cat
ionofcommonl
ogar
it
hmsi
nmul
ti
pli
cat
ion,
div
isi
on,
power
sandr
oot
s.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
I
ndexandbasef
orm
Thepowert
owhi
chanumberi
srai
sedi
scal
l
edi
ndexori
ndi
cesi
npl
ural
.
5
2=2X2X2X2X2
5i
scal
l
edt
hepowerori
ndexwhi
l
e2t
woi
sthebase.
2
100=10
2i
scal
l
edt
hei
ndexand10i
sthebase.

Lawsofi
ndi
ces
Fort
hel
awst
ohol
dthebasemustbet
hesame.
Rul
e1
Anynumber
,exceptzer
owhosei
ndexi
s0i
sal
way
sequal
to1

Exampl
e
0
5 =1

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0
10000000000000000=1
Rul
e2
Tomul
ti
plyanexpr
essi
onwi
tht
hesamebase,
copyt
hebaseandaddt
hei
ndi
ces.
m n m+n
a +a =a

Exampl
e
2 3 5
5 + 5=5
=3125
Rul
e3
Todi
vi
deanexpr
essi
onwi
tht
hesamebase,
copyt
hebaseandsubt
ractt
hepower
s.
m n m-
n
a ÷ a =a

Exampl
e
5 2 3
9 ÷9 =9

Rul
e4
Tor
aiseanexpr
essi
ont
othent
hindex
,copyt
hebaseandmul
ti
plyt
hei
ndi
ces
mx
n mn
a =a

Exampl
e
3 2
5)=
(
3×2 6
5 =5
Rul
e5
Whendeali
ngwit
hanegativepower,yousimplychanget
hepowert
oposi
ti
veby
changi
ngi
tint
oaf
ract
ionwi
th1sthenumerat
or.
-m 1
a =m
a

Exampl
e
2 1
-
2= 2
2

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1
=
4

Exampl
e
Ev
aluat
e:
3 -
3 (
3+-
3)
a.
)2×2 =2
0
=2
=1
-
2
2 1
)() =( )2
b.
3 2
3
1
=( )
4
9
4
=1÷
9
-
2
9 1 2 3 9
=1× =2 or( ) =()squar
ed=
4 4 3 2 4

Fr
act
ional
indi
ces
n t
h
Fract
ional
indi
cesarewri
tt
eni
nfr
act
ionf
orm.I
nsummar
yif
a =b.ai
scal
l
edt
hen
n
rootofbwrit
tenas b.

Exampl
e
1 3
3 4 3
273= 27164=(16)=2=8
=3

-1
1
4 2= 1
42
1
=
4

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LOGARI
THM
Logar i
thm i
st hepowert
owhichafixednumber(t
hebase)mustberai
sedt
oproduce
m
agiv ennumber .Insummar
yt hee
xpr e
ssi
on a summarytheexpr
essi
on a
^m =ni s
wri
ttenasl oga
n=m.
m
a =ni
sthei
ndexnot
ati
onwhi
l
elog
a
n=m i
sthel
ogar
it
hm not
ati
on.

Exampl
es
I
ndexnot
ati
on Logar
it
hm f
orm
2
2 =4 l
og2
4=2
1
1
92 =3 l
og 3=
9
2
n
b =m l
ogb
m =n

Readi
nglogar
it
hmsf
rom t
het
abl
esi
sthesameasr
eadi
ngsquar
essquar
eroot
sand
r
eci
procal
s.
Wecanreadlogar
it
hmsofnumbersbetween1and10di
rect
lyf
rom t
het
abl
e.For
number
sgreatert
han10weproceedasfol
lows:
n
Expr
essthenumberi
nst
andar
dfor
m,AX10.
Thennwi
l
lbet
hewhol
enumberpar
tof
thel
ogar
ithms.
Readthel
ogar
it
hm ofAf
rom t
hetabl
es,whi
chgi
vest
hedecimalpar
tofthel
ogar
ithm.
Thenaddi
ttonwhi
chist
hepowerof10tofor
mtheposi
ti
vepar
tofthel
ogari
thm.

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hel
ogar
it
hm of
:
379

Sol
uti
on
379
2
79x10
=3.
Log3.
79=0.
5786
Ther
efor
ethel
ogar
it
hm of379i
s2+0.
5786=2.
5786
Thewhol
enumberpar
toft
hel
ogar
it
hm i
scal
l
edt
hechar
act
eri
sti
candt
hedeci
malpar
t
i
sthemanti
ssa.

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Logar
it
hmsofPosi
ti
veNumber
slesst
han1
Example
Logt
obase10of0.
034
Wepr
oceedasf
oll
ows:
n
Expr
ess0.
034i
nst
andar
dfor
m,i
.e.
,AX10.
Readt
hel
ogar
it
hm ofA andaddt
on
-
2
Thus0. 4x10
034=3.
Log3.
4fr
om t
het
abl
esi
s0.
5315
-
2 0.
5315 -
2
Hence3.
4x10 =10 ×10
̅
Usi
ngl
awsofi
ndi
cesadd0.
5315+-
2whi
chi
swr
it
tenas2.5315.
I
treadsbartwopoi
ntfi
vethr
eeonefi
ve.Thenegati
vesi
gni
swr
it
tendi
rect
lyabov
etwo
t
oshowt hati
t’
sonl
ythechar
act
eri
sti
cisnegat
ive.

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hel
ogar
it
hm of
:
0.
00063

Sol
uti
on
-
3
=6.
3×10 (
Findt
hel
ogar
it
hm of 6.
3)
0.
7993 -
3
=10 ×10
-
3
=10 +0.
7993
̅
=3.7993

ANTI
LOGARI
THMS
Findi
nganti
logar
it
hm i
sther
ever
seoff
indi
ngt
helogar
it
hmsofanumber.Forexample
thelogar
it
hm of1000tobase10is3.Sotheanti
l
ogari
thm of3i
s1000.
Inalgebr
aic
notat
ion,
if
Logx=yt
henant
il
ogofy=x.

Exampl
e
̅
Fi
ndt
heant
il
ogar
ihm of2.
t 3031

Sol
uti
on
Lett
henumberbex

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̅
2.3031
X=10
-
2+0.
3031
=10
-
2 0.
3031
=10 x10 (
Findt
heant
il
og,
pressshi
ftandl
ogt
henkeyi
nthenumber
)
-
2
=10 x2.
01
1
= x2.
01
100
2.
01
=
100
=0.
02010201

pl
e
Usel
ogar
it
hm t
abl
est
oev
aluat
e:
456x398
271
Number St
andar
dfor
m l
ogar
it
hm
2
456 56x10
4. 2.
6590
2
398 98x10
3. 2.
5999
5.
2589

+
2
271 71x10
2. 2.
4330 -
2
6. 10← 2.
697x 8259
=669.
7
Tof
indt
heexactnumberf
indtheanti
logof2.8259byl
ett
ingt
hechar
act
eri
sti
cpar
tto
bet
hepoweroftent
henfi
ndingtheanti
logof0.
8259

Exampl
e
Oper
ati
onsi
nvol
vi
ngbar
415.
2x0.0761
Ev
aluat
e
135

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Sol
uti
on

Number l
ogar
it
hm
415.
2 2.
6182
0.
0761 ̅
2.8814+
1.
4996
135
2.
1303-

341x10
2.
-
1 ̅
1.3693
0.
2341

Ex
ampl
e
1
-
1
0.
945 =(
9.45x10 )
2

̅ 1
1.9754x
=(10 2)

Not
e;
̅
Inordertodivde 1 .
i 9754by2,wewr i
tethelogari
thm i
nsearch awaythatt
he
t
h
char
acter
ist
ici
sexact
lydi
visi
ble by2.
Ifwear
elookingfort
hen root,wear
ranget
he
char
acter
ist
ict
obeexactl
ydivi
sibl
ebyn)
̅
1.9754=-
1+0.
9754
=-
2+1.
9754
1̅ 1
Ther
efor
e, (1.
9754)= (-2+1.
9754)
2 2
=-
1+0.
9877
̅
=1.9877

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̅
Fi
ndtheanti
logof1. 9877 bywr
it
ingt
hemant
issaaspowerof10andt
henf
indt
he
ant
il
ogofcharact
eri
sti
c.
-
1
720X10
=9.
= 0.
9720

Exampl
e
3
0.
0618
Number l
ogar
it
hm
3
̅ 1
0.
06182.7910x
3
̅ 1
=(3+1.
7910)×
3
1 ̅
-
954x10 =1.5970(
3. fi
ndt
heant
il
og)

0.
3954
Endoft
opi
c

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ery
thi
ng?
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eyouunder
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ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuestionsonthecubes,
cubesr
oot
s,
Reci
procal
sindi
cesandlogari
thms.
1.Usel
ogar
it
hmst
oev
aluat
e

336.
15x0.
02573
1,
938
2.Fi
ndt
hev
alueofxwhi chsat
isf
iest
heequat
ion.
x2 4x-
3
16 =8

3.Usel
ogar
it
hmst
oev
aluat
e 2
(1934) x √0.00324
436

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4.Usel
ogar
it
hmst oeval
uat
e
55.
9÷( 01177)1/5
02621x0.

5.Simpli
fy 2xx52x2-x
6.Uselogar
it
hmstoev aluat
e
1/3
(3.
256x0.0536)

7.Solv ef orxi ntheequat

ion
32(x-3)÷8(x-4)=64÷2x
8.Sol
vef
orxi
ntheequat
ions812xx27x=729
9x
9.Usereci
procalandsquar
etabl
est
oev
aluat
eto4si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es,
theexpr
essi
on:
1 +4. 3462
24.
56
10.Usel
ogar
it
hm t
abl
es,
toev
aluat
e

0. 262/3
032x14.
0.
006

11.Fi
ndt hevalueofxint
hef
oll
owi
ngequat
ion
49(x+1)+7(2x)=350

12.Uselogar
it
hmst
oev
aluat
e
2
(0.
07284)
3√0.
06195
13.Findthevalueofm i
nthef
oll
owi
ngequat
ion
27m x( -
1
(1/ 81) =243
14.Giv hatP=3yexpr
ent esst
heequaton3(2y-1)+2x3(y-1)=1i
i nter
msofPhenceorot
her
wise
(2y–1) (y
-1)
fi
ndtheval
ueofyint
heequat
ion3 +2x3 =1

1/
5
15.Usel
ogar
it
hmst
oevaluat
e55.
9(
0.2621x0.
01177)
16.Usel
ogar
it
hmstoev
aluate

6. 3911¾
79x0.
Log5

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17.Usel
ogar
it
hmst
oev
aluat
e

3 1.
23x0.
0089
79.
54

18.Sol
veforxi
ntheequat
ion
X=0.0056½
1.
38x27.
42

CHAPTERTWENTYSEVEN

GRADI
ENTANDEQUATI
ONSOFS
TRAI
GHTLI
NES

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:

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a.
)Def
inegr
adi
entofast
rai
ghtl
i
ne
b.
)Det
ermi
net
hegr
adi
entofast
rai
ghtl
i
net
hroughknownpoi
nts
c.
)Det
ermi
net
heequat
ionofast
rai
ghtl
i
neusi
nggr
adi
entandoneknownpoi
nt
d.
)Expr
essast
rai
ghtl
i
neequat
ioni
nthef
orm y=mx+c
e.
)Int
erpr
ett
heequat
iony=mx+c
f
.)Fi
ndt
hex-andy
-int
ercept
sfr
om anequat
ionofal
i
ne
g.
)Dr
awt
hegr
aphofast
rai
ghtl
i
neusi
nggr
adi
entandx-andy
-int
ercept
s
h.
)St
atet
her
elat
ionshi
pofgr
adi
ent
sofper
pendi
cul
arl
i
nes
i
.) St
atet
her
elat
ionshi
pofgr
adi
ent
sofpar
all
ell
i
nes
j
.) Appl
ytherelat
ionshi
pofgr
adi
ent
sofper
pendi
cul
arandpar
all
ell
i
nest
ogetequat
ionsof
st
rai
ghtl
ines.

Cont
ent
a.
)Gr
adi
entofast
rai
ghtl
i
ne
b.
)Equat
ionofast
rai
ghtl
i
ne
c.
)Theequat
ionofast
rai
ghtl
i
neoft
hef
orm y=mx+c
d.
)Thexandyi
nter
cept
sofal
i
ne
e.
)Thegr
aphofast
rai
ghtl
i
ne
f
.)Per
pendi
cul
arl
i
nesandt
hei
rgr
adi
ent
g.
)Par
all
ell
i
nesandt
hei
rgr
adi
ent
s
h.
)Equat
ionsofpar
all
elandper
pendi
cul
arl
i
nes.

Gr
adi
ent

Thesteepnessorsl
opeofanar
eai
scal
l
edt
hegr
adi
ent
.Gr
adi
enti
sthechangei
nyaxi
s
overt
hechangeinxaxis.
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cha
ngei
nyc
o-ordi
nat
es y2-y1
=
c
hangei
nxco-
ordi
nat
es x x
2- 2

Not
e:
I
fanincr
easei
nt hexco-
ordi
nat
esal
socausesani
ncr
easei
ntheyco-
ordi
nat
est
he
gr
adi
enti
sposi
ti
ve.
I
fani
ncr
easeint
hexco- or
dinat
escausesadecr
easei
nthev
alueoft
heyco-
ordi
nat
e,
t
hegr
adi
enti
snegat
ive.
I
f,foranincr
easeinthexco-
ordi
nat
e,t
her
eisnochangei
nthev
alueoft
heyco-
or
dinat
e,t
hegradi
enti
szer
o.
Forv
ert
ical
li
ne,
thegr
adi
enti
snotdef
ined.

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hegr
adi
ent
.

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Sol
uti
on
chang
einyaxi
s
Gr
adi
ent=
cha
ngeinxa
xis
4-
3
=
6-
2
1
=
4

Equat
ionofast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.
Gi
vent
wopoi
nts

Exampl
e.
Fi
ndt
heequat
ionoft
hel
i
net
hrought
hepoi
ntsA(
1,3)andB(
2,8)

Sol
uti
on
8-
3
Thegr
adi
entoft
her
equi
redl
i
nei
s =5
2-
1
y-
3
Takeanypoi
ntp(
x,y
)ont
hel
i
ne.Usi
ng.
..poi
ntsPandA,
thegr
adi
enti
s
x-
1
y-
3
Ther
efor
e =5
x-
1
Hencey=5x-2
Gi
vent
hegr
adi
entandonepoi
ntont
hel
i
ne

Exampl
e
Det
ermi
net
heequat
ionofal
i
newi
thgr
adi
ent3,
passi
ngt
hrought
hepoi
nt(
1,5)
.

Sol
uti
on
y-
5
Lett
hel
i
nepasst
hroughagener
alpoi
nt(
x,y
).Thegr
adi
entoft
hel
i
nei
s =3
x-
1
Hencet
heequat
ionoft
hel
i
nei
sy=3x+2
Wecanexpr
essl
i
nearequat
ioni
nthef
orm y=mx+c
.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions.
-4 8
Forexample4x+3y=-8i
sequi
val
enttoy= x- .Int
hel
i
nearequat
ionbel
ow
3 3
gradi
enti
sequalt
om whi
l
ecistheyint
ercept.

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Usi
ngt
heabov
est
atementwecaneasi
l
ygett
hegr
adi
ent
.

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hegr
adi
entoft
hel
i
newhoseequat
ioni
s3y-
6x+7=0

Sol
uti
on
Wr
it
etheequat
ioni
nthef
orm ofy=mx+c
3y=6x-7
7
y=2x-
3

M=2andal
sogr
adi
enti
s2.

They
-int
ercept
They–i nt
erceptofali
neist
heval
ueofyatthepoi
ntwheretheli
necrossest
heyaxis.
WhichisCint heabovefi
gur
e.Thex–i
nter
ceptofagraphisthatval
ueofxwherethe
graphcr
ossest hexaxi
s.
Tofindt
hexi
nter
ceptwemustfi
ndt
hev al
ueofywhenx=0becauseatev
erypoi
nton
theyaxi
sx=0.Thesamei
struef
oryi
ntercept
.

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
heyi
nter
cepty=2x+10onput
ti
ngy=owehav
etosol
vet
hisequat
ion.
2x+10=0
2x=-
10
X=-5
Xi
nter
cepti
sequal
to–5.

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Per
pendi
cul
arl
i
nes
Ift
heproduct
softhegr
adi
entoft
het
wol
i
nesi
sequal
to–1,
thent
het
wol
i
nesar
e
equal
toeachother.

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Exampl
e
Fi
ndi
fthet
wol
i
nesar
eper
pendi
cul
ar
1
y= x+1y=-
3x-2
3

Sol
uti
on
Thegr
adi
ent
sar
e
1
M= andM =-
3
3
Thepr
oducti
s
1
×-
3= -1
3
Theansweri
s-1hencet
heyar
eper
pendi
cul
ar.

Exampl
e
Y=2x+7
Y=-
2x+5
Thepr
oduct
sar
e 2×-2= -4hencet
het
wol
i
nesar
enotper
pendi
cul
ar.

Par
all
ell
i
nes
Par
all
ell
i
neshav
ethesamegr
adi
ent
se.
g.
y=2x+7
y=2x-9
Bot
hli
neshav
ethesamegr
adi
entwhi
chi
s2hencet
heyar
epar
all
el
Endoft
opi
c

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ery
thi
ng?
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,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Thecoor
dinat
esoft
hepoi
ntsPandQar
e(1,
-2)and(
4,10)r
espect
ivel
y.

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Apoi
ntTdi
vi
dest
hel
i
nePQi
nther
ati
o2:
1
(
a)Det
ermi
net
hecoor
dinat
esofT
(
b)(
i) Fi
ndt
hegr
adi
entofal
i
neper
pendi
cul
art
oPQ
(
ii
i) Hencedet er
minetheequati
onoft hel i
neper pendicul
arPQandpassi ngt hrough
T
(
iv) I fthel i
nemeet sthey-axi
satR, calculatethedistanceTR, tot
hreesignif
icant
f
igures
2.Al i
neL1passest houghpoint(1,2)andhasagr adientof5.Anot herli
neL2,i
sperpendi cul
ar
toL1andmeet sitatapointwherex=4.Fi ndtheequat i
onforL2i nthefor
m ofy=mx+c
3.P( 5,-4)andQ( -1,2)arepointsonastrai
ghtline.Findt heequationoftheperpendicular
bisectorofPQ: givingtheanswerintheform y=mx+c.
4.Ont hedi agram below,thel
inewhoseequat i
oni s7y–3x+30=0passest hought he
pointsAandB.Poi ntAont hex-axiswhil
epointBi sequi di
stantfrom xandyaxes.

Cal
cul
atet
heco-
ordi
nat
esoft
hepoi
ntsAandB
5.Al i
newithgradientof-3passesthrought
hepoi
nts(3.k)and(k.
8).Fi
ndthev al
ueofkand
henceexpresst heequationofthel
ineint
hefor
m aax+ab=c, wherea,b,andcare
constant
s.
6.Findtheequationofast rai
ghtli
newhichi
sequi
dist
antfrom t
hepoint
s(2,3)and(6,1)
,
expressi
ngitint hefor
m ax+by=cwher ea,
bandcar econstant
s.
7.Theequat i
onofal ne-3/
i 5x+3 y=6.Findt
he:
(a)Gradi
entoft heline (
1mk)

(
b)Equat
ionofal
i
nepassi
ngt
hroughpoi
nt(
1,2)andper
pendi
cul
art
othegi
venl
i
neb
8.Findt
heequati
onoftheperpendicul
art
othelinex+2y=4andpassest hr
oughpoint(
2,1)
9.Findt
heequati
onofthel
inewhi chpassesthroughthepoint
sP( 3,7)andQ(6,1)
10.Fi
ndt
heequati
onofthelinewhosex-i nter
ceptsis-2andy-int
erceptsis5
11.Fi
ndt
hegradi
entandy-i
nterceptoftheli
newhoseequat i
onis4x–3y–9=0

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CHAPTERTWENTY EI
GHT
REFLECTI
ONANDCONGRUENCE

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)St
atet
hepr
oper
ti
esofr
efl
ect
ionasat
ransf
ormat
ion
b.
)Uset heproper
ti
esofr
efl
ect
ioni
nconst
ruct
ionandi
dent
if
icat
ionofi
mages
andobject
s
c.
)Makegeomet
ri
cal
deduct
ionsusi
ngr
efl
ect
ion
d.
)Appl
yref
lect
ioni
ntheCar
tesi
anpl
ane
e.
)Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weendi
rectandopposi
tecongr
uence
f
.)I
dent
if
ycongr
uentt
ri
angl
es.

Cont
ent
a.
)Li
nesandpl
anesofsy
mmet
ry
b.
)Mi
rr
orl
i
nesandconst
ruct
ionofobj
ect
sandi
mages
c.
)Ref
lect
ionasat
ransf
ormat
ion
d.
)Ref
lect
ioni
ntheCar
tesi
anpl
ane
e.
)Di
rectandopposi
tecongr
uency
f
.) Congr
uencyt
est
s(SSS,
SAS,
AAS,
ASAandRHS)

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I
ntr
oduct
ion
Theprocessofchangi
ngtheposi
ti
on,di
rect
ionorsi
zeofaf
igur
etof
orm anewf
igur
e
i
scall
edtransf
ormati
on.

Refl
ect
ionandcongr
uence
Symmet r
y
Symmet r
yiswhenoneshapebecomesexact l
yli
keanotherifyouturn,sl
i
deorcutthem
i
ntotwoi dent
icalpar
ts.Theli
neswhichdi
vi
desaf i
gurei
ntot woidenti
calpart
sare
call
edlinesofsymmet r
y.Ifafi
gur
eiscuti
ntotwoidenti
calpartsthecutparti
scal
led
theplaneofsymmet ry.

Howmanypl
anesofsy
mmet
rydoes t
heabov
efi
gur
eshav
e?

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Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofsy
mmet
ry.Ref
lect
ionandRot
ati
onal
.

Ref
lect
ion
Atr
ansformat
ionofafi
gur
einwhicheachpoi
nti
srepl
acedbyapoi
ntsy
mmet
ri
cwi
th
r
especttoali
neorpl
anee.
g.mir
rorli
ne.

Pr
oper
ti
espr
eser
vedunderr
efl
ect
ion
 Mi
dpoi
ntsal
way
sremai
nthesame.
 Angl
emeasuresr
emai
nthesamei
.e.t
hel
i
nej
oini
ngappoi
ntandi
tsi
magei
s
per
pendi
cul
artot
hemir
rorl
i
ne.
 Apoi
ntont
heobjectandacor
respondi
ngpoi
ntont
hei
magear
eequi
dist
ant
f
rom t
hemi
rrorl
i
ne.
Ami
rr
orl
i
nei
sal
i
neofsy
mmet
rybet
weenanobj
ectandi
tsi
mage.

(
a)
Figur
est hathav
e
rotat
ional
symmet ry

(b)Orderof
rotat
ional 2 3 4 5
symmet ry

Exampl
es
Toref
lectanobj
ecty
oudrawt hesamepoi nt
softheobj
ectbutonopposi
tesi
deoft
he
mir
ror
.Theymustbeequi
dist
ancefrom eachother
.

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Exer
cise
Fi
ndt
hemi
rr
orl
i
neort
hel
i
neofsy
mmet
ry.

Tofindt
hemirr
orli
ne, j
oint
hepointsontheobjectandimagetogetherthenbi
sectt
he
l
inesper
pendi
cular
ly.Theperpendi
cul
arbisect
orgivesusthemirr
orline.

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Congr
uence
Fi
gureswi
ththesamesizeandsameshapearesai
dtobecongr
uent
.Ifaf
igur
efi
tsi
nto
anot
herdi
rect
lyi
tissai
dtobedir
ect
lycongr
uent
.
Ifafi
gureonlyfi
tsi
ntoanotheraf
teri
thasbeent
urnedt
heni
t’
scal
l
edopposi
te
congruentori
ndir
ectcongr
uence.

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A B

Fi
gureAandBaredir
ect
lycongruentwhi
l
eCi sopposi
tel
yori
ndi
rect
lycongr
uent
becausei
tonl
yfi
tsi
ntoAafteri
thasbeentur
ned.
Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

CHAPTERTWENTYNI
NE

ROTATI
ON

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Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)St
atepr
oper
ti
esofr
otat
ionasat
ransf
ormat
ion
b.
)Det
ermi
necent
reandangl
eofr
otat
ion
c.
)Appl
ypr
oper
ti
esofr
otat
ioni
ntheCar
tesi
anpl
ane
d.
)Ident
if
ypoi
ntofr
otat
ional
symmet
ry
e.
)St
ateor
derofr
otat
ional
symmet
ryofpl
anef
igur
e
f
.)I
dent
if
yaxi
sofr
otat
ional
symmet
ryofsol
i
ds
g.
)St
ateor
derofr
otat
ional
symmet
ryofsol
i
ds
h.
)Deducecongr
uencef
rom r
otat
ion.

Cont
ent
a.
)Pr
oper
ti
esofr
otat
ion
b.
)Cent
reandangl
eofr
otat
ion
c.
)Rot
ati
oni
nthecar
tesi
anpl
ane
d.
)Rot
ati
onal
symmet
ryofpl
anef
igur
esandsol
i
ds(
poi
ntaxi
sandor
der
)
e.
)Congr
uenceandr
otat
ion

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Atransformati
oni nwhi
chaplanefiguretur
nsaroundafixedcent
erpoi
ntcal
ledcenter
ofrotat
ion.Ar otat
ioni
ntheanticl
ockwisedir
ecti
onistakentobeposit
ivewhereasa
rot
ati
oni ntheclockwi
sedi
rect
ionistakentobenegati
ve.
Forexampl
ear
otat
ionof900 cl
ockwi
sei
stakent
obenegat
ive.-900whi
l
ear
otat
ionof

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ant
icl se 900 i
ockwi st obe+900.
akent

Forarot
ati
ont
obecompl
etel
ydef
inedt
hecent
erandt
heangl
eofr
otat
ionmustbe
stat
ed.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion
Tor
otat
etr
iangl
eAt
hrought
heor
igi
n,angl
eofr
otat
ion+1/
4tur
n.

Drawal inefr
om eachpointtothecenterofrotat
ion,int
hiscasei
t’stheori
gin.
Measure
0
90 f r
om theobjectusi
ngtheprot
acterandmakesur ethebaseli
neoft heproctact
eri
s
ont hesamel i
neastheli
nefrom t
hepoi ntoftheobjectt
othecenter.
The0mar kshoul
d
st
ar tfr
om theobject
.
Mark900 and dr
aw ast r
aightl
inetothecenterjoi
ningt
heli
nesattheor i
gin.
The
dist
ancef
rom t
hepointoftheobj
ectt
othecentershoul
dbethesame di
stanceasthe
l
ineyoudr
ew.Thi
sgiv
ey outheimagepoi
nt

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Thedi
stancebet
weentheobjectpoi
ntandtheimagepoi
ntunderr
otat
ionshoul
dbet
he
0
sameasthecenterofr
otat
ioni
nthiscase90

I
ll
ust
rat
ion.
Tof
indt
hecent
erofr
otat
ion.
 Dr
awasegmentconnect
ingpoi
nt’
s and ′

 Usi
ngacompass,
findt
heper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
oroft
hisl
i
ne.
 Drawasegmentconnect
ingpoi
nt’
s and ′
.
Findt
heper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
oroft
his
segment
.
 Thepointofi
nter
sect
ionoft
het
woper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orsi
sthecent
erofr
otat
ion.
Label
thispoi
nt .

Justi
fyy ourconst
ruct
ionbymeasuri
ngangles∠ ′and∠ ′
.Di
dyouobt
ainthesame
measur e?Theanglebetweenistheangl
eofrot
ati
on.Thezer
omar
kofprot
ect
orshouldbeon
theobjecttogiveyouthedi
recti
onofrot
ati
on.

Rot
ati
onal
symmet
ryofpl
anef
igur
es
Thenumberoft
imest
hef
igur
efi
tsont
oit
sel
finonecompl
etet
urni
scal
l
edt
heor
derof
rot
ati
onal
symmetr
y.

Not
e;
Theor
derofr
otat
ionalsy
mmet
ryofaf
igur
e = 360/
angl
ebet
weent
woi
dent
ical

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par
tsoft
hef
igur
e.
Rotat
ionalsymmetryi
salsocal
ledpoi
ntsy
mmet ry.Rotati
onpr
eser
vesl
engt
h,angl
es
andarea,andtheobj
ectandi
tsi
magearedi
rect
lycongruent.
Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

CHAPTERTHI
RTY

S
IMI
LARI
TYANDENLARGEMENT

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Ident
if
ysi
mil
arf
igur
es
b.
)Const
ructsi
mil
arf
igur
es
c.
)St
atepr
oper
ti
esofenl
argementasat
ransf
ormat
ion
d.
)Appl
ythepr
oper
ti
esofenl
argementt
oconst
ructobj
ect
sandi
mages
e.
)Appl
yenl
argementi
nCar
tesi
anpl
anes
f
.)St
atet
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenl
i
near
,ar
eaandv
olumescal
efact
or
g.
)Appl
ythescal
efact
orst
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

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Cont
ent
a.
)Si
mil
arf
igur
esandt
hei
rpr
oper
ti
es
b.
)Const
ruct
ionofsi
mil
arf
igur
es
c.
)Pr
oper
ti
esofenl
argement
d.
)Const
ruct
ionofobj
ect
sandi
magesunderenl
argement
e.
)Enl
argementi
ntheCar
tesi
anpl
ane
f
.)Li
near
,ar
eaandv
olumescal
efact
ors
g.
)Real
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Si
mil
arFi
gur
es
Twoormor
efi
gur
esar
esai
dtobesi
mil
ari
f:
 Ther
ati
ooft
hecor
respondi
ngsi
desi
sconst
ant
.
 Thecor
respondi
ngangl
ear
esi
mil
ar
Exampl
e1
I
nt hef
igur
esbelow,
giv hat△ABC~△PQR,
ent findt
he
unknownsx,yandz.

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Sol
uti
on
BAcorrespondstoQPeachoft
hem hasopposit eyand980.
eangl Henceyi
sequal
to
980 BCcorrespondst
oQRandACcorrespondstoPR.
BA/
QR=BC/
QR=AC/
PR
AC/
PR=BC/
QR
3/
4.5=5/
Z
Z=7.
5cm

Not
e:
Twofigur
escanhavet
herati
oofcor
respondi
ngsi
desequal
butf
ail
tobesi
mil
ari
fthe
cor
respondi
ngangl
esarenott
hesame.
Twotri
angl
esar
esimilarifei
thert
hei
ral
lthei
rcor
respondi
ngangl
esar
eequal
ort
he
rat
iooft
hei
rcor
respondingsidesi
sconst
ant.
Exampl
e:
I
nthef
igur
e,△ABCi
ssi
mil o△RPQ.Fi
art ndt
hev
aluesoft
heunknowns.

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Si
nce△ABC~△RPQ,
∠B=∠P∴x=90°

Al
so,
AB/
RP =BC/
PQ
39/
y=52/
48

(
48X39)
52
∴y=36

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Al
so,
AC/
RQ=BC/
PQ

Z/
60=52/
48

∴z=65
ENLARGMENT

What
’senl
argement
?
Enl
argement
,somet imescal
ledscali
ng,i
sakindoft
ransf
ormati
onthatchangest
he
si
zeofanobj ect.Theimagecreated i
ssimi
lar
*totheobject
.Despit
et hename
enl
argement
,itincl
udesmaki
ngobjectssmal
l
er.
Forev
eryenl
argement,ascalef
act
ormustbespeci
fi
ed.Thescal
efact
ori
showmany
ti
meslar
gert
hant heobjectt
heimagei
s.

Lengt
hofsi
dei
nimage=l
engt
hofsi
dei
nobj
ectXscal
efact
or
Foranyenl
argement
,ther
emustbeapoi
ntcal
l
edt
hecent
erofenl
argement
.

Di
stancef
rom cent
erofenl
argementt
opoi
ntoni
mage=
Di
stancef
rom Cent
reofenl
argementt
opoi
ntonobj
ectXscal
efact
or

TheCent
reofenl
argementcanbeany
wher
e,buti
thast
oexi
st.

Thi
sprocessofobt
aini
ngtri
angl
eA’B‘ C’f
rom t
ri
angl
eABCi scal
ledenlar
gement.
Tri
angl
eABCistheobjectandtr
iangl
es A’B‘C‘It
simageunderenlar
gementscal
e

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f
act
or2.
Hence
OA’
/OA=OB’
/OB=OC’
/OC=2.
..
Ther at
ioi
scal
l
edscal
efact
orofenl
argement
.Thescal
efact
ori
scal
l
edl
i
nerscal
e
fact
or
Bymeasur
ementOA=1.
5cm,
OB=3cm andOC=2.
9cm.TogetA’
,t
hei
mageofA,
we
pr
oceedasfol
l
ows
OA=1.
5cm
OA’
/OA=2(
scal
efact
or2)
OA’
=1.
5X2
=3cm
Al
soOB’
/OB=2
=3X2
=6cm

Not
e:
Li
nesjoi
ningobj
ectpoi
ntst
othei
rcor
respondi
ngi
magepoi
ntsmeetatt
heCent
reof
enl
argement.

CENTEROFENLARGMENT
Tof i
ndcenterofenlargementjoinobjectpointstothei
rcorr
espondingi
magepoi nt
s
andextendthelines,wheretheymeetgi v
esy outheCentreofenl
argement.OrDraw
str
aightl
inesfr
om eachpoi ntont heimage,throughitscorr
espondi
ngpointonthe
object
,andcontinuingforali
ttl
efurther.Thepointwhereallt
heli
nescrossistheCent
re
ofenlar
gement .

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SCALEFACTOR
Thescal
efactorcanbewhol
enumber,
negat
iveorf
ract
ion.Wholenumberscalef
actor
meansthatt
heimageisonthesamesi
deastheobj
ectanditcanbelar
gerorthesame
si
ze,
Negati
vescal
efactormeanst
hatthei
magei
sontheopposi
tesi
deoft heobj
ectanda
fr
acti
onwholenumberscalef
act
ormeanst
hatt
heimageissmal
lerei
theronthesame
si
deoropposit
eside.
Li
nearscal
efact
ori
sarati
ointhefor
m a:bora/b.Thi
srat
iodescr
ibesanenl
argement
orr
educti
oninonedi
mensi
on,andcanbecal
culat
edusing.

Newl
engt
h
Or
igi
nal
lengt
h
Areascalefactor i
sarat
ioi
nthef
orm e:
fore/f
.Thi
srati
o descr
ibeshowmanyti
mes
toenlarge.Orr educet
heareaoftwodimensi
onalfi
gure.Ar
eascalefact
orcanbe
calcul
atedusing.
NewAr
ea
Or
igi
nal
Area
Ar
eascal
efact
or=(
li
nearscal
efact
or)2
Vol
umescal
efact
oristherati
othatdescri
beshowmanytimestoenlar
georreducet
he
vol
umeofathr
eedimensionalf
igur
e.Volumescal
efact
orcanbecalcul
atedusi
ng.
NewVol
ume
Or
igi
nal
Vol
ume
Vol
umescal
efact
or=(
li
nearscal
efact
or)3
CONGRUENCETRI
ANGLES

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When t
wo t
ri
anglesar
econgr
uent
,al
lthei
rcor
respondi
ng si
desandcor
respondi
ng
angl
esar
eequal
.

TRASLATI
ONVECTOR
Translat
ionvectormov esever
ypoi
ntofanobjectbythesameamountinthegi
ven
vectordi
rect
ion.Itcanbesi
mplybedef
inedast
headdi
ti
onofaconst
antv
ectort
oev
ery
point.
Transl
ati
onsandv ector
s: Thetr
ansl
ati
onatt he
l
eftshowsav ectortr
anslati
ngthetoptri
angl
e4
unit
st otherightand 9 unitsdownward. The
notati
on forsuch vectormov ementmay be
writ
tenas:

 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
 or
  
  

Vectorssuchast hoseusedint r
ansl
ati
onsar e
whati sknownasf r
eevector
s. Anytwov ect
ors
ofthesamel engthandparall
eltoeachotherare
consider
ed ident
ical.
 Theyneed nothav et he
samei ni
ti
alandterminal
point
s. 
 

Endoft
opi
c

Di
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ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsonRefl
ect
ionandCongr
uence,
Rotat
ion,
Simi
l
ari
tyandEnl
argement
.
1.Atranslat
ionmapsapoi nt(1,2)onto)(-2,2) .Whatwouldbethecoordinat
esoftheobj
ect
whosei magei s(-
3,-
3)underthesamet ransl at
ion?
5
2.Usebinomi alexpr
essi
ontoev al
uate( 0.
96) correctto4signi
fi
cantfi
gures
11.Inthefigurebel
owtri
angleABOr epr
esent sapartofaschoolbadge.Thebadgehasas

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sy
mmet
ryofor
der4aboutO.Compl
etet
hef
igur
est
oshowt
hebadge.

O
C
3.Apoint(-
5,4)i
smappedonto(-1,-
1)byat ranslat
ion.Findtheimageof(-4,5)undert
he
sametransl
ati
on.
4.Atri
anglei
sformedbythecoordi
natesA( 2,1)B(4, 1)andC( 1,6)
.Iti
srotated
cl
ockwiset ough900aboutt
hr heorigin.Fi
ndt hecoor di
natesofthi
simage.
5.Thedi
agr
am ont
hegr
idpr
ovi
dedbel
owshowsat
rapezi
um ABCD

Ont
hesamegr
id
(
a) (
i) Dr
awt
hei
mageA’
B’C’
DofABCDunderar
otat
ionof900
cl
ockwi
seaboutt
heor
igi
n.
(
ii
) Dr
awt
hei
mageofA”
B”C”
D”ofA’
B’C’
D’underar
efl
ect
ioni
n

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l
i
ney=x.St
atecoor
dinat
esofA”
B”C”
D”.
(
b) A”
B”C”
D”i
sthei
mageofA”
B”C”
Dundert
her
efl
ect
ioni
nthel
i
nex=0.
Dr
awt
hei
mage A”
B”C”
D”andst
atei
tscoor
dinat
es.
(
c) Descr
ibeasi
ngl
etr
ansf
ormat
iont
hatmapsA”B”
C”Dont
oABCD.
6.Atr
ansl
ati
onmapsapoi
ntP(3,
2)ont
oP’
(5,
4)
(
a)Deter
minet
hetr
ansl
ati
onvect
or
(
b)Apoi
ntQ’i
sthei
mageofthepoi
ntQ(,5)undert
hesamet
ransl
ati
on.Fi
ndt
hel
engt
hof
‘
P’Ql
eavi
ngtheansweri
ssur
dform.
7.Twopoint
sPandQhav ecoordi
nat
es(-
2,3)and(
1,3)r
espect
ively.Atransl
ati
onmappoi
nt
PtoP’(10,10)
(a)Findt
hecoor
dinat
esofQ’t
heimageofQunderthetranslat
ion ( 1mk)
(
b)Theposit
ionv
ect
orofPandQi
n(a)abov
ear
epandqr
espect
ivel
ygi
vent
hatmp
–nq=- 12
9 Fi
ndt
hev
alueofm andn (
3mks)
8.ontheCart
esi
anpl
anebel
ow,tr
ianglePQRhasv er
ti
cesP(2,3),
Q (1,
2)andR(4,
1)whi
l
e
tr
iangl
esP”q“R”hasver
ti
cesP”(-2,3)
,Q”(-
1,2)andR”(-4,1)

(
a) Descr
ibef
ull
yasi
ngl
etr
ansf
ormat
ionwhi
chmapst
ri
angl
ePQRont
otr
iangl
eP”
Q”R”
(
b) Onthesamepl
ane,
drawt
ri
angl
eP’
Q’R’
,t
hei
mageoft
ri
angl
ePQR,
underr
efl
ect
ioni
n
l
iney=-x
(
c) Descr
ibef
ull
yasi
ngl
etr
ansf
ormat
ionwhi
chmapst
ri
angl
eP’
Q’R’
ont
otr
iangl
eP”
Q”R
(
d) Dr
awt
ri
angl
eP”
Q”R”sucht
hati
tcanbemappedont
otr
iangl
ePQRbyaposi
ti
vequar
ter

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t
urnabout(
0,0)
(
e) St
ateal
lpai
rsoft
ri
angl
ethatar
eopposi
tel
ycongr
uent

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CHAPTERTHI
RTYONE
THEPYTHAGORA’
STHEOREM

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Der
ivePy
thagor
ast
heor
em
b.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsusi
ngPy
thagor
ast
heor
em
c.
)Appl
yPy
thagor
ast
heor
em t
osol
vepr
obl
emsi
nli
fesi
tuat
ions

Cont
ent
a.
)Py
thagor
asTheor
em
b.
)Sol
uti
onofpr
obl
emsusi
ngPy
thagor
asTheor
em
c.
)Appl
i
cat
iont
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Consi
dert
het
ri
angl
ebel
ow:

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Pythagor
ast heor
em st
atesthatf
orari
ght
-angl
edtri
angl
e,t
hesquar
eoft
hehy
pot
enusei
s
equaltothesum oft
hesquar
eofthet
woshort
ersi
des.

Exampl
e
I
nar ightangl
etr
iangl
e,t
het
woshor
tersi
desar
e6cm and8cm.Fi
ndt
hel
engt
hoft
he
hypot
enuse.

Sol
uti
on
Usi
ngPy
thagor
ast
heor
em
2 2 2
hyp =6 x8

2 2 2
hyp =36 x64

2 2
p= 100=10
hyp =100 hy

Endoft
opi
c

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ery
thi
ng?

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I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.
1. Theangleofel evati
onofthetopofatreefr
om apointPonthehori
zontal
groundis
24.5°.
From anotherpointQ,fi
vemet r
esnear
ertothebaseofthet
ree,t
heangleofelev
ati
onof
thetopofthetreeis33. 2°
.Calcul
atetoonedeci
mal pl
ace,
thehei
ghtofthetr
ee.
2. Abl
ockofwoodi ntheshapeofaf rustrum ofaconeofslanti
ngedge30cm andbase
radi
us10cm i
scutparal
leltothebase,onet hir
doft hewayfrom thebaseal
ongtheslant
ing
edge.Fi
ndtherat
iooft
hev ol
umeoft heconer emov edt
othevolumeofthecompl
etecone

CHAPTERTHI
RTYTWO
TRI
GONOMETRI
CRATI
OS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Def
inet
angent
,si
neandcosi
ner
ati
osf
rom ar
ightangl
edt
ri
angl
e
b.
)Readanduset
abl
esoft
ri
gonomet
ri
crat
ios
c.
) Usesi
ne,
cosi
neandt
angenti
ncal
cul
ati
ngl
engt
hsandangl
es

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d.
)Est
abl
i
shanduset
her
elat
ionshi
pofsi
neandcosi
neofcompl
i
ment
aryangl
es
e.
)Rel
atet
het
hreet
ri
gonomet
ri
crat
ios
f
.)Deter
minet
het
ri
gonomet
ri
crat
iosofspeci
alangl
es30°
,45°
,60°and90°
wit
houtusi
ng
tabl
es
g.
)Readanduset
abl
esofl
ogar
it
hmsofsi
ne,
cosi
neandt
angent
h.
)Appl
ytheknowl
edgeoft
ri
gonomet
ryt
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)Tangent
,si
neandcosi
neofangl
es
b.
)Tr
igonomet
ri
ctabl
es
c.
)Angl
esandsi
desofar
ightangl
edt
ri
angl
e
d.
)Si
neandcosi
neofcompl
i
ment
aryangl
es
e.
)Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weent
angent
,si
neandcosi
ne
f
.)Tr
igonomet
ri
crat
iosofspeci
alangl
es30°
,45°
,60°and90°
g.
)Logar
it
hmsofsi
nes,
cosi
nesandt
angent
s
h.
)Appl
i
cat
ionoft
ri
gonomet
ryt
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

I
ntroduct
ion
TangentofAcut
eAngl
e
vert
ica
ldi
sta
nc e
The const
ant r
ati
o bet
ween t
he i
s cal
l
ed t
he t
angent
.It
’s
hor
izont
aldi
stance
abbr
evi
atedast
an

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oppos
ites
ide
Tan∅=
adj
acents
ide

Si
neofanAngl
e
Ther
ati
ooft
hesi
deofangl
ext
othehy
pot
enusesi
dei
scal
l
edt
hesi
ne.
opposit
esi
de
Si
n∅=
hypot
enus
e

Cosi
neofanAngl
e
Ther
ati
ooft
hesi
deadj
acentt
otheangl
eandhy
pot
enuse.
Adja
ce nt
Cosi
ne∅=
hypotenuse

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Exampl
e

0
I
nthefi
gur
eabov
eadj
acentl
engt
his4cm andAngl
ex=36.Cal
cul
atet
heopposi
te
l
engt
h.

Sol
uti
on
0 opposi
tel
eng
th PR
t
an36 = =
a
djac
entl
engh 4
0
4t
an36 =PR
The
ref
orePR=4x0.
7265=2.
9060cm.

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Exampl
e

I
ntheabov
eo=5cm a=12cm cal
cul
ateangl
esi
nxandcosi
nex.

Sol
uti
on
oppo 5
s
inx= =
hyph h
2 2 2
ButH =12×5
=169
= 169
H=13
5
Ther
efor
esi
nx=
13
=0.
3846
adj
Cosx=
hyp
12
=
13
=0.
9231

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Si
neandcosi
nesofcompl
ement
aryangl
es
Foranyt
wocomplement
aryangl
esxandy
,si
nx=cosycosx=si
nye.
g.
0 0
si
n60 =cos30,
0 0 0 0
Si
n30 =c
os60,
sin70 =c
os20,

Exampl
e
Fi
ndacut
eangl
esαa
ndβi
f
0
Si
nα=c
os33

Sol
uti
on
s
inα=c
os33
Ther
efor
eα+33=90
0
α=57

0 0 0
Tr
igonomet
ri
crat
iosofspeci
alAngl
es30 45 60.
Thesetri
gonometr
icrat
ioscanbedeductedbyt
heuseofi
soscel
esr
ight–angl
ed
tr
iangl
eandequil
ater
altri
angl
esasfol
lows.
0
Tangentcosi
neandsi
neof
45.
Thet
ri
angl
eshoul
dhav
eabaseandahei
ghtofoneuni
teach,
giv
inghy
pot
enuseof2.

0 1 0 1 0
Cos45 = si
n45 = tan45 =1
2 2
0 0
Tangentcosi
neandsi
neof30 a
md60.

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Theequi
l
ater
alt
ri
angl
ehasasi
desof2uni
tseach

1 1
30 = 3 t
0 0 0
Si
n30 = cos an30 =
2 2 3
1
n60 = 3 c n60 = 3= 3
0 0 0
Si os60 = ta
2 2 1
Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.
1. Givensi
n(90-a)=½,
findwi
thoutusi
ngt
ri
gonomet
ri
ctabl
est
hev
alueofcosa
(2mks)

2. I
f ,
fi
ndwi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
esorcal
cul
ator
,thev
alueof

(
3

mar
ks)
3. Atpoi
ntA,Davi
dobservedthetopofat al
lbui
ldi eof30o.Af
ngatanangl terwal
ki
ngf or
100met
erst
owardsthefootoft
hebuildi
nghest oppedatpoi
ntBwher
eheobserveditagai
nat
o
anangl
eof60.Findthehei
ghtofthebuil
ding

4. Fi
ndt
hev
alueof,
giv
ent
hat½si
n=0. or0o≤θ≤360o
35f

5. Amanwal ksfrom pointAtowardsthefootofatal

lbuil
ding240m away.Aft
ercov
eri
ng
180m,heobser
vesthattheangleofel
ev at
ionofthetopofthebuil
di s45o.Det
ngi erminet
he
angl
eofel
evati
onofthet opofthebui
ldingfr
om A

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6. Sol
vef n2Cos2x0=0.
orxi 600000≤x≤3600.

7. Wangechi
whoseey el
eveli
s182cm t
all
obser
vedtheangl
eofelevat
iont
othet
opofher
houset
obe32ºfrom hereyelev
elatpoi
ntA.shewalks20m t
owardsthehouse
onast
rai
ghtl
i
net
oapoi
ntBatwhi
chpoi
ntsheobser
vest
heangl
eofel
evat
iont
othe
t
opoft
hebui
l
dingt
othe40º
.Cal
cul
ate,
cor
rectt
o2deci
mal
placest
he;
a)
dist
anceofA f
rom t
hehouse
b)Thehei
ghtoft
hehouse
8. Gi
v hatcosA=5/
ent 13andangl
eAi
sacut
e,f
indt
hev
alueof
:-
2t
anA+3si
nA

9. Giv
enthattan5°=3+5, wit
houtusi
ngt
abl
esoracal
cul
ator
,det
ermi
net
an25°
,
l
eavi
ngyouranswerint
hefor
m a+bc

10. Gi vent
hatt
anx=5,
findt
hev
alueoft
hef
oll
owi
ngwi
thoutusi
ngmat
hemat
ical
tabl
esor
cal
cul
ator
: 12
(
a)Cosx
( n2(
b)Si 90-
x)

11. I
ftanθ=8/
15,
findt
hev
alueofSi
nθ-Cosθwi
thoutusi
ngacal
cul
atorort
abl
e
Cosθ+Si
nθ

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CHAPTERTHI
RTYTHREE

AREAOFATRI
ANGLE

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:

a.
)Der
ivet
hef
ormul
a; ea=½absi
Ar nC

b.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngar
eaoft
ri
angl
esusi
ngt
hef
ormul ea=½absi
aAr nC;

c.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsonar
eaofat
ri
angl
eusi
ngt
hef
ormul
aar
ea= s
(s-a
)(s-b)
(s-c
)

Cont
ent
a.
)Ar
eaoft
ri eA=1/
angl 2 absi
nC

b.
)Ar
eaofat
ri eA= s(
angl s-a
)(s
-b)
(s-
c)
c.
)Appl
i
cat
ionoft
heabov
efor
mul
aei
nsol
vi
ngpr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngr
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

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I
ntr
oduct
ion
Ar
eaofat r
iangl
egi
vent
wosi
desandani
ncl
udedAngl
e
1
Thear
eaofat
ri
angl
eisgi
venbyA= bhbutsomet
imesweuseot
herf
ormul
ast
oas
2
fol
l
ows.

Exampl
e
I
fthel
engthoft
wosi
desandanincl
udedangl
eofat
ri
angl
ear
egi
ven,t
hear
eaoft
he
1
t
ri
angl
eisgiv
enby A= a bs
inθ
2

0
I
nthefi
gur
eabov
ePQi
s5cm andPRi
s7cm angl
eQPRi
s50.
Findt
hear
eaoft
het
he
t
ri
angl
e.

Sol
uti
on
1 0
Usi
ngt
hef
ormul
aeby A= abs
inθa=5cm b=7cm andθ=50
2
1 0
Ar
ea= x5x7s
in50
2
=2.
5x7x0.
7660
2
=13. m
40c

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Areaofthet
ri
angl
e,gi
vent
het
hreesi
des.
Example
Fi
ndt
hear
eaofat
ri
angl
eABCi
nwhi
chAB=5cm,
BC=6cm andAC=7cm.

Sol
uti
on
Whenonl
ythr
eesi
desar
egi
venust
hef
ormul
ae
A= s(
s-a
)(s
-b)
(s-
c) Her
o’sf
ormul
ae

1
S= oft
hepe
rime
teroft
het
ria
ngl
e
2
1
= (
a+b+c
)A,
b,car
ethel
engt
hsoft
hesi
desoft
het
ri
angl
e.
2
1
= (
6+7+5)=9 AndA= 9(
9-6)
(9-
7)(
9-5)
2
= 9x
3x2x
4
= 216
2
70c
=14. m

Endoft
opi
c

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ng?
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,fr
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eyouunder
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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.
1. Thesi
desofat
ri
angl
ear
eint
her
ati
o3:
5:6.I
fit
sper
imet
eri
s56cm,
uset
heHer
oes
f
ormul
atof
indi
tsar
ea (
4mks)

2. Thef
igur
ebel
owi
sat
ri
angl
eXYZ.ZY=13.
4cm,
XY=5cm andangl
exy 7o
z=57.

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Cal
cul
ate
i
.) Lengt
hXZ.(
3mks)
i
i
i.
) Angl
eXZY.(
2mks)
i
v.
) I
faperpendi
cul
ari
sdr
oppedf
rom poi
ntXt
ocutZYatM,
Findt
her
ati
oMY:
ZM.(
3
mks)
Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
ri
angl
eXYZ.(
2mks)

CHAPTERTHI
RTYFOUR

AREAOFQUADRI
LATERALS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Fi
ndt
hear
eaofaquadr
il
ater
al
b.
)Fi
ndt
hear
eaofot
herpol
ygons(
regul
arandi
rr
egul
ar)
.

Cont
ent
a.
)Ar
eaofquadr
il
ater
als
b.
)Ar
eaofot
herpol
ygons(
regul
arandi
rr
egul
ar)
.

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I
ntr
oducti
on
Quadr
il
ater
als.
Theyarefoursi
dedf
igur
ese.
g.r
ect
angl
e,squar
e,r
hombus,par
all
elogr
am,t
rapezi
um
andki
te.

Ar
eaofr
ect
angl
e
A=LXW

ABandDCar
eat
hel
engt
hswhi
l
eADandBCar
ethewi
dth.

Ar
eaofpar
all
elogr
am
Af
igur
ewhoseopposi
tesi
dear
eequal
par
all
el.

2
Ar
ea=ba
sexhe
ight=2.
5x1. 5c
8=4. m

Ar
eaofaRhombus.
0
Af i
gur
ewi
thal
lsidesequalandthedi
agonal
sbisecteachotherat
90.I
nthef
igur
e
bel
owBC=CD=DA=AB=4cm whil
eAC=10cm andBD=12.Fi ndthear
ea

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Sol
uti
on
1
Fi
ndhal
foft
hedi
agonal
whi
chi
s ×10=5c
m
2
1 2
Ar
eaof∆BCD= X12X5=30c
m
2
Ar
eaof∆ABCD=2Xa
reaof∆BCD
2
=2X30c
m
2
=60c
m

Ar
eaofTr
apezi
um
Aquadr
il
ater
alwi
thonl
ytwoofi
tsopposi
tesi
desbei
ngpar
all
el.Thear
ea= ( )
a
+b
2
h

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
heabov
efi
gur
e
Sol
uti
on

Ar
ea=( )6+12
2
4

2
=9x4=36c
m

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Not
e:
Youcanuset
hesi
ner
ulet
ogett
hehei
ghtgi
vent
hehy
pot
enuseandanangl
e.
opposi
te
s
inθ=
hypot
eneus

Oruset
heacr
ony
m SOHCAHTOA

Rhombus

Exampl
e
I
nthef
igur
eabov
ethel
i
nesmar
ket/
/=7cm whi
l
e/=5cm,
findt
hear
ea.

Sol
uti
on
Joi
nXt
oY.
Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
het
wot
ri
angl
esf
ormed
1 0
x5x5xs
in95 =12.
45(
Tri
angl
eone)
2

1 0
x7x7xs
in60 =21.
21(
Tri
angl
etwo)
2
Thenaddt
hear
eaoft
het
wot
ri
angl
es
2
12.
45+21. 67c
21=33. m

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Ar
eaofr
egul
arpol
ygons
Anyregul
arpol
ygoncanbedi
vi
dedi
ntoi
soscel
estr
iangl
ebyjoi
ningt
hever
ticest
othe
Cent
re.Thenumberofthepoly
gonfor
medi sequaltothenumberofsidesofthe
pol
ygon.

Exampl
e
I
fther
adi
usi
sofapent
agon6cm f
indi
tsar
ea.

Sol
uti
on
0 360
Di
vi
det
hepent
agonei
ntof
ivet
ri
angl
eseachwi
th 72 ie( )
5

1 0
Ar
eaofonet
ri
angl
ewi
l
lbe= x6x6x
sin72
2
=17.
11
Ther
ear
efi
vet
ri
angl
est
her
efor
e
AREA=5X17.
11
2
55c
=85. m
Endoft
opi
c

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ery
thi
ng?
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,fr
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bodyandmakesur
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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.
1.
)Thedi
agr
am bel
ow,
notdr
awnt
oscal
e,i
sar
egul
arpent
agonci
rcumscr
ibedi
naci
rcl
eof
r
adi
us10cm atcent
reO

O
10cm

Fi
nd

(
a)Thesi
deoft
hepent
agon (
2mks)

(
b)Thear
eaoft
heshadedr
egi
on (
3mks)

2.
)PQRSi
sat
rapezi
um i
nwhi
chPQi
spar
all
elt
oSR,
PQ=6cm,
SR=12cm, PSR=400
andPS=10cm.Cal
cul
atet
hear
eaoft
het
rapezi
um. (
4mks)

P > Q

400
S >
R

3.
)Ar
egul
aroct
agonhasanar 8cm2.cal
eaof101. cul
atet
hel
engt
hofonesi
deoft
heoct
agon
(4mar
ks)
4.)Findt
heareaofaregul
arpol
ygonofl
engt
h10cm andsi
den,gi
vent
hatt
hesum ofi
nter
ior
anglesofn:
n–1i si
ntherati
o4:3.

5.
)Cal
cul
atet
hear
eaoft
hequadr
il
ater
alABCDshown:
-

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D
14cm
12cm
C

6cm
A B
18cm

CHAPTERTHI
RTYFI
VE

AREAPARTOFACI
RCLE

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Fi
ndt
hear
eaofasect
or

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b.
)Fi
ndt
hear
eaofasegment
c.
)Fi
ndt
hear
eaofacommonr
egi
onbet
weent
woci
rcl
es.

Cont
ent
a.
)Ar
eaofasect
or
b.
)Ar
eaofasegment
c.
)Ar
eaofcommonr
egi
onsbet
weenci
rcl
es.

I
ntroduct
ion
Sector
Asectori
sanareaboundedbyt
wor
adi
iandanar
c.Ami
norsect
orhasasmal
l
erar
ea
comparedtoamajorsect
or.

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Theor
angepar
tist
hemaj
orsect
orwhi
l
ethey
ell
owpar
tist
hemi
norsect
or.

Thear
eaofasect
or
Theareaofasect
orsubt
endi
nganangl
eθatt
heCent
reoft
heci
rcl
eisgi
venby
;
θ 2
A= Xπr
360

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt hear
eaofasect
orofr
adi
us3cm,
ift
heangl
esubt
endedatt
heCent
rei
sgi
venas
0 22
140 takeπas
7

Sol
uti
on
Ar
eaAofasect
ori
sgi
venby
;
θ 2
A= Xπr
360
140 22 2
Ar
ea= x x3
360 7
2
m
=11c

Exampl
e
Theareaoft
hesectorofacircl
eis38.
5cm.Fi
ndt
her
adi
usoft
heci
rcl
eift
heangl
e
0
subt
endedattheCentr
eis90.

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Sol
uti
on
θ 2
Fr
om A= Xπr, weget
360
90 22 2
x xr=38.
5
360 7
2 38.
5x360x7
r=
90x22
2
r= 49
R=7cm

Exampl
e
Theareaofasect
orofr
adi
us63cm i
s4158cm .
Cal
cul
atet
heangl
esubt
endedatt
he
Cent
reoftheci
rcl
e.

Sol
uti
on
θ 22
4158= x x63x63
360 7
4158x360x7
θ=
22x63x63
0
=120

Ar
eaofasegmentofaci
rcl
e
Asegmenti
sar
egi
onofaci
rcl
eboundedbyachor
dandanar
c.

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I
nthefi
gur
eabov
etheshadedr
egi
onisasegmentoft
heci
rcl
ewithCentr
eOandr
adi
us
0
r
.AB=8cm,ON=3cm, ANGLEAOB=106.
3 .Fi
ndthear
eaoftheshadedpar
t.

Sol
uti
on
Ar
eaoft
hesegment=ar
eaoft
hesect
orOAPB–ar
eaoft
ri
angl
eOAB

=[
106.
3
360
X3.
2 1
][
142X5 - X8X3
2 ]
=23.
19–12
2
=11. m
19c
Ar
eaofacommonr
egi
onbet
weent
woi
nter
sect
ingci
rcl
es.

Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
hei
nter
sect
ingci
rcl
esabov
e.I
fthecommonchor
dABi
s9cm.

Sol
uti
on
Fr
om ∆AO1M;
2 2
O1M= 8 -4.
5

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= 43.
75
=6.
614cm
Fr
om ∆AO2M;
2 2
O2M= 6 -4.
5

= 15.
75
=3.
969cm
Theareabetweentheint
ersect
ingci
rcl
esisthesum oftheareasofsegment
s AP1B
andAP2B.Ar
eaofsegmentAP1B=areaofsect
orO2AP1B-a
reaof∆O2AB

AM 4.5
Usi
ngt
ri
gonomet
ry,
sin<AO2M = = =0.
75
AO2 6
0 0
Fi
ndt
hesi
nei
nver
seof0.
75t
oget48.
59 hence<AO2M= 48.
59

<AO2B=2X<AO2M
0 0
=2X48.
59 =97.
18
97.18 2 1
Ar
eaofs
egme
ntAP1B= X3.
12X6 - X9X3.
969
360 2
=30.
53-17.
86
2
67c
=12. m

Ar
eaofsegmentAP2B=ar
eaofsect
orO1AP2B-a
reaof∆O1AB

AM 4.5
Usi
ngt
ri
gonomet
ry,
sin<AO1M = = =0.
5625
AO1 8
0 0
Fi
ndt
hesi
nei
nver
seof0.
5625t
oget34.
23 hence<AO1M= 34.
23

<AO1B=2X<AO1M
0
=2X34.
23
0
=68.
46
68.46 2 1
Ar
eaofs
egme
ntAP2B= X3.
12X8 - X9X6.
614
360 2
=38.
24-29.
76

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2
48c
=8. m
Ther
efor
ethear
eaoft
her
egi
onbet
weent
hei
nter
sect
ingci
rcl
esi
sgi
venby
;
Ar
eaofs
eg tAP1B+a
mne reaofs
egme
ntAP2B

=12.
67+8.
48
2
15c
=21. m
Endoft
opi
c

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ery
thi
ng?
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bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.
1. Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsaci
rcl
eofr
adi
us9cm andcent
reO.Chor
dABi
s7cm l
ong.
Cal
cul
atet
hear
eaoft
heshadedr
egi
on. (
4mks)

A B

2. Thef
igur
ebel
owshowst
woi
nter
sect
ingci
rcl
eswi
thcent
resPandQofr
adi
us8cm and
10cm r
espect
ivel
y.Lengt
hAB=12cm

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P ө ß

B
Cal
cul
ate:

a) APB
(
2mks)

b) AQB
(
2mks)

c) Ar
eaoft
heshadedr
egi
on (
6mks)

3.

5cm 5cm

A B

Thedi
agr
am abov
erepr
esent
saci
rcl
ecent
reoofr
adi
us5cm.Themi
norar
cAB
subt eof1200att
endsanangl hecent
re.Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
heshadedpar
t.(
3mks)

4. Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsar
egul
arpent
agoni
nscr
ibedi
naci
rcl
eofr
adi
us12cm,
cent
reO.

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Cal
cul
atet
hear
eaoft
heshadedpar
t.
(
3mks)

5. Twoci
rcl
esofr
adi
i13cm and16cm i
nter
sectsucht
hatt
heyshar
eacommonchor
dof

l
engt
h20cm.Cal
cul
atet
hear
eaoft
heshadedpar
t.

(
10mks)

6. Fi
ndt
heper
imet
eroft
hef
igur
ebel
ow,
giv
enAB,
BCandACar
edi
amet
ers. (
4mks)

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7. Thefigur
ebelowshowst
woi
nter
sect
ingci
rcl
es.Ther
adi
usofaci
rcl
eAi
s12cm and
thatofci
rcl
eBis8cm.

I
ft eMBN=72o,
heangl cal
cul
ate
Thesi
zeoft
heangl
eMAN
b) Thel
engt
hofMN
c) Thear
eaoft
heshadedr
egi
on.
8.

I
nthedi
agr
am abov
e,t
woci
rcl
es,
cent
resAandCandr
adi
i7cm and24cm r
espect
ivel
y

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i
nter
sectatBandD.AC=25cm.

a)Showt ABC=900
hatangel

b)Cal
cul
ate

i
)thesi
zeofobt
useangel
BAD

i
i
)thear
eaoft
heshadedpar
t (
10Mks)

9. Theendsoft
heroofofawor
kshoparesegmentsofaci
rcl
eofr
adius10m.Ther
oofi
s
20m l
ong.Theangleatt
hecentr
eoftheci
rcl
eis120oasshownint
hef
igurebel
ow:

10cm
o
120

(
a)Cal
cul
ate:
-
(
i)Thear
eaofoneendoft
her
oof
(
ii
)Thear
eaoft
hecur
vedsur
faceoft
her
oof
(b)Whatwoul
dbethecostt
othenear
estshi
l
li
ngofcover
ingt
het
woendsandt
he
cur
vedsurf
acewit
hgalv
ani
zedir
onsheet
scosti
ngshs.
310persquar
emetr
e

10. Thediagram bel

ow,notdr
awnt
oscal
e,i
sar
egul
arpengt
agonci
rcumscr
ibedi
naci
rcl
e
ofr
adi
us10cm atcentr
eO

O
●
Fi
nd;
(
a)Thesi
deoft
hepent
agon
10cm
(
b)Thear
eaoft
heshadedr
egi
on

11. Tr
iangl
ePQRi
sinscr
ibedi
nheci
rcl
ePQ=7.
8cm,
PR=6.
6cm andQR=5.
9cm.Fi
nd:

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Q
P 7.
8cm

6.
6cm
5.
9cm

(
a)Ther
adi
usoft
heci
rcl
e,cor
rectt R
oonedeci
mal
place
(
b)Theangl
esoft
het
ri
angl
e
(
c)Thear
eaofshadedr
egi
on

CHAPTERTHI
RTYSI
X

S
URFACEAREAOFS
OLI
DS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaofapr
ism
b.
)Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaofapy
rami
d
c.
)Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaofacone
d.
)Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaofaf
rust
um
e.
)Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaofaspher
eandahemi
spher
e.

Cont
ent
Sur
facear
eaofpr
isms,
pyr
ami
ds,
cones,
frust
umsandspher
es.

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I
ntr
oducti
on
Sur
faceareaofapr
ism
Apr
ism i
sasol
i
dwi
thuni
for
m cr
oss-sect
ion.Thesur
facear
eaofapr
ism i
sthesum of
i
tsf
aces.

Cy
li
nder

2
Ar
eaofcl
osedcy
lnder=2πr+2πr
i l
2
Ar
eaofopency
lnder=πr+2πr
i l(a
reaoft
hebot
tonc
irc
lea
sthet
opi
sope
n)

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
hecl
osedcy
li
nderr=2.
8cm andl
=13cm

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Sol
uti
on

(
=2
22
7
x2. )
8x2.
8 +(
22
2x x2.
7
8x13)

2 2
28c
=49. m -228.
8
2
08c
=278. m
Not
e;
Foropency
li
nderdonotmul
ti
plybyt
wo,
findt
hear
eaofonl
yoneci
rcl
e.

Sur
facear
eaofapy
rami
d
Thesurf
acear
eaofapy
rami
dist
hesum oft
hear
eaoft
hesl
ant
ingf
acesandt
hear
eaoft
he
base.
Surfacearea=basear
ea+ar
eaoft
hef
ourt
ri
angul
arf
aces(
taket
hesl
ant
inghei
ghtmar
ked
greenbelow)

Exampl
e

Sol
uti
on
Sur
facear
ea=basear
ea+ar
eaoft
hef
ourt
ri
angul
arf
aces
1
=(
14x14)+( x14x14)
2
=196+252
2
=448mm

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Exampl
e
Thefigurebel
owisari
ghtpyr
amidwi
thasquar
ebaseof4cm andasl
ant
ingedgeof8cm.Fi
nd
thesurfacear
eaoft
hepyramid.

a=4cm e=8cm
Sur
facear
ea=basear
ea+ar
eaoft
hef
ourt
ri
angul
arbases
1
=(
lxw)+4( bh)
2
Rememberhei
ghti
sthesl
ant
inghei
ght
2- 2
Sl
ant
inghei
ght= 8 2

=60
1
Sur
f ea=(4x4)+4( x4x 60)
acear
2
2
=77.
97c
m

Sur
facear
eaofacone
2
Tot
alsur
facear
eaofacone=πr+πr
l
Cur
vedsur
facear
eaofacone=πr
l

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Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaoft
heconeabov
e
=(
3.14x4x4)+(
3.14x4x5)
=50.
24+62.
8
2
=113.
04c
m
Not
e;
Al
way
susesl
ant
inghei
ght
,ifi
t’
snotgi
venf
indi
tusi
ngPy
thagor
ast
heor
em

Sur
facear
eaofaf
rust
um
Thebot
tom par
tofacutpy
rami
dorconei
scal
l
edaf
rust
um.Exampl
eoff
rust
umsar
ebucket
,

Exampl
es al
ampshadeandahopper
.

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaofaf
abr
icr
equi
redt
omakeal
ampshadei
nthef
orm ofaf
rust
um whose

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t
opandbot
tom di
amet
ersar
e20cm and30cm r
espect
ivel
yandhei
ght12cm.
Sol
uti
on
Compl
etet
heconef
rom whi
cht
hef
rust
um i
smade,
byaddi
ngasmal
l
erconeofhei
ghtxcm.

h=12,
H=xcm,
r=10cm,
R=15cm
x x+12
Fr
om t
heknowl
edgeofsi
mil
ar =
10 15
15x=10x+120
15x-10x=120
5x=120
x=24
Surf
acear
eaofaf
rust
um =ar
eaoft
hecur
ved -ar
eaofcur
vedsur
faceofsmal
l
er
cone
Sur
faceofbi
ggercone.
L=24+12=36cm
Sur
facear
ea=πRL–πr
l

= ( 22
7
2 2
)
22 2 2
×15×36+15 -( ×10×24 +10 )
7
2 2
57c
=1838. m -817.
14c
m
2
=1021c
m 4s
.f

Sur
facear
eaoft
hespher
e
Aspher
eissol
i
dthati
t’
sent
ir
elyr
oundwi
thev
erypoi
ntont
hesur
faceatequal
dist
ance

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2
f
rom t
heCent
re.Sur
facear s= 4πr
eai

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaofaspher
ewhosedi
amet
eri
sequal
to21cm

Sol
uti
on
2
Sur
f ea=4πr
acear
=4x3.
14x10.
5x10.
5
2
m
=1386c
Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.
1. Aswi
mmi
ngpool
wat
ersur
facemeasur
es10m l
ongand8m wi
de.Apat
hofuni
for
m
wi
dthi
smadeal
lroundt
heswi
mmi
ngpool
.Thet
otal
areaoft
hewat
ersur
faceandt
he
pat
his168m2

(
a)Fi
ndt
hewi
dthoft
hepat
h (
4mks)

(
b)Thepat
hist
obecov
eredwi
thsquar
econcr
etesl
abs.Eachcor
neroft
hepat
his
cov
eredwi
thasl
abwhosesi
dei
sequal
tot
hewi
dthoft
hepat
h.Ther
estoft
hepat
h

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i
scov
eredwi
thsl
absofsi
de50cm.Thecostofmaki
ngeachcor
nersl
abi
ssh600
whi
l
ethecostofmaki
ngeachsmal
l
ersl
abi
ssh.
50.Cal
cul
ate

(
i)Thenumberoft
hesmal
l
ersl
absused (
4mks)

(
ii
)Thet
otal
costoft
hesl
absusedt
ocov
ert
hewhol
epat
h(2mks)

2. Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsasol
i
dregul
art
etr
apackofsi
des4cm.

(
a)Dr
awal
abel
l
ednetoft
hesol
i
d.
(
1mk)

(
b)Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaoft
hesol
i
d. (
2mks)

3. Thedi
agr
am showsar
ightgl
asspr
ism ABCDEFwi
thdi
mensi
onsasshown.

F
5.
2cm D

A 5.
2cm C

7.
4cm 14.
7c

Cal
cul
ate:

(
a)t
heper
imet
eroft
hepr
ism (
2mks)

(
b)Thet
otal
sur
facear
eaoft
hepr
ism (
3mks)

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(
c)Thev
olumeoft
hepr
ism (
2mks)

(
d)Theangl
ebet
weent
hepl
anesAFEDandBCEF (
3mks)

4. Thebaseofarect
angul
artanki
s3.2m by2.
8m.I
tshei
ghtis2.
4m.Itcont
ainswatert
oa
dept
hof1.8m.Cal
culat
ethesur
faceareai
nsi
det
hetankthati
snotincontactwi
thwater
.
(
2mks)
5. Drawthenetoft
hesol
i
dbel
owandcal
cul
atesur
facear
eaofi
tsf
aces
(3mks)

6.

4cm F
8cm D
A B
5cm
Thefigur
eabov
eisat
ri
angul
arpr
ism ofuni
for
m cr
oss-
sect
ioni
nwhi
chAF=4cm,
AB=
5cm andBC=8cm.
(
a)I eBAF=300,
fangl cal
cul
atet
hesur
facear
eaoft
hepr
ism. (
3mar
ks)
(
b)Dr
awacl
ear
lyl
abel
ednetoft
hepr
isms. (
1mar
k)
7. Mr
s.Dawat
ideci
dedt
oopenaconf
ect
ionar
yshopatcor
nerBar
idi
.Shedecor
atedi
ts
ent
rancewi
th10model
sofconei
cecr
eam,
fiv
eoneachsi
deoft
hedoor
.Themodel
has
t
hef
oll
owi
ngshapeanddi
mensi
ons.Usi
ng=3.
142andcal
cul
ati
onst
o4d.
p.

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(
a)Cal
cul
atet
hesur
facear
eaoft
heconi
cal
par
t. (
2mks)

(
b)Cal
cul
atet
hesur
facear
eaoft
het
opsur
face. (
4mks)

(
c)Fi
ndt
otal
sur
facear
eaofonemodel
. (
2mks)

(
d)I
fpai
ntng5cm2costksh12.
i 65,
findt
het
otal
costofpai
nti
ngt
hemodel
s(answert
o
1s.
f)
. (
2mks)

8. Ar
ightpy
rami
dofhei
ght10cm st
andsonasquar
ebaseABCDofsi
de6cm.
a)Dr
awt
henetoft
hepy
rami
dint
hespacepr
ovi
dedbel
ow. (
2mks)
b)Cal
cul
ate:
-
(
i) Theper
pendi
cul
ardi
stancef
rom t
hev
ert
ext
othesi
deAB.(
2mks)
(
ii
) Thet
otal
sur
facear
eaoft
hepy
rami
d. (
4mks)
c) Cal
cul
atedt
hev
olumeoft
hepy
rami
d. (
2mks)
9. Thefigur
ebelowshowsasol i
dobjectconsi
sti
ngofthr
eeparts.Aconicalpartofr
adi
us
2cm andslanthei
ght3.5cm acyl
indri
calpar
tofhei
ght4cm.Ahemi spheri
calpar
tof
radi
us3cm .thecyl
inderl
iesatt
hecent r
eofthehemispher
e.
( )

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Cal
cul
atet
ofoursi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es:
I
.Thesurfaceareaofthesol
id (
5marks)
II
.Thev ol
umeoft hesoli
d (5marks)
10. Al ampshadeisinthefor
m ofafrustr
um ofacone.I
tsbot
tom andtopdi
ameter
sar
e
12cm and8cm respect
ivel
y.I
tshei
ghti
s6cm. Fi
nd;
(
a)Thear
eaoft
hecur
vedsur
faceoft
hel
ampshade

(
b)Themater
ialusedf
ormaki
ngt
helampshadei
ssoldatKshs.
800persquaremetr
es.
Fi
ndt
hecostoft
enlampshadesi
fal
ampshadei
ssoldatt
wicethecostoft
hemat er
ial
11. Acy li
ndri
cal
pieceofwoodofradi
us4.
2cm andl
engt
h150cm i
scutl
engt
hwi
sei
ntot
wo
equal
pieces.Cal
cul
atethesur
facear
eaofonepi
ece
12. Thebaseofanopenr
ect
angul
art
ankis3.
2m by2.
8m.It
shei
ghti
s2.
4m.Itcontai
ns
watert
oadept
hof1.
8m.Cal
cul
atet
hesur
facear
eai
nsidethet
ankt
hati
snoti
ncontactwit
h
water

13. Thef i
gur
ebel owrepresent
samodel ofasolidstruct
ureintheshapeoffrust
rum ofa
conewit
hahemispheret
op.Thediameterofthehemi spheri
calpar
tis70cm andisequaltothe
di
ameteroft
het
opoft hefr
ustrum.Thefr
ustrum hasabasedi ameterof28cm andslanthei
ght
of60cm.

