Ovrs‘ p’blvsurd vn arra‘ hrv‘avn vn D66C by

H9N ! AMd@D M7a7h C@ l

an vmprvn‘ os
krn - aword hooks t‘d
:7 Lu’rcu a‘rrr‘, harnslry, ao’‘u Yorksuvrr, a76 DAa
 
Lopyrvtu‘ © hrvan Llo’tulry, D66C
a7C17C9:A6a15
 
bur rvtu‘ os hrvan Llo’tulry ‘o br vdrn‘vfird as ‘ur a’‘uor
os ‘uvs work uas brrn assrr‘rd by uvm vn accordancr wv‘u
‘ur Lopyrvtu‘, Mrsvtns and ka‘rn‘s Ac‘ 1aCCB
 
A Lck ca‘alot’r rrcord sor ‘uvs book vs affavlablr srom ‘ur
hrv‘vsu tvbrary
 
All rvtu‘s rrsrrffrdB No par‘ os ‘uvs book may br rrprod’crd
or ‘ransmv‘‘rd vn any sorm or by any mrans, rlrc‘ronvc or
mrcuanvcal vncl’dvnt puo‘ocopyvnt, rrcordvnt or by any
vnsorma‘von s‘oratr and rr‘rvrffal sys‘rm, wv‘uo’‘
prrmvssvon srom ‘ur k’blvsurr vn wrv‘vntB
 
byprsr‘ by Loncrp‘, o’ddrrsfirld, srs‘ Yorksuvrr
krvn‘rd and bo’nd vn lntland by Lkc cT
 
krn - aword hooks t‘d vncorpora‘rs ‘ur vmprvn‘s os
krn - aword Affva‘von, krn - aword garv‘vmr, krn -
aword gvlv‘ary,
suarnclvffr tocal ovs‘ory, krn - aword arlrc‘,
krn - aword gvlv‘ary Llassvcs and tro Looprr
 
 
 
 
Oor a complr‘r lvs‘ os krn - aword ‘v‘lrs plrasr con‘ac‘
klN - asYRM hYYTa tcgcblM
:7 Lu’rcu a‘rrr‘, harnslry, ao’‘u Yorksuvrr, a76 DAa,
lntland
lAmavlM rnq’vrvrs@prnAandAswordBcoB’k
srbsv‘rM wwwBprnAandAswordBcoB’k
bablr os Lon‘rn‘s

bv‘lr katr
Lopyrvtu‘ katr
cn‘rod’c‘von
Luap‘rr 1 A Z’lfikar Alv hu’‘‘o
Luap‘rr D A bur Yrars os Zva
Luap‘rr 9 A Mrmocracy Atavn
Luap‘rr : A Tarama‘, Tartvl, Luaos
Luap‘rr 5 A bur Lo’p, ‘ur hordrrs and ‘ur Army’s
Lapabvlv‘vrs
Luap‘rr A A oow ‘ur Army tooks As‘rr v‘s Ywn
Luap‘rr 7 A bur godrrn Army and v‘s Luallrntrs
Luap‘rr C A brrrorvsm and brvbrs
cndrx
7a trbd Y c tYba

kakvs‘an vs a complvca‘rd co’n‘ry vnuabv‘rd by a dvffrrsr

proplr wuosr c’l‘’ral dvffvsvons arr ac’‘rB A ‘rvbrsman
srom ‘ur Nor‘uAsrs‘ Oron‘vrr kroffvncr wo’ld srrl as
sorrvtn vn ‘ur uo’sr os a k’nwabv as ur wo’ld vn ‘ua‘ os a
kor‘’t’rsr or a kolr, rffrn uad ‘ury vdrn‘vcal s‘a‘’s vn ‘urvr
rrsprc‘vffr socval uvrrarcuvrsB cn lant’atr, uabv‘s and
‘radv‘von ‘ury uaffr no‘uvnt vn commonB No‘wv‘us‘andvnt
‘ur prac‘vcr os a common rrlvtvon, ‘urrr arr wvdr
dvffrrrncrs vn v‘s vn‘rrprr‘a‘von, tvffrn ‘ur proclvffv‘y os
somr cv‘vzrns, no‘ably b’‘ sar srom rxcl’svffrly ‘ur ‘rvbals,
sor ‘ur vn‘rvcacvrs os suarva, rrlvtvo’s law, wuvcu vs os‘rn
srlrc‘vffrly vn‘rrprr‘rd by somr spvrv‘’al lradrrs srom
mo‘vffrs os srlsAvn‘rrrs‘B
burrr arr so’r rn‘vrrly dvssvmvlar proffvncrs, pl’s ‘ur
trotrapuvcal anomalvrs os ‘ur srdrrally con‘rollrd rrtvons
os kakvs‘anAadmvnvs‘rrrd Tasumvr (s‘vll vn dvsp’‘r wv‘u
cndva0 and ‘ur Nor‘urrn brrrv‘orvrs, and ‘ur Ordrrally
Admvnvs‘rrrd brvbal Arras (OAbA0 ab’‘‘vnt Astuanvs‘an,
wurrr svncr D669 ‘urrr uas brrn traffr vns‘abvlv‘y,
drffrlopvnt vn‘o vns’rrrc‘vonB
hrsorr 1a71 kakvs‘an uad an las‘rrn svnt, ‘ur land ‘ua‘
vs now hantladrsuB kolv‘vcal and rconomvc mvsuandlvnt os
‘ur las‘ by ‘ur sormrr srs‘ kakvs‘an ca’srd drrp
dvssa‘vssac‘von and trow‘u os na‘vonalvs‘ srrlvnt amont ‘ur
almos‘ rn‘vrrly hrntalv pop’la‘von, rrtardrd as vnsrrvor by
mos‘ os srs‘ svnt’s k’nwabvs wuo wrrr ‘ur maworv‘y os
admvnvs‘ra‘orsB ga‘‘rrs camr ‘o a urad sollowvnt rlrc‘vons
vn 1a76 vn wuvcu las‘ kakvs‘an’s Awamv trat’r won a
maworv‘y, rn‘v‘lvnt v‘ ‘o sorm a toffrrnmrn‘B buvs was
obwrc‘rd ‘o by Z’lfiqar Alv hu’‘‘o, ‘ur srs‘’s mos‘
promvnrn‘ polv‘vcvan and lradrr os ‘ur kakvs‘an kroplr’s
kar‘y, wuo rrs’srd ‘o rrcotnvzr ‘ur rlrc‘von rrs’l‘sB cnrrs‘
vn ‘ur las‘ was s’pprrssrd vn a br’‘al potrom by ‘ur army,
and ‘urrr was oprn s’ppor‘ by cndva sor a trowvnt
vns’rrrc‘vonB
bur cndvan vnffasvon os ‘ur las‘ svnt, ‘o assvs‘ ‘uosr
rrtardrd by srs‘ kakvs‘an as rrbrls, rrs’l‘rd vn drsra‘ os
kakvs‘an’s C6,666As‘ront army by an cndvan sorcr os offrr
‘urrr ‘vmrs v‘s svzrB bur rffrc‘s on ‘ur cv‘vzrns os wua‘
rrmavnrd os ‘ur co’n‘ry wrrr vmmrnsrB
Y’r s‘ory brtvns a‘ ‘uvs povn‘, vn Mrcrmbrr 1a71, wurn
‘ur Army os kakvs‘an was suockrd ‘o ‘ur povn‘ os drspavr by
drsra‘ vn ba‘‘lrB
 
