11.

Dual Nature of Radiation and ｾｬ｡ｴ･ｲ＠

Photoe-le c tric· e-ffect: Phenomenon of cnu ion of electrons from the surface of
metals when rachations of swtable frequency fall on th('rn

\\' ork function of" m e tal : ｉ ｴｾ＠ the mmnnum energy reqmred to hbt>r.ne an electron
from the surface of a metal ,,;rhout: 1D1p.rrting my ku1enc energy

ｆ｡ ｣ ｴｯｲ ｾ＠ afTE>c ting photoe lE>ctrk eiTec t :

• The nwnber ot photoelectrons ejected per second is directly proportional to the
mtcnsuy of the mctdent light.
• I or au mC'idem t.ldi.uion of ｦｲｾｱｵ｣ＭＱ｜ｃＧＩ＠ lcs tlwn the ｴｨｲｾｯｬ､＠ frequenC}, no emi ｾｩｯｮ＠
of photoelectron IS possible, ･ｮｾ ｮ＠ if the intenslt) 1s high.
• The nwmmun kinetic enetg) of the entitled photoelecrron depend ｯｮｬｾ＠ upou the
Crc-quenC'\ (or w.welcngcb) of the incident light, .u1d IS independent of the UltcllSit)
of the mcidem light.

Einstein's photoelectric ec1uation:

= ＮＡＬ
K """'2 Ｂ Ｎｾ＠ max - '""- y,""o
W here,
KD =ｾ Ｑ｡ｸｩｭｵ＠ kinetic energy of the emitted dectroru
r:...,. = Ma.xunum ,·eiOCI[)' of the dectrons
,P0 =Work fw1criou of the.- metal

topping potential:
The Stoppmg potential ( ..0, depends 0 11 (1) me frequency of the incident light and ( U ) the
nJturc.- of the ("OllUc.-r nw<n.ll For,, g1\t'h frc:ttll<nC)' of mcidc:ut light, il 1 wdc:pc:udc:nt
of ItS mtell51[)' The .stoppmg potentia.! IS directly related to me Dlil.'UIIIUlll kmenc energy
of electrons em1ttecl :
r ( 1'\ , r·
e o- 2 ) ""·- - n.,ISX

Importe1nt graphs related to ｰｨｯｴ･ｾｲｩ ｣＠ effe t:

• rrequttlC) ( V) am) topping porenti.ll ( J' ) gr,1ph
 '·

.
-4 ••
..
• frequent: 1 l ') and m.l"mmn kmttil ･ｮ ｲ ｾ＠ ( ｋｾ Ｉ＠ grJph
K ,n

.·..····· ,
• Frequency ( V) md photodectnc current (/) grJph
I

ＧＭｾＬ ＮＭ ＭＮ＠ ,.
• lmen ｩｾ＠ .md ,lOppmg potenn.ll t 1'0 1 gr.1ph
I
• ｔｩｭｾ＠ (r) and photoelectnc current(/) ｾ ｲ ｡ ｰｨ＠
I

Radi;,tio n h a dual nature · omerimes it beh,wes ,1 ,, w.we .md omerime a ,,

pJruclc

• D e--Broglie h y p o the i :A ｭｯＧｾ＠ p3rtidc sometime Jet .1 J \\ ;He .md

ｳｯｭｾｴｩ｣＠ as J particle, or a wa\·c is associated \nth J mo'ing Il1ilterial particle
whKh control the p3rtide m e,·ery re. pect The wa,·e 3 ｳｯ･ｾ｡ｴ､＠ \\1th rhe monng
parade 15 a ca.Ued mJtter wa\·e . De-Broglie wavelength, 15 gi,·en by

ｾ＠