Cal
cul
ate:

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(
a)Thear
eaoft
hehemi
spher
ical
sur
face
(
b)Thesl
anthei
ghtofconef
rom whi
cht
hef
rust
rum wascut
(
c)Thesur
facear
eaoff
rust
rum
(
d)Thear
eaoft
hebase
(
e)Thet
otal
sur
facear
eaoft
hemodel

14. Ar oom i
s6.
8m long,4.
2m wi
deand3.5m hi
gh.Theroom hast
woglassdoor
seach
measuri
ng75cm by2.5m andagl
asswindowmeasuring400cm by1.
25m.Thewall
sar
etobe
pai
ntedexceptt
hewindowanddoors.
a)Fi
ndt
het
otal
areaoft
hef
ourwal
l
s
b)Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
hewal
l
stobepai
nted
c)PaintAcost
sShs.80perl
i
treandpaintBcost
sShs.35perl
it
re.0.8l
it
resofAcover
s
eaof1m2whi
anar l
e0.5m2uses1li
treofpai
ntB.Ift
wocoatsofeachpaintar
etobeappli
ed.
Fi
ndthecostofpai
nti
ngthewall
susi
ng:
i
)Pai
ntA
i
i
)Pai
ntB
d)Ifpai
ntAispackedin400mlt
insandpai
ntBi
n1.
25l
i
trest
ins,
findt
hel
eastnumberof
t
insofeachtypeofpai
ntthatmustbebought
.
15. Thefigur
ebel
owshowsasolidfr
ustr
um ofpyr
amidwit
hasquar
etopofsi
de8cm anda
squar
ebaseofsi
de12cm.Thesl
antedgeofthef
rust
rum i
s9cm

Cal
cul
ate:

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(
a) Thet
otalsur
facear
eaoft
hefrust
rum
(
b)Thevol
umeoft hesol
i
dfr
ust
rum

(
c)Theangl
ebet
weent
hepl
anesBCHGandt
hebaseEFGH.

CHAPTERTHI
RTYSEVEN

VOLUMEOFS
OLI
DS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Fi
ndt
hev
olumeofapr
ism
b.
)Fi
ndt
hev
olumeofapy
rami
d
c.
)Fi
ndt
hev
olumeofacone
d.
)Fi
ndt
hev
olumeofaf
rust
um
e.
)Fi
ndt
hev
olumeofaspher
eandahemi
spher
e.

Cont
ent
Vol
umesofpr
isms,
pyr
ami
ds,
cones,
frust
umsandspher
es.

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I
ntr
oduct
ion
Vol
umei
stheamountofspaceoccupi
edbyanobj
ect
.It
’smeasur
edi
ncubi
cuni
ts.
Gener
all
yvol
umeofobj
ect
sisbasear
eaxhei
ght

Vol
umeofaPr
ism
Apri
sm i
sasol
idwi
thuni
for
m cr
osssect
ion.
Thev
olumeVofapr
ism wi
thcr
osssect
ionar
ea
Aandlengt
hli
sgiv
enbyV=AL

Exampl
e

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Sol
uti
on
Vol
umeoft
hepr
ism =basear
eaxl
engt
h(basei
str
iangl
e)
1
= x6x3x10
2
2
=90c
m

Exampl
e

Expl
anat
ion
Acr
oss-sect
ional
areaoft
hehexagonal
ismadeupof6equi
l
ater
alt
ri
angl
eswhosesi
desar
e8
f
t
Tof
indt
hehei
ghtwet
akeonet
ri
angl
easshownabov
e
Usi
ngsi
ner
ulewegett
hehei
ght

Sol
uti
on
1
Ar
eaofcr
osssect
ion=6x x8x
8si
n60
2
=166.
2828
l
ume=166.
28x12
2
=1995.
3ft

Vol
umeofapy
rami
d
1
Vol
umeofapy
rami
d= Ah
3
Wher
eA=ar
eaoft
hebaseandh=v
ert
ical
hei
ght

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Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hev
olumeofapy
rami
dwi
tht
hev
ert
ical
hei
ghtof8cm andwi
dth4cm l
engt
h12cm.

Sol
uti
on.

1
Vol
ume= x12x4x8
3
2
=128c
m

Vol
umeofaspher
e
3
4πr
V=
3

Vol
umeofacone
1
Vol
ume= ar
eaofba
sexhe
ight
3
12
= πh
3

Exampl
e
Cal
cul
atet
hev
olumeofaconewhosehei
ghti
s12cm andl
engt
hoft
hesl
anthei
gthi
s13cm

Sol
uti
on
1
Vol
ume= (ba
sea
reaXhe
ight
)
3

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1 2
= πrh
3
2 2
But
,baser 12 = 25 =5
usr= 13-
adi

1 22
Ther
efor
evol
ume= x x25x12c
m
3 7
2
=314.
3cm

Vol
umeofaf
rust
rum
Vol
ume=v
olumeofl
argecone–v
olumeofsmal
l
ercone

Exampl
e
Afr
ust
um ofbaseradi
us2cm andhei
ght3.
6cm.i
fthehei
ghtoft
heconef
rom whi
chi
twascut
was6cm,cal
culat
e
Ther
adi
usoft
het
opsur
face
Thev
olumeoft
hef
rust
um

Sol
uti
on

Tr
iangl
esPSTandPQRar
esi
mil
ar
PQ QR PR
Ther
efor
e = =
PS ST PT
6 2
Hence =
2.
4 S T
ST=0.
8cm
Ther
adi
usoft
het
opsur
facei
s0.
8cm

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Vol
umeoft
hef
rust
um =v
olumeofl
argecone–v
olumeofsmal
l
ercone
1 1
142x( 8)
2
= x3.
142x4x6- x3. 0. x2.
4
3 3
2
=25.
14–1.
61=23.
53c
m

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.
1.Met
alcubeofsi
de4.
4cm wasmel
tedandt
hemol
tenmat
eri
alusedt
omakeaspher
e.Fi
ndt
o

3si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
est
her
adi
usoft
hespher
e (
3mks)

2. Twomet
alspher
esofdi
amet
er2.
3cm and3.
86cm ar
emel
ted.Themol
tenmat
eri
ali
s
usedt
ocastequal
cyl
i
ndr
ical
slabsofr
adi
us8mm andl
engt
h70mm.

f1/
I 20oft
hemet
ali
slostdur
ingcast
ing.Cal
cul
atet
henumberofcompl
etesl
abscast
ed.
(
4mks)

3. Thev
olumeofar
ect
angul
art s256cm3.Thedi
anki mensi
onsar
easi
nthef
igur
e.

¼x
x-
8
16cm

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Fi
ndt
hev
alueofx (
3mar
ks)

4.
R=14cm

22.
5cm

21cm
Thedi
agr
am r
epresentasol
i
dfrust
um wi
thbaseradi
us21cm andtopradi
us14cm.
Thefr
ust
um i
s22.5cm hi
ghandismadeofametalwhosedensit
yis3g/cm3 π=
22/
7.
a)Calculate
(
i) t
hev olumeoft hemetali
nt hefrust
rum. (
5
marks)
(
ii) t hemassoft hefrust
rum inkg. (
2
marks)
b)Thef r
ust r
um ismel teddownandr ecastintoasolidcube.I
ntheprocess20%ofthe
met al i
slost.Calculat
eto2decimal placesthelengt
hofeachsideofthecube.
(3mar ks)
5. Thefigur ebelowshowsaf r
ustr
um

2.
2cm

4.
8cm

3.
3cm

Fi
ndt
hev
olumeoft
hef
rust
rum (
4mks)

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6. Thef
ormul
aforf
indi
ngt
hev
olumeofaspher
eisgi
venby .Gi
vent
hatV=311

and =3.
142,
findr
. (
3mks)

7. Ar i
ghtconi
calf
rustr
um ofbaseradi
us7cm andtopradi
us3.
5cm,andhei
ghtof6cm i
s
stuckontoacyl
inderofbaseradi
us7cm andhei
ght5cm whi
chisf
urt
heratt
achedt
oa
hemispheret
oform aclosedsoli
dasshownbelow

Fi
nd:
(
a) Thevol
umeoft
hesol
i
d
(
5mks)
(
b) Thesur
facear
eaoft
hesol
i
d
(
5mks)
8. Al
ampshadei
smadebycut
ti
ngof
fthet
oppar
tofasquar
e-basedpy
rami
dVABCDas
showni
nthef
igur
ebel
ow.Thebaseandt
het
opoft
hel
ampshadehav
esi
desofl
engt
h
1.
8m and1.
2m r
espect
ivel
y.Thehei
ghtoft
hel
ampshadei
s2m

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Cal
cul
ate

a)Thev
olumeoft
hel
ampshade
(
4mks)
b)Thet
otal
sur
facear
eaoft
hesl
antsur
faces (
4mks)
c) Theangl
eatwhi
cht
hef
aceBCGFmakeswi
tht
hebaseABCD. (
2mks)
9. Asol
i
dri
ghtpy
rami
dhasar
ect
angul
arbase10cm by8cm andsl
ant
ingedge16cm.
cal
cul
ate:
(
a)Thev
ert
ical
hei
ght
(
b)Thet
otal
sur
facear
ea
(
c)Thev
olumeoft
hepy
rami
d

10. Asol i
dcyl
i
nderofr
adi
us6cm andhei
ght12cm i
smel
tedandcasti
ntospher
ical
bal
l
sof
radi
us3cm.Fi
ndt
henumberofbal
l
smade

11. Thesi desofarect

angul
arwat
ertankar
eint
her
ati
o1:
2:3.I
fthev
olumeoft
het
anki
s
3
1024cm .Fi
ndthedi
mensionsoft
hetank.(
4s.
f)

12. Thef
igur
ebel
owr
epr
esent
ssect
orOACandOBDwi
thr
adi
usOAandOBr
espect
ivel
y.
GiventhatOBi
stwi eAOC=60o.Cal
ceOAandangl cul
atet
hear
eaoft
heshadedr
egi
on
nm2,
i giv
ent hatOA=12cm B

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O
60o

13. Thef i
gurebel
owshowsacl osedwatert
ankcompri
singofahemi
spheri
calpart
sur
mountedont opofacyl
indr
ical
part.Thet
wopartshav
ethesamediameterof2.8cm andt
he
cyl
i
ndr
icalparti
s1.4m hi
ghasshown: -

1.
4m

d=2.
8m

(
a)Taki
ng=22,
cal
cul
ate:
7
(
i)Thet
otal
sur
facear
eaoft
het
ank
(
ii
)thecostofpai
nti
ngt
het
ankatshs.
75persquar
emet
re
(
ii
i)Thecapaci
tyoft
het
anki
nli
tr
es
(
b)Start
ingwit
htheful
ltank,afamil
yuseswat erfr
om t
histankatt
herateof
185li
tr
es/dayfort
hefir
st2days.Aft
erthatthefamil
yuseswateratther
ateof200li
ter
sper
day.Assumingthatnomorewat eri
sadded, det
erminehowmanyday si
ttakesthef
amilyt
o
useallt
hewat erf
rom t
hetanksincethefi
rstday

14. Thef i
gurebel
owr epr
esent
safr
ustr
um ofar
ightpy
rami
donasquar
ebase.Thev
ert
ical
hei
ghtoft
hefrust
rum i
s3cm.Gi vent
hatEF=FG=6cm andthatAB=BC=9cm

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Cal
cul
ate;
a)Thev
ert
ical
hei
ghtoft
hepy
rami
d.
b)Thesur
facear
eaoft
hef
rust
rum.
c)Vol
umeoft
hef
rust
rum.
d)Theangl
ewhi
chl
i
neAEmakeswi
tht
hebaseABCD.
15. Amet al
hemispher
eofradi
us12cm i
smelteddoneandr
ecasti
ntot
heshapeofacone
ofbaser
adi
us6cm.Findt
heperpendi
cul
arhei
ghtoft
hecone
16. Asol i
dconsistsofthreediscseachof1½cm thi
ckwithdi
ameterof4cm,6cm and8
cm r
especti
vel
y .Acentr
alhole2cm indiameteri
sdri
ll
edoutasshownbelow.I
fthedensi
tyof
mater
ialusedis2.8g/cm3,calcul
ateit
smasst o1deci
malplace

17. Ar i
ghtconi
calf
rustum ofbaser
adius7cm andt
opradi
us3.
5cm andheight6cm is
stuckont
oacy l
i
nderofbaseradius7cm andhei
ght5cm whi
chisf
urt
herat
tachedtofor
ma
cl
osedsoli
dasshownbel ow.

Fi
nd;
a)Thev
olumeoft
hesol
i
d.
b)Thesur
facear
eaoft
hesol
i
d.

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18. Thedi
agr
am bel
owshowsamet
alsol
i
dconsi
sti
ngofaconemount
edonhemi
spher
e.
Thehei
ghtoft
heconei
s1½t
imesi
tsr
adi
us;

Gi
vent
hatt
hev
olumeoft
hesol
i
di 5πcm3,
s31. find:
(
a)Ther
adi
usoft
hecone
(
b)Thesur
facear
eaoft
hesol
i
d
(
c)Howmuchwaterwil
lri
seift
hesoli
disimmersedt
otal
l
yinacy
li
ndr
ical
cont
ainer
whi
chcont
ainssomewat
er,gi
ventheradi
usofthecy
li
nderi
s4cm
(
d)Thedensi
ty,
i m3oft
nkg/ hesol
i
dgi
vent
hatt
hemassoft
hesol
i
dis144gm

19. Asol i
dmet alsphereofv ume1280cm3i
ol smel
teddownandr
ecasti
nto20equalsol
id
cubes.Findt
helengthofthesideofeachcube. Calcul
ate
thevolumeofthefrust
um

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CHAPTERTHI
RTYEI
GHT
QUADRATI
CEQUATI
ONSANDEXPRES
SIONS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthetopi
cthelearnershoul
dbeableto:
a.)Expandal
gebr
aicexpressi
onsthatf
orm quadr
ati
cequat
ions
b.
)Der
ivet
het
hreequadr
ati
cident
it
ies
c.
)Ident
if
yanduset
het
hreequadr
ati
cident
it
ies
d.
)Fact
ori
zequadr
ati
cexpr
essi
onsi
ncl
udi
ngt
hei
dent
it
ies
e.
)Sol
vequadr
ati
cequat
ionsbyf
act
ori
zat
ion
f
.)For
m andsol
vequadr
ati
cequat
ions.

Content
a.
)Expansi
onofal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
onst
ofor
m quadr
ati
cexpr
essi
onsoft
hef
orm
ax2+bx+c,
wher
ea,
bandcar
econst
ant
s

b.
)Thet
hreequadr
ati
cident
it
ies:

(
a+b)
2 2
=a +2a
= b+b
2

(
a-b)
2 2
=a-2a
b+b
2

(
a+b)
(ab)
-
2
=a-b
2

c.
)Usi
ngt
het
hreequadr
ati
cident
it
ies

d.
)Fact
ori
sat
ionofquadr
ati
cexpr
essi
ons

e.
)Sol
vequadr
ati
cequat
ionsbyf
act
ori
zat
ion

f
.)For
m andsol
vequadr
ati
cequat
ions.

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I
ntroducti
on
Expansion
Aquadr
ati
cisanyexpr
essionoft
hef
orm ax2+bx+c,a≠0.Whent heexpr
essi
on(
x+5)(
3x+
2
2)i
swri
tt
enint
heform,3x +17x+10,
iti
ssaidt
ohavebeenexpanded

Exampl
e
Expand(
m +2n)(
m-n)

Sol
uti
on
Let(
m-n)bea
Then(
m +2n)
(m-
n)=(
m+2n)
a
=ma+2na
=m (
m-n)+2n(
m-n)
2 2
=m -mn+2mn-2n
2 2
=m +mn-2n

Exampl
e
1 12
Expand( - )
4 x

Sol
uti
on
1 12 11 11
( - )= ( - )( - )
4 x 4 x 4 x
1 11 111
= ( - )- ( - )
4 4 x x4 x
1 1 1 1
= - - +2
16 4x 4x x

1 1 1
= - +2
16 2x x

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Thequadr
ati
cident
it
ies.
2 2 2
(
a+b)=(
a +2a
b+b)
2 2 2
(
a-b)=(
a-2a
b+b)
2 2
(
a+b)
(a–b)=(
a -b)

Exampl
es
x2+4x+4
2
(
X+2)

x2-
2
(
X-3) 6x+9

x2-4x
2
(
X+2a)
(X-
2a)

Fact
ori
zat
ion
2
Tofact
oriz
etheexpr
essi
on,ax +bx+c, we lookf
ortwonumberssucht
hatt
hei
rpr
oducti
s
acandthei
rsum i
sb.a,bar
ethecoef
fi
cientofxwhi
lecist
heconst
ant

Exampl
e
2
8x +10x+3

Sol
uti
on
Lookf
ort
wonumbersucht
hatt
hei
rpr
oducti
s8x3=24.
Thei
rsum i
s10wher
e10i
sthecoef
fi
cientofx,
Thenumberar
e4and6,
2
Rewr
it
ethet
erm 10xas4x+6x,t
hus8x +4x+6x+3
Uset
hegr
oupi
ngmet
hodt
ofact
ori
zet
heexpr
essi
on
=4x(
2x+1)+3(
2x+1)
=(
4x+3)(
2x+1)

Exampl
e
Fact
ori
ze
2
6x-13x+6

Sol
uti
on
Lookf
ort
wonumbersucht
hatt
hepr
oducti
s6x6=36andt
hesum i
s-13.
Thenumber
sar
e-4and–9
2
Ther
efor
e,6x-13x+6

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2
=6x-4x-9x+6
=2x(
3x-
2)-
3(3x-
2)
=(
2x-
3)(
3x-2)

Quadr
ati
cEquat
ions
I
nthi
ssect
ionwear
elooki
ngatsol
vi
ngquadr
ati
cequat
ionusi
ngf
act
ormet
hod.

Exampl
e
2
Sol
vex +3x-54=0

Sol
uti
on
Fact
ori
zet
hel
efthandsi
de
2 2
x +3x-54=x-6x+9x-54=0

Not
e;
Thepr
oductoft
wonumber
sshoul
dbe-54andt
hesum 3

2
=x-6x+9x-54
(
=xx6)
- (
x+9)=0
=(
x-6)
(x+9)=0
X-6=0,
x+9=0
Hencex=-
9orx=6

Exampl
e
Expandt
hef
oll
owi
ngexpr
essi
onandt
henf
act
ori
zei
t
2 2
(
3x+y)-( ^
x-3y)y)2-
(x- ^
3y)2

Sol
uti
on
2 2 2 2 2 2
(
3x+y)-(
x-3y)=9x +6x
y+y-(
x-6x
y+9y)
2 2 2 2
=9x +6x
y+y-x +6x
y+9y
2 2
=8x +12x
y-8y
2 2
=4(2x +3x
y-2y)(
Youcanf
act
ori
zet
hisexpr
essi
onf
urt
her
,fi
ndt
wonumber
swhosepr
oduct
22
i
s4xy andsumi
s3xy)
Thenumber
sar
e4xyand–ay
2 2
=4(
2x +4x
y-x
y-2y)
(
=4[2xx+2y)-y(
x+2y)
]

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=4(
x+2y)
(2x-y)

Format
ionofQuadr
ati
cEquat
ions
Giv
entheroot
s
Gi
vent
hatt
her
oot
sofquadr
ati
cequat
ionsar
ex=2 andx=-
3,f
indt
hequadr
ati
cequat
ion
I
fx=2,
thenx–2=0
I
fx=-
3,t
henx+3=0
Ther
efor
e,(
x–2)(
x+3)=0
2
x +x-6=0

Exampl
e
2
Ar
ect
angul
arr
oom i
s4m l
ongert
hani
tiswi
de.I
fit
sar
eai
s12m f
indi
tsdi
mensi
ons.

Sol
uti
on
Lett
hewi
dthbexm .
it
slengt
hist
hen(
x+4)m.
2
Thear
eaoft
her
oom i
sx(
x+4)
m
Ther
efor
ex(
x+4)=12
2
x +4x=12
2
x + 4x-12=0
(
x+6)
(x-2)=0
(
x+6)=0 (
x-2)=0 t
her
efor
ex=-
6or2
-
6isbei
ngi
gnor
edbecausel
engt
hcannotbenegat
ive
Thel
engt
hoft
her
oom i
sx+4=2+4
=6m
Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

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1. Si
mpl
i
fy

(
3mks)

2. Sol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngquadr
ati
cequat
iongi
vi
ngy
ouranswert
o3d.
p. (
3mks)

3. Si
mpl
i
fy
(
3mks)

16x2 -4 ÷ 2x–2
4x2 +2x-2 x+1

4. Si
mpl
i
fyassi
mpl
easpossi
ble

5. Thesum oft wonumber

sxandyis40.Wri
tedownanexpressi
on,
inter
msofx,fort
he
ueofx2+y
2
sum oft
hesquar
esofthet
wonumber
s.Hencedet
ermi
netheminimum val

6. Mar
yhas21coi nswhoset
otalval
ueisKshs72.Ther
ear et
wiceasmanyfi
veshi
l
li
ngs
coi
nsasther
earet enshi
ll
i
ngscoi
ns.Therestoneshi
l
li
ngcoins.Fi
ndthenumberoft
enshi
ll
i
ng
coi
nsthatMaryhas.

7. Fourf armer
stooktheirgoat
stothemar
ketMohamedhadtwomor egoatst
hanAliKoech
had3timesasmanygoat sasMohamed.WhereasOdupoyhad10goatsl
essthanboth
MohamedandKoech.
I
.)Writ
easimpli
fi
edalgebrai
cexpr
essi
onwit
honevari
abl
e.Repr
esent
ingthetot
alnumber
ofgoat
s
I
I.
)Threebut
cher
sboughtal
lthegoat
sandsharedt
hem equal
l
y.I
feachbut
chergot17
goat
s.HowmanydidOdupoysell
tot
hebutcher
s?

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CHAPTERTHI
RTYNI
NE

LI
NEARI
NEQUALI
TIES
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Bytheendofthet
opi
cthelearnershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Ident
if
yandusei
nequali
tysymbols
b.
)Il
l
ust
rat
einequal
i
tiesont
henumberl
i
ne
c.
)Sol
vel
i
neari
nequal
i
tiesi
noneunknown
d.
)Repr
esentt
hel
i
neari
nequal
i
tiesgr
aphi
cal
l
y
e.
)Sol
vet
hel
i
neari
nequal
i
tiesi
ntwounknownsgr
aphi
cal
l
y
f
.)For
m si
mpl
eli
neari
nequal
i
tiesf
rom i
nequal
i
tygr
aphs.

Cont
ent
s
a.
)Inequal
i
tiesonanumberl
i
ne
b.
)Si
mpl
eandcompoundi
nequal
i
tyst
atement
se.
g.x>aandx<b=>a<x<b
c.
) Li
neari
nequal
i
tyi
noneunknown
d.
)Gr
aphi
cal
repr
esent
ati
onofl
i
neari
nequal
i
ties
e.
)Gr
aphi
cal
sol
uti
onsofsi
mul
taneousl
i
neari
nequal
i
ties
f
.) Si
mpl
eli
neari
nequal
i
tiesf
rom i
nequal
i
tygr
aphs.

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I
ntr
oduct
ion
I
nequal
i
tysy
mbol
s

St
atement
sconnect
edbyt
hesesy
mbol
sar
ecal
l
edi
nequal
i
ties

Si
mpl
est
atement
s
Si
mpl
est
atement
srepr
esent
sonl
yonecondi
ti
onasf
oll
ows

X=3r epresent
sspecif
icpointwhichisnumber3,whi l
e
x>3doesnoti
trepr
esent
sallnumber stot heri
ghtof3meani ngallthenumbersgreat
erthan3
asil
l
ust
rat
edabove.X<3representsallnumberst olef
tof3meani ngallt
henumber sl
esst han
3.
Theemptyci
rcl
emeansthat3i snotincludedintheli
stofnumberst ogr
eaterorl
essthan3.
Theexpr
essi
on x≥ 3 orx≤3meanst
hatmeanst
hat3i
sincl
udedi
nthel
i
standt
heci
rcl
eis
shadedt
oshowthat3i
sincl
uded.

Compoundst
atement
A compoundst
atementi
sat
wosi
mpl
einequal
i
tiesj
oinedby“
and”or“
or.
”Her
ear
etwo
exampl
es.
3≥xa
nd x>-
3anCombi
nedi
ntoonet
ofor
m-3<x≤3

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Allr
ealnumbe
rst
hatar
egr
eat
ert
han-3butl
essore
qua
lto3t
hata
reg
rea
tert
han
-3butl
essore
qualt
o3

Al
lre
alnumbe
rst
hatg
rea
tert
han-6butl
esst
han3

Solut
iont
osi
mpl
einequal
i
ties
Example
Sol
vet
hei
nequal
i
ty
x-1>2

Sol
uti
on
Addi
ng1t
obot
hsi
desgi
ves;
X–1+1>2+1
Ther
efor
e,x>3

Not
e;
I
nanyi
nequal
i
tyy
oumayaddorsubt
ractt
hesamenumberf
rom bot
hsi
des.

Exampl
e
Sol
vet
hei
nequal
i
ty.
X+3<8

Sol
uti
on
Subt
ract
ingt
hreef
rom bot
hsi
desgi
ves
X+3–3<8-
3
X<5

Exampl
e
Sol
vet
hei
nequal
i
ty
2x+3≤5
Subt
ract
ingt
hreef
rom bot
hsi
desgi
ves

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2x+3–3≤5-3
2x≤2
2x 2
Di
vi
debot
hsi
desby2gi
ves ≤
2 2
x≤1

Exampl
e
1
Sol
vet
hei
nequal
i
ty x-2≥4
3

Sol
uti
on
Addi
ng2t
obot
hsi
des
1
x-2+2≥4+2
3
1
x≥6
3
1
x×3≥6×3
3
x≥18

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionandDi
vi
sionbyaNegat
iveNumber
Multi
ply
ingordi
vi
dingbot
hsi
desofani
nequal
i
tybyposi
ti
venumberl
eav
est
hei
nequal
i
tysi
gn
unchanged
Mult
ipl
yi
ngordivi
dingbot
hsi
desofani
nequal
i
tybynegat
ivenumberr
ever
sest
hesenseoft
he
i
nequal
itysi
gn.

Exampl
e
Sol
vet
hei
nequal
i
ty1-
3x<4

Sol
uti
on
-3x–1<4–1
-
3x<3
-
3x 3
>
-3 -3

Not
ethatt
hesi
gni
srev
ersedX>-
1

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Simul
taneousi
nequal
i
ties
Example
Sol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ng
3x-
1>-
4
2x+1≤7

Sol
uti
on
Sol
vi
ngt
hef
ir
sti
nequal
i
ty
3x–1>_4
3x>-
3
X>-
1
Sol
vi
ngt
hesecondi
nequal
i
ty
2x+1≤7
2x≤6Ther
efor
ex≤3 Thecombi
nedi
nequal
i
tyi
s -
1<x≤3

Gr
aphi
cal
Repr
esent
ati
onofI
nequal
i
ty
Consi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ng;
x≤3

Theli
nex=3satisfythei
nequal
it
y≤3,
thepoi
ntsontheleftoft
helinesat
isf
y
thei
nequal
i
ty.
Wedon’tneedthepoi
ntst
other
ight
henceweshadei
t

Not
e:
Weshadet
heunwant
edr
egi
on
Thelineiscontinuesbecauseitf
orms
partoftheregi
one. gitst
art
sat3.
for≤
or≥r≥nequali
ti
es t he li
ne must be
conti
nuous

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For< or>t
hel
i
nei
snotcont
inuesi
tsdot
ted.
Thi
sisbecauset
hev
alueont
hel
i
nedoes
Notsat
isf
ythei
nequal
i
ty.

Li
nearI
nequal
i
tyofTwoUnknown
Consi
dert
hei
nequal
i
tyy≤3x+2t
heboundar
yli
nei
sy=3x+2

I
fwepi
ckanypoi
ntabovet
heli
neeg(-
3,3)thensubst
it
uteintheequat
ion y–3x≤2weget
12≤2whi
chisnott
ruesotheval
uesl
i
esi
ntheunwantedregi
onhenceweshadethatr
egi
on.

I
nter
sect
ingRegi
ons
Thesear
eident
iti
esregi
onswhichsatisfymor
ethanonei
nequal
i
tysi
mul
taneousl
y.Dr
aw a
1
regi
onwhi
chsat
isfyt
hefol
lowi
nginequali
ti
esy+x≥1 andy- x≥2
2

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Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
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ery
thi
ng?
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fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.
1. Fi
ndt
her
angeofxi
f2≤3–x<5
2. Fi
ndal
lthei
ntegr
alv
aluesofxwhi
chsat
isf
ythei
nequal
i
ties:
2(
2-x)<4x-
9<x+11
3. Sol
vet
hei
nequal
i
tyandshowt
hesol
uti
on

3–2xx≤2x+5ont
henumberl
i
ne
3
4. Sol
vet
hei
nequal
i
tyx–3+x–5≤4x+6-
1
4 6 8
5. Sol
veandwr
it
edownal
lthei
ntegr
alv
aluessat
isf
yingt
hei
nequal
i
ty.
X–9≤-4<3x–4

6. Showonanumberl i
net
her
angeofal
li
ntegr
alv
aluesofxwhi
chsat
isf
ythef
oll
owi
ng
pai
rofi
nequal
i
ties:

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3–x≤1–½ x
-
½(x- x
5)≤7-

7. Solv
ethei
nequal
i
ties4x–36x–13x+8;
hencer
epr
esenty
oursol
uti
onona
numberl
i
ne

8. Fi
ndal
lthei
ntegr
alv
aluesofxwhi
chsat
isf
ythei
nequal
i
ties
2(
2-x)<4x-
9<x+11

9. Gi
vent
hatx+y=8andx²
+y²
=34
Fi
ndt
hev
alueof
:- a)x²
+2xy
+y²
b)2xy
10. Fi
ndt
hei
nequal
i
tiessat
isf
iedbyt
her
egi
onl
abel
l
edR

11. Ther
egi
onRi
sdef
inedbyx0,
y-
2,2y+x2.Bydr
awi
ngsui
tabl
est
rai
ghtl
i
ne
onasket
ch,showandl
abel
ther
egi
onR
12. Fi
ndal
lthei
ntegr
alv
aluesofxwhi
chsat
isf
ythei
nequal
i
ty
1+x)<5x–11<x+45
3(

13. Thever
ti
cesoft
heunshadedr
egi
oni
nthef
igur
ebel
owar
eO(
0,0),
B(8,
8)andA(
8,0)
.
Wr
it
edownt
hei
nequal
i
tieswhi
chsat
isf
ytheunshadedr
egi
on
y B(
8,8)

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14. Wr
it
edownt
hei
nequal
i
tiest
hatsat
isf
ythegi
venr
egi
onsi
mul
taneousl
y.(
3mks)

15. Wr i
tedownt
hei
nequal
i
tiest
hatdef
inet
heunshadedr
egi
onmar
kedRi
nthef
igur
ebel
ow.
(3mks)

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16. Wr
it
edownal
lthei
nequal
i
tiesr
epr
esent
edbyt
her
egi
onsR. (
3mks)

17. a) Onthegr
idpr
ovi
deddrawthegraphofy=4+3x–x2f ort
heint
egr
alv
aluesofx
i
nt heinter
val-
2X5.Useascaleof2cm t
or epr
esent1uni
tont
hex–axisand1cm to
represent1uni
tonthey–axi
s. (6mks)
b) St
atet
het
urni
ngpoi
ntoft
hegr
aph. (
1mk)
c) Usey
ourgr
apht
osol
ve.
(
i) x2+3x+4=0
-
(
ii
) 4x=x2

CHAPTERFOURTY
LI
NEARMOTI
ON

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthet
opict
helearnershoul
dbeableto:
a.)Def
inedi
spl
acement,speed,vel
oci
tyandaccel
erat
ion
a.
)Di
sti
ngui
shbet
ween:
 di
stanceanddi
spl
acement
 speedandv
eloci
ty
b.
)Det
ermi
nev
eloci
tyandaccel
erat
ion

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c.
)Pl
otanddr
awgr
aphsofl
i
nearmot
ion(
dist
anceandv
eloci
tyt
imegr
aphs)
d.
)Int
erpr
etgr
aphsofl
i
nearmot
ion
e.
)Def
iner
elat
ivespeed
f
.) Sol
vet
hepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngr
elat
ivespeed.

Cont
ent
a.
)Di
spl
acement
,vel
oci
ty,
speedandaccel
erat
ion
b.
)Det
ermi
ningv
eloci
tyandaccel
erat
ion
c.
)Rel
ati
vespeed
d.
)Di
stance-t
imegr
aph
e.
)Vel
oci
tyt
imegr
aph
f
.)I
nter
pret
ati
onofgr
aphsofl
i
nearmot
ion
g.
)Sol
vi
ngpr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngr
elat
ivespeed

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Di
stancebet
weenthetwopointsi
sthel
engt
hoft
hepat
hjoi
ningt
hem whi
l
edi
spl
acementi
sthe
di
stancei
naspeci
fieddi
rect
ion

Speed
di
stanc
ec over
ed
Av
eragespeed=
ti
met a
ke n

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Exampl
e
A manwalksfor40minut
esat60km/ hour
,thentr
avel
sfortwohoursinaminibusat80
km/hour
.Fi
nal
l
y,het
rav
elsbybusf
oronehourat60km/h.Fi
ndhi
sspeedfort
hewholej
our
ney
.

Sol
uti
on
di
stanc
ec over
ed
Av
eragespeed=
ti
met a
ke n

Tot
aldi
st (
ance=
40
60 )
x60 km +(
2x80)
km +(
1x60)
km =260km

4 2
Tot
alt
ime= +2+1=3 hr
s
6 3
260
Av
eragespeed=
2
3
3
260x3
= =70.
9km/
h
11

Vel
oci
tyandaccel
erat
ion
Formot
ionunderconst
antaccel
erat
ion;
ini
ti
alve
loc
ity+f
ina
lve
loc
ity
Ave
rag
eve
loc
ity=
2

Exampl
e
Acarmovi
nginagivendi
rect
ionunderconst
antaccel
erat
ion.I
fit
svel
oci
tyatacer
tai
nti
mei
s
75km /
hand10secondsl
aterit
s90km /hr.

Sol
uti
on
cha
ngeinvel
oci
ty
Ac
cel
ara
tion=
t
imeta
ken
(90-
75)
km/
h
=
10s
( 75)x1000
90- 2
= m/
s
10x60x60
5 2
= m/
s
12

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Exampl
e
Acarmov ingwit
havelocit
yof50km/ hthenthebr
akesareappl
iedsot
hatitst
opsaf
ter20
seconds.
inthi
scaset
hefinalv
eloci
tyi
s0km/ handi
nit
ial
vel
oci
tyi
s50km/h.

Sol
uti
on
(
0-50)x1000 2
Accel
erat
ion= m/
s
20x60x60
25 2
=- m/
s
36
Negat
iveaccel
erat
ioni
sal
way
sref
err
edt
oasdecel
erat
ionorr
etar
dat
ion

Di
stancet
imegr
aph.
Whendi
stancei
spl
ott
edagai
nstt
ime,
adi
stancet
imegr
aphi
sobt
ained.

Vel
oci
ty—t
imeGr
aph
Whenv
eloci
tyi
spl
ott
edagai
nstt
ime,
avel
oci
tyt
imegr
aphi
sobt
ained.

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Rel
ati
veSpeed
Consi
dertwobodiesmovi
nginthesamedi r
ect
ionatdi
ff
erentspeeds.Thei
rrel
ati
vespeedi
s
thedi
ff
erencebet
weent
heindi
vi
dualspeeds.

Exampl
e
AvanleftNai
robif
orkakamegaatanaver
agespeedof80km/
h.Af
terhal
fanhour
,acarl
eft
Nai
robif
orKakamegaataspeedof100km/h.
a.
) Fi
ndt
her
elat
ivespeedoft
het
wov
ehi
cles.
b.
) Howf
arf
rom Nai
robi
didt
hecarov
ert
aket
hev
an

Sol
uti
on
Rel
ati
vespeed=di
ff
erencebet
weent
hespeeds
=100–80
=20km/
h

Di
stancecov
eredbyt
hev
ani
n30mi
nut
es
30
Di
stance= x80=40km
60
40
Ti
met
akenf
orcart
oov
ert
akemat
atu=
20

=2hour
s

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Di
stancef
rom Nai
robi
=2x100 =200km

Exampl
e
Atruckl
eftNyeriat7.
00am forNai
robiatanaveragespeedof60km/
h.At8.00am abuslef
t
Nai
robif
orNy er
iatspeedof120km/ h.Howfarfr
om nyeridi
dthev
ehi
clesmeeti
fNyer
iis160
km fr
om Nai
robi
?

Sol
uti
on
Di
stancecov
eredbyt
hel
orr
yin1hour=1x60
=60km
Di
stancebet
weent
het
wov
ehi
cleat8.
00am =160–100
=100km
Rel
ati
vespeed=60km/
h+120km/
h
100
Ti
met
akenf
ort
hev
ehi
clet
omeet=
180
5
= hour
s
9
5
Di
stancef
rom Ny
eri
=60x x60
9
=60+33.
3
=93.
3km

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.
1.Abust
akes195mi
nut
est
otr
avel
adi
stanceof(
2x+30)km atanav
eragespeedof

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(x-20)km/h Cal
cul
atet
heact
ualdi
stancet
rav
eled.Gi
vey
ouranswer
sin
ki
l
omet er
s.
2.
)Thetableshowst
hehei
ghtmet
resofanobj
ectt
hrownv
ert
ical
l
yupwar
dsv
ari
eswi
tht
he
ti
metseconds.
2
Therel
ationshi
pbet
weensandti
srepr
esent
edbyt
heequat
ionss=at +bt+10wher
ebar
e
const
ants.

t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

s 45.
1

I
.) Usi
ngt
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
nthet
abl
e,det
ermi
net
hev
aluesofaandb(2mar
ks)
I
I.
) Compl
etet
het
abl
e (1mar
k)

(
b)(
i)Dr
awagr
apht
orepr
esentt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weensandt (3mar
ks)
(
ii
)Usi
ngt
hegr
aphdet
ermi
net
hev
eloci
tyoft
heobj
ectwhent=5seconds
(
2mar
ks)
3.
)TwoLor ri
esAandBf er
rygoodsbet
weentwotownswhi
char
e3120km apar
t.Lor
ryA
tr
avel
edatkm/ hfast
erthanlorr
yB andB takes4hour
smorethanl
orr
yA tocoverthe
di
stance.
Cal
culat
ethespeedoflor
ryB
4.
) Amat atusl
eftt
ownAat7a. m.andt
ravel
l
edtowardsatownBatanav
eragespeedof60
km/h.Asecondmat atusl
eftt
ownBat8a. m.andtr
avel
ledt
owardst
ownAat60km/ h.I
fthe
di
stancebetweenthetwot
ownsis400km,fi
nd;
I
.)Thet
imeatwhi
cht
het
womat
atusmet
I
I.
)Thedi
stanceoft
hemeet
ingpoi
ntf
rom t
ownA

5. Thef
igur
ebel
owi
sav
eloci
tyt
imegr
aphf
oracar
.
y

80
t m/
y( s)

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0 4 20 24 x
Ti
me(
seconds)
(
a)Fi
ndt
het
otal
dist
ancet
rav
eledbyt
hecar
. (
2mar
ks)
(
b)Cal
cul
atet
hedecel
erat
ionoft
hecar
. (
2mar
ks)
6. Abusstart
edfrom r
estandaccel
erat
edtoaspeedof60km/hasitpassedabi
ll
boar
d.A
carmovi
nginthesamedirect
ionataspeedof100km/hpassedthebi
l
lboard45minut
eslat
er.
Howfarf
rom t
hebill
boar
ddidthecarcat
chupwiththebus? (3mks)
7. Nai
robiandEl dor
etareeach250km fr
om Nakuru.At8.15am al
orr
yleavesNakur
ufor
Nai
robi. At9.30am acarl eavesEl
dor
etforNai
robialongthesamer out
eat100km/h.
Bot
hv ehi
clesarr
ive atNairobiatthesameti
me.
(
a)Cal
cul
atet
hei
rti
meofar
ri
val
inNai
robi (
2mks)
(
b)Fi
ndt
hecar
sspeedr
elat
ivet
othatoft
hel
orr
y. (
4mks)
(
c)Howf
arapar
tar
ethev
ehi
clesat12.
45pm. (
4mks)

8. Twot ownsPandQar e400km apart

.Abusl ef
tPforQ.ItstoppedatQforonehourand
thenstart
edtheret
urnjour
neytoP.Onehouraf t
erthedepar tur
eofthebusfrom P,a
trai
l
eralsoheadi
ngforQleftP.Thetr
ail
ermettheret
urningbus¾oft hewayfrom Pto
Q.Theymetthoursaftert
hedepart
ureofthebusfr
om P.
(a)Ex pr
esstheaveragespeedoft het rai
leri
ntermsoft
(b)Findtherati
onofthespeedoft hebussot hatofthet
rai
ler
.
9. Theat hl
etesinan800met r
esracet ake104secondsand108secondsr espect
ivel
yto
compl et
etherace.Assumingeachat hleteisrunni
ngataconstantspeed.Cal
cul
atethe
dist
ancebetweent hem whenthefasterathlet
eisatthef
ini
shi
ngline.
10. AandBar etowns360km apar t.Anexpressbusdepart
sform Aat8am andmai nt
ains
anaveragespeedof90km/ hbetweenAandB.Anot herbusstar
tsfrom Bal
soat8am
andmov estowardsAmaki ngfourst
opsatfourequal
lyspacedpoint
sbetweenBandA.
Eachstopisofdur ati
on5mi nutesandtheaveragespeedbetweenanyt wospot
sis60
km/h.Calcul
atedistancebetweenthetwobusesat10am.
11. Twot ownsAandBar e220km apar t.Abusl eftt ownAat11.00am andtravel
ed
towardsBat60km/h.Att hesametime,amatatul eftt
ownBfortownAandt
rav
eledat
80km/ h.Thematat
ust oppedforatot
alof45mi nutesonthewaybefor
emeet
ingthe
bus.Calcul
atet
hedi
stancecoveredbythebusbefor emeet
ingthemat
atu.
12. Abustrav
elsf
rom Nair
obit
oKakamegaandback.Theav
eragespeedf
rom Nair
obit
o
Kakamegais80km/ hrwhil
ethatf
rom KakamegatoNair
obiis50km/hr,thefuel

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consumpti
oni
s0.35l
i
tresperki
l
omet
erandat80km/
h,t
heconsumpt
ioni
s0.
3li
tr
es
perki
lomet
er.
Find
i
) Tot
alf
uel
consumpt
ionf
ort
her
oundt
ri
p
i
i
) Av
eragef
uel
consumpt
ionperhourf
ort
her
oundt
ri
p.
13. Thedi
stancebetweentownsM andNi s280km.Acarandalor
rytr
avelfr
om M toN.
Theav
eragespeedofthelor
ryi
s20km/ hlesst
hant
hatoft
hecar
.Thelor
rytakes1h10
minmorethanthecart
otrav
elf
rom M andN.
(
a) Ifthespeedoft hel
orr
yisxkm/ h,fi
ndx (5mks)
(
b) Thel orr
ylef
ttownM at8:15a.m.ThecarlefttownM andover
tookthelor
ryat12.15
p.m.Cal cul
atethet
imethecarleftt
ownM.
14. Abusl eft Mombasaandt rav
eledtowardsNairobiatanaver
agespeedof60km/ hr
.
aft
er21/ 2hours;acarlef
tMombasaandt r
avel
edalongthesamer oadatanav erage
speed of100 km/hr .Ifthe di
stance bet
ween Mombasa and Nairobiis500 km,
Determine
(
a) (
i) Thedi
stanceoft
hebusf
rom Nai
robi
whent
hecart
ookof
f(2mks)
(
ii
) Thedi
stancet
hecart
rav
eledt
ocat
chupwi
tht
hebus
(
b) I
mmedi
atel
ythecarcaughtupwi
tht
hebus
(
c) Thecarst
oppedfor25minutes.Fi
ndthenew av
eragespeedatwhi
cht
hecar
tr
avel
edi
nordert
oreachNai
robiatt
hesameti
meast hebus.
15. Arall
ycartr
avel
edfor2hours40minutesatanaver
agespeedof120km/
h.Thecar
consumesanaver
ageof1l
it
reoffuel
forever
y4ki
lometer
s.
Al
i
treoft
hef
uel
cost
sKshs59
Cal
cul
atet
heamountofmoneyspentonf
uel

16. Apassengernot i
cest
hatshehadf or
got
tenherbaginabus12minutesaf
terthebus
hadl
eft
.Tocat chupwiththebussheimmediatel
ytookataxi
whi
cht
rav
eledat95km/hr.
Thebusmaintainedanaveragespeedof75km/hr.deter
mine
(
a) Thedi
stancecov
eredbyt
hebusi
n12mi
nut
es
(
b) Thedi
stancecov
eredbyt
het
axi
tocat
chupwi
tht
hebus

17. Theathlet
esinan800met r
er acetake104secondsand108secondsr espect
ivelyto
complet
et herace.Assumingeachat hlet
eisrunni
ngataconstantspeed.Cal
cul
at ethe
di
stancebetweent hem whenthefasterathl
etei
satthef
ini
shi
ngline.
18. MwangiandOtienoliv
e40km apart
.Mwangistar
tsfr
om hishomeat7.
30am and
cy
clestowar
dsOt i
eno’
shouseat16km/hOt i
enostar
tsfrom hi
shomeat8.
00and
cy
clesat8km/htowardsMwangi
atwhatt
imedotheymeet
?

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19. Atrai
nmov i
ngatanaveragespeedof72km/
htakes15secondst
ocompl
etel
ycr
ossa
br
idgethati
s80m l
ong.
(
a)Expr
ess72km/
hinmet
respersecond
(
b)Fi
ndt
hel
engt
hoft
het
rai
ninmet
res

CHAPTERFOURTYONE
S
TATI
STI
CS(
I)

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthetopicthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)Def
inest
atist
ics
b.
)Col
l
ectandor
gani
zedat
a
c.
)Dr
awaf
requencydi
str
ibut
iont
abl
e
d.
)Gr
oupdat
aint
oreasonabl
ecl
asses
e.
)Cal
cul
atemeasur
esofcent
ral
tendency
f
.)Repr
esentdat
ainform ofl
i
negr
aphs,
bargr
aphs,
pie-
char
ts,
pict
ogr
am,
hi
stogr
am and
fr
equencypol
ygons
g.
)Int
erpr
etdat
afr
om r
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)Def
ini
ti
onofst
ati
sti
cs
b.
)Col
l
ect
ionandor
gani
zat
ionofdat
a
c.
)Fr
equencydi
str
ibut
iont
abl
es(
forgr
oupedandungr
oupeddat
a)
d.
)Gr
oupi
ngdat
a
e.
)Mean,
modeandmedi
anf
orungr
oupedandgr
oupeddat
a
f
.)Representat
ion ofdata:li
ne graph,Bargr
aph,Pi
e char
t,Pi
ctogr
am,Hi
stogr
am,
Frequencypolygoni
nter
pret
ati
onofdata.

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I
ntr
oduct
ion

Thi
sisthebranchofmathemat
icsthatdeal
switht
hecol
l
ect
ion,or
gani
zat
ion,r
epr
esent
ati
on
andi
nter
pret
ati
onofdat
a.Datai
sthebasici
nfor
mati
on.

Fr
equencyDi
str
ibut
iont
abl
e
Adat
atabl
ethatl
i
stsasetofscor
esandt
hei
rfr
equency

Tal
l
y
I
ntal
l
yingeachst
roker
epr
esentaquant
it
y.

Fr
equency
Thi
sist
henumberoft
imesani
tem orv
alueoccur
s.

Mean
Thi
sisusual
l
yref
err
edt
oasar
it
hmet
icmean,
andi
stheav
eragev
aluef
ort
hedat
a

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̅ tota
lmarkss
cored ∑f
x
Themean( x)= =
tot
alnumbe
rofstudent
s ∑f
173
=
30
=5.
767

Mode
Thisi
sthemostfrequenti
tem orv
aluei
nadi
str
ibut
ionordat
a.I
ntheabov
etabl
eit
s7whi
chi
s
themostfr
equent
.

Medi
an
Togetthemedianar rangethei
temsi
nor
derofsi
ze.I
fther
ear
eN i
temsandN i
sanodd
n+1th
number
,thei
tem occupying( ).
2
n
I
fNi
sev
en,
theav
erageoft
hei
temsoccupy
ing
2

Gr
oupeddat
a
Thendi
ff
erencebetweent
hesmall
estandthebi
ggestval
uesinasetofdataiscal
l
edt
herange.
Thedat
acanbegr oupedi
ntoaconveni
entnumberofgroupscal
l
edclasses.30–40arecal
l
ed
cl
assboundari
es.
Thecl
asswit
ht hehighestf
requencyi
scalledthemodalcl
ass.Inthiscaseits50≤m <60, t
he
cl
asswidt
horinter
valisobt
ainedbygett
ingthedif
fer
encebetweentheclasslimi
ts.I
nthi
scase,
30–40=10,togett hemid-
pointyoudi
videitby2andaddittothelowerclassli
mit.

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Themeanmassi
nthet
abl
eabov
eis∑f=25,
∑fx=1215
1215
Mean =48.
6
25

Repr
esent
ati
onofst
ati
sti
cal
dat
a
Themai npurposeofrepresentat
ionofst
ati
sti
caldataist
omakecol
l
ect
eddat
amor
eeasi
l
y
under
stood.Methodsofrepresent
ati
onofdat
ainclude.

Bargr
aph
Consi
stofanumberofspacedrect
angleswhichgener
all
yhavemaj
oraxesv
ert
ical
.Bar
sar
e
uni
for
m widt
h.Theaxesmustbel
abel
ledandscalesi
ndi
cated.

Thest
udent
s’f
avor
it
ejui
cesar
easf
oll
ows
Red 2
Or
ange8
Yel
l
ow 10
Pur
ple6

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Pi
ctogr
ams
I
napi
ctogr
am,
dat
aisr
epr
esent
edusi
ngpi
ctur
es.

Consi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ngdat
a.
Thedat
ashowst
henumberofpeopl
ewhol
ovet
hef
oll
owi
ngani
mal
s
Dogs250,
Cat
s350,
Hor
ses150,
fish150

Pi
echar
t
Api echar
tisdi
videdi ntovari
oussector
s.Eachsect orrepr
esentacer t
ainquant
it
yoftheit
em
beingconsi
der
ed. t
hesi zeofthesect
orispr opor
ti
onaltothequanti
tybeingmeasured.
consi
der
theexportofUSt ot hefoll
owingcountri
es.Canada$13390, Mexi co$8136,Japan$5824,
France$2110.Thisinformati
oncanber epresent
edinapi echartasfoll
ows
a
mountofexport
Canada angl
e x360
t
ota
lpopul
ation
13390 0
x360=163.
62
29460
8136 0
Mexi
co x360=99.
42
29460

5824 0 2110 0
Japan x360=71.
16 Fr
ance x360=25.
78
29460 29460

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Li
negr
aph
Dat
arepr
esent
edusi
ngl
i
nes

Hi
stogr
ams
Frequencyineachcl
assisr
epr
esent
edbyar
ectangul
arbar whoseareaisproport
ionaltothe
frequency.whent
hebarsar
eofthesamewi
dththe hei
ghtoft
he rectangl
eisproporti
onalto
thefrequency.

Not
e;
Thebar
sar
ejoi
nedt
oget
her
.
Thecl
assboundar
iesmar
ktheboundar
iesoft
her
ect
angul
arbar
sint
hehi
stogr
am

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Hi
stogr
amscanal
sobedr
awnwhent
hecl
assi
nter
val
isnott
hesame

Thebel
owi
nfor
mat
ioncanber
epr
esent
edi
nahi
stogr
am asbel
ow

Mar
ks 10-14 15-24 25-29 30-44

No.of 5 16 4 15
st
udents

Not
e;
Whent hecl
assisdoubl
edt
he
f
requencyi
shalv
ed

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Fr
equencypol
ygon
I
tisobt
ainedbypl
ott
ingt
hef
requencyagai
nstmi
dpoi
nts.

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Thehei
ghtof36st
udent
sinacl
asswasr
ecor
dedt
othenear
estcent
imet
ersasf
oll
ows.
148 159 163 158 166 155 155 179 158 155 171 172
156 161 160 165 157 165 175 173 172 178 159 168 160
167 147 168 172 157 165 154 170 157 162 173
(a)Makeagr
oupedt
abl
ewi
th145.
5asl
owercl
assl
i
mitandcl
asswi
dthof5.
(
4mks)

2. Bel
owi
sahi
stogr
am,
draw.

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5.
0
4.
5
4.
0
ty

3.
5
equencydensi

3.
0
2.
5
2.
0
1.
5
Fr

1.
0
11. 13. 17. 15. 23.
5
0.
5 Lengt
h
5 5 5 5

Uset
hehi
stogr
am abov
etocompl
etet
hef
requencyt
abl
ebel
ow:

Lengt
h Fr
equency

11.
5≤x≤13.
5
13.
5≤x≤15.
5
3. Kambui spent
15.
5≤x≤17.
5
hersal
aryas
fol
lows: 17.
5≤x≤23.
5

Food 40%

Tr
anspor
t 10%

Educat
ion 20%

Cl
othi
ng 20%

Rent 10%

Dr
awapi
echar
ttor
epr
esentt
heabov
einf
ormat
ion

4. Theexami
nat
ionmar
ksi
namat
hemat
icst
estf
or60st
udent
swer
easf
oll
ows;
-

60 54 34 83 52 74 61 27 65 22

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70 71 47 60 63 59 58 46 39 35

69 42 53 74 92 27 39 41 49 54

25 51 71 59 68 73 90 88 93 85

46 82 58 85 61 69 24 40 88 34

30 26 17 15 80 90 65 55 69 89

Cl
ass Tal
l
y Fr
equency Uppercl
ass
l
imit

10-
29
30-
39
40-
69
70-
74
75-
89
90-
99

Fr
om t
het
abl
e;
(
a)St
atet
hemodal
class
(
b)Ont
hegr
idpr
ovi
ded,
drawahi
stogr
am t
orepr
esentt
heabov
einf
ormat
ion
5. Themar
ksscor
edby200f
rom 4st
udent
sofaschool
wer
erecor
dedasi
nthet
abl
e
bel
ow.

Mar
ks 41–50 51–55 56–65 66–70 71–85

Fr
equency 21 62 55 50 12

a.
)Ont
hegr
aphpaperpr
ovi
ded,
drawahi
stogr
am t
orepr
esentt
hisi
nfor
mat
ion.
b.
)Ont
hesamedi
agr
am,
const
ructaf
requencypol
ygon.
c.
)Usey
ourhi
stogr
am t
oest
imat
ethemodal
mar
k.
6. Thedi
agr
am bel
owshowsahi
stogr
am r
epr
esent
ingt
hemar
ksobt
ainedi
nacer
tai
ntest
:
-

7
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t
yDensiy

5
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com

(
a)I
fthef
requencyoft
hef
ir
stcl
assi
s20,
prepar
eaf
requencydi
str
ibut
iont
abl
efort
he
dat
a
(
b)St
atet
hemodal
class
(
c)Est
imat
e: (
i)Themeanmark
(
ii
)Themedianmark

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CHAPTERFOURTYTWO
ANGLEPROPERTI
ESOFACI
RCLE

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Bytheendoft
hetopi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)Ident
if
yanar
c,chor
dandsegment
b.
)Rel
ateandcomput
eangl
esubt
endedbyanar
catt
heci
rcumf
erence;
c.
)Rel
ateandcomput
eangl
esubt
endedbyanar
catt
hecent
reandatt
heci
rcumf
erence
d.
)St
atet
heangl
eint
hesemi
-ci
rcl
e
e.
)St
atet
heangl
epr
oper
ti
esofacy
cli
cquadr
il
ater
al
f
.)Fi
ndandcomput
eangl
esofacy
cli
cquadr
il
ater
al.

Cont
ent
a.
)Ar
c,chor
dandsegment
.
b.
)Angl
esubt
endedbyt
hesamear
catt
heci
rcumf
erence
c.
)Rel at
ionship bet
ween angl
e subt
ended att
he cent
re and angl
e subt
ended on t
he
ci
rcumf er
encebyt hesamearc
d.
)Angl
einasemi
-ci
rcl
e
e.
)Angl
epr
oper
ti
esofacy
cli
cquadr
il
ater
al
f
.)Fi
ndi
ngangl
esofacy
cli
cquadr
il
ater
al.

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I
ntr
oduct
ion

Ar
c,Chor
dandSegmentofaci
rcl
e
Ar
c
Anypartont
hecir
cumf
erenceofaci
rcl
eiscal
l
edanar
c.Wehav
ethemaj
orar
candt
hemi
nor
Arcasshownbel
ow.

Chor
d
Alinejoi
ninganytwopointsonthecir
cumfer
ence. Chorddivi
desacirclei
ntotworegi
ons
cal
ledsegments,
thel
argeronei
scall
edthemajorsegmentthesmall
erparti
scal
ledt
heminor
segment.

Angl
eatt
hecent
reandAngl
eont
heci
rcumf
erence
Theanglewhicht
hechordsubt
endst
othecent
rei
stwi
cet
hati
tsubt
endsatanypoi
ntont
he
ci
rcumfer
enceoft
hecir
cle.

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Angl
eint
hesamesegment
s
Angl
essubtendedontheci
rcumfer
encebythesamearcinthesamesegmentar
eequal
.Al
so
not
ethatequalar
cssubt
endequalangl
esontheci
rcumf
erence

Cy
cli
cquadr
il
ater
als
Quadr
il
ater
alwi
thal
lthev
ert
icesl
yi
ngont
heci
rcumf
erencear
ecal
l
edcy
cli
cquadr
il
ater
al

Angl
epr
oper
ti
esofcy
cli
cquadr
il
ater
al
0
 Theopposi
teangl
esofcy
cli
cquadr
il
ater
alar
esuppl
ement
aryhencet
heyaddupt
o180.
 Ifasi
deofquadr
il
ater
ali
spr
oducedt
hei
nter
iorangl
eisequalt
otheopposi
teext
eri
or
angl
e.

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Exampl
e
0
I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow<ADE=120 f
ind<ABC

Sol
uti
on
Usi
ngthisrule,I
fasi
deofquadri
l
ater
ali
spr
oducedt
hei
nter
iorangl
eisequalt
otheopposi
te
0
ext
eri
orangle.Fi
nd<ABC=120

0
Angl
esf
ormedbyt
hedi
amet
ert
otheci
rcumf
erencei
sal
way
s90

Summar
y
 Angl
einsemi
cir
cle=r
ightangl
e

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 Angl
eatcent
rei
stwi
cet
hanatci
rcumf
erence
 Angl
esi
nsamesegmentar
eequal
 Angl
esi
nopposi
tesegment
sar
esuppl
ement
ary

Exampl
e

1.
) I
nthedi
agr
am,
Oist
hecent
reoft
heci
rcl
eandADi
spar
all
elt
oBC.I eACB=50o
fangl
e ACD =20o.
andangl
C

o
20o 50

D O
Cal
cul
ate;
(i)OAB

(
ii
)ADC

A B
Sol
utoni
i )∠AOB =2∠ACB
= 100o
∠OAB=180–100Baseangl
esofI
soscel
es∆
2
=400
(
i)∠BAD =1800-700
i
=110

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsaci
rcl
ecent
reOandacy
cli
cquadr
il
ater
alABCD.AC=CD,
angl
e
s80oandBODi
ACDi sast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.Gi
vi
ngr
easonsf
ory
ouranswer
,fi
ndt
hesi
zeof:
-
C

80
o

O
A
C

(
i)Angl
eACB
(
ii
)Angl
eAOD
(
ii
i)Angl
eCAB
(
iv)Angl
eABC
(
v)Angl
eAXB
2 I
nthefi
gur owCP=CQand<CQP=1600.I
ebel fABCDi
sacy
cli
cquadr
il
ater
al,
find<
BAD.

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3 I
nthefi
gurebelowAOCisadiamet
eroft
hecircl
ecent
reO; AB=BCand<ACD=250,
EBFi
sat angentt
otheci
rcl
eatB.
GisapointontheminorarcCD.

(
a) Cal
cul
atet
hesi
zeof

(
i)<BAD

(
ii
)TheObt
use<BOD

(
ii
i)<BGD

(
b) Showt
he<ABE=<CBF.Gi
ver
easons
4 Inthefi
gurebel
owPQRist
hetangentt
oci
rcl
eatQ.TSi
sadiameterandTSRandQUV
arestr
aightl
i
nes.QSi
spar
all
elt esSQR=400andangl
oTV.Angl eTQV=550

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Fi
ndt
hef
oll
owi
ngangl
es,
giv
ingr
easonsf
oreachanswer
(a) QST
(b) QRS
(c) QVT
(d) UTV
4. I
nthefi
gur
ebel
ow,
QOTi
sadi
amet
er.QTR=480,
TQR=760andSRT=370

Cal
cul
ate
(
a) <RST
(
b) <SUT
(
c) Obt
use<ROT
5. I
nthef
igurebel
ow, point
sOandParecenter
sofint
ersect
ingci
rclesABDand
BCDrespect
ivel
y.LineABEi
satangentt
ocircl
eBCDatB.Angl eBCD=420

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(
a) St
ati
ngr
easons,
det
ermi
net
hesi
zeof
(
i) <CBD
(
ii
) Ref
lex<BOD
(
b)Showt
hat∆ABDi
sisoscel
es
6. Thediagr
am bel
owshowsaci
rcl
eABCDE.Thel
i
neFEGisatangentt
otheci
rcl
eatpoi
nt
E.Li
neDEi spar
all
eloCG, <DEC=280and
t <AGE=320

Cal
cul
ate:
(
a) <AEG
(
b) <ABC
7.Inthefi
gurebelowR,T andSar
epoi
ntsonaci
rcl
ecent
reOPQi
sa
tangentt
o
t
heci
rcl
eatT.PORisast r
aightlneandQPR=200
i

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Fi
ndt
hesi
zeofRST

CHAPTERFOURTYTHREE

VECTORS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthetopicthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)Def
inevectorandscal
ar
b.
)Usev
ect
ornot
ati
on
c.
)Repr
esentv
ect
orsbot
hsi
ngl
eandcombi
nedgeomet
ri
cal
l
y
d.
)Ident
if
yequi
val
entv
ect
ors
e.
)Addv
ect
ors
f
.) Mul
ti
plyv
ect
orsbyscal
ars
g.
)Def
ineposi
ti
onv
ect
orandcol
umnv
ect
or
h.
)Fi
ndmagni
tudeofav
ect
or
i
.) Fi
ndmi
d-poi
ntofav
ect
or
j
.) Def
inet
ransl
ati
onasat
ransf
ormat
ion.

Cont
ent
a.
)Vect
orandscal
arquant
it
ies
b.
)Vect
ornot
ati
on
c.
)Repr
esent
ati
onofv
ect
ors
d.
)Equi
val
entv
ect
ors
e.
)Addi
ti
onofv
ect
ors
f
.)Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionofav
ect
orbyascal
ar
g.
)Col
umnv
ect
ors
h.
)Posi
ti
onv
ect
ors

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i
.) Magni
tudeofav
ect
or
j
.) Mi
dpoi
ntofav
ect
or
k.
)Tr
ansl
ati
onv
ect
or.

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Av ect
orisaquant
it
ywit
hbothmagni
tudeanddir
ecti
on,e.
g.accel
erati
onv el
oci
tyandf
orce.A
quanti
tywit
hmagnit
udeonl
yiscal
l
edscal
arquant
it
ye.g.masstemperatur
eandtime.

Repr
esent
ati
onofv
ect
ors
Av
ect
orcanbepr
esent
edbyadi
rect
edl
i
neasshownbel
ow:

Thedi
rect
ionoft
hev
ect
ori
sshownbyt
hear
row.
Magni
tudei
sthel
engt
hofAB
⃑
Vect
orABcanbewr
it
tenasABorAB
Magni
tudei
sdenot
edby|
AB|
Ai
sthei
nit
ial
poi
ntandBt
het
ermi
nal
poi
nt

Equi
val
entv
ect
ors
Twoormor
evect
orsar
esai
dtobeequi
val
enti
ftheyhav
e:
 Equal
magni
tude

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 Thesamedi
rect
ion.

Addi
ti
onofv
ect
ors
A movementonastrai
ghtli
nefr
om poi
ntA t
oBcanber
epr
esent
edusi
ngav
ect
or.Thi
s
movementi
scal
leddi
spl
acement
⃗ ⃗
Consi
dert
hedi
spl
acementf
rom u f
oll
owedbyv

⃗ ⃗
Ther
esul
ti
ngdi
spl
acementi
swr
it
tenasu + v

Zer
ovect
or

Consi
deradi
placementf
rom At
oBandbackt
oA.
Thet
otal
displ
acementi
szer
odenot
edbyO

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Thi
svect
ori
scal
l
edaZer
oornul
lvect
or.
AB+BA=O
I
fa+b=0 ,
b=-
aora=-b

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionofav
ect
orbyascal
ar
Posi
ti
veScal
ar
I
fAB=BC=CD=a
A_
___
__B_
___
__C_
___
__D>
AD=a+a+a=3a
Negat
ivescal
ar
Subt
ract
ionofonev
ect
orf
rom anot
heri
sper
for
medbyaddi
ngt
hecor
respondi
ngnegat
ive
Vect
or.Thati
s,fweseeka−bwef
i orm a+(
−b)
.
DA=(
-a)+(
-a)+(
-a)
=-
3a
Thezer
oScal
ar
Whenv
ect
orai
smul
ti
pli
edbyo,
itsmagni
tudei
szer
oti
mest
hatofa.Ther
esul
tis zer
ovect
or.
a.
0=0.
a=0
Mul
ti
ply
ingaVect
orbyaScal
ar
fki
I sanyposit
iv arandai
escal savectorthenkaisav ect
ori
nt hesamedi
rect
ionasabutk
t
imesl
onger
.Ifkisnegati
v kai
e, sav
ectorintheopposi
tedir
ect
iontoaandkt
imeslonger
.

Mor
eil
l
ust
rat
ions……………………………………………

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Av ectori
srepr
esentedbyadi r
ectedli
nesegment,whichisa
segmentwi t
hanar r
ow atoneendi ndicat
ingt
hedirecti
onof
mov ement.
 Unl
ikearay,adi
rectedli
nesegmenthasaspecifi
c
l
engt h.
 
Thedirecti
onisindi
catedbyanarr
owpoi nti
ngf r
om t
hetai
l
(the
i
nit
ialpoint
)tothehead( t
heter
minalpoi
nt). I
fthet
aili
sat
ntAandt
poi heheadi ntB,
satpoi thevectorfom At
r oBi s
wri
ttenas:

 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  not
  ati
on: 
  
 
 (Vectorsmayal sobelabel
edasasi
ngl
ebol
dfacel
ett
er,
such
asvectorv.)

Thel
engt
h(magni
tude)ofavect
orvi
swr
it
ten|
v|
. Lengt
his
al
way
sanon-
negat
ivereal
number
.
Asyoucanseei nthediagr
am attheri
ght,t
helengt
hofav ect
or
can be found byforming a r
ighttri
angle and ut
il
izi
ng the
Pyt
hagoreanTheorem orbyusi
ngt heDi
stanceFormula. 
Thev
ect
oratt
her
ightt
ransl
ates6uni
tst
other
ightand4uni
ts

upwar
d. The magni
tude ofthe v
ectoris fr
om t
he
Pyt
hagor
eanTheor
em, orf
rom t
heDist
anceFor
mul
a:

| |

Thedir
ect
ionofav ect
ori
sdet
ermi
nedbyt
heangl
eitmakes
wit
h ahor
izont
all
i
ne. 
I
nt hediagr
am attheright
,tofindt
hedirectionofthevect
or(i
n
degrees)wewilluti
l
izetri
gonometry.
 Thet angentoftheangl
e
for
medbyt hev ect
orandt hehori
zont
all i
ne( theonedrawn
paral
lelt
othex-
axis)is4/6(opposi
te/
adjacent).

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Afreevect
orisaninfi
nit
esetofpar al
leldi
rectedli
nesegmentsandcanbethoughtofasa
t
ransl
ati
on.
 Noticet
hatthevector
sinthistransl
ati
onwhichconnectt
hepr
e-i
magev er
ti
cest
o
t
heimagevert
icesar
eallpar
all
elandareallt
hesamel engt
h. 
Youmayal soheart
het
erms"
displ
acement
"vect
oror"
tr
ansl
ati
on"v
ect
orwhenwor
kingwi
th
tr
ansl
ati
ons.

Posit
ionvect
or: 
Toeachf r
eevector(ortr
anslati
on)
,ther
ecor
respondsaposi
ti
onv
ect
orwhi
chi
sthei
mageof
theori
ginunderthattr
anslat
ion.
 
Unli
keaf r
eev ector
,aposi
ti
onv ect
ori
s"ti
ed"or"f
ixed"t
otheor
igi
n. Aposi
ti
onv
ect
ordescr
ibes
thespat
ialpositi
onofapointr
elati
vet
otheorigi
n.
TRANSLATI
ONVECTOR
Tr
anslati
onv ect
ormovesev
erypointofanobjectbythesameamounti
nt hegiv
env
ect
or
di
rect
ion.Itcanbesi
mpl
ybedef
inedastheaddi
ti
onofaconst
antv
ect
ort
oever
ypoint
.

Transl
at i
onsandv ect
ors:
 Thet
ranslati
onattheleft
showsav ect
ort
ransl
ati
ngthet
opt r
iangle4uni
tst o
therightand9uni tsdownwar
d. Thenot at
ionf or
suchv ectormovementmaybewrit
tenas:

 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
 or
  
  

Vectorssuchast hoseusedi nt r
ansl
ati
onsarewhat
i
sknownasf reev ectors.
 Anyt wov ect
orsoft he
same l engt
h and par al
lel t
o each ot her are
consider
edidenti
cal. Theyneednothav ethesame
i
nit
ialandter
minal points.
  

Exampl
e
ThepointsA( -
4,4),B(
-2,3),C(-
4,1)andD(-5,3)arev
rti
cesofaquadri
l
ateral
.Ift
he
quadr
il
aterali
sgiv
ent
het
ransl
ati
onTdef
inedbyt
hev
ect
5
or dr
-
3
a()
wthequa
dri
lat
eralABCDand
i
tsimageunderT

Sol
uti
on
1
( ) ( ) ()
OA = -
4 + 5 = 1,
4 3 1
-
s
1
oA is(1,
1)

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1
( ) ( ) ()
2 + 5 = 3,
OB = -
3 3 0
-
s
1
oB is(3,
0)

1
( ) () ()
OC = -
4 + 5 = 1,
1 3 -
- 2
s
1
oC is(1,
-2)

1
( ) () ()
5 + 5 = 1,
OD = -
3 3 -
- 2
s
1
oD is(0,
0)

Summar
yonv
ect
ors
Components of a Vect
or i
n 2
di
mensions:
Togetf
rom At
oBy
ouwoul
dmov
e: A 2-
dimensi
onal
col
umnv
ect
ori
soft
hef
orm

2 unit
sint
he x di
rect
ion (
x-
component
)
4 unit
sint
he y di
rect
ion (
y-
component
)
Si
mil
arl
y: or

The component
s ofthe vect
orare
thesemovesinthef
orm ofacolumn
vector
.

t
hus or

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Magni
tudeofaVect
ori
n2di
mensi
ons:
Wewr
it
ethemagni
tudeofu as|
u| Themagni
tudeofv orui
ect s|u|(
thel
engt
hofPQ)

Thel
engt
hofPQi
swr
it
tenas

t
hen

Themagni t
udeofav ect
ori
sthel
ength
oft he di
rected l
i
ne segmentwhich andso
repr
esentsit
.

UsePy
thagor
as’
Theor
em
t
ocal
cul
atet
hel
engt
hoft
hev
ect
or.

Exampl
es: Sol
uti
ons:
1. Dr
aw a di
rect
ed l
i
ne segment
r
epr
esent
ing 1.

2. andPi
s(2,1)
,fi
ndco-

or
dinat
esofQ
2. Qi
s(2+4,
1+3) Q(
6,4)

3.Pi
s(1,
3)andQi
s(4,
1)f
ind

3.

Vect
or: Exampl
es:
A quanti
tywhi
chhasmagnitudeand Displ
acement,
for
ce,v
eloci
ty,
acceler
ation.
di
rect
ion.
Examples:
Scal
ar:
Temperatur
e,wor
k,wi
dth,hei
ght
,length,ti
meofday
.
Aquantit
ywhi
chhasmagni
tudeonl
y.

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Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.
1. Gi
vent
hat and f
ind

c) (
i) (
3mks)

(
ii
) | | (
3mks)
(
b)Showt
hatA(
1,-
1),
B(3,
5)andC(
5,11)ar
ecol
l
inear(
4mks)

2. Gi
vent
hecol
umnv
ect
ors andt
hat

(
c) (
i)Expr
esspasacol
umnv
ect
or
(
2mks)
(
d) (
ii
)Det
ermi
net
hemagni
tudeofp (
1mk)
3. Gi
vent
hepoi
ntsP(
-6,
-3)
,Q(
-2,
-1)andR(
6,3)expr
essPQandQRascol
umnv
ect
ors.
Henceshowt
hatt
hepoi
ntsP,
QandRar
ecol
l
inear
. (
3mks)

4. Theposi
ti
onv
ect
orsofpoi
ntsxandyar
e and
r
espect
ivel
y.Fi
ndxyasacol
umnv
ect
or (
2mks)

5. Gi
vent
hat

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(
3mks)

6. Theposi
ti
onv
ect
orsofAandBar
e 2 and 8 r
espect
ivel
y.Fi
ndt
hecoor
dinat
esofM
5 -
7
whi
chdi
vi
desABi
nther
ati
o1:
2. (
3mar
ks)

7. Thedi
agr
am showst
hegr
aphofv
ect
ors and .

Fi
ndt
hecol
umnv
ect
ors;

(
a) (
1mk)

(
b)| | (
2mks)

8. .Fi
nd (
2mks)

9. Fi
ndscal
arsm andnsucht
hat

m 4 +n -
3 =5
3 2 8

10. Gi
vent
hat p=2i
–j+kandq=i
+j+2k,det
ermi
ne

(
a.)│p+q│ (
1mk)

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(
b)│ p–2q│ (
2mks)

MATHEMATI
CS(
121)
PAPERTWO
ALTERNATI
VEA
I
NTRODUCTI
ON
 Quest
ionsi
nthi
spaperwil
lmainl
ytesttopi
csf
rom For
m 3and4.Howev
erknowl
edge
andskil
l
sacqui
redi
nfor
m 1andform 2wil
lber
equi
red
 Thet
imeal
l
ocat
edf
ort
hispaperi
s2½hour
s
 Thepaperconsi
stofat
otal
of100mar
ks

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 Thepapershal
lconsi
stoft
wosect
ion:
:Sect
ion1andI
I

Sect
ionI
Thi
ssect
ionwi
l
lhav
e50mar
ksandsi
xteen(
16)compul
sor
yshor
t-answerquest
ions
Sect
ionI
I
Thissecti
onwill
have50mar ksandachoi
ceofeight(
8)openendedquest
ion,
forcandi
dat
est
o
answeranyf i
ve(5)
.Thestudent
sshoul
dnotethatanyatt
emptedquesti
onsinthi
ssecti
onwi
ll
bemar kedift
heyarenotcancel
l
ed

CHAPTERFOURTYFOUR

QUADRATI
CEXPRES
SIONANDEQUATI
ONS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:

(
a)Fact
ori
zequadr
ati
cexpr
essi
ons;
(
b)I
dent
if
yper
fectsquar
es;
(
c)Compl
etet
hesquar
e;

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(
d)Sol
vi
ngquadr
ati
cequat
ionsbycompl
eti
ngt
hesquar
e;
(
e)Der
ivet
hequadr
ati
cfor
mul
a;
(
f)Sol
vequadr
ati
cequat
ionsusi
ngt
hef
ormul
a;
(
g)For
m andsol
vequadr
ati
cequat
ionsf
rom r
oot
sandgi
vensi
tuat
ions;
(
h)Maket
abl
esofv
aluesf
rom aquadr
ati
crel
ati
on;
(
i)Dr
awt
hegr
aphofaquadr
ati
crel
ati
on;
(
j)Sol
vequadr
ati
cequat
ionsusi
nggr
aphs;
(k)Solve si
mul
taneous equat
ions (
one l
i
nearand one quadr
ati
c)anal
yti
cal
l
yand
graphi
cal
ly;
(
1)Appl
ytheknowl
edgeofquadr
ati
cequat
ionst
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Content
(a)Fact
ori
zat
ionofquadr
ati
cexpr
essi
ons
(
b)Per
fectsquar
es
(
c)Compl
eti
onoft
hesquar
es
(
d)Sol
uti
onofquadr
ati
cequat
ionsbycompl
eti
ngt
hesquar
e
2
-b± b-
4ac
(
e)Quadr
ati
cfor
mul
ax=-
b±
2a
(
f)Sol
uti
onofquadr
ati
cequat
ionsusi
ngt
hef
ormul
a.
(
g)For
mat
ionofquadr
ati
cequat
ionsandsol
vi
ngt
hem
(
h)Tabl
esofv
aluesf
oragi
venquadr
ati
crel
ati
on
(
i)Gr
aphsofquadr
ati
cequat
ions
(
j)Si
mul
taneousequat
ion-onel
i
nearandonequadr
ati
c
(
k)Appl
i
cat
ionofquadr
ati
cequat
iont
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ion.

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Per
fectsquar
e
Expr
essi
onswhi
chcanbef
act
ori
zedi
ntot
woequal
fact
orsar
ecal
l
edper
fectsquar
es.

Compl
eti
ngt
hesquar
e
2
Anyquadrat
icexpr
essi
oncanbesimpl
i
fiedandwr
it
teni
nthefor
max xbx+cwher
ea,
bandc
b2
areconst
antandai snotequalt
ozer
o.Weuset heexpr
essi
on ( )=Ctomakeaper
fect
2
squar
e.
Wear
efi
rstgoi
ngt
olookf
orexpr
essi
onwher
e coef
fi
cientof x=1

Exampl
e
2
Whatmustbeaddedt
ox+10xt
omakei
taper
fectsquar
e?

Sol
uti
on
 Lett
henumbert
obeaddedbeaconst
antc.
2
 Thenx+10x+ci
saper
fectsquar
e.
b2
 Usi
ng( )=C
2
2
 (
10/
2)=c
 C=25 (
25mustbeadded)

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Exampl
e
2
Whatmustbeaddedt
ox+_+36t
omakei
taper
fectsquar
e

Sol
uti
on
 Lett
het
ermt
obeaddedbebxwher
ebi
saconst
ant
2
 Thenx+bx+36i
saper
fectsquar
e.
b2
 Usi
ng( )=36
2
b
 =√36
2
b
 =±6 b=12xor-
12x
2

Wewi
l
lnowconsi
dert
hesi
tuat
ionswher
ea≠1a
ndnote
qua
ltoz
erondnote
qua
ltoz
ero
2 2
4x-12x+9=(
2x-6)

2 2
9x-6x+1=(
3x+1)

b2
I
ntheabov
ey ouwil
lnot
icet
hat( )=ac.Weuset
hisexpr
essi
ont
omakeper
fectsquar
es
2
wher
eaisnotoneandit
snotzer
o.

Exampl
e
2
Whatmustbeaddedt
o25x+_+9t
omakei
taper
fectsquar
e?

Sol
uti
on
 Lett
het
ermt
obeaddedbebx.
2
 Then,
25x+bx+9i
saper
fectsquar
e.
b2
 The
ref
ore( )=25x9r
e(b/
2)^
2=25x9.
2

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b2
 ( )=225
2
b
 =±15
2

 s
ob=30or-30Thet
ermt
obeaddedi
sthus30or-30.

Exampl
e
Whatmustbeaddedt
o_-40x+25t
omakei
taper
fectsquar
e?

Sol
uti
on
2
 Lett
het
ermt
obeaddedbeax
2
 Thena
x-40x+25i
saper
fectsquar
e.
b2
 Usi
ng( )=a
c
2
-402
 ( )=25a
2
 400=25a
2
 a=16t
het
ermt
obea
dde
dis16x

Sol
uti
onsofquadr
ati
cequat
ionsbycompl
eti
ngt
hesquar
emet
hods
Exampl
e
2
Sol
vex +5x+1=0bycompl
eti
ngt
hesquar
e.

sol
uti
on
2
x +5x+1=0 Wri
teori
ginal
equat i
on.
2 2
x +5x=-1Wr i
tethel
eftsi
deintheform x+bx.
2 52 52 52
x+10x+( )=( )-1 Add( )t obothsi des
2 2 2
2 25 21
x+10x+ =
4 4
2
5 21
(x +)= Takesquareroot
sofeachsi deandfact
ori
zet
hel
eftsi
de
2 4

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5 21
x+ =± Sol veforx.
2 4
5 4.583
=- ± Simpl
if
y
2 2
0.417 9.583
=- or Ther
efor
ex=-0.
2085or4.
792
2 2
Theme
thodofc
ompl
eti
ngt
hes
qua
ree
nabl
esust
osol
vequa
dra
tice
qua
tionswhi
ch
Cannotbesol
vedbyf
act
ori
zat
ion.

Exampl
e
2
Sol
ve2x +4x+1=0bycompl
eti
ngt
hesquar
e

Sol
uti
on
2 2
2x +4x=-
1 makecooef
fi
eci
entofx onebydi
vi
dingbot
hsi
desby2
2
x +2x=-
1/2

2 1
x +2x+1=- +1
2
Addi
ng1t
ocompl
etet
hesquar
eont
heLHS

2 1
(x+1)=
2
1
x+1=±√
2

x=-
1± 0.
5
=-
1±0.
7071071
.
2929or
-1.
7071

Thequadr
ati
cfor
mul
a
2
-
b± b-
4ac
2a

Exampl
e
2
Usi
ngquadr
ati
cfor
mul
asol
ve2x-5x-3=0

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Sol
uti
on
2
Compar
ingt
hisequat
iont
othegener
alequat
ion,
ax +bx+c=0weget
;a=2b=-
5c=-
5
Subst
it
uti
ngi
nthequadr
ati
cfor
mul
ae
2
b± b-
- 4ac
X=
2a

5± 25-
- 4(2)
(-3)
=
2(
2)
5± 49
=
4

5±7
=
4

12 -2
= or
4 4

1
X=3or-
2

For
mat
ionofquadr
ati
cequat
ions
Petertr
avel
stohisuncle’shome,30km awayf r
om hisplace.Hetr
avelsf
ortwothi
rdsofthe
j
ourneybefor
ethebicycledevel
opedmechanicalprobl
emsanhehadt opushi
tfort
herestof
thejour
ney.I
fhi
scycli
ngspeedi s10km\hfasterthanhiswalki
ngspeedandhecomplet
esthe
j
ourneyin3hour
s30mi nut
es,det
ermi
nehiscycli
ngspeed.

Sol
uti
on
LetPet
erscy
cli
ngspeedbexkm\h,
thenhi
swal
ki
ngspeedi
s(x-
10)km/
h.

Ti
met
akeni
ncy
cli
ng= (
2
3 )
of30 ÷x

20
= h
x
Ti
met
akeni
nwal
ki
ng=(
30–20)
÷(x-
10)
10
= h
x-10

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20 10
Tot
alt
ime=( + )h
x x+10

Ther
efor
e (
20 10
+
x x-
10 )
=3
1
3

(20 10
+
x x-
=
10 3)
10

60(
x-10)+30(
x)=10(
x)(
x-10)
2
10x –190x+600=0
2
x -19x+60=0

19± 361-
240
x=
2
x=15or4
Ifhi
scycli
ngspeedi
s4km/
h,t
henhi
swal
ki
ngspeedi
s(4-
10)km/
h,whi
chgi
ves– 6
km/h.
Thus,
4i
snotar
eal
i
sti
canswert
othi
ssi
tuat
ion.
ther
efor
ehi
scy
cli
ngspeedi
s15km/
h.

Exampl
e
Aposi
tet
wodigi
tnumberissuchthattheproductofthedi
giti
s24.Whenthedi
git
sar
erev
ersed
,t
henumberf
ormedisgreat
erthanthantheorigi
nalnumberby18.Fi
ndthenumber

Sol
uti
on
Lett
heonesdi
gitoft
henumberbeyandt
het
ensdi
gitbex,
Then,
xy=24………….
.1
Whent
henumberi
srev
ersed,
theonesdi
giti
sxandt
het
ensdi
giti
sy.
Ther
efor
e;

(
10y+x)–(
10x+y
)=18

9y
-9x=18

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y-x=2y=x+2…………….
.
2=x
+2…………….
.
2

2i
nequat
ion1gi
ves;

(
xx+2)=24
2
x +2x-24=0

2
-2± 4-
96
x=
2

x=4or-6
Si
ncet
her
equi
rednumberi
sposi
ti
vex=4andy=4+2=6
Ther
efor
ethenumberi
s46

Gr
aphsofquadr
ati
cfunct
ions
Aquadr ati
cf unct
ionhast hef orm y=ax2+bx+cwher ea≠0.Thegr aphofaquadr at i
c
2 2
funct
ioni sU-shapedandi scalledapar abola.Forinst
ance,thegr aphsofy=xandy=- xe
2
Shownbel ow.Theor i
gin(0,0)i sthelowestpointont hegraphofy=x andt hehighestpoi nt
2
onthegr aphofy=- x .Thel owestorhi ghestpointonthegr aphofaquadr at
icfuncti
oni scalled
thevertex.
2 2
Thegr aphsofy=x andy=- x ar esymmet ri
caboutt hey-axis,call
edtheaxisofsy mmet ry.In
general,theax i
sofsy mmet ryf orthegraphofaquadr at
icf uncti
onisthever t
icall
i
net hr
ough
thevertex..

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Not
es;
2 2
Thegraphofy=x f
ace
sdownwa
rdsorope
nupwa
rds and y=-
xfa
cesupwa
rdsorope
n
downwards
.

Exampl
e
2
Dr
awt aphofy=-
hegr 2x +5x-1

Sol
uti
on
Makeat
abl
eshowi
ngcor
respondi
ngv
alueofxandy
.

X-
1 0 1 2 3
Y -8 -
1 2 1 -
4

Not
e;Togett
hev
aluesr
epl
acet
hev
alueofxi
ntheequat
iont
ogett
hecor
respondi
ngv
alueof
x
2
E.gy=- 1)+5(
2(- -1)-1=-
8
2
2(0)+5(
y=- 0)-1=-
1

Exampl
e
2
Dr
awt aphofy=x-7x+2
hegr

x 0 1 2 3 5 7
y 2 -
4 -
8 -
10 -
8 2

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Gr
aphi
cal
sol
uti
onsofsi
mul
taneousequat
ions
Weshoul
dconsi
dersi
mul
taneousequat
iononeofwhi
chi
sli
nearandt
heot
heronei
squadr
ati
c.

Exampl
e
Sol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngsi
mul
taneousequat
ionsgr
aphi
cal
l
y:
2
y=x-2x+1
2
y=x-2x

Sol
uti
on
Cor
respondi
ngv
aluesofxandy

x -
2 -
1 0 1 2 3 4 x
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 y

Weuset hetabletodrawthegraphasshownbel
ow,ont
hesameaxi sthel
iney=5-2xisdr
awn.
2
Poi
ntswheret heli
ney=5- 2xandthecur
vey=x-2x+1i nt
ersectgi
vethesol
uti
on.Thepoint
s
ar
e(-2,9)and( 2,
1).
Theref
ore,whenx=-2,y=9andwhenx=2, y=1

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Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Thet
ableshowst
hehei
ghtmet
resofanobj
ectt
hrownv
ert
ical
l
yupwar
dsv
ari
eswi
tht
he
ti
metseconds
2
Therel
ati
onshipbet
weensandti
srepr
esent
edbyt
heequat
ionss=at+bt+10wher
e
bareconstant
s.

t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
s 45.
1

(
a)(
i)Usi
ngt
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
nthet
abl
e,det
ermi
net
hev
aluesofaandb
(2marks)
(
ii
)Compl
etet
het
abl
e (
1mar
k)
(
b)(
i) Dr
awagr
apht
orepr
esentt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weensandt(
3mar
ks)
(
ii
) Usi
ngt
hegr
aphdet
ermi
net
hev
eloci
tyoft
heobj
ectwhent=5seconds
2. (
a) Const
ructat
abl
eofv
aluef
ort
hef
unct
iony=x2–x–6f
or-
3≤x≤4
(
b) Ont
hegr
aphpaperdr
awt
hegr
aphoft
hef
unct
ion
Y=x2–x–6f
or-
3≤x≤4
(
c) Bydrawi
ngasui
tabl
eli
neont
hesamegr
idest
imat
ether
oot
soft
heequat
ion
x2+2x–2=0
3. (
a) Dr
awt
hegr
aphofy x2,
=6+x- taki
ngi
ntegr
alv
alueofxi
n-4≤x≤5.(
The
gr
idi
spr
ovi
ded.Usi
ngt
hesameaxesdr
awt
hegr
aphofy=2–2x
(
b) Fr
om y
ourgr
aphs,
findt
hev
aluesofXwhi
chsat
isf
ythesi
mul
taneous
equat
ionsy=6+x-x2
y=2–2x

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(
c) Wr
it
edownandsi
mpl
i
fyaquadr
ati
cequat
ionwhi
chi
ssat
isf
iedbyt
he
v
aluesofxwher
ethet
wogr
aphsi
nter
sect
.
4.(
a)Compl
etet
hef
oll
owi
ngt
abl
efort
heequat
iony=x3–5x2+2x+9
x -
2 -
1.5 -
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x2 -
3.4 -
1 0 1 27 64 125

5x2
- -
20 -
11.
3 -
5 0 -
1 -
20 -
45

2x -
4 -
3 0 2 4 6 8 10

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 99
-
8.7 9 7 -
3

(
b)Ont
hegr
idpr
ovi
deddr
awt aphofy=x3–5x2+2x+9f
hegr or-
2≤x≤5
(
c)Usi
ngt
hegr
aphest
imat
ether
ootoft
heequat
ionx3–5x2+2+9=0bet
weenx=
2andx=3
(
d)Usi
ngt
hesameaxesdr
awt
hegr
aphofy=4–4xandest
imat
easol
uti
ont
othe
equat
ionx2–5x2+6x+5=0
5. (
a) Compl
etet
het
abl
ebel
ow,
forf
unct
iony=2x2+4x-
3
x -
4 -
3 -
2 -
1 0 1 2
2x2 32 8 2 0 2

4x-3 -
11 -
3 5

y -
3 3 13

(
b) Ont
hegr
idpr
ovi
ded,
drawt
hegr
aphoft
hef
unct
i =2x2+4x-
ony 3for
-
4≤x≤2anduset hegr
apht
oest
imat
ether
otsoft
heequaton2x2+4x–3=0t
i o
1deci
mal
place. (2mks)
(
c) Inordertosolvegr aphi
call
ytheequaton2x2 +x-
i 5=0,ast
rai
ghtl
inemustbe
2
drawnt oint
ersectthecurvey=2x +4x–3.Det er
minet
heequati
onofthi
s
strai
ghtl
ine,
drawt hestr
aightl
inehenceobt
ainther
oots.
2x2+x–5t
o1deci
mal
place.
6. (
a) (
i) Compl
etet
het
abl
ebel
owf
ort
hef
unct
iony=x3+x2–2x (
2mks)

x -
3 -
2.5 -
2 -
1.5 -
1 -
0.5 0 0.
5 1 2 2.
5
x3 15.
63 -
0.13 1

x2 4 0.
25 6.
25

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-
2x 1 -
2

y 1.
87 0.
63 16.
88

(
ii
) Onthegri
dprovi
ded,
drawt aphofy=x3+x2–2xf
hegr ort
hev
aluesofx
i
ntheint
erval
–3≤x≤2. 5
(
ii
i) St
atet
her
angeofnegat
ivev
aluesofxf
orwhi
chyi
sal
sonegat
ive
(
b) Fi
ndt hecoor
dinatesoft wopoint
sonthecur
veot
hert
han(
0,0)atwhi
chx-
coor
dinat
eandy -coor
dinatear
eequal
7. Thet
ableshowssomecor
respondi
ngv
aluesofxandyf
ort
hecur
ver
epr
esent
edbyY=
¼x3-2

X -
3 -
2 -
1 0 1 2 3
Y -
8.8 -
4 -
2.3 -
2 -
1.8 0 4.
8

Onthegri
dpr
ovidedbel
ow,dr
awt aphofy=¼x2-
hegr 2for-
3≤x≤3.Uset
hegr
apht
o
est
imat
ethev
alueofxwheny=2
8. Ar etai
l
erplanned to buysomecomput er
sf or
m awholesal
erforat ot
alofKshs
1,800,
000.Beforetheretai
l
ercouldbuythecomputerst
hepri
ceperuni
twasreducedby
Kshs4,000.Thisreducti
oninpri
ceenabledtheret
ail
ert
obuyfi
vemorecomputer
susing
thesameamountofmoneyasor i
ginal
l
yplanned.
(
a) Det
ermi
net
henumberofcomput
erst
her
etai
l
erbought
(
b) Twoofthecomput er
spur
chasedgotdamagedwhil
einst
ore,
ther
estweresol
d
andtheret
ail
ermadea15% pr of
itCal
cul
atethepr
ofi
tmadebytheret
ail
eron
eachcomputersol
d
9. Thef
igur
ebel
ow i
sasket
choft
hegr
aphoft
hequadr
ati
cfunct
iony=k
(x+1)(
x-2)

Fi
ndt
hev
alueofk
10. (
a)Dr
awt
hegr =x2–2x+1f
aphofy orv
alues-
2≤x≤4

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(
b)Uset
hegr
apht
osol
vet
heequat
ionsx2–4=0andl
i
ney=2x+5
11. (
a) Dr
awt aphofy=x3+x2–2xf
hegr or-
3≤x≤3t
akescal
eof2cm t
o
r
epr
esent5uni
tsast
hehor
izont
alaxi
s
(
b) Uset
hegrapht
osol
vex3+x2–6-
4=0bydr
awi
ngasui
tabl
eli
neargr
aphont
he
sameaxes.

12. Sol
vegr
aphi
cal
l
ythesi
mul
taneousequat
ions3x–2y=5and5x+y=17

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CHAPTERFOURTYTWO

APPROXI
MATI
ONANDERROR
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:

(
a)Per
for
mvar
iouscomput
ati
onsusi
ngacal
cul
ator
;
(
b)Makereasonabl
eappr
oxi
mat
ionsandest
imat
ionsofquant
it
iesi
ncomput
ati
onsand
measur
ements;
(
c)Expr
essv
aluest
oagi
vennumberofsi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es;
(
d)Def
ineabsol
ute,
rel
ati
ve,
per
cent
age,
round-
offandt
runcat
ioner
ror
s;
(
e)Det
ermi
nepossi
bleer
ror
smadef
rom comput
ati
ons;
(
f)Fi
ndmaxi
mum andmi
nimum er
ror
sfr
om oper
ati
ons.

Content
(a)Comput
ingusi
ngcal
cul
ator
s
(
b)Est
imat
ionsandappr
oxi
mat
ions
(
c)Si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
(d)Absol
ute,
rel
ati
ve,
per
cent
age,
round-
off(
incl
udi
ngsi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es)
andt
runcat
ion
error
s
(
e)Pr
opagat
ionofer
ror
sfr
om si
mpl
ecal
cul
ati
ons
(
f)Maxi
mum andmi
nimum er
ror
s.

Appr
oxi
mat
ion
Appr
oxi
mat
ioni
nvol
vesr
oundi
ngof
fandt
runcat
ingnumber
stogi
veanest
imat
ion

Roundi
ngof
f
I
nroundi
ngof
fthepl
acev
aluet
owhi
chanumberi
stober
oundedof
fmustbest
ated.Thedi
git

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occupyi
ngthenextl
owerpl
acevaluei
sconsider
ed.Thenumberi
sroundedupi
fthedi
giti
s
great
erorequal
to5andr
oundeddownifi
t’
slesst
han5.
Exampl
e
Roundof
f395.
184t
o:
a.Thenear
esthundr
eds
b.Foursi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
c. Thenear
estwhol
enumber
d.Twodeci
mal
places
Sol
uti
on
a.400
b.395.
2
c. 395
d.395.
18

Tr
uncat
ing
Tr
uncat
ing meanscut
ti
ng of
fnumber
stot
hegi
vendeci
malpl
acesorsi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es,
i
gnor
ingtherest
.
Exampl
e
Tr
uncat
e3.
2465t
o
a.3deci
malpl
aces
b.3si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
Sol
uti
on
a.3.
246
b.3.
24

Est
imat
ion
Esti
mationi
nvolv
esroundi
ngoffnumber
sinor dert
ocarr
youtacalcul
ati
onf
ast
ert
ogetan
approxi
mateanswer.
Thisact
sasausef
ulcheckontheact
ual
answer
.
Exampl
e

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152x269
Est
imat
etheanswert
o
32
Sol
uti
on
150x270
Theanswershoul
dbecl
oset
o =1350
30
Theexactansweri
s1277.
75.1277.
75wr
it
ent
o2si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
esi
s1300whi
chi
scl
oset
o
theest
imat
edanswer.

ACCURACYANDERROR
Absol
uteer
ror
Theabsolut
eerrorofastat
edmeasurementishal
foft heleastuni
tofmeasur ementused.
Whenameasur ementi
sstat
edas3.
6cm tothenearestmil
l
imeter,
itl
i
esbetween3.55cm and
3.65cm.Thel
eastuni
tofmeasur
ementi
smill
il
i
ter
,or0.1cm.Thegreat
estpossi
bleerr
oris3.
55
-3.6=-0.
05or3.65-3.
6=+0.05.
Togett heabsol
uteerrorweignor
ethesi
gn.Sotheabsol
uteerr
oris0.05thus,
|-
0.05|=|+0.
05|
=
0.05.Whenameasur ementisstat
edas2.348cm tothenear
estthousandthsofacent i
meter
s
1
(0.001)thent
heabsoluteer
rori
s x0.001=0.0005.
2

Rel
ati
veer
ror
abs
olut
e
Rel
ati
veer
ror=
ac
tua
lmeasur
eme
nts

Exampl
e
Aner
rorof0.
5kgwasf oundwhenmeasur
ingt
hemassofabul
l
.i
ftheact
ualmassoft
hebul
l
wasf
oundtobe200kg.
Findt
hrel
ati
veer
ror
Sol
uti
on
abs
olut
e 05
Rel
ati
veer
ror= = kg=0.
0025
ac
tua
lmeasur
eme
nts 200

Per
cent
ageer
ror
Per
cent
ageer
ror=r
elat
iveer
rorx100%
abs
olut
ee r
ror
= x100%
ac
tualmeasurment

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Exampl
e
Thet
hicknessofacoi
nis0.
20cm.
a.Theper
cent
ageer
ror
b.Whatwoul
dbet
heper
cent
ageer
rori
fthet
hicknesswasst
atedas0.
2cm ?

Sol
uti
on
Thesmal
l
estuni
tofmeasur
ementi
s0.
01
1
Absol
uteer
ror= x0.
01=0.
005
2

0.005
Per
cent
ageer
ror= x100%
0.20
=2.
5%
Thesmal
l
estuni
tofmeasur
ementi
s0.
1
1
Absol
uteer
ror= x0.
1=0.
05c
m
2
0.05
Per
cent
ageer
ror= x100%
0.
2
=25%

Roundi
ngof
fandt
runcat
inger
ror
s
Anerrorfoundwhenanumberi sroundedof ftothedesi
rednumberofdeci
malplacesor
̇
si
gni
fi
cantfigur
es,f
orexampl
ewhenar ecurr
ingdeci
mal1.6isroundedt
othe2signif
icant
fi
gur
es,i
tbecames1.7ther
oundeof
ferroris;
̇ 17 5 1
1.
7-1.
6= - =
10 3 30

Not
e;
5
1.
6conv
ert
edt
oaf
ract
ion .
3

Tr
uncat
inger
ror
Theer
rori
ntr
oducedduet
otr
uncat
ingi
scal
l
edat
runcat
ioner
ror
.i
nthecaseof1.
6tr
uncat
edt
o

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̇ 6 2 1
2S.
F.,
thet
runcat
eder
rori
s;|
1.6-
1.6|=|
1 -1 |=
10 3 15

Pr
opagat
ionofer
ror
s
Addi
ti
onandsubt
ract
ion
Whati
stheer
rori
nthesum of4.
5cm and6.
1cm,
ifeachr
epr
esentameasur
emeasur
ement
.
Sol
uti
on
Theli
mitswi
thi
nwhi
cht
hemeasur
ement
sli
ear
e4.
45,
i.
e..
,4.
55or4.
5±0.
005and6.
05t
o6.
15,
i
.e.6.
1±0.
05.
Themaxi
mum possi
blesum i
s4.
55+6.
15=10.
7cm
Themi
nimum possi
blesum i
s4.
45+6.
05=10.
5cm
Thewor
kingsum i
s4.
5+6.
1=10.
6
Theabsol
uteer
ror=maxi
mum sum –wor
kingsum
=|
10.
7–10.
6|
=0.
10
Exampl
e
Whati
stheer
rori
nthedi
ff
erencebet
weent
hemeasur
ement
s0.
72gand0.
31g?
Sol
uti
on
Themeasurementli
ewi t
hin0.
72±0.005and 0.
31±0.
005respect
ivel
ythemaxi
mum possi
ble
dif
fer
encewil
lbeobtai
nedifwesubst
ractt
hemini
mum val
ueofthesecondmeasur
ementfr
om
themaximum val
ueofthefi
rst
,i.
e;
0.
725–0.
305cm
Theminimum possi
bledi
ff
erenceis0.715–0.315=0. 400.
thewor
kingdi
ffer
encei
s0.72–0.31
=0.
41,whichhasanabsol ut
eerrorof|0.
420- 0.
41|or|0.
400–0.41|=0.10.Si
nceourwor
king
di
ff
erencei
s0.41,wegivetheabsolut
eerroras0.01(t
o2s. f
)

Not
e:
Inbot
hadditi
onandsubtract
ion,t
heabsol
uteer
rori
ntheansweri
sequalt
othesum oft
he
absol
uteer
ror
sint
heori
ginalmeasurement
s.

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ion
Exampl
e
Ar
ect
angul
arcar
dmeasur
es5.
3cm by2.
5cm.f
ind
a.Theabsol
uteer
rori
nther
eaoft
hecar
d

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b.Ther
elat
iveer
rori
nthear
eaoft
hecor
d
Sol
uti
on
a.
)Thel
engt
hli
eswi
thi
nthel
i
mit
s5.
3±0.
05c
m
b.
)Thel
engt
hli
eswi
thi
nthel
i
mit
s2.
5±0.
05c
m
2
Themaxi
mum possi
blear
eai
s2.
55x5.
35=13.
6425c
m
2
Themi
nimum possi
blear
eai
s2.
45x5.
25=12.
8625c
m
2
Thewor
kingar
eai
s5.
3x2.
5=13.
25c
m
Maxi
mum ar
ea–wor
kingar
ea=13.
6425–1325=0.
3925.
Wor
kingar
ea–mi
nimum ar
ea=13.
25–12.
8625=0.
3875
Wet
aket
heabsol
uteer
rorast
heav
erageoft
het
wo.
0.
3925+0.
3875
Thus,
absol
uteer
ror=
2
=0.
3900
Thesamecanal
sobef
oundbyt
aki
nghal
fthei
nter
valbet
weent
hemaxi
mum ar
eaandt
he
mini
mum ar
ea
1
(13.
6425- 8625)=0.
12. 39
2
Ther
elat
iveer
rori
nthear
eai
s:
0.
39
=0.
039 (t
o2S
.F)
13.
25

Di
vi
sion
Gi
ven8.
6cm ÷3.
4cm.
Find:
a.Theabsol
uteer
rori
nthequot
ient
b.Ther
elat
iveer
rori
nthequot
ient

Sol
uti
on
a.8.
6cm hasl imits8.55cm and8. 65cm.3. 4haslimit
s3. 35cm and3.45cm. The
maxi
mum possi bl
e quotientwil
lbe given bythe maximum possi
blevalue ofthe
numer
atorandthesmallestpossi
bleval
ueofthedenominator
,i.
e.,

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8.
65
=2.
58(
to3s.
f)
3.
35
Theminimum possi
blequoti
entwil
lbegivenbythemini
mum possi
blev
alueoft
he
numer
atoradt
hebiggestpossi
blev
alueoft
hedenomi
nat
or,
i.
e.

8.
65
=2.
48(
to3s.
f)
3.
45
8.
6
Thewor
kingquot
ienti
s; =2.
53(
to3.
f.
)
3.
4
Theabsol
uteer
rori
nthequot
ienti
s;
2.
53x2.
48 1
= X0.
10
2 2
=0.
050(t
o2s
.f
)s.
f)
b.Rel
ati
veer
rori
nthewor
kingquot
ient;
0.
05 5
=
2.
53 253
=0.
0197
=0.
020(
to2s.
f)

Al
ter
nat
ivel
y
0.05
Rel
ati
veer
rori
nthenumer
atori
s =0.
00581
8.6
0.05
Rel
ati
veer
rori
nthedenomi
nat
ori
s =0.
0147
3.4
Sum oft
her
elat
iveer
ror
sint
henumer
atoranddenomi
nat
ori
s
0.
00581+0.
0147=0.
02051s
=0.
021t
o2S.
F

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. (
a)Wor
koutt
heexactv
alueofR= 1_
___
___
__
0.
003146-0.
003130
(
b) Anappr
oxi
mateval
ueofR maybeobtai
nedbyf
ir
stcor
rect
ingeachoft
he
deci
mal
int
hedenomi
nat
ort
o5deci
mal
places
(
i) Theapproxi
matev al
ue
(
ii
) Theerr
orint
roducedbytheappr
oxi
mat
ion
2. Ther
adi
usofci
rcl
eisgi
venas2.
8cm t
o2si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
(a)IfCi sthecir
cumf erenceoft
heci r
cle,deter
minet
hel i
mitsbetweenwhi chC/
πlies
(b)Byt aking∏ tobe3. 142,fi
nd,to4si gni
fi
cantf
igur
est heli
nebet weenwhi chthe
circumf er
enceli
es.
3. Thelengt handbreadt hofarectangul
arfloorweremeasuredandfoundt obe4.1m and
2.2m r especti
vel
y.Ifpossibl
eer r
orof0.01m wasmadei neachoft hemeasurement s,
fi
ndt he:
(
a)Maxi
mum andminimum possibl
eareaofthefl
oor
(
b)Maxi
mum possi
blewast
agei ncarpetor
deredt
ocovert
hewhol
efl
oor
4. I
nthi
squesti
onMat
hemati
calTabl
esshouldnotbeused
Thebaseandper
pendi
cul
arhei
ghtofat
ri
angl
emeasur
edt
othenear
estcent
imet
er
ar
e6cm and4cm r
espect
ivel
y.

Fi
nd
(
a)Theabsol
uteer
rori
ncal
cul
ati
ngt
hear
eaoft
het
ri
angl
e
(
b)Theper
cent
ageer
rori
nthear
ea,
giv
ingt
heanswert
o1deci
mal
place
5. Bycorr
ecti
ngeachnumbertoonesigni
fi
cantfigur
e,appr
oxi
matetheval
ueof788x
0.
006.Hencecal
cul
atet
heper
cent
ageerr
orari
singfr
om thi
sappr
oxi
mati
on.
6. Arect
angularbl
ockhasasquar
ebasewhosesi
dei
sexact
ly8cm.I
tshei
ghtmeasur
ed
t
othenearestmil
li
meteri
s3.
1cm
Fi
ndi
ncubi
ccent
imet
ers,
thegr
eat
estpossi
bleer
rori
ncal
cul
ati
ngi
tsv
olume.
7. Findtheli
mit
swithi
ntheareaofaparal
legr
am whosebasei
s8cm andhei
ghti
s5cm
l
ies.Hencefi
ndt
herelat
iveer
rori
nthear
ea
8. Fi
ndt
hemi
nimum possi
bleper
imet
erofar
egul
arpent
agonwhosesi
dei
s15.
0cm.

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9. Gi
vent
henumber0.
237
(
i) Roundof
ftot
wosi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
esandf
indt
her
oundof
fer
ror
(
ii
) Tr
uncat
etot
wosi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
esandf
indt
het
runcat
ioner
ror
10. Themeasur ementsa=6.3,b=15.8,c=14.2andd=0.
00173havemaximum possi
ble
errorsof1%, 2%,3%and4%respect
ivel
y.Fi
ndt
hemaxi
mum possi
bleper
cent
ageerr
orin
ad
/bccor
rectto1sf.

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CHAPTERFOURTYTHREE

TRI
GONOMETRY

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:

(
a)Def
ineanddr
awt
heuni
tci
rcl
e;
(
b)Usetheuni
tci
rcl
etof
indt
ri
gonomet
ri
crat
iosi
nter
msofco-
ordi
nat
esofpoi
ntsf
or0
<9<360°;
(
c)Fi
ndt
ri
gonomet
ri
crat
iosofnegat
iveangl
es;
(
d)Fi
ndt
ri
gonomet
ri
crat
iosofangl
esgr
eat
ert
han360°usi
ngt
heuni
tci
rcl
e;
(
e)Usemat
hemat
icalt
abl
esandcal
cul
ator
stof
indt
ri
gonomet
ri
crat
iosofangl
esi
nthe
r
ange0<9<360°
;
(
f)Def
iner
adi
anmeasur
e;
(g)Draw gr
aphsoftrigonomet
ri
cfunct
ions;y=si
nx,y=cosxandy~t
anxusi
ng
degreesandradi
ans;
(
h)Der
ivet
hesi
ner
ule;
(
i)Der
ivet
hecosi
ner
ule;
(
j)Appl
ythesi
neandcosi
ner
ulet
osol
vet
ri
angl
es(
sides,
angl
esandar
ea)
,
(
k)Appl
ytheknowl
edgeofsi
neandcosi
ner
ulesi
nreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Content
(a)Theuni
tci
rcl
es
(
b)Tr
igonomet
ri
crat
ionsf
rom t
heuni
tci
rcl
e
(
c)Tr
igonomet
ri
crat
iosofangl
esgr
eat
ert
han360°andnegat
iveangl
es
(
d)Useoft
ri
gonomet
ri
ctabl
esandcal
cul
ati
ons

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(
e)Radi
anmeasur
e
(
f)Si
mpl
etr
igonomet
ri
cgr
aphs
(
g)Der
ivat
ionofsi
neandcosi
ner
ule
(
h)Sol
uti
onoft
ri
angl
es
(
i)Appl
i
cat
ionofsi
neandcosi
ner
ulet
oreal
sit
uat
ion.

Theuni
tci
rcl
e
I
tisci
rcl
eofuni
tradi
usandcent
reO(
0,0)
.

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0 0
Fr
om 0 -90 i
sthef
ir
stqua
dra
nt
0 0
Fr
om90 -180 i
sthes
econdqua
dra
nt
0 0
Fr
om180 -270 i
sthet
hir
dqua
dra
nt
0 0
Fr
om 270 -360 i
sthef
ort
hqua
dra
nt
Anangl
emeasuredanti
clockwi
sefrom posi
ti
vedi
rect
ionofx–axisisposi
ti
ve.Whi
l
eanangl
e
measur
edcl
ockwisef
rom negat
ivedir
ecti
onofx–axisisnegat
ive.

I
ngener
al,
onauni
tci
rcl
e
0
I
. c
osθ =xc
o-or
dina
teofp.
0
I
I. s
inθ =yc
o-or
dina
teofp.

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0 yc
o-or
dina
teofp sinθ
I
II
. t
anθ = .
=
xc
o-or
dina
teofp cosθ

Tr
igonomet
ri
crat
iosofnegat
iveangl
es
I
ngener
al
0
I
. s
in⁡(
-0)= -s
inθ
0
I
I. c
os⁡(
-0)=c
osθ
0
I
II
. t
an(
-0)= -t
anθ

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Useofcal
cul
ator
s
Exampl
e
Useacal
cul
atort
ofi
nd
0
I
. Tan30
Sol
uti
on

 Keyi
ntan

 Keyi
n30

 Scr
eendi
spl
ays0.
5773502
0
 Ther
efor
etan30 =0.
5774
Tof
indt
hei
nver
seofsi
necosi
neandt
angent

 Keyi
nshi
ft

 Thenei
thersi
necosi
neort
angent

 Keyi
nthenumber

Not
e;
Al
way
sconsul
tthemanual
fory
ourcal
cul
ator
.Becausecal
cul
ator
swor
kdi
ff
erent
ly

Radi
ans
Oner adiani st
hemeasur eofanangl esubtendedatt hecent r
ebyanar cequali nlengthtothe
radiusoft hecircle.
Becauset hecircumferenceofaci rcl
eis2πr ,t hereare2πr adiansinaf ullcircl
e.Degree
measur eandr adianmeasur earetherefor
er el
at edbyt heequation360°=2πr adians,or180°=
πr adians.
Thedi agram showsequi valentr
adiananddegr eemeasur esforspecialanglesf rom 0°to360°
(0r adianst o2πr adi
ans).Youmayf indithelpfult omemor i
zetheequivalentdegr eeandr adi
an
measur esofspeci alanglesinthef i
rstquadrant .Allotherspecialangl
esar ej ustmul t
ipl
esof
theseangl es.

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Exampl
e
0
Conv
ert125i
ntor
adi
ans
Sol
uti
on
0
c 360
I
f1 = =57.
29
2π

0 125
Ther
efor
e125= =2.
182t
o4S.
F
57.29
Exampl
e
Conv
ertt
hef
oll
owi
ngdegr
eest
oradi
ans,
giv
ingy
ouransweri
nter
msπ.
0
60
Sol
uti
on
0 c
360 =2π
Ther
efor
e
0 2π c
60 =( x60)
360

πC
=( )
3
Exampl
e
Whati
sthel
engt
hoft
hear
cthatt
hatsubt
endsanangl
eof0.
6radi
ansatt
hecent
reofaci
rcl
e
ofr
adi
us20cm.
Sol
uti
on
c
1i
ssubt
ende
dby20c
m
c
t
her
efor
e0.
6iss
ubt
ende
dby20×0.
6cm =12c
m

Si
mpl
etr
igonomet
ri
cgr
aphs

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Gr
aphsofy
=si
nx
Thegraphscanbedrawnbychoosi
ngasui
tabl
eval
ueofxandpl
ott
ingt
hev
aluesofyagai
nst
theCor
respondi
ngv
aluesofx.

Thebl
ackporti
onoft
hegr
aphr
epr
esent
soneper
iodoft
hef
unct
ionandi
scal
l
edonecy
cle
oft
hesinecur
ve.
Exampl
e

Sket
cht aphofy=2si
hegr nxont
hei
nter
val
[–π,
4π]
.

Sol
uti
on:
Not
et haty=2sinx=2(si
nx)indi
cat
est hey
hatt -val
uesf
ort
hekeypoi
ntswi
l
lhav
etwi
cet
he
magni
t udeoft
hoseont
hegraphofy=si
nx.

x π/
2 π 3π 2π
Y=2si
nx 2 0 -
2 0
Togett
hev
aluesofysubsti
tut
etheval
uesofxint
heequat
iony=2si
nxasf
oll
ows
0
y
=2sin(360)because2πisequal
to360

Not
e;
 Youcanchangetheradiansi
ntodegreestomakeworksi
mpler
.
 Byconnecti
ngthesekeypoi nt
swi t
hasmoot hcur
veandextendi
ngthecurv
einbot
h
di
rect
ionsov
ertheinter
v al [–π,4π],y
ouobtai
nthegr
aphshowninbelow.

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Exampl
e

0 0 0
Sket
cht aphofy=cosxf
hegr or0 ≤x≤ 360usi
ngani
nter
val
of30

Sol
uti
on:
Theval
uesofxandt
hecor
respondi
ngv
aluesofyar
egi
veni
nthet
abl
ebel
ow

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
x 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
1 0.
866 0.
5 0 -
0.5 - -
1 - -
0.5
Y=cos 0 0.
866 0.
866
x 0 0

0 0 0 0
x 270 300 330 360
Y=cosx 0 0.
5 0.
8660 1

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Gr
aphoft
angent
s
Not
e;
0 0
 Ast
hev
alueofxappr
oaches90 and270 t
anxbecamesv
eryl
arge
0 0
 Hencet
hegr
aphofy=t
anxappr
oachest
hel
i
nesx=90 a
nd270 wi
thoutt
ouchi
ngt
hem.
 Suchl
i
nesar
ecal
l
edasy
mpt
otes

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Sol
uti
onoft
ri
angl
es
Si
nrul
e
a b c
I
faci
rcl
eofr
adi
usRi
sci
rcumscr
ibedar
oundt
het
ri
angl
eABC,
then = = =2R.
si
nA si
nB si
nC
Thesi
ner
uleappl
i
est
obot
hacut
eandobt
use–angl
edt
ri
angl
e.

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Exampl
e
0
Sol
vet
ri
angl
eABC,
giv
ent
hatCAB=42.
9,c=14.
6cm anda=11.
4cm
Sol
uti
on
Tosol
veat
ri
angl
emeanst
ofi
ndt
hesi
desandangl
esnotgi
ven

a c
=
s
inA si
nC
11.
4 14.6
=
s
in42.
9 s i
nC
14.
6s i
n42.
9
Si
nc= =0.
8720
11.
4
0
Ther
efor
ec=60.
69
Not
e;
Thesi
nrul
eisusedwhenweknow
 Twosi
desandanon-
incl
udedangl
eofat
ri
angl
e
 Al
lsi
desandatl
eastoneangl
e
 Al
langl
esandatl
eastonesi
de.

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Cosi
ner
ule

2 2 2 2 2 2
a =b +c-2bc
cosAORb =a +c-2a
ccosB

Exampl
e
0
Fi
ndACi
nthef
igur
ebel
ow,
ifAB=4cm ,
BC=6cm andABC=78

Sol
uti
on
Usi
ngt
hecosi
ner
ule
2 2
b +c-2a
ccosB
2 2 2
b =a +c-2a
ccosB
2 2 2 0
b =4 +6 -2x4x6c
os78
0
=16+36–48c
os78
=52–9.
979
=42.
02cm
Not
e;
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Thecosi
ner
ulei
susedwhenweknow
 Twosi
desandani
ncl
udedangl
e
 Al
lthr
eesi
desofat
ri
angl
e

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Sol
vet
heequat
ion
Si
n5θ=-
1for00≤0≤1800
2 2
2. Gi
vent nθ=2/
hatsi 3andi
sanacut
eangl
efi
nd:
(a)Tanθgiv
ingy
ouransweri
nsur
dfor
m
(b)Sec2θ
3. Sol
vethe1
equat
i n2(
on2si x-300)=cos600f
or–1800≤x≤1800
0
4. Giv
enthatsi
n(x+30) =cos2x0f
or00,00 ≤x≤900 f
indt
hev
alueofx.Hencef
indt
he
2 0
val
ueofcos 3x.
5. Gi
vent
hatsi
na=1 wher
eai
sanacut
eangl
efi
nd,
wit
houtusi
ng
√5
Mat
hemat
ical
tabl
es
(
a)Cosai
nthef
orm ofa√b,
wher
eaandbar
erat
ional
number
s
( 900–a)
b)Tan( .
6. Gi
v hatxoi
et sanangl
eint
hef
ir
stquadr
antsucht n2x+2cosx-
hat8si 5=0
Fi
nd:
a) Cosx
b) t
anx

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7. Gi
v hatCos2x0=0.
ent 8070,
findxwhen00≤x≤3600
8 Thefigur
ebel
owshowsaquadr
il
ater
alABCDi
nwhi
chAB=8cm,DC=12cm,<BAD=
450,
<CBD=900andBCD=300.

Fi
nd:
(
a) Thel
engt
hofBD
(
b) Thesi
zeoft
heangl
eADB

9. Thediagram bel
owrepr
esent
saschool
gat
ewi
thdoubl
eshut
ter
s.Theshut
ter
sar
esuch
openedthr eof630.
oughanangl
Theedgesoft
hegat
e,PQandRSar
eeach1.
8m

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Cal
cul
atet
heshor
testdi
stanceQS,
cor
rectt
o4si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
10…Thef i
gurebel
ow r
epr
esent
saquadr
il
ater
alpi
eceoflandABCDdi v
idedint
othr
ee
tr
iangul
arplot
s.Thel
engt
hsBEandCDar e100m and80m respect
ivel
y.AngleABE=
300ACE=450andACD=1000

(
a)Fi
ndt
ofoursi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es:
(
i) Thel
engt
hofAE
(
ii
) Thel
engt
hofAD
(
ii
i) Theper
imet
eroft
hepi
eceofl
and

(
b)Theplotsaret
obef encedwit
hfiv
est r
andsofbarbedwi
releav
inganentr
anceof2.8m
widetoeachplot
.Thet ypeofbarbedwiret
obeusedi ssoldinrol
l
soflengt
hs480m.
Calcul
atethenumberofr ol
lsofbar bedwir
et hatmustbeboughtt ocomplet
et he
fenci
ngofthepl
ots.
11. Gi
vent
hatxi
sanacut
eangl
eandcosx=25,
findwi
thoutusi
ngmat
hemat
ical
5
0
t
abl
esoracal
cul
ator
,tan(90–x).
12. I
nthef
igur owA=620,
ebel B=410,
BC=8.
4cm andCNi
sthebi
sect
orofACB.

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Cal
cul
atet
hel
engt
hofCNt
o1deci
mal
place.
13. I
nt hediagr
am bel
ow PA repr
esentsanelectr
ici
typostofhei
ght9.6m.BBandRC
repr
esentst
wostoreybui
l
dingsofhei
ght
s15. 4m and33.4m r
espect
ivel
y.Theangleof
depressi
onofAfr
om Bis5.50Whil
etheangleofelev
ati
onofCfrom Bis30.50andBC=
35m.

(
a) Cal
cul
ate,
tot
henear
estmet
re,
thedi
stanceAB
(
b) Byscal
edr
awi
ngf
ind,
(
i) Thedi
stanceACi
nmet
res
(
ii
) BCAandhencedet
ermi
net
heangl
eofdepr
essi
onofAf
rom C
Mor
equest
ions

1. Sol
vet
heequat
ion: (
2mks)

f
or

2. (
a)Complet
ethet
abl
ebel
ow, l
eav
ingal
lyourv
aluescor
rectt
o2d.
p.f
ort
hef
unct
ionsy
0
=cosxandy=2cos(
x+30) (
2mks)
X0 00 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400
cosX 1.
00 -
1.00 0.
50

2cos(
x+30) 1.
73 -
1.73 0.
00

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0
(
b)Fort
hef
unct
iony=2cos(
x+30)
St
ate:
(i
) Theper
iod (
1mk)
(i
i) Phaseangle (1mk)
0
(
c)Ont
hesameaxesdrawthewavesoft
hefunctionsy=cosxandy=2cos(
x+30) f
or
.Usethescal ep300 hor
e1cm r izontal
l
yand2cm r
ep1unitver
ti
cal l
y
(
4mks)

(
d)Usey
ourgr
aphabov
etosol
vet
hei
nequal
i
ty (
2mks)

3. Fi
ndt
hev
alueofxi
ntheequat
ion.
3x-180o)= √3
Cos( i
nt angeOo<x<180o(
her 3mar
ks)
2

4. Gi
vent
hat andөi
sanacut
eangl
e,f
indwi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
escos(
90–ө)

(
2mks)
5. Sol
vef
orөi
f-¼si
n(2x+30)=0. 0≤ө≥3600
1607, (
3mks)
6. Giv
enthatCos=5/13 andthat27003600,wor
koutt
hev
alueofTan+Si
nwi
thoutusi
nga
cal
cul
atorormat
hemat i
calt
ables. (
3marks)
7. Sol
vef
orxi
nt ange00x1800
her
(4mks)
- n2x–2cosx=-
8si 5.
8. I
ftanxo=12/
5andxi
sar
efl
exangl
e,f
indt
hev
alueof5si
nx+cosxwi
thoutusi
nga
cal
cul
atorormat
hemat
ical
tabl
es
9. Fi
ndgi
vent
hat2cos3- or0o360o
1=0f
10. Wi thoutamat
hemat
icalt
abl
eoracal
cul
ator
,si
mpl
i
fy:Cos300o xSi
n120ogi
vi
ngy
our
answeri
n
Cos330o–Si
n405or
ati
onal
i
zedsur
dfor
m.
11. Expr
essi
nsur
dsf
orm andr
ati
onal
i
zet
hedenomi
nat
or.
1
n60oSi
Si n45o-Si
n45o

12. Si
mpl
i
fyt
hef
oll
owi
ngwi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
es;
Tan45+cos45si
n60

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CHAPTERFOURTYFOUR

S
URDS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Def
iner
ati
onal
andi
rr
ati
onal
number
s,
(
b)Si
mpl
i
fyexpr
essi
onswi
thsur
ds;
(
c)Rat
ional
i
zedenomi
nat
orswi
thsur
ds.

Content
(a)Rati
onal
andi
rr
ati
onal
number
s
(
b)Si
mpl
i
ficat
ionofsur
ds
(
c)Rat
ional
i
zat
ionofdenomi
nat
ors.

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Rat
ional
andi
rr
ati
onal
number
s

Rat
ional
number
s
p
Ar
ati
onalnumberi
sanumberwhi
chcanbewr
it
teni
nthef
orm ,wher
epandqar
eint
eger
s
q
andq≠0.
Thei
nteger
’spandqmustnothav
ecommonf
act
orsot
hert
han1.
13
Number
ssuchas2, , 4ar
eexampl
esofr
ati
onalnumber
s.Recur
ri
ngnumber
sar
eal
so
24
r
ati
onal
number
s.
I
rr
ati
onal
number
s
p
Number
sthatcannotbewr
it
teni
nthef
orm .Number
ssuchasπ 2 3 ar
eir
rat
ional
number
s.
q
Sur
ds
Number
s whi
ch have gotno exactsquar
eroot
s orcube r
ootar
e cal
l
ed sur
ds e.
g. 2
3 3
,8 28,16 or 36
Thepr
oductofasur
dandar
ati
onal
numberi
scal
l
edami
xedsur
d.Exampl
esar
e;
1
2 3,
4 7 and 2
3
Or
derofsur
ds
3,6 a
res
urdsofor
dert
wo
3 3
2,6 a
res
urdsofor
dert
hre
e
4 4
2,64 a
res
urdsofor
derf
our
Si
mpl
i
ficat
ionofsur
ds
Asur
dcanber
educedt
oit
slowestt
erm possi
ble,
asf
oll
ows;
Exampl
e
Si
mpl
i
fy
a) 18
b) 72
Sol
uti
on

18= 9x2

9× 2 =3 2

48= 16x3

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16× 3=4 3

Oper
ati
onofsur
ds
Surdscanbeaddedorsubt
ract
edonl
yift
heyar
eli
kesur
ds(
thati
s,i
ftheyhav
ethesamev
alue
underther
ootsi
gn).
Exampl
e1
Si
mpl
i
fythef
oll
owi
ng.
i
. 3√2+5√2
ii
. 8√5−2√5

Sol
uti
on

i
. 3√2+5√2=8√2
i
i
. 8√5−2√5=6√5
Summar
y
2+ 2 Leta= 2

Ther
ef e 2 + 2=a+a
or
=2a

Buta= 2

Hence 2+ 2 =2 2

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionandDi
vi
sionofsur
ds
Sur
dsoft
hesameor
dercanbemul
ti
pli
edordi
vi
dedi
rr
espect
iveoft
henumberundert
her
oot
si
gn.

Law1:√ax√b=√abWhenmul
ti
ply
ingsur
dst
oget
her
,mul
ti
plyt
hei
rval
uest
oget
her
.

e.
g.1 √3x√12=√(
3x12)=√36=6

e.
g.2 √7x√5 =√35

Thi
slawcanbeusedi
nrev
erset
osi
mpl
i
fyexpr
essi
ons…

e.
g.3 √12=√2x√6 or√4x√3=2√3

√a
Law2:
√a÷√b or =√(
a/b) Whendi
vi
dingsur
ds,
div
idet
hei
rval
ues(
andv
icev
ersa)
.
√b

e.
g.1 √12 = √(
12÷3)=√4=2
√3

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√6 √3
e.
g.2 =
√8 √4

a2)or(
Law3:√( √a)2 =a Whensquar
ingasquar
e-r
oot
,(orv
icev
ersa)
,thesy
mbol
scancel

Eachot
herout
,leav
ingj
ustt
hebase.

e.
g.1 √122 =12

e.
g.2 √7x√7=√72=7

Not
e:
Ifyouaddthesamesurdstogetheryouj
usthav
et hatnumberofsur
ds.E.
g.
√2+√2+√2=3√2
I
fasurdhasasquar enumberasaf actory
oucanusel aw1and/ orl
aw2andwor kbackwar
ds
t
otakethatoutandsi
mpli
fythesurd.E.g.√500 =√100x√5=10√5

Rat
ional
i
zat
ionofsur
ds
Surdsmayal soappeari nfracti
ons.Rati
onalizi
ngthedenominatorofsuchaf r
acti
onmeans
fi
ndinganequivalentfr
acti
onthatdoesNOThav easurdonthebottom oft
hefr
acti
on(thoughi
t
CANhav easur
dont hetop!
).
I
fthesur dcont
ainsasquar erootbyit
sel
foramul ti
pleofasquar
er oot,
togetr
idofi
t,youmust
multipl
yBOTHt het opandbottom oft
hefract
ionbythatsquar
erootv al
ue.

e.
g. 6 x√7 = 6√7
√7 x√7 7

e.
g.2 6+√2x√3 = 6√3+√2x√3= 6√3+√6
2√3 x√3 2x√3x√3 6
i
.e.2x 3

Ift
hesurdonthebott
om i
nvol
vesadditi
onorsubtract
ionwithasquareroot,togetri
dofthe
squarer
ootpar
tyoumustusethe‘diff
erenceoftwosquares’andmulti
plyBOTHt hetopand
bott
om oft
hefr
act
ionbyt
hebottom sur
d’sexpr
essionbutwit
htheinv
erseoperati
on.

e.
g.3 7 x(2-√2) = 14-7√2 = 14-7√2
22–( 2
2+√2x(
2-√2) √2) 2
i.
e.4 – 2

Not
esont
he‘
Dif
fer
enceoft
wosquar
es’
…

Squar
ing… (2+√2)
(2+√2) =2(
2+√2)+√2(
2+√2)
(opst
hesame) =4+2√2+2√2+√2√2
=4 + 4√2 + 2 =6+√2(
sti
l
lasur
d)

Mul
ti
ply
ing… (2+√2)
(2-√2) =2(
2-√2)+√2(
2-√2)
(
opposi
teops) = 4-2√2+2√2-√2√2

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=4 (
cancel
out
)- 2 =2 (
notasur
d)

Inessence,asl ongast heoperat

ionineachbracket
sistheopposi
te,themiddleter
mswill
alwayscanceleachot heroutandy ouwil
lbeleftwit
hthefi
rstt
erm squaredsubtr
act
ingt
he
secondterm squared.
5-√7) 52–( 2
i
.e. ( 5+√7) ( √7) =25–7=18

Example
Simpl
i
fybyr
ati
onal
i
zingt
hedenomi
nat
or

2+ 3
6-3
Sol
uti
on

2+ 3 2+ 3 6+ 3
= x
6-3 6-3 6+ 3

2(6+ 3)+ 3(6+ 3 )

=
6(6+ 3)
- 3(6+ 3 )

12+ 6+ 18+√9
=
36+ 18-18-√9

4 x 3+ 6+ 9x 2+ 3
=
6-
3

2 3+ 6+3 2+3
=
3
Not
e
Ift
heproductofthet
wosur
dsgi
vesar
ati
onalnumbert
hent
hepr
oductoft
het
wosur
dsgi
ves
conj
ugatesurds.

Endoft
opi
c

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I
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,fr
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stand
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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.
1. Wi
thoutusi
ngl
ogar
it
hm t
abl
es,
findt
hev
alueofxi
ntheequat
ion
Logx3+l
og5x=5l
og2–l
og2
5
2. Si
mpl
i
fy (
1÷√3)(
1-√3)
Henceev
aluat
e 1 t
o3s.
f.gi
vent
hat√3=1.
7321
1+√3
3. I
f√14 - √14 =a√7+b√2
√7-
√2 √7+√2
Fi
ndt
hev
aluesofaandbwher
eaandbar
erat
ional
number
s.
4. Fi
ndt
hev
alueofxi
nthef
oll
owi
ngequat
ion49(x+1)+7(2x)=350
5. Fi
ndxi
f3l ogx2=l
og5+l og1/
125
6. Si
mpl
i
fyasf
araspossi
blel
eav
ingy
ouransweri
nfor
m ofasur
d

1 - 1
√14 -2√3 √14+2√3
7. Givent
hattan750=2+√3,
findwi
thoutusi
ngt
abl an150i
est nthef
orm p+q√m,
wher
ep,
qandm arei
nteger
s.
8. Wi
thoutusi
ngmat
hemat
ical
tabl
es,
simpl
i
fy

63 + 72
32 + 28
9. Simpl
i
fy 3 + 1 leavi
ngt
heansweri
nthef
orm a+bc,wher
ea,bandc
5-
2 5 arer
ati
onal
number
s

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CHAPTERFOURTYFI
VE

FURTHERLOGARI
THMS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:

(
a)Der
ivel
ogar
it
hmi
crel
ati
onf
rom i
ndexf
orm andv
icev
ersa;
(
b)St
atet
hel
awsofl
ogar
it
hms;
(c)Uselogar
it
hmi
clawst
osi
mpl
i
fyl
ogar
it
hmi
cexpr
essi
onsandsol
vel
ogar
it
hmi
c
equati
ons;
(
d)Appl
ylawsofl
ogar
it
hmsf
orf
urt
hercomput
ati
ons.
Content
(a)Logar
it
hmi
cnot
ati
on(
eg.an=b,
logab=n)
(
b)Thel
awsofl
ogar
it
hms:
log(
AB)=l
ogA+l
ogB,
log(
A^B)=l
ogA-
logBandLogAn=
nxl
ogA.
(
c)Si
mpl
i
ficat
ionsofl
ogar
it
hmi
cexpr
essi
ons
(
d)Sol
uti
onofl
ogar
it
hmi
cequat
ions
(
e)Fur
thercomput
ati
onusi
ngl
ogar
it
hmi
claws.

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I
f t
henwei
ntr
oducet
hei
nver
sef
unct
ionl
ogar
it
hm anddef
ine

(
Readasl
ogbase of equal
s).

I
ngener
al

Wher
e means“
impl
i
esandi
simpl
i
edby
”i.
e.i
twor
ksbot
hway
s!

Not
ethi
smeanst
hat
,goi
ngf
rom exponentf
ormt
ologar
it
hmi
cfor
m:

 

 

 

Andi
ngoi
ngf
rom l
ogar
it
hmi
cfor
mtoex
ponentf
orm:

 

 

 

Lawsofl
ogar
it
hms
Pr
oductandQuot
ientLawsofLogar
it
hms:

ThePr
oductLaw

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TheQuot
ientLaw

Exampl
e.

=2

ThePowerLawofLogar
it
hms:

Exampl
e.
2l
og5+2l
og2

=2

Logar
it
hm ofaRoot

or

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Exampl
e.

PROOFOFPROPERTI
ES
Pr
oper
ty Pr
oof Reasonf
orSt
ep

1.l
ogbb=1andl
ogb1=0 b1=b andb0=1 Def
ini
ti
onofl
ogar
it
hms
2.
(pr
oductr
ule) a.Letl
ogbx=m andl
ogby=n a.Set
up
l
ogbxy=l
ogbx+l
ogby b.x=bm andy=bn b.Rewr
it
einexponentf
orm
c.xy=bm *bn c.Mul
ti
plyt
oget
her
d.xy=bm +n d.Pr
oductr
ulef
orexponent
s
e.l
ogbxy=m +n e.Rewr
it
einl
ogf
orm
fl
ogbxy=l
ogbx+l
ogby f
.Subst
it
uti
on

3.(
quot
ientr
ule) a.Letl
ogbx=m andl
ogby=n a.Gi
ven:compactf
orm
b.x=bm andy=bn b.Rewr
it
einexponentf
orm
l
ogb =l
ogbx-l
ogby

c. = c.Di
vi
de

d. = d.Quot
ientr
ulef
orexponent
s

e.l
ogb =m -n e.Rewr
it
einl
ogf
orm

f
.Subst
it
uti
on
f
.logb l
ogbx-l
ogby

4.(
powerr
ule) ogbxsox=bm
a.Letm =l a.Set
up
n
l
ogbx =nl
ogbx
b.xn=bmn b.Raisebot
hsi
dest
othent
h
power
ogbxn=mn
c.l
c.Rewr
it
easl
og
ogbxn=nl
d.l ogbx
d.Subst
it
ute
5. Pr
opert
iesusedt
osol
ve
logequati
ons:

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fbx=by,
a.i thenx=y a.Thisfol
lows dir
ectl
yf r
om t
he
pr
oper
ti
esforexponent
s.

b.i
.logbx-l
ogby=0
b.i
flogbx=l
ogby
,thenx b.i
.Subt
ractf
rom bot
hsi
des
=y

i
i
.logb i
i
.Quot
ientr
ule

0
i
i
i. =b

i
i
i.Rewr
it
einexponentf
orm

i
v. 1sox=y

i
v.b0=1

Sol
vi
ngexponent
ial
andl
ogar
it
hmi
cequat
ions
Byt
aki
nglogari
thms,andexponenti
alequat
ioncanbeconver
tedt
oal
i
nearequat
ionandsol
ved.
Wewil
lusetheprocessoft
akinglogari
thmsofbothsi
des.

Exampl
e.

a)

x=1.
792

Not
e;
Alogari
thmicexpr
essionisdefinedonl yforpositi
vevaluesoftheargument
.Whenwesolvea
l
ogarit
hmicequati
onitisessentialtoveri
fythatthesoluti
on(s)doesnotr
esul
tinthel
ogar
it
hm
ofanegativenumber.Sol ut
ionst hatwouldr esul
tinthel ogar
it
hm ofanegati
venumberare
cal
ledextr
aneous,
andar enotvalidsoluti
ons.

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Exampl
e.
Sol
vef
orx:

(
theonebecomesanexponent: )

Ver
if
y:

notpossi
ble

Sol
vi
ngequat
ionsusi
ngl
ogs

Exampl
es

(
i)Sol
vet
heequat
ion

Thedef
ini
ti
onofl
ogssay
sif t
hen or

Hence (
to5deci
mal
places)

Check (
to5deci
mal
places)

I
npr
act
icef
rom wet
akel
ogst
obase10gi
vi
ng

(
ii
)Sol
vet
heequat
ion

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Check , ,wewant sotheval

ueof l
i
esbet
ween3and4or
whichmeans l
iesbet
ween1.
5and2.Thi
stel
lsusthat isr
oughl
ycor
rect
.

(
ii
i)Sol
vet
heequat
ion

Check v
erycl
ose!

Not
eyoucoul
dcombi
net
erms,
giv
ing,

(
iv)Sol
vet
heequat
ion

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Takel
ogsofbot
hsi
des
Expandbr
acket
s
Col
l
ectt
erms
Fact
ori
set
hel
efthandsi
de

di
vi
de
(
Not
eyougett
hesameanswerbyusi
ngt
hel
nbut
tonony
ourcal
cul
ator
.)

Check and

Not
icet
haty
oucoul
dcombi
net
hel
og-
ter
msi
n

t
ogi
ve

I
tdoesnotr
eal
l
ysi
mpl
i
fyt
hingsher
ebut
,insomecases,
itcan.

(
v)Sol
vet
heequat
ion

Takel
ogsofbot
hsi
des
Expandbr
acket
s
Col
l
ectt
erms

Fact
ori
zel
efthandsi
de

si
mpl
i
fy

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di
vi
de

Check

LHS= (
taki
ng )

RHS= (
taki
ng )

Theval
uesofLHSandRHSar
eroughl
ythesame.Amor
eexactcheckcoul
dbemadeusi
nga
cal
cul
ator
.

Logar
it
hmi
cequat
ionsandex
pressi
ons
Consi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ngequat
ions
l
og3
81=x a
ndl
ogx8=3

Thev
alueofxi
neachcasei
sest
abl
i
shedasf
oll
ows
l
og3
81=x
x
Ther
efor
e3 =81
x 4
3 =3
X=4
l
ogx8=3

3
x =8
3 3
x =2
x=2
Exampl
e
Sol
vel
og6
2

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Sol
uti
on
t
Letl
og6
2=t
.then6=2

I
ntr
oduci
ngl
ogar
it
hm t
obase10onbot
hsi
des

t
l
og6=l
og2

og6=l
tl og2
log
2
t=
log
6
0.
3010
t=
0.
7782
t=0.
3868
Ther
efor
elog
6
2=0.
3868

Exampl
e
2 +3(
2)-4=0
2x x

nce2 +3(2)cannotbe
2x x
Taki
ngl ogsonbot hsi
descannothel
pingett
ingtheval
ueofx,si
X
combined int
o a si
ngl
eexpressi
on.Howev
eri fwelet2 =ythen t
heequat
ion becomes
quadr
aticiny.
Sol
uti
on
X
Thus,
let2 =y…………….
.(1)
2
Ther
efor
ey +3y-4=0…………………(
2)
(
y+4)
(y-1)=0
y= -4ory=14ory=1
t
ingf
oryi
nequat
ion(
1);
X X
Let2 =-
4 orl
et2 =1
X X
Ther
eisnor
eal
val
ueofxf
orwhi
ch2 =-
4 hence2 =1
x=0
Exampl
e
2 2
Sol
vef
orxi
n(l
og10
x)=3-l
og10
x

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Sol
uti
on
Letl
og10
x=t
……………………….
(1)
2
Ther
efor
et=3-2t
2
t+2t-3=0sol
vet
hequadr
ati
cequat
ionusi
nganymet
hod

2
t+3t-t-3=0
t
(t+3)-1(
t-3)=0
(
t-1)
(t+3)=0
t=1ort= -3ort
=-3
t
ingf
orti
ntheequat
ion(
1).
l
og10
x=1 or l
og10
x=-
3
1 -
3
10 =1or10 =x
1
x=10or
1000
Not
e;
1
l
og =
b
log
ab

Endoft
opi
c

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dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
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fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

2
1. Sol
vef
or(
log
3
x)–½l
og3
x=3/
2

2. Fi
ndt
hev
aluesofxwhi
chsat
isf
ytheequat
ion52x–6(
5x)+5=0

3. Sol
vet
heequat
ion

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Log(
x+24)–2l
og3=l
og(
9-2x)
4. Fi
ndt
hev
alueofxi
nthef
oll
owi
ngequat
ion49(x+1)+7(2x)=350
5. Fi
ndxi
f3l ogx2=l
og5+l og1/
125
6. Wi
thoutusi
ngl
ogar
it
hm t
abl
es,
findt
hev
alueofxi
ntheequat
ion
Logx3+l
og5x=5l
og2–l
og2
5
7. Gi
v hatP=3yexpr
ent esst
hequest
ions32y-1)+2x3(y-1)=1i
nter
msofP
8. Henceorot
her
wisef
indt
hev
alueofyi
ntheequat
i 3(2y-1)+2x3(y-1) 
on: =1

CHAPTERFOURTYSI
X

COMMERCI
ALARI
THMETI
CII
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Def
inepr
inci
pal
,rat
eandt
imei
nrel
ati
ont
oint
erest
;
(
b)Cal
cul
atesi
mpl
eint
erestusi
ngsi
mpl
eint
erestf
ormul
a;
(
c)Cal
cul
atecompoundi
nter
estusi
ngst
epbyst
epmet
hod;
(
d)Der
ivet
hecompoundi
nter
estf
ormul
a;
(
e)Appl
ythecompoundi
nter
estf
ormul
aforcal
cul
ati
ngi
nter
est
;
(
f)Def
ineappr
eci
ati
onanddepr
eci
ati
on;
(
g)Usecompoundi
nter
estf
ormul
atocal
cul
ateappr
eci
ati
onanddepr
eci
ati
on;
(
h)Cal
cul
atehi
repur
chase;
(
i)Cal
cul
atei
ncomet
axgi
vent
hei
ncomet
axbands.
Content
(a)Pri
nci
pal
rat
eandt
ime
(
b)Si
mpl
eint
erest
(
c)Compoundi
nter
estusi
ngst
epbyst
epmet
hod
(
d)Der
ivat
ionofcompoundi
nter
estf
ormul
a
(
e)Cal
cul
ati
onsusi
ngt
hecompoundi
nter
estf
ormul
a

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(
f)Appr
eci
ati
onanddepr
eci
ati
on
(
g)Cal
cul
ati
onofappr
eci
ati
onanddepr
eci
ati
onusi
ngt
hecompoundi
nter
est
for
mul
a
(
h)Hi
repur
chase
(
i)I
ncomet
ax.

Si
mpl
eint
erest
I
nterestist
hemoneychargedfortheuseofborr
owedmoneyf oraspeci
fi
cperi
odoft i
me.I
f
moneyi sborr
owedordeposi
teditearnsi
nter
est
,Pr
inci
plei
sthesum ofmoneybor r
owedor
deposit
edP,Ratei
sther
ati
oofint
erestear
nedinagi
venperi
odofti
metothepr
inci
ple.
Therateisexpr
essedasaper centageoftheprinci
palperannum (P.
A).
Wheni nter
estis
cal
cul
atedusi
ngonl
ythei
nit
ial
pri
ncipalatagi
venr
ateandti
me,i
tiscal
l
edsimplei
nterest(I
).
Si
mpl
eint
erestf
ormul
ae
pr
inc
ipl
exrat
ext
ime
Si
mpl
eint
erest=
100

Exampl
e
Frannyinvest
sksh16,000inasav i
ngsaccount
.Sheear
nsasimpl
eint
erestrat
eof14%,pai
d
1
annuall
yonheri nv
estment.Sheint
endstoholdthei
nvest
mentf
or1 y ear
s.Det
ermi
nethe
2
futur
evalueofthei
nvestmentatmatur
it
y.

Sol
uti
on
PRT
I=
100
14 3
=sh.16000x x
100 2
=sh3360
Amount=P+I
=sh.
16000+sh3360
=sh.
19360
Exampl
e
1
Cal
cul
atet
her
ateofi
nter
esti
fsh4500ear
nssh500af
ter1 year
s.
2

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Sol
uti
on
Fr
om t
hesi
mpl
eint
erestf
ormul
ae
PRT
I=
100

100XI
R==
PXT

P=sh4500
I=sh500
1
T=1 year
s
2
100x500
Ther
efor
eR=
3
4500x
2
R7.
4%
Exampl
e
Eshainv
estedacer
tai
namountofmoneyi
nabankwhi
chpaid12%p.a.simpleint
erest
.Af
ter5
year
s,hi
stotal
savi
ngswer
esh5600.
Deter
minet
heamountofmoneyheinvest
edinit
ial
l
y.
Sol
uti
on
Lett
heamounti
nvest
edbeshP
T=5y
ear
s
R=12%p.
a.
A=sh5600
ButA=P+I
12
Ther
efor
e5600=P+PX X5
100
=P+0.
60P
=1.
6P
5600
Ther
efor
ep=
1.
6
=sh3500

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Compoundi
nter
est
Supposey oudepositmoneyint
oafinancialinsti
tut
ion,i
tearnsint
eresti
naspeci f
iedperi
odof
ti
me.I nst
eadoftheinter
estbei
ngpaidtot heowneri tmaybeaddedt o( compoundedwith)the
pri
ncipleandt
hereforeal
soearnsi
nterest
.Thei nter
estearnediscall
edcompoundi nt
erest.The
peri
odaf t
erwhichi
tscompoundedtothepr i
nci
pleiscall
edinter
estperi
od.
Thecompoundi nt
erestmay becal
cul
atedannual
ly,semi-
annuall
y,quar
ter
ly,monthl
yetc.Ifthe
rat
eofcompoundi nt
erestisR%p.aandtheint
erestiscal
culat
ednt i
mespery ear
,thentherate
ofint
erestperperi
odi ()
R
s %
n
Exampl
e
Moyolentksh.2000atint
erestof5%perannum f
or2y
ear
s.Fi
rstweknowt
hatsi
mpl
eint
erest
or1sty
f earand2ndyearwi
llbesame
i
.e.=2000x5x1/
100=Ksh.100
Tot
alsi
mpl
eint
erestf
or2y
ear
swi
l
lbe=100+100=ksh.200
I
nCompoundI nt
erest(CI)thef
ir
styearI
nter
estwi
l
lbesameasofSi mpl
eInter
est(SI
)i.
e.
st
Ksh.100.Buty
earIIi
nter
esti
scal
cul
atedonP+SIof1 y eari
.e.onksh.2000+ksh.100=ksh.
2100.
So,
yearI
Iint
eresti
nCompoundI
nter
estbecomes
=2100x5x1/
100=Ksh.105
Soiti
sKsh.5mor ethanthesimpl
eint
erest
.Thi
sincr
easeisduetothef
actt
hatSIi
saddedto
thepri
nci
palandthisksh.105isal
soaddedinthepri
nci
palifwehavetofi
ndthecompound
i
nter
estaft
er3years.Di
rectf
ormul
aincaseofcompoundint
eresti
s
r t
A=P(
1+ )
100
Wher
eA=Amount
P=Pr
inci
pal
R=Rat
e%perannum
T=Ti
me
A=P+CI
r
1+ )t=P+CI
P(
100

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Ty
pesofQuest
ion:
Ty
peI
:Tof
indCIandAmount
Ty
peI
I:Tof
indr
ate,
pri
nci
pal
ort
ime
Ty
peI
II
:Whendi
ff
erencebet
weenCIandSIi
sgi
ven.
Ty
peI
V:Wheni
nter
esti
scal
cul
atedhal
fyear
lyorquar
ter
lyet
c.
Ty
peV:
Whenbot
hrat
eandpr
inci
pal
hav
etobef
ound.

Ty
pe1
Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
heamountofksh.1000i
n2y
ear
sat10%perannum compoundi
nter
est
.
Sol
uti
on.
t
A=P(
1+r
/100)
2
=1000(
1+10/
100)
=1000x121/
100
=ksh.1210
Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
heamountofksh.6250i
n2y
ear
sat4%perannum compoundi
nter
est
.
Sol
uti
on.
A=P(
1+r
/100)t
2
=6250(
1+4/
100)
=6250x676/
625
=ksh.6760
Exampl
e
Whatwi
l
lbet
hecompoundi
nter
estonksh31250atar
ateof4%perannum f
or2y
ear
s?

Sol
uti
on.
CI=P(
1+r
/100)t-1
2
=31250{(
1+4/
100)-1}
=31250(
676/
625-1)
=31250x51/
625=ksh.2550

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Exampl
e
Asum amount
stoksh.24200i
n2y
ear
sat10%perannum compoundi
nter
est
.
Fi
ndt
hesum ?
Sol
uti
on.
t
A=P(
1+r
/100)
2
24200=P(
1+10/
100)
2
=P(
11/
10)
=24200x100/
121
=ksh.20000

Ty
peI
I
Exampl
e.
Thet
imei
nwhi
chksh.15625wi
l
lamountt
oksh.17576at45compoundi
nter
esti
s?
Sol
uti
on
t
A=P(
1+r
/100)
t
17576=15625(
1+4/
100)
t
17576/
15625=(
26/
25)
(
26/
25)
t=(
26/
25)
3
t=3y
ear
s

Exampl
e
Ther
ateper
centi
fcompoundi
nter
estofksh.15625f
or3y
ear
sisKsh.1951.
Sol
uti
on.
A=P+CI
=15625+1951=ksh.17576
t
A=P(
1+r
/100)
3
17576=15625(
1+r
/100)
3
17576/
15625=(
1+r
/100)
3
(
26/
25)
3=(
1+r
/100)

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26/
25=1+r
/100
26/
25-1=r
/100
1/
25=r
/100
r=4%

Ty
peI
V
1.Remember
2t
Wheni
nter
esti
scompoundedhal
fyear
lyt
henAmount=P(
1+R/
2)
-
--
--
--
--
--
100
I
.e.i
nhal
fyear
lycompoundi
nter
estr
atei
shal
vedandti
mei sdoubl
ed.
2.Wheni
nter
esti
scompoundedquar
ter
lyt
henr
atei
smade¼andt
imei
smade4t
imes.
4t
ThenA=P[
(1+R/
4)/
100]
3.Whenrat
eofi
nteresti
sR1%,R2%, or1st,
andR3%f 2ndand3rdy
earr
espect
ivel
y;t
henA=P(
1
+R1/100)(
1+R2/100)(1+r3/
100)

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hecompoundi
nter
estonksh.
5000at205perannum f
or1.
5yearcompoundhal
fyear
ly.
Sol
uti
on.
Wheni
nter
esti
scompoundedhal
fyear
ly
2t
ThenAmount=P[
(1+R/
2)/
100]
3/
2
Amount=5000[
(1+20/
2)/
100]
3
=5000(
1+10/
100)
=5000x1331/
1000
=ksh6655
CI=6655-5000=ksh.1655
e.
g.
Fi
ndcompoundi
nter
estksh.47145at12%perannum f
or6mont
hs,
compoundedquar
ter
ly.
Sol
uti
on.

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Asi
nter
esti
scompoundedquar
ter
ly
4t
A=[P(
1+R/
4)/
100)
]
A=47145[
(1+12/
4)100]½x4
/
2
=47145(
1+3/
100)
=47145x103/
100x103/
100
=ksh.50016.
13
CI=50016.
13-47145
=ksh.2871.
13
Exampl
e
Fi
ndthecompoundint
erestonksh.18750f
or2y
ear
swhent
her
ateofi
nter or1sty
estf eari
s45
or2ndy
andf ear8%.

Sol
uti
on.
A=P(
1+R1/
100)(
1+R1/
100)
=18750*104/
100*108/
100
=ksh.21060
CI=21060-18750
=ksh.2310

Ty
peV
Exampl
e
Thecompoundint
erestonacert
ainsum f
ortwoy ear
sisksh.52andsi
mpl
eint
erestf
ort
he
sameper
iodatsameratei
sksh.
50findt
hesum andtherat
e.
Sol
uti
on.
Wewi l
ldothi
squest
ionbybasicconcept.Simpl
einter
estissameev eryyearandt hereisno
dif
ferencebetweenSIandCIfor1styear
.Thediff
erencear
isesinthe2ndyearbecausei nt
erest
st
of1 y eari
saddedinpri
nci
palandinter
estisnowchargedonpr i
nci
pal+simpleinterestof1st
year.
Soi
nthi
squest
ion
2y
earSI=ksh.50
1y
earSI=ksh.25
or1sty
NowCIf ear=52-25=Rs.
27

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Thi
saddit
ionali
nter
est27-25=ksh.2i sduetothef
actthat1sty
earSIi
.e.ksh.25i
saddedi
n
pri
nci
pal
.Itmeansthataddit
ionalksh.2i
nter
esti
schar
gedonksh.25.Rat e%=2/ 25x100=
8%
Shor
tcut
:
Rat
e%=[
(CI-SI
)/(
SI/
2)]x100
=[
(2/
50)
/2]x100
2/
25x100
=8%
P=SIx100/
RxT=50x100/
8x2
=ksh.312.
50
Exampl
e
Asum ofmoneylentCIamount
sin2y
eart
oksh.8820andi
n3y
ear
stoksh.9261.Fi
ndt
he
sum andr
ate%.
Sol
uti
on.
Amountaf
ter3y
ear
s=ksh.9261
Amountaf
ter2y
ear
s=ksh.8820
Bysubt
ract
ingl
asty
ear
’si
nter
estksh.441
I
tiscl
eart
hatt
hisksh.441i
sSIonksh.8820f
rom 2ndt
o3rdy
eari
.e.f
or1y
ear
.
Rat
e%=441x100/
8820x1
=5%
t
Al
soA=P(
1+r
/100)
2
8820=P(
1+5/
100)
2
=P(
21/
20)
P=8820x400/
441
=ksh.8000

Appr
eci
ati
onandDepr
eci
ati
on
Appr
eci
ati
oni
sthegai
nofv
alueofanassetwhi
l
edepr
eci
ati
oni
sthel
ossofv
alueofanasset
.
Exampl
e
Ani r
onboxcostksh500andeveryy
earitdepr
eci
atesby10%ofi
tsv
alueatt
hebegi
nni
ngof
thatthaty
ear
.Whatwi
lli
tsv
aluebeaf
terv
alue4year
s?

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Sol
uti
on
10
Val
ueaf
tert
hef
ir
sty
ear=sh(
500- x500)
100
=sh450
10
Val
ueaf
tert
hesecondy
ear=sh(
450- x450)
100
=sh405
10
Val
ueaf
tert
het
hir
dyear=sh(
405- x405)
100
=sh364.
50
10
Val
ueaf
tert
hef
our
thy
ear=sh(
364.
50- x364.
50)
100
=sh328.
05
I
ngenerali
fPi
stheini
ti
alval
ueofanasset
,At
hev
alueaf
terdepr
eci
ati
onf
ornper
iodsandr
t
herat
eofdepr
eci
ati
onperper
iod.
r n
A=P(I- )
100
Exampl
e
Amini
buscostsh400000.
Duet
owearandt
ear
,itdepr
eci
atesi
nval
ueby2%ev
erymont
h.Fi
nd
i
tsv
alueaf
teroneyear
,
Sol
uti
on
r n
A=P(I- )
100
Subst
it
uti
ngP=400,
000,
r=2,
andn=12i
nthef
ormul
a;
12
A=sh.
400000(
1-0.
02)
12
=sh.
400,
000(
0.98)
=sh.
313700
Exampl
e
Thei
nit
ialcostofaranchi
ssh.
5000,000.
Attheendofeachy
ear
,thel
andv
aluei
ncr
easesby
2%.
Whatwi l
lbethev
alueoft
her
anchattheendof3year
s?
Sol
uti
on

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2 3
Thev
alueoft
her
anchaf
ter3y
ear
s=sh5000,
000(
1+ )
100
3
=sh.5000000(
1.02)
=sh5,
306,
040

Hi
rePur
chase
Methodofbuyi
nggoodsandser
vicesbyinst
alment
s.Thei
nter
estchar
gedf
orbuy
inggoodsor
ser
vicesoncr
edi
tiscal
l
edcar
ryi
ngcharge.
Hi
repur
chase=Deposi
t+(
inst
alment
sxt
ime)
Exampl
e
Achingwant
stobuyasewi ngmachineonhirepurchase.I
thasacashpri
ceofksh7500.
She
canpayacashpr
iceormakeadownpay mentofsh2250and15monthl
yinst
alment
sofsh.
550
each.Howmuchi
nterestdoesshepayunderthei
nstal
mentplan?

Sol
uti
on
Tot
alamountofi
nst
alment
s=sh550x15
=sh8250
Downpay
ment(
deposi
t) =sh2250
Tot
alpay
ment =sh(
8250+2250)
=sh10500
Amountofi
nter
estchar
ged=sh(
10500-
7500)
=sh3000
Not
e;
Al
way
suset
heabov
efor
mul
atof
indot
herv
ari
abl
es.

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I
ncomet
ax
Taxesonper
sonali
ncomei
sincometax.Grossi
ncomei
sthet
otalamountofmoneyduet
othe
i
ndivi
dual
att
heendofthemonthort
hey ear
.
Gr
ossi
ncome=sal
ary+al
l
owances/benef
it
s
Taxabl
eincomeistheamountonwhi
chtaxisl
evi
ed.Thi
sisthegr
ossi
ncomel essanyspecial
benefi
tsonwhichtaxesarenotl
evi
ed.Suchbenef
it
sincl
uderef
undsforexpensesincur
red
whil
eoneisonoffi
cial
dut
y.
I
nordert
ocalcul
atet
hei ncometaxthatonehastopay
,weconv
ertthet
axabl
eincomei
nto
Keny
apoundsK£perannum orpermonthasdi
ctat
edbyt
hebyt
hetabl
eofr
atesgi
ven.
Rel
i
ef
 Everyempl
oyeeinkeny
aisent
it
ledt
oanaut
omat
icper
sonalt
axr
eli
efofsh.
12672p.
a
(sh.
1056permonth)
 Anempl oy
eewi t
halif
einsur
ancepol
icyonhisl
i
fe,
thatofhi
swif
eorchil
d,maymakea
taxclai
m ont hepremiumspaidtowardsthepol
icyatsh.3perpoundsubj
ecttoa
maximum clai
m ofsh.3000permont
h.
Exampl
e
Mr.Johnear
nsatot
alofK£12300p.
a.Cal
cul
atehowmucht
axheshoul
dpayperannum.
Usi
ng
t
hetaxtabl
ebel
ow.

I
ncomet
axK£perannum Rate ( sh per
pound)
1-
5808 2
5809-11280 3
11289-16752 4
16753-22224 5
Excessov
er22224 6

Sol
uti
on
Hi
ssal
aryl
i
esbet
ween£1and£12300.
Thehi
ghestt
axbandi
sther
efor
ethet
hir
dband.
Fort
hef
ir
st£5808,
taxduei
ssh5808x2=sh11616
Fort
henex
t£5472,
taxduei
ssh5472x2=sh16416
Remai
ning£1020,
taxduesh.1020x4 =sh4080+
Tot
alt
axdue sh32112

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Lessper
sonal
rel
i
efofsh.
1056x12 = sh.
12672-
Sh19440
Ther
efor
epay
abl
ep.
aissh.
19400.
Exampl
e
Mr.Ogembo earnsa basi
csalar
yofsh 15000 permonth.
in addi
ti
on heget
sa medical
all
owanceofsh2400andahouseall
owanceofsh12000.
Usethetaxtabl
eabovetocal
cul
ate
thetaxhepay
speryear
.
Sol
uti
on
Taxabl
eincomepermont
h=sh(
15000+2400+12000)
=sh.
29400
12
Conv
ert
ingt
oK£p.
a=K£29400x
20
=K£17640
Taxdue
Fi
rst£5808=sh.
5808x2=sh.
11616
Next£5472=sh.
5472x3=sh.
16416
Next£5472=sh.
5472x4=sh.
21888
Remai
ning£888=sh.
888x5=sh4440+
Tot
alt
axdue sh54360
Lessper
sonal
rel
i
ef sh12672-
Ther
efor
e,t
axpay
abl
ep.
a sh41688

PAYE
InKeny
a,ev
eryemployeri
srequir
edbythelawtodeducti
ncomet
axfr
om t
hemonthlyear
nings
ofhisemployeesever
ymont handt oremitt
hemoneyt othei
ncometaxdepar
tment.This
syst
em i
scall
edPayAsYouEar n(PAYE)
.

Housi
ng
Ifanemployeeisprovi
dedwithahousebytheemployer(ei
therf
reel
yorforanominal
rent)t
hen
15%ofhi ssalar
yisaddedtohissal
ary(l
essrentpai
d)forpurposeoftaxcal
cul
ati
on.Ift
hetax
pay eri
sadi r
ectorandisprovi
dedwithaf r
eehouse,then15% ofhissalaryi
saddedt ohis
salarybef
oretaxat
ion.

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Exampl
e
Mr.Omondiwhoisacivi
lser
vantli
vesingov
ernmenthousewhopaysarentofsh500per
month.I
fhi
ssal
aryi
s£9000p.
a,cal
culat
ehowmuchPAYEher emi
tsmont
hly
.
Sol
uti
on
Basi
csal
ary £9000
15
Housi
ng£ x9000=£1350
100
Lessr
entpai
d = £300
£1050+
Taxabl
eincome £10050

Taxchar
ged;
Fi
rst£5808,
thet
axduei
ssh.
5808x2 = sh11616
Remai
ning£4242,
thet
axduei
ssh4242x3=sh12726+
Sh24342
Lessper
sonal
rel
i
ef Sh12672
Sh11670
11670
PAYE=sh
12

=sh972.
50
Exampl
e
Mr.Odhiamboisaseni
orteacheronamonthlybasicsal
aryofKsh.16000.Ontopofhissalary
hegetsahouseal l
owanceofsh12000,amedi calallowanceofKsh.3060andahar dship
al
l
owanceofKsh3060andahar dshi
pall
owanceofKsh.4635.Hehasali
feinsurancepol
i
cyf or
whichhepaysKsh.
800permont handcl
aimsi
nsurancereli
ef.
i
. Uset
het
axt
abl
ebel
owt
ocal
cul
atehi
sPAYE.

I
ncomei
n£permont
h Rat
e%
1-484 10
485-940 15
941-1396 20
1397-1852 25

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Excessov
er1852 30

i
i
. I
naddi
ti
ont
oPAYEEt
hef
oll
owi
ngdeduct
ionsar
emadeonhi
spayev
erymont
h
a)WCPSat2%ofbasi
csal
ary
b)HHI
Fksh.
400
c) Co–oper
ati
veshar
esandl
oanr
ecov
eryKsh4800.
Sol
uti
on
a)Taxabl
eincome=Ksh(
16000+12000+3060+4635)
=ksh35695
K£35695
Conv
ert
ingt
oK£ =
20
=K£1784.
75
Taxchar
gedi
s:
10
Fi
rst£484=£484x =£48.
40
100
15
Next£456=£456x =£68.
40
100
10
Next£456=£456x =£91.
20
100
25
Remai
ning£388=£388x =£97.
00.
100
Tot
alt
axdue=£305.
00
=sh6100
800
I
nsur
ancer
eli
ef=sh x3=sh120
20
Per
sonal
rel
i
ef =sh1056+
Tot
alr
eli
ef sh1176

Taxpay
abl
epermont
hissh6100
Sh1176–
Sh 4924

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Ther
efor
e,PAYEi
ssh4924.
Not
e;
Fort
hecal
cul
ati
onofPAYE,
taxabl
eincomei
sroundeddownort
runcat
edt
othenear
estwhol
e
number
.
I
fanempl
oyee’
sduet
axi
slesst
hant
her
eli
efal
l
ocat
ed,t
hent
hatempl
oyeei
sexempt
edf
rom
PAYEE
b)Tot
aldeduct
ionsar
e
2
Sh( x16000+400+4800+800+4924)=s
h11244
100
Netpay=sh(
35695–11244)
=sh24451

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Abusinesswomanopenedanaccountbydeposit
ingKshs.12,
000inabankon1stJuly
st
1995.Eachsubsequenty
ear,shedeposi
tedthesameamounton1 Jul y.Thebank
off
eredher9%perannum compoundi
nter
est.Cal
cul
atethetot
alamounti
nheraccount
on
(
a) 30thJune1996
(
b) 30thJune1997
2. Aconst
ruct
ioncompanyr
equi
rest
otr
anspor
t144t
onnesofst
onest
osi
tesAand
B.Thecompanypay
sKshs24,
000t
otr
anspor
t48t
onnesofst
onef
orev
ery28
km.Ki
mani
transpor
ted96t
onnest
oasi
teA,
49km away
.
(
a) Fi
ndhowmuchhepai
d
(
b) Ki
mani
spendsKshs3,
000t
otr
anspor
tev
ery8t
onnesofst
onest
osi
te.
Cal
cul
atehi
stot
alpr
ofi
t.
(
c) Achi
engtransport
edtheremaini
ngst
onest
osi
tesB,84km away
.Ifshemade
44%prof
it
, f
indhertr
anspor
tcost
.

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3. Thet
abl
eshowsi
ncomet
axr
ates

Mont
hlyt
axabl
epay Rat
eoft
axKshsi
n1K£

1–435 2
436–870 3
871-
1305 4
1306–1740 5
ExcessOv
er1740 6

A companyempl oy
eeearnamonthl
ybasicsal
aryofKshs30,
000andi
sal
sogi
ven
t
axableal
lowancesamount
ingt
oKshs10,
480.
(
a) Cal
cul
atet
het
otal
incomet
ax
(
b) Theempl
oyeei
sent
it
ledt
oaper
sonal
taxr
eli
efofKshs800permont
h.
Det
ermi
net
henett
ax.
(
c) I
ftheempl
oyeer
ecei
veda50%i
ncr
easei
nhi
stot
ali
ncome,
cal
cul
atet
he
cor
respondi
ngper
cent
agei
ncr
easeont
hei
ncomet
ax.
4. Ahouseistobesol
deit
heroncashbasi
sorthr
oughaloan.Thecashpr
icei
sKshs.
750,
000.Thel
oancondi
ti
onsar
eaasfoll
ows:t
her
eistobedownpay ment
of10%oft
hecashpr
iceandt
her
estoft
hemoneyi
stobepai
dthr
oughal
oan
at10%perannum compoundi
nter
est
.
Acust
omerdeci
dedt
obuyt
hehouset
hroughal
oan.
a) (
i) Cal
cul
atet
heamountofmoneyl
oanedt
othecust
omer
.
(
ii
) Thecust
omerpai
dthel
oani
n3y
ear
’s.Cal
cul
atet
het
otal
amount
pai
dfort
hehouse.
b) Fi
ndhowl
ongt
hecust
omerwoul
dhav
etakent
oful
l
ypayf
ort
hehouse
i
fshepai
dat
otal
ofKshs891,
750.
5. Abusi
nessmanobtai
nedaloanofKshs.450,
000from abankt
obuyamat atuval
uedat
t
hesameamount.Thebankchar
gesinter
estat24%perannum compoundquar
ter
ly
a) Cal
cul
atet
het
otalamountofmoneyt
hebusi
nessmanpai
dtocl
eart
hel
oani
n1
½year
s.
b) Theaver
ageincomereal
izedf
rom thematatuperdaywasKshs.1500.The
matat
uworkedfor3year
satanav erageof280day
sy ear
.Cal
cul
atet
hetotal
i
ncomefrom t
hematat
u.

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c) Duri
ngthet hr
eeyears,t
heval
ueofthematatudepr
eci
atedattherat
eof16%per
annum.Ifthebusinessmansoldthematat
uatitsnewv al
ue,cal
cul
atet
hetot
al
prof
ithereali
zedbytheendofthr
eeyear
s.
6. Abankei t
herpayssi
mplei
nter
estas5%p. aorcompoundinterest5%p. aondeposi
ts.
Nekesadeposit
edKshsPinthebankfortwoyear
sonsimplei nterestt
erms.I
fshehad
deposit
edthesameamountfortwoyear
soncompoundi nt
erestt erms,shewoul
dhave
earnedKshs210more.
Cal
cul
atewi
thoutusi
ngMat
hemat
icsTabl
es,
thev
aluesofP
7. (
a) Acer
tai
nsum ofmoneyi
sdeposi
tedi
nabankt
hatpay
ssi
mpl
eint
erestat
acertai
nrat
e.After5year
sthetotalamountofmoneyi
nanaccounti
sKshs358
400.Theint
erestear
nedeachyearis12800
Cal
cul
ate
(i
) Theamountofmoneywhichwasdeposit
ed (2mks)
(i
i
) Theannual rat
eofinter
estthatt
hebankpaid (2mks)
(
b) Acomput erwhosemarkedpri
ceisKshs40,000issol
datKshs56,000onhi
re
purchaseter
ms.
(
i) Kiokoboughtthecomputeronhirepur
chaseterm.Hepaidadeposi
tof25%of
thehir
epurchasepri
ceandclear
edthebalancebyequalmont
hlyi
nst
all
ment
sof
Kshs2625.Calcul
atethenumberofi
nst
all
ment s (3mks)
(
ii
) HadKiokoboughtthecomput eroncashtermshewouldhav ebeenal
loweda
di
scountof12½ %onmar kedpri
ce.Cal
culat
ethedi
ffer
encebetweent
hecash
pr
iceandthehi
repurchasepri
ceandexpr
essasapercentageoft
hecashpri
ce
(
ii
i) Calculat
et hedi
ff
erencebetweenthecashpri
ceandhi
repur
chasepr
iceand
expressitasapercent
ageofthecashpr
ice.
8. Thet
abl
ebel
owi
sapar
toft
axt
abl
eformont
hlyi
ncomef
ort
hey
ear2004

Mont
hlyt
axabl
eincome Taxr
ateper
cent
age
I
n(Kshs) (
%)i
neachshi
l
li
ngs

UnderKshs9681 10%

Fr
om Kshs9681butunder18801 15%

Fr
om Kshs18801but27921 20%

I
nthet
axy
ear2004,
thet
axofKer
ubo’
smont
hlyi
ncomewasKshs1916.
Cal
cul
ateKer
ubo’
smont
hlyi
ncome
9. Thecashpri
ceofaT.VsetisKshs13,800.Acust
omeropt
stobuyt
hesetonhi
re
pur
chaset
ermsbypay
ingadeposi
tofKshs2280.

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I
fsimpl
eint
erestof20p.ai schar
gedont hebal
anceandt
hecustomerisrequi
redt
o
r
epayby24equalmonthl
yinstal
l
ments.Cal
cul
atet
heamountofeachi
nst
all
ment.
10. Apl
otofl
andv
aluedatKsh.50,
000att
hest
artof1994.
Ther
eaf
ter
,ev
eryy
ear
,itappr
eci
atedby10%ofi
tspr
evi
ousy
ear
sval
uef
ind:
(
a) Thev
alueoft
hel
andatt
hest
artof1995
(
b) Thev
alueoft
hel
andatt
heendof1997

11. Thet
abl
ebel
owshowsKeny
ataxr
atesi
nacer
tai
nyear
.

I
ncomeK£perannum Taxr
atesKshsperK£

1-4512 2

4513-9024 3

9025-13536 4

13537-18048 5

18049-22560 6

Ov
er22560 6.
5

I
nthatyearMuhandoear nedasal
aryofKsh.16510permont
h.Hewasent
it
ledt
oa
mont
hlytaxr
eli
efofKsh.960
Cal
cul
ate
(
a) Muhandoannual
sal
aryi
nK£
(
b) (
i) Themont
hlyt
axpai
dbyMuhandoi
nKsh
14. Atail
orint
endst obuyasewingmachinewhichcost
sKsh48,000.Hebor r
owsthemoney
fr
om abank.Thel oanhastoberepai
datt
heendoft hesecondyear.Thebankchar
ges
aninter
estatt her at
eof24% perannum compoundedhalfyear
ly.Calcul
atet
hetotal
amountpay abl
et othebank.

15. Theaveragerat
eofdepreci
ati
oni
nval
ueofawaterpumpis9%perannum.Aft
ert
hree
complet
ey ear
sitsv
aluewasKsh150,700.Fi
ndi
tsval
ueatthest
artoft
hethr
eeyear
per
iod.

15.A waterpumpcost
sKsh21600whennew,att
heendofthefir
styearit
svalue
depr
eciat
esby25%.Thedepr
eci
ati
onatt
heendofthesecondyearis20% and

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t
her
eaft
ert
herateofdepreci
ati
onis15% y
ear
ly.Cal
cul
atet
heexactv
alueoft
he
wat
erpumpatt
heendofthefourt
hyear
.

CHAPTERFOURTYSEVEN

CI
RCLES
,CHORDSANDTANGENTS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Bytheendofthet
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(a)Cal
cul
atel
engt
hofanar
candachord;
(
b)Cal
cul
atel
engt
hsoft
angent
sandi
nter
sect
ingchor
ds;
(
c)St
ateandusepr
oper
ti
esofchor
dsandt
angent
s;
(
d)Const
ructt
angentt
oaci
rcl
e,
(
e)Const
ructdi
rectandt
ransv
ersecommont
angent
stot
woci
rcl
es;
(
f)Rel
ateangl
esi
nal
ter
nat
esegment
;
(
g)Const
ructci
rcumscr
ibed,
inscr
ibedandescr
ibedci
rcl
es;
(
h)Locat
ecent
roi
dandor
thocent
reofat
ri
angl
e;
(
i)Appl
yknowl
edgeofci
rcl
es,
tangent
sandchor
dst
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.
Cont
ent
(
a)Ar
cs,
chor
dsandt
angent
s
(
b)Lengt
hsoft
angent
sandi
nter
sect
ingchor
ds
(
c)Pr
oper
ti
esofchor
dsandt
angent
s
(
d)Const
ruct
ionoft
angent
stoaci
rcl
e
(
e)Di
rectandt
ransv
ersecommont
angent
stot
woci
rcl
es
(
f)Angl
esi
nal
ter
nat
esegment
(
g)Ci
rcumscr
ibed,
inscr
ibedandescr
ibedci
rcl
es

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(
h)Cent
roi
dandor
thocent
re
(
i)Appl
i
cat
ionofknowl
edgeoft
angent
sandchor
dst
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Lengt
hofanAr
c

TheAr
clengt
hmar
kedr
edi
sgi
venby;
θ
x2πr
.
360
Exampl
e
0
Fi
ndthel
engt
hofanar
csubt
endedbyanangl
eof250 att
hecent
reoft
heci
rcl
eofr
adi
us14
cm.
Sol
uti
on
θ
Lengt
hofanar
c= x2πr
360
250 22
= x2x x14=61.
11c
m
360 7
Exampl
e
Thelengt
hofanarcofacir
clei
s11.
0cm.
Findt
her
adi
usoft
heci
rcl
eifanar
csubt
ended an
0
angl
eof90atthecent
re.
Sol
uti
on
θ 0
Ar
clengt
h= x2πrbutθ=90
360
90 22
Ther
efor
e11= x2x xr
360 7
r=7.
0cm

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Exampl
e
Fi
ndtheangl
esubt
endedatt
hecent
reofaci
rcl
ebyanar
cof20cm,
ift
heci
rcumf
erenceoft
he
ci
rcl
eis60cm.
Sol
uti
on
θ
= x2πr=20
360
But2πr=60c
m=60c
m
θ
or
e, x60=20
360
360
θ=20x
60
0
θ=120
Chor
ds
Chordofaci rcl
e:Alinesegmentwhi
chjoinst wopointsonacircle.Di
ameter:achordwhi
ch
passesthroughthecenteroft
heci
rcl
e.Radius:thedi
stancef
rom thecenteroftheci
rcl
etot
he
ci
rcumferenceofthecir
cle

Per
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orofacode
A per
pendi
cul
ardrawn fr
om t he cent
re of t
he ci
rcl
eto a chor
d bi
sect
sthe chor
d.

Not
e;
 Perper
ndi
cul
ardrawnfr
om t
hecent
reoft
heci
rcl
etochor
d bi
sect
sthecor
d(di
vi
desi
t
i
ntot
woequalpart
s)

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 Ast
rai
ghtl
i
nej
oini
ngt
hecent
reofaci
rcl
etot
hemi
dpoi
ntofachor
disper
pendi
cul
art
o
t
hechor
d.

Theradi
usofaci
rcl
ecent
reOi
s13cm.
Findt
heper
pendi
cul
ardi
stancef
rom Ot
othechor
d,i
f
ABis24cm.

Sol
uti
on
OCbisectschor
dABatC
Ther
efore,AC=12cm
2 2 2
I
n∆AOC, OC =AO -AC
2 2
=13 -12 =25
Ther
efore
,OM = 25 =5cm

Par
all
elchor
ds
Anychor
dpassi
ngt
hrought
hemi
dpoi
ntsofal
lpar
all
elchor
dsofaci
rcl
eisadi
amet
er

Exampl
e
I
nthefi
gur
ebelowCDandABareparal
l
elchor
dsofaci
rcl
eand2cm apar
t.I
fCD=8cm and
AB=10cm,fi
ndther
adi
usoft
heci
rcl
e

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Sol
uti
on
 Dr
awt
heper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
oroft
hechor
dst
ocutt
hem atKandL.
 Joi
nODandOC
 I
ntr
iangl
eODL,
 DL=4cm andKC=5cm
 LetOK=Xcm
2 2 2
 Ther
efor
e(x+ 2)+4 =r
I
ntr
iangl
eOCK;
2 2 2
 x + 5 =r
2 2 2 2
 Ther
efor
e(x+ 2)+4 =x +5
2 2 2 2
 x +4x+20)+4 =x +5

 4x+20=25x
+20=25


1
 X= 1 11/
4
4
2 2 2
Usi
ngt
heequat
ion x + 5 =r

2 52 2
r=( )+ 5
4
25
= +25
16
425
=
16

425
r= =5.
154cm
16

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I
nter
secti
ngchor
ds
DE EB
I
ngeneral = orDE×EC=EB×AE
AE EC

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Example
I
nt heexampl
eabov
eABandCDaret
wochor
dst
hati
nter
secti
naci
rcl
eatGi
vent
hatAE=4cm,
CE=5cm andDE=3cm,fi
ndAB.

Solut
ion
LetEB=xcm
4×x=5×3
4x=15
x=3.
75cm
Si
nceAB=AE+EB
AB=4+3.75
=7.
75cm

Equal
chords.
 Anglessubt
endedatthecent
reofacir
clebyequalchordsar
eequal
s
 Ifchor
dsareequalt
heyareequi
dist
antfr
om thecentr
eoftheci
rcl
e

Secant
Achor
dthati
spr
oducedout
sideaci
rcl
eiscal
l
edasecant
BC CD
= ORBC×CA=CD×EC
EC CA

Exampl
e

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Fi
ndt
hev
alueofATi
nthef
igur
ebel
ow.AR=4cm,
RD=5cm andTC=9cm.
Sol
uti
on
ACxAT=AOxAR
(
x+9)x=(
5+4)4
2
x +9x=36
2
x +9x-36=0
(
x+12)(
x-3)=0
Ther
efor
e,x=-12orx=3
xc
anonl
ybeapos
iti
venumbe
rnotne
gat
ivehe
ncex=3c
m

Tangentandsecant
Tangent
Ali
newhicht
ouchesacir
cleatexact
lyonepoi
nti
scal
l
edat
angentl
i
neandt
hepoi
ntwher
eit
t
ouchest
heci
rcl
eiscal
l
edt hepoi
ntofcont
act
Secant
Ali
newhichint
ersect
sthecir
clei
ntwodi
sti
nctpoint
siscal
l
edasecantli
ne(usual
l
yref
err
edt
o
asasecant
).
Thef i
gur
esbelow Ashowsasecantwhil
eBshowsatangent.

A B
Const
ruct
ionofat
angent

 Dr
awaci
rcl
eofanyr
adi
usandcent
reO.

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 Joi
nOt
oanypoi
ntPont
heci
rcumf
erence

 Pr
oduceOPt
oapoi
ntPout
sidet
heci
rcl
e

 Const
ructaper
pendi
cul
arl
i
neSPt
hroughpoi
ntP

 Thel
i
nei
sat
angentt
otheci
rcl
eatPasshownbel
ow.

Not
e;
 Ther
adi
usandt
angentar
eper
pendi
cul
aratt
hepoi
ntofcont
act
.

 Thr
oughanypoi
ntonaci
rcl
e,onl
yonet
angentcanbedr
awn

 Aperpendi
cul
art
oat
angentatt
hepoi
ntofcont
actpassest
houghtt
hecent
reoft
he
ci
rcl
e.

Exampl
e
I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow PT=15cm andPO=17cm,
cal
cul
atet
hel
engt
hofPQ.

Sol
uti
on
2 2 2
OT =OP -PT
2 2
=17 -15
=64
OT=8cm

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Pr
oper
ti
esoft
angent
stoaci
rcl
efr
om anext
ernal
poi
nt
I
ftwot
angent
sar
edr
awnt
oaci
rcl
efr
om anext
ernal
poi
nt

 Theyar
eequal

 Theysubt
endequal
angl
esatt
hecent
re

 Theli
nejoi
ningt
hecent
reoft
heci
rcl
etot
heext
ernalpoi
ntbi
sect
sthe angl
ebet
ween
thet
angent
s

Exampl
e
Thef
igur
ebel
owrepresent
saci
rcl
ecent
reOandr
adi
us5cm.Thet
angent
sPTi
s12cm l
ong.
1
Fi
nd:
a.)OP b.)AngleTPT

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Joi
nOt
oP
2 2 2
OP =OC -PC (
pyt
hag
ora
sthe
ore
m)
2 2 2
OP = 5 +12

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=25+144
=169
The
ref
ore
,OP=13c
mcm
1 1
b.
)TPT =2TPO(PObi
sec
t<TPT)
0
<OTP =90
∆TPOi
sar
ighta
ngl
eda
tT
12
c
os<TPO= =0.
9231
13
0
Ther
efor
e,<TPO=22.
62
1 0
Hence<TPT =22.
62 ×2
0
=45.
24

Twot
angentt
oaci
rcl
e
Di
rect(
ext
eri
or)commont
angent
s Tr
ansv
erseori
nter
iorcommont
angent
s

TangentPr
obl
em
Thecommon- tangentpr
oblem isnamedforthesingletangentsegmentt
hat’
stangenttotwo
cir
cles.Yourgoalistofi
ndthelengt
hofthetangent.Theseprobl
emsareabiti
nvol
ved,butt
hey
shouldcausey oulit
tl
ediff
icul
tyify
ouusethest r
aightf
orwardthr
ee-st
epsol
uti
onmet hodt
hat
fol
lows.

Thefol
l
owi ngexampleinvol
vesacommonexternalt
angent(wher
et hetangentli
esonthesame
si
deofbot hcir
cles)
.Youmi ghtal
soseeacommon- tangentpr
oblem thatinvol
vesacommon
i
nter
naltangent(wherethet
angentl
iesbet
weenthecir
cles)
.Nowor ri
es:Thesoluti
ont
echnique
i
sthesamef orboth.
Gi
vent
heradi
usofci
rcl
eAi
s4cm andt
her
adi
usofci
rcl
eZi
s14cm andt
hedi
stancebet
ween
t
hetwoci
rcl
esis8cm.
Her
e’showt
osol
vei
t:

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1.
)Draw t
hesegmentconnectingt
hecenter
softhetwocirclesanddraw t
het
wor
adi
itot
he
poi
ntsoftangency(
ift
hesesegmentshav
en’
tal
readybeendrawnfory
ou).
Dr
awl
i
neAZandr
adi
iABandZY.
Thefol
lowingfi
gureshowsthi
sstep.Notet
hatthegi
vendi
stanceof8cm betweenthecir
clesis
thedi
stancebetweentheout
sidesoftheci
rcl
esal
ongthesegmentthatconnect
sthei
rcenter
s.

2.
)Fr
om t
hecenterofthesmal l
erci
rcl
e,dr
awasegmentparall
elt
othecommontangentti
lli
t
hi
tst
her
adiusofthelargerci
rcl
e(ortheext
ensi
onoft
heradiusinacommon-
int
ernal
-t
angent
pr
obl
em)
.

Youendupwi thari
ghttr
iangl
eandar ect
angl
e;oneoft
her
ect
angl
e’
ssi
desi
sthecommon
tangent
.Theabov
efi
gur
eill
ustr
atest
hisst
ep.
3.
)You now havear ighttr
iangl
e and a r
ect
angle and can f
ini
sh t
he pr
oblem wit
ht he
Pyt
hagoreanTheor
em andthesimplef
actt
hatopposi
tesidesofarect
angl
earecongr
uent.

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Thet r
iangl
e’shy
pot
enuseismadeupoft heradiusofcir
cleA,thesegmentbetweent heci rcles,
andther adi
usofci
rcl
eZ.Theirl
engt
hsaddupt o4+8+14=26.Youcanseet hatthewi dt hof
therectangl
eequal
stheradi
usofcir
cleA,whichis4;becauseopposit
esidesofar ectanglear e
congruent,y
oucanthent
ellt
hatoneofthetri
angle’
slegsistheradi
usofcircl
eZmi nus4, or14
–4=10.
Younowknowt
wosi desoft
het
ri
angl
e,andi
fyouf
indt
het
hir
dsi
de,
that
’l
lgi
vey
out
hel
engt
h
oft
hecommontangent.
Yougett
het
hir
dsi
dewi
tht
hePy
thagor
eanTheor
em:

(Ofcourse,i
fyourecognizethattheri
ghttr
iangleisi
nt he5:12:13famil
y,y
oucanmult
ipl
y12
by2 t o get24 instead ofusing t
hePy thagorean Theor
em.)
Becauseopposi
tesi
desofa
rect
anglearecongruent,
BYi sal
so24, andyou’r
edone.

Nowlookbackatt
helastf
igur
eandnot
ewheretheri
ghtangl
esareandhowtheri
ghtt
ri
angl
e
andt
herect
angl
earesi
tuat
ed;t
henmakesur
eyouheedthefol
l
owingti
pandwarni
ng.

Notethelocat
ionofthehy pot
enuse.Inacommon-tangentpr
oblem,thesegmentconnect
ing
thecent
ersoftheci
rclesisalwaysthehypot
enuseofar i
ghtt
ri
angle.Thecommontangentis
alwayst
hesideofarectangl
e,notahypot
enuse.

Inacommon- tangentproblem,t
hesegmentconnect
ingt
hecent
ersoft
heci
rcl
esi
snev
erone
sideofar
ightangle.Don’tmakethi
scommonmi st
ake.

HOW TOconst
ructacommonext
eri
ort
angentl
i
net
otwoci
rcl
es

Inthi
slessony ouwil
ll
ear
nhowtoconstr
uctacommonexteri
ortangentl
i
net
otwoci
rcl
esi
na
pl
anesucht hatnooneisl
ocat
edi
nsi
detheotherusi
ngar
ulerandacompass.

Pr
obl
em 1

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Fort
wogivencircl
esinapl anesuchthatnooneislocat
edi
nsi
det
heot
her
,toconst
ructt
he
commonexter
iortangentl
i
neusingarulerandacompass.

Sol
uti
on

Wear
egi
vent
woci
rcl
esi
napl
anesucht
hatnoonei
slocat
edi
nsi
det
heot
her(
Figur
e1a)
.
Weneedt oconst
ructt
hecommonext
eri
ort
angentl
i
net
otheci
rcl
esusi
ngar
uleranda
compass.

Fir
st,l
etus anal
yze t
heproblem andmakeasket
ch (Fi
gur
es1a and 1b)
.LetAB bet
he
commontangentl
i
netothecir
cleswearesear
chi
ngfor
.
Letusconnectt
hetangentpointA ofthef
ir
stci
rcl
ewi
thi
tscent
erP andt
het
angentpoi
ntB
oft
hesecondcir
clewit
hitscenterQ (Fi
gur
e1aand1b).

ThentheradiiPA and QB ar
ebothper
pendicul
artothetangentl
i
ne AB (lesson Atangent
l
inet
oaci r
cleisper
pendi
cul
artot
heradi
usdrawnt othet
angentpointunderthetopi
cCi r
cles
andt
heirpr
operti
es).Hence,t
her
adi
iPAandQBar eparal
lel
.

Fi
gur
e1a.Tot
hePr
obl
em 1

Fi
gur
e1b.Tot
hesol
uti
onoft
hePr
obl
em 1

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Fi
gur
e1c.Tot
heconst
ruct
ionst
ep3

Next ,letusdr awt hestraightli

nesegmentCQ par al
lelt
o AB t hrought hepoi ntQ tillthe
i
ntersecti
onwi ththeradiusPA att hepointC ( Figure1b).Thenthest raightli
neCQ i sparallel
toAB.Hence, t
hequadr i
lateralCABQ isapar all
elogram (moreover,itisar ectangl
e)andhas
theopposit esides QB and CA congr uent. Thepoi nt C dividest her adi
us PA i nt wo
segment soft helengthr2
(
CA )a ndr -r
1 2
(
PC )
.I tisclearfr
om thisa na l
ysi
st hatthest
ra i
ght
l
ine QC i st het angentlinet othecir
cleoft her adiusr -r wi
1 2
tht hecent eratt hepoint P
(showni nredinFi gure1b).

Itimpl
iest
hatt
hepr
ocedur
eofconst
ruct
ingt
hecommonext
eri
ort
angentl
i
net
otwoci
rcl
es
shoul
dbeasfol
l
ows:
1)dr
awtheauxi
l
iar
yci
rcl
eoft
her
adi
usr-r att
1 2
hecent
eroft
hel
argerci
rcl
e(showni
nred
i
nFigur
e1b);
2) constr
uctt hetangentl
inetot
hisauxi
l
iarycir
clefr
om thecent
eroft
hesmallerci
rcl
e
(showninr edin Figur
e1b) .I
nthi
swayyouwillgett
hetangentpoi
ntC ont
heauxi
l
iaryci
rcl
e
oftheradiusr -r
1 2
;

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3) draw thestraightli
nefr
om t hepoint P t
ot hepoint C andcont i
nueiti
nt hesame
dir
ecti
ontil
ltheint
ersecti
onwiththelar
gerci
rcl
e(showninblueinFigure1b).Theint
ersecti
on
point A ist hetangentpointoft hecommont angentl
ineandt helargerci
rcl
e. Figur
e1c
remindsyouhowt oper f
ormthisstep.
4) dr
aw t
hestr
aightl
i
ne QB par
all
elt
o PA t
il
lthei
nter
sect
ionwi
tht
hesmal
l
erci
rcl
e
(
showninbl
ueinFi
gure1b).
Thei
nter
sect
ionpoi
ntB i
sthet
angentpoi
ntoft
hecommont
angentl
i
neandt
hesmal
l
er
ci
rcl
e;
5)t
her
equi
redcommont
angentl
i
nei
suni
quel
ydef
inedbyi
tst
wopoi
ntsA andB.

Notethatal
ltheseoper
ati
ons1)-4)canbedoneusi
ngar
ulerandacompass.Thepr
obl
em
i
ssolv
ed.

Pr
obl
em 2
Fi
ndthel
engt
hofthecommonexteri
ortangentsegmenttot
wogivenci
rcl
esi
napl
ane,i
fthey
havet
her
adii
r1
andr2
andt
hedi
stancebetweenthei
rcent
ersisd.

Nooneoft
het
woci
rcl
esi
slocat
edi
nsi
det
heot
her
.

Sol
uti
on
Letususet
heFi
gur
e1bf
rom t
hesol
uti
ont
othepr
evi
ousPr
obl
em 1.
Thi
sFi
gur
eisr
elev
antt
othePr
obl
em 2.I
tiscopi
edandr
epr
oduced
i
ntheFi
gur
e2ont
her
ightf
ory
ourconv
eni
ence.
f
igur
e2

Iti
sclearf
rom t
hesol
uti
onoft
he Pr
obl
em 1 abov
ethatt
he
common
ext
eri
ort
angentsegment|
AB|i
scongr
uentt
othesi
de |
CQ|of
t
he
quadr
il
ater
al(
rect
angl
e)CABQ.

Fr
om t
heot
hersi
de,t
hesegmentCQ i
sthel
egoft
her
ight
-angl
ed
t
ri
angl
eDELTAPCQ.Thi
str
iangl
ehast
hehy
pot
enuse'
smeasur
edand

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t
heot
herl
eg'
smeasur
er1
-r
2
.Ther
efor
e,t
hel
engt
hoft
hecommon

ext
eri
ort
angentsegment|
AB|i
sequal
to
2 2
|
AB|
= d-
(r -r)
1 2

Not
ethatt
hesol
vabi
l
itycondi
ti
onf
ort
hispr
obl
em i
sd>r
1
-r
2
.

I
tcoi
nci
deswi
tht
hecondi
ti
ont
hatnooneoft
het
woci
rcl
esl
i
esi
nsi
det
heot
her
.

Exampl
e1
Findthel
engt
hofthecommonext
eri
ortangentsegmenttotwogiv
enci
rcl
esi
napl
ane,i
fthei
r
radi
iare6cm and3cm andthedi
stancebetweenthei
rcent
ers
i
s5cm.

Sol
uti
on
Usethefor
mul
a(1)der
ivedi
nthesol
uti
onoft
hePr
obl
em 2.
Accordi
ngtothi
sfor
mul
a,t
hel
engt
hoft
hecommonext
eri
ort
angentsegmentt
othet
wogi
ven
ci
rcl
esisequalt
o

2 2 2 2
5-
( 3 = 25-
3)= 5-
6- 9
=4cm

Answer
.
Thel
engt
hoft
hecommonext
eri
ort
angentsegmentt
othet
wogi
venci
rcl
esi
s4cm

Cont
actofci
rcl
es
Twoci
rcl
ear
esai
dtot
oucheachot
heratapoi
nti
ftheyhav
eacommont
angentatt
hatpoi
nt.
Poi
ntTi
sshownbyt
her
eddot
.

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I
nter
nal
tangent ext
ernal
l
ytangent
Not
e;
 Thecent
ersoft
het
woci
rcl
esandt
hei
rpoi
ntofcont
actl
i
eonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne
 Whentwocircl
est
oucheachotheri
nter
nal
ly
,thedi
stancebet
weent
hecent
ersi
sequal
t
othedif
fer
enceofther
adi
ii
.e.PQ=TP-TA
 Whentwocir
clest
oucheachot
herext
ernal
l
y,t
hedi
stancebet
weent
hecent
ersi
sequal
t
othesum oft
heradi
ii
.e.OR=TO+TR
.

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Al
ter
nat
eSegmentt
heor
em
Theangl
ewhichthechordmakeswit
hthetangenti
sequalt
otheangl
esubt
endedbyt
hesame
chor
dintheal
ter
natesegmentoft
hecir
cle.

Angl
ea=Angl
eb

Not
e;
Theblueli
nerepr
esent
stheanglewhicht
hechordCDmakeswiththet
angentPQ whichi
s
equal
totheangl
ebwhichi
ssubtendedbyt
hechor
dint
heal
ter
nat
esegmentoftheci
rcl
e.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions

 Angl
es=Angl
et

 Angl
ea=Angeb weus
ethea
lte
rna
tes
egme
ntt
heor
m<

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Tangent–secantsegmentl
engt
htheor
em
Ifatangentsegmentandsecantsegmentar
edrawntoacircl
efr
om anext
ernalpoi
nt,
thent
he
squareoft helengthofthet
angentequal
stheproductofthel
engthofthesecantwitht
he
l
engthofitsexternal
segment
.

2
TV) =TW.
( TX
Exampl
e
I
nthef
igur
eabov
e,TW=10cm andXW =4cm.f
indTV
Sol
uti
on
2
TV) =TW.
( TX
2
TV)=10×6(t
( x=t
w-x
w)

=16
TV=4c
m

Ci
rcl
esandt
ri
angl
es

I
nscr
ibedci
rcl
e

 Const
ructanyt
ri
angl
eABC.

 Const
ructt
hebi
sect
orsoft
het
hreeangl
es

 Thebi
sect
orswi
l
lmeetatpoi
ntI

 Const
ructaper
pendi
cul
arf
rom Ot
omeetoneoft
hesi
desatM

 Wi
tht
hecent
reIandr
adi
usI
M dr
awaci
rcl
e

 Theci
rcl
ewi
l
ltoucht
het
hreesi
desoft
het
ri
angl
eABC

 Suchaci
rcl
eiscal
l
edani
nscr
ibedci
rcl
eori
nci
rcl
e.

 Thecent
reofani
nscr
ibedci
rcl
eiscal
l
edt
hei
ncent
re

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Ci
rcumscr
ibedci
rcl
e

 Const
ructanyt
ri
angl
eABC.

 Const
ructper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orsofAB,
BC,
andACt
omeetatpoi
ntO.

 Wi
thOast
hecent
reandusi
ngOBasr
adi
us,
draw aci
rcl
e

 Theci
rcl
ewi
l
lpasst
hrought
hev
ert
icesA,
B andCasshowni
nthef
igur
ebel
ow

Escr
ibedci
rcl
e

 Const
ructanyt
ri
angl
eABC.

 Ext
endl
i
neBAandBC

 Const
ructt
heper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orsoft
het
woext
ernal
angl
espr
oduced

 Lett
heper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orsmeetatO

 Wi
thOast
hecent
redr
awt
heci
rcl
ewhi
chwi
l
ltouchal
ltheext
ernalsi
desoft
he

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t
ri
angl
e

Not
e;
Cent
reOi
scal
l
edt
heex-
cent
re
AOandCOar
ecal
l
edext
ernal
bisect
ors.

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.
1. Thefi
gurebel
owrepr
esent
saci
rcl
eadi
amet
er28cm wi
thasect
orsubt
endi
nganangl
e
of750att
hecent
re.

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Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
heshadedsegmentt
o4si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
(
a)<PST
2. Thefi
gur
ebel
owr
epr
esent
sar
ect
angl
ePQRSi
nscr
ibedi
naci
rcl
ecent
re0andr
adi
us17
cm.PQ=16cm.

Cal
cul
ate
(a)ThelengthPSoftherectangl
e
(b)TheanglePOS
(c)Theareaoftheshadedregion
3. I
nthefi
gur
ebel ow,BTi
sat angenttotheci
rcl
eatB.AXCTandBXDar
e
st
rai
ghtl
i
nes.AX=6cm,
CT=8cm,
BX=4.
8cm andXD=5cm.

Fi
ndt
hel
engt
hof
(
a)XC
(
b)BT
4. Thefigurebelow showstwocircl
eseachofr
adi
us7cm,wi
thcent
ersatXandY.The
ci
rcl
est oucheachotheratpoi
ntQ.

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Gi
v hat<AXD=<BYC=1200andl
ent i
nesAB,
XQYandDCar
epar
all
el,
cal
cul
atet
hear
eaof
:
a) Mi
norsect Takeπ22/
orXAQD( 7)

b) Thet
rapezi
um XABY
c) Theshadedr
egi
ons.
5. Thefi
gur
ebelowshowsacircl
e,cent
re,
Oofradi
us7cm.TPandTQar
etangent
stot
he
ci
rcl
eatpoi
ntsPandQrespect
ivel
y.OT=25cm.

Cal
cul
atet
hel
engt
hoft
hechor
dPQ

6. Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsaci
rcl
ecent
reOandapoi
ntQwhi
chi
sout
sidet
heci
rcl
e

O
Q

Usi
ngar
ulerandapai
rofcompasses,onl
ylocat
eapoi
ntont
heci
rcl
esucht
hatangl
e

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OPQ=90o

7. I
nt hefigur
ebelow,PQRisanequi
l
ateraltr
iangl
eofsi
de6cm.Ar
csQR,
PRandPQar
cs
ofcir
cleswithcent
ersatP,
QandRr especti
vely
.

Cal
cul
atet
hear
eaoft
heshadedr
egi
ont
o4si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es

8. I
nthefi
gur
ebel
owABisadi
amet eroft
heci
rcl
e.Chor
dPQi
nter
sect
sABatN.At
angent
t
otheci
rcl
eatBmeet
sPQproducedatR.

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Gi
vent
hatPN=14cm,
NB=4cm andBR=7.
5cm,
cal
cul
atet
hel
engt
hof
:
(
a) NR
(
b) AN

CHAPTERFOURTYEI
GHT

MATRI
CES
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Def
ineamat
ri
x;
(
b)St
atet
heor
derofamat
ri
x;
(
c)Def
ineasquar
emat
ri
x;
(
d)Det
ermi
necompat
ibi
l
ityi
naddi
ti
onandmul
ti
pli
cat
ionofmat
ri
ces;
(
e)Addmat
ri
ces;
(
f)Mul
ti
plymat
ri
ces;
(
g)I
dent
if
ymat
ri
ces;
(
h)Fi
nddet
ermi
nantofa2x2mat
ri
x;
(
i)Fi
ndt
hei
nver
seofa2x2mat
ri
x;

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(
j)Usemat
ri
cest
osol
vesi
mul
taneousequat
ions.

Content
(a)Matr
ix
(
b)Or
derofamat
ri
x
(
c)Squar
emat
ri
x
(
d)Compat
ibi
l
ityi
naddi
ti
onandmul
ti
pli
cat
ionofmat
ri
ces
(
e)Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionofamat
ri
xbyascal
ar
(
f)Mat
ri
xmul
ti
pli
cat
ion
(
g)I
dent
if
ymat
ri
x
(
h)Det
ermi
nantofa2x2mat
ri
x
(
i)I
nver
seofa2x2mat
ri
x
(
j)Si
ngul
armat
ri
x
(
k)Sol
uti
onsofsi
mul
taneousequat
ionsi
ntwounknowns.

(
i)

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Amatri
xisarect
angulararr
angementofnumber sinrowsandcolumns.Forinst
ance,mat
rxA
i
bel
owhastworowsandt hreecolumns.Thedimensionsofthi
smatri
xar e2x3(read“2by3”).
Thenumber
sinamat r
ixareitsentr
ies.I
nmatrxA,
i theentr
yinthesecondrowandthir
dcol
umn
i
s5.
A= [6 2 - 1
]
2 0 5
-
Somematri
ces(t
hepluralofmatri
x)havespeci
alnamesbecauseoftheirdi
mensi
onsorentr
ies.

Or
derofmat
ri
x
Matrixconsistofrowsandcolumns.Rowsarethehor
izont
alar
rangementwhi
l
ecol
umnsare
thevert
icalarr
angement.
Orderofmat ri
xisbeingdet
erminedbyt
henumberofrowsandcolumns.Theor
deri
sgi
venby
stat
ingthenumberofr owsfol
l
owedbycolumns.

Not
e;
I
fthenumberofr
owsism andthenumberofcol
umnsn,themat
ri
xisoforderm×n.
E.g.I
famatr
ixhasm r
owsandncolumns,iti
ssai
dtobeordermn.

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e.
g. i
samat
ri
xofor
der34.

e.
g. i
samat
ri
xofor
der3.

e.
g. i
sa23mat
ri
x.

e.
g. i
sa31mat
ri
x.

El
ement
sofmat
ri
x
Theelementofamat r
ixiseachnumberorl
ett
eri
nthemat
ri
x.Eachel
ementi
slocat
ingby
st
ati
ngitsposi
ti
oni
ntherowandthecol
umn.

Forexampl
e,gi
vent
he3x4mat
ri
x

 Theelement1isint
hethi
rdrowandfi
rstcol
umn.
 Theelement6isint
hefi
rstr
owandforthcol
umn.
Not
e;
Amat r
ixi
nwhichthenumberofrowsisequaltothenumberofcol
umnsi
scal
l
edasquar
e
mat
rix.

I edar
scal
l owmat
ri
xorr
owv
ect
or.

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I edacol
scal
l umnmat
ri
xorcol
umnv
ect
or.

I
sacol
umnv
ect
orofor
der31.

i
sar
owv
ect
orofor
der13.

Twoormoremat r
icesr
eequali
ftheyareofthesameorderandt
hei
rcor
respondi
ngel
ement
s
ar
eequal
.Thus,
if[ ][ ]
a c 3 4
=
c d 1 5
then,
a=3, b=4andd=5.

Addi
ti
onandsubt
ract
ionofmat
ri
ces
Mat
ricescanbeaddedorsubt
ract
edi ftheyareofthesameor der.Thesum oft
woormore
mat
ricesi
sobtai
nedbyaddi
ngcorrespondingelement
s.Subt
racti
onisalsodoneint
hesame
way
.
Exampl
e

i [ ]
0 7
ndB= 1 3 f
fA= 2 5 a
6 2
i [ ]
nd:

1.
)A+B 2.
)A–B
Sol
uti
on

1. [ ][ ][
0 7 6 2 0+6 7+2 ][ ]
)A+B=2 5 + 1 3 = 2+1 5+3 = 3 8
6 9

[ ][ ][
)A-B=2 5 + 1 3 = 2-
2.
0 7 6 2 0-
3= 1 2
1 5-
6 7-
2 6 5
- ][ ]
Exampl
e

[ ][ ][ ] [
3 2 1 2 4 1 8 0 2

1 3 2 5 9 6 2 1 6
3-
2+8 2-
0 4 5 - 1 2 0 + 1 3 5 = 0-
4+0 1-
1+1 4-
1-
5+2 3-
1+2
2+3 5-
0+5
9+1 2-
6+6
]
[ 9 -
2 2
= 0 5 10
-2 -
5 2
]
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Not
e;
Af
terar
rangi
ngt
hemat
ri
cesy
oumustuseBODMAS

[ ]
2 7+
4 9
1
5
6
[]
Thematr
ixabovecannotbeaddedbecauset
heyar
enotoft
hesameor
4 9 [ ]
der2 7 i
sofor
der2x

2whi
l
[]
1
e 5i
6
sofor
der3x1

Mat
ri
xmul
ti
pli
cat
ion
Tomul
ti
plyamat
ri
xbyanumber
,youmul
ti
plyeachel
ementi
nthemat
ri
xbyt
henumber
.
Exampl
e

[ ]
3-
2 0
4 -
7
sol
uti
on

[
=
-2(
4(
3) 0(
3) -
7(
3)
][
= -
6 0
3) 12 -21 ]

Exampl
e

-
[ ][ ]
1 -
2 4 5
-
20 3 + 6 -
4 5
- -
8
2 6
Sol
uti
on

[ ][ ]
2 4
-
0 -
8 -
10
4 5
-
6 + 6 -
-
8
2 6

[ ]
-
6 9
=6 -
14
6 -4
Exampl
e
Awomanwant edtobuyonesackofpot atoes,t
hreebunchesofbananasandt wobasketof
oni
on.Shewenttokikuy
umar ketandfoundt hepr
icesassh280forthesackofpotat
oes,sh50
fora bunch ofbananas and sh 100 f ora basketofoni ons.Atkondelee marketthe
corr
espondi
ngpri
cesweresh300, sh48andsh80.
a.
)Ex
presst
hewoman’
srequi
rement
sasar
owmat
ri
x
b.
)Ex
presst
hepr
icesi
neachmar
ketasacol
umnmat
ri
x
c.
)Uset
hemat
ri
cesi
n(a)and(
b)t
ofi
ndt
het
otal
costi
neachmar
ket

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Sol
uti
on
a.
)Requi
rement
sinmat
ri
xfor
mis(
132)

b.
)Pr
icemat
ri
xforKi
kuy
umar
keti
280
s 50
100
[]

Pr
icemat
ri
xforkondel
eemar
[]
300
ket 48
80
c.
)Tot
alcosti
nshi
l
li
ngsatKi
kuy
uMar
keti
s;

(
[]
280
132)50 =(
100
1x280+3x50+2x100)=(
630)

Tot
alcosti
nshi
l
li
ngsatKondel
eeMar
keti
s;

(
[]
300
132)48 =(1x300+3x48+2x80)=(
80
604)

Thet
wor
esul
tscanbecombi
nedi
ntooneasshownbel
ow

(
[
280 300
]
132)50 48 =(
100 80
630 604)

Not
e;
TheproductoftwomatrcesAandBi
i sdef
inedprovi
dedthenumberofcol nAi
umnsi sequalt
o
thenumberofrowsinB.
fAi
I sanm xnmat rxandBi
i sannxpmat r
ix,
thent oductABi
hepr sanm apmatr
ix.
AXB=AB
m Xn nXp=m X p
Eachti
mear owi smul
ti
pli
edbyacol
umn
Exampl
e

Fi
ndABi
-
[ ]
2 3
fA= 1 -
4 andB=
6 0
-
- [ ]
1 3
2 4

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Sol
ution
BecauseAi sa3x2mat rxandBi
i sa2x2mat ri
x,t oductABi
hepr sdef
inedandi sa3x2
matri
x.Towr it
etheel ementsinthefi
rstrow andfi
r umnofAB,mul
stcol tipl
ycorrespondi
ng
el
ement si
nt hefi
rstrowofAandt hefi
r umnofB.Thenadd.Useasi
stcol milarpr
ocedureto
wri
tetheotherent
riesoftheproduct
.

-
[ ][
2 3
AB= 1 -
4
6 0
-
1 3
2 4
- ]

[ ]
(
-2)
(-1)+(
3)(
-2) (
-2)(3)+(
3)(4)
=(
1)(
-1)+(-
4)(
-2) (
1)(3)+(-
4)(4)
(
-6)
(-1)+(
0)(
-2) (6)
(3)+(0)(
4)

[ ]
-
4 6
=7 -
-
13
6 18

I
dent
it
ymat
ri
x
Format r
ices,t
heident
it
ymat r
ixorauni tmatr
ixisthematri
xthathas1’sonthemaindiagonal
and0’selsewhere.Themaindiagonalistheonerunningf
rom toplef
ttobot
tom r
ight.
Itisal
so
cal
ledleadingorpri
nci
pledi
agonal.Examplesare;

I[ ]
=1 0
0 1 [ ]
1 0 0
I= 0 1 0
0 0 1
2X2i
dent
it
ymat
ri
x 3x3i
dent
it
ymat
ri
x
fAi
I sanynxnmat
rxandIi
i sthenxni
dent
it
ymat
ri
x,henI
t A=AandAI=A.

Det
ermi
nantmat
ri
x
Thedet
ermi
nantofamat
ri
xist
hedi
ff
erenceoft
hepr
oduct
soft
heel
ement
sont
hedi
agonal
s.
Exampl
es
Thedet
ermi
nantofA,
detAor|
A|i
sdef
inedasf
oll
ows:

(
a) I
fn=2,

Exampl
e

Fi
ndt
hedet
ermi
nant
1 3
2 5 [ ]
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Sol
uti
on
Subt
ractt
hepr
oductoft
hedi
agonal
s
1x5–2x3=5–6=-
1
Det
ermi
nanti
s-1

I
nver
seofamat
ri
x
Twomat ri
cesofordern xn areinv
erseofeachotheri
fthei
rproduct(
in bot
h or
der
s)i
s
-
1
thei
dent
it
ymatr
ixofthesameordernxn.Thei
nver
seofAiswri
tt
enasA
Exampl
e

Showt
hatB= [-35 -21]A=[25 13]
Sol
uti
on

AB=[ ][ ]
-
3 -
12 1
5 2 5 3

=[
1+3x2]
2X3+1x-5 2x -1+1+2
5x3+3x-5 5x -

=[
0 1]
1 0 =I

BA=[
5 2][5 3]
3 -
12 1
-

=[
0 1]
1 0 =I AB=BA=I.Hence,
Aist
hei
nver
seofB

Not
e;
Togett
hei
nver
semat
ri
x

 Fi
ndt
hedet
ermi
nantoft
hemat
ri
x.I
fiti
szer
o,t
hent
her
eisnoi
nver
se

 I
fiti
snonzer
o,t
hen;

 I
nter
changet
heel
ement
sint
hemai
ndi
agonal

 Rev
erset
hesi
gnsoft
heel
ementi
ntheot
herdi
agonal
s

 Di
vi
det
hemat
ri
xobt
ainedbyt
hedet
ermi
nantoft
hegi
venmat
ri
x

I
nsummar
y
Thei
nver
seoft
hemat
rxA= a b i
i
c d
s [ ]
-
1
A =
|A|-
[
1 d -
e a a
d-
]
b= 1 = d -
b -
c
b pr
e a [
ovi
deda ]
d-c
b≠0

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Exampl
e

Fi
ndt
hei
nver [ ]
seofA=3 1
4 2
Sol
uti
on

[]
1
1 -
-
1
A =
4-
6- [ ] [ ]
1 2 -
1 =1 2 -
4 3 2-
1=
4 3
2
3
-
2
2

Check
-
1
Youcancheckt
hei
nver
sebyshowi
ngt
hatAA

[] []
1 1
1 - 1 -
[ ]
3 1
4 2
2 1 0
3
= [ ]
0 1
And [ ][ ]
23 1 1 0
=
3 4 2 0 1
-
2 -
2
2 2

Sol
uti
onsofsi
mul
taneousl
i
nearequat
ionsusi
ngmat
ri
x
Usi
ngmat
ri
xmet
hodsol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngpai
rsofsi
mul
taneousequat
ion
x+2y=44
3x
-5y=1
Sol
uti
on

(13 -25)(yx)=(41)

(13 -25)isthecooeffientsmatrixofthesimulteneouequations
(4y)istheconstantsmatrix

Weneedt
ocal
cul
atet
hei
nver ( )
seofA= 1 2
3 -
5
-
A=
(1)(
-
1
5)
-(2)
( (
-
3)-3 1) 11(
5 -
3 1)
2 =-1 -
5 -
-
2

HenceAB=- (
3 1)(1)
- 1-5 -24
11-

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1 22
=- (- )
11 11

=2
1 ()
Hencet
hev
alueofx=2andt
hev
alueofy=1i
sthesol
uti
onoft
hesi
mul
taneousequat
ion

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c

1. AandBar
etwomat
ri
ces.I
fA= 1 2 f
indBgi
v hatA2=A+B
ent
4 3
2. Gi
vent
hatA=1 3,
B=3 1,
C=p 0 andAB=BC,
det
ermi
net
hev
alueofP
53 5-
1 0 q
3. Amat
ri
xAi
sgi
venbyA=x 0
5 y
a)Det
er neA2
mi

fA2=
b)I 10 ,
det
ermi
net
hepossi
blepai
rsofv
aluesofxandy
4. (
a) Fi
ndt
hei
nve0
se1
r oft
hemat
ri
x98
7 6
(
b) Inacertai
nweekabusi nessmanbought36bicycl
esand32r adi
osfortotalof
Kshs227280.Inthefoll
owingweek,hebought28bicy
clesand24radiosf ora
tot
alofKshs174960.Usi ngmatr
ixmethod,fi
ndthepri
ceofeachbicycleand
eachradi
othathebought

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(
c) Inthethir
dweek,t
hepri
ceofeachbicycl
ewasr educedby10%whi
l
et hepri
ceof
eachradiowasrai
sedby10%.Thebusinessmanboughtasmanybi
cyclesandas
manyr adi
osashehadboughti
nthefir
sttwoweeks.
Fi
nd bymat r
ixmethod,the t
otalcostoft
he bi
cycl
es and r
adi
os t
hatt
he
busi
nessmanboughti
nthethi
rdweek.

5. Det
ermi
net
hei
nv seT-1oft
er hemat
ri
x 1 2
1-
1
Hencef
indt
hecoor
dinat
est
othepoi
ntatwhi
cht
het
wol
i
nesx+2y
=7andx-
y=1

6. Gi
vent
hatA= 0 -
1 andB= -
1 0
3 2 2 -
4
Fi
ndt
hev
alueofxi
f
(
i) A–2x=2B
(
ii
) 3x–2A=3B
(
ii
i) 2A–3B=2x
7. Fi
ndt
henon-zer
oval
ueofkf
orwhi
ch k+1 2 i
sani
nver
se.
4k 2k
8. Acl
othesdeal
ersold3shirt
sand2t r
ousersf
orKshs.840and4shir
tsand5t r
ousers
f
orKshs1680.Form amatri
xequati
ontorepr
esenttheabov
einf
ormati
on.Hencefind
t
hecostof1shi
rtandthecostof1t
rouser
.

CHAPTERFOURTYNI
NE

FORMULAEANDVARI
ATI
ON
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Bytheendoft
hetopi
cthel
earnershoul
dbeablet
o:
a)Rewri
teagi
venfor
mulabychangingi
tssubj
ect
b)Def
inedi
rect
,inv
erse,
par
ti
alandj
ointv
ari
ati
ons
c)Det
ermi
neconst
ant
sofpr
opor
ti
onal
i
ty
d)For
m andsol
veequat
ionsi
nvol
vi
ngv
ari
ati
ons
e)Dr
awgr
aphst
oil
l
ust
rat
edi
rectandi
nver
sepr
opor
ti
ons

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f
)Usev
ari
ati
onst
osol
ver
eal
li
fepr
obl
ems

Cont
ent
a.
)Changeoft
hesubj
ectofaf
ormul
a
b.
)Di
rect
,inv
erse,
par
ti
alandj
ointv
ari
ati
on
c.
)Const
ant
sofpr
opor
ti
onal
i
ty
d.
)Equat
ionsi
nvol
vi
ngv
ari
ati
ons
e.
)Gr
aphsofdi
rectandi
nver
sepr
opor
ti
on
f
.)Formati
onofequat
ionsonv
ari
ati
onsbasedonr
eall
i
fe
si
tuat
ions

For
mul
ae
A For
mul ais an expr
essi
on orequat
ion t
hatexpr
esses t
he r
elat
ionshi
p bet
ween cer
tai
n
quant
it
ies.

2
ForExampl
eA=πri
sthef
ormul
atof
indt
hear
eaofaci
rcl
eofr
adi
usruni
ts.

Fr
om t
hisf
ormul
a,wecanknowtherel
ati
onshi
pbetweentheradi
usandt heareaofacircl
e.The
ar
eaofaci
rcl
evar
iesdi
rect
lyast
hesquareofi
tsr
adius.Her
eπi stheconstantofvar
iat
ion.

Changi
ngt
hesubj
ectofaf
ormul
ae
Ter
minol
ogy
I
nthefor
mula
C=πd
Subj
ect
:C Rul
e:mul
ti
plyπbydi
amet
er

Thev
ari
abl
eont
hel
eft,
isknownasthesubject:Whaty
ouaret
ryi
ngtofind.
Thef
ormul
aont
her
ight,i
sther
ule,
thatt
ell
sy ouhowtocal
cul
atethesubject
.

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So,i
fyouwanttohaveaf or
mulaorrul
ethatl
etsyoucal
cul
ated,
youneed
tomaked,thesubj
ectofthefor
mula.
Thi
sischangi
ngthesubjectoft
heformulafom Ct
r od.

Socl
ear
lyi
nthecaseabov
ewher
e
C=πd

WegetCbymulti
ply
ingπbyt
hedi
ameter
Tocal
cul
ated,
weneedt odi
vi
det
heCircumferenceCbyπ
C
So d= andnowwehav edasthesubjectofthef
ormul
a.
π

Method:
Aformulaissimplyanequat ion,thatyoucannotsolve,
unti
lyour
epl
acethelet
ter
switht
hei
r
val
ues(number s)
.Itisknownasal i
teralequat
ion.
Tochanget hesubject,appl
yt hesamer ulesaswehaveappl
iedt
onormalequati
ons.
1.Addthesamev ari
abletobot hsides.
2.Subtr
actthesamev ari
ablef r
om bot hsides.
3.Multi
plybothsidesbyt hesamev ari
able.
4.Div
idebothsidesbyt hesamev ariable.
5.Squarebothsides
6.Squarerootbothsides.

Examples:
Maket hel
ett
eri
nbracket
sthesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
a
x+p=q[x]
(subt
ractpfr
om bot
hsides)
x=q–p

y−r=s[y]
(
addrt
obothsi
des)
y=s+r

P=RS[R]
(
div
idebot
hsi
desbyS)

P
S=
R

A
=L [A]
B

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(
mult
ipl
ybot
hsi
desbyB)
A=LB

2w+3=y[w]
(subtr
act3fr
om bot
hsides)
2w=y−3
(div
idebot
hsidesby2)
y-3
W=
2

1
P= Q [Q]
3
(mul
ti
plybot
hsi
desby3−getr
idoff
ract
ion)
3P=Q

2
T= k[k]
5
(mult
ipl
ybot
hsidesby5−getri
doff
ract
ion)
5T=2k
(di
vi
debothsi
desby2)
5T 5T 5
=k Not ethat: i st
hesameas T
2 2 2
2
A=πr r[r]
(
divi
debot hsidesbyp)
A 2 A
=r( squarerootbot
hsi
des) =r
π π

1
L= h−t[h]
2
(mult
ipl
ybot
hsi
desby2)
2L=h−t
(addttobot
hsi
des)
2L+t=h

Exampl
e
d-
x
Makedt
hesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
aG=
d-
1
Sol
uti
on
Squar
ingbot
hsi
des
2 d-
x
G=
d-
1
Mul
ti
plybot
hsi
desbyd-
1
G( 1)=d-x
2
d-
Expandi
ngt
heL.
H.S
2 2
dG -G =d-x

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Coll
ecti
ngtheter
mscont
aini
ngdont
heL.
H.S
2 2
dG -d=G -x
Factori
zi
ngtheL.H.
S
2 2
G -1)=G -x
d(
Divi
dingbot
hsidesby
2
G-
( 1)
2
G- x
d= 2
G-1

Var
iat
ion
Inaf or
mulasomeelementswhichdo notchange( f
ixed)underanyconditi
onarecall
ed
const
antswhi
l
etheonest
hatchangear
ecal
ledvar
iabl
es.Therearedi
ff
erentt
ypesofv
ari
ati
ons.

 Di
rectVar
iati
on,wher
ebothv ar
iabl
esei
therincr
easeordecr
easetogether
 I
nverseorIndi
rectVar
iat
ion,wherewhen oneofthevari
ablesi
ncreases,theot
herone
decr
eases
 Joi
ntVari
ati
on,wheremor
ethant
wov ar
iabl
esarer
elat
eddi
rect
ly
 Combined Var
iat
ion,whi
ch 
i
nvol
ves a combi
nati
on ofdi
rectorj
ointv
ari
ati
on,and
i
ndi
rectv
ari
ati
on

Exampl
es

 Di
rect
: 
 ThenumberofmoneyImakev
ari
esdi
rect
ly(
ory
oucansayv
ari
espr
opor
ti
onal
l
y)
wi
thhowmuchIwor
k.
 Di
rect:
  Thel
engt
hoft
hesideasquar
evar
iesdi
rect
lywit
htheperi
meterofthesquare.
 I
nverse: Thenumberofpeopl
eIinvi
tet
omybowl i
ngpart
yv ar
iesinv
erselywit
ht he
numberofgamest
heymi
ghtgett
opl
ay(
ory
oucansayi
spr
opor
ti
onal
tot
hei
nver
seof
).
 I
nver
se:
 Thet
emper
atur
einmyhousev
ari
esi
ndi
rect
ly(
sameasi
nver
sel
y)wi
tht
he
amountoft
imet
heai
rcondi
ti
oni
ngi
srunni
ng.
 I
nver
se:
  
Myschool
mar
ksmayv
aryi
nver
sel
ywi
tht
henumberofhour
sIwat
chTV.

Di
rectorPr
opor
ti
onal
Var
iat
ion

Whent wov ar
iabl
esarerel
ateddirect
ly,therat
iooftheirv
aluesisal
wayst hesame. Soasone
goesup,sodoest heother,andifonegoesdown,sodoest heother
. Thinkofli
neardir
ect
var
iati
onasa“ y=mx”l i
ne,wheretheratioofytoxist heslope(m)
. Wit
hdi r
ectvar
iat
ion,
they-
i
ntercepti
salways0(zero);
thisi
showi t
’sdefi
ned.

Di
rectv
ari
ati
onpr
obl
emsar
ety
pical
l
ywr
it
ten:

→ y
=kx 
  
 
 wher
eki
sther
atoofyt
i ox(
whi
chi
sthesameast
hesl
opeorr
ate)
.

Somepr oblemswi l
laskforthatkval
ue(
whi
chiscal
l
edtheconst
antofv
ari
ati
onorconst
antof
proport
ionali
ty 
);other
swi l
ljustgi
vey
ou3outoft
he4val
uesforxandyandyoucansi
mplyset
upar at
iotof i
ndt heothervalue.
 

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ls,
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Remembertheexampleofmaki y=10x)
ngksh1000 perweek( ? Thi
sisanexampl
eof 
dir
ect
var
iat
ion,si
nce 
ther
ati
oofhow muchy oumaket ohow manyhoursyouworkisal
way s
const
ant.

Di
rectVar
iat
ionWor
dPr
obl
em:

Theamountofmoneyraisedataschoolfundr
aiserisdir
ectl
yproport
ionalt
othenumberof
peopl
ewhoatt
end.
 Lastyear
,theamountofmoneyraisedfor100att
endeeswas$2500.
  How
muchmoneywil
lberai
sedif1000peopl
eatt
endthisyear?

Sol
uti
on:

Let
’sdot
hispr
obl
em usi
ngbot
htheFor
mul
aMet
hodandt
hePr
opor
ti
onMet
hod:

For
mul
amet
hod Expl
anat
ion

Pr
opor
ti
onal
met
hod Ex
planat
ion

Di
rectSquar
eVar
iat
ionWor
dPr
obl
em

Agai
n,aDi
rectSquar
eVar
iat
i swhenyi
oni spr
opor
ti
onal
tot eofx,
hesquar or  .
 

Exampl
e

fy
I v
ari
esdi
rect
lywi
tht
hesquar x,
eof fy=4whenx=3,
andi sywhenx=2?
whati

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Sol
uti
on:

Let
’sdot
hiswi
tht
hef
ormul
amet
hodandt
hepr
opor
ti
onmet
hod:

For
mul
aemet
hod not
es

Pr
opor
ti
onal
met
hod Not
es

Exampl
e
0
Thel
ength(l
)cm ofawirevari
esdirect
lyasthetemper
atureTc.
Thelengt
hofthewir
eis5cm
0 0
whenthetemper
atur
eis65c .
Calcul
atethel
engt
hofthewirewhenthet
emperat
urei
s69c.

Sol
uti
on

l
αT

Ther
efor
el=Kt
0
Subst
it
uti
ngl
=5whenT=65c
.

5=kx65

5 1
K= =
65 13

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1
Ther
efor
el= T
13

Whent=69

1 4
L= x 69=5 c m
13 13

Di
rectv
ari
ati
ongr
aph

I
nver
seorI
ndi
rectVar
iat
ion
I
nv erse 
orIndi
rect 
Vari
ati
onisr efer
st or
elati
onshi
psoft wovari
abl
est hatgoi ntheopposi
te
dir
ect i
on.
 Let’
ssupposedy ouar ecomparinghowf astyouar
edrivi
ng(av er
agespeed)tohow
fasty ougettoyourwork.Thefasteryoudriv
etheearli
eryougettoyourwor k.
 Soasthespeed
i
ncr easesti
mer educesandviceversa.

Sot
hef
ormul
afori
nver
seori
ndi
rectv
ari
ati
oni
s:

k
→ y=   orK=xy
 wher
eki
sal
way
sthesamenumberorconst
ant
.
x

(Not
ethaty
oucouldalsohaveanIndi
rectSquar
eVari
ati
onorI
nverseSquar
eVar
iat
ion,l
i
kewe
k 2
sawaboveforaDi
rectVar
iat
ion.
 Thi
swouldbeofthef
orm→ y= 2  ork=xy   .)
x

I
nver
seVar
iat
ionWor
dPr
obl
em:

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Sowemi
ghthav
eapr
obl
em l
i
ket
his:

     The v
alue of y
var
ies i
nver
sel
y wi
th x,and y = 4 when x = 3. nd x
 Fi

wheny=6.

Thepr
obl
em canal
sobewr
it
tenasf
oll
ows:

      
Let =3,
  =4,
and  =6.
 Lety
var
yinv
er yasx.
sel  Fi
nd .

Sol
uti
on:

Wecansolvethi
sproblem i
noneoftwoways,asshown.
 Wedot
hesemet
hodswhenwear
e
gi
venanyt
hreeofthefourval orxandy
uesf .

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Pr
oductRul
eMet
hod:

I
nver
seVar
iat
ionWor
dPr
obl
em:

Fortheclub,t
henumberofti
cket
sMoy ocanbuyisinver
sel
ypr
oporti
onalt
othepri
ceoft he
ti
ckets.
 Shecanaf
for
d15ti
cketst
hatcost$5each.
 Howmanyti
cket
scanshebuyifeachcost
$3?

Sol
uti
on:

Let
’suset
hepr
oductmet
hod:

Exampl
e

I
f16womenwor ki
ng7hour
sdaycanpaintamur
ali
n48day
s,howmanyday
swi
l
litt
ake14
womenwor
king12hour
sadayt
opaintt
hesamemural
?

Sol
uti
on:

Thethreediff
erentval
uesareinver
selyproport
ional
;
 forexampl
e,t
hemorewomeny ouhave,
thel
essday sittakest
opaintthemural,
andt hemorehoursinadaythewomenpai
nt,
thel
ess
daystheyneedtocompl et
ethemural:

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Joi
nt 
Var
iat
ionandCombi
nedVar
iat
ion

Joi
ntvari
ati
onisjustl
ikedi
rectvar
iat
ion,buti
nvol
vesmorethanoneothervari
able. 
Allt
he
var
iabl
esaredi
rect
lypr
opor
ti
onal,
takenoneatatime.
 Let
’sdoajoi
ntv
ari
ati
onproblem:

Supposedxv
ari
esj
oint
lywi
thyandt
hesquar
erootofz.
 Whenx=–18andy=2,t
henz=9.
 
ndywhenx=10andz=4.
Fi

Combinedv ar
iat
ioninv
olv
esacombinati
onofdirectorjoi
ntvariat
ion,andindi
rectv
ariati
on.
 
Sincetheseequationsareali
ttl
emorecomplicated,youprobablywanttopl uginal lthe
vari
abl
es,solv
efork,andthensol
vebacktogetwhat ’
smissi
ng. Hereisthetypeofproblem
youmayget :

   (
a) y
  v
ari
esj
oint
lyasxandwandinv
ersel
yast eofz.
hesquar  Fi
ndt
heequat
ionofv
ari
ati
on
wheny=100,x=2,w=4, andz=20.

   (
b) 
 Thensol
v orywhenx=1,
ef w=5,
andz=4.

Sol
uti
on:

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Exampl
e

Thevolumeofwoodi nat r V)v

ee( ari
esdi
rectl
yasthehei h)andi
ght( nver
selyast
hesquar
eof
thegi
rt
h( g)
. I
fthevolumeofatr
eeis144cubi cmeter
s whenthehei
ghtis20meter
sandt he
gir
thi
s1.5met er
s,whatist
hehei
ghtofatreewit
havolumeof1000andgi r
thof2meter
s?

Sol
uti
on:

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Exampl
e

The av erage numberofphone callsperdaybet ween t

wo ci t
ieshasf ound t o be j
ointl
y
propor t
ionaltothepopul
ati
onsoft hecit
ies,andinversel
ypr oport
ionaltothesquar eoft he
di
st ancebet weenthetwo cit
ies. Thepopulati
onofChar l
otteisabout1, 500,000andt he
popul at
ionofNashvil
l
eisabout1,200,
000,andthedist
ancebetweent het
woci t
iesisabout400
miles. Theav er
agenumberofcall
sbetweentheciti
esisabout200,000. 

(
a) 
 Fi
ndt
hekandwr
it
etheequat
ionofv
ari
ati
on.

(b)
  Theaveragenumberofdai
lyphonecal
lsbet
weenChar
lotteandI
ndi
anapol
i
s(whichhasa
populat
ionofabout1,
700,
000)i
sabout134,
000.
 Findt
hedi
stancebet
weenthet
wocit
ies.

Sol
uti
on:

I
tmaybeeasi
eri
fyout
akei
tonest
epatat
ime:

Mat
h’s Expl
anat
ion

Example
Av ar
iesdir
ect
lyasBandinv
ersel
yasthesquarerootofC.Fi
ndt
heper
cent
agechangei
nA
whenBi sdecr
easedby10% andCincr
easedby21%.
Solut
ion
B
A=K ………………………( 1)
C
AchangeinBandCcausesachangeinA

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B
A1=K 1 ……………………….
(2)
C1
90
B1 = B
100
=0.
9B

121
C1 =C
100
=1.
21C
Subst
it
uti
ngB1 a
ndC1 i
nequa
tion(
2)

0.
9B
A1=K
1.
21C

=
0.
1.( )
9 B
K
1 C
9
= A
11
AA
Per
cent
agechangei
nA= 1- -100%
A
9
A
11
= -100%
A
2
=-18 %
11
2
Ther
efor
eAdecr
eases18 %
11

Par
ti
alv
ari
ati
on
Thegenerall
i
nearequat
iony=mx+c,wherem andcareconst
ants,connect
stwov
ari
abl
esx
andy.
insuchcasewesaythatyi
spar
tl
yconst
antandpar
tl
yvari
esasx.
Exampl
e
Avar
iabl
eyispartl
yconst
antandpar
tl
yvar
iesasi
fx=2wheny
=7andx=4wheny=11,f
ind
t
heequati
onconnect
ingyandx.
Sol
uti
on
Ther
equi
redequat
ioni
sy=kx+cwher
ekandcar
econst
ant
s
Subst
it
uti
ngx=2,
y=7andx=4,
y=11i
ntheequat
iongi
ves;
7=2k+c………………….
.(
1)
11=4k+c…………………(
2)
Subt
ract
ingequat
ion1f
rom equat
ion2;

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4=2k
Ther
efor
ek=2
Subst
it
uti
ngk=2i
ntheequat
ion1;
C=7–4
C=3
Ther
efor
etheequat
ionr
equi
redi
sy=2x+3

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Thev
olumeVcm3ofanobj
ecti
sgi
venby

3
V=2πr1–2
3 sc2

Expr
essi
nter
m ofπr
,sandV
2. MakeVt
hesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
a
u2–v
2
T=1m ( )
2
3. Gi
v haty=b–bx2makext
ent hesubj
ect
cx2–a
4. Gi
vent
hatl
ogy=l 10n)makent
og( hesubj
ect

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5. Aquant
it
yTi
spar
tl
yconst
antandpar
tl
yvar
iesast
hesquar
erootofS.
i
. Usi ngconstant
saandb, wri
tedownanequat
ionconnecti
ngTandS.
i
i
. I fS=16,whenT=24andS=36when T=32,f ind thevaluesof
t
heconstantsaandb,
6. Aquant
it
yPispar
tl
yconstantandpartl
yvari
esinver
sel
yasaquanti
tyq,giventhatp=
10whenq=1.
5andp=20, whenq=1. 25,f
indtheval
ueofpwhenq=0.5
7. Makeyt
hesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
ap=xy
x-
y
8. MakePt
hesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
a
P2=(
P–q)(
P-r
)
9. Thedensi
tyofasol
i
dspher
icalbal
lvar
iesdi
rect
lyasi
tsmassandi
nver
sel
yast
hecube
ofi
tsradi
us
Whent
hemassoft
hebal
li
s500gandt
her
adi
usi
s5cm,
itsdensi
t s2gpercm3
yi
Cal
cul
atet
her
adi
usofasol
i
dspher
ical
bal
lofmass540densi
tyof10gpercm3
10. Makest
hesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
a

√P=r 1–as2
11. Thequanti
ti
est,
xandyaresucht
hattvari
esdirect
lyasxandinv
ersel
yasthe squar
e
rootofy
.Fi
ndtheper
cent
ageinti
fxdecreasesby4%whenyi ncr
easesby44%
12. Gi
vent
hatyi
sinv
ersel
ypr
opor
ti
onal
toxnandkast
heconst
antofpr
opor
ti
onal
i
ty;
(
a) (
i) Wr
it
edownaf
ormul
aconnect
ingy
,x,
nandk
(
ii
) I
fx=2wheny=12andx=4wheny=3,
wri
tedownt
woexpr
essi
onsf
or
kint
ermsofn.
Hence,
findt
hev
alueofnandk.
(
b) Usi
ngt
hev
alueofnobt
ainedi
n(a)(
ii
)abov
e,f
indywhenx=51/
3

13. Theelect
ri
calr
esi
stance,Rohmsofawir
eofagiv
enl
engt
hisi
nver
sel
ypr
opor
ti
onalto
thesquar
eofthediameteroft
hewir
e,dmm.IfR=2.
0ohmswhend=3mm.Fi ndthe
val
eRwhend=4mm.

14. Thev
olumeVcm3ofasol
i
ddependspar
tl
yonrandpar
tl
yonrwher
ercm i
soneoft
he
di
mensi
onsoft
hesol
i
d.
Whenr=1,
thev
olumei 6cm3andwhenr=2,
s54. thev
olumei 8cm3
s226.
(
a)Fi
ndanexpr
essi
onf
orVi
nter
msofr
(
b)Cal
cul
atet
hev
olumeoft
hesol
i
dwhenr=4

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(
c)Fi
ndt
hev
alueofrf
orwhi
cht
het
wopar
tsoft
hev
olumear
eequal

15. Themassofacert
ainmet al
rodv
ari
esj
oint
lyasi
tsl
engt
handthesquar
eofi
tsradi
us.A
rod40cm l
ongandr adi
us5cm hasamassof6kg.Findthemassofasimil
arrodof
l
ength25cm andr
adius8cm.

16. Makext
hesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
a
P= xy
z+x
17. Thechargecshil
l
ingsperper
sonf
oracertai
nser
vicei
spar
tl
yfi
xedandpar
tl
yinv
ersel
y
propor
ti
onal
tothetotal
numberNofpeopl
e.
(
a) Wr
it
eanexpr
essi
onf
orci
nter
msonN
(
b) When100peopl eat
tendedthechargeisKshs8700perper
sonwhi
l
efor35
peopl
ethechar
geisKshs10000perper
son.
(
c) I
fapersonhadpai dthefullamountchar
geisref
unded.Agr
oupofpeopl
epai
d
butt
enpercentoforgani
zerremai
nedwithKshs574000.
Fi
ndt
henumberofpeopl
e.

18. Twovar
iabl
esAandBaresuchthatAvar
iespar
tl
yasBandpart
lyasthesquar
erootof
Bgi
venthatA=30,
whenB=9andA=16whenB=14,fi
ndAwhenB=36.

19. Makept
hesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
a
A= -
EP
√P2+N

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CHAPTERFI
FTY

S
EQUENCEANDS
ERI
ES
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)I
dent
if
ysi
mpl
enumberpat
ter
ns;
(
b)Def
ineasequence;
(
c)I
dent
if
ythepat
ter
nforagi
vensetofnumber
sanddeducet
hegener
alr
ule;
(
d)Det
ermi
neat
ermi
nasequence;
(
e)Recogni
zear
it
hmet
icandgeomet
ri
csequences;
(
f)Def
ineaser
ies;
(
g)Recogni
zear
it
hmet
icandgeomet
ri
cser
ies(
Progr
essi
on)
;
(h) Deri
ve the for
mul
a f
or par
ti
al sum of an ar
it
hmet
ic and geomet
ri
c
seri
es(
Progr
essi
on)
;
(
i)Appl
yA.
PandG.
Ptosol
vepr
obl
emsi
nreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.
Content
(a)Si
mplenumberpat
ter
ns
(
b)Sequences
(
c)Ar
it
hmet
icsequence
(
d)Geomet
ri
csequence
(
e)Det
ermi
ningat
ermi
nasequence
(
f)Ar
it
hmet
icpr
ogr
essi
on(
A.P)
(
g)Geomet
ri
cpr
ogr
essi
on(
G.P)
(
h)Sum ofanA.
P
(
i)Sum ofaG.
P(excl
udesum t
oinf
ini
ty)
(
j)Appl
i
cat
ionofA.
PandG.
Ptor
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
SequencesandSer
iesar
ebasi
cal
l
yjustnumber
sorexpr
essi
onsi
nar
owt
hatmakeupsome
sortofapat ter
n;forexampl
e, Monday,Tuesday,Wenesday
,…,Fri
adayi
sasequencet
hat
represent
sthedaysoft heweek. 
 Eachofthesenumbersorexpr
essi
onsar
ecal
l
edtermsor
elementsofthesequence.

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Sequencesar
etheli
stoft
hesei
tems,separ
atedbycommas,andser
iesar
ethesum oft
he
ter
msofasequence.
Exampl
e
Sequence Nextt
wot
erms
3 3
1,
8,27,
-,- Ev
eryt
ermi
scubed.
Thenextt
wot
ermsar
e4 =64,
5 =125
3,
7,11,
15-,
-, ev
eryt
ermi
s4mor
ethant
hepr
evi
ousone.Togett
henextt
erm add4
15+4=19,
19+4=23
12 3
, , ,-,
- Ont
henumer
ator
,thenextt
ermi
s1mor
ethant
hepr
evi
ousone,
and
2 48
the denomi
nat
or,
thenextt
ermi
smul
ti
pli
edby2t
henextt
wot
erms
4 5
are ,
16 32
Exampl
e
t
h
Fort
hen t
erm ofasequencei
sgi
venby2n+3,
Findt
hef
ir
st,
fif
th,
twel
ft
hter
ms
Sol
uti
on
Fi
rstt
erm,
n=1subst
it
uti
ng(
2x1+3=5)
Fi
ft
hter
m,n=5subst
it
uti
ng(
2x5+3=13)
Twel
ft
hter
m,n=12subst
it
uti
ng(
2x12+3=27)

Ar
it
hmet
icandgeomet
ri
csequence
Ar
it
hmet
icsequence.
Anysequenceofanumberwi
thcommondi
ff
erencei
scal
l
edar
it
hmet
icsequence
Todecidewhetherasequenceisari
thmeti
c,fi
ndthedif
fer
encesofconsecut
ivet
erms.I
feach
di
ff
erencesar
enotconstant,
thei
tisari
thmet
icsequence
Rul
eforanar
it
hmet
icsequence
Thent ht
erm ofanar
it
hmet
icsequencewi
thf
ir
stt
erma
1
andcommondi
ff
erencedi
sgi
venby
:
an=a1
n-1)
+( d

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Exampl
e I
ll
ust
rat
ions

Exampl
e
Wr
it
ear
ulef hent
ort hter
m oft
hesequence50,
44,
38,
32,
....Thenf
inda
20
.

Sol
uti
on
Thesequencei
sari
thmet
icwi
thf
ir
stter
ma 1
=50andcommondi
ff
erence
d=44-50=- 6.So,
arul
ef hent
ort ht
ermis:

an=a
1
+(n-1)
d Wr i
tegeneralr
ule.
=50+(n-1)(
-6)Substi
tutefora1andd.
=56-6n Simpli
fy.
The20t
htermisa1
=56-6( 20)=- 64.

Exampl
e
The20tht
erm ofar
it
hmet
icsequencei
s60andt
he16t
hter
mis20.
Findt
hef
ir
stt
erm andt
he
commondi
ffer
ence.

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Sol
uti
on
a+( 1)
20- d=60

a+19d=60…………..
(1)
a+( 1)
16- d=20
a+(15)
d=20…………..(
2)
(
1)–(2)gi
ves
4d=40
d=10
buta+15d=20

Ther
efor
ea+15x10=20
a+150=20
a=-130
Hence,
thef
ir
sttermis–130andt
hecommondi
ff
erencei
s10.
Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
henumberoft
ermsi
nthesequence–3,
0,3…54
Sol
uti
on
Thent
hter
misa+(n–1)
d
a=-30, d=3
nthterm =54
t
herefor
e-3+(n–1)=54
3(n–1)=57
n-1=19
n=20

Ar
it
hmet
icser
ies/Ar
it
hmet
icpr
ogr
essi
onA.
P
Thesum ofthet
ermsofasequencei
scall
edaseri
es.I
fthet
ermsofsequencear
e1,
2,3,
4,5,
whenwri
ttenwit
haddi
ti
onsi
gnwegetari
thmet
icseri
es
1+2+3+4+5
Thegener
alf
ormul
aef
orf
indi
ngt
hesum oft
het
ermsi
s
n
s
n
= [
2a+(
n- d]
1)
2
Not
e;
I
fthf
ir
stt
erm(
a)andt
hel
astt
erml
aregi
ven, t
hen
n
sn
= [a
+l]
2

Exampl
e
Thesum oft
hef
ir
stei
ghtt
ermsofanar
it
hmet
icPr
ogr
essi
oni
s220.
Ift
het
hir
dter
mis17,f
ind

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t
hesum oft
hef
ir
stsi
xter
ms
Sol
uti
on
8
s = [
2a+(
8- d]
1)
8
2
=4(2a+7d)
So,
8a+28d=220…………………….
1
Thet
hir
dter
misa+(
3–1)
d=a+2d=17…………….
2
Sol
vi
ng1and2si
mul
taneousl
y;
8a+28d=220…………1
8a+16d=136…………2
12d=84
d=7
Subst
it
uti
ngd=7i
nequat
ion2gi
vesa=3
Ther
efor
e,
6
s = [
2a+(
6- 7]
1)
6
2
=3(
6x35)
=3x41
=123

Geomet
ri
csequence
Iti
sasequencewi
thacommonr
ati
o.Ther
ati
oofanyt
ermt
othepr
evi
oust
erm mustbe
const
ant
.
Rul
eforGeomet
ri
csequencei
s;
Thent
hter
m ofageomet
ri
csequencewi
thf
ir
stt erm a1andcommonr
atori
i sgi
venby
:
n-
1
an
=a1

Exampl
e
Gi
vent
hegeomet
ri
csequence4,
12,
36……f
i he4th,
ndt 5th andt
hent
hter
ms
Sol
uti
on
Thef
ir
stt
erm,
a=4
Thecommonr
ati
o,r=3

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he4tht
4-
1
Ther
efor
et erm =4x3
3
=4x3
=108
The5tht
4-
1
erm =5x3
3
=5x3
=324
t
h n-
1
Then t
erm =4x3

Exampl
e
The4tht
erm ofgeomet
ri
csequencei
s16.I
fthef
ir
stt
ermi
s2,
find;
 Thecommonr
ati
on
 Thesev
ent
hter
m
Sol
uti
on
Thecommonr
ati
o
Thef
ir
stt
erm,
a=2

The4tht
4-
1
ermi
s2xr =16
3
Thus,
2r=16
3
r=8 (
divi
dedbot
hsi
desby2)
r=2(
makert
hes
ubj
etbydi
vidi
ngbot
hsi
desby2)

Thecommonr
ati
ois2
6 6
Thesev
ent
hter
m =a
r=2x2 =128

Geomet
ri
cser
ies
Theseri
esobtainedbyt headdi
ngt
het
ermsofgeomet
ri
csequencei
scal
l
edgeomet
ri
cser
ies
orgeometr
icprogressi
onG.P
Thesum S
noft
hef
istnt
r ermsofageomet
ri
cser
ieswi
thcommonr
ator>1i
i s:

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n
a(
r-1)
S
n
=
r-
1
Thesum S
noft
hef
istnt
r ermsofageomet
ri
cser
ieswi
thcommonr
ator<1i
i s:
n
a(
1-r)
S
n
=
1-r
Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hesum oft
hef
ir
st9t
ermsofG.
P.8+24+72+…
Sol
uti
on
24
a=8,
r= =3
8
9
a(
3- 1)
S
n
=
3-1
8(
19683-
1)
=
2
=78728
Exampl
e
Thesum oft
hef i
rstt
hreet
ermsofageomet
ri
cser
iesi
s26.
Ift
hecommonr
ati
ois3,f
indt
he
sum oft
hefi
rstsi
xter
ms.
Sol
uti
on
s
3
=26,
r=3n=3
3
a(
3- 1)
26=
3-1

a(
27-1)
=
2
a 26x2
= =2
26

6
2(
3-1)
S =
6
2
(2x728)
= =728
2
Endoft
opi
c

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Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Thef ir
st,thethi
rdandthesevent
htermsofani ncreasi
ngarit
hmeticprogr
essi
onare
threeconsecutiv
etermsofageometri
cpr ogr
ession.Inthefir
stter
m ofthearit
hmet
ic
progressioni
s10f i
ndthecommondif
ferenceofthear i
thmet
icprogr
essi
on?
2. Kubaisav
edKsh2,
000duri
ngthefi
rstyearofemployment
.Ineachsubsequenty
ear
,he
saved15%moret
hanthepr
ecedi
ngy earunt
ilher
eti
red.
(
a)Howmuchdi
dhesav
eint
hesecondy
ear
?
(
b)Howmuchdi
dhesav
eint
het
hir
dyear
?
(
c)Fi
ndt
hecommonr
ati
obet
weent
hesav
ingsi
ntwoconsecut
ivey
ear
s
(
d)Howmanyyear
sdidhetaketosav
ethesavi
ngsasum ofKsh58,
000?
(
e)Howmuchhadhesavedaft
er20year
sofserv
ice?
3. I
ngeometr
icpr
ogr
essi
on,t
hefir
stter
mi saandt
hecommonr
ati
oisr
.Thesum oft
he
f
ir
stt
wotermsi
s12andthethi
rdter
mi s16.
2
(
a)Det
ermi
net
her
ati
oar
a+ar
(
b)I
fthef
ir
stt
ermi
slar
gert
hant
hesecondt
erm,
findt
hev
alueofr
.
4. (
a) Thef
ir
stt
erm ofanar
it
hmet
icpr
ogr
essi
oni
s4andt
hel
astt
ermi
s20.The
Sum oft heterm i
s252.Calcul
atethenumberoft
ermsand t
hecommon
di
ff
erencesofthear
it
hmet
icpr
ogressi
on
(
b) AnExper i
mentalcul
tur
ehasaninit
ialpopul
ati
onof50bacter
ia.Thepopul
ati
on
i
ncreasedby80% ev ery20minut
es.Determinet
heti
mei twilltaket
ohavea
populat
ionof1.2mil
li
onbact
eri
a.
5. Eachmont h,f
or40months,Aminadeposi
tedsomemoneyinasav i
ngscheme.Inthe
fi
rstmonthshedeposi
tedKshs500.Ther
eaft
ershei
ncr
easedherdeposi
tsbyKshs.50
everymonth.

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Cal
cul
atet
he:
a) Lastamountdeposi
tedbyAmi
na
b) Tot
alamountAmi
nahadsav
edi
nthe40mont
hs.
6. Acarpent
erwishestomakealadderwith15cross-pieces.Thecross-pi
ecesar
eto
di
mini
shunif
ormlyi
nlengt
hfr
om 67cm atthebot
tom t
o32cm att hetop.
Cal
cul
atet
hel
engt
hincm,
oft
hesev
ent
hcr
oss-pi
ecef
rom t
hebot
tom

7. Thesecondandfi
ft
hter
msofageometri
cprogr
essi
onar
e16and2r
espect
ivel
y.
Det
erminet
hecommonr
ati
oandt
hef
ir
stt
erm.

8. Theel
eventht
erm ofanar
it
hmet
icpr
ogr
essi
oni
sfourt
imesi
tssecondt
erm.Thesum
oft
hefi
rstsev
entermsoft
hesamepr
ogr
essi
oni
s175
(
a) Fi
ndt
hef
ir
stt
erm andcommondi
ff
erenceoft
hepr
ogr
essi
on
(
b) Gi
v hatptht
ent erm oft
hepr
ogr
essi
oni
sgr
eat
ert
han124,
findt
hel
east
v
alueofP
9. Thentht
erm ofsequencei
sgi
venby2n+3oft
hesequence
(
a) Wr
it
edownt
hef
ir
stf
ourt
ermsoft
hesequence
(
b) Fi
ndsnt
hesum oft
hef
if
tyt
erm oft
hesequence
(
c) Showt
hatt
hesum oft
hef
ir
stnt
ermsoft
hesequencei
sgi
venby
Sn=n2+4n
Henceorot
her
wisef
indt
hel
argesti
ntegr
alv
alueofnsucht
hatSn<725

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CHAPTERFI
FTYONE

BI
NOMI
ALEXPANS
ION
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Expandbi
nomi
alexpr
essi
onsupt
othepoweroff
ourbymul
ti
pli
cat
ion;
(
b)Bui
l
dingup-Pascal
'
sTr
iangl
eupt
otheel
event
hrow;
(c)UsePascal
'
stri
angl
etodet
ermi
net
hecoef
fi
ci
entoft
ermsi
nabi
nomi
alexpansi
ons
uptothepowerof10;
(
d)Appl
ybi
nomi
alexpansi
oni
nnumer
ical
cases.
Content
(a)Bi
nomial
expansi
onupt
opowerf
our
(
b)Pascal
'
str
iangl
e
(
c)Coef
fi
cientoft
ermsi
nbi
nomi
alexpansi
on
(
d)Comput
ati
onusi
ngbi
nomi
alexpansi
on
(
e)Ev
aluat
ionofnumer
ical
casesusi
ngbi
nomi
alexpansi
on.

Abi
nomi
ali
sanexpr
essi
onoft
wot
erms
Exampl
es

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(
a+y
),a+3,
2a+b
Iteasyt oexpandexpressionswithl
owerpowerbutwhenthepowerbecomeslarger
,the
expansionormul t
ipl
i
cati
onbecomestedi
ous.Wether
efor
eusepascalt
ri
angl
etoexpandthe
expressionwi
thoutmult
ipl
icat
ion.
n
WecanusePascal
tri
angl
etoobt
aincoef
fi
cient
sofexpansi
onsoft
hef
orm(a+b)

Pascal
tri
angl
e

0
1 (a+b)=1a ^
+b)0=1
1
1 1 (a+b)=1a+1b
2 2 2
1 2 1 (a+b)=1a +2a
b+b
3 3 2 2 3
1 3 3 1 (a+b)=1a +3ab+3ab +1b
4 4 3 2 2 3 4
1 4 6 4 1 (a+b)=1a +4ab+6ab +4a b +1b
Not
e;
 Eachr
owst
art
swi
th1
 Eachofthenumber
sinthenextr
ow i
sobt
ainedbyaddi
ngt
het
wonumber
sonei
ther
si
deofiti
nthepr
ecedi
ngrow
 Thepoweroffi
rstterm(a)decr
easesasyoumov et
ori
ghtwhi
l
ethepower
soft
he
secondt
erm(
b)i ncr
easesasy
oumov et
other
ight
Exampl
e
5
Expand(
p+q)
Sol
uti
on
Thet
ermswi
thoutcoef
fi
cient
sar
e;
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
p,
pq,
pq,
pq pqq
Fr
om Pascal
tri
angl
e,t
hecoef
fi
cient
swhenn=5ar
e;1 5 10 10 5 1
5
Ther
efor
e(p+q)=
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
p+5pq+10pq +10qq +5pq + q

Exampl
e
7
x-
Expand( y)
Sol
uti
on
7 7
x-
( y)=( -
x-(y)
Thet
ermswi
thoutt
hecoef
fi
cientar
e;
7 6 5 24 33 42 5 67
-
x x(y)
x(-
y)x(
-y)x(
-y)x (-y) x
(-y)y
Fr
om Pascal
tri
angl
e,t
hecoef
fi
cient
swhenn=7ar
e;

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172135352171
7
Ther
efor
e(-
xy)=
7 6 52 43 34 25 6 7
x-7xy+21xy-35xy +35xy-21xy +7x
y- y

Not
e;
Whendeal
ingwit
hnegat
ivesi
gns,t
hesi
gnsal
ter
nat
ewi
tht
heposi
ti
vesi
gnbutf
ir
stst
artwi
th
t
henegat
ivesi
gn.

Appl
i
cat
ionst
oNumer
iccases
6
Usebi
nomi
alexpansi
ont
oev
aluat
e(1.
02)t
o4S
.F
Sol
uti
on
(
1.02)=(
1+0.
02)
6 6
Ther
efor
e(1.
02)=(
1+0.
02)
Thet
ermswi
thoutcoef
fi
cient
sar
e
6 5 1 4 2 3 3 2 4 1 5 7
11(
0.02)1(
0.02)1(
0.02) 1(
0.02) 1(
0.02) (
0.02)
Fr
om Pascal
tri
angl
e,t
hecoef
fi
cient
swhenn=6ar
e;
16 15 20 156 1
Ther
efor
e;
6
(
1.02)=
2 3 4 5 6
1+6(
0.02)+ 15(
0.02) +20(
0.02) +15(
0.02) +6(
0.02) +(
0.02)
=1+0.
12+0.
0060+0.
00016+0.
0000024+0.
0000000192+0.
000000000064
=1.
1261624
=1.
126(
4S.
F)

Not
e;
Togett
heanswerj
ustconsi
deraddi
ti
onofupt
othe4tht
erm oft
heexpansi
on.Theot
hert
erms
ar
etoosmal
ltoaff
ectt
heanswer.
Exampl
e
9 3 9
Expand(1+x
) upt
othet
erm x.
Uset
heexpansi
ont
oest
imat
e(0.
98) cor
rectt
o3deci
mal
pl
aces.
Sol
uti
on
9
(
1+x
)
Thet
ermswi
thoutt
hecoef
fi
cientar
e;
9 8 72 6 3 5 4
11(x)
1x1(
x)1(
x)
Fr
om Pascal
tri
angl
e,t
hecoef
fi
cient
swhenn=9ar
e;

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1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
9 2 3
Ther
efor
e(1+x
)=1+9x+36x +84x……………….
.
8 2 3
(
0.98)=1+9x(
- 02)+36+(-0.
0. 02)+84(-0.
02)
=1–0.
18+0.
0144–0.
000672
=0.
833728
=0.
834(3D.
P)
Exampl
e
10
1 3 10
Expand(1+ ) uptotheterminx i
nascendi
ngpower
sofhencef
indt
hev
alueof(
0.005)
2
corr
ectt
ofourdeci
mal
places.
Sol
uti
on

() () ()
2 3
1 1 1
=1+10 x +45 x +120 x
2 2 2
1 12 13
=1+10× x+45× x +120× x
2 4 8
45 2 3
=1+5x+ x +15x
4
(
1.005)
10
=( 005)
1+0. 10

1
Her
e x=0.
005
2
x=0.
0100.
010
i
tut
ingf
orx=0.
01i
ntheexpansi
on

( )
10
1 45
1+ ( 01) =1+5×0.
0. 01+ ×( 01)
0. 2
+15(
0.01)
3
2 4
=1+0.
05+0.
001125+0.
000015
=1.
051140
=1.
0511(
4deci
mal
places)

Endoft
opi
c

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dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskat
eacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand

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bef
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osl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

6
1. (
a) Wr
it
edownt
hesi
mpl
estexpansi
on(1+x)
6
(
b) Uset
heexpansionupt
othef
our
tht
ermt
ofi
ndt
hev
alueof(
1.03)tot
henear
est
onet
housandt
h.
5
2. Usebi
nomi
alexpr
essi
ont
oev
aluat
e(0.
96)cor
rectt
o4si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es.
4
3. Expandandsi
mpli
fy(3x– y) henceuset
hef
ir
stt
hreet
ermsoft
heexpansi
on t
o
4
proxi
mat
ethev
alueof(6–0.
2)
4. Usebi
nomi
alexpr
essi
ont
oev
aluat
e
2+15+ 2-15
√2 √2
5
5. (
a) Expandt
heexpr
essi
on1+1x i
nascendi
ngpower
sofx,
leav
ing
2
t
hecoef
fi
cient
sasf
ract
ionsi
nthei
rsi
mpl
estf
orm.
6
6. (
a) Expand(
a-b)
(
b) Usethef
ir
stthreet
ermsoft
heexpansi
oni
n(a)abov
etof
indt
heappr
oxi
mat
e
6
val
ueof(
1.98)
5
7. Expand(
2+x) i
nascendi
ngpower
sofxup t
othet
er nx3 henceappr
mi oxi
mat
ethe
5
val
ueof(
2.03) to4s.
f

5
8. (
a) Expand(
1+x)
5
Henceuset
heexpansi
ont
oest
imat
e(1.
04)cor
rectt
o4deci
mal
places
6
(
b) Uset
heexpansionupt
othef
our
tht
ermt
ofi
ndt
hev
alueof(
1.03)tot
henear
est
onet
housandt
h.
5 3
9. ExpandandSi
mpl
i
fy(
1-3x)upt
othet
ermi
nx
5
Henceusey
ourexpansi
ont
oest
imat
e(0.
97)cor
rectt
odeci
mal
places.
5
10. Expand(
1+a)
5
Usey
ourexpansi
ont
oev
aluat
e(0.
8) cor
rectt
ofourpl
acesofdeci
mal

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5
11. (
a) Expand(
1+x)
(
b) Usethef
ir
stthreet
ermsoft
heexpansi
oni
n(a)abov
etof
indt
heappr
oxi
mat
e
5
val
ueof(
0.98)

CHAPTERFI
FTYTWO

COMPOUNDPROPRTI
ONANDRATESOF
WORK

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngcompoundpr
opor
ti
onsusi
nguni
tar
yandr
ati
omet
hods;
(
b)Appl
yrat
iosandpr
opor
ti
onst
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions;
(
c)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngr
atesofwor
k.
Content
(a)Propor
ti
onal
par
ts
(
b)Compoundpr
opor
ti
ons
(
c)Rat
iosandr
atesofwor
k
(
d)Pr
opor
ti
onsappl
i
edt
omi
xtur
es.

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I
ntr
oduct
ion
Compoundpropor
ti
ons
Theproport
ioni
nvol
vi
ng t
wo ormor equant
it
iesi
scal
l
ed compound pr
opor
ti
on.Anyf
our
quant
it
iesa,b,canddar
einpropor
ti
onif
;
a c
=
b d
Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hev
alueofat
hatmakes2,
5,aand25t
obei
npr
opor
ti
on;
Sol
uti
on
Si
nce2,
5,a,
and25ar
einpr
opor
ti
on

2 a
=
5 25
5a=2x25
2x25
a=
5
a=10

Cont
inuedpr
opor
ti
ons
I
ncont
inuedpropor
ti
on,allt
herat
iosbetweendi
ff
erentquant
it
iesarethesame;butal
way
s
r
ememberthatt
herel
ati
onshi
pexi
stsbet
weentwoquanti
ti
esforexampl
e:

P :Q Q :R R :S

10: 5 16:
8 4:2

Notet
hatintheexampl
e,therat
iobet
weendi
ff
erentquant
it
iesi
.e.P:
Q,Q:
RandR:
Sar
ethe
samei
.e.2:
1whensimpl
i
fied.

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Conti
nuedpr
oport
ioni
sv er
yimpor t
antwhendet
ermi
ningthenetwort
hofindi
vi
dualswhoown
thesamebusi
nessorevencalculat
ingt
heamountsofprof
itt
hatdi
ff
erenti
ndi
vidualowner
sof
acompanyorbusi
nessshouldtakehome.

Pr
opor
ti
onal
par
ts
I
ngeneral
,ifnistobediv
idedi
ntherat
ioa:b:c,t
hent
hepar
tsofnpr
opor
ti
onalt
oa,b,car
e
a b c
×n, ×nand ×nres
pecti
vel
y
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c

Exampl
e
Omondi
,Joel
,cher
ootshar
edsh27,
000i
nther
ati
o2:
3:4r
espect
ivel
y.Howmuchdi
deachget
?
Sol
uti
on
Thepar
tsofsh27,
000pr
opor
ti
onal
to2,
3,4ar
e
2
×27,
000=s
h6000→Omondi
9
3
×27,
000 =s
h6000→J
oel
9
4
×27,
000=s
h6000→Che
root
9

Exampl
e
Thr
eepeopl
e–John,DebbyandDav econtr
ibut
edksh119,000tostartacompany
.Ift
herat
io
oft
hecontr
ibut
ionofJohntoDebbywas12: 6andthecontri
but
ionofDebbyt
oDav ewas8:
4,
det
ermi
netheamountindol
l
arsthatev
erypart
nercont
ri
buted.

Sol
uti
on
Rat
ioofJohnt
oDebby
’scont
ri
but
ion=12:
6=2:
1

Rat
ioofDebbyt
oDav
e’scont
ri
but
ion=8:
4=2:
1

Asyoucansee,therati
ooft
hecont
ri
but
ionofJohnt
oDebbyandt
hatofDebbyt
oDav
eisi
n
cont
inuedpr
opor
tion.
J
ohn Debby 2
Hence = =
Debby Dave 1

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Todet
ermi
net
her
ati
ooft
hecont
ri
but
ionbet
weent
het
hreemember
s,wedot
hecal
cul
ati
onas
fol
l
ows:

John:
Debby
:Dav
e
12 : 6
8: 4

Wemul
ti
plyt
heupperr
ati
oby8andt
hel
owerr
ati
oby6,
thust
her
esul
ti
ngr
ati
owi
l
lbe:

John:
Debby
:Dav
e
96: 48 : 24
=4: 2 : 1
Thet
otal
rat
io=7

Thecont
ri
but
ionoft
hedi
ff
erentmember
scant
henbef
oundasf
oll
ows:
4
John xks
h119,
000=ks
h68,
000
7
2
Debby xks
h119,
000=ks
h34,
000
7
1
Dav
e xks
h119,
000=ks
h17,
000
7
Johncontr
ibut
edksh68,000t
othecompanywhi
l
eDebbycont
ri
but
edksh34,000andDav
e
cont
ri
butedksh17,
000
Exampl
e2
Youarepresent
edwi
tht
hreenumberswhichar
eincont
inuedpr
oport
ion.I
fthesum oft
het
hree
numbersis38andthepr
oductofthefi
rstnumberandthethi
rdnumberis144,fi
ndthet
hree
numbers.
Sol
uti
on
Letusassumethatt
hethreenumbersi
nconti
nuedpr
opor
ti
onorGeomet
ri
cPr
opor
ti
onar
ea,
ar
2
andarwher eai
sthefi
rstnumberandri
stherat
e.

2
a+ar
+ar=38………………………….
.(1)
Thepr he1stand3rdi
oductoft s
2
a×ar=144

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Or
(
ar)
2=144……………………………….
.(
2)
2
I
fwef
indt
hesquar
erootof(
ar),
thenwewi
l
lhav
efoundt
hesecondnumber
:
2
(
ar)= 144
a
r=12
Sincet
hevalueoft
hesecondnumberi
s12,
itt
heni
mpl
i
est
hatt
hesum oft
hef
ir
standt
het
hir
d
numberis26.
Wenowpr
oceedandl
ookf
ort
wonumber
swhosesum i
s26andpr
oducti
s144.
Cl
ear
ly,
thenumber
sar
e8and18.
Thus,
thet
hreenumber
sthatwewer
elooki
ngf
orar
e8,
12and18.
Letuswor
kbackwar
dsandt
ryt
opr
ovewhet
hert
hisi
sact
ual
l
ytr
ue:

8+12+18=18
Whataboutt
hepr
oductoft
hef
ir
standt
het
hir
dnumber
?

8×18=144
Whataboutt
hecont
inuedpr
opor
ti
on
a a r 2
= 2=
a
r ar 3
Thenumber
sar
eincont
inuedpr
opor
ti
on
Exampl
e
Gi
vent
hatx:
y=2:
3,Fi
ndt
her
ati
o(5x–4y
):(
x+y
).
Sol
uti
on
Si
ncex:
y=2:
3
x y
= =k,
2 3
x=2k a
nd y=3k

(
5x–4y
):(
x+y
)=(
10k–12k):
(2k+3k)

=-
2k:
5k

=-2:
5

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Exampl
e

a c a-3b c-
3d
I
f = ,showt
hat = .
b d b-3a d-
3c

Sol
uti
on

a c a b
= → =
b d c d

a b
= =k
b d

a=kc a
nd b=kd

a-
3b
Subst
it
uti
ngkcf
oraandkdf
orbi
ntheexpr
essi
on
b-
3a

kc-
3kd k(
c-3d)
=
kd-
3kd k(
d-3c)

c-
3d
d-
3c

a-
3b c-
3d
Ther
efor
eexpr
essi
on =
b-
3a d-
3c

Rat
esofwor
kandmi
xtur
es
Exampl
es
195menwor
king10houradaycanf
ini
shaj
obi
n20day
s.Howmanymenempl
oyedt
ofi
nish
thej
obi
n15daysi
ftheywor
k13hour
saday.
Sol
uti
on:
Letxbet
heno.ofmenr
equi
red

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Day
s hour
s Men
20 10 195
15 13 x

20x10x195=15×13×x
20×10×195
x= 200me
n
15×13
Exampl
e
TapPcanf
il
lat
anki
n2hr
s,andt
apQcanf
il
lthesamet
anki
n4hr
s.TapRcanempt
ythet
ank
i
n3hrs.
a)I
ftapRi
scl
osed,
howl
ongwoul
ditt
aket
apsPandQt
ofi
l
lthet
ank?
b)Calculat
ehowl
ongi
twoul
dtaket
ofi
l
lthet
ankwhent
het
hreet
apsP,QandR.ar
elef
t
running?
Sol
uti
on
1
a)TapPf
il
ls oft
het
anki
n1h.
2
1
TapQf
il
ls oft
het
anki
n1h.
4
1
TapRempt
ies oft
het
anki
n1h.
3
1 1 3
I
nonehour
,PandQf
il
l + = oft
het
ank
2 4 4
3
Ther
efor
e oft
het
anki
sfi
ll
edi
n1h.
4

Ti
met
akent
ofi
l
lthet
ank () ( )
4
4
43
= ÷ h
44
4
= h
3
3 1
b)I
n1h,
PandQf
il
l oft
ankwhi
l
eRempt
ies oft
het
ank.
4 3

Whenal
ltapsar (
1 11 5
eopen, + -= oft
2 4 3 12 )
het
anki
sfi
l
ledi
n1hour
.

5
oft
anki
sfi
ll
edi
n1hour
.
12

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The
ref
oret
imer
equi
redt
ofi
llt
het
a ( )
12 12 5
nk = ÷ ×1h
12 12 12
2
=2 h
5
Exampl
e
I
nwhatpr
oport
ionshoul
dgr
adesofsugar
scost
ingsh.
45andsh.
50perki
l
ogr
am bemi
xedi
n
or
dert
opr
oduceablendwor
thsh.
48perki
l
ogr
am?

Sol
uti
on
Met
hod1
Letnki
logr
amsoft
hegr
adecost
ingsh.
45perkgbemi
xedwi
th1ki
l
ogr
am ofgr
adecost
ing
sh.
50perkg.
Tot
alcostoft
het
wobl
endsi (
ssh.45n+50)
Themassoft
hemi
xtur
eis(
n+1)kg
Ther
efor
etot
alcostoft
hemi
xtur
eis(
n+1)
48
45n+50=48(
n+1)
45n+50=48n+48
50=3n+48
2=3n
2
n=
3
2
Thet
wogr
adesar
emi
xedi
nthepr
opor
ti
on :1=2:
3
3

Met
hod2
Letxkgofgradecosti
ngsh45perkgbemi
xedwi
thykgofgr
adecost
ingsh.
50perkg.The
tot
alcostwi
l
lbesh.
(45x+50y)
45x
+50y
Costperkgoft
hemi
xtur
eissh.
x
+y
45x
+50y
=48
x
+y

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45x+50y=48(
x+y)
45x+50y=48x+48y

2y=3x

x 2
=
y 3

Thepr
opor
ti
oni
sx:
y=2:
3

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Akiny
iboughtandbeansfrom awholesal
er.Shethenmixedthemaizeandbeansthe
rat
io4:3shebroughtt
hemaizeasKshs.12perkgandthebeans4perkg.Ifshewasto
makeapr of
itof30%whatshoul
dbethesell
ingpri
ceof1kgofthemixtur
e?

2. Arectangulart
ankofbase2.
4m by2.8m andahei
ghtof3m contai
ns3,
600l
i
ter
sof
waterini
ti
all
y.Wat
erfl
owsint
othet
ankatt
herat
eof0.
5li
tr
espersecond
Cal
cul
atet
het
imei
nhour
sandmi
nut
es,
requi
redt
ofi
l
lthet
ank
3. Acompanyi stoconstr
uctapar ki
ngbaywhoseareais135m2.I
tist
obecov eredwit
h
concret
eslabofuniformt hicknessof0.
15.Tomaketheslabcement.Bal
l
astandsand
aretobemi xedsothattheirmassesareinther
ati
o1:4:4.Themassofm3ofdryslabi
s
2,500kg.
Cal
cul
ate
(
a) (
i) Thev
olumeoft
hesl
ab
(
ii
) Themassoft
hedr
ysl
ab
(
ii
i) Themassofcementt
obeused
(
b) I
fonebagoft
hecementi
s50kg,
findt
henumberofbagst
obepur
chased
(
a) I
fal
orr
ycar
ri
es7t
onnesofsand,
cal
cul
atet
henumberofl
orr
iesofsand

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t
obepur
chased.
4. Themassofami
xtur
eAofbeansandmai
zei
s72kg.Ther
ati
oofbeanst
omai
ze
i
s3:
5respect
ivel
y
(
a) Fi
ndt
hemassofmai
zei
nthemi
xtur
e
(
b) Asecondmixt
ureofBofbeansandmaizeofmass98kginmixedwit
hA.The
f
inalr
ati
oofbeanst
omaizeis8:
9respect
ivel
y.Fi
ndt
her
ati
oofbeanstomai
ze
i
nB
5. Aretai
l
erbought49kgofgr
ade1ri
ceatKshs.65perki
l
ogram and60kgofgr
adeI
Iri
ce
atKshs27.
50perkil
ogr
am.Hemixedt
hetowt y
pesofri
ce.
(a)Findthebuyingpriceofoneki logram ofthemi xt
ure
(b)Hepackedt hemi xtureinto2kgpacket s
(i
) Ifheintendst omakea20%pr of
itf
indthesell
i
ngpr iceperpacket
(i
i) Hesol d8packet sandt henreducedt hepri
ceby10%i nordertoatt
ract
customer s.Findt henewsel l
i
ngpr i
ceperpacket.
(i
ii
) Af t
ersellng1/
i 3o fther emainderatreducedpr i
ce,her aisedthepri
ceso
ast orealizetheor i
ginalgoalof20%pr of
itoverall
.Findt hesel
li
ngprice
perpacketoft her emainingrice.
6. At r
adersell
sabagofbeansf orKshs1, 200.Hemi xedbeansandmai zei nther
ati
on3: 2.
Findhowmucht hetradershoul dhesel labagofthemi xt
uretor eali
zethesamepr ofi
t?
7. PipeAcanf i
llanemptywatert
ankin3hour
swhil
e,pi
peBcanfi
llt
hesametanki
n6
hours,whenthetankisf
ulli
tcanbeempti
edbypi
peCi n8hour
s.PipesAandBare
openedatthesametimewhenthet
ankisempt
y.
I
fonehourl
ater
,pi
peCi
sal
soopened,
findt
het
otal
timet
akent
ofi
l
lthet
ank
8. Asolut
ionwhosevolumeis80li
tr
esismade40%ofwat erand60%ofal
cohol
.When
l
i
tresofwat
erareadded,
theper
cent
ageofal
cohol
dropst
o40%
(
a) Fi
ndt
hev
alueofx
(
b) Thi
rt
yli
tr
esofwat
eri
saddedt
othenewsol
uti
on.Cal
cul
atet
heper
cent
age
(
c) If5li
tresofthesol
uti
onin(b)i
saddedto2l i
tr
esoftheor i
ginalsol
uti
on,
cal
cul
ateint
hesimpl
estf
orm,
ther
ati
oofwat
ert
othatofal
coholi
nt her
esul
ti
ng
sol
uti
on
9. Atankhastwoinl
ett
apsPandQandanout
lett
apR.whenempty
,thetankcanbefi
ll
ed
bytapPalonein4½ hoursorbyt
apQalonein3hours.Whenful
l,thetankcanbe
empti
edin2hoursbytapR.
(
a) Thet
anki
sini
ti
all
yempt
y.Fi
ndhowl
ongi
twoul
dtaket
ofi
l
lupt
het
ank
(
i) I
ftapRisclosedandt apsPandQar eopenedatthesameti
me
(
2mks)
(i
i
) I fall
thethreetapsareopenedatthesamet i
me
(
b) Thet
ankisi
nit
ial
lyempt yandthet
hreetapsareopenedasfol
l
ows

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Pat8.
00a.
m
Qat8.
45a.
m
Rat9.
00a.
m
(
i) Fi
ndt
hef
ract
ionoft
het
ankt
hatwoul
dbef
il
ledby9.
00a.
m
(
ii
) Fi
ndt
het
imet
het
ankwoul
dbef
ull
yfi
l
ledup

10. Kipketercancul
ti
vat
eapi eceofl
andin7hrswhil
eWanji
rucandothesameworki
n5
hours.Findthet
imetheywouldt
aket
ocult
ivat
ethepi
eceofl
andwhenworki
ngt
oget
her
.

11. MogakaandOndisoworkingtogethercandoapi eceofwor

ki n6day s. Mogaka,
wor
kingal
one,t
akes5dayslongert
hanOnduso.Howmanydaysdoesi
ttakeOndusoto
dot
heworkalone.

12. Wai
nainahast wodai
ryf
armsAandB.Far m Apr
oducesmi
l
kwi
th3¼per
centf
atand
f
arm Bproducesmil
kwit
h4¼percentf
at.
(
a) (
i) Thet
otal
massofmi
l
kfati
n50kgofmi
l
kfr
om f
arm Aand30kg
ofmi
l
kfr
om f
arm B.
(
ii
) Thepercent
ageoff
ati
nami
xtur
eof50kgofmi
l
kAand30kgofmi
l
k
fr
om B
(
b) Det
ermi
netherangeofval
uesofmassofmil
kfr
om far
m Bthatmustbeusedi
n
a50kgmixt
uresothatt
hemixtur
emayhaveatl
east4per
centf
at.

13. A constr
ucti
onfi
rm hastwot r
actor
sT1 andT2.Bothtractor
sworki
ngtogethercan
completethewor
kin6dayswhileT1alonecancomplet
ethewor ki
n15days.Aftert
he
twotract
orshadwor
kedtoget
herforfourday
s,t
ract
orT1brokedown.
Fi
ndt
het
imet
akenbyt
ract
orT2compl
etet
her
emai
ningwor
k.

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CHAPTERFI
FTYTHREE

GRAPHI
CALMETHODS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Makesat
abl
eofv
aluesf
rom gi
venr
elat
ions;
(
b)Uset
het
abl
eofv
aluest
odr
awt
hegr
aphsoft
her
elat
ions;
(
c)Det
ermi
neandi
nter
preti
nst
ant
aneousr
atesofchangef
rom agr
aph;
(
d)I
nter
preti
nfor
mat
ionf
rom gr
aphs;
(
e)Dr
awandi
nter
pretgr
aphsf
rom empi
ri
cal
dat
a;
(
f)Sol
vecubi
cequat
ionsgr
aphi
cal
l
y;
(
g)Dr
awt
hel
i
neofbestf
it
;
(
h)I
dent
if
ytheequat
ionofaci
rcl
e;
(
i)Fi
ndt
heequat
ionofaci
rcl
egi
vent
hecent
reandt
her
adi
us;
(
j)Det
ermi
net
hecent
reandr
adi
usofaci
rcl
eanddr
awt
heci
rcl
eonacar
tesi
anpl
ane.
Content
(a)Tabl
esandgr
aphsofgi
venr
elat
ions
(
b)Gr
aphsofcubi
cequat
ions
(
c)Gr
aphi
cal
sol
uti
onsofcubi
cequat
ions
(
d)Av
erager
ateofchange
(
e)I
nst
ant
aneousr
ateofchange
(
f)Empi
ri
cal
dat
aandt
hei
rgr
aphs
(
g)Thel
i
neofbestf
it

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(
h)Equat
ionofaci
rcl
e
(
i)Fi
ndi
ngoft
heequat
ionofaci
rcl
e
(
j)Det
ermi
ningoft
hecent
reandr
adi
usofaci
rcl
e.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Thesear
eway
sormet
hodsofsol
vi
ngmat
hemat
ical
funct
ionsusi
nggr
aphs.

Gr
aphi
ngsol
uti
onsofcubi
cEquat
ions
Acubi
cequat
ionhast
hef
orm
ax3+bx2+cx+d=0
wher
ea,
b,canddar
econst
ant
s
I
tmusthavetheterminx3ori
twoul
dnotbecubi
c(andsoa≠0)
, lofb,
butanyoral canddcan
bezer
o.Fori
nstance,
x3−6x2+11x−6=0, 4x3+57=0, x3+9x=0
ar
eal
lcubi
cequat
ions.
Thegr
aphsofcubi
cequat
ionsal
way
staket
hef
oll
owi
ngshapes.

y
3
2
1

-
1 1 2 3 x
-
1
-
2
-
3

Y=x3−6x2+11x−6=0.
Noticethatitstart
slowdownont hel
eft
,becauseasxget
slargeandnegat
ivesodoesx3andit
3
fi
nisheshighert otherghtbecauseasxget
i slar
geandposi
ti
vesodoesx.Thecur vecrosses
thex-axi
st hreetimes,oncewherex=1,oncewher ex=2andoncewher ex=3.Thi sgi
vesus
ourthreeseparatesoluti
ons.
Exampl
e

(
a)Fi
l
lint
het
abl
ebel
owf
ort
hef
unct
i 6+x+4x2+x3f
ony=- 4x2
or-

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x -
4 -
3 -
2 -
1 0 1 2

-
6 -
6 -
6 -
6 -
6 -
6 -
6 -
6

x -
4 -
3 -
2 -
1 0 1 2

4x2 16 4

x3

(
b)Usi
ngt
hegr
idpr
ovi
deddr
awt
hegr
aphf 6+x+4x2+x3f
ory=- 4x2
or-
(
c) Uset
hegr
apht
osol
vet
heequat
ions:
-

6+x+4x2+x3=0
-
x3+4x2+x–4=0
.
2+4x2+x3=0
-

Sol
uti
on
Thet
abl
eshowscor
respondi
ngv
aluesofxandyf
ory
=-6+x+4x2+x3

X -
4 -
3 -
2 -
1 0 1 2
-
6 -
6 -
6 -
6 -
6 -
6 -
6 -
6
Fr
om thegr
aphthesol
uti
onsf
or
X -
4 -
3 -
2 -
1 0 1 2 xarex=-3,
x=-2,x=1
4x2 64 36 16 4 0 4 16
X3 -
64 -
27 -
8 -
1 0 1 8 I
. To sol ve
3
Y=- 2
6+x+4x+x 3
-
10 0 0 -
4 -
6 0 20 equat
iony=x +
4x2 + x -6 we
draw a str
aight
l
i
nefrom thedif
frenceofthetwoequat
ionsandt
henwereadt
hecoor di
nat
esat
t
hepointoftheinter
seti
onofthecur
veandthest
rai
ghtl
i
ne
y=x3+4x2+x-
6
0=x3+4x2+x-
4
y=-
2 sol
uti
ons0.
8,-
1.5and-
3.2

x 1 0 -
2
y=x3+4x2+x–6 y -
3-4 -
8

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0=x3+4x2+0–2
y= x–4

y
=-6+4x2

=x-
y 4
Y=-
2

c (
i)sol
uti
on0.
8
-
1.5
And-
3.2
Av
erageRat
eofchange

Defini
ngtheAv er
ageRat eofChange
Thenot i
onofav erager ateofchangecanbeusedtodescri
bethechangeinanyv ar
iabl
ewi t
h
respecttoanother.Ifyouhav eagraphthatr
epr
esentsaplotofdat
apointsoftheform( x,y
),
thentheaveragerateofchangebet weenanytwopointsi
sthechangei
nt heyvaluedivi
dedby
thechangeinthexv alue.

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P
o3 00
p
ul250
ny
changei
at200
i
o
ni 0
15 Theav
erager
ateofchangeofywi
thr
espectt
o
n1 00 x
m 90y
ear
s
50
i
ll
i
nx
changei

Not
e;

 Therat
eofchangeofast
rai
ght(t
hesl
op)
li
nei
sthesamebet
weenal
lpoi
ntsal
ongt
he
l
ine

 Ther
ateofchangeofaquadr
ati
cfunct
ioni
snotconst
ant(
doesnotr
emai
nthesame)
Exampl
e
Thegraphbel
ow showstherat
eofgrowt
hofaplant
,f
rom t
hegr
aph,t
hechangei
nhei
ght
bet
weenday1andday3isgiv
enby7.
5cm –3.
8cm =3.
7cm.
3.
7cm
Av
erager
ateofchangei
s =1.
85c
m/da
y
2days
1.
3cm
Theav
erager
ateofchangef
ort
henextt
woday
sis =0.
65cm/
day
2days
Not
e;

 Therat
eofgr
owthinthefi
rst2dayswas1.85cm/daywhil
ethati
nthenextt
wodaysi
s
onl
y0.65cm /
day.
Theseratesofchangearer
epr
esentedbythegradi
ent
softhel
i
nes
PQandQRrespect
ivel
y.

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Number
of day
s
The
gradient
of the
strai
ght
l
i
ne i
s 20
,whichi s

const
ant
.Thegr
adi
entr
epr
esent
sther
ateofdi
stancewi
tht
ime(
speed)whi
chi
s20m/
s.

Rat
eofchangeatani
nst
ant
Wehav
eseent
hatt
ofi
ndt
her
ateofchangeatani
nst
ant(par
ti
cul
arpoi
nt)
,we:

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 Dr
awat
angentt
othecur
veatt
hatpoi
nt

 Det
ermi
net
hegr
adi
entoft
het
angent
Thegr
adi
entoft
het
angentt
othecur
veatt
hepoi
nti
sther
ateofchangeatt
hatpoi
nt.

Empi
ri
cal
graphs
AnEmpi
ri
calgr
aphisagr aphthatyoucanusetoev
aluat
ethefi
tofadi
str
ibut
iont
oyourdat
a
bydr
awi
ngthel
ineofbestfit
.Thi
sisbecauser
awdatausual
l
yhavesomeerr
ors.
Exampl
e
Thetabl
ebel
ow showshow l
engt
hlcm ofamet
alr
odv
ari
eswi
thi
ncr
easei
ntemper
atur
eT
0
(c
().

Temper
atu O 1 2 3 5 6 7 8
re
Degr
eesC

Lengt
hcm 4.
0 4.
3 4.
7 4.
9 5.
0 5.
9 6.
0 6.
4

Sol
uti
on

NOTE;

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 Ther
eisal
i
nearr
elat
ionbet
weenl
engt
handt
emper
atur
e.

 Wet
her
efor
edr
awal
i
neofbestf
itt
hatpassest
hroughasmanypoi
ntsaspossi
ble.

 Ther
emai
ningpoi
ntsshoul
dbedi
str
ibut
edev
enl
ybel
owandabov
ethel
i
ne

Theli
necutst hey–axi
sat(0,4)andpassesthrought
hepoi
nt(
5,5.
5).
Ther
efor
e,t
hegr
adi
ent
1.
5
oft
helinei
s =0. 3.
Theequat
ionofthel
ineisl=0.3T+4.
5

Reduct
ionofNon-
li
nearLawst
oLi
nearFor
m.
1
Whenwepl
ott
hegr
aphofxy
=k,wegetacur
ve.
Butwhenwepl
otyagai
nst ,wgetast
rai
ght
x

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l
i
newhosegr adi
enti
sk.Thesameappr
oachi
susedt
oobt
ainl
i
nearr
elat
ionsf
rom non-
li
near
n
r
elat
ionsoft
hefor
my =kx.

Exampl
e
Thet
abl
ebel
owshowst
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenAandr

r 1 2 3 4 5

A 3.
1 12.
6 28.
3 50.
3 78.
5

2
Iti
ssuspect
edthatther
elat
ioni
softheform A=Kr.
Bydr
awi
ngasui
tabl
egr
aph,
ver
if
ythel
aw
connect
ingAandranddeter
minethev
alueofK.
Sol
uti
on
2
I
fwepl
otAagai
nstr,
weshoul
dgetast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.

r 1 2 3 4 5

A 3.
1 12.
6 28.
3 50.
3 78.
5
2
r 1 4 9 16 25

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2 2
Si
ncethegr
aphofAagainstrisastr
aightl
i
ne,t
hel
awA=krhol
ds.
Thegr
adi
entoft
hisl
i
nei
s
3.
1toonedeci
malpl
ace.Thi
sisthev
alueofk.

Exampl
e
From 1960onwards,t
hepopulat
ionPof Ki sumu i
sbeli
evedtoobeyal aw oft
hef or
mP
t
=kA,Wher
ekandAar econst
ant
sandtistheti
mei ny
earsr
eckonedf
rom 1960.
Thetabl
ebelow
showsthepopul
ati
onofthet
ownsince1960.

r 1960 1965 197 197 1980 1985 1990

0 5

p 5000 6080 740 901 1096 1333 1620 Byplot

tinga
0 0 0 0 0 sui
tabl
e
graph,check
whet
hert
hepopul
ati
ongr
owt
hobey
sthegi
venl
aw.Uset
hegr
apht
oest
imat
ethev
alueofA.
Sol
uti
on
t t
Thelawtobetest
edisP=kA.
Takingl
ogsofbot
hsideswegetl
ogP=log
⁡( kA).
LogP=logK+t
l
ogA,whi chi
sintheform y=mx+Thuswepl otl
ogP agai
nstt.
(Notethatl
ogA isa
constant
).
Thebel
owshowsthecorr
espondi
ngval
uesoftandl
ogp.

r 1960 1965 197 197 1980 1985 1990

0 5

LogP 3.
699 3.
784 3.
86 3.
95 4.
040 4.
125 4.
210
9 5

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t
Si
ncet
hegr
aphi
sast
rai
ghtl
i
ne,
thel
awP=kAhol
ds.
LogAi
sgi
venbyt
hegr
adi
entoft
hest
rai
ghtl
i
ne.
Ther
efor
e,l
ogA=0.
017.
Hence,
A=1.
04
Logki
sthev
ert
ical
int
ercept
.
Hencel
ogk=3.
69
Ther
efor
ek=4898
t
Thus,
ther
elat
ionshi
pisP=4898(
1.04)

Not
e;
x
 Lawsofthefor
my =kA canbewr
it
teni
nthel
i
nearf
orm as:l
ogy=l
ogk+xl
ogA(
by
taki
ngl
ogsofbothsi
des)

 Whenlogyisplot
tedagai
nstx,ast
rai
ghtl
i
nei
sobt
ained.
It
sgr
adi
enti
slogA andt
he
i
nter
cepti
slogk.
n
 Thel
awoft
hef
orm y=kX,
wher
ekandnar
econst
ant
scanbewr
it
teni
nli
nearf
orm as;

 Logy=l
ogk+nl
ogx.

 Wet
her
efor
epl
otl
ogyi
spl
ott
edagai
nstl
ogx.

 Thegr
adi
entoft
hel
i
negi
vesnwhi
l
ethev
ert
ical
int
ercepti
slogk

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Summar
y
2
Fort awy=d+cxt
hel obev
eri
fi
edi
tisnecessar
ytopl
otagr
aphoft
hev
ari
abl
esi
namodi
fi
ed
2 2
For
m asf
oll
owsy=d+c
xiscompar
edwi
thy=mx+c t
hati
sy=c
x +d
i
.) Yi
spl
ott
edont
heyaxi
s
2
i
i
.) xi
spl
ott
edont
hexaxi
s
i
i
i.
) Thegr
adi
enti
sc
i
v.
) Thev
ert
ical
axi
sint
ercepti
sd

Fort
helawy–a=b xt obev
erif
iediti
snecessar
ytopl
otagr
aphoft
hev
ari
abl nax
esi
Modif
iedf
orm asfol
l
ows
y–a=b x, i
.e.y=b x+awhichiscomparedwihy=mx+c
t

i
.) yshoul
dbepl
ott
edont
heyaxi
s

i
i
.) xshoul
dbepl
ott
edont
hexaxi
s

i
i
i.
) Thegr
adi
enti
sb

i
v.
) Thev
ert
ical
axi
sint
ercepti
sa

f
Fort
helawy–e= t obev erif
iediti
snecessarytoplotagr
aphoft
hevar
iabl
esi
na
x
Modif
iedf
orm asfoll
ows.Thel awy–e= i
f
x() 1
sf +ecompar
x
edwi
thy=mx+c.
i
.) yshouldbeplottedont hever
ti
calaxis
1
i
i
.) shouldbeplott
edont hehor
izont
al axi
s
x
i
i
i.
) Thegr adienti
sf
i
v.
) Thever ti
calaxi
si nt
ercepti
se
2
Fort
helawy–cx=bxt obev eri
fi
editi
snecessaryt
opl
otagr
aphoft
hev ar
iabl
esi
na
2 y
Modif
iedf
orm asfoll
ows.Thel awy–cx=bx i s =bx+ccomparedwihy=mx+c,
t
x
y
i
.) shouldbepl ott
edonyaxi s
x
i
i
.) Xshouldbepl ott
edonxaxi s
i
i
i.
) Thegr adienti
sb
i
v.
) Thev erti
calaxisint
ercepti
sc

a
Fort awy= +bxt
hel obev
eri
fi
edi
tisnecessar
ytopl
otagr
aphoft
hev
ari
abl naax
esi
x

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Modi
fi
edf
orm asf
oll
ows.Thel
aw
y
x ()
1
=a 2 +bcompar
x
edwi
thy=mx+c

y
i
.) shouldbepl ott
edonthevert
icalaxi
s
x
1
i
i
.) 2s houl
dbepl ot
tedonthehor
izontal
axi
s
x
i
i
i.
) Thegr adientisa
i
v.
) Thev ert
icalinter
cepti
sb

Equat
ionofaci
rcl
e
Aci
rcl
eisasetofal
lpoint
sthatar
eofthesamedi
stancerf
rom af
ixedpoi
nt.Thef
igur
ebel
ow
i
sacir
clecent
re(0,
0)andradi
us3uni
ts

P(x,y)i
sapointontheci
rcl
e.Tri
angl
ePONi sr i
ght–angl
edatN.
ByPyt
hagor
as’
theorem;
2 2 2
ON + PN =OP
2 2 2
ButON=x,PN=yandOP=3. Ther
efor
e,x + y =3

Not
e;
2 2 2
Thegener
alequat
ionofaci
rcl
ecent
re(0,
0)andr
adi
usri
sx +y =r

Exampl
e
Fi
ndtheequat
ionofaci
rcl
ecent
re(
0,0)passi
ngt
hrough (
3,4)

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Soluti
on
Lettheradiusoft
hecir
cleber
From Pythagor
astheor
em;
2 2
r= 3 x4

r=5

Example
Consi
deraci
rcl
ecent
re(5,
4)andr
adi
us3uni
ts.

Sol
uti
on
I
nthefigur
ebel
owt
ri
angl
eCNPi
sri
ghtangledatN.Bypyt
hagor
ast
heor
em;
2 2 2
CN +NP =CP

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ButCN=(x–5) ,
NP=( y–4)andCP=3uni t
s.
2 2 2
Theref
ore,
(x5)+(
- y-4) =3 thi
sist
hee quati
onofac i
rcl
e.
Note;
Theequati
onofaci r
clecent
re(a,
b)andr adi
usrunitsisgiv
enby
;
x
(-a)2+( b)
y- 2
=(r)
2

Exampl
e
Fi
ndtheequat
ionofaci
rcl
ecent
re(
-2,
3)andr
adi
us4uni
ts

Sol
uti
on
Gener
alequat
ionoft
heci
rcl
ei x
s(-a
)2+(y-b)2 2
=r. Ther ef
orea=-
2b=3andr=4
(x
-(- )
2)2
+(y-(3))2
=4
2

(x+2)2
+( 3)
y- 2
=16

Example
LineABi sthediameterofacir
clesuchthatt
heco-or
dinat
esofAandBar
e(-
1,1)and(
5,1)
respect
ivel
y.
a.)Determi
nethecentreandtheradi
usoft
heci
rcle
b.)Hence,f
indtheequati
onofthecir
cle

Sol
uti
on
a.)(-
1+5 1+1
2 2
, )
=(2,
2
1)
2
Radi
us= ( 2)+(
5- 1-1)
2
= 3 =3
b.
)Equat
ionoft
heci
rcl
eis;
2 2 2
(
x-2)+( 1)=3
y-
2 2
(x2)+(
- 1)=9
y-

Exampl
e
2 2
Theequat
ionofaci
rcl
eisgi
venbyx-6x+y +4y-3=0.
Det
ermi
net
hecent
reandr
adi
usoft
he
ci
rcl
e.

Solut
ion
2 2
x-6x+y +4y=3
Compl eti
ngt hesquareonthelef
thandside;
2 2
x-6x+9+y +4y+4=3+9+4
2 2
(x3) +(y+2)=4-3=0
-
Thereforecent reofthecircl
eis(3,
-2)andr adi
usis4unit
s.Not et
hatt
hesignchangest
o
oppositeposi t
ivesi
gnbecomesnegativewhil
enegati
vesi
gnchangest
oposi
ti
ve.

Example
Writ
etheequat
ionoft
heci
rcl
ethathasA(
1,-6)andB(
5,2)asendpoi
ntsofadi
amet
er.

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Met
hod1: Det
ermi
net
hecent
erusi
ngt
heMi
dpoi
ntFor
mul
a:

C (1+5-
,
2 2
6+2
)
→C(
3,2)
-

Det
ermi
net
her
adi
ususi
ng t
hedi
stancef
ormul
a(cent
erand end of
di
amet
er)
:
2 2
r= (
3-1)+(
-2+6) = 4+16= 20 =2 5

Equat
ionofci
rcl
eis: (
x-3)
2
+(
y+2)
2
=20
Met
hod2: Det
ermi
necent
erusi
ngMi
dpoi
ntFor
mul
a(asbef
or :C(
e) 3,2)
- .
2
Thus,
theci
rcl
eequat
ionwi
l
lhav
ethef
orm(
x-3)
2
+(
y+2)
2
=r
2
Fi
ndrbypl
uggi
ngt
hecoor
dinat
esofapoi
ntont
heci
rcl
einf
orxa
ndy.

suseB( 2)r=( 3)
2 2 2
Let
’ 5, : 5- 2
+(
2+2)
2
=2 +4 =4+16=20
Agai
n,wegett
hisequat
ionf
ort
heci
r e: (
cl x-3)
2
+(
y+2)
2
=20

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Thet
ableshowst
hehei
ghtmet
resofanobj
ectt
hrownv
ert
ical
l
yupwar
dsv
ari
eswi
tht
he
ti
metseconds
2
Therel
ati
onshipbet
weensandti
srepr
esent
edbyt
heequat
ionss=at+bt+10wher
e
bareconstant
s.

T 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

S 45.
1 49. -
80
9

(
a)(
i)Usi
ngt
heinfor
mati
oni
nthet
abl
e,det
ermi
net
hev
aluesofaandb
(
ii
)Compl
etet
hetabl
e
(
b)(
i) Dr
awagr
apht
orepr
esentt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weensandt

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(
ii
) Usi
ngt
hegr
aphdet
ermi
net
hev
eloci
tyoft
heobj
ectwhent=5seconds
2. Datacoll
ect
edf or
m anexper
imenti
nvol
vi
ngt
wov
ari
abl
esXandYwasr
ecor
dedas
showninthetabl
ebel
ow

x 1.
1 1.
2 1.
3 1.
4 1.
5 1.
6

y -
0.3 0.
5 1.
4 2.
5 3.
8 5.
2

Thevari
ablesar
eknownt
osat
isf
yar
elat
ionoft
hef
orm y=ax3 +bwher
eaandbar
e
const
ants
(
a)Foreachvalueofxint
het ableabove,wri
tedownt hev ueofx3
al
(
b) ( i
)Bydrawingasui
tabl
est rai
ghtl
inegr
aph,est
imatethev
aluesofaandb
(i
i
)Writedowntherel
ationshi
pconnecti
ngyandx
n
3. Twoquant
it
iesPandrar
econnect
edbyt
heequat
ionp=kr.Thet
abl
eofv
alues
ofPandri
sgi
venbel
ow.

P 1.
2 1.
5 2.
0 2.
5 3.
5 4.
5

R 1.
58 2.
25 3.
39 4.
74 7.
86 11.
5

a) St
ateal
i
nerequat
ionconnect
ingPandr
.
b) Usi
ngt
hescal
e2cm t
orepr
esent0.
1uni
tsonbot
haxes,
drawasui
tabl
e
l
i
negr
aphont
hegr
idpr
ovi
ded.Henceest
imat
ethev
aluesofKandn.
4. Thepoi
ntswhi
chcoor
dinat
es(
5,5)and(
-3,
-
1)ar
etheends ofadi
amet
erof aci
rcl
e
cent
reA
Det
ermi
ne:
(
a) Thecoor
dinat
esofA
m x2+y
2
Theequat
ionoft
heci
rcl
e,expr
essi
ngi
tinf
or +ax+by+c=0
wher
ea,
b,andcar
econst
ant
seachcomput
ersol
d
5. Thef
igur
ebel
owi
sasket
choft
hegr
aphoft
hequadr
ati
cfunct
iony=k
(
x+1)(
x-2)

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Fi
ndt
hev
alueofk
6. Thetablebel
owshowstheval
uesoft
helengt
hX(i nmetr
es)ofa pendulum andthe
corr
espondi
ngval
uesoftheperi
odT(inseconds)ofi
tsosci
l
lat
ions obt
ained i
nan
experi
ment.

X(met
res) 0.
4 1.
0 1.
2 1.
4 1.
6

T(seconds) 1.
25 2.
01 2.
19 2.
37 2.
53

(
a) Const
ructat
abl
eofv
aluesofl
ogXandcor
respondi
ngv
aluesofl
ogT,
cor
rect
ingeachv
aluet
o2deci
mal
places
b) Givent
hattherel
ati
onbetweent
heval
uesofl
ogXandlogTapproxi
mat
etoa
l
inearl
aw oft
heformml ogX+logawher
eaandbareconst
ant
s
(
i) Usetheaxesonthegr
idpr
ovi
dedt
odr
awt
hel
i
neofbestf
itf
ort
hegr
aph
ofl
ogTagainstl
ogX.

(
ii
) Uset
hegr
apht
oest
imat
ethev
aluesofaandb
(
ii
i) Find,t
odeci
malpl
acest
hel
engt
hoft
hependul
um whoseper
iodi
s1
second.

7. Datacoll
ect
ionfrom anexper
imenti
nvol
vi
ngt
wov
ari
abl
esxandywasr
ecor
dedas
showninthetabl
ebel
ow

X 1.
1 1.
2 1.
3 1.
4 1.
5 1.
6

Y -
0.3 0.
5 1.
4 2.
5 3.
8 5.
2

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Thev
ari
abl
esar
eknownt
osat
isf
yar
elat
ionoft
hef
orm y=ax3+bwher
eaandb
ar
econst
ant
s
(
a) Foreachv
alueofxi
nthet
abl
eabov
e.Wr
it
edownt
hev
alueofx3
(
b) (
i)Bydr
awi
ngssui
tabl
est
rai
ghtl
i
negr
aph,
est
imat
ethev
aluesofaandb
(
ii
)Wr
it
edownt
her
elat
ionshi
pconnect
ingyandx

8. Twov ar
iabl
esxandy,ar
elinkedbyt
herel
atony=axn.Thef
i i
gur
ebel
owshowspar
tof
thest
rai
ghtli
negr
aphobtai
nedwhenlogyi
splot
tedagai
nstl
ogx.

Cal
cul
atet
hev
alueofaandn
9. Theluminousi
ntensi
tyIofal
ampwasmeasur
edf
orv
ari
ousv
aluesofv
olt
agevacr
oss
i
t.Theresul
tswereasshownbel
ow

V(
vol
ts) 30 36 40 44 48 50 54

L(
Lux) 708 1248 1726 2320 3038 3848 4380

Iti
sbeli
evedt
hatVandlar
erel
atedbyanequat
ionoft
hef
orm l=aVnwher
eaandnar
e
const
ant.
(
a) Dr
awasui
tabl
eli
neargr
aphanddet
ermi
net
hev
aluesofaandn
(
b) Fr
om t
hegr
aphf
ind
(
i) Thev
alueofIwhenV=52
(
ii
) Thev
alueofVwhenI=2800
10. Inacertainr
elat
ion,t
hevalueofAandBobserv
earel
atonB=CA+KA2wher
i eCandK
areconstant
s.Belowisatabl
eofval
uesofAandB

A 1 2 3 4 5 6

B 3.
2 6.
75 10.
8 15.
1 20 25.
2

(
a)Bydr
awi
ngasui
tabl
est
rai
ghtl
i
negr
aphs,
det
ermi
net
hev
aluesofCandK.

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(
b)Hencewr
it
edownt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenAandB
(
c)Det
ermi
net
hev
alueofBwhenA=7
11. Thev ar
iabl
esP andQ areconnect
edbyt heequat
ionP =abq wher
eaandbar
e
const
ants.Thev
alueofpandqar
egivenbel
ow

P 6.
56 17.
7 47.
8 129 349 941 2540 6860

Q 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

(
a) St
atet
heequat
ioni
nter
msofpandqwhi
chgi
vesast
rai
ghtl
i
negr
aph
(
b) Bydrawingastr
aightli
negr
aph,
est
imatet
hev
alueofconst
ant
saandbandgi
ve
youranswercor
rectto1deci
malpl
ace.

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CHAPTERFI
FTYFOUR

PROBABI
LITY
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Def
inepr
obabi
l
ity
;
(
b)Det
ermi
nepr
obabi
l
ityf
rom exper
iment
sandr
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions;
(
c)Const
ructapr
obabi
l
ityspace;
(
d)Det
ermi
net
heor
eti
cal
probabi
l
ity
;
(
e)Di
ff
erent
iat
ebet
weendi
scr
eteandcont
inuouspr
obabi
l
ity
;
(
f)Di
ff
erent
iat
emut
ual
l
yexcl
usi
veandi
ndependentev
ent
s;
(
g)St
ateandappl
ylawsofpr
obabi
l
ity
;
(
h)Useat
reedi
agr
am t
odet
ermi
nepr
obabi
l
iti
es.
Content
(a)Probabi
l
ity
(
b)Exper
iment
alpr
obabi
l
ity
(
c)Rangeofpr
obabi
l
itymeasur
e0^P(
x)^
1
(
d)Pr
obabi
l
ityspace
(
e)Theor
eti
cal
probabi
l
ity
(
f)Di
scr
eteandcont
inuouspr
obabi
l
ity(
simpl
ecasesonl
y)
(
g)Combi
nedev
ent
s(mut
ual
l
yexcl
usi
veandi
ndependentev
ent
s)
(
h)Lawsofpr
obabi
l
ity
(
i)Thet
reedi
agr
ams.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Thel i
kel
ihoodofanoccur
renceofanev
entort
henumer
icalmeasur
eofchancei
scal
l
ed
probabi
li
ty.

Exper
iment
alpr
obabi
l
ity
Thi
siswher
epr
obabi
l
ityi
sdet
ermi
nedbyexper
ienceorexper
iment
.Whati
sdoneorobser
ved

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i
st heexperiment.Eachtossiscalledatr
ialandtheresul
tofat ri
ali
stheoutcome.The
exper
imentalprobabi
li
tyofaresul
tisgiv
enby(thenumberoffav
orabl
eout
comes)/(t
hetotal
numberoftri
als)
Exampl
e
Aboyhadaf ai
rdi
ewithfacesmarked1t
o6.Hethr
ew thi
sdieup50ti
mesandeacht
imehe
r
ecor
dedthenumberonthetopf
ace.Ther
esul
tofhi
sexperi
menti
sshownbel
ow.

f
ace 1 2 3 4 5 6

Numberof 11 6 7 9 9 8
ti
mes a
face has
shownup
What i
s t
he
exper
iment
alpr
ovabi
l
ityofget
ti
ng?
a.
)1 b.
)6
Sol
uti
on
t
henumberoff
avor
ableoutc
ome
s
a.
)P(
Event
)=
t
hetot
alnumberoftr
ial
s
P(
1)=11/
50
b.
)P(
4)=9/
50
Exampl
e
From t
hepastr
ecor
ds,outofthet
enmat chesaschoolfoot
bal
lteam haspl
ayed,i
thaswon
seven.
Howmanypossi
blegamesmightt
heschool
wininthir
tymatches?.

Sol
uti
on
P(
winni
ngi
nonemat
h)=7/
10.
Ther
efor
ethenumberofpossi
blewi
nsi
nthi
rt
ymat
ches=7/
10x30=21mat
ches

Rangeofpr
obabi
l
ityMeasur
e
I
fP(A)istheprobabi
li
tyofaneventAhappeni
ngandP(
A')i
sthepr
obabi
l
ityofanev
entAnot
happeni
ng,ThenP(A'
)=1-P(A)andP(A'
)+P(A)=1
Pr
obabi
l
ityar
eexpr
essedasf
ract
ions,
deci
mal
sorper
cent
ages.

Pr
obabi
l
ityspace
Alistofal
lpossi
bleoutcomesisprobabi
li
tyspaceorsampl
espace.Thecoi
nissucht
hatthe
headortai
lhaveequalchancesofoccur
ri
ng.Theevent
sheadort
ailar
esaidt
obeequal
lyl
i
kely
oreqipr
obabl
e.

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Theor
eti
cal
probabi
l
ity
Thi
scanbecalcul
atedwi
thoutnecessar
il
yusinganypastexper
ienceordoi
nganyexper
iment
.
Theprobabi
l
ityofan ev
enthappeni ng #numberoffavorabl
eout comes/t
otalnumberof
out
comes.
Exampl
e
Abasketcontai
ns5r
edbal
l
s,4gr
eenbal
l
sand3bl
uebal
l
s.I
fabal
lispi
ckedatr
andom f
rom
t
hebasket,
find:
a.
)Thepr
obabi
l
ityofpi
cki
ngabl
uebal
l
b.
)Thepr
obabi
l
ityofnotpi
cki
ngar
edbal
l

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Tot
alnumberofbal
l
sis12
Thenumberofbl
uebal
l
sis3
Sol
uti
on
a.
)ther
efor
e,P(
abl
uebal
l
)=3/
12
b.
)Thenumberofbal
l
swhi
char
enotr
edi
s7.
Ther
efor
eP(notar
edbal
l
)=7/
12

Exampl
e
Abagcont
ains6blackbal
l
sandsomebr ownones.Ifabal
lispi
ckedatr
andom t
hepr
obabi
l
ity
t
hati
tisbl
ackis0.
25.Fi
ndthenumberofbr
ownball
s.
Sol
uti
on
Lett
henumberofbal
l
sbex
Thent
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatabl
ackbal
li
spi
ckedatr
andom i
s6/
x
Ther
efor
e6/
x=0.
25
x=24
Thet
otal
numberofbal
dis24
Thent
henumberofbr
ownbal
l
sis24-6=18

Not
e:
Whenal
lpossi
bleout
comesar
ecountabl
e,t
heyar
esai
dtobedi
scr
ete.

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Ty
pesofpr
obabi
l
ity
Combi
nedEv
ent
s
Thesear
epr
obabi
l
ityoft
woormor
eev
ent
soccur
ri
ng

Mut
ual
l
yExcl
usi
veEv
ent
s
Occur
renceofoneexcludestheoccur
renceoftheotherortheoccurr
enceofoneeventdepend
ontheoccurrenceoft
heother.
.IfAandBar etwomut ual
lyexcl
usiv
eev ent
s,t
hen(AorB)=P
(A)+P(B).Forexampl
ewhenacoi nistossedt
heresultwi
llei
therbeaheadoratai
l.
Exampl
e
i
.) I
facoi
nist
ossed;

P(
head)+P(t
ail
)
1 1
= + =1
2 2

Not
e;
I
f[OR]i
susedt
henweadd

I
ndependentEv
ent
s
Twoev ent
sAandBar eindependenti
ftheoccurrenceofAdoesnoti
nfl
uencet
heoccurrenceof
Bandv i
cev er
sa.IfAandBar etwoi ndependentevent
s,thepr
obabi
li
tyofthem occurr
ing
toget
heristheproductofthei
rindi
vi
dualprobabi
li
ti
es.Thati
s;
P(
AandB)=P(
A)xP(
B)
Not
e;
Whenweuse[
AND]wemul
ti
ply,
thi
sist
hemul
ti
pli
cat
ionl
awofpr
obabi
l
ity
.

Exampl
e
Acoi
nist
ossest
wice.Whati
sthepr
obabi
l
ityofget
ti
ngat
ail
inbot
htosses?
Sol
uti
on
Theout he2ndt
comeoft ossi
sindependoft
heout
comeoft
hef
ir
st.
Ther
efor
e;
P(
TandT)=P(T)XP(T)
1 1 1
= x =
2 24

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Exampl
e
Aboythr
owsf ai
rcoi
nandar
egul
artet
rahedr
onwit
hitsf
ourfacesmarked1,
2,
3and4.
Findt
he
pr
obabi
li
tyt
hatheget
sa3onthet
etr
ahedronandaheadonthecoin.
Sol
uti
on
Thesear
eindependentev
ent
s.
1 1
P(
H)= ,P(
3)=
2 4
Ther
efor
e;
P(
Hand3)=P(
H)xP(
3)
=½x¼
=1/
8

Exampl
e
Abagcontai
ns8bl ackball
sand5whit
eones.
Ift
woball
saredr
awnf
rom t
hebag,oneata
t
ime,
fi
ndtheprobabi
li
tyofdr
awi
ngabl
ackbal
landawhi
tebal
l
.
a.
)Wi
thoutr
epl
acement

b.
)Wi
thr
epl
acement

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Thereareonlyt
wowayswecangetablackandawhit
ebal
l
:ei
therdr
awingawhi
tet
hen
abl
ack,
ordrawi
ngabl
ackt
henawhit
e.Weneedtofi
ndthet
woprobabi
li
ti
es;

P(W f
oll
owedbyB)=P(
W andB)
8 5 10
= x =
13 12 39
b.
)P(
Bfol
l
owedbyW)=P(
BandW)

5 8 10
X =
13 12 39
Not
e;
Thet
woev
ent
sar
emut
ual
l
yexcl
usi
ve,
ther
efor
e.
P(
Wfol
l
owedbyB)or(Bf
oll
owedbyW )
=P(W f
oll
owedbyB)+P(Bf
oll
owedbyW)
=P(
W andB)+P(BandW)

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40 40 20
= + =
156 156 39
Si
ncewear
erepl
aci
ng,
thenumberofbal
l
sremai
ns13.
Ther
efor
e;
5 8 40
P(
W andB)= x =
13 13 169
8 5 40
P(BandW)= x =
13 13 169
Ther
efor
e;
P[
(W andB)or(
BandW)
]=P(
W andB)+P(
BandW)
40 40 80
= x =
169 169 169

Exampl
e
Kamau, Njor
ogeandKariuki
arepr
acti
cingar
chery.
Theprobabi
li
tyofKamauhit
ti
ngt
hetargeti
s
2/5,
thatofNjorogehi
tt
ingthetar
getis¼andt hatofKari
ukihi
tti
ngthet
argeti
s3/7,
Findthe
probabi
li
tythati
noneattempt;
a.
)Onl
yonehi
tst
het
arget

b.
)Al
lthr
eehi
tthet
arget

c.
)Noneoft
hem hi
tst
het
arget

d.
)Twohi
tthet
arget

e.
)Atl
eastonehi
tst
het
arget

Sol
uti
on
a.
)P(
onl
yonehi
tst
het
arget
)

=P(
onl
yKamauhi
tsandot
hert
womi
ss)=2/
5x3/
5x4/
7
=6/
35
P(
onl
yNj
orogehi
tsandot
hert
womi
ss)=1/
4x3/
5x4/
7
=3/
35
P(
onl
yKar
iuki
hit
sandot
hert
womi
ss) =3/
7x3/
5x¾

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=27/
140
P(
onl
yonehi
ts)=P(
Kamauhi
tsorNj
orogehi
tsorKar
iuki
hit
s)
=6/
35+3/
35+27/
140
=9/
20
b.
)P(al
lthr
eehi
t)=2/
5x1/
4x3/
7

=3/
70
c.
)P(nonehi
ts) =3/
5x3/
4x4/
7

=9/
35
d.
)P(t
wohi
tthet
arget)i
sthepr
obabi
l
ityof;

KamauandNj
orogehi
tthet
argetandKar
iuki
misses=2/
5x3/
7x4/
7
Nj
orogeandKar
iuki
hitt
het
argetandKamaumi
sses=1/
4x3/
7x3/
5

Or

KamauandKar
iuki
hitt
het
argetandNj
orogemi
sses=2/
5x3/
7x3/
4
Ther
efor
eP(
twohi
ttar
get
)=(
2/5x1/
4x4/
7)+(
1/4x3/
7x3/
5)+(
2/5x3/
7x3/
4)
=8/
140+9/
140+18/
140
=¼
e.
)P(
atl
eastonehi
tst
het
arget
)=1–P(nonehi
tst
het
arget
)

=1–9/
35
=26/
35
Or

P(
atl
eastonehi
tst
het
arget
)=1–P(
nonehi
tst
het
arget
)
=26/
35

Not
e;
P(
onehi
tst
het
arget
)isdi
ff
erentf
rom P(
atl
eastonehi
tst
het
arget
)

Tr
eedi
agr
am
Tr
eedi
agr
amsal
l
owsust
oseeal
lthepossi
bleout
comesofanev
entandcal
cul
atet
hei
r

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probali
ty.
Eachbranchi
nat r
eediagr
am r
epresent
sapossi
bleout
come.
Atr
eedi
agr
am whi
ch
representacoi
nbeingt
ossedthr
eeti
meslookli
kethi
s;

Fr
om thetreedi
agram,wecanseethatther
ear eei
ghtpossibleout
comes.Tof i
ndoutthe
pr
obabi
li
tyofapar
ti
cularout
come,
weneedtolookatal
ltheav
ailabl
epaths(
setofbr
anches)
.

Thesum oft
hepr
obabi
l
iti
esf
oranysetofbr
anchesi
sal
way
s1.

Al
sonotet hati
natreediagr
am t
ofi
ndapr
obabi
l
ityofanout
comewemul
ti
plyal
ongt
he
br
anchesandaddver
ti
cal
l
y.

Thepr
obabi
l
ityoft
hreeheadsi
s:

P(
HHH)=1/
2×1/
2×1/
2=1/
8

P(
2HeadsandaTai
l
)=P(
HHT)+P(
HTH)+P(
THH)

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=1/
2×1/
2×1/
2+1/
2×1/
2×1/
2+1/
2×1/
2×1/
2

=1/
8+1/
8+1/
8

=3/
8
Exampl
e
BagAcont
ainst
hreeredmarbl
esandf ourbl
uemarbl
es.
BagBcont
ains5r
edmar
blesandt
hree
bl
uemarbl
es.Amarbl
eist
akenfrom eachbagint
urn.

a.
)Whati
sthepr
obabi
l
ityofget
ti
ngabl
uebeadf
oll
owedbyar
ed
b.
)Whati
sthepr
obabi
l
ityofget
ti
ngabeadofeachcol
or
Sol
uti
on
a.
)Mul
ti
plyt
hepr
obabi
l
iti
est
oget
her
P(bl
ueandr
ed)=4/
7x5/
8=20/
56
=5/
14
b.
)P(
blueandr
edorr
edandbl
ue)=P(bl
ueandr
ed)+P(
redandbl
ue)
=4/
7x5/
8+3/
7x3/
8
=20/
56+9/
56
=29/
56
Exampl
e
Theprobabi
l
ityt
hatOmwerigoestoNakur
uis¼. I
fhegoestoNakuru,t
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hathe
wil
lseefl
amingois½ .
IfhedoesnotgotoNakur
u,thepr
obabi
l
ityt
hathewil
lseef
lami
ngois

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1/
3.Fi
ndt
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hat
;
a.
)Omwer
iwi
l
lgot
oNakur
uandseeaf
lami
ngo.
b.
)Omwer
iwi
l
lnotgot
oNakur
uyethewi
l
lseeaf
lami
ngo
c.
)Omwer
iwi
l
lseeaf
lami
ngo
Sol
uti
on
LetNstandf
orgoingtoNakur
u,N’standf
ornotgoi
ngt
oNakur
u,Fst
andf
orseei
ngaf
lami
ngo
andF’st
andfornotseei
ngafl
amingo.

a.
)P(
Hegoest
oNakur
uandseesaf
lami
ngo)=P(
NandF)
=P(
N)XP(
F)
=¼ X½
=1/
8
b.
)P(Hedoesnotgot
oNakur
uandy
etseesaf
lami
ngo)=P(N’
)XP(F)
=P(
N’andF)
=3/
4X1/
3
=¼
c.
)P(Heseesaf
lami
ngo)=P(
NandF)orP(N’
andF)
=P(
NandF)+P(
N’andF)
=1/
8+1/
4
=3/
8

Endoft
opi
c

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Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Thepr obabi
li
ti
est
hatahusbandandwi
fewi
l
lbeal
i
ve25y
ear
sfr
om nowar
e0.
7and0.
9
respecti
vely
.
Fi
ndt
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hati
n25y
ear
sti
me,
(
a)Bot
hwi llbeali
ve
(
b)Nei
therwi l
lbealive
(
c)Onewillbealive
(
d)Atl
eastonewi l
lbealiv
e
2. Abagcontai
nsbl ue,greenandredpensofthesametypei
ntherat
io8:
2:5r
espect
ivel
y.
Apeni
spickedatr andom withoutr
epl
acementandi
tscol
ournot
ed
(
a) Det
ermi
net
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatt
hef
ir
stpenpi
ckedi
s
(
i) Bl
ue
(
ii
) Ei
thergr
eenorr
ed
(
b) Usi
ngat
reedi
agr
am,
det
ermi
net
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hat
(
i) Thef
ir
stt
wopenspi
ckedar
ebot
hgr
een
(
ii
) Onl
yoneoft
hef
ir
stt
wopenspi
ckedi
sred.
3. A sci
enceclubi
smadeupofboy sandgirl
s.Thecl
ubhas3of
fi
cial
s.Usi
ngat
ree
di
agram orot
her
wisef
indt
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hat
:
(
a)Thecl
ubof
fi
cial
sar
eal
lboy
s
(
b)Twooft
heof
fi
cial
sar
egi
rl
s
4. TwobasketsAandBeachcont ai
nami xt
ureoforangesandlimes,al
lofthesamesize.
BasketAcontai
ns26orangesand13l i
mes.BasketBcontains18orangesand15li
mes.
Achil
dselect
edabasketatrandom andpickedafr
uitatarandom f
rom i
t.
(
a) I
ll
ust
rat
ethi
sinf
ormat
ionbyapr
obabi
l
iti
est
reedi
agr
am
(
b) Fi
ndt
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatt
hef
rui
tpi
ckedwasanor
ange.

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5. Inform 1cl
assthereare22gi
rl
sandboys.Theprobabil
it
yofagi
rlcompl
eti
ngt
he
secondar
yeducat
ioncour
sei
s3wher
east
hatofaboyis2/3

(
a) Ast
udenti
spi
ckedatr
andom f
rom cl
ass.Fi
ndt
hepossi
bil
i
tyt
hat
,
(
i) Thestudentpi
ckedisaboyandwi ll
complet
ethecourse
(
ii
) Thestudentpi
ckedwillcomplet
ethecour
se
(
b) Twost
udentsarepickedatrandom.Fi
ndthepossi
bil
i
tythatt
heyar
eaboy
andagi
rlandt
hatbot
hwi
l
lnotcompl
etet
hecour
se.
6. Thr
eer
epr
esent
ati
vesar
etobesel
ect
edr
andoml
yfr
om agr
oupof7gi
rl
sand8
boy
s.Cal
cul
atet
hepr
obabi
l
ityofsel
ect
ingt
wogi
rl
sandoneboy
.
7. Apoul tr
yfarmerv acci
nated540ofhis720chi ckensagainstadi sease.Twomont hs
l
ater,5%ofthev acci
natedand80%oftheunvaccinatedchi
cken,contractedthedi
sease.
Calculat
etheprobabil
it
ythatachi
ckenchosenrandom contact
edthedi sease.
8. Theprobabi
l
ityofthreedartspl
ayer
sAki
nyi
,Kamau,andJumahi
tt
ingt
hebul
l
sey
ear
e
0.
2,0.
3and1. 5respect
ivel
y.
(
a) Dr
awapr
obabi
l
ityt
reedi
agr
am t
oshowt
hepossi
bleout
comes
(
b) Fi
ndt
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hat
:
(
i) Al
lhi
tthebul
l
’sey
e
(
ii
) Onl
yoneoft
hem hi
tthebul
l
’sey
e
(
ii
i) Atmostonemi
ssedt
hebul
l
’sey
e
9. (
a) Anunbi
asedcoi
nwi
tht
wof
aces,
head(
H)andt
ail
(T)
,ist
ossedt
hree
t
imes,
li
stal
lthepossi
bleout
comes.
Hencedet
ermi
net
hepr
obabi
l
ityofget
ti
ng:
(
i) Atl
eastt
woheads
(
ii
) Onl
yonet
ail
(
b)Duringacer t
ainmot orr al
lyiti
spr edict
edt hattheweatherwi l
lbeeitherdry(D)orwet
7
(W).Thepr obabil
it
yt hattheweat herwi l
lbedr yisest
imat edtobe / 10.Theprobabil
it
y
foradr i
vertocompl ete( C)therallyduringthedryweat herisesti
mat edt obe5/6.The
probabil
i
tyforadr ivertocompl etet herall
yduringwetweat herisestimatedtobe1/ 10.
Compl et
ethepr obabili
tytreedi
agram givenbelow.

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Whati
sthepr
obabi
l
ityt
hat
:
(
i) Thedr
ivercompl
etest
her
all
y?
(
ii
) Theweat
herwaswetandt
hedr
iverdi
dnotcompl
etet
her
all
y?
10. Ther
earethr
eecarsA,BandCinarace.Aist
wiceasl
i
kel
ytowi
nasBwhi
l
eBi
stwi
ce
asli
kel
ytowinasc.Fi
ndt
heprobabi
l
ityt
hat
.
a) Awi
nst
her
ace
b) Ei
therBorCwi
nst
her
ace.
11. I
nthey ear2003,t
hepopulat
ionofacert
aindi
str
ictwas1.
8mi l
li
on.Thirt
ypercentoft
he
popul
ationwasintheagegr oup15–40y ear
s.Inthesamey ear,120,
000peopleint
he
di
stri
ctvisi
tedt
heVolunt
aryCounsel
ingandTesti
ng(VCT)centr
ef oranHIVtest
.
I
faper
sonwassel
ect
edatrandom f
rom t
hedistr
icti
nthi
syear
.Fi
ndthepr
obabi
l
ityt
hat
t
heper
sonvi
sit
edaVCTcentr
eandwasi ntheagegroup15–40year
s.
12. (
a) Twoi
nteger
sxandyar
esel
ect
edatr
andom f
rom t
hei
nteger
s1t
o8.I
fthe
samei
ntegermaybesel
ect
edt
wice,
findt
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hat
(
i) |
x–y |
=2
(
ii
) |
x–y |
is5ormor
e
(
ii
i) x>y
(
b) Adi eisbi
asedsothatwhent
ossed,
theprobabi
l
ityofanumberrshowi
ngup,i
s
givenbyp® =Krwher eKisaconstantandr=1,2,3,
4,
5and6( t
henumberon
thefacesofthedi
e
(
i) Fi
ndt
hev
alueofK
(
ii
) I
fthedi
eist
ossedt
wice,
cal
cul
atet
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatt
het
otal
scor
eis11

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13. TwobagsAandBcontai
nident
icalbal
lsexceptfort
hecolour
s.BagAcont
ains4r
ed
bal
l
sand2yel
l
owbal
ls.BagBcontains2redball
sand3yel
lowball
s.
(
a) I
fabal li
sdrawnatr andom fr
om eachbag,
findt
hepr obabi
l
ityt
hatbot
hbal
l
sar e
ofthesamecol our
.
(
b) I
ft wo ball
s are drawn atr andom fr
om each bag,one ata t i
me wi
thout
repl
acement,f
indthepr obabi
li
tythat
:
(i
) Thetwoballsdrawnf r
om bagAorbagBar ered
(
ii
) Al
lthef
ourbal
l
sdr
awnar
ered

14. Duri
ngi nter– schoolcompetit
ions,f
oot
ballandvol
ley
ballteamsf r
om Mokaguhigh
schooltookpar t
.Theprobabi
l
itythatt
hei
rfoot
bal
landvoll
eyballt
eamswoul
dwi nwere
3 4
/8and /7respecti
vel
y.
Fi
ndt
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hat
(
a) Bot
hthei
rfoot
bal
landv
oll
eybal
lteams
(
b) Atl
eastoneoft
hei
rteamswon

15. Asci
enceclubismadeupof5boy sand7gir
ls.Thecl
ubhas3of
fi
cial
s.Usi
ngat
ree
di
agr
am orother
wisef
indt
hepr
obabil
i
tyt
hat
:
(
a) Thecl
ubof
fi
cial
sar
eal
lboy
s
(
b) Twooft
heof
fi
cial
sar
egi
rl
s

16. ChicksonOny ango’sfarm wer

enot edtohaveeit
herbrownf eather
sbrownorblacktai
l
feather
s.Ofthosewi t
hblackfeather
s2/ 3werefemalewhi e2/
l 5oft
hosewi t
hbr own
feather
sweremal e. Ot i
eno boughttwo chi
cksfrom Ony ango.Onehadbl acktai
l
feather
swhil
et heot herhadbrownf i
ndtheprobabi
l
itythatOtieno’
schickswer
enotof
thesamegender
was
17. Thr
eerepr
esent
ati
vesaretobeselectedr
andoml
yfrom agr
oupof7gi
rl
sand8boy
s.
Cal
cul
atet
heprobabi
l
ityofsel
ect
ingtwogi
rl
sandoneboy
18. Theprobabi
li
tythatamanwinsagameis¾.Hepl
ayst
hegameunt
ilhewi
ns.Det
ermi
ne
thepr
obabil
i
tythathewinsi
nthef
ift
hround.

19. Thepr obabil

i
tythatKamauwi llbeselect
edf orhisschool’
sbasket
ballteam i
s¼.Ifhei s
selectedfort hebasket
ballteam. Thent hepr obabil
it
yt hathewi l
lbesel ect
edf or
footbal s1/
li 3ifheisnotselectedforbasketballthentheprobabi
l
itythatheisselect
ed
forfootbal s4/
li 5.Whati
st hepr obabi
li
tythatKamaui sselectedforatleastoneofthe
twogames?

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20. Twobasket sA andB eachcont ai

nsami xt
ureoforangesandlemons.Basket
sA
contai
ns26orangesand13l emons.Basket
sBcont ai
ns18orangesand15lemons.A
chil
dselect
edabasketatrandom andpickedatrandom afr
uitf
rom i
t.Det
ermi
nethe
probabi
li
tyt
hatt
hefrui
tpi
ckedanor ange.

CHAPTERFI
FTYFI
VE

VECTORS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Locat
eapoi
nti
ntwoandt
hreedi
mensi
onco-
ordi
nat
esy
stems;
(
b)Repr
esentv
ect
orsascol
umnandposi
ti
onv
ect
orsi
nthr
eedi
mensi
ons;
(
c)Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weencol
umnandposi
ti
onv
ect
ors;
(
d)Repr
esentv
ect
orsi
nter
msofi
,j,
andk;
(
e)Cal
cul
atet
hemagni
tudeofav
ect
ori
nthr
eedi
mensi
ons;
(
f)Uset
hev
ect
ormet
hodi
ndi
vi
dingal
i
nepr
opor
ti
onat
ely
;
(
g)Usev
ect
ormet
hodt
oshowpar
all
eli
sm;
(
h)Usev
ect
ormet
hodt
oshowcol
l
inear
it
y;
(
i)St
ateanduset
her
ati
otheor
em,

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(
j)Appl
yvect
ormet
hodsi
ngeomet
ry.
Content
(a)Coor
dinat
esi
ntwoandt
hreedi
mensi
ons
(
b)Col
umnandposi
ti
onv
ect
orsi
nthr
eedi
mensi
ons
(
c)Col
umnv
ect
orsi
nter
msofuni
tvect
orsi
,j,
andk
(
d)Magni
tudeofav
ect
or
(
e)Par
all
elv
ect
ors
(
f)Col
l
inear
it
y
(
g)Pr
opor
ti
onal
div
isi
onofal
i
ne
(
h)Rat
iot
heor
em
(
i)Vect
ormet
hodsi
ngeomet
ry.

Vect
orsi
n3di
mensi
ons:
3dimensi
onalvector
scanberepresent
edonasetof3axesatr
ightangl
est
oeachot
her
(
ort
hogonal
),asshownint
hedi
agram.
Not
ethatt
hezaxi
sist
hev
ert
ical
axi
s.
Togetf
rom At
oBy
ouwoul
dmov
e:
4uni
tsi
nthex-
dir
ect
ion,
(x-
component
)
3uni
tsi
nthey
-di
rect
ion,
(y-
component
)
2uni
tsi
nthez-
dir
ect
ion.(
z-component
)

I
ncomponentf
orm: =

I
ngener
al: = ,

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Col
umnandposi
ti
onv
ect
ors

()
p
Int
hreedi
mensions,
adispl
acementisr
epresentedbacol
umnv
ect
oroft
hef
orm q wher
ep,
q
r
andraret
hechangesinx,
y,
zdir
ect
ionsrespect
ivel
y.
Exampl
e

Thedi
spl
acementf
rom A(3,
1,4)t
oB(7,
2,
6)i
srepr
esent
edbt
hecol
umnv
ect
or
7-
,2-
( ) ()
3 4
1=1
4 2
6-

Theposi
ti
onv
ect
orofAwr
it
tenasOAi
3
()
s 1 wher
4
eOi
stheor
igi
n

Addi
ti
onofv
ect
orsi
nthr
eedi
mensi
onsi
sdonei
nthesamewayast
hati
ntwodi
mensi
ons.
Exampl
e

I
() ( )
3
fa= -
2a
5
-
2
ndb= 8 t
10
hen

i
.)
() ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3a+2b=3-
-2 9
2 +2 8 = -
5
-4 5
6 + 16 = 10
10 15 20 35

i
i
.)
3
4a–½b=4-
2
5
() ( ) ( ) () ( )
-
1
2
-2
8
10
=
12
-8
20
+
1
-
-
5
=
4 -
13
12
15

Col
umnVect
orsi
nter
msofuni
tVect
ors
I
nthr
eedimensi
ontheunitv
ect
orint
hexaxi
sdir
ect
ioni
()
0
s= 1,
0
t
hati
nthedi
rct
ionoft
heyaxi
s

i
()
0
s 1 whi
0
l
ethati
nthedir
ecti
onofz–axi
si
0
()
s 0.
1

Di
agr
ammat
icr
epr
esent
ati
onoft
hev
ect
ors.

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Thr
eeuni
tvect
orsar
ewr
it
tenas;
i
() () ()
1 0
= 0,j= 1 a
0 0
0
ndk0
1

Expr
essv
ect
()
5
or-
2i
7
nt
ermsoft
heuni
tvect
orI,
jandk

Sol
uti
on

( ) () ( ) ()
5
=
5
2 0 -
-
7 0
+
0

0
+
2 0
0

() () ()
1 0 0
5 0 -21 +70
0 0 1
=5i
–2j
+7k

Not
e;

()
a
Thecol
umnv
ect
orbcanbeexpr
essedasai+bj
+ck
c

Magni
tudeofa3di
mensi
onal
vect
or.
2 2 2
Gi
vent
hev
ect
orAB=xi
+yj
+2k,
thent
hemagni
tudeofABi
swr
it
tenas|
AB|
= x+y+z

Thi
sist
hel
engt
hoft
hev
ect
or.
UsePy
thagor
as’
Theor
em i
n3di
mensi
ons.
AB2=AR2+BR2
AP2+PR2)+BR2
=(

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fu=
andi t
hent
hemagni
tudeofu,|
u|=l
engt
hofAB

Di
stancef
ormul
afor3di
mensi
ons

Recal
lthatsi
nce: = ,
theni
f t
hen

Si
ncex=x
B
-x
Aand
y=yB-yAandz-z
B A

Exampl
e:
1.I
fAi
s(1,
3,2)andBi
s(5,
6,4)

Fi
nd

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2.I
f Fi
nd

Sol
uti
on

a.
)

b.
)

Par
all
elv
ect
orsandcol
l
inear
it
y
Par
all
elv
ect
ors
Twovect
orsar
epar
all
eli
fonei
sscal
armul
ti
pleoft
heot
her
.i
.ev
ect
orai
sascal
armul
ti
pleofb
,i
.e.
a=kbt
hent
het
wov
ect
orsar
epar
all
el.

Not
e;
Scal
armul
ti
pli
cat
ioni
ssi
mpl
ymul
ti
pli
cat
ionofar
egul
arnumberbyanent
ryi
nthev
ect
or

Mul
ti
ply
ingbyascal
ar

Avect
orcanbemul t
ipl
i
edbyanumber(
scal
ar)
.e.
g.mul
ti
ply a by3 iswrit
ten as3a.Vect
or
3a hast hr
eet i
mest helengt
hbuti
sinthesamedi rect
ionas a .
Incolumnfor
m,each
componentwil
lbemult
ipl
iedby3.
Wecanal sotakeacommonf act
oroutofavect
ori
ncomponentfor
m.Ifavect
orisascalar
mult
ipleofanot
herv
ector
,thenthetwovect
orsar
epar
all
el,
anddi
ff
eronl
yinmagni
tude.Thi
sis
ausefult
esttoseei
fli
nesareparal
lel
.
Exampl
eif

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Col
l
inearPoi
nts
Point
sarecol
li
nearifonest
rai
ghtl
i
nepassest
hroughallt
hepoint
s.Fort
hreepoi
ntsA,
B,C-i
f
theli
neABisparal
l
el t
oBC,si
nceBiscommontobothl
ines,A,
BandCar ecoll
i
near
.

Testf
orcol
l
inear
it
y

Exampl
e
Ai
s(0,
1,2)
,Bi
s(1,
3,–1)andCi
s(3,
7,–7)Showt
hatA,
BandCar
ecol
l
inear
.

arescal
armul
ti
ples,soABi
spar
all
elt
oBC.
SinceBi
sacommonpoi
nt,t
henA,B
andCar
ecol
l
inear
.
I
ngener
alt
het
estofcol
l
inear
it
yoft
hreepoi
ntsconsi
stsoft
wopar
ts
 Showi
ngt
hatt
hecol
umnv
ect
orsbet
weenanyt
wooft
hepoi
ntsar
epar
all
el
 Showi
ngt
hatt
heyhav
eapoi
nti
ncommon.
Exampl
e
A(
0,3)
,B(
1,5)andC(4,
11)ar
ethr
eegi
venpoi
nts.Showt
hatt
heyar
ecol
l
inear
.
Sol
uti
on
ABandBCar
epar
all
eli
fAB=kBC,
wher
eki
sascal
ar

()() ()
AB=1 -0 = 1
5 3 2 ( )() ()
BC= 4 -1 = 3
11 5 6
Ther
efor
eAB/
/BCandpoi
ntB(
1,5)i
scommon.Ther
efor
eA,
B,andCar
ecol
l
inear
.
Exampl
e
Showt
hatt
hepoi
ntsA(
1,3,
5),
B(4,
12,
20)andCar
ecol
l
inear
.
Sol
uti
on
Consi
derv
ect
orsABandAC

( )( ) ( )
4 1 3
AB= 12 -13 = 9
20 5 15

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( )() ( )
3 1 2
AC= 9 -3 = 6
15 5 10

() ()
2 3
6 =k 9
10 15

2
Hencek=
3
2
AC= AB
3
Ther
efor
eAB/
/AC andt
het
wov
ect
orsshar
eacommonpoi
ntA.
Thet
hreepoi
ntsar
ethus
col
li
near
.
Exampl
e
I
nthef
igur
eabov
eOA=aOB=bandOC=3OB

a.
)Expr
essABandACi
nter
msofaandb
1
b.
)Gi
vent
hatAM =¾ABandAN= AC,
Expr
essOM andOi
nter
msofaandb
2
c.
)Hence,
showt
hatOM andNar
ecol
l
inear
Sol
uti
on

a.
)AB=OA+OB

=-a+b

AC=-a+3b

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b.
)OM =OA+AM
3
=OA+ AB
4
3
=a+ (a+b)
-
4
3 3
=a- a+ b
4 4
1 3
= a+ b
4 4

ON=OA+AN
1
=OA+ AC
2
1
a+ (-a+3b)
2
1 3
a=a- a+ b
2 2
1 3
= a+ b
2 2
a

3 1 k 3k
c.
)OM =kON b+ a= a+ b
4 4 2 2
Compar
ingt
hecoef
fi
cient
sofa;
1 k
=
4 2
1
k=
2
1
Thus,
OM = ON.
2
Thust
wov
ect
orsal
soshar
eacommonpoi
nt,
O.Hence,
thepoi
ntsar
ecol
l
inear
.
Pr
opor
ti
onal
Div
isi
onofal
i
ne
I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow,
thel
i
nei
sdi
vi
dedi
nto7equal
par
ts

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Thepoi
ntRli
es4/7ofthewaysal
ongPQifwetaket
hedi
rect
ionf
rom Pt
oQt
obeposi
ti
ve,
wesayRdiv
idesPQi
nternal
l
yint
herat
io4:3.
.

I
fQtoPist
akenasposi
ti
ve,
thenRdi
vi
desQPi
nter
nal
l
yint
her
ati
o3:4.
Hence,
QR:RP=3:
4or,
4QR=3RP.

Ext
ernal
Div
isi
on
Ini
nter
naldi
visi
onwelookatthepoi
ntwi
thi
nagi
veni
nter
valwhi
l
einext
ernaldi
vi
sionwel
ook
atpoi
ntsout
sideagi
venint
erv
al,
I
nthef
igur
ebel
owpoi
ntPi
spr
oducedonAB

Thel
ineABi
sdivi
dedint
othreeequalpar
tswithBPequalt
otwoofthesepar
ts.I
fthedi
rect
ion
fr
om AtoBi
stakenasposi
ti
ve,t
henthedirect
ionf
rom Pt
oBisnegat
ive.
ThusAP:PB=5:- 2.
Inthi
scasewesayt
hatPdi
vi
desABext
ernal
l
yint
her
ati
o5:-
2orP
di
videsABi
nther
ati
o5: -
2.

Poi
nts,
Rat
iosandLi
nes
Fi
ndt
her
ati
oinwhi
chapoi
ntdi
vi
desal
i
ne.

Exampl
e:
Thepoi
ntsA(
2,–3,4)
,B(
8,3,1)andC(
12,7,–1)f
orm ast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.Fi
ndt
her
ati
oinwhi
chB
di
vi
desAC. Sol
uti
on

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Bdi
vi
desACi
nrat
ioof3:
2

Poi
ntsdi
vi
dingl
i
nesi
ngi
venr
ati
os.

Exampl
e:
Pdi
vi
desABi
nther
ati
o4:
3.I
fAi
s(2,
1,–3)andBi
s(16,
15,
11)
,fi
ndt
heco-
ordi
nat
esofP.

Sol
uti
on:

p–a)=4(
 3( b–p)
3p–3a=4b–4p
7p=4b+3a

Poi
ntsdi
vi
dingl
i
nesi
ngi
venr
ati
osext
ernal
l
y.
Exampl
e:
Qdi
vi
desMN ext
ernal
l
yint
her
ati
oof3:
2.M i
s(–3,–2,–1)andN i
s(0,–5,2)
.Fi
ndt
heco-

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or
dinat
esofQ.
NotethatQNisshownas–2becauset
het
wol
i
nesegment
sar
eMQandQN,andQNi
sint
he
opposi
tedir
ect
iont
oMQ.

q–m)=3(
 –2( n–q)
–2q +2m =3n–3q
q =3n–2m

Pi
sP(
10,
9,5)

TheRat
ionTheor
em

Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsapoi
ntSwhi
chdi
vi
desal
i
neABi
nther
ati
om :
n

Taki
nganypointOasor
igi
n,wecanexpr
esssi
nter
msofaandbt
heposi
tonv
ect
orsof
aandbrespecti
vel
y.
OS=OA+AS
m
ButAS= AB
m+n

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m
Ther
efor
e,OS=OA+ AB
m+n
m
ThusS=a+ (-a+b)
m+n

m m
=a- a+ b
m+n m+n

m m
=(
1- )a+ b
m+n m+n

m+n-m m
=( )
a+ b
m+n m+n

n m
= a+ b
m+n m+n

Thi
siscal
ledt
herat
iot
heorem.Thet
heorem st
atest
hattheposi
ti
onv
ect
orssofapoi
nt
whi
chdivi
desali
neABintherat
iom:ni
sgivenbythefor
mula;
n m
S= a+ b,whereaandbareposi
tonv
ect
orsofAandBr
espect
ivel
y.Not
ethat
m+n m+n
n m
t
hesum ofco-
ordi
nates and =1
m+n m+n
Thus,
i
ntheabov
eexampl
eift
her
ati
om :
n=5:
3
Thenm =5andn=3
3 3
OR= a+ b
5+3 5+3
3 3
Thus,
r= a+ b
8 8
Exampl
e
Apoi
ntRdi vi
desalineQRexter
nall
yintherat
io7:3.I
fqandrareposi
ti
onv
ect
orsofpoi
ntQ
andRrespect
ivel
y,f
indt
heposit
ionvect
orofpint
ermsofqandr
.
Sol
uti
on

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Wet
akeanypoi
ntOast
heor
igi
nandj
oini
ttot
hepoi
ntsQ,
RandPasshownbel
ow

QP:
PR=7:
-3
Subst
it
uti
ngm =7andn=-
3int
hegener
alf
ormul
ae;
-
3 7
OP= q+ r
7+(-
3) 7+(-
3)
-
3 7
P= q+ r
4 4
Vect
orscanbeusedt
odet
ermi
net
her
ati
oinwhi
chapoi
ntdi
vi
dest
wol
i
nesi
ftheyi
nter
sect

Exampl
e
I
nthebel
owOA=aandOB=B. Apoi
ntPdi
videsOAint
her
ati
o3:
1andanot
herpoi
ntOdi
vi
des
ABint
herat
io2:
5.I
fOQmeet
sBPatM Determine:
a.
)OM :
MQ
b.
)BM :
MP

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LetOM :MQ=k: (1–k)andBM –MP=n:

(1–n)
Usingtherati
otheor
em
5 2
OQ= a+ b
7 7
OM=kOQ
=k a(
5 2
+ b
7 7 )
Alsobyrati
otheorem;
OM =nOP+(1–n)OB
3
ButOP= a
4
3
Therefor
e, OM =n(a )+(1-
n)b
4

Equat
ingt
het
woexpr
essi
ons;

(5 2
k a
7 7
3
4) ()
+ b =n a +(1-
n)b
Compar
ingt
heco-
eff
ici
ent
s
5 3
k= n……….
.
1
7 4
2
k=1-n…….
.
2
7

21 10
k= andn=
25 13
10 3
Ther
ati
oBM: MP= :
13 13

=10:
3

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Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher,
fri
endsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c

1. Thef
igur
ebelowisari
ghtpy
rami
dwi
thar
ect
angul
arbaseABCDandVOast
hehei
ght
.
Thev
ectorsAD=a,AB=bandDV=v

a)Ex
press
(i
) AVi
nter
msofaandc

(
ii
) BVi
nter
msofa,
bandc

(
b)M i
spoi
ntonOVsucht
hatOM:
MV=3:
4,Expr
essBM i
nter
msofa,
bandc.

Si
mpl
i
fyy
ouranswerasf
araspossi
ble

2. I
ntr
iangl
eOAB,
OA=aOB=bandPl
i
esonABsucht
hatAP:
BP=3.
5

(
b)Fi
ndt
hetermsofaandbt
hev
ect
ors
(i
) AB
(i
i
) AP
(i
i
i) BP
(i
v) OP

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(
c)Poi
ntQ i
sonOPsuchAQ=-
5+9
8a40b

Fi
ndt
her
ati
oOQ:
QP

3. Thefi
gur
ebelow showstr
iangl
eOABinwhi chM di
vi
desOAi
nther
ati
o2:3andN
di
vi
desOB i
ntherati
o4:
1ANandBM int
ersectatX

(
a)Gi
vent
hatOA=aandOB=b,
expr
essi
nter
msofaandb:

(
i) AN

(
ii
) BM

(
b)I
fAX=sANandBX=t
BM,
wher
esandtar
econst
ant
s,wr
it
etwoexpr
essi
ons

f
orOXi
nter
msofa,
bsandt

Fi
ndt
hev
alueofs

Hencewr
it
eOXi
nter
msofaandb

4. Theposi
tionvect
orsforpoi
ntsPandQar e4I+3j+6j+6kr espect
ivel
y.Expr
ess
vect
orPQi nt
ermsofunitvector
sI,jandk.Hencef
indt
hel
engt
hofPQ,l eavi
ngyour
answeri
nsimpli
fi
edsurdfor
m.

5. I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow,
vect
orOP=PandOR=r orOS=2randOQ=3/
.Vect 2p.

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a) Expr
essi
nter
msofpandr(
i)QRand(
ii
)PS

b) Theli
nesQRandPSi nt
ersectatKsuchthatQK=m QRandPK=nPS,wherem
andnarescal
ars.Fi
ndtwodi st
inctexpr
essi
onsf
orOKinter
msofp,
r,
m andn.
Hencefi
ndt
hevaluesofm andn.

c) St
atet
her
ati
oPK:
KS

6. Poi
ntTi
sthemi
dpoi
ntofast r
aightl
ineAB.Gi
ventheposi
ti
onvect
orsofAandTar
ei-
j
+kand2i
+1½krespect
ivel
y,f
indtheposi
ti
onvect
orofBinter
msofi ,
jandk

7. Apoi ntRdivi
desal i
nePQint
ernal
lyi
nther
ati
on3:
4.Anotherpoi
ntS,di
vi
dest
helinePR
exter
nall
yint herat
ion5:
2.Gi
venthatPQ=8cm,calcul
atethel
engt
hofRS,cor
rectto2
decimalplaces.

8. Thepoint
sP,Q,RandShaveposit
ionvector
s2p,3p,rand3rr
espect
ivel
y,r
elat
ivet
oan
ori
ginO.Apoi
ntTdi
videsPSi
nter
nall
yintherat
io1:
6

(
a) Fi
nd,
int
hesi
mpl
estf
orm,
thev
ect
orsOTandQTi
nter
mspandr

(
b) (
i) Showt
hatt
hepoi
ntsQ,
T,andRl
i
eonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne

(
ii
) Det
ermi
net
her
ati
oinwhi
chTdi
vi
desQR

9. Twopoi
ntsPandQhav
ecoor
dinat
es(
-2,3)and(
1,3)r
espect
ivel
y.At
ransl
ati
onmap
poi
ntPt
oP’(10,
10)

(
b)Fi
ndt hecoor
dinatesofQ’t
heimageofQundert
het
ransl
ati
on
(
c)Theposit
ionvectorofPandQ i
n(a)abov
earepandqrespect
ivel
ygi
vent
hatmp–
nq=-12
9

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Fi
ndt
hev
alueofm andn

10. Gi
vent +1/
hatqi 3j+2/
3ki
sauni
tvect
or,
findq

11. I
nt he di
agram bel
ow,the coor
dinates ofpoi
nts A and B ar
e(1,6)and (
15,6)
r
espect
ivel
y).Poi
ntNisonOBsucht hat3ON=2OB.Li neOAi spr
oducedt
oLsucht
hat
OL=3OA

(
a)Fi
ndv
ect
orLN

(
b)Gi
vent
hatapoi
ntM i
sonLNsucht
hatLM:MN=3:4,
findt
hecoor
dinat
esofM

(
c)I
fli
neOM i
spr
oducedt
oTsucht
hatOM:
MT=6:
1

(
i) Fi
ndt
heposi
ti
onv
ect
orofT

(
ii
) Showt
hatpoi
ntsL,
TandBar
ecol
l
inear

12. I
nthefi
gur
ebelow,
OQ=qandOR=r .PointXdivi
desOQi
nther
ati
o1:2andYdi
vi
des
ORint
herat
io3:4l
inesXR andYQi
ntersectatE.

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(
a)Ex
pressi
nter
msofqandr
(
i) XR

(
ii
) YQ

(
b)I
fXE=m XRandYE=nYQ,
expr
essOEi
nter
msof
:

(
i) r
,qandm

(
ii
) r
,qandn

(
c)Usi
ngt
her
esul
tsi
n(b)abov
e,f
indt
hev
aluesofm andn.

13. Vect
orqhasamagni
tudeof7andi
spar
all
elt
ovect
orp.Gi
vent
hat

p=3i
–j+1½k,
expr
essv
ect
orqi
nter
msofi
,j
,andk.

14. Int
hefi
gur
ebelow,OA=3i+3jABDOB=8i–j .Cisapoi
ntonABsucht
hatAC:
CB3:
2,
andD i
sapoi
ntsuchthatOB/
/CD and2OB=CD(T17)

Det
ermi
net
hev
ect
orDAi
nter
msofIandj

15. I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow,
KLMNi
sat
rapezi
um i
nwhi
chKLi
spar
all
elt
oNM andKL=3NM

Gi
vent
hatKN=w,
NM =uandML=v
.Showt
hat2u=v+w

16. Thepoi
ntsP,QandRli
eonast rai
ghtli
ne.Theposit
ionvectorsofPandRare2i+3j+
13kand5i–3j+4kr
espect
ivel
y;Qdiv
idesSRint
ernal
lyintherati
o2:1.Fi
ndt
he

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(
a)Posi
ti
onv
ect
orofQ

(
b)Di
stanceofQf
rom t
heor
igi
n

17. Co-
ordi
natesofpointsO,P,QandRare(
0,0)
,(3,4)
,(11,6)and(8,2)respect
ivel
y.A
poi
ntTissuchthatthevect
orOT,
QPandQRsati
sfyt
hev ect
orequat
ionOT=QP½QT.
Fi
ndthecoordi
natesofT.

18. I
nthef
igur
ebel
owOA=a,
OB=b,
AB=BCandOB:
BD=3:
1

(
a) Det
ermi
ne

(
i) ABi
nter
msofaandb

(
ii
) CD,
int
ermsofaandb

(
b) I
fCD:
DE=1kandOA:
AE=1m det
ermi
ne

(
i) DEi
nter
msofa,
bandk

(
ii
) Thev
aluesofkandm

19. Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsagr
idofequal
l
yspacedpar
all
ell
i
nes

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AB=aandBC=b

(
a) Expr
ess

(
i) ACi
nter
msofaandb

(
ii
) ADi
nter
msofaandb

(
b) Usi
ngt
ri
angl
eBEP,
expr
essBPi
nter
msofaandb

oducedatXandPR=1/ 8
(
c) PRpr
oducedmeet
sBApr 9b– /3a

Bywrit
ingPXaskPRandBXashBAandusi
ngt
het
ri
angl
eBPXdet
ermi
net
he
rat
ioPR:RX

20. Theposi
ti
onv
ect
orsofpoi
ntsxandyar
ex=2i+j–3kandy=3i+2j–2kr
espect
ivel
y.
Fi
ndXY

2.Gi
venthatX=2i+j-2K,y=-3i+4j–kandz=5i+3j+2kandt
hatp=3x–y+2z,f
indt
he
magni
tudeofv
ectorpto3si
gnif
icantf
igur
es.
CHAPTERFIFTYSIX

MATRI
XANDTRANS
FORMATI
ON

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Rel
atei
mageandobj
ectunderagi
vent
ransf
ormat
ionont
heCar
tesi
an
Pl
ane;
(
b)Det
ermi
net
hemat
ri
xofat
ransf
ormat
ion;
(
c)Per
for
m successi
vet
ransf
ormat
ions;
(
d)Det
ermi
neandi
dent
if
yasi
ngl
emat
ri
xforsuccessi
vet
ransf
ormat
ion;
(
e)Rel
atei
dent
it
ymat
ri
xandt
ransf
ormat
ion;
(
f)Det
ermi
net
hei
nver
seofat
ransf
ormat
ion;
(
g)Est
abl
i
shanduset
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenar
eascal
efact
oranddet
ermi
nantofa

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mat
ri
x;
(
h)Det
ermi
neshearandst
ret
cht
ransf
ormat
ions;
(
i)Def
ineanddi
sti
ngui
shi
somet
ri
candnon-
isomet
ri
ctr
ansf
ormat
ion;
(
j)Appl
ytr
ansf
ormat
iont
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.
Content
(a)Transf
ormat
ionont
heCar
tesi
anpl
ane
(
b)I
dent
if
icat
ionoft
ransf
ormat
ionmat
ri
x
(
c)Successi
vet
ransf
ormat
ions
(
d)Si
ngl
emat
ri
xoft
ransf
ormat
ionf
orsuccessi
vet
ransf
ormat
ions
(
e)I
dent
it
ymat
ri
xandt
ransf
ormat
ion
(
f)I
nver
seofat
ransf
ormat
ions
(
g)Ar
eascal
efact
oranddet
ermi
nantofamat
ri
x
(
h)Shearandst
ret
ch(
incl
udet
hei
rmat
ri
ces)
(
i)I
somet
ri
candnon-
isomet
ri
ctr
ansf
ormat
ions
(
j)Appl
i
cat
ionoft
ransf
ormat
iont
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Mat
ri
cesoft
ransf
ormat
ion
At
ransf
ormat
ionchanget
heshape,
posi
ti
onorsi
zeofanobj
ectasdi
scussedi
nbookt
wo.
Pr
e–mul
ti
pli
cat
ionofany2x1col
umnv
ect
orbya2x2mat
ri
xresul
tsi
na2x1col
umnv
ect
or
Exampl
e

[-31 42][-71]=[1-97]
I
fthevect
-[]
or7 i
1
st houghtofasapposi
ti
onv ect
ort
hati
stomeant
hati
tisr
epr
esent
ingt
he
poi
ntswi
thcoor
dinates(7,
-1)t
othepoi
nt(17,
-9).

Not
e;
The t
ransf
ormat
ion matr
ix has an ef
fecton each poi
ntoft he pl
an.Let
’s make T a
tr
ansf
ormati
onmatri []
7
xT ThenTmapspoi
-
1
nt
s(x,y)ont
oimagepoint
1 1
sx ,
y

[]
1

[]
x x
Ty → 1
y

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[][ ] []
1
x3 4 x
y- = 1
1 2 y

= [ ]
3x
-
1x
+4y
+2y

Fi
ndi
ngt
heMat
ri
xoft
ransf
ormat
ion
Theobj
ect
ivei
stof
indt
hemat
ri
xofgi
vent
ransf
ormat
ion.
Exampl
es
Findthematri
xoftr
ansf
ormati
onoft
ri
anglePQRwi thvert
icesP( 1,3)Q(
3,3)andR(
2,5)
.The
ndR( 5)
1 1 1
vert
icesoft
heimageofthet
ri
angl sP(
esi 1,
-3),
Q( 3,
-3)a 2,
- .
Sol
uti
on

Lett
hemat
ri
xoft
het
ransf
ormat
ionbe a b
c d ( )
( )
a b
c d ( )(
P Q R P1 Q1 R1
1 3 2= 1 3 2
3 3 5 -3 -3 -5
)
(ac++33db 33ac++33db 22ac++55db)=(-13 -33 -25)
Equat
ingt
hecor
respondi
ngel
ement
sandsol
vi
ngsi
mul
taneousl
y
a+3b=1
3a+3b=3
2a=2
a=1a
ndb=0

c+3d=-
3
3c+3d=-
3
2c=0
c=0a
ndd=-
1andd=-
1

t
het
ransf
ormat
ionmat
ri
xis1 0
0 -
1( )
Exampl
e
Atrapezi
um wit
hv er
ti
cesA( 1,4)B( 3,
1)C( 5,1)and D(
7,4)i
smappedontoatrapezi
um whose
C( 5),
1 1 1 1
ver
ti eA(
cesar -
4,1),
B( -
1,3) , -
1, D( -
4,7).
Descri
bethetr
ansf
ormat
ionandfi
nditsmatr
ix

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Sol
uti
on

Lett
hemat
ri
xoft
het
ransf
ormat
ionbe a b
c d( )
( )( )( )
1 1 1
A B CD A B CD1
a b
1 3 57 = -
4 -
1 -
1-4
c d
4 1 14 1 3 57
Equat
ingt
hecor
respondi
ngel
ement
sweget
;
a+4b= -4 c+4d=1
3a+b=-
1 3c+d=3

uat
ionssi
mul
teneousl
y
3a+12b= -12
3a+b= -1

11b=-
11 henceb=-
1ora=0
3c+12d=3
3c+d=3
11d=0
d=0 c=1=1

emat
ri
xoft
het
ransf
ormat
ioni
sther
ef e0 -
or 1
1 0 ( )
Thet
ransf
ormat
ioni
sposi
ti
vequar
tert
urnaboutt
heor
igi
n

Not
e;
Underanytransf
ormati
onrepr esentedbya2x2mat rix,
theorigi
nisinvar
iant
,meaningi
tdoes
notchangei
tsposit
ion.
Thereforeifthetr
ansf
ormt
ionisar ot
ati
onitmustbeabouttheori
ginor
i
fthet r
ansf
ormati
onisr ef
lectionitmustbeonamirr
orli
newhi chpasssesthr
oughtheori
gin.

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Theuni
tsquar
e

Theuni tsquareABCD withver

ticesA (
0,0),
B(1,0),
C( 1) a
1, ndD(0,1)hel
psust ogetthe
transfor
mat i
on ofa gi
ven mat
ri
xand also t
oi dent
if
ywhatt r
asf
ormati
on a gi
ven mat
ri
x
represent.
Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hei
magesofIandJundert
het
rasf
ormat
ionwhosemat
ri
xis;

a) (25 34)

b) (-41 65)

Sol
uti
on

( )( )
1 1
I J I J
a) ( )
2 3
5 4
1 0=2 3
0 1 5 4

( )( )
1 1
I J I J
b)
-
( )
1 6
4 5
1 0=-
1 6
0 1 4 5

NOTE;
Thei
magesofIandJundert
ransf
ormat
ionr
epr
esent
edbyany2x2mat
ri
xi.
e.,a b ar
c d
e ( )
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ndJ( d)
1 1
a,
I( c
)a b,

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hemat
ri
xofr
efl
ect
ioni
nthel
i
ney=0orxaxi
s.
Sol
uti
on
Usingauni
tsquar
etheimageofB i
s(1,0)andDi
s(0,-
1).
Ther
efor
e,t
hemat
ri
xoft
he
tr
ansfor
mat
ioni
s ( )
1
0 -
0
1

Exampl
e
Show onadiagr
am t
heuni
tsquar
eandi
timageundert
het
ransf
ormat
ionr
epr
esent
edbyt
he
matr
i( )
x 1 4
0 1
Sol
uti
on
Usi
ngaunitsquar
e,thei
mageofIi s
(1,0),t
heimageofJi s(4,1) ,
the
i
mageofOi s(0,0)andthatofK is

() ( )
1
k K
( )
1 4
0 1
1= 5
1 1
1
The
ref
or K,
e, t
hei
mag
eofKi
s(5,
1)

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Successi
vet
ransf
ormat
ions
The pr ocess ofper
forming t
wo ormor et r
ansfor
mati
ons i
n orderis cal
l
ed successi
ve
transformati
onegperformingtransf
ormat
ionH foll
owedbytransf
ormati
onY iswr i
tt
enas
foll
owsYHori fA,bandCar etransfor
mati
ons;thenABC meansperf
orm Cfir
st,
thenBand
fi
nallyA, i
nthator
der
.
Themat
ri
cesl
i
stedbel
owal
lper
for
m di
ff
erentr
otat
ions/
ref
lect
ions:
Thi
stransfor
mati
onmatri
xisthei
denti
tymatri
x.Whenmult
ipl
yi
ngbythi
smatr
ix,t
hepoi
nt
matr
ixisunaff
ect
edandt
henewmatri
xisexact
lyt
hesameasthepoi
ntmat
ri
x.

[10 01]
[10 01][43]=[((44xx10))++((33xx10))]=[43]

Thi
str
ansformati
onmat r
ixcreat
esar efl
ect
ioninthex-
axi
s.Whenmulti
ply
ingbyt
hismat
ri
x,t
he
xco-
ordi
nateremainsunchanged,buttheyco-or
dinat
echangessi
gn.

[10 -01]
[10 -01][43]=[((44xx01))++((33xx-01))]=[-43]

Thi
stransformati
onmat r
ixcreat
esar efl
ect
ioninthey-
axi
s.Whenmulti
ply
ingbyt
hismat
ri
x,t
he
yco-
ordinateremainsunchanged,butthexco-or
dinat
echangessi
gn.

[-01 01]
[-01 01][43]=[((44xx-10))++((33xx10))]=[-34]
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Thistr
ansfor
mati
onmat r
ixcr
eat
esarotati
onof180degrees.Whenmulti
ply
ingbyt
hismat
ri
x,
thepointmatr
ixi
srot
ated180degr
eesaround(
0,0)
.Thischangesthesi
gnofbotht
hexandy
co-or
dinat
es.

[-01 -01]
[-01 -01][43]=[((44xx-10))++((33xx10))]=[--43]

Thi
str
ansformati
onmatr
ixcreat
esareflect
ioni
ntheli
ney =x.Whenmul
tipl
yi
ngbythismatr
ix,
t
hexco-
ordinat
ebecomestheyco-or
dinateandt
hey-or
dinatebecomest
hexco-or
dinate.

[01 10]
[01 10][43]=[((44xx01))++((33xx01))]=[34]

Thist
ransf
ormat
ionmatri
xrot
atesthepoi
ntmatr
ix90degreesclockwise.Whenmul
ti
ply
ingby
thi
smatri
x,t
hepointmat
ri
xisrot
ated90degr
eesclockwi
searound(0,0).

[-01 10]
[-01 10][43]=[((44xx-01))++((33xx01))]=[-34]

Thi
stransf
ormati
onmatri
xrotat
esthepointmat
ri
x90degreesanti
-cl
ockwi
se.Whenmul
ti
ply
ing
byt
hismatrix,
thepoi
ntmatr
ixisrot
ated90degr
eesant
i-
clockwi
searound(0,
0).

[01 -01]

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[01 -01][43]=[((44xx-01))++((33xx01))]=[-43]

Thi
stransf
ormati
onmat ri
xcreat
esarefl
ect
ioni
ntheli
ney
=-x.Whenmul
ti
ply
ingbythi
smatr
ix,
thepointmatr
ixisr ef
lect
edi nthel
iney=-xchangi
ngt
hesignsofbothco-or
dinat
esand
swappingt
hei
rvalues.

[-01 -01]
[-01 -01][43]=[((44xx-01))++((33xx-01))]=[-43]
I
nver
semat
ri
xtr
ansf
ormat
ion
At
ransf
ormat
ionmat
ri
xthatmapsani
magebackt
otheobj
ecti
scal
l
edani
nver
seofmat
ri
x.

Not
e;
1
IfAisatransfor
mati
onwhichmapsanobjectTontoanimageT,t
henatransf
ormati
ont
hat
1 -
1
canmap T backtoTiscal
l
edthei
nver
seofthet
ransf
ormat
ionA,wr
itt
enasimageA .

I
fRisaposit
ivequar
tertur
naboutt
heor
igi
nthemat
ri
xf s0 -
orRi 1 andt
1 0
hemat
ri
xf
-
1
( )
orR is

( )
-
0 1 henceR-1R=R-1R=1
1 0
Exampl
e
Ti
satri
angl
ewi
thv
ert
icesA(
2,4)
,B(
1,2)andC(
4,2)
.Si
sat
ransf
ormat
ionr
epr
esent
edbyt
he

( )
1 1
mat
ri
x 1
0
2
1
a)Dr
awTandi
tsi
mageT undert
het
ransf
ormat
ionS
b)Fi
ndt
hemat
ri
xoft
hei
nver
seoft
het
ransf
ormat
ionS
Sol
uti
on

( )
1 1
a)Usi
ngt
ransf
ormat
ionmat
ri
xS= 1
0
2

( )( ) ( )
1 1 A B C A1 B1 C1
1 2 1 4= 6 3 6
0
2 4 2 2 2 1 1

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b)Lett
hei
nver
seoft
het
ransf
ormat
ionmat
rxbea b.Thi
i
c d ( )
scanbedonei
nthef
oll
owi
ng
ways
-
1
I
. SS=1

( )(
1 1
Ther
ef ea b
or
c d0 ( )
1=
2
1 0
0 1 )
Equat
ingcor
respondi
ngel
ement
sandsol
vi
ngsi
mul
taneousl
y;
a=1,
b=-
2,c=0a
ndd=20a
ndd=2

(ac db)=(10 -22)

-1
( )
S =1 -
2
0 2

( )( )
1 1 1
A B C A B C
I
I. ( )
a b
c d 6 3 6
= 2 1 4
4 2 2
2 1 1

a=1,
b=-
2,c=0a
ndd=2

-1
( )
S =1 -
2
0 2

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Ar
eaScal
eFact
orandDet
ermi
nantofMat
ri
x
Ther
ati
oofar
eaofi
maget
oar
eaobj
ecti
sthear
eascal
efact
or(
A.S.
F)
ar
eaofimage
Ar
escal
efact
or=
ar
eaofobj
ect
Ar
eascalef
actori
snumer i
cal
l
yequalt
othedet
ermi
nant
.Ift
hedet
ermi
nanti
snegat
ivey
ou
si
mpl
yignor
ethenegat
ivesi
gn.
Exampl
e
Ar
eaoft
heobj
ecti
s4cm andt
hatofi
magei
s36cm f
indt
hear
eascal
efact
or.
Sol
uti
on
36
=9
4

I
fithasamat
rxof-
i ( )
3 0t
0 -
3
hede
ter
mina
nti
s9-0= 9he
ncee
qua
ltoA.
S.
F

Shearandst
ret
ch
Shear
Thet
ransf
ormat
iont
hatmapsanobj
ect(
inor
ange)t
oit
simage(
inbl
ue)i
scal
l
edashear

Theobjecthassamebaseandequalhei
ght
s.Ther
efor
e,t
hei
rar
easar
eequal
.Underanyshear
,
areai
salwaysinvar
iant(f
ixed)
Asheari
sful
l
ydescr
ibedbygi
vi
ng;
a.
)Thei
nvar
iantl
i
ne
b.
)Apoi
ntnotont
hei
nvar
iantl
i
ne,
andi
tsi
mage.
Exampl
e
AshearXaxi
sinv
ari
ant

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Exampl
e
AshearYaxi
sinv
ari
ant

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Not
e;

Shearwit
h x axisinvar
ianti
srepresent
1
ed by a mat
ri
x oft
he f
or ( )
m 1 k undert
0 1
his
tr
asnsf
ormat
ion,J(0,1)i
smappedontoJ( k,
1).

Likewiseashearwi
th y–axisi
nvari
antisrepresent
edbyamat
ri
xoft
hef
orm(1 0).under
k 1
1
thistr
ansf
ormati
on,
,I(
0,1)i
smappedontoI( 1,
k).

St
ret
ch
Ast
retchi
sat r
ansformati
onwhichenl
argesal
ldi
stancei
napar
ti
cul
ardi
rect
ionbyaconst
ant
f
act
or.Astr
etchisdescr
ibedf
ull
ybygiv
ing;

 Thescal
efact
or

 Thei
nvar
iantl
i
ne

Not
e;
i
.)
IfKi
sgr
eat
ert
han1,
thent
hisr
eal
l
yisast
ret
ch.
i
i
.)I
fki
slesst
hanone1,
iti
sasqui
shbutwest
il
lcal
li
tast
ret
ch
i
i
i.
)I
fk=1,
thent
hist
ransf
ormat
ioni
sreal
l
ythei
dent
it
yi.
e.i
thasnoef
fect
.
Exampl
e
Usi
ngauni
tsquar
e,f
indt
hemat
ri
xoft
hest
ret
chwi
thyaxi
sinv
ari
antadscal
efact
or3
Sol
uti
on

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Thei
1
sI(1,
mageofIi 0)a
ndt
hei
mag
eofJi
s(0,
1)t
her
efor
ethemat
ri
xoft
hest
ret s3 0
chi
0 1 ( )
Not
e;

Themat
ri
xoft
hestr
etchwiththey-
axi
sinvari
antandscal
efact
orki ( )
s k 0 andt
0 1
hemat
ri
xofa

st
ret
chwit
hx–axi
sinvar
iantandscal
efactorki ( )
s k 0
0 1

I
somet
ri
candNon-I
somet
ri
cTr
ansf
ormat
ion
Isometr
ictransfor
mat i
onsarethoseinwhichtheobj
ectandt
hei
magehav
ethesameshape
andsize(congruent)e.
g.r
otat
ion,r
efl
ect
ionandtr
ansl
ati
on
Non-isomet
ri
ct r
ansf
ormati
onsarethosei
nwhi
cht
heobj
ectandt
hei
magear
enotcongr
uent
e.
g.,
shearst
retchandenl
argement
Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Mat
ri
xpi
sgi
venby 1 2
4 3
(
a) ndP-1
Fi
(
b) Twoi
nst
it
uti
ons,
Eli
muandSomo,
pur
chasebeansatKshs.Bperbagand
maizeatKshsm perbag.Eli
mupurchased8bagsofbeansand14bagsof
maizeforKshs47,
600.Somopur
chased10bagsofbeansand16ofmai
zef
or
Kshs.57,
400
(
c) Thepri
ceofbeanslat
erwentupby5% andt hatofmaizeremainedconstant
.
El
imuboughtthesamequanti
tyofbeansbutspentthesamet otalamountof
moneyasbef
oreonthetwoi
tems.St
atethenewrati
oofbeanstomai ze.
2. At
ri
angl
eisf
ormedbyt
hecoor
dinat
esA(
2,1)B(
4,1)andC(
1,6)
.Iti
srot
ated
cl
ockwi
set
hrough900aboutt
heor
igi
n.Fi
ndt
hecoor
dinat
esoft
hisi
mage.
3. Ont
hegr
idpr
ovi
dedont
heopposi
tepageA(
1,2)B(
7,2)C(
4,4)D(
3,4)i
sat
rapezi
um

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(
a) ABCDi
smappedont
oA’
B’C’
D’byaposi
ti
vequar
tert
urn.Dr
awt
hei
mageA’
B’C’
Dont
he
gr
id
(
b) At
ransf
ormat
ion-
2-1 mapsA’
B’C’
D ont
oA”
B”C”
D”Fi
ndt
hecoor
dinat
es
0 1 ofA”
B”C”
D”
4. Atri
angl
eTwhosevert
icesar
eA( 2,3)B(5,3)andC(4,1)i
smappedont
otr
i eT1
angl
1 1 1
whosever
ti
cesar
eA (-
4,3)B (-
1,3)andC (x,
y)bya
Tr
ansf
ormat
ionM = a b
c d
a) Fi
ndt
he: (
i) Mat
ri
xM oft
het
ransf
ormat
ion
(
ii
) Coor
dinat
esofC1
b) Tr
i eT2i
angl sthei
mageoft
ri eT1underar
angl efl
ect
ioni
nthel
i
ney=x.
Fi
ndasi
ngl
emat
ri
xthatmapsTandT2
5. Tri
angl
esABCissuchthatAis(2,
0),B(
2,4),C(
4,4)andA”
B”C”i
ssucht
hatA”i
s(0,
2),
B”(-
4–10)andC“ i
s(-
4,-12)ar
edrawnontheCar
tesi
anpl
ane
Tr
iangl
eABCi
smappedont
oA”
B”C”byt
wosuccessi
vet
ransf
ormat
ions
R= a b
c d Fol
l
owedby P= 0 -
1
-
1 0
(
a) Fi
ndR
(
b) Usi
ngt
hesamescal
eandaxes,
drawt
ri
angl
esA’
B’C’
,thei
mageoft
ri
angl
eABC

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undert
ransf
ormat
ionR
Descr
ibef
ull
y,t
het
ransf
ormat
ionr
epr
esent
edbymat
ri
xR
6. Tr
iangl
eABCi
sshownont
hecoor
dinat
espl
anebel
ow

(
a) Gi
vent
hatA(
-6,
5)i
smappedont
oA(
6,-
4)byashearwi
thy
-axi
sinv
ari
ant
(i
) Drawtri
angl
eA’
B’C’
,t
hei mageoftri
angl
eABCundertheshear
(i
i
) Det er
minethematr
ixrepresent
ingt
hisshear
(
b) Tri
angl
eABCi smappedontoA”B”C”byat r
ansfor
mat
iondefi
nedbythemat
ri
x
-1 0
1½ -
1
(
i)Dr
awt
ri
angl
eA”B”C”
(
ii
)Descr
ibef
ull
yasi
ngl
etr
ansf
ormat
iont
hatmapsABCont
oA”
B”C”

7. Det
ermi
net
hei
nv seT1oft
er hemat
ri
x 12
1-
1
Hencef
indt
hecoor
dinat
est
othepoi
ntatwhi
cht
het
wol
i
nes

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x+2y=7andx-y=1

8. Gi
vent
hatA=0 -
1andB= -
1 0
3 2 2 -
4
Fi
ndt
hev
alueofxi
f
(
i) A-2x=2B
(
ii
) 3x–2A=3B
(
ii
i) 2A-3B=2x

9. Thet
ransf
ormat
ionRgi
venbyt
hemat
ri
x

A=a b maps17 t
o 15 and 0 t
o-8
cd 0 8 17 15

(
a) Det
ermi
net
hemat
ri
xAgi
vi
nga,
b,canddasf
ract
ions
(
b) Giv
ent hatA r
epr
esent
sar
otat
iont
hrought
heor
igi
ndet
ermi
net
heangl
eof
rot
ati
on.
(
c) Sisar ot
ati
onthr
ough180aboutt
hepoi
nt(
2,3)
.Det
ermi
net
hei
mageof(
1,0)
underSfol
lowedbyR.

CHAPTERFI
FTYSEVEN

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Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)St
atet
hemeasur
esofcent
ral
tendency
;
(
b)Cal
cul
atet
hemeanusi
ngt
heassumedmeanmet
hod;
(
c)Makecumul
ati
vef
requencyt
abl
e,
(
d)Est
imat
ethemedi
anandt
hequar
ti
lesby
-Cal
cul
ati
onand
-Usi
ngogi
ve;
(e)Defi
neandcalculatethemeasuresofdisper
sion:
range,
quar
ti
les,
i
nter
quar
ti
ler
ange,
quart
il
edeviat
ion,v
ar i
anceandstandarddeviat
ion
(
f)I
nter
pretmeasur
esofdi
sper
sion
Content
(a)Meanfr
om assumedmean:
(
b)Cumul
ati
vef
requencyt
abl
e
(
c)Ogi
ve
(
d)Meadi
an
(
e)Quar
ti
les
(
f)Range
(
g)I
nter
quar
ti
ler
ange
(
h)Quar
ti
ledev
iat
ion
(
i)Var
iance
(
j)St
andar
ddev
iat
ion

Thesest
ati
sti
calmeasur
esar
ecal
l
edmeasur
esofcent
ralt
endencyandt
heyar
emean,mode
andmedi
an.

Meanusi
ngwor
king(
Assumed)Mean
Assumedmeanisamet hodofcal
cul
ati
ngt
hear
it
hmet
icmenandst
andar
ddev
iat
ionofadat
a
set
.Itsi
mpl
i
fiescal
cul
ati
on.

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Exampl
e
Themassestothenearestki
l
ogram of40st
udent
sint
hef
orm 3cl
asswer
emeasur
edand
recor
dedi
nthet
abl
ebelow.Calcul
atet
hemeanmass

Masskg 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

Number of 2 0 1 2 3 2 5
empl
oyees

54 55 56 57 58 59 60

6 7 5 3 2 1 1

Sol
uti
on
Wear
eusi
ngassumedmeanof53

Massxkg t
=x-53 f f
t

47 -
6 2 -
12
48 -
5 0 0
49 -
4 1 -
4
50 -
3 2 -
6
51 -
2 3 -
6
52 -
1 2 -
2

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53 0 5 0
54 1 6 6

55 2 7 14

56 3 5 15

57 4 3 12

58 5 2 10

59 6 1 6
60 7 1 7

Σf=40 Σf
t=40

∑ft 40
Meanoft= = =1
∑f 40
Meanofx=53+meanoft
=53+1
=54

Meanofgr
oupeddat
a
Themassest
othenear
estgr
am of100eggswer
easf
oll
ows

Mar
ks 100- 104-107 108-111 112- 116-
119 120-
123
103 115

Fr
equenc 1 15 42 31 8 3
y
Fi
ndt
hemeanmass

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Sol
uti
on
Letuseawor
kingmeanof109.
5.

cl
ass Mi
d-poi
ntx t
=x-109.
5 f ft

100-
103 101.
5 -
8 1 –8

104-
107 105.
5 -
4 15 –60

108-
111 109.
5 0 42 0

112-
115 113.
5 4 31 124

116-119 117.
5 8 8 64
120-
123 121.
5 12 3 36

Σf
=100 Σf
t=156

156
Meanoft= =1.
56
100

Ther
efor
e,meanofx=109.
5+meanoft

=109.
5+1.
56

=111.
06g

Togett hemeanofagr oupeddat

a easil
y,we div
ideeachfi
gur
ebyt heclasswidt
haft
er
substr
acti
ngt
heassumedmean.I
nordert
oobtai
nthemeanoftheori
ginaldatafr
om t
he mean
ofthenewsetofdat
a,wewill
hav
etorever
sethest
epsint
hefol
lowi
ngor der
;

 Mul
ti
plyt
hemeanbyt
hecl
asswi
dthandt
henaddt
hewor
kingmean.
Exampl
e
Theex
ampl
eabov
etobeusedt
odemonst
rat
ethest
eps

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cl
ass Mi
d-poi
ntx x
-109.
5 f
t
=
4 ft

100-
103 101.
5 -
2 1 –2

104-
107 105.
5 -
1 15 –15

108-
111 109.
5 0 42 0

112-
115 113.
5 1 31 31

116-119 117.
5 2 8 16
120-
123 121.
5 3 3 9

Σf
=100 Σf
t=39

̅ ∑ft 39
t= =
∑f 100
=0.
39
̅
Ther
ef e x=0.
or 39x4+109.
5
=1.
56+109.
5
=111.
06g

Quar
ti
les,
Deci
l
esandPer
cent
il
es
Amedi
andi
vi
desasetofdat
aint
otwoequal
par
twi
thequal
numberofi
tems.
Quart
il
esdivi
desasetofdatai nt
ofourequalpar
ts.
Thel
owerquar
ti
leisthemedianoft
he
bot
tom hal
f.
Theupperquar
ti
leisthemedi
anofthetophal
fandt
he middl
ecoinci
deswi
tht
he
medianoft
hewholesetoddata
Decil
esdivi
desasetofdat
aint
otenequalpar
ts.
Per
cent
il
esdi
vi
desasetofdat
aint
ohundr
ed
equalpar
ts.

Not
e;
Forper
cent
il
esdeci
l
esandquar
ti
lest
hedat
aisar
rangedi
nor
derofsi
ze.
Exampl
e

Hei
ght 145-149 150- 155- 160- 165- 170- 175-
179
i
ncm 154 159 169 174
164

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f
rquenc 2 5 16 9 5 2 1
y
Cal
cul
atet
he;
a.
)Medi
anhei
ght
b.
)I.
)Lowerquar
ti
le
i
i
)Upperquar
ti
le
)80thper
c. cent
il
e
Sol
uti
on
I
. Therear
e40student
s.Ther
efor
e,t
hemedi
anhei
ghti
stheav
erageoft
hehei
ght
soft
he
t
h st
20 and21 student
s.

cl
ass f
requency Cumulati
ve
fr
equency

145-
149 2 2

150-154 5 7

155-159 16 23

160-164 9 32
165-169 5 37

170-174 2 39
175-179 1 40

Boththe20thand 21stst
udent
sfal
lsint
he155-
159cl
ass.Thi
scl
assi
scal
l
edt
hemedi
an

cl
ass.Usi
ngt heformulam =L+
n
2()
-
Ci
f
Wher
eLi
sthel
owercl
assl
i
mitoft
hemedi
ancl
ass
Ni
sthet
otal
frequency
Ci
sthecumul
ati
vef
requencyabov
ethemedi
ancl
ass
Ii
sthecl
assi
nter
val

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Fi
sthef
requencyoft
hemedi
ancl
ass
Ther
efor
;
t
h 13
Hei
ghtoft
he20 st
udent=154.
5+ x5
16
=154.
5+4.
0625
=158.
5625

14
Hei he21st = 154.
ghtoft 5+ x5
16
=154.
5+4.
375
=158.
875
158.
5625+158.
875
Ther
efor
emedi
anhei
ght=
2
=158.
7cm

b.
)(I)l
owerquar
ti
leQ1=L+
n
4
-
Ci()
f
The10th st
udentf
all
int
hei
n155–159cl
ass

Q1=154.
5+
40
4( )
-75
16
=154.
5+0.
9375
=155.
4375

(
ii
)Upperquar
ti
leQ3=L+
3
4 ( )
n-
Ci
f
The10th st
udentf
all
int
hei
n155–159cl
ass

Q3=159.
5+
3
4 (
x40-235 )
9
=159.
5+3.
888
=163.
3889

Not
e;
Themedi
ancor
respondst
othemi
ddl
equar
ti
l he50thper
eQ2ort cent
il
e

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80
c
.) he32nd st
x40=32t udentf
all
sint
he160-
164cl
ass
100

The80t
hpe
rce
nti
lepe
rce
nti
le
80
100(
n-Ci )
f
( 23)
32- 5
=159.
5+
9
=159.
5+5
=164.
5
Exampl
e
Det
ermi
net
heupperquar
ti
leandt
hel
owerquar
ti
lef
ort
hef
oll
owi
ngsetofnumber
s
5,
10,
6,5,
8,7,
3,2,
7,8,
9

Sol
uti
on
Ar
rangi
ngi
nascendi
ngor
der
2,
3,5,
5,
6,7,
7,
8,
8,
9,
10
Themedi
ani
s7
Thel
owerquar
ti
lei
sthemedi
anoft
hef
ir
sthal
f,whi
chi
s5.
Theupperquar
ti
lei
sthemedi
anoft
hesecondhal
f,whi
chi
s8.

Medi
anf
rom cumul
ati
vef
requencycur
ve
Graphf orcumulati
vefr
equencyi
scal
l
edanogi
ve.Wepl
otagr
aphofcumul
ati
vef
requency
againsttheuppercl
assl
imit
.
Exampl
e
Giventhecl
assint
erv
aloft hemeasur
ementandt
hef
requency,
wef
ir
stf
indt
hecumul
ati
ve
fr
equencyasshownbelow.
Thendr
awt
hegr
aphofcumul
ati
vef
requencyagai
nstuppercl
assl
i
mit

Cumulat
ive
Ar
m Span(
cm) Fr
equency(
f)
Fr
equency

140≤x‹145 3 3

145≤x‹150 1 4

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150≤x‹155 4 8

155≤x‹160 8 16

160≤x‹165 7 23

165≤x‹170 5 28

170≤x‹175 2 30

Tot
al: 30

Sol
uti
on

Exampl
e
The tabl
e bel
ow
shows marks of 100
1- 11- 21-
30 31- 41- 51- 61- 71- 81- 91-
candi
dates in an
1 20 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 exami nati
on
0

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Mar
ks
4 9 16 24 18 12 8 5 3 1
FRCY

a.
)Det
ermi
net
hemedi
anandt
hequar
ti
les
b.
)If55mar
ksi
sthepassmar
k,est
imat
ehowmanyst
udent
spassed
c.
)Fi
ndt
hepassmar
kif70%oft
hest
udent
sar
etopass

d.
)Det
ermi
net
her
angeofmar
ksobt
ainedby
(
I)Themi
ddl
e50%oft
hest
udent
s
(
ii
)Themi
ddl
e80%oft
hest
udent
s

Sol
uti
on

Mar
ks 1- 11- 21-
30 31- 41- 51- 61- 71- 81- 91-
1 20 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
Fr
qcy
Cumul
ati
ve4 9 16 24 18 12 8 5 3 1 4 13
29 53 71 83
91 96 99 100
Fr
equency

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Readi
ngf
rom t
hegr
aph
Themedi
an=39.
5
TheLowerquar
ti
leQ1 =28.
5

Theupperquar
ti
leQ2=53.
5

b.
)23candi
dat
esscor
ed55andov
er
c.
)Passmar
kis31i
f70%ofpupi
l
sar
etopass

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d.
)(I
)Themi
ddl
e50% i
ncl
udet
hemar
ksbet
weent
he l
owerandt
heupperquar
ti
lesi
.e.
bet
ween28.
5and53.
5mar
ks.

(
II
)Themi
ddl
e80%i
ncl
udet
hemar
ksbet
weent
hef
ir
stdeci
l he9thdeci
eandt l
ei.
ebet
ween
18and69mar
ks

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Measur
eofDi
sper
sion
Range

Thedi
ff
erencebet
weent
hehi
ghestv
alueandt
hel
owestv
alue

Di
sadv
ant
age

I
tdependsonl
yont
het
woext
remev
alues

I
nter
quar
ti
ler
ange

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Thedi
ff
erencebet
weent
hel
owerandupperquar
ti
les.I
tincl
udest
hemi
ddl
e50% oft
he
v
alues

Semi
quar
ti
ler
ange

Thedi
ff
erencebet
weent
hel
owerquar
ti
leandupperquar
ti
ledi
vi
dedby2.
Iti
sal
socal
l
ed
t
hequar
ti
ledev
iat
ion.

MeanAbsol
uteDev
iat
ion

I
fwef
indt
hedi
ff
erenceofeachnumberf
rom t
hemeanandf
indt
hei
rmean,wegett
he
meanAbsol
utedev
iat
ion

Var
iance

Themeanoft
hesquar
eoft
hesquar
eoft
hedev
iat
ionsf
rom t
hemeani
scal
l
edi
scal
l
ed
v
ari
anceormeandev
iat
ion.

Exampl
e

Dev
iat
io +1 -
1 +6 -
4 -
2 -
11 +1 10
n fr
om
mean(d
)

f
i 1 1 36 16 4 121 1 100

2
Sum d =1+1+36+16+4+121+1+100=280

2
∑d 280
Var
iance= = =35
N 8

Thesquar
erootoft
he v
ari
ancei
scal
l
edt
hest
andar
ddev
iat
ion.
Iti
sal
socal
l
edr
ootmean
squar
edev
iat
ion.Fort
heabov
eexampl
eit
sst
andar
ddev
iat
ion= 35=5.
9

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Exampl
e

Thef
oll
owi
ngt
abl
eshowst
henumberofchi
l
drenperf
ami
l
yinahousi
ngest
ate

Numb 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
er of
chi
l
dre
d

Numb 1 5 1 27 10 4 2
er of 1
fami
l
ie
s

Cal
cul
ate

a.
)Themeannumberofchi
l
drenperf
ami
l
y

b.
)Thest
andar
ddev
iat
ion

Sol
uti
on

2
Numberof Numberof f
x Dev
iat
ion d
2
chi
l
dren s f
d

(
x) Fami
l
i f
es() d=x-
m

o 1 0 –3 9 9

1 5 5 –2 4 20

2 11 22 -
1 1 11

3 27 81 0 0 0

4 10 40 1 1 10
5 4 20 2 4 16
6 2 12 3 9 18
2
Σf=60 ∑f
x=180 Σf
d=–40

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180
a.
)Mean= =3c
hil
den
60

2
∑fd
b.
)Var
iance=
∑f

84
=
60

=1.
4

s
tanda
rdde
via
tion= 1.
4 =1.
183

Exampl
e

Thet
abl
ebel
owshowst
hedi
str
ibut
ionofmar
ksof40candi
dat
esi
nat
est

Mar
ks 1- 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91-
1 - - - - - - - - 10
0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0

f
requenc 2 2 3 9 1 5 2 3 1 1
y 2

Cal
cul
atet
hemeanandst
andar
ddev
iat
ion.

2 2
Midpoi
nt Fr
equenc f
x d f
d
Mar
ks d=x-m
(x) y(f
)

1-
10 5.
5 2 11.
0 -39.
5 1560. 3120.
25 5

11-
20 15.
5 2 31.
0 -
29.
5 870.
2 1740.
5 5

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21-
30 25.
5 3 76.
5 -
19.
5 380.
2 1140.
5 75

31-
40 35.
5 9 319.
5 -
9.5 90.
25 812.
2
5

41-
50 45.
5 12 546.
0 0.
5 0.
25 3.
00

51-
60 55.
5 5 277.
5 10.
5 110.
2 551.
2
5 5

61-70 65.
5 2 131.
0 20.
5 420.
2 840.
5
5
71-
80 75.
5 3 226.
5 30.
5 2790.
930.
2 75
81-
90 85.
5 1 85.
5 40.
5
5
1640.
91 - 95.
5 1 95.
5 50.
5
1640. 25
100
25
2550.
2550. 25
25
2
Σf
=40 Σf Σfd=
x=1800 15190

̅ ∑f x 1800
Mean x= = =45ma
rks
∑f 40

2
∑fd 15190
Var
iance= = =379.
75
∑f 40

=379.
8

St
andar
ddev
iat
ion= 379.
8

=19.
49

Not
e;
Addi
ngorsubt
ract
ingaconst
antt
oorf
rom eachnumberi
nasetofdat
adoesnotal
tert
he
v
alueoft
hev
ari
anceorst
andar
ddev
iat
ion.

Mor
efor
mul
as
2
Thef
ormul
aforget
ti
ngt
hev
ari
ancesofava
ria
ncexi
s

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̅ 2
2 ∑(
x-x)f
d=
∑f

()
2 2
∑fx ∑f
x
= -
∑f ∑f

Exampl
e

Thet
abl
ebel
ow showst
hel
engt
hincent
imet
erof80pl
ant
sofapar
ti
cul
arspeci
esof
t
omat
o

l
engt
h 152-
156 157-
161 162-
166 167-
171 172-176 177-
181

f
requency 12 14 24 15 8 7

Cal
cul
atet
hemeanandt
hest
andar
ddev
iat
ion

Sol
uti
on

LetA=169

2
Lengt
h Mi
d-poi
ntx x- x169 f
- f
t f
t
t
=
169 5

152 - 154 -
15 -
3 12 -
36 108
156

157 - 159 -
10 -
2 14 -
28 56
161

162 - 164 -
5 -
1 24 -
24 24
166

167 - 169 0 0 15 0 0
171

172-
176 174 5 1 8 8 8

177-
181 179 10 2 7 14 28
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2
∑f=80 ∑f
t=-
66 t=224
∑f

̅ -
66
t= = -0.
825
80

̅
Ther
ef e x=-
or 0.825x5+169

=-
4.125+169

=164.
875(t
o4s.
f)
2
∑f
t 2
Var
ianceoft= -t
∑f

224 2
= -(-0.
825)
80

=2.
8–0.
6806

=2.
119
2
Ther
efor
e,v
ari
anceofx=2.
119x5

=52.
975

=52.
98(4s.
f)

St
andar
ddev
iat
ionofx= 52.
98

=7.
279

=7.
28(
to2d.
p)

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c

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1. Ever
yweekthenumberofabsent
eesinaschoolwasrecor
ded.Thi
swasdonef
or39
weekst
heseobser
vat
ionswer
etabul
atedasshownbel
ow

Numberofabsent
ees 0.
3 4-
7 8-
11 12-15 16-19 20-23

(
Numberofweeks) 6 9 8 11 3 2

Est
imat
ethemedi
anabsent
eer
ateperweeki
ntheschool
2. Thetabl
ebelow showshi
ghal
ti
tudewi
ndspeedsr
ecor
dedataweat
herst
ati
oni
na
per
iodof100days.

Wi nd speed 0-19 20-39 40-59 60-

79 80-99 100- 120- 140- 160-
(knots) 119 139 159 179

Fr
equency(
day
s) 9 19 22 18 13 11 5 2 1

(
a) Ont
hegr
idpr
ovi
deddr
awacumul
ati
vef
requencygr
aphf
ort
hedat
a
(
b) Uset
hegr
apht
oest
imat
e
(
i) Thei
nter
quar
ti
ler
ange
(
ii
) Thenumberofday
swhent
hewi
ndspeedexceeded125knot
s
3. Fivepupi
lsA,B,C,DandEobtai
nedthemarks53,41,60,80and56r
espect
ivel
y.The
tabl
ebelowshowspartoft
heworkt
ofindt
hestandar
ddevi
ati
on.
2
Pupi
l Mar
kx x-a (x-
a)

A 53 -
5
B 41 -
17
C 60 2
D 80 22
E 56 -
2

(
a) Compl
etet
het
abl
e
(
b) Fi
ndt
hest
andar
ddev
iat
ion
4. I
nanagr i
cul
tur
alresear
chcent
re,t
hel
engthofasampl eof50 maizecobswer
e
measur
edandrecor
dedasshownint
hef
requencydi
str
ibut
iont
abl
ebel
ow.

Lengt
hincm Numberofcobs

8–10 4
11–13 7
14–16 11

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17–19 15
20–22 8
23-25 5

Cal
cul
ate
(
a)Themean
(
b)(i
)Thevari
ance
(i
i
)Thestandar
ddev
iat
ion
5. Thetabl
ebel
owshowst
hef
requencydi
str
ibut
ionofmassesof50new-bor
ncal
vesi
na
ranch
Mass(
kg)
Frequency
15–18 2
19-22 3
23–26 10
27–30 14
31–34 13
35–38 6
39–42 2

(
a) Ont
hegr
idpr
ovi
deddr
awacumul
ati
vef
requencygr
aphf
ort
hedat
a
(
b) Uset
hegr
apht
oest
imat
e
(
i) Themedi
anmass
(
ii
) Theprobabi
l
ityt
hatacal
fpi
ckedatr
andom hasamassl
yi
ngbet
ween25
kgand28kg.
6.Thetabl
ebelowshowst
hewei
ghtandpr
iceoft
hreecommodi
ti
esi
na
gi
venperi
od

Commodi
ty Wei
ght Pr
iceRel
ati
ves
X 3 125
Y 4 164
Z 2 140
Cal
cul
atet
her
etai
li
ndexf
ort
hegr
oupofcommodi
ti
es.

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7. Thenumberofpeopl
ewhoattendedanagri
cul
turalshowinonedaywas510men, 1080
womenandsomechi ldr
en.Whentheinf
ormationwasr epr
esent
edonapi echart
,the
0
combinedangl
eforthemenandwomenwas216.Fi ndtheangl
erepresent
ingthe
chi
ldr
en.
8. Themassof40babi
esi
nacer
tai
ncl
i
nicwer
erecor
dedasf
oll
ows:
Massi
nKg No.ofbabi
es.
1.
0–1.
9 6
2.
0–2.
9 14
3.
0-3.
9 10
4.
0–4.
9 7
5.
0–5.
9 2
6.
0–6.
9 1
Cal
cul
ate
(
a) Thei
nter–quar
ti
ler
angeoft
hedat
a.
(
b) Thest
andar
ddev
iat
ionoft
hedat
ausi
ng3.
45ast
heassumedmean.
9. Thedat
abel
owshowst
hemassesi
ngr
amsof50pot
atoes

Mass(
g) 25-34 35-
44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-
84 85-
94

No of 3 6 16 12 8 4 1
pot
atoes

(
a) Ont
hegr
idpr
ovi
de,
drawacumul
ati
vef
requencycur
vef
ort
hedat
a
(
b) Uset
hegr
aphi
n(a)abov
etodet
ermi
ne
(
i) The60thper
cent
il
emass
(
ii
) Theper
cent
ageofpot
atoeswhosemassesl
i
eint
her
ange53gt
o68g
10. Thehi
stogr
am bel
owr
epr
esent
sthedi
str
ibut
ionofmar
ksobt
ainedi
nat
est
.
ThebarmarkedAhasaheightof3.
2uni
tsandawi
dthof5uni
ts.Thebarmar
kedBhas
ahei
ghtof1.2uni
tsandawidt
hof10uni
ts

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I
fthefrequencyofthecl
assrepr
esent
edbybarBi
s6,det
ermi
net
hef
requencyof
t
heclassrepresent
edbybarA.
11. Afrequencydi
str
ibuti
onofmarksobtainedby120candidatesistoberepr
esent
edina
hi
stogram.Thetablebel
ow showsthegr oupedmarks.Frequenci
esforal
lthegroups
andalsothear
eaandheightofther
ectanglefort
hegroup30–60mar ks.

Mar
ks 0-
10 10-
30 30-
60 60-
70 70-
100

Fr
equency 12 40 36 8 24

Ar
eaofr
ect
angl
e 180

Hei
ghtofr
ect
angl
e 6

(
a)(
i) Compl
etet
het
abl
e
(
ii
) Ont
hegr
idpr
ovi
dedbel
ow,
drawt
hehi
stogr
am

(
b)(
i) St
atet
hegr
oupi
nwhi
cht
hemedi
anmar
kli
es

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(
ii
)A v ert
icall
inedrawnt
hroughthemedi
anmar
kdi
vi
dest
het
otalar
eaoft
he
hi
stogram i
ntot
woequalpar
ts
Usi
ngt
hisi
nfor
mat
ionorot
her
wise,
est
imat
ethemedi
anmar
k

12. I
nanagr i
cul
tur
er esear
chcentr
e,thel
engthsofasampl eof50maizecobswer
e
measur
edandrecordedasshownint
hef
requencydi
str
ibut
iont
abl
ebel
ow

Lengt
hincm Numberofcobs

8–10 4
11-13 7
14–16 11
17-19 15
20–22 8
23-25 5

Cal
cul
ate
(
a) Themean
(
b) (
i) Thev
ari
ance
(
ii
) Thest
andar
ddev
iat
ion

13. Thet abl

ebel
owshowst
hef
requencydi
str
ibut
ionofmassesof50newbor
ncal
vesi
na
ranch.

Mass(
kg) Fr
equency

15–18 2
19-22 3

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23–26 10
27–30 14
31-34 13
35–38 6
39-42 2

(
a) Ont
hegr
idpr
ovi
deddr
awacumul
ati
vef
requencygr
aphf
ort
hedat
a
(
b) Uset
hegr
apht
oest
imat
e
(
i) Themedi
anmass
(
ii
) Thepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatacal
fpi
ckedatr
andom hasamassl
yi
ng
bet
ween25kgand28kg

14. Thet
abl
eshowst
henumberofbagsofsugarperweekandt
hei
rmov
ingav
erages

Numberofbagsperweek 34 33 x 34 35 34
0 0 3 0 5

Mov
ingav
erages 33 33 y 34
1 2 6

(
a)Fi
ndt
heor
deroft
hemov
ingav
erage
(
b)Fi
ndt
hev
alueofXandYaxi
s

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CHAPTERFI
FTYEI
GHT

THREEDI
MENS
IONALGEOMETRY
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:

(
a)St
atet
hegeomet
ri
cpr
oper
ti
esofcommonsol
i
ds;
(
b)I
dent
if
ypr
oject
ionofal
i
neont
oapl
ane;
(
c)I
dent
if
yskewl
i
nes;
(
d)Cal
cul
atet
hel
engt
hbet
weent
wopoi
ntsi
nthr
eedi
mensi
onal
geomet
ry;
(
e)I
dent
if
yandcal
cul
atet
heangl
ebet
ween
(
i)Twol
i
nes;
(
ii
)Al
i
neandapl
ane;
(
ii
)Twopl
anes.
Cont
ent
(
a)Geomet
ri
cal
proper
ti
esofcommonsol
i
ds
(
b)Skewl
i
nesandpr
oject
ionofal
i
neont
oapl
ane
(
c)Lengt
hofal
i
nei
n3-
dimensi
onal
geomet
ry
(
d)Theangl
ebet
ween
i
)Al
i
neandal
i
ne
i
i
)Al
i
neapl
ane
i
i
i)Apl
aneandapl
ane
i
v)Angl
esbet
weenskewl
i
nes.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Geomet
ri
cal
proper
ti
esofcommonsol
i
ds

 Ageomet
ri
cal
figur
ehav
ingl
engt
honl
yisi
nonedi
mensi
on

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 Af
igur
ehav
ingar
eabutnotv
olumei
sint
wodi
mensi
on

 Af
igur
ehav
ingv
ert
ices(poi
nts)
,edges(
li
nes)andf
aces(
plans)i
sint
hreedi
mensi
on

Exampl
esoft
hreedi
mensi
onal
figur
es

Rect
angul
arPr
ism

At
hree-
dimensi
onal
figur
ehav
ing6f
aces,
8ver
ti
ces,
and12edges

Tr
iangul
arPr
ism

At
hree-
dimensi
onal
figur
ehav
ing5f
aces,
6ver
ti
ces,
and9edges.

Cone

At
hree-di
mensi
onal
figur
ehav
ingonef
ace.

S
Spher
e
p
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At
hree-di
mensi
onal
figur
ewi
thnost
rai
ghtl
i
nesorl
i
nesegment
s

Cube

At
hree-dimensi
onalf
igurethati
smeasuredbyi
tsl
engt
h,hei
ght
,andwi
dth.
Ithas6faces,
8v ert
ices,
and12edges

Cy
li
nder

At
hree-di
mensi
onal
figur
ehav
ing2ci
rcul
arf
aces

Rect
angul
arPy
rami
d

At
hree-
dimensi
onal
figur
ehav
ing5f
aces,
5ver
ti
ces,
and8edges

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Angl
ebet
weenal
i
neandapl
ane

Theangl
ebet
weenal
i
neandapl
anei
stheangl
ebet
weent
hel
i
neandi
tspr
oject
ionont
he
pl
ane

Theangl
ebet
weent
hel
i
neLandi
tspr
oject
ionorshadowmakesangl
eAwi
tht
hepl
an.Hence
t
heangl
ebet
weenal
i
neandapl
anei
sA.

Exampl
e

Theangl
ebet
weenal
i
ne,
r,andapl
ane,
π,i
stheangl
ebet
weenrandi
tspr
oject
ionont
oπ,
r'
.
hei
ghti
s4m

Exampl
e

Supposer
'is10cm f
indt
heangl
eα

Sol
uti
on

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oppos
ite 4
Tof
indt
heangl
eweuset
anθ= = =0.
4
adj
acent 10

-
1 0
t
an (0.
4)=21.
8

Angl
eBet
weent
wopl
anes
Anyt
wopl
anesar
eei
therpar
all
elori
nter
secti
nast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.Theangl
ebet
weent
wopl
anesi
s
t
heangl
ebet
weent
wol
i
nes,
oneoneachpl
ane,
whi
chi
sper
pendi
cul
art
othel
i
neofi
nter
sect
ion
att
hepoi
nt

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Exampl
e

Thef
igur
ebel
owPQRSi
sar
egul
art
etr
ahedr
onofsi
de4cm andM i
sthemi
dpoi
ntofRS;

a.
)Showt
hatPM i
s2 3cm l
ong,
andt
hatt
ri
angl
ePMQi
sisoscel
es

b.
)Cal
cul
atet
heangl
ebet
weenpl
anesPSRandQRS

c.
)Cal
cul
atet
heangl
ebet
weenl
i
nePQandpl
aneQRS

Sol
uti
on

a.
)Tr
iangl
ePRSi
sequi
l
ater
al.Si
nceM,
i
sthemi
dpoi
ntofRS,
PM i
sper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
or
2 2 2
PM =4 -2

=12

PM= 12 cm

= 4x3= 2 3cm

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Si
mil
art
ri
angl
eMQRi
sri
ghtangl
edatM
2 2 2
QM =4 -2

=12

QM= 12 cm

= 4x3= 2 3cm

S
inc
ePM=QM=2 12c
mTr
iang
lePMQi
sis
osc
ele
les

b.
)Ther
equi
redangl
eist
ri
angl
ePMQ.
Usi
ngcosi
ner
ule

4 =(
2 3)+(
2 3)-2(
2 3)(
22 3)
2 2 2
cosm

16=12+12-2x12c
osm

=24-24c
osm

24-
16
c
osm= =0.
3333
24

0
The
ref
ore
,m =70.
53

c.
)Ther
equi
redangl
eist
ri
angl
ePQM
0
Si
ncet
ri
angl
ePMQi
sisoscel
eswi
tht
ri
angl
ePMQ =70.
54;
0.54^
0;

1
<PQM = (180-70.
54)
2
1
= (
109.
46)
2
0
=54.
73

Endoft
opi
c

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dyouunder
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ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Thedi
agr
am bel
owshowsari
ghtpy
rami
dVABCDwit
hVasthever
tex.Thebaseofthe
pyr
ami
disrect
angl
eABCD,
WITHab=4cm andBC=3cm.Thehei
ghtofthepyr
amidis
6cm.

(
a) Cal
cul
atet
he
(
i) Lengthofthepr
oject
ionofVAonthebase
(
ii
) Angl ebetweenthefaceVABandthebase
(
b) Pist
hemi d-poi
ntofVCandQi sthemi
d–poi ntofVD.
Fi
ndt
heangl
ebet
weent
hepl
anesVABandt
hepl
aneABPQ

2. Thef
igur
ebel
owr
epr
esent
sasquar
ebasedsol
i
dwi
thapat
hmar
kedoni
t.

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Sket
chandl
abel
thenetoft
hesol
i
d.
3. Thedi
agr
am bel
owr
epr
esent
sacuboi
dABCDEFGHi
nwhi
chFG=4.
5cm,
GH=8cm and
HC=6cm

Cal
cul
ate:
(
a)Thel
engt
hofFC
(
b)(
i)Thesi
zeoft
heangl
ebet
weent
hel
i
nesFCandFH
(
ii
)Thesi
zeoft
heangl
ebet
weent
hel
i
nesABandFH
(
c)Thesi
zeoft
heangl
ebet
weent
hepl
anesABHEandt
hepl
aneFGHE

4. Thebaseofari
ghtpyr
amidisasquar
eABCDofsi
de2acm.Thesl
antedgesVA,
VB,
VC
andVDareeachofl
ength3acm.
(
a) Sket
chandl
abel
thepy
rami
d
(
b) Fi
ndt
heangl
ebet
weenasl
ant
ingedgeandt
hebase

5. Thetri
angularpri
sm shownbel ow hast
hesidesAB=DC=EF=12cm.t
heendsar
e
equi
l
ateralt
riangl
esofsides10cm.ThepointNist
hemi
dpoi
ntofFC.

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Fi
ndt
hel
engt
hof
:
(
a) (
i) BN
(
ii
) EN
(
b) Fi
ndt
heangl
ebet
weent
hel
i
neEBandt
hepl
aneCDEF

CHAPTERFI
FTYNI
NE

TRI
GONOMETRYI
II
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Recal
landdef
inet
ri
gonomet
ri
crat
ios;
(
b)Der
ivet
ri
gonomet
ri
cident
it
ysi
n2x+cos2x=1;
(
c)Dr
awgr
aphsoft
ri
gonomet
ri
cfunct
ions;

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(
d)Sol
vesi
mpl
etr
igonomet
ri
cequat
ionsanal
yti
cal
l
yandgr
aphi
cal
l
y;
(
e)Deducef
rom t
hegr
aphampl
i
tude,
per
iod,
wav
elengt
handphaseangl
es.
Content
(a)Tri
gonomet
ri
crat
ios
(
b)Der
ivi
ngt
her
elat
ionsi
n2x+cos2x=1
(
c)Gr
aphsoft
ri
gonomet
ri
cfunct
ionsoft
hef
orm
y=si
nxy=cosx,
y=t
anx
y=asi
nx,
y=acosx,
y=at
anxy=asi
nbx,
y=acosbxy=at
anbx
y=asi
n(bx±9)
y=acos(
bx±9)
y=at
an(
bx±9)
(
d)Si
mpl
etr
igonomet
ri
cequat
ion
(
e)Ampl
i
tude,
per
iod,
wav
elengt
handphaseangl
eoft
ri
gonomet
ri
cfunct
ions.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Consi
dert
her
ight–angl
edt
ri
angl
eOAB

AB
s
inθ=
r
AB=r
sinθ
OA=r
cos
θ

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Si
ncet
ri
angl
eOABi
sri
ght
-angl
ed

OA +AB =OB( m)
2 2 2
pyt
hag
ora
sthe
or

(
rc θ)
os 2
+(
rsnθ)
i 2 2
=r
2
Di
vi
debot
hsi
desbyrgi
ves
2 2
osθ+s
c inθ=1
sinθ
t
anθ=
cosθ
Exampl
e
I
ftanθ=ashowt
hat
;
2 3
c
osθs
inθ+cosθ 1
=
si
nθ a
Sol
uti
on
2 2
Fact
ori
zet
henumer
atorgi
vesandsi
nces
inθ+c
os =1

θ( osθ) c
2 2
c
os sinθ+c osθ(
1)
=
sinθ s
inθ

sinθ
But =t
anθ
cosθ
cosθ 1 1
Ther
efor
e,= = =
sinθ t
anθ a

Exampl
e
Showt
hat
(
1-c
osθ)
(1+c
osθ) 2
=t
anθ
(
1-s
inθ)
(1+s
inθ)
Remov
ingt
hebr
acket
sfr
om t
heexpr
essi
ongi
ves
2
1-
cosθ
on[ ] 2 2
2 r
eas ( B)
A- (
A+B)
=(A-
B)
1-
sinθ
2 2
Usi
ngs
inθ+ c
osθ=1
2 2
s
inθ+1=c
osθ
Al
so

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2 2
1-
cosθ=s
inθ
Ther
efor
e
2 2
1-
cosθ s inθ 2
2 = 2 =t
anθ
1-
sinθ c osθ
Exampl
e
1
Gi
vent
hats
inθ=
3
2
a.
)cosθ
2
b.
)tnθ
a
2 2
c.
)tnθ+c
a osθ

Sol
uti
onusi
ngt
her
ightangl
etr
iangl
ebel
ow.

)cosθ= 8
a.
3
2
8
osθ=(8)=
2
t
her
efor
ec
3 9

()
2
2 1 1
)t
b. a
nθ= =
8 8
2 2 1 8 1
c.
)tnθ+ c
a osθ= + =1
8 9 72

Wav
es
Ampl
i
tude
Thi
sist
hemaxi
mum di
spl
acementoft
hewav
eabov
eorbel
owt
hexaxi
s.
Per
iod

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Thei
nter
val
aft
erwhi
cht
hewav
erepeat
sit
sel
f

Tr
ansf
ormat
ionsofwav
es
Thegraphsofy=sinxand y=3sinx canbedrawnonthesameaxi
s.Thet
abl
ebel
owgi
ves
0 0
thecor
respondi
ngv
aluesofsi
nxand3si
nxfor0 ≤x≥720
2
x 0 30 60 90 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Si
nx 0.
87 0 - - - -
0.87 -
0.50 0
0 0.
50 1.
00 0.
87 0.
50
0.
50 0.
87 0.
50

3 si
n 2.
61 0 - - - -
2.61 -
1.50 0
0 1.
50 3.
00 2.
61 1.
50
x 1.
50 2.
61 1.
50

39 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 630 660 690 720
0

0.
5 0.
87 1.
00 0. 50 0
87 0. -
0.50 -
0.87 -
1.00 -
0.87 -
0.50 0

1.
50 2.
61 3.
00 2.
61 1.
50 0 -
1.50 -
2.61 -
3.00 -
2.61 -
2.61 0

Thewaveofy=3si
nxcanbeobtai
neddi
rect
lyf
rom t
hegr
aphofy=si
nxbyappl
yi
ngast
ret
ch
scal
efact
or3,
xaxi
sinv
ari
ant.

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 Theampl
i
tudeofy
=3si
nxi
sy=3whi
chi
sthr
eet
imest
hatofy=si
nxwhi
chi
sy=1.
0
 Theper
iodoft
hebot
hthegr
aphsi
sthesamet
hati
s360 or2π
Exampl
e
1 1
Drawthewav
esy=cosxandy=cos x .Weobt ai
n y=cos x f
rom t
he gr
aphy=cosxby
2 2
appl
yi
ngastr
etchoff
act
or2wi
thyaxi
sinvar
iant
.

Not
e;
 Theampl
i
tudeoft
het
wowav
esar
ethesame.
1
 Theper
iodof y=cos xi
s4πt
hati
s,t
wicet
heper
iodofy=cosx
2

Tr
igonomet
ri
cEquat
ions
I
ntri
gonomet
ri
cequat
ions,
ther
ear
eani nf
ini
tenumberofroots.Wether
efor
especi
fyt
her
ange
ofv
aluesf
orwhi
chtheroot
sofatr
igonometr
icequat
ionar
er equi
red.

Exampl
e
Sol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngt
ri
gonomet
ri
cequat
ions:
0
a.
)Si
n2x=cosx,
for0≤x≤360
0
b.
)Tan3x=2,
for
0≤x≤360

c.
)2s
inx
-
π
6()
Sol
uti
on

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a.
)Si
n2x=cosx
Si
n2x=si
n(90–x)
Ther
efor
e2x=90–x
0
X=30
0 0
Fort
hegi
venr
ange,
x=30 a
nd150.
b.
)Tan3x=2
Fr
om cal
cul
ator
0 0 0 0 0 0
3x=63.
43 , 43,
243. 43,
423. 603. 43a
43783. nd321.
14.
I
nthegi
venr
ange;
0 0 0 0 0 0
x= 21.
14 , 14,
81. 14,
141. 201.
14 , 14 a
261. nd321.
14

c.
)2s
i ()
nx
π
- =-3nx
6
-π/ &3
6=-

Si()
nx
π
- = 3
6 2
si
nx
π
6 ()
- =-3
2
π π π
x- =π+ ,2π-
6 3 3

π 4 5
x- = π, π
6 3 3
3 c11 c
x= π, π
2 6

Endoft
opi
c

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dyouunder
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ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c

1. (
a) Compl
etet
het
abl
efort
hef
unct
iony=2si
nx

x 00 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Si
n3x 0 0.
500 -
08660
0
y 0 1.
00 -
1.73

(
b) (
i)
Usi
ngtheval
uesinthecompl
etedtable,
drawthegr
aphof
y=2sin3xfor00≤x≤1200ont hegri
dprovi
ded
(
ii
) Hencesol vetheequati
on2si
n3x=- 1.5
2. Compl
etethet
abl
ebelowbyfi
ll
ingint
hebl
ankspaces

X0 00 300 600 900 120 1500 180 2100 2400 2700 300 330 3600
0 0 0 0
0
Cosx 1.
00 0.
50 -
0.87 -
0.87
2cos½x0 2.
00 1.
93 0.
52 -
1.00 -
2.00

Usingthescal e1cm t orepresent300onthehori

zontalaxi
sand4cm t
orepr
esent1uni
t
ont hevert
icalaxisdraw, onthegridprov
ided,
thegraphsofy=cosx0andy=2cos½x0
ont hesameaxi s.
(a) Fi ndtheper i
odandt heampliudeofy=2cos½x0
t
(b) Descr i
bet hetransformati
onthatmapsthegraphofy=cosx0onthegraphofy=
1 0
2cos / 2x

2. (
a) Complet
ethet
abl
ebel
owforthev
alueofy=2si
nx+cosx.
0 0 0 0 0
X 0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 180 225 270 315 360
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2si
nx 0 1.4 1. 7 2 1.7 1. 4 1 0 -2 -
1.4 0
Cosx 1 0.7 0. 5 0 -
0.5 - 0.7 - 0.9 - 1 0 0.
7 1
Y 1 2.1 2. 2 2 1.2 0. 7 0. 1 - 1 -2 -
0.7 1
0
(
b) Usingt hegridpr ovi
deddraw thegr aphofy =2sinx+cosxf or0.Take1cm
r
epresent300ont hex-axi
sand2cm t orepr
esent1uni tontheaxis.
(
c) Uset hegrapht ofindt
herangeofxt hatsati
sfytheinequal
it
ies
2si
nxcosx>0. 5
4. (
a) Compl etethetablebelow,
givi
ngy ourval
uescor rectt
o2deci malplaces.

x 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Tanx 0
2x+300 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 170
n(2x+300)
Si 0.
50 1

b) Ont hegr
idpr
ovi
ded,
drawt
hegr
aphsofy=t n(2x+300)f
anxandy=si or00≤x
0
70

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Takescal
e: 2cm f or100onthex-axis
4cm f
oruni
tonthey-axis
Useyourgraphtosol
vetheequat
iont n(2x+300)=0.
anx-si

5. (
a) Compl
etet
het
abl
ebel
ow,
giv
ingy
ourv
aluescor
rectt
o2deci
mal
places

X0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

2sinx0 0 1 2 1
1–cosx0 0.
5 1

(
b) Ont hegridprovided, usingthesamescal eandaxes,
drawt
hegraphsof
y=si nx0andy=1–cosx0≤x≤1800
Taket hescale:2cm f or300ont hex-axis
2cm f orIunitont hey -axis
(
c) Uset hegraphin( b)abov et
o
(i
) Sol
v eequat i
on
nxo+cosx 0
2si =1
(
ii
i)
Determinet herangeofv aluesxforwhi nxo>1–cosx0
ch2si

6. (
a) Giv
enthaty=8si n2x–6cosx,complet
ethet
abl
ebel
owf
ort
hemi
ssi
ng
val
uesofy,cor
rectto1deci
mal
place.

X 00 150 300 450 600 750 900 1050 1200

Y=8si
n2x–6cosx -6 -1.
8 3.
8 3.
9 2.
4 0 -3.
9

(
b) Onthegridprovided,below,drawthegraphofy=8si
n2x–6cosf
or
00≤x≤1200
Takethescal
e2cm f or150ont hex-axi
s
2cm for2unitsont hey–axi s
(
c) Usethegrapht oesti
mat e
(i
) Themaxi mum v alueofy
(i
i
) Thev alueofxf orwhich4si n2x–3cosx=1

7. Sol
vet
heequat
ion4si
n(x+300)=2f
or0≤x≤3600

8. Fi
ndal
ltheposi
ti
veangl
esnotgr
eat han1800whi
ert chsat
isf
ytheequat
ion
2
Si
n x–2t anx=0
Cosx

9. Sol
vef
orv
aluesofxi
nt ange00≤x≤3600i
her f3cos2x–7cosx=6

2
10. Si
mpl
i
fy9–y wher
ey=3cosθ
y

11. Fi
ndal
lthev
al ween00and3600sat
uesofØbet isf
yingt
heequat
ion5si
nӨ=-
4

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12. Gi
venthatsin(90–x)=0.8.Wher
exi
sanacut
eangl
e,f
indwi
thoutusi
ngmat
hemat
ical
t
ablest
hev al
ueoftanx0

13. Compl
etet
hetabl
egi
venbel
owf orthefunct
ions
0 3x 0
y=-
3cos2x andy=2sin(/2 +3 0)for0≤x≤1800

X0 00 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

3cos2x0
- -3.00 -2.30 -0.52 1.
50 2.
82 2.
82 1.50 -0.52 -
2.30 -
3.00
1.00 1. 73 2. 00 1.73 1.
00 0.
00 -1.00 -
1.73 -
2.00 -
1.73
2 si 3 x0 +
n(
0
30)

3cos2x0andy=2si 3x 0
Usingt
hegraphpaperdrawthegraphsofy=- n( /
2 +300)
0
(a) Ont hesameaxi s.Take2cm t orepr
esent20 ont hex-axi sand2cm t
o
r
epr
esentoneunitonthey–axis
sof3cos2x0+2si 3x 0
(b) Fr om yourgr
aphs.Fi
ndtheroot n( /2 +300)=0

14. Sol
vet
hev
aluesofxi
nt ange00≤x≤3600i
her f3cos2x–7cosx=6

15. Compl
etet
het
abl
ebel
owbyf
il
li
ngi
nthebl
ankspaces

x0 00 300 600
90 10 150 18 210 24 27 30 33 36
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Cosx 1.
0 0.
5 - -
0 0 0.87 0.
87
2cos ½ 2.
0 1.
9 0.
5
x0 0 3

Usingthescal e1cm torepr esent300ont hehori

zontalaxi
sand4cm t
orepresent1uni
t
ont heverti
calaxisdrawont hegridprovided,
thegraphsofy–cosx0andy=2cos½x0
ont hesameaxi s
(a) Fi ndt heperi
odandt heampl i
tudeofy=2cos½x0
Ans.Per iod=7200.Ampl i
tude=2
(c)
Descri
bethetransf ormati
ont hatmapsthegr aphofy=cos x0onthegraph
0
ofy=2cos½x

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CHAPTERSI
XTY

LONGI
TUDESANDLATI
TUDES
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:

(
a)Def
inet
hegr
eatandsmal
lci
rcl
esi
nrel
ati
ont
oaspher
e(i
ncl
udi
ngt
he
Ear
th)
;
(
b)Est
abl
i
sht
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
her
adi
iofsmal
landgr
eatci
rcl
es;
(
c)Locat
eapl
aceont
heear
th'
ssur
facei
nter
msofl
ati
tudeandl
ongi
tude;
(
d)Calcul
atethedist
ancebetweentwopoint
sal
ongthegreatci
rcl
esandsmal
lci
rcl
es
(
longi
tudeandlat
it
ude)innaut
ical
miles(
nm)anki
lomet
ers(km);
(
e)Cal
cul
atet
imei
nrel
ati
ont
olongi
tudes;
(
f)Cal
cul
atespeedi
nknot
sandki
l
omet
ersperhour
.
Content
(a)Lat
it
udeandl
ongi
tude(
greatandsmal
lci
rcl
es)
(
b)TheEquat
orandGr
eenwi
chMer
idi
an
(
c)Radi
iofsmal
landgr
eatci
rcl
es
(
d)Posi
ti
onofapl
aceont
hesur
faceoft
heear
th
(e)Di
stancebet
weent
wopoi
ntsal
ongt
hesmal
landgr
eatci
rcl
esi
nnaut
icalmi
l
esand
kil
ometers
(
f)Di
stancei
nnaut
ical
mil
esandki
l
omet
resal
ongaci
rcl
eofl
ati
tude
(
g)Ti
meandl
ongi
tude
(
h)Speedi
nknot
sandKi
l
omet
resperhour
.

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I
ntr
oduct
ion
Justasweuseacoor
dinat
esyst
em tolocatepoi
ntsonanumberpl
anesoweusel
ati
tudeand
l
ongit
udet
olocat
epoi
ntsontheear
th’
ssurface.
BecausetheEar
thi
sasphere,weuseaspecialgr
idofl
inesthatr
unacr
ossanddownaspher
e.
Thediagr
amsbelowshowthisgr
idonaworldglobeandaflatworl
dmap.

GreatandSmal lCircl
es
Ifyoucuta‘ sl
i
ce’throughasphere,
itsshapeisaci
rcle.Asli
cethrought hecentr
eofaspher eis
call
edagr eatcir
cle,anditsr
adiusi
st hesameast hatofthespher e.Anyothersli
ceiscal
leda
smallcir
cle,becauseitsradi
usissmal l
erthant
hatofagr eatci
rcle.Hencegreatcir
clesdi
vides
thesphereintotwoequal par
ts

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Lat
it
ude
Lat
it
udesareimaginar
yli
nesthatrunaroundt
heeart
handthei
rpl
anesar
eper
pendicul
artot
he
axi
softheearth.Theequatoristhelat
it
udet
hadivi
dest
he eart
hint
otwoequalpart
s.I
tst
he
onl
ygreatci
rcl
esamoungt helat
it
udes.Theequat
ori
s,0°
.
The angle oflati
tude ist he anglethe
l
atit
ude makes witht he Equatoratt he
cente,O,oft
r heEarth.Thediagram shows
the50°N paral
l
elofl at
it
ude. Par al
l
elsof
l
atit
uder angefrom 90°N( Nort
hPol e)to
90°S(SouthPol
e).

0
Theangle50 subt
endedatthecentr
eoftheear
thi
st heist
hei sthelat
itudeofthecir
cle
0 0
passi
ngthr
ough 50 nor
thofequat
or.
Themaxi
mum angleofl
ati
tudeis90 northorsout
hof
equat
or.

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Longi
tudes/
mer
idi
ans
Theyar
eci
rcl
espassi
ngt
hrought
henor
thandsout
hpol
es

They can al so be sai dt hat t

hey ar eimaginar y
semi ci
rcl
est hatr undownt heEarth.Theyar e‘half’
greatcirclesthatmeetatt heNorthandSout hPol es.
Themai nmer idianoflongitudeistheprimemer idian,
0°.ItisalsocalledtheGr eenwichmeridi
ansinceitruns
throught heRoy alObservatoryatGreenwichinLondon,
England.Theot hermeridiansaremeasuredindegr ees
eastorwestoft heprimemer i
dian.

Theangl
eofl ongi
tudeistheangl
et hemeridi
anmakes
wit
hthepri
memer i
dianatthecentre,O,oftheEart
h.
Thedi
agram showst he35°Emeri
dianoflongi
tude.
Mer i
diansofl ongit
uder angefr
om 180° Et o 180°W.
180°Eand
180°W ar eact
uall
ythesamemer idian,ontheopposite
sideoft heEart
ht otheprimemeridian.I
trunsthrough
thePacificOcean,eastofFij
i.

Not
e
 I
fPi sθnor t
hoftheequat
orandQ i
sαsout
hoft
hequat
or,t
hent
hedi
ff
erencei
n
l
ati
tudebet
weent
hem i
sgivenby(
θ+α)

 I
fPandQar
eont
hesamesi
deoft
heequat
or,
thent
hedi
ff
erencei
nlat
it
udei
s(θ-α)

Posi
ti
onCoor
dinat
es
Locati
onsont heEart
har edescr
ibedusinglat
itude(°Nor°S)andlongi
tude(
°Eor°W)int
hat
order
.Forexample,Nai
robihascoordi
nates(1°
S, 37°
E),meani
ngiti
spositi
oni
s1°sout
hofthe
Equatorand37°eastofthepri
memer i
dian.
EG

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Gr
eatCi
rcl
eDi
stances
Remembert
hearclengt
hofaci
rcl
eis wher
eθi
sthedegr
eesoft
hecent
ralangl
e,
andt
heradi
usoft
heearthi
s6370km appr
ox.
Onaf l
atsurf
ace,theshortestdi
stancebetweentwopoi ntsisast r
aightli
ne.SincetheEarth’
s
surfaceiscur
ved, t
heshortestdi
stancebetweenAandBi sthear cl
engthABoft hegreatci
rcl
e
thatpassesthroughAandB.Thi siscalledthegr
eatci
rcledistanceandt hesizeofangle∠AOB
wher eOisthecentreoftheEarthi
scalledtheangul
ardistance.

Not
e
i
 Thelengt
hofanar cofagreatcir
clesubt
endi
nganangl
eof1 (
onemi
nut
e)att
he
cent
reoftheear
thi
s1naut
icalmi
lenm.
 Anaut
icalmi
l
eisthest
andardint
ernat
ionalunitf
rom measur
ingdi
stancest
rav
ell
edby
shi
psandaer
opl
anes1naut
ical
mile(nm)=1. 853km

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I
fanar cofagreatci
rcl
esubt
endsanangl
eθatt
hecent
reoft
heear
th,
thear
csl
engt
his(60xθ)
naut
icalmil
es.

Exampl
e
0 0 0 1 0
Fi
ndt
hedi
stancebet
weenpoi
ntsP(40N,
50E)andQ(
2030S
,50E)andexpr
essi
tin;
a.
)Nm
b.
)Km (
Taker
adi
usoft
hee
art
htobe6370km)

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Sol
uti
on
0 0 0
a.
)Angl
esubt
endedatt
hecent
rei
s40 +20.
5 =60.
5
0
1I
ssubt
endedby60nm
0
60.
5Issubt
endedby
;60x60.
5=3630nm
b.
)Ther
adi
usoft
heear
thi
s6370km
Ther
efor
e,t
heci
rcumf
erenceoft
heear
thal
ongagr
eatci
rcl
eis;
22
2πr=6370X2X πr=6370X2X22/
7
7
0
Anglebetweent hepoi
ntsis60.
5.Ther
efor
e,wefindthelengt
hofanarchofacir
cle
0 0
whichsubtendsanangleof60.
5 att
hecentr
eis360 issubt
endedbyar
cwhosel
ength
22
i
s6370X2X . 2X22/
7.
7

0 60.
5 22
Ther
efor
e,60.
5I ssubt
endedby; x6370X2X =6729km
360 7

Exampl
e
0 0 0 0
Fi
ndt
hedi
stancebet
weenpoi
ntsA(0,
30E)a
nd (
0,50E)andexpr
essi
tin;
a.
)Nm.
b.
)Km (
Taket
her
adi
usoft
hee
art
htobe6370km)
Sol
uti
on
a.
)Thet wopoint
sli
eont heequat
or,whi
chi
sgr
eatci
rcl
e.Ther
efor
e,wear
ecal
cul
ati
ng
di
stanceal
ongagreatci
rcl
e.
0 0 0
Angl
ebet
weenpoi
ntsAandBi
s(50 -30)=20
20 22
b.
)Di
stancei
nkm = x6370X2X =2224km
360 7
Di
stanceal
ongasmal
lCi
rcl
e(ci
rcl
eofl
ati
tude)
Thefi
gur
ebel
owABC isasmal
lci
rcl
e,cent
reXandr
adiusrcm.
PQSTisagr
eatcir
cle,
cent
re
O,r
adi
us R cm.The angle θ i s between t he t wo r adi
i
.(OCandOT)

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Fr
om t he f i
gur
e, XC i s par
allel to OT. Ther efor
e, angl
e COT = angl e
(
XCO=θalte
rna
teangl
e )
s.Angl
0
eCXO=90 ( Radi
usXCi
sper
pendicul
art
otheaxi
sofspher
e).

Thus,
from t
her
ight
-angl
edt
ri
angl
eOXC
r
Cosθ=
R
Ther
efor
e,r=Rcosθ
Thisexpr
essioncanbeusedtocal
cul
atet
hedi
stancebet
weenanyt
wopoi
ntsal
ongt
hesmal
l
ci
rcleABC,cent
reXandradi
usr.
Exampl
e
0 0 0
Fi
ndthedi
stancei
nki
l
omet
ersandnaut
icalmi
l
esbet
weent
wopoi
nts(
30N45E)a
ndQ(30N
0
60W).
Sol
uti
on
Figureashowst heposi
ti
onofPandQont hesurf
aceoftheeart
hwhil
ef igur
ebshowst hei
r
0
relat
iveposi
ti
onsonthesmal
lci
rcl
eist
hecent
reoftheci
rcl
eofl
ati
tude30Nwi t
hradi
usr
.
0 0 0
Theangl
esubt
endedbyt
hear
cPQcent
reCi
s45 + 60 =105.
So,
thel
engt
hofPQ

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105
= X2πr
360
105 0
= X2πRc
os30 km
360
105 22
= X2X X6370COS
θkm
360 7
=10113km
Thel
engt
hofPQi
nnaut
ical
mil
es
0
=60x105c
os30nm
=60x105x0.
8660nm =5456nm=

I
ngeneral
,ift
heangl
eatthecent
reofaci
rcl
eoflat
it
udeθisα,
thent
helengt
hofi
tsar
cis60
αc wher
osθnm, eαist
heangl
ebetweent
hel
ongit
udesalongt
hesamel
ati
tude.

Shor
testdi
stancebet
weent
het
wopoi
ntsont
heear
thssur
face

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Theshor
testdi
stancebet
weent
wopoi
ntsont
heear
thssur
facei
sthatal
ongagr
eatci
rcl
e.
Exampl
e
0 0 0
PandQaret wopoint
sonlat
it
ude50N.
Theyl
i
eonl
ongi
tude 40 W a
nd132E r
espect
ivel
y.
Fi
ndthedi
stancef
rom Pt
oQ:
a.
)Al
ongapar
all
elofl
ati
tude
b.
)Al
ongagr
eatci
rcl
e

Sol
uti
on
Theposi
ti
onsofPandQonear
thssur
facear
easshownbel
ow

0 0
a.
)Thel engt
hofthecircl
eparal
l
elofl
ati
tude50Nis2πrkm,whi
chi
s2πRc
os50km.
The
0 0 0
di
ff
erenceinl
ongi
tudebet
weenPandQi s132 +48 =180

180 22 0
PQ= X2X X6370c
os50 =12869km
360 7
b.
)Therequir
edgr
eatci
rcl
epassesv
iat
heNor
thPol
e.Ther
efor
e,t
heangl
esubt
endedat
t
hecent
rebyt
hearcPNQis;
0 0 0
=180 –2x50 =80

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Ther
efor
ethear
cPNQ

80
= X2πR
360
80 22
= X2X X6370=8898km
360 7

Not
e;
Noti
cethatt
hedist
ancebetweent
wopointsontheear
th’
ssur
faceal
ongagr
eatci
rcl
eis
shor
tert
hanthedi
stancebet
weent
hem al
ongasmall
cir
cle

Longi
tudeandTi
me
0
Theear t
hr otat
esthr
ough360 abouti t
saxisever
y24hoursinwest– eastdi
rect
ion.
0
Therefor
ef orever
y1 changeinlongi
tudether
eisacor
respondi
ngchangei
ntimeof4
0
minutes,orther
eisadi
ff
erenceof1hourbet
weentwomer
idi
ans15 apar
t.
Al
lpl
acesint
hesamemer
idi
anhav
ethesamel
ocalt
ime.Localt
imeatGr
eenwi
chi
scal
l
ed
Gr
eenwichMeanTi
me.
GMT.
Al
lmeridi
anstothewestofGr
eenwi
chMer
idi
anhav
esunr
iseaf
tert
hemer
idi
anandt
hei
r
l
ocal
timesarebehi
ndGMT.
Allmer
idi
antotheeastofGreenwichMeridi
anhavesunr
isebeforethemeridi
anandthei
r
l
ocalti
mesareaheadofGMT.Si ncetheearthr
otat
esfrom westt oeast
,anypointPis
aheadi
ntimeofanot
herpoi
ntQi fPiseastofQontheear
th’
ssurface.

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Exampl
e
0 0 0 0
Fi
ndthelocal
timei
nNai
robi
(1 S,
37 E)
,whent
hel
ocal
timeofMander
a(Nai
robi
(4 N,
42
E)i
s3.00pm
Sol
uti
on
0 0 0
Thedi
ff
erencei
nlongit
udebetweenManderaandNairobii
s(42 -37)=5,
thati
sMander
a
0
i
s5 eas
tofNair
obi
.Theref
oret
heirl
ocal
timedi
fferby
;4x5=20mi n.
Si
nceNair
obiisi
nt hewestofMander
a,wesubt
ract20mi
nut
esf
rom 3.
00p.
m.Thi
sgi
ves
l
ocalt
imeforNai
robias2.
40p.m.
Exampl
e
0 0 0 0
I
fthel
ocal
timeofLondon(52 N,)
0,IS12.
00noon,
findt
hel
ocal
timeofNai
robi
(1 S
,37 E
),
Sol
uti
on
0 0 0
Di
ff
erencei
nlongi
tudei
s(37 + 0)=37
Sot
hedi
ff
erencei
nti
mei
s4x37mi
n=148mi
n
=2hr
s.28mi
n
Ther
efor
e,l
ocal
timeofNai
robi
is2hour
s28mi
nut
esaheadt
hatofLondont
hati
s,
2.28p.
m
Exampl
e
0 0
I
fthel
ocalti
meofpointA (0 N,
170E)i
s12.
30a.
m,onMonday
,Fi
ndt
he l
ocalt
imeofa
0 0
poi
ntB(0 N,170W )
.
Sol
uti
on
0 0 0
Di
ff
erencei
nlongi
tudebet
weenA andBi
s170 + 170 =340
I
nti
mei
s4x340=1360mi
n
=22hr
s.40mi
n.
Theref
orelocalt
imei
npoi
ntBi
s22hour
s40mi
nut
esbehi
ndMonday12:
30p.
m.Thati
s,
Sunday1.50a.m.

Speed
Aspeedof1naut
icalmi
l
eperhouri
scal
l
edaknot
.Thi
suni
tofspeedi
susedbyai
rmenand
sai
l
ors.
Exampl
e
0 0
AshipleavesMombasa(4S,39E)andsail
sdueeastfor98hour
stoappoi
ntKMombasa
0 0
(
4S ,
80E) i
nthei
ndi
anocean.
Calcul
atei
tsaver
agespeedi
n;
a.
)Km/
h

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b.
)Knot
s

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Thel
engt
hxoft
hear
cfr
om Mombasat
othepoi
ntKi
ntheocean
41
x2πr
360
41 0
= X2πRc
os4 km
360
41 22 0
= X2X X6370c
os4 km =4549km
360 7
4549
Ther
efor
espeedi
s= =46.
41km/
h
98
b.
)Thel
engt
hxoft
hear
cfr
om Mombasat
othepoi
ntKi
ntheoceani
nnaut
ical
mil
es
0
x=60x41xc
os4 nm
=60x41x0.
9976nm =2454nm

2454
Ther
efor
e,speed=
98
=25.
04knot
s
Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Anaeroplanefl
iesf
rom poi
ntA( 10 15’
S,370 E)toapointBdi
rect
ly
Nort
hofA.thearcABsubtendsanangleof450 att hecent
eroft
heeart
h.
Fr
om B,
aer
oplanesf
li
esduewesttwoapointConl ongiude230W.
t )

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(
Taket
hev
alueofπ22/7asandr
adi
usoft
heear
thas6370km)
(
a) (
i) Fi
ndt
hel
ati
tudeofB
(
ii
) Fi
ndt
hedi
stancet
rav
eledbyt
heaer
opl
anebet
weenBandC
(
b) Theaeropl
anel
eftat1.
00a.m.l
ocalt
ime.Whent
heaer
opl
anewasl
eav
ingB,
whatwasthel
ocalt
imeatC?
2. Theposi
ti
onoftwot
ownsXandYar
egi
vent
othenear
estdegr 450 N,100W)
eeasX(
0 0
andY(45 N,
70W)
Fi
nd
(
a) Thedi
stancebet
weent
het
wot
ownsi
n
(i
) Ki
lometer
s(taketheradi
usoftheear
thas6371)
(i
i
) Naut i
calmil
es(take1nauti
cal
mi l
etobe1.85km)
(
b) Thel
ocal
timeatXwhent hel
ocalt
imeatYis2.00pm.
3. Aplaneleavesanai
rpor
tA( 50N,37.
38. 050W)andf
li
esduesNor
tht
oapoi
ntB on
l
ati
tude520N.
(
a) Fi
ndt
hedi
stancecov
eredbyt
hepl
ane
(
b) Theplanet
henf
li
esdueeastt
oapoi
ntC,2400km f
rom B.Det
ermi
net
he
posi
ti
onofC
Taket
hev
alueπofas22/
7andr
adi
usoft
heear
thas6370km
4. Apl
anef
lyi
ngat200knot
slef
tanai
rpor 300S,
tA( 310E)andf
lewdueNor
tht
oanai
rpor
t
0 0
B(
30 N,
31E)
(
a) Cal
cul
atet
hedi
stancecov
eredbyt
hepl
ane,
innaut
ical
mil
es
(
b) Aft
era15mi
nutesstopov
eratB,
thepl
anef
lewwestt
oanai
rpor 300N,
tC( 130E)
att
hesamespeed.
Cal
cul
atet
het
otal
timet
ocompl
etet
hej
our
neyf
rom ai
rpor
tC,
thoughai
rpor
tB.
5. Twot
ownsAandBl
i
eont
hesamel
ati
tudei
nthenor
ther
nhemi
spher
e.
Wheni
ts8am atA,
thet
imeatBi
s11.
00am.
a) Gi
vent
hatt
hel
ongi
t s150Ef
udeofAi indt
hel
ongi
tudeofB.
b) Aplaneleav
esAforBandt akes31/
2hour
stoar
ri
veatBt
rav
eli
ngal
ongapar
all
el
ofl
ati
tudeat850km/h.Fi
nd:
(
i) Ther
adi
usoft
heci
rcl
eofl
ati
tudeonwhi
cht
ownsAandBl
i
e.
(
ii
) Thel
ati
tudeoft
het
wot
owns(
taker
adi
usoft
heear
tht
obe6371km)
6. Twopl
acesAandBareonthesamecircl
eoflat
it
udenort
hoft heequat
or.Thel
ongi
tude
0 0
ofAi
s118W andt
helongi
tudeofBis133 E.Theshor
terdist
ancebetweenAand
Bmeasur
edal
ongtheci
rcl
eoflat
it
udeis5422nauti
cal
mi l
es.

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Fi
nd,
tot
henear
estdegr
ee,
thel
ati
tudeonwhi
chAandBl
i
e

7. (
a) Apl
anef
li
esbyt
heshor
test
imat
erout
efr 100S,
om P( 600W)t 700N,
oQ(
1200E)Fi
ndt
hedi
stancef
lowni
nkm andt
het
imet
akeni
ftheav
eragespeedi
s
800km/h.

(
b) Cal
cul
atethedist
anceinkm betweent
wot ownsonlati
tude500Swi
thl
ong
0
l
ongi
tudesand20 W.(
taket
heradi
usoft
heeart
htobe6370km)

8. Cal
cul
atet
hedi
stancebet 300N,
weenM ( 360E)andN(
300N,
1440W)i
nnaut
ical
mil
es.
(
i) Ov
ert
heNor
thPol
e
(
ii
) Al
ongt
hepar
all
elofl
ati
tude300N

9. (
a) Ashi
psai
l
edduesout
hal
ongamer
idi
anf
rom 120Nt
o10030’
S.Taki
ng
theeart
htobeaspherewi
thaci
rcumf
erenceof4x104km,cal
cul
atei
nkm t
he
dist
ancetr
avel
edbyt
heshi
p.

(
b) I
fashipsai
lsduewestf
rom SanFranci
sco(37047’
N,122026’
W)fordi
stanceof
1320km.Calcul
atet
hel
ongi
tudeofitsnewposit
ion(t
akether
adi
usoftheearth
tobe6370km andπ=22/7)
.

CHAPTERSI
XTYONE

LI
NEARPROGRAMMI
NG
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)For
mli
neari
nequal
i
tiesbasedonr
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions;
(
b)Repr
esentt
hel
i
neari
nequal
i
tiesonagr
aph;

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(
c)Sol
veandi
nter
prett
heopt
imum sol
uti
onoft
hel
i
neari
nequal
i
ties,
(
d)Appl
yli
nearpr
ogr
ammi
ngt
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.
Content
(a)Format
ionofl
i
neari
nequal
i
ties
(
b)Anal
yti
cal
sol
uti
onsofl
i
neari
nequal
i
ties
(
c)Sol
uti
onsofl
i
neari
nequal
i
tiesbygr
aphs
(
d)Opt
imi
sat
ion(
incl
udeobj
ect
ivef
unct
ion)
(
e)Appl
i
cat
ionofquadr
ati
cequat
ionst
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

For
mingl
i
neari
nequal
i
ties
I
nli
nearprogr
amingwear
egoi
ngt
ofor
minequal
i
tiesr
epr
esent
inggi
vencondi
ti
onsi
nvol
vi
ng
r
eal
li
fesit
uati
on.
Exampl
e
Eshaisf
iveyearsyoungerthanhi
ssi st
er.Thesum oft
heiragei
slesst
han36y
ear
s.I
fEsha’
s
ageisxyear
s,for
m allt
heinequal
i
tiesinxforthi
ssi
tuat
ion.
Sol
uti
on
TheageofEsha’
ssi
steri
sx+5y
ear
s.
Ther
efor
e,t
hesum oft
hei
ragei
s;
X+(
x+5)y
ear
s
Thus;
2x+5<36

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2x<31
X>15.
5
X>0(agei
sal
way
sposi
ti
ve)

Li
nearpr
ogr
ammi
ng
Li
nearpr ogrammi ng i
st he processoft aking vari
ousl i
nearinequali
ti
esr elati
ng t
o some
si
tuat
ion,andf i
ndingthe"best"v al
ueobtainableundert hosecondit
ions.A t ypi
calexample
would be taking the l
imit
ati
ons ofmat erials and l
abor,and then deter
mi ning t
he "best
"
pr
oductionlevelsformaximalprofi
tsunderthosecondi t
ions.

In"realli
fe"
,li
nearpr ogr
ammi ng ispar tofa v er
yimpor t
antarea ofmathematicscal l
ed
"opti
mizat
ion t
echniques"
.Thisf iel
d ofst udyareused everydayint heorgani
zation and
all
ocati
onofresources.These"reall
ife"systemscanhav
edozensorhundr edsofvariabl
es,or
mor e.I
nalgebr
a,though,you'
llonlywor kwi tht
hesimpl
e( andgraphable)t
wo-var
iableli
near
case.

Thegener alpr ocessf orsol

vingli
near-programmi ngexerci
sesi st o grapht heinequali
ti
es
(call
edt he" constraint
s")toform awal l
ed-offareaont hex, y-
plane( call
edt he"feasi
bil
it
y
region"
).Theny oufigur
eoutthecoordinatesoft hecorner
softhisfeasibil
it
yregion(thati
s,you
fi
ndt hei ntersecti
onpoi nt
soft hevar
iouspai rsofl i
nes)
,andt estthesecor nerpointsinthe
formula( call
edt he"opti
mizat
ionequati
on" )f
orwhi chyou'
retr
yingtof i
ndt hehighestorlowest
value.
Exampl
e
Supposeafact
orywanttoproducetwotypesofhandcal
culat
ors,t
ypeAandt
ypeB.Thecost
,
thel
abort
imeandtheprofi
tforever
ycal
culat
ori
ssummar i
zedinthefol
l
owi
ngt
able:
Ty
pe Cost LaborTi
me Pr
ofi
t

A Sh30 1(
hour
) Sh10

B Sh20 4(
hour
) Sh8

Supposet heavail
abl
emoneyandlabor
sareksh18000and1600hour
s.Whatshoul
dthe
product
ionschedul
ebetoensur
emaxi
mum pr
ofi
t?
Sol
uti
on

Suppose i
sthenumberoft
ypeAhandcal
cul
ator
sand i
sthenumberoft
ypeBhand

cal
cul
ator
sandyt
obet
hecost
.Then,
wewantt
omaxi
mize subj
ectt
o

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wher
e i
sthet
otal
prof
it
.

Sol
uti
onbygr
aphi
ng
Soluti
onstoi nequal
i
tiesf
ormedtorepr
esentgi
v encondi
ti
onscanbedet er
minedbygr
aphi
ng
theinequal
i
tiesandthenreadi
ngof
ftheappropr
iateval
ues(possi
blev
alues)
Exampl
e
Astudentwishest
opur chasenotl
essthan10itemscompr i
singbooksandpensonl y.Abook
cost
ssh.20andapensh. 10.
ift
hestudenthassh.220tospend,for
m allpossibl
einequal
i
ties
fr
om thegi
vencondit
ionsandgraphthem cl
ear
ly,
indi
cat
ingthepossi
blesolut
ions.
Sol
uti
on
Lett
henumberofbooksbexandt
henumberofpenst
hen,
thei
nequal
i
tiesar
e;
i
.) x+y≥10(t
hei
temsboug
htt
obea
tle
stt
en)
i
i
.) x+y≤220(
onl
ysh.
220i
sava
ila
ble
)20(
onl
ysh.
220i
sava
ila
ble
)
2x+y≤22
i
i
i.
) x> a ndy>0(numbe rofi
temsboug
htc
annotbene
gat
ive
)y>0(numbe
rofi
tems
boug
htcannotbene
gat
ive
)
Theg
raphbe
lowr
epr
ese
ntst
hei
nequa
lit
ies

Allt
hepoi
ntsint
heunshadedregi
onrepr
esentpossi
blesol
uti
ons.Apoi
ntwi
thco-
ordi
nat
es(x
,y)r
epr
esentsxbooksandypens.Forexample,t
hepoint(
3,10)means3booksand10pens
coul
dbeboughtbythest
udent
s.

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Opt
imi
zat
ion
Thedeter
minat
ionofthemini
mum ort hemaxi
mum v al
ueoftheobject
ivef
unct
ionax+byi
s
knownasopti
mizat
ion.Obj
ect
ivef
unct
ionisanequat
iontobemini
mizedormaximized.
Exampl
e
Acont ract
orintendstotransport1000bagsofcementusi
ngalorr
yandapickup.Thel orr
ycan
carr
yamaxi mum of80bagswhi leapickupcancar
ryamaximum of20bags.Thepickupmust
makemor ethant wicethenumberoft ri
psthel
orr
ymakesandt hetot
alnumberoft riptobe
l
esst han30.Thecostpert ri
pf orthel
orr
yisksh2000,perbagandksh900forthepickup.Fi
nd
themi nimum expendit
ure.

Sol
uti
on
Ifweletxandybethenumberoftr
ipsmadebyt hel
orr
yandt
hepi
ckupr
espect
ivel
y.Thent
he
condi
tionsar
egi
venbythef
oll
owinginequal
i
ties;
i
.) x+y<30+y<30
i
i
.) 0y≥1000,
whi
chs
impl
if
iesa
s4x
+y≥50
i
i
i.
) y>2x
i
v.
) x<0
Thetotalcostoft r
anspor
ti
ngt
hecementi
sgi
venbysh2000x+900y
.Thi
siscal
l
edt
he
obj
ect
ivefunct
ion.
Thegr
aphbel
owshowst
hei
nequal
i
ties.

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Fr
om t
hegr
aphwecani
dent
if
y7possi
bil
i
ties
(
7,22)
,(
8,18)
,(
8,19)
,(
8,20)
,(
8,21)
,(
9,19)
,(
9,20)

Not
e;
Co-or
dinatesst
andsf orthenumberoftr
ips.Forexampl
e(7,22)means7tri
psbythelor
ryand
22tri
psbyt hepickup.Therefor
ethepossi
bleamountofmoneyinshil
li
ngstobespentbythe
contr
actorcanbecalculatedasfol
l
ows.
i
.) (
2000×7)+(900×22)=33800
i
i
.) (
2000×8)+(900×18)=32200
i
i
i.
) (
2000×8)+(900×19)=33100
i
v.
) (
2000×8)+(900×20)=34000
v
.) (
2000×8)+(900×21)=34900
v
i.
) (
2000×9)+(900×19)=35100
v
ii
.) (
2000×9)+(900×20)=36000

Wenot ethatfrom t hecal culat

iont hattheleastamountt hecontractorwouldspendi s
sh.
32200. Thisi
swhent helorrymakes8t ri
psandt hepick-up18t r
ips.Whenpossibil
i
ties
aremanyt hemet hodofdet ermini
ngt hesoluti
onbycal cul
ati
onbecomest edi
ous.The
al
ternati
vemet hodi nv ol
vesdr awingt hegraphoft he f uncti
onwewi shtomaximizeor
mini
mi ze,theobjecti
v efunction.Thisfuncti
onisusuall
yoft hefor
m ax+by,wher eaandb
arconstants.
Forthis,
weuset
hegraphabove whichi
saconv eni
entpoi
nt(x,y)togiv
etheval
ueofx
pref
erabl
ycl
oset
otheregi
onofthepossi
bil
i
ties.Forexampl
ethepoint(5,
10)waschosen

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togiveanini
ti
alval
ueofthus,2000x+900y=19000.
wenow dr
aw t
hel
i
ne2000x+
900y
=19000.
suchali
nei
sref
err
edtousasear
chl
i
ne.
Usingar ulerandasetsquare,sl
idethesetsquarekeepingoneedgepar all
eltol1
unt
ilt
he
edgestri
kest hefeasi
blepoi
ntnearestl
1
(seethedott
edlinel
2
)From t
hegr aphthi
spoi ntis
(8,
18) ,
whi chgivestheminimum expenditur
easwehav eseenearli
er.
Thef easi
bl epoint
fur
thestfrom theli
nel1
gi
vesthema xi
mu m val
ue oft
he obj
ect
ivefunct
ion.

Thedet
ermi
nat
ionofthemini
mum ort
hemaxi
mum v
alueoft
heobj
ect
ivef
unct
ionax+by
i
sknownasopt
imizat
ion.

Not
e;
Thepr
ocessofsol
vi
ngl
i
nearequat
ionsar
easf
oll
ows
i
.) For
mingt
hei
nequal
i
tiessat
isf
yinggi
vencondi
ti
ons
i
i
.) For
mul
ati
ngt
heobj
ect
ivef
unct
ion.
i
i
i.
) Gr
aphi
ngt
hei
nequal
i
ties
i
v.
) Opt
imi
zi
ngt
heobj
ect
ivef
unct
ion
Thi
swhol
epr
ocessi
scal
l
edl
i
nearpr
ogr
ammi
ng.
Exampl
e
Acompanypr oducesgadgetswhichcomei nt wocolors:redandbl ue.Ther edgadgetsar e
madeofst eel andsell
forksh30each.Thebl uegadgetsar emadeofwoodandsel lf
orksh50
each.Auni toft heredgadgetrequi
res1ki l
ogram ofsteel,and3hour soflabort
opr ocess.A
unitoft
hebl uegadget,ontheotherhand,requir
es2boar dmet er
sofwoodand2hour soflabor
tomanuf acture.Thereare180hoursofl abor,120boardmet ersofwood,and50kilogramsof
steelavai
lable.Howmanyuni tsoftheredandbl uegadget smustt hecompanypr oduce( and
sell
)ifi
twant stomaxi mi
zerevenue?

Sol
uti
on

TheGr
aphi
cal
Appr
oach

St
ep1.Def
ineal
ldeci
sionv
ari
abl
es.

Let
: x1 =numberofredgadgetstoproduce(andsell
)
x2 =numberofbluegadgetstoproduce(andsel
l)

St
ep2.Def
inet
heobj
ect
ivef
unct
ion.

Max
imi
zeR=30x1+50x2 (
tot
alr
evenuei
nksh)

St
ep3.Def
ineal
lconst
rai
nts.

(
1) x1  50(
steel
suppl
yconstr
aintinki
l
ogr
ams)
(
2) 2x2 120(
woodsupplyconst
rainti
nboar
dmeter
s)

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(
3) 3x1 + 2x2 180(l
aborsuppl
yconstrai
nti
nmanhour
s)
x1,x2 0(non-
negati
vit
yrequi
rement)

St
ep4.Gr
aphal
lconst
rai
nts.

Thendet
ermi
near
eaoff
easi
blest
udy

Not
e;

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 Thear
eaundert
hel
i
nemar
kedbl
uei
stheneededar
eaorar
eaoff
easi
blesol
uti
ons.

 Wet
her
efor
eshadet
heunwant
edr
egi
onoutt
het
rapezi
um mar
kedbl
ue

Opt
imi
zat
ion
Listal
lcorners(i
dent
if
yt hecorr
espondi
ngcoor
dinat
es)
,andpi
ckt
hebesti
nter
msoft
he
resul
ti
ngvalueoft
heobjecti
vef
uncti
on.

(
1)x1=0 x2=0 R=30(
0)+50(
0)=0

(
2)x1=50 x2=0 R=30(
50)+50(
0)=1500

(
3)x1=0 x2=60 R=30(
0)+50(
60)=3000

(
4)x1=20 x2=60 R=30(
20)+50(
60)=3600(
theopt
imal
sol
uti
on)

(
5)x1=50 x2=15 R=30(
50)+50(
15)=2250

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Aschoolhastotake384peopl
eforatour.Therear
etwot
ypesofbusesavai
lable,
type
XandtypeY.TypeXcancarry64passengersandty
peYcancar
ry48passengers.They
hav
etouseatleast7buses.
(
a) For
m al
lthel
i
neari
nequal
i
tieswhi
chwi
l
lrepr
esentt
heabov
einf
ormat
ion.
(
b) Ont
hegr
id[
prov
ide,
drawt
hei
nequal
i
tiesandshadet
heunwant
edr
egi
on.
(
c) Thechar
gesf
orhi
ri
ngt
hebusesar
e
Ty
peX:
Ksh25,
000
Ty
peYKsh20,
000

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Useyourgraphtodeter
minet
henumberofbusesofeacht
ypet
hatshoul
dbe
hi
redt
omi ni
mizethecost.
2. Ani nst
it
uteof f
erstwot ypesofcour sest
echnicalandbusinesscourses.Theinst
it
ute
hasacapaci tyof500st udents.Theremustbemor ebusinessstudent
sthantechnical
student
sbutatl east200st udentsmustt aketechni
calcourses.Letxr epr
esentthe
numberoft echnical
studentsandyt henumberofbusinessstudents.
(
a) Wr
it
edownt
hreei
nequal
i
tiest
hatdescr
ibet
hegi
vencondi
ti
ons
(
b) Ont
hegr
idpr
ovi
ded,
drawt
het
hreei
nequal
i
ties
(
c) I
ftheinsti
tut
emakesapr of
itofKshs2,500totr
ainonet
echni
calst
udent
sand
Kshs1,000totr
ainonebusi
nessst
udent,
deter
mine
(
i)The numberofst udent
st hatmustbe enr
oll
ed i
n each cour
se t
o
maximizet
heprofi
t
(
ii
) Themaxi mum prof
it
.
3. Adr
aperi
srequi
redtosuppl
ytwotypesofshir
tsAandt
ypeB.
Thetot
alnumberofshir
tsmustnotbemor et
han400.Hehast
osuppl
ymorety
peA
thanofty
peBhowev erthenumberofty
pesAshir
tsmustbemoret
han300andthe
numberofty
peBshir
tsnotbelesst
han80.
Letxbet
henumberoft
ypeAshi
rt
sandybet
henumberoft
ypesBshi
rt
s.
(
a)Writ
edowni ntermsofxandyallt
heli
nearinequal
i
tiesrepr
esenti
ngtheinf
ormat
ion
above.
(
b)Onthegridprovi
ded,
drawthei
nequal
i
tiesandshadet heunwantedregi
ons
(
c)Theprofi
tswereasfoll
ows
TypeA:Kshs600pershirt
Ty
peB:
Kshs400pershi
rt
(
i) Uset hegr aphtodet er
mi nethenumberofshi rtsofeachtypethatshouldbe
madet omaximizet heprofit
.
(
ii
) Cal culatethemaxi mum possibleprofi
t.
4. Adietexpertmakesupaf oodpr oducti
onf orsalebymi xi
ngtwoi ngredi
entsNandS.
Onekil
ogram ofNcont ai
ns25uni tsofpr otei
nand30uni tsofvi
tamins.Oneki l
ogram of
Scontai
ns50uni tsofpr ot
einand45uni t
sofv i
tamins.Thefoodissol dinsmallbags
eachcontaini
ngatl east175uni tsofpr oteinandatl east180unitsofv it
amins.The
massofthef oodpr oductineachbagmustnotexceed6kg.
I
fonebagoft
hemi
xtur
econt
ainsxkgofNandykgofS
(
a)Wri
tedownallt
heinequali
ti
es,i
ntermsofxandr epresent
ingtheinformati
onabove
(2marks)
(
b)Onthegr
idprov
ideddrawtheinequal
it
iesbyshadi
ngt heunwantedregions
(2mar ks)
(
c)I
fonekil
ogram ofNcost sKshs20andoneki l
ogram ofScost sKshs50,uset he
gr
aphtodet
erminethelowestcostofonebagofthemi xt
ure.
5. Eshaf
lyi
ngcompanyoper
atesaf
lyi
ngser
vice.I
thast
wot
ypesofaer
opl
anes.The

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smal
l
eroneuses180l
i
tresoff
uel
perhourwhi
l
ethebi
ggeroneuses300l
i
tresperhour
.
Thefuelav
ail
abl
eperweeki
s18,
000l
i
tres.Thecompanyi
sal
l
owed80f
lyi
nghour
sper
week.
(
a)Wr
it
edownal
lthei
nequal
i
tiesr
epr
esent
ingt
heabov
einf
ormat
ion
(
b)Ont
hegr
idpr
ovi
dedonpage21,
drawal
lthei
nequal
i
tiesi
n(a)abov
eby
shadi
ngt
heunwant
edr
egi
ons
(
c)Thepr
ofi
tsont
hesmal
l
eraer
opl
anei
sKshs4000perhourwhi
l
ethatont
he
biggeroneisKshs.6000perhour
.Usey
ourgr
apht
odet
ermi
net
hemaxi
mum pr
ofi
t
thatthecompanymadeperweek.
6. Acompanyi sconsi
der
inginstal
li
ngtwotypesofmachi
nes.AandB.Thei
nfor
mat
ion
abouteacht
ypeofmachineisgiv
eninthet
ablebel
ow.

Machi
ne Numberofoper
ator
s Fl
oorspace Dai
l
ypr
ofi
t

A 2 5m2 Kshs1,
500

B 5 8m2 Kshs2,
500

Thecompanydeci
dedt
oinst
all
xmachi
nesoft
ypesAandymachi
nesoft
ypeB
(
a) Wr
it
edownt
hei
nequal
i
tiest
hatexpr
esst
hef
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
ons
i
. Thenumberofoper atorsavail
ableis40
i
i. Thef
loorspaceavail
ableis80m2
i
ii
.Thecompanyi st
oinstall
notlessthan3ty
peofAmachine
i
v.Thenumberoft y
peBmachi nesmustbemor ethanonet
hir
dthenumberof
ty
peAmachi nes
(
b) Onthegr
idprovided,
drawt heinequal
it
iesi
npart(
a)abov
eandshadet
he
unwant
edr
egi
on.
(
c) Dr
awasear
chl
i
neandusei
ttodet
ermi
net
henumberofmachi
nesofeach
t
ypet
hatshoul
dbei
nst
all
edt
omaxi
mizet
hedai
l
ypr
ofi
t.

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CHAPTERSI
XTYTWO

LOCUS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:

(
a)Def
ineLocus;
(
b)Descr
ibecommont
ypesofLoci
;
(
c)Const
ruct
;
i
)Loci
inv
olv
ingi
nequal
i
ties;
i
i
)Loci
inv
olv
ingchor
ds;
i
i
i)Loci
inv
olv
ingpoi
ntsundergi
vencondi
ti
ons;
i
v)I
nter
sect
ingl
oci
.
Content
(a)Commont
ypesofLoci
(
b)Per
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orl
oci

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(
c)Locusofapoi
ntatagi
vendi
stancef
rom af
ixedpoi
nt
(
d)Angl
ebi
sect
orl
oci
(
e)Ot
herl
oci
undergi
vencondi
ti
oni
ncl
udi
ngi
nter
sect
ingl
oci
(
f)Loci
inv
olv
ingi
nequal
i
ties
(
g)Loci
inv
olv
ingchor
ds(
const
antangl
eloci
).

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Locusisdef
inedast
hepath,ar
eaorv
olumet
racedoutbyapoi
nt,l
i
neorr
egi
onasi
tmov
es
accor
dingt
osomegivenl
aws

I
nconst r
ucti
ontheopeni ngbetweent hepencil
andthepoi
ntofthecompassi saf i
xeddist
ance,
thelengt
hoft her adiusofaci r
cle.Thepointonthecompassdet erminesafixedpoint
.Ift
he
l
engthoft heradi
usr emainsthesameorunchanged,allofthepoi nti
nt heplanethatcanbe
drawnbyt hecompassf rom acircleandanypointst
hatcannotbedr awnbyt hecompassdo
notli
eont hecir
cle.Thust hecir
cleisthesetofal
lpoi
ntsatafixeddistancef
rom afixedpoi
nt.
Thisseti
scalledal ocus.

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CommontypesofLoci
Per
pendi
cul
arbi
sectorl
ocus
Thelocusofapoi
ntwhi
chareequi
dist
antfr
om t
wof i
xedpoint
si st
heperpendi
cularbisect
orof
thestr
aightl
i
nej
oini
ngt
hetwofi
xedpoint
s.Thi
slocusiscal
l
edt heper
pendicul
arbisectorl
ocus.
Sotof
indt
hepointequi
dist
antf
rom t
wof
ixedpoi
ntsy
ousi
mpl
yfi
ndt
heper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
or
oft
hetwopoi
ntsasshownbelow.
Qi
sthemi
d-poi
ntofM andN.

I
nthr
eeDi
mensi
ons
I
nt hreedimensi
ons,theper
pendicul
arbi
sect
orlocusisaplaneatr
ightangl
est
ot heli
neand
bisecti
ngtheli
neint
ot woequalpart
s.ThepointP canl
ieanywher
eintheli
neprovi
dedit
sin
themi ddl
e.

TheLocusofpoi
ntsataGi
venDi
stancef
rom agi
venst
rai
ghtl
i
ne.
I
ntwoDi
mensi
ons
I
nthefi
gur
ebeloweachoft
hel
i
nesf
rom t
hemi
ddl
eli
nei
smar
kedacent
imet
ersonei
thersi
de
oft
hegi
venli
neMN.

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The‘
a’cent
imet
ersonei
thersi
desf
rom t
hemi
ddl
eli
nei
mpl
i
est
heper
pendi
cul
ardi
stance.

Thet
wopar
all
ell
i
nesdescr
ibet
hel
ocusofpoi
ntsataf
ixeddi
stancef
rom agi
venst
rai
ghtl
i
ne.
I
nthr
eeDi
mensi
ons
I
nthr
eedimensi
onst
helocusofpoi
nt‘a’cent
imet
ersf
rom al
i
neMNi
sacy
li
ndr
icalshel
lof
r
adi
us‘a’
c,wi
thMNastheaxi
sofrot
ati
on.

Locusofpoi
ntsataGi
venDi
stancef
rom af
ixedpoi
nt.
I
ntwoDi
mensi
on
IfOi
safixedpoi
ntandPav
ari
abl
epoi
nt‘
d’cm f
rom O,
thel
ocusofpi
stheci
rcl
eOr
adi
us‘
d’cm
asshownbelow.

Allpoint
sonacir
cledescr
ibeal
ocusofapointatconst
antdi
stancef
rom af
ixedpoi
nt.I
nthr
ee
dimesionthel
ocusofapoi nt‘
d’cent
imet
resfrom apointi
saspher i
calshel
lcent
reO and
radiusdcm.

Angl
eBi
sect
orLocus
Thelocusofpoint
swhi
char
eequidi
stantf
rom t
wogi
veni
nter
sect
ingst
rai
ghtl
i
nesi
sthepai
rof
per
pendicul
arl
ineswhi
chbi
sectt
heanglesbet
weent
hegi
venli
nes.
Conver
sel
y,apointwhi
chl
i
esonabi
sect
orof gi
venangl
eisequi
dist
antf
rom t
hel
i
nes
i
ncludi
ngt
hatangl
e.P C

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Li
nePBbi
sectangl
eABCi
ntot
woequal
par
ts.

Exampl
e
0
Const
ructtr
iangl
ePQRsucht hatPQ=7cm,
QR=5cm andangl
ePQR=30.
Const
ructt
hel
ocus
Lofpoint
sequidi
stantf
rom RPandRQ.
Sol
uti
on
Li
sthebi
sect
orofAngl
ePRQ.

P⋰
L

Const
antangl
eloci
0
Al
i
nePQi
s5cm l
ong,
Const
ructt
hel
ocusofpoi
ntsatwhi
chPQsubt
endsanangl
eof70.
Sol
uti
on
i
.) Dr
awPQ=5cm
0
i
i
.) Const
ructTPatP sucht
hatangl
eQPT=70
i
i
i.
) Dr
awaper
pendi
cul
art
oTPatP(r
adi
usi
sper
pendi
cul
art
otangent
)
i
v.
) Const
ructt
heper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orofPQt
omeett
heper
pendi
cul
ari
n(i
i
i)atO
v
.) Usi
ngOast
hecent
reandei
therOPorOQasr
adi
us,
drawt
hel
ocus

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v
i.
) Tr
ansf
ert
hecent
reont
hesi
deofPQandcompl
etet
hel
ocus.
v
ii
.) Transf
ert
hecent
reont
heopposi
tesi
desofPQandcompl
etet
hel
ocusasshown
below.

1
 ToO ar
eoft
hesamer
adi
us,

 Angl
esubt
endedbyt
hesamechor
dont
heci
rcumf
erencear
eequal
,

 Thi
siscal
l
edt
heconst
antangl
elocus.

I
nter
sect
ingLoci
0
a.
)Const
ructt
ri
angl
ePQRsucht
hatPQ=7cm,
OR=5cm andangl
ePQR=30
b.
)Constr uctthelocusL1ofpoi
ntsequi
dist
antf
rom PandQt
omeett
hel
ocusL2ofpoi
nts
equi
distantfr
om QandR atM .MeasurePM
Sol
uti
on
I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow
i
.) L1i
stheper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orofPQ

i
i
.) L2i
stheper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orofPQ

i
i
i.
) Bymeasur
ement
,PM i
sequal
to3.
7cm

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Loci
ofi
nequal
i
ties
An i
nequal
it
yisrepr
esent
ed graphi
call
ybyshowi ng al
lthe poi
ntsthatsati
sfyi
t.
The
i
nter
sect
ionoft
woormoreregi
onsofinequal
i
tiesgi
vest
heinter
sect
ionoft
hei
rloci
.
Rememberweshedt
heunwant
edr
egi
on
Exampl
e
Dr
awt
hel
ocusofpoi
nt(x,
y)sucht
hatx+y<3,
y–x≤4andy>2.
Sol
uti
on
Dr
awt
hegr
aphsofx+y=3,
y–x=4andy=2asshownbel
ow.
Theunwant
edr egi
onsareusual
l
yshaded.Theunshadedr
egi
onmar
kedRi
sthel
ocusof
poi
nts(x,
y),suchthatx+y <3,y–X≤4andy>2.
Theli
nesofgreat
erorequal
toadlessorequal
to(≤,≥)ar
eal
way
ssol
i
dwhi
l
ethel
i
nesof
great
erorl
ess(<>)ar
ealwaysbr
oken.

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Exampl
e
Pisapointi
nsi
der
ect
angl
eABCDsucht
hatAP≤PBandAngl
eDAP ≥Angl
eBAP.Showt
he
r
egiononwhichPl
i
es.
Sol
uti
on
A B

Draw aper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orofAP=PBandshadetheunwantedregi
on.Bi
sect<DAB(
<
DAP=<BAP)andshadetheunwant
edregi
onl
i
esint
heunshadedregi
on.
Exampl
e
Dr
awt
hel
ocusofapoi
ntPwhi
chmov
est
hatAP≤3cm.

Sol
uti
on
i
.) Dr
awaci
rcl
e,cent
reAandr
adi
us3cm

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i
i
.) Shadet
heunwant
edr
egi
on.

Locusi
nvol
vi
ngchor
ds
Thef
oll
owi
ngpr
oper
ti
esofchor
dsofaci
rcl
ear
eusedi
nconst
ruct
ionofl
oci
(
I)
Per
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orofany chor
dpassest
hrought
hecent
reoft
heci
rcl
e.
(
ii
)Theper
pendi
cul
ardr
awnf
rom acent
reofaci
rcl
ebi
sect
sthechor
d.
(
II
I)I
fchor
dsofaci
rcl
ear
eequal
,theyar
eequi
dist
antf
rom t
hecent
reoft
heci
rcl
eandv
ice-
v
ersa
(
IV)I
nthef
igurebel
ow,
ifchor
dABi
nter
sect
schor
dCDatO,
AO=x,
BO=y
,CO=m andDO=n
t
hen m×n=x ×y

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskat
eacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand

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bef
oregoi
ngt
osl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.

1. Usi
ngar
ulerandapai
rofcompassesonl
y,
a.Constr
uctat r
iangl
eABCsucht eABC=135oC,
hatangl AB=8.
2cm andBC=9.6cm
b.Gi
vent hatDisapositi
onequi
dist
antf
rom bot
hABandBCandal
sofrom BandC
i
. LocateD
i
i. Fi
ndt heareaoftr
iangl
eDBC.

2. (
a)Usi
ngar
uler
,apai
rofcompassesonl
yconst
ructt
ri
angl
eXYZsucht
hatXY=6cm,
YZ=8cm andXYZ=75o
(
b)Measur
eli
neXZandXZY
(
c)Dr
awaci
rcl
ethatpassest
hroughX,
YandZ
(
d)ApointM movessucht
hati
tisal
way
sequi
dist
antf
rom YandZ.const
ructt
hel
ocus
ofM anddef
inethel
ocus
3. (
a)(
i)Const
ructat
ri
angl
eABCi
nwhi
chAB=6cm, eABC=75o
BC=7cm andangl
Measur
e:-
(
i)Lengt
hofAC
(
ii
)Angl
eACB
(
b)LocusofPi
ssucht
hatBP=PC.Const
ructP
(
c)Const
ructt
hel
ocusofQsucht
hatQi
sononesi
deofBC,
opposi
teAandangl
e
BQC=30o
(
d)(
i)LocusofPandl kx
ocusofQmeetatX.Mar
(
ii
)Const
ructl
ocusRi
nwhi eBRC120o
changl
(
ii
i)Showt
hel
ocusSi
nsi
det
ri
angl
eABCsucht
hatXSSR
4. Usear
ulerandcompassesonl
yforal
lconst
ruct
ionsi
nthi
squest
ion.
a)i
)Const
ructat
ri
angl
eABCi
nwhi
chAB=8cm,
andBC=7.
5cm andABC=112½°
i
i
)Measur
ethel
engt
hofAC
b)Byshadi
ngt
heunwant
edr
egi
onsshow t
hel
ocusofPwi
thi
nthet
ri
angl
eABCsuch
t
hat

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i
)AP≤BP
i
i
)AP>3cm
Mar
kther
equi
redr
egi
onasP
c)Const
ructanor
mal
from Ct
omeetABpr
oducedatD
d)Locatethel
ocusofRi
nthesamedi
agr
am sucht
hatt
hear
eaoft
ri
angl
eARBi
s¾ t
he
ar
ea ofthetr
iangl
eABC.
5. Onal i
neABwhichis10cm l
ongandont
hesamesi
deoft
hel
i
ne,
usear
ulerandapai
r
ofcompassesonl
ytoconst
ructt
hef
oll
owi
ng.
a)Tr
iangl
eABCwhosear s20cm2andangl
eai eACB=90o
b)(
i)Thel
ocusofapoi
ntPsucht eAPB=45o.
hatangl
(i
i
)Locat
etheposi
ti
onofPsucht
hatt
ri
angl
eAPBhasamaxi
mum ar
eaandcal
cul
ate
t
hisar
ea.

6. Agar
deni
ntheshapeofapol
ygonwi
thv
ert
icesA,
B,C,
DandE.AB=2.
5m,
AE=10m,
ED=5.
2M andDC=6.
9m.Thebear
ingofBf
rom Ai
s030ºandAi
sduet
oeastofE
whi
l
eD i
sduenor
thofE,
angl
eEDC=110º
,
a)Usi
ngascal
eof1cm t
orepr
esent1m const
ructanaccur
atepl
anoft
hegar
den
b)Af
oundat
ioni
stobepl
acedneart
oCDt
hanCB andnomor
ethan6m f
rom A,
i
)Const
ructt
hel
ocusofpoi
ntsequi
dist
antf
rom CBandCD.
i
i
)Const
ructt
hel
ocusofpoi
nts6m f
rom A
c)i
)shade and l
abelR,
ther
egi
onwi
thi
nwhi
cht
hef
oundat
ioncoul
d bepl
aced i
nthe
gar
den
i
i
)Const
ructt
hel
ocusofpoi
ntsi
nthegar
den3.
4m f
rom AE.
i
i
i)I
sitpossi
blef
ort
hef
oundat
iont
obe3.
4m f
rom AEandi
nther
egi
on?
7. a)Usi
ngar
ulerandcompassesonl
yconst
ructt
ri
angl
ePQRi
nwhi
chQR=5cm,
PR=7cm
andanglePRQ=135°
b)Det
ermi
ne<PQR
c)AtPdr
opaperpendi
cul
art
omeetQRpr
oducedatT
d)Measur
ePT
e)Locat
eapointAonTPproducedsucht
hatt
hear
eaoft
ri
angl
eAQRi
sequalt
oone-
and–a-halft
imest
heareaoft
ri
angl
ePQR
f
)Compl
etet
ri
angl
eAQRandmeasur
eangl
eAQR
8. User
ulerandapai
rofcompassesonl
yint
hisquest
ion.
(
a)Const
ructt
ri
angl
eABCi
nwhi BC=8cm and∠ABC=600.
chAB=7cm,

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(
b)Measur
e(i
)si
deAC(
ii
)∠ACB
(
c)Const
ructaci
rcl
epassi
ngt
hrought
het
hreepoi
ntsA,
BandC.Measur
ether
adi
usof
t
heci
rcl
e.
(
d)Const
ruct∆PBCsucht
hatPi
sont
hesamesi
deofBCaspoi
ntAand∠PCB=½∠
ACB,
∠BPC=∠BACmeasure∠PBC.
9. Wi
thoutusi
ngasetsquar
eorapr
otr
act
or:
-
(
a)Const
ructt
ri
angl
eABCi
nwhi
chBCi
s6.
7cm,
angl s60oandBACi
eABCi s90o.
(
b)Mar
kpoi
ntDonl
i
neBApr
oducedsucht
hatl
i
neAD=3.
5cm
(
c)Const
ruct
:-
(
i)Aci
rcl
ethatt
ouchesl
i
nesACandAD
(
ii
)At
angentt
othi
sci
rcl
epar
all
elt
oli
neAD
Useapai
rofcompassesandr
uleronl
yint
hisquest
ion;
(
a)Drawacut
eangl
edtri
angl
eABCi nwhi
changleCAB=37½ o,AB=8cm and CB=5.
4cm.
o o
Measuret
hel
engt
hofsi
deAC( hi
nt37½ =½x75)
(
b)Ont
het
ri
angl
eABCbel
ow:
(
i)Ont
hesamesi
deofACasB,
drawt
hel
ocusofapoi
ntXsot eAxC=52½o
hatangl
(i
i)Al
sodr
awt
hel
ocusofanot
herpoi
ntY,
whi
chi
s6.
8cm awayf
rom ACandont
hesame
si
deasX
(
c)Showbyshadi
ngt
her
egi
onPout
sidet
het
ri
angl
esucht eAPC52½oand
hatangl
Pi
snotl
esst
han6.
8cm awayf
rom AC

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CHAPTERSI
XTYTHREE

DI
FFERENTI
ATI
ON
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:

(
a)Fi
ndav
erager
atesofchangeandi
nst
ant
aneousr
atesofchange;
(
b)Fi
ndt
hegr
adi
entofacur
veatapoi
ntusi
ngt
angent
;
(
c)Rel
atet
hedel
tanot
ati
ont
orat
esofchange;
(
d)Fi
ndt
hegr
adi
entf
unct
ionofaf
unct
ionoft
hef
orm y=xn(
nisaposi
ti
ve
I
nteger
);
(
e)Def
ineder
ivat
iveofaf
unct
ion,
der
ivedf
unct
ionofapol
ynomi
alanddi
ff
erent
iat
ion;
(
f)Det
ermi
net
heder
ivat
iveofapol
ynomi
al;
(
g)Fi
ndequat
ionsoft
angent
sandnor
mal
tot
hecur
ves;
(
h)Sket
chacur
ve;
(
i)Appl
ydi
ff
erent
iat
ioni
ncal
cul
ati
ngdi
stance,
vel
oci
tyandaccel
erat
ion;
(
j)Appl
ydi
ff
erent
iat
ioni
nfi
ndi
ngmaxi
maandmi
nimaofaf
unct
ion.
Content
(a)Aver
ageandi
nst
ant
aneousr
atesofchange
(
b)Gr
adi
entofacur
veatapoi
nt
(
c)Gr
adi
entofy
=xn(
wher
eni
saposi
ti
vei
nteger
)
(
d)Del
tanot
ati
on(A)or5
(
e)Der
ivat
iveofapol
ynomi
al
(
f)Equat
ionsoft
angent
sandnor
mal
stot
hecur
ve
(
g)St
ati
oner
ypoi
nts
(
h)Cur
vesket
chi
ng

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(
i)Appl
i
cat
ionofdi
ff
erent
iat
ioni
ncal
cul
ati
onofdi
stance,
vel
oci
tyandaccel
erat
ion
(
j)Maxi
maandmi
nima

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Di
ff
erent
iat
ioni
sgener
all
yaboutr
ateofchange
Exampl
e
2
I
fwewantt ogetthegr
adientofthecur
v ey=x atageneralpoi
nt(x,y)
.Wenotet
hatagener
al
2 2
pointont
hecurvey=x wi l
lhav
ecoordinates oft
hefor
m (x,x) Thegr
adi
entofthecur
vey=
2
xatageneral
point(x,
y)canbeest abl
ishedasbelow.
I
fwet
akeasmal
lchangei
nx,
sayh.Thi
sgi
vesusanewpoi
ntont
hecur
vewi
thco-
ordi
nat
es
2 2 2
[
(x+h)
,(x+h)]
.Sopoi
ntQi
s[(
x+h)
,(x+h)]whi
l
epoi
ntPi
s(x,
x).

cha
ngeinY
Tof
indt
hegr
adi
entofPQ=
Chang
einX
2 2
Changei
ny=(
x+h)-x
Changei
nx=(x+h)-x
2 2
(x+h)-x
Gr
adi
ent =
(x+h)-x
2 2 2
x+2x
h+h-x
=
x+h-
x
2
2x
h+h
=
h
=2x+h
BymovingQasclosetopaspossibl
e,hbecomessuff
ici
ent
lysmalltobeignor
ed.Thus,2x+h
2
becomes2x.
Ther
efor
e,atgener
alpoi
nt(x,
y)ont
hecur
vey=x, thegr
adienti
s2x.
2
2xi
scal
l
edt
hegr
adi
entf
unct
ionoft
hecur
vey= x.
Wecanuset
hegr
adi
entf
unct
iont
o

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det
ermi
net
hegr
adi
entoft
hecur
veatanypoi
ntont
hecur
ve.

n n-
1
I
ngeneral,t
hegradientf
uncti
onofy=x i sgivenbynx ,wher
enisaposi
ti
veinteger.The
gradi
entfuncti
oniscalledthederi
vat
iveorder
ivedfunct
ionandt
hepr
ocessofobtaini
ngitis
call
eddif
ferent
iat
ion.
5 5-
1 4
Thef
unct
iony=x be
came
s5x = 5xwhe
nwedi
ff
ere
nti
atei
t
Del
taNot
ati
on
Asmalli
ncreaseinxisusual
l
ydenot
edby∆x
simil
arl
yasmalli
ncreasei
nyi
sdenot
edby∆y.
Let
2
usconsi
derthepoint
sP(x,y)andQ[(x+∆x)
,(
y+∆y)onthecurv
ey=x

y=x2
Q

∆y

R
9 P
∆x

Not
e;
Xi
sasi
ngl
equant
it
yandnotapr
oductof∆andx.
simi
l
arl
y∆yi
sasi
ngl
equant
it
y.
2 2
∆y (
x+∆x)-x
Thegr
adi
entofPQ, =
∆x (x )
+∆x-x
2 2 2
x+2x
∆x+(∆x
)-x
=
x+∆x
-x
=2x+∆x
As∆xt
endst
ozer
o;
i
.) ∆xcanbei
gnor
ed
∆y dy
i
i
.) gi
vest
heder
ivat
ivewhi
chi
sdenot
edby
∆x dx
dy
i
i
i.
) t
hus =2x
dx
dy 4
Whenwef
ind ,wesaywear
edi
ff
erent
iat
ingwi
thr
espectt
ox,
Forexampl
egi
veny=x; t
hen
dx
dy 3
=4x
dx
n n-
1 2 3 3-
1 2
I
ngener
alt
heder
ivat
ivesofy=a
x i
sna
x g.y=5x =10x,y= 6x =(
e. 6x3)
x =18x

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Der
ivat
iveofapol
ynomi
al.
n n-
1
Apolynomiali
nxi
sanex
pressi
onoft
hef
orma
0
x +a
1
x +……………a
n
;wher
ea a a ar
0,1……….
e n

const
ants
Todiff
erent
iat
eapolynomialfunct
ion,al
lyouhavetodoi smul t
ipl
yt hecoeff
ici
ent
sofeach
var
iabl
ebyt hei
rcor
respondi
ngexponents/power
s,subt
ract eachex ponent
/powersbyone,
andremoveanyconst
ants.
St
epsi
nvol
vedi
nsol
vi
ngpol
ynomi
alar
easf
oll
ows
I
dent
if
ythev
ari
abl
eter
msandconst
antt
ermsi
ntheequat
ion.
 
Av ar
iabl
eter
mi sanyter
mt hati
ncl
udesavar
iabl
eandaconst
antt
ermisanyt
ermt
hathas
onlyanumberwi t
houtav ar
iabl
e.Fi
ndthevari
abl
eandconst
antter
msinthi
spol
ynomial
functi
on:y=5x3 
+9x2 
+7x+3

e5x3, 2
 Thev
ari
abl
eter
msar 9x ,and7x
 Theconstanttermi
s3
Mul
ti
plyt
hecoef
fi
cient
sofeachv
ari
abl
eter
m byt
hei
rrespect
ivepower
s.
Theirpr
oductswil
lformthenewcoeffi
cientsofthedi
fferenti
atedequati
on.Oncey
ouf
indt
hei
r
product
s,pl
acetheresul
tsi
nfrontoft
heirrespect
ivev
ariables.Forexampl
e:
 5x3=5x3=15
 9x2=9x2=18
 7x=7x1=7
Lowereachexponentbyone.
Todot
his,
simpl
ysubt
ract1f
rom eachexponenti
neachv
ari
abl
eter
m.Her
e'showy
oudoi
t:
3 2
 5x =15x
2
 9x =18x
1-
1
 7x =7

Repl
acet
heol
dcoef
fi
cient
sandol
dexponent
s/power
swi
tht
hei
rnewcount
erpar
ts.
Tofinishdiffer
ent
iat
ingthepol
ynomialequat
ion,simplyrepl
acet heoldcoef
fi
cient
swiththei
r
newcoef fi
cient
sandr epl
acet
heoldpower swit
ht hei
rvaluesloweredbyone.Thederi
vat
iveof
constantsi
szer osoyoucanomit3,t
heconstantterm,from t
hef i
nalr
esul
t.
2
Theder
ivat
iveoft
hepol
ynomi
aly=15x +18x+7
I
ngener
al,t
heder
ivat
iveoft
hesum ofanumberoft
ermsi
sobt
ainedbydi
ff
erent
iat
ingeach
t
ermint
urn.

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Exampl
es
Fi
ndt
heder
ivedf
unct
ionofeachoft
hef
oll
owi
ng
3 2 2
a.
)S=2t-3t +4t b.
)A=V -2V+10

Sol
uti
on
dS 2
a.
) =6t-6t+4
dt

dA
b.
) =2v-2
dv

Equat
ionsoft
angent
sandNor
mal
toacur
ve.
Thegradi
entofacur
v ei
sthesameast hegradi
entoft
hetangentt
othecur
veatt
hatpoi
nt.We
uset
hispri
ncipl
etof
indtheequat
ionofthet
angenttoacur
veatagivenpoi
nt.
Fi
ndt
heequat
ionoft
het
angentt
othecur
ve;
3
y=x +2x+1at(
1,4)
Sol
uti
on
dy 2
=3x +2
dx
s3x1+2=5( h1)
2
Att nt(
hepoi 1,4)
,thegr
adi
enti weha
ves
ubs
tit
ute
dtheva
lueofxwi
t
Wewantt
heequat
ionofst
rai
ghtl
i
net
hrough(
1,4)whosegr
adi
enti
s5.
y-
4
Thus =5
x-
1
y-4=5x-5
y=5x-1(t
hisi
sthee
qua
tionoft
het
ang
ent
)
Anormalt
oacur
veatappoi
nti
sthel
i
neper
pendi
cul
art
othet
angentt
othecur
veatt
hegi
ven
poi
nt.
I
ntheexampleabov
ethegradi
entofthet
angentoft
hetangentt
othecur
veat(
1,4)i
s5.Thus
1
t
hegradi
entoft
henormal
tothecurveatt
hispoi
nti
s-.
5
Ther
efor
e,equat
ionoft
henor
mal
is:
y-
4 1
=-
x-
1 5

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5(
y–4)=-1(x–1)
-x
+21
y=
5

Exampl
e
3
Fi
ndt
heequat
ionoft
henor
mal
tot
hecur
vey=x-2x-1a
t(1,
-2)
Sol
uti
on
3
y=x-2x-1
dy 2
=3x-2
dx
Atthepoint(1,
-2)gr
adi
entoft
het
angentl
i
nei
s1.
Ther
efor
ethegr
adi
entoft
henor
mali
s-1.
the
requi
redequati
onis
y-
(-2)
= -1
x-
1
y+2
=-
1
x-1
y+2= -x+1
Theequat
ionoft
henor
mal
isy=-
x-1
St
ati
onar
ypoi
nts
A
l
ocal
maxi
mum

l
ocal
mini
mum

Not
e;
 I
neachofthepointsA,
B andCt hetangenti
shor
izont
almeani
ngatt
hesepoi
ntst
he
dy
gr
adi
enti
szero.
so =0a tpoi
ntsA,
B,C.
dx
 Anypoi
ntatwhi
cht
het
angentt
othegr
aphi
shor
izont
ali
scal
l
edast
ati
onar
ypoi
nt.We

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dy
canl
ocat
est
ati
onar
ypoi
ntsbyl
ooki
ngf
orpoi
ntsatwhi
ch =0.
dx
Tur
ningpoi
nts
Thepointatwhichthegradientchangesfrom negat
ivethr
oughzerotopositi
veiscall
ed
mini
mum pointwhil
et hepointwhichthegr adi
entchangesfr
om posi
ti
vethroughzer
ot o
negat
ivei
scal
ledmaximum point.
Int
hefigur
eaboveAisthemaximum whi
leBisthemi
nimum.
Mi
nimum poi
nt.
Gr
adi
entmov
esf
rom negat
ivet
hroughzer
otoposi
ti
ve.

dy dy
I
sne
gat
ive I
spos
iti
ve
dx dx

dy
I
sze
ro
dx

Maxi
mum poi
nt
Gr
adi
entmov
esf
rom posi
ti
vet
hroughzer
otonegat
ive.

dy
I
sze
ro
dx

dy dy
I
spos
iti
ve I
sne
gat
i e
ve
dx dx

Themaxi
mum andmi
nimum poi
ntsar
ecal
l
edt
urni
ngpoi
nts.
A poi
ntatwhicht hegradi
entchangesfrom posi
ti
vet
hroughzer
otoposi
ti
veorf
rom
negat
ivezer
otonegat
iveiscal
l
edpointofi
nfl
ect
ion.
Exampl
e
2
I
dent
if
ythest
ati
onar
ypoi
ntsonthecur
vey=x-3x+2.
foreachpoi
nt,det
ermi
newhet
heri
t
i
samaximum,mini
mum orapoi
ntofi
nfl
ect
ion.

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Sol
uti
on
3
y=x-3x+2
dy 2
=3x -3
dx
dy
Atst
ati
onar
ypoi
nt, =0
dx
2
Thus3x-3=0
3( 1)=0
2
x-
3(
x+1)
(x1)=0
-
x= -1orx=1
whe
n=-
1,y=4
whe
nx=1,
y=0
Ther
efor
e,st
ati
onar
ypoi
ntsar
e(-
1,4)and(
1,0)
.
Consi
dert
hesi
gnoft
hegr
adi
entt
othel
eftandr
ightofx=1

x 0 1 2
dy -
3 0 9
dx
Diagrammatic \ _
___ /
_
represent
ati
on
Ther
efor
e(1,
0)i
sami
nimum poi
nt.
Si
mil
arl
y,si
gnofgr
adi
entt
othel
eftandr
ightofx=-
1gi
ves

x -
2 -
1 0
dy 9 0 -
3
dx
Diagrammatic / _
__ \
represent
ati
on
Ther
efor
e(-
1,4)i
samaxi
mum poi
nt.
Exampl
e
3 4
I
denti
fyt
hest
ati
onar
ypoi
ntsont
hecur
vey=1+4x-x.
Det
ermi
net
henat
ureofeachst
ati
onar
y
poi
nt.
Sol
uti
on

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3 4
y=1+4x-x
dy 2 3
=12x -4x
dx
dy
Atst
ati
onar
ypoi
nts, =0
dx
2 3
12x-4x =0
2
4x(
3-)=0
x
x=0orx=3
St
ati
onar
ypoi
ntsar
e(0,
1)and(
3,28)
Ther
efor
e(0,
1)i
sapoi
ntofi
nfl
ect
ionwhi
l
e(3,
28)i
samaxi
mum poi
nt.

Appl
i
cat
ionofDi
ff
erent
iat
ioni
ncal
cul
ati
onofv
eloci
tyandaccel
erat
ion.

Vel
oci
ty
dS
I
fthedi
spl
acement
,Si
sex
pressedi
nter
msoft
imet
,thent
hev
eloci
tyi
sv=
dt
Exampl
e
Thedi
spl
acement
,Smet
res,
cov
eredbyamov
ingpar
ti
cleaf
tert
ime,
tseconds,
isgi
venby
3 2
S=2t+4t-8t+3.
Find:
a.
)Vel
oci
tyat:
i
.) t=2
i
i
.) t
=3

b.
)Inst
antatwhi
cht
hepar
ti
clei
satr
est
.

Sol
uti
on
3 2
S=2t+4t-8t+3
Thegr
adi
entf
unct
ioni
sgi
venby
;
dS
V=
dt
2
=6t+8t-8
a.
)vel
oci
ty

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i
.) att=2i
s;
2
v= 6x2 +8x2-8
=24+16–8
=32m/
s
i
i
.) att=3i
s;
2
v= 6x3 +8x3-8
=54+24–8
=70m/
s
b.
)thepar
ti
clei
satr
estwhenvi
szer
o
2
6t+8t-8=0

2( 4)=0
2
3t+4t
-
2(
3t2)
- (
t+2)=0
2
t= ort= -2
3
I
tisnotpossi
blet
ohav
et=-
2
2
Thepar
ti
clei
sther
efor
eatr
estatt= seconds
3

Accel
erat
ion
Accel
erat
ioni
sfoundbydif
fer
ent
iat
inganequat
ionrel
atedt
ovel
oci
ty.I
fvel
oci
tyv,
isexpr
essed
dv
i
ntermsoftime,t,
thent
heaccel
erati
on,
a,i
sgivenbya=
dt
Exampl
e
-
1
Apar
ti
clemov
esi
nast
rai
ghtl
i
nesucht
hati
sit
svel
oci
tyvms af
tertsecondsi
sgi
venby
2
v=3+10t-t.
Fi
nd
a.
)theaccel
erat
ionat:
i
.) t=1sec
i
i
.) t=3sec
b.
)thei
nst
antatwhi
chaccel
erat
ioni
szer
o
Sol
uti
on

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2
a.
)v=3+10t+t
dv
a= =10-2t
dt
i
.) Att=1sec a=10–2x1
-
2
=8ms

i
i
.) Att=3sec a=10–2x3
-
2
=4ms

dy
b.
)Accel
erat
ioni
szer
owhen =0
dt
Ther
efor
e,10–2t=0 hencet=5seconds

Exampl
e
Acl
osedcyl
indr
icalt
ini
stohaveacapaci
tyof250πml
.ift
hear
eaoft
hemet
alusedi
stobe
mi
nimum,whatshoul
dther
adiusoft
heti
nbe?
Sol
uti
on
2
Lett
het
otal
sur
facear
eaoft
hecy
li
nderbeAc
m,r
adi
usrcm andhei
ghthcm.
2
Then,
A=2πr+2πr
h
2 2
Vol
ume=2πrh=250πc
m
2
πrh=250π
250π
Maki
nght
hesubj
ect
,h= 2
πr
250
= 2
r
250
Puth= 2 int
heexpr
essi
onf
orsur
facear
eat
oget
;
r

2 250
A=2πr+2πr
.2
r
2 -
1
=2πr+500πr
dA -2
=4πr-500πr
dr

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dA
Formi
nimum sur
facear
ea, =0
dr
500π
4πr- 2 =0
r
3
4πr-500π=0
3
4r=500

3 500
r= =125
4
3
r= 125
=5
Ther
efor
ethemi
nimum ar
eawhenr=5cm
Exampl
e
Afar
merhas100metresofwi
remeshtof
encear
ect
angul
arencl
osur
e.Whati
sthegr
eat
est
ar
eahecanencl
osewi
ththewi
remesh?
Sol
uti
on
100-
2x
Lett
hel
engt
hoft
heencl
osur
ebexm.Thent
hewi
dthi
s m =( x)
50- m
2
Thent
hear
eaAoft
her
ect
angl
eisgi
venby
;
2
A=x(
50–x)
m
2 2
=50x-xm
Formaxi
mum ormi
nimum ar
ea,
dA
=0
dx
Thus,
50–2x=0
x=25
Thear
eai
smaxi
mum whenx=25m
2
Thati
sA=50X25–(
25)
2
=625m .

CHAPTERSI
XTYFOUR

I
NTERGRATI
ON
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Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Car
ryoutt
hepr
ocessofdi
ff
erent
iat
ion;
(
b)I
nter
preti
ntegr
ati
onasar
ever
sepr
ocessofdi
ff
erent
iat
ion;
(
c)Rel
atei
ntegr
ati
onnot
ati
ont
osum ofar
easoft
rapezi
aunderacur
ve;
(
d)I
ntegr
ateapol
ynomi
al;
(
e)Appl
yint
egr
ati
oni
nfi
ndi
ngt
hear
eaunderacur
ve,
(
f)Appl
yint
egr
ati
oni
nki
nemat
ics.
Content
(a)Dif
fer
ent
iat
ion
(
b)Rev
ersedi
ff
erent
iat
ion
(
c)I
ntegr
ati
onnot
ati
onandsum ofar
easoft
rapezi
a
(
d)I
ndef
ini
teanddef
ini
tei
ntegr
als
(
e)Ar
eaunderacur
vebyi
ntegr
ati
on
(
f)Appl
i
cat
ioni
nki
nemat
ics.

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Thepr
ocessoff
indi
ngf
unct
ionsf
rom t
hei
rgr
adi
ent(
der
ived)f
unct
ioni
scal
l
edi
ntegr
ati
on
Supposewedi
ff
erent
iat
ethef
unct
i =x2.Weobt
ony ain

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2
I
ntegr
ati
onr
ever
sest
hispr
ocessandwesayt
hatt
hei
ntegr
alof2xi
sx.

Di
ff
erent
iat

x2 2x

I
ntegr
ate

dy
From di
ffer
ent
iat
ionweknowthatthegradi
enti
snotal
waysaconst
ant
.Forexampl
e,i
f =2x,
dx
2
thenthi
scomesf rom t
hef
unct
ionofthefor
my =x +c,
Whereci
saconstant
.
Exampl
e
dy
Fi
ndyi
f is:
dx
2
a.
)3x
3
b.
)4x
Sol
uti
on
dy 2
a.
) =3x
dx
3
Then,
y=x +c

dy 3
b.
) =4x
dx
4
y=x +c
Then,

Not
e;

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Toint
egrat
ewerev
erset
herul
ef ordi
fferent
iat
ion.Indif
fer
enti
ati
onwemulti
plybyt
hepowerof
xandreducet
hepowerby1.
Inintegr
ationwei ncreasethepowerofxbyoneanddivi
debythe
newpower.
n+1
dy n x
If =x, theny= +c
,wher
eci
saconst
antandn≠-
1.si
nceccant
akeanyv
aluewecal
li
t
dx n+1
anar
bit
rar
yconst
ant.
Exampl
e

I
ntegr
at hef
et oll
owi
ngexpr
essi
on
5
a.
)2x
-
1
b.
)x
3
c.
)5x-
2x+4
Sol
uti
on
dy 5
A.
) =2x
dx
5+1
2x
Then,
y= +c
5+1
6
2x
= +c
6
6
x
= +c
3
dy -2
B.
) =x
dx
-
2+1
x
Then,
y= +c
-2+1
-
1
x
= +c
-
1
-
1
=-
x +C

dy 3
C.
) =5x- 2x+4
dx
3+1 1+1 0+1
5x 2x 4x
Then,
y= - - +C
3+1 1+1 0+1
54 22
= x- x +4x+C
4 2

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54 2
= x-x +4x+C
4
Exampl
e
dy
Fi
ndt
heequat
ionofal
i
newhosegr
adi
entf
unct
ioni
s =2x+3andpassest
hrough(
0,1)
dx
Sol
uti
on
dy 2
Si
nce =2x+3, t
he gener
alequat
ion i
s y =x +3x+c .
The cur
ve passes t
hrough
dx
(0,
1).
Substi
tut
ingt
heseval
uesint
hegeneral
equat
ion,weget1=0+0+c
1=c
2
Hence,
thepar
ti
cul
arequat
ioni
sy=x +3x+1
Exampl
e
dV 2
Fi
ndvi
nter
msofhi
f =3h +4andV=9whenh=1
dh
Sol
uti
on
Thegener
alsol
uti
oni
s
3
3h
V= +4h+c
3
3
=h +4h+c
V=9whenh=1.
Ther
efor
e
3
9=1 +4+c
9=5+c
4=C
Hencet
hepar
ti
cul
arsol
uti
oni
s;
3
V=h +4h+1

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Def
ini
teandi
ndef
ini
tei
ntegr
als
I
tdeal
swi
thf
indi
ngexactar
ea.
Est
imat
ethear
eashadedbeneat
hthecur
veshownbel
ow

Thear
eai
sdi
vi
dedi
ntor
ect
angul
arst
ri
psasf
oll
ows.

Theshadedareai
nthefigur
eaboveshowsanunder
estimatedandanoveresti
matedar
eaunder
thecurve.Theactualareali
esbetweentheunderesti
matedandov eresti
matedarea.The
accur
acyofthear
eacanbei mprov
edbyincr
easi
ngthenumberofr ect
angularst
ri
psbetweenx
=aandx=b.
Theex
actar
eabeneat
hthecur
vebet
weenx=aandbi
sgi
venby
b

∫
yδx
a

Thesy
mbol
∫isa
nins
truc
tiont
oint
erg
rat
e.

Thus∫
ydxmeansi
ntegr
atet
heexpr
essi
onf
orywi
thr
espectt
ox.

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b
Theexpr
essi
on ∫a
yδx
,wher
eaandbar eli
mit
s,iscal
ledadef
ini
teint
egr
al.‘
a’i
scal
ledthelower
l
imitwhi
l
ebistheupperli
mit.Wi
thoutl
i
mits,
theexpr
essi
oniscal
ledanindef
ini
tei
ntegr
al.
Exampl
e
6

∫
2
(2x+3)dx
2

Thef
oll
owi
ngst
epshel
psust
osol
vei
t

2 23
i
.) I
ntegr
ate2x +3wi
thr
espectt
ox,
giv
ing x +3x+c
.
3
i
i
.) Pl
acet
hei
ntegr
ali
nsquar
ebr
acket
sandi
nser
tthel
i
mit
s,t
hus

[ ]
6
23
x+3x
+c
3 2

i
i
i.
) Subst
it
utet
hel
i
mit
s;
3
2x6
X=6gi
ves +3x6+c=162+c
3
3
2 x2 34
x=6gi
ves +3x2+c= +c
3 3
i
v.
) Subt
ractt
her
esul
tsoft
hel
owerl
i
mitf
rom t
hatofupperl
i
mit
,thati
s;
34 2
(
162+c)–( +c)=150
3 3
Wecansummar
izet
hest
epsi
nshor
tfor
m asf
oll
ows:

[ ]
6
6 2 23
∫(2x+3)dx= x+3x
+c
2 3 2

[ ][ ]
3 3
2x6 2x2
= +(3x6)- +3x
2
3 3
2
=150
3
Exampl
e
a.
)Fi
ndt
hei
ndef
ini
tei
ntegr
al
2
i
.) (
∫x +1)dx
2
i
i
.) (x +4x
∫ )dx

b.
)Ev
aluat
e

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1 4
i
.) ∫
0
(x-
5)dx
2 3
i
.) ∫
-1
(-x+5x
-2)dx
3 2
i
i
.) ∫
2
(3x-
4x+5)dx

Sol
uti
on
3
x
∫
2
a
.)i
.
) (
x +1)dx= +x+c
3
4
x
∫
2 2
i
i.
) (x +4x
)dx= +2x +c
4

Ev
aluat
e

[ ]
1 5 1
x
∫
4
i
.
) (x- 5)dx -5x
0
5 0

()
1
5
-
0
5 -( -0)
5
4
=-
4
5

[ ]
4 2 2
2 3 -
x 5x
i
i
.) -x+5x
∫( -2)dx
= + - 2x
-
1 4 2 -1

1 5
(
-4+10-
4)–(- + +2)
4 2
1
=2-4
4
1
=-
2
4

[ ]
2 2 3
3 2 3x 4x
i
i
i.
) ∫(3x-
4x+5)dx= - +5x
2 3 2 2

=(
27–18+15)–(
8–8+10)
=14

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Ar
eaundert
hecur
ve
2
Fi
ndt
heexactar
eaencl
osedbyt
hecur
vey=x,
theaxi
s,t
hel
i
nesx=2andx=4

Sol
uti
on

2 4

Thear
eai
sgi
venby
;

[]
4 4
13
∫
2
x dx
= x
3
3 2

64 8 2
- =18 squa
reuni
ts
3 3 3
Exampl
e
3 2
Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
her
egi
onboundedbyt
hecur
ve=x-3x +2x
,thexaxi
sx=1andx=2
Sol
uti
on

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Thear
eai
sgi
venby
;

[ ]
2 4 2
x 3 2
∫
3 2
(x-3x +2x
)dx= -x+x
1
4 1

1
=(
4–8+4)–( -1+1)
4
1 1
=0- =-
4 4

Not
e;
Thenegat
ivesi
gnshowsthatthear
eaisbel
owt hex–axis.Wedi
sregar
dthenegat
ivesi
gnand
1
gi
veitasposi
ti
veasposi
ti
ve.Theansweri
s s quar
euni
ts.
4
Exampl
e
2
Fi
ndt
hear
eaencl
osedbyt
hecur
vex-10x+9,
thex–axi
sandt
hel
i
nesx=4andx=10.
Sol
uti
on
Ther
equi
redar
eai
sshadedbel
ow.

Ar 9
ea=∫
4
(x- +9)
2
10x dx 10
+∫
9
(x-2
+9)
10x dx

[ ][ ]
3 9 3 10
x 2 x 2
= -5x+9x + -5x+9x
3 4
3 9

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=([ 405+81)
243- - -(
64
3
80+36 +)] [(
1000
3
-500+90 -
()
243- ]
405+81)

1 1
=-
58 +4 (Dr
opne
gat
ives
ignf
ora
reaunde
rx-a
xis
)
3 3
2
=62 squa
reuni
ts
3
Exampl
e
2
Fi
ndt
hear
eaencl
osedbyt
hecur
vey=9x
-x,
andt
hel
i
ney=x.
Sol
uti
on
Ther
equi
redar
eai
s

Tofindt
hel
i
mit
sofi
ntegr
ati
on,wemustf
indt
hexco-
ordi
nat
esoft
hepoi
ntsofi
nter
sect
ion
when;
2
x=9x-x
2
→0=8x-x
0=x(
8-x
)
x=0orx=8
2
Ther
equi
redar
eai
sfoundbysubt
ract
ingar
eaundery=xf
rom ar
eaundery==9x-x

Ther
equi
redar 8
ea=∫
0
(9x-
x)dx
2
-∫8
0
xdx

[ ] []
2 38 38
9x x x
- -
2 30 20

1
=117 -32
3
1
=85 squa
reuni
ts
3

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Appl
i
cat
ioni
nki
nemat
ics
Thederi
vat
iveofdispl
acementSwi t
hrespecttot
imetgi
vesv
eloci
tyv
,whi
l
etheder
ivat
iveof
vel
oci
tywit
hrespecttoti
megivesaccel
erat
ion,
a
Di
ff
erent
iat
ion. I
ntegr
ati
on
Di
spl
acement
. di
spl
acement
↓
↑
Vel
oci
ty. Vel
oci
ty
↓
↑
Accel
erat
ion. Accel
erat
ion

Not
e;
I
ntegrati
oni
stherev
erseofdi
ff
erenti
ati
on.I
fweint
egrat
ev el
oci
tywit
hrespectt
oti
meweget
di
splacementwhi
l
eifvel
oci
tywi
threspectt
otimewegetaccel
erat
ion.

Exampl
e
Aparti
clemovesinastrai
ghtl
i
net hr
oughafixedpoi
ntO wi
thv
eloci
ty(4–1)
m/s.
Findan
expr
essi
onfori
tsdi
spl
acementSfr
om thi
spoi
nt,gi
vent
hatS=whent=0.
Sol
uti
on
dS
Si
nce =4-t
dt
2
t
S=4t- +c
-t^
2/2+c
2
Subst
it
uti
ngS=4,
t=0t
ogetC;
2
0
4=4x0- +c
2
4=C
2
t
Ther
efor
eS=4t- +4.
2
Exampl
e
Abal
li
sthr
ownupwar
dswi
thav
eloci
tyof40m s
a.
)Det
ermi
neanexpr
essi
oni
nter
msoftf
or

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i
.) I
tsv
eloci
ty
i
i
.) I
tshei
ghtabov
ethepoi
ntofpr
oject
ion
b.
)Fi
ndt
hev
eloci
tyandhei
ghtaf
ter
:
i
.) 2seconds
i
i
.) 5seconds
i
i
i.
) 8seconds
c.
)Findt hemaxi
mum hei
ghtat
tai
nedbyt
hebal
l
.(Takeaccel
erat
ionduet
ogr
avi
tyt
obe10
2
m/s.
Sol
uti
on
dv
a.
) =- 10(si
ncet
hebal
li
spr
oject
edupwar
ds)
dt
Ther
efor
e,v=-
10t+c
Whent=0,
v=40m/
s
Ther
efor
e,40=0+c
40=c
i
.) Theexpr
essi
onf
orv
eloci
tyi
sv=40–10t
dS
i
i
.) Si
nce =v=40-10t
;
dt
3
S=40t-5t+c
Whent=0,
S=0
C=0
Theexpr
essi
onf
ordi
spl
acementi
s;
2
S=40t-5t
b.
)Si
ncev=40–10t
i
.) Whent=2
v=40–10(
2)
=40–20
=20m/
s

2
S=40t-5t
2
=40(
2)–5(
2)

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=80–20
=60m
i
i
.) Whent=5
V=40–10(
5)
=-
10m/
s

S=40(
5)-4(
2
5)
=200-125
=75m
i
i
i.
) Whent=8
V=40–10(
8)
=-
40m/
s
2
S=40(
8)-5(
8)
=320–320
=0
c.
)Max
imum hei
ghti
sat
tai
nedwhenv=0.
Thus,
40–10t=0
t
=4
Max
imum hei
ghtS=160–80
=80m

Exampl
e
Thev
eloci
tyvofapar
ti
clei
s4m/
s.Gi
vent
hatS=5whent=2seconds:
a.
)Fi
ndt
heexpr
essi
onoft
hedi
spl
acementi
nter
msoft
ime.
b.
)Fi
ndt
he:
i
.) Di
stancemov
edbyt
hepar
ti
cledur
ingt
hef
if
thsecond.
i
i
.) Di
stancemov
edbyt
hepar
ti
clebet
weent=1andt=3.
Sol
uti
on
dS
a.
) =4t+c
dt

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S=4t+c
Si
nceS=5m whent=2;
5=4(
2)+C
5–8=C
-
3=C
Thus,
S=4t–3
b.
)I)[
. 4t
-3]
5
4
(
=[ 3)(
20- 3)
-16- ]

=17-13
=4m =4m
[
4t3]
- 3
1
(
=[ 3)(
12- 3)
-4- ]

=9-1=8m

CHAPTERSI
XTYFI
VE

AREA APPROXI
MATI
ON
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
(
a)Appr
oxi
mat
ethear
eaofi
rr
egul
arshapesbycount
ingt
echni
ques;
(
b)Der
ivet
het
rapezi
um r
ule;
(
c)Appl
ytr
apezi
um r
ulet
oappr
oxi
mat
ear
easofi
rr
egul
arshapes;
(
d)Appl
ytr
apezi
um r
ulet
oest
imat
ear
easundercur
ves;
(
e)Der
ivet
hemi
d-or
dinat
erul
e;
(
f)Appl
ymi
d-or
dinat
erul
etoappr
oxi
mat
ear
eaundercur
ves.

Content
(a)Areabycount
ingt
echni
ques
(
b)Tr
apezi
um r
ule
(
c)Ar
eausi
ngt
rapezi
um r
ule
(
d)Mi
d-or
dinat
e

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(
e)Ar
eabyt
hemi
d-or
dinat
erul
e

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Esti
mati
onofar
easofirr
egul
arshapessuchasl
akes,oceanset
c.usi
ngcount
ingmet
hod.The
fol
l
owingst
epsaref
oll
owed

 Copyt
heout
li
neoft
her
egi
ont
obemeasur
edon at
raci
ngpaper

 Putt
het
raci
ngonaonecent
imet
ersquar
egr
idshownbel
ow

 Countal
lthewhol
esquar
esf
ull
yencl
osedwi
thi
nther
egi
on

 Countal
lthepar
ti
all
yencl
osedsquar
esandt
aket
hem ashal
fsquar
ecent
imet
ereach

 Di
vi
det
henumberofhal
fsquar
esbyt
woandaddi
ttot
henumberoff
ull
squar
es.
Numberofcompet
esquar
es=4
Numberofhal
fsquar
es=16/2=8
Ther
efor
ethet
otal
numberofsquar
es=25+8
=33

2
Thear
eaoft
hel
andmassont
hepaperi
sther
efor
e33c
m

Not
e;
Thesmal
l
ert
hesubdi
vi
sions,
thegr
eat
ert
heaccur
acyi
nappr
oxi
mat
ingar
ea.

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Appr
oxi
mat
ingAr
eabyTr
apezi
um Met
hod.
Fi
ndthear
eaoft
her
egi
onshown,t
her
egi
onmaybedi
vi
dedi
ntosi
xtr
apezi
aofuni
for
m as
shown

Thear
eaoft
her
egi
oni
sappr
oxi
mat
elyequal
tot
hesum oft
hear
easoft
hesi
xtr
apezi
a.
Not
e;
Thewidthofeacht
rapezi
um i
s2cm,
and4and 3.
5ar
ethel
engt
hsoft
he par
all
elsi
desoft
he
fi
rstt
rapez
ium.
1
um A= x2( 5)=7.
2
The ar
eaoft
het
rapezi 4+3. 5cm
2
1
um B= x2( 5)=6.
2
Ar
eaoft
het
rapezi 3.5+3. 7cm
2
1
um C= x2( 5)=6.
2
Ar
eaoft
het
rapezi 3+1. 2cm
2

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1
um D= x2( 5)=4.
2
Ar
eaoft
het
rapezi 3+1. 5cm
2
1
um E= x2( 8)=2.
2
Ar
eaoft
het
rapezi 1.5+0. 3cm
2
1
um F= x2( 5)=1.
2
Ar
eaoft
het
rapezi 0.8+3. 3cm
2
Ther
efor
e,t
het
otal
areaoft
her
egi
oni
s
(
7.5+6.
7+6.
2+4.
5+2. 3)
3+1.
2
m =28.
c 5cm
2

I
fthel
engt
hsoft
hepar
all
elsi
desoft
het
rapezi
a(or
dinat
es)ar
ey1,y2,y3,
y4,
y5,
y6y7

Not
e;
I
ntrapezium r
ule,
exceptf
orthefi
rstandlastl
engt
hs,eachoft
heot
herl
engt
hsi
scount
edt
wice.
Theref
ore,t
heexpressi
onfortheareacanbesimpli
fi
edto:
1
x2{
(y1+y7)+2(y2+y3+y4+y5+y6)}
2
I
ngener
al,
theappr
oxi
mat
ear
eaofar
egi
onusi
ngt
rapezi
um met
hodi
sgi
venby
:
1
A= h{
(y0+yn)+2(y1+y2+y3+………….yn-1)};
2
Wherehist
heuniform wi
dthofeachtr
apezium,y0-yn ar
ethefi
rstandlastl
engt
hrespect
ivel
y.
Thi
smethodofapproxi
mati
ngareasofir
regularshapeiscal
ledt
rapezi
um rul
e.
Exampl
e
Acarst
artf
rom r
estandi
tsv
eloci
tyi
smeasur
edev
erysecondf
rom 6seconds.

Ti
me 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(t
)

Vel
oci
ty v 0 12 24 35 41 45 47
(m/s

Uset
het
rapezi
um r
ulet
ocal
cul
atedi
stancet
rav
ell
edbet
weent=1andt=6

Not
e;
Thear
eaunderv
eloci
ty–t
imegr
aphr
epr
esent
sthedi
stancecov
eredbet
weent
hegi
vent
imes.
Tof
indt
her
equi
reddi
spl
acement
,wef
indt
hear
eaoft
her
egi
onboundedbygr
aph,
t=1andt=6

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0 1 2 34 5 6

Sol
uti
on
Di
vi
det
her
equi
redar
eai
ntof
ivet
rapezi
a,eachofwi
th1uni
t.Usi
ngt
het
rapezi
um r
ule;
1
A= h{
(y1+y6)+2(y2+y3+y4+y5)};
2
1
Ther
equi
reddi
spl 12+47)+2(24+35+41+45)
acement= x1{( }
2

1
(59+2x
145)
2

=174.
5m

Exampl
e
12
Esti
matet
heareaboundedbyt
hecur
vey= x +5,
thex–axi
s,t
hel
i
nex=1andx=5usi
ngt
he
2
tr
apezi
um r
ule.
Sol
uti
on
12
Toplott
hegr
aphy= x +5,makeat
abl
eofv
aluesofxandt
hecor
respondi
ngv
aluesofyas
2
fol
l
ows:

x 0 1 2 3 4 5

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12
Y= x +5 5 5.
5 7 9.
5 13 17.
5
2

Bytaki
ngthewi
dthofeachtrapezi
um t
obe1uni
t,weget4t
rapezi
um .
A,B,
CandD.
Thear
ea
undercur
vei
sapproxi
matel
y;
1
2
(y1+y5)+2(y2+y3+y4)}=1
A= h{
2
(5. 5)+2(
5+17. 7+9.
5+13)sq.
uni
ts

1
= ( 0+59)s
23. q.uni
ts
2
=41s
q.uni
ts

TheMi
d-or
dinat
eRul
e
Thear
eaOPQRi
sest
imat
ed:

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y1

Thear
eaofOPQRi
sest
imat
edasf
oll
ows

 Divi
dethebaseORint
oanumberofst
ri
ps,eachoftheirwi
dthshoul
dbet
hesame.
In
l
eng t
hofthebas
eOR
theexampl
ewehave5str
ipswher
eh=
numberofst
rips

 Fr
om themi
dpoi
ntsofOE,
EF,FG,GHandHR,dr
aw v
ert
icall
i
nes(mi
d-or
dinat
es)t
o
meett
hecur
vePQasshownabov
e

 Label
themi
d-or
dinat
esy1y2y3y4a
ndy5

 Wetaketheareaofeachtr
apezi
um t
obeequaltoar
eaofarectangl
ewhosewidt
histhe
l
engt
hofinter
v al(
h)andt
helengt
histhev
alueofmid–or
dinat
es.Ther
efor
e,t
heareaof
t
heregi
onOPQRi sgi
venby;
A=( y2×h)+(
y1×h)+( y4×h)+(
y3×h)+( y5×h)

=h(
y1+y2+y3+y4 +y5)

Thi
sthemi
d–or
dinat
erul
eh(
y1+y2+y3+y4 +y5)
.

Not
e:
Themi
d-or
dinat
erul
eforappr
oxi
mat
ingar
easofi
rr
egul
arshapesi
sgi
venby;
Ar
ea=(
widt
hofi
nter
val
)x(
sum ofmi
d–or
dinat
es)

Exampl
e
Esti
matethear
eaofasemi-
cir
cleofr
adi
us4cm usi
ngt
hemi
d–or
dinat
erul
ewi
thf
ourequal
str
ips,
eachofwidt
h2cm.

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Sol
uti
on
Theaboveshowsasemicir
cleofradi
us4cm div
idedint
o4equalst
ri
ps,eachofwi
dth2cm.
Thedot
tedl
inesar
ethemid-or
dinat
eswhosel
engthar
emeasur
ed.
Bymi
d-or
dinat
erul
e;
=h(
y1+y2+y3+y4 +y5)

=2(
2.6+3.
9+3.
9+2.
6)
=2x13
2
=26c
m
2
2 3.
142×4
Theact
ual
ar sπr =
eai
2
2
=25.
14c
m t
o4s.
f

Exampl
e
2
1
Esti
matetheareaencl
osedbyt
hecur
vey= x +1,
x=0,
x=3andt
hex–axi
susi
ngt
hemi
d-
2
ordi
nat
erule.
Sol
uti
on
Take3st
ri
ps.Thedot
tedl
i
nesar
ethemi
d–or
dinat
eandt
hewi
dthofeachoft
he3st
ri
psi
s1
uni
t.

Bycal
cul
ati
on,
y1,y2a
ndy3ar
eobt
ainedf
rom t
heequat
ion;

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2
1
y= x +1
2

1 2
Whenx=0.
5,y1 = x(
0.5)+1
2
=1.
125
1 2
Whenx=1.
5,y1 = x(
1.5)+1
2
=2.
125
1 2
Whenx=2.
5,y1 = x(
0.5)+1
2
=4.
125
Usi
ngt
hemi
dor
dinat
erul
ethear
ear
equi
redi
s
A=1(
y1+y2+y3)

=1(
1.125+2.
125+4.
125)
=7.
375squar
euni
ts

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
stand
bef
oregoi
ngtosleep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c.
1. Theshadedr egionbelow represent
saf or
est
.Theregi
onhasbeen
drawntoscal
ewhere1cm repr
esent s5km.Uset hemid–ordi
nat
erul
ewi
th
sixst
ri
pstoest
imat
ethear
eaoff orestinhect
ares.
(4marks)

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2. Fi
ndt
hear
eaboundedbyt
hecur
v =2x3–5,
ey thex-
axi
sandt
hel
i
nesx=2andx=4.
3. Compl
etet
het
abl
ebel
owf
ort
hef
unct
i =3x2–8x+10
ony (
1mk)

x 0 2 4 6 8 10

y 1 6 7 23
0 0 0

Usingthevaluesi
nthetabl
eandthetrapezoi
dalrul
e,est
imat
etheareaboundedbyt
he
2
curvey=3x –8x+10andt heli
nesy=0,x=0andx=104. Uset hetr
apezoi
dalrul
ewit
h
i
nterval
sof1cm toesti
matethear
eaoft heshadedregi
onbel
ow

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5. (
a) Fi
ndt
hev
alueofxatwhi
cht
hecur
v =x-2x2–3cr
ey ossest
hex-axi
s

(
b) Fi
nd
(x2–2x–3)dx
(
c) Fi
ndt
hear
eaboundedbyt
hecur
vey=x2–2x–3,
theaxi
sandt
hel
i
nesx=2and
x=4.

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6. Thegraphbelowconsi
stsofanon-quadr
ati
cpar
t(0≤x≤2)andaquadr
antpar
t(2≤x
8)
.Thequadr
aticpar
tisy=x2–3x+5, 2≤x≤8

(
a) Compl
etet
het
abl
ebel
ow

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x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

y 3

(
1mk)
(
b)Uset
het
rapez
oidal
rul
ewi
thsi
xst
ri
pst
oest
imat
ethear
eaencl
osedbyt
he
cur
ve,
x=axi
sandt
hel
i
nex=2andx=8 (
3mks)
(
c)Fi
ndt
heexactar
eaoft
her
egi
ongi
veni
n(b) (
3mks)
(
d)I
fthet
rapezoi
dal
rul
eisusedt
oest
imat
ethear
eaundert
hecur
vebet
ween
x=0andx=2,st at
ewhet heri
twouldgi
veanunder
-est
imat
eoranov
er-
est
imat
e.Gi
vear
easonfory
ouranswer
.
7. Fi
ndt
heequat
ionoft
hegr
adi
entt
othecur
v x2+1)(
eY=( x–2)whenx=2
8. Thedi
stancef
rom af
ixedpoi
ntofapar
ti
cul
ari
nmot
ionatanyt
imetsecondsi
sgi
ven
by
3 2
S=t–5t+2t+5
2
2t
Fi
ndi
ts:
(
a) Accel
erat
ionaf
ter1second
(
b) Vel
oci
tywhenaccel
erat
ioni
sZer
o
9. Thecur
veoft
heequat
iony=2x+3x2,
hasx=-
2/3andx=0andxi
nter
cept
s.
Thear
eaboundedbyt
heaxi
sx=-
2/3andx=2i
sshownbyt
hesket
chbel
ow.

Fi
nd:
( 2x+3x2)dx
a)(
(
b)Thear
eaboundedbyt
hecur
vex–axi
s,x=-2/
3andx=2
10. Apart
icl
eispr
oject
edf
rom t
heor
igi
n.I
tsspeedwasr
ecor
dedasshowni
nthet
abl
e
bel
ow

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Ti
me(
sec) 0 5 10 15 20 25 39 35

Speed(
m/s) 0 2.
1 5.
3 5.
1 6.
8 6.
7 4.
7 2.
6

Usethetrapezoi
dalr
ulet
oest
imat
ethedi
stancecov
eredbyt
hepar
ti
clewi
thi
nthe35
seconds.
11. (
a) Thegr
adi
entf
unct
ionofacur
vei
sgi
venbydy=2x2–5
dx
Fi
ndt
heequat
ionoft
hecur
ve,
giv
ent
haty=3,
whenx=2
(
b) Thev
eloci
ty,
vm/
sofamov
ingpar
ti
cleaf
tersecondsi
sgi
ven:
3 2
v=2t+t–1.Fi
ndt
hedi
stancecov
eredbyt
hepar
ti
clei
nthei
nter
val
1≤t≤3
ey=2x3+1/ 2
12. Gi
vent
hecur
v 2x –4x+1.Fi
ndt
he:
1
i
) Gr
adi
entofcur
veat{
1,-/2}

i
i
) Equat
ionoft
het
angentt
othecur
veat{
1,-1/
2}

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2
13. Thedi
agr
am bel
owshowsast
rai
ghtl
i
nei
nter
sect
ingt
hecur
vey=(
x-1)+4
Att
hepoi
ntsPandQ.Thel
i
neal
socut
sx-
axi
sat(
7,0)andyaxi
sat(
0,7)

a) Fi
ndt
heequat
ionoft
hest
rai
ghtl
i
nei
nthef
orm y=mx+c.
b) Fi
ndt
hecoor
dinat
esofpandQ.
c) Cal
cul
atet
hear
eaoft
heshadedr
egi
on.
ams-2, 2
14. Theaccel
erati
on, ofapar
ti
clei
sgi
venbya=25–9t,wher
eti
nsecondsaf
tert
he
par
ti
clepassesfi
xedpointO.
I
fthepar
ti
clepassesO,
wit
hvel
oci
tyof4ms-1,
find
(
a) Anexpr
essi
onofv
eloci
tyV,
int
ermsoft
(
b) Thev
eloci
tyoft
hepar
ti
clewhent=2seconds
ony=1/ 3
15. Acur
vei
srepr
esent
edbyt
hef
unct
i 3x +x2–3x+2
(
a) Fi
nd: dy
dx
(
b) Det
ermi
net
hev
aluesofyatt
het
urni
ngpoi
ntsoft
hecur
ve
y=1/ 3 2
3x +x –3x+2

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eofy=1/ 3 2
(
c) I
nthespacepr
ovi
dedbel
ow,
sket
cht
hecur
v 3x +x –3x+2
onx2+y2
16. Acir
clecent
reO,hatheequati =4.Thear
eaoft
heci
rcl
eint
hef
ir
stquadr
anti
s
di
vi
dedinto5ver
tical
str
ipsofwidt
h0.
4cm
(
a) Uset
heequat
ionoft
heci
rcl
etocompl
etet
het
abl
ebel
owf
orv
aluesofy
cor
rectt
o2deci
mal
places

X 0 0.
4 0.
8 1.
2 1.
6 2.
0

Y 2.
00 1.
60 0

(
b) Uset
het
rapezi
um r
ulet
oest
imat
ethear
eaoft
heci
rcl
e
17. Apart
icl
emovesalongst
rai
ghtl
i
nesuchthati
tsdi
spl
acementSmet
resf
rom agi
ven
3 2
poi
nti
sS=t –5t +4wheretist
imei
nseconds
Fi
nd
(
a)Thedi
spl
acementofpar
ti
cleatt=5
(
b)Thev
eloci
tyoft
hepar
ti
clewhent=5
(
c)Thev
aluesoftwhent
hepar
ti
clei
smoment
ari
l
yatr
est
(
d)Theaccel
erat
ionoft
hepar
ti
clewhent=2
18. Thedi
agram bel
owshowsasket
choft
hel
i
ney=3xandt
hecur
vey=4–x2i
nter
sect
ing
atpoi
ntsPandQ.

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(
a) Fi
ndt
hecoor
dinat
esofPandQ
(
b) Gi
vent
hatQNi
sper
pendi
cul
art
othex-axi
satN,
cal
cul
ate
(
i) Thear
eaboundedbyt
hecur
vey=4–x2,t
hex-axi
sandt hel
i
neQN
(2marks)
(
ii
) Thear
eaoft
heshadedr
egi
ont
hatl
i
esbel
owt
hex-axi
s
(
ii
i) Thear
eaoft
her
egi
onencl
osedbyt
hecur
v x2,
ey=4- thel
i
ne
y–3xandt
hey
-axi
s.
2007
19. Thegr
adi
entoft
het
angentt
othecur
vey=ax3+bxatt
hepoi
nt(
1,1)i
s-5
Cal
cul
atet
hev
aluesofaandb.
2007
20. Thedi
agr
am ont
hegr
idbel
owr
epr
esent
sasext
ractofasur
veymapshowi
ng
t
woadj
acentpl
otsbel
ongi
ngt
oKazunguandNdoe.
Thetwodi sput
ethecommonboundar ywitheachclaimi
ngboundaryalongdif
fer
ent
smoothcurvescoordi
nat
es(
x,y)and(x,y
2)inthetabl
ebel
ow,r
epresent
spoint
sont he
boundar
iesasclai
medbyKazunguNdoerespecti
vel
y.

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Y1 0 4 5.
7 6.
9 8 9 9.
8 10.
6 11.
3 12

Y2 0 0.
2 0.
6 1.
3 2.
4 3.
7 5.
3 7.
3 9.
5 12

(
a) Onthegri
dpr
ovi
dedabov
edr
awandl
abel
theboundar
iesascl
aimedbyKazungu
andNdoe.

(
b) (
i) Uset
het
rapezi
um r
ulewi
th9st
ri
pst
oest
imat
ethear
eaoft
he
sect
ionoft
hel
andi
ndi
sput
e
(
ii
) Expr
esstheareafoundi
nb( i
)abov
e,i
nhect
ares,gi
vent
hat1uni
ton
eachaxi
srepr
esent
s20metr
es
21. Thegradi
entfunct
ionofacur
vei
sgi
venbyt
heexpr
essi
on2x+1.I
fthecur
vepasses
thr
oughthepoint(
-4,
6);

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(
a) Fi
nd:
(
i) Theequat
ionoft
hecur
ve
(
ii
) Thev
alesofx,
atwhi
cht
hecur
vecut
sthex-axi
s
(
b) Det
ermi
net
hear
eaencl
osedbyt
hecur
veandt
hex-axi
s
22. Apart
icl
emov esi
nast r
aightl
inethr
oughapointP.Itsvel
oci
tyvm/sisgi
venbyv=2-t
,
wher
etisti
mei nseconds,aft
erpassi
ngP.Thedistancesofthepar
ti
clef
rom Pwhent
=2is5metres.Fi
ndtheexpressi
onforsint
ermsoft .

23. Fi
ndt
hear
eabondedbyt
hecur
vey
=2x–5t
hex-
axi
sandt
hel
i
nesx=2andx=4.

23. Compl
etet
het
abl
ebel
owf
ort
hef
unct
ion
Y=3x2–8x+10

X 0 2 4 6 8 10

Y 10 6 - 70 - 230

Usi
ngthev
aluesi
nthet
abl
eandthet
rapezoi
dalr
ule,est
imat
ethear
eaboundedbyt
he
2
cur
vey=3x –8x+10andthel
i
nesy–0, x=0andx=10

24. (
a) Fi
ndt
hev
aluesofxwhi
cht
hecur
vey=x2–2x–3cr
ossest
heaxi
s
(
b) Fi x2–2x–3)dx
nd(
(
c) Fi
ndt
hear
eaboundedbyt
hecur
veY=x2–2x–3.Thex–axi
sandt
he
l
i
nesx=2andx=4

25. Fi
ndt
heequat
ionoft
het
angentt
othecur
vey=(
x+1)(
x-2)whenx=2

26. Thedistancefr
om af
ixedpoi
ntofapar
ti
clei
nmot
ionatanyt
imetsecondsi
sgi
venbys
5 2
=t– / 2t+2 t+smet
res
Fi
ndi
ts
(
a) Accel
erat
ionaf
tertseconds
(
b) Vel
oci
tywhenaccel
erat
ioni
szer
o
27. Thecurveoftheequat
iony=2x+3x2,hasx=-2/
3andx=0,asxint
ercept
s.Thear
ea
2
boundedbythecur
ve,x–axi
s,x=-/3andx=2i
sshownbyt
hesket
chbelow.

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(
a) Fi
nd
(2x+3x2)dx
2
(
b) Thear
eaboundedbyt
hecur
ve,
xaxi
sx=-/3andx=2

28. Acur
vei
sgi
venbyt
heequat
iony=5x3–7x2+3x+2
Fi
ndt
he
(
a) Gr
adi
entoft
hecur
veatx=1
(
b) Equat
ionoft
het
angentt
othecur
veatt
hepoi
nt(
1,3)

2
29. Thedi
spl
acementxmet
resofapar
ti
cleaf
tertsecondsi
sgi
venbyx=t–2t+6,
t>0
(
a) Cal
cul
atet
hev
eloci
tyoft
hepar
ti
clei
nm/
swhent=2s
(
b) Whent
hev
eloci
tyoft
hepar
ti
clei
szer
o,
Cal
cul
atei
ts
(
i) Di
spl
acement
(
ii
) Accel
erat
ion

30. Thedi
spl
acementsmetr
esofapar
ti
clemov
ingal
ongast
rai
ghtl
i
neaf
tertsecondsi
s
enbys=3t+3/ 2 3
gi
v 2t–2t
(
a) Fi
ndi
tsi
nit
ial
accel
erat
ion
(
b) Cal
cul
ate
(
i) Thet
imewhent
hepar
ti
clewasmoment
ari
l
yatr
est
.
(
ii
) I
tsdi
spl
acementbyt
het
imei
tcomest
orestmoment
ari
l
ywhen
t=1second,
s=1½met
reswhent=½seconds

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(
c) Cal
cul
atet
hemaxi
mum speedat
tai
ned

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Thi
sbookwascompi
l
edandedi
tedby
OGEMBOREAGANOMONDI
ZNMO

UNI
VERSI
TYOFELDORET

ELI
JAHOLI
LO
MASENOUNI
VERSI
TY

Cont
act;
E-
mail
;ushey
a1@gmai
l
.com

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