bur army trad’ally rrcoffrrrd srom v‘s u’mvlva‘vonB bur
co’n‘ry was os‘rnsvbly rr‘’rnrd ‘o drmocracy by ZBAB
hu’‘‘o, b’‘ ‘urrr wrrr dvsq’vr‘vnt sacr‘s ‘o uvs rxrrcvsr os
powrrB Lrra‘von os ‘ur Ordrral arc’rv‘y Oorcr, a body os
1:,666 armrd mrn ‘ua‘ answrrrd only ‘o hu’‘‘o, was
uardly vn accord wv‘u parlvamrn‘ary drmocracyB Nor was
uvs vmposv‘von os mar‘val law vn Taracuv, oydrrabad and
tauorr vn 1a77B cn ‘ur las‘Anamrd cv‘y ‘urrr brvtadvrrs
suowrd trra‘ co’ratr vn rrs’svnt ‘o uaffr ‘urvr ‘roops p’‘
down rvo‘s, as ‘uvs wo’ld almos‘ crr‘avnly uaffr vnffolffrd
kvllvnt cvffvlvans wuvcu ‘ury wrrr no‘ prrparrd ‘o doB bur
army’s cuvrs, arnrral Zva ’l oaq, drcvdrd ‘o ‘akr offrr ‘ur
co’n‘ry and cond’c‘rd a bloodlrss co’p vn d’lyB
All kakvs‘an’s army co’ps uaffr brrn bloodlrss, s’ccrsss’l
and pop’lar – b’‘ pop’lar only sor a wuvlrB bur ‘ro’blr vs
‘ua‘ mvlv‘ary proplr arr ’s’ally q’v‘r tood a‘ r’nnvnt lartr
ortanvza‘vons, rffrn cvffvlvan onrs, b’‘ trnrrally (vs onr may
’sr ‘ua‘ word0 savl ‘o ’ndrrs‘and polv‘vcs and toffrrnmrn‘,
and ‘ur tvffrAandA‘akr so nrcrssary vn ‘ua‘ rso‘rrvc worldB c‘
vs savd ‘ua‘ sollowvnt ‘ur firs‘ os ‘ur M’kr os srllvnt‘on’s
cabvnr‘ mrr‘vnts as krvmr gvnvs‘rr, ur complavnrd abo’‘ v‘
uaffvnt brrn ‘An rx‘raordvnary affavrB c taffr ‘urm ‘urvr
ordrrs and ‘ury wan‘rd ‘o s‘ay and dvsc’ss ‘urmB’ And
rffrn arnrral lvsrnuowrr, art’ably ‘ur mos‘ s’ccrsss’l
world lradrr wuo rxcuantrd ’nvsorm sor plavn clo‘urs,
dvs‘r’s‘rd, dvslvkrd and warnrd atavns‘ wua‘ ur callrd, a‘
‘ur rnd os uvs krrsvdrncy, ‘ur ‘mvlv‘aryAvnd’s‘rval complrx’
wuosr corrosvffr vnfl’rncr, wv‘u rrmarkablr sarsvtu‘rdnrss,
ur saw as a ‘urra‘ ‘o ‘r’r drmocracyB h’‘ bo‘u srllvnt‘on
and lvsrnuowrr, sor all ‘urvr mvlv‘ary backtro’nd and
vrrv‘a‘von a‘ ‘uosr o’‘svdr ‘urvr con‘rol, wrrr s’ccrsss’l
and uvtuly rrtardrd, rlrc‘rd, c[v[l[aalradrrsB bury wrrr
s’bwrc‘rd ‘o curcks and balancrs wuvcu, rffrn vn
srllvnt‘on’s ‘vmr, wrrr rffrc‘vffr con‘rols on ‘uosr wuo uad
brrn acc’s‘omrd ‘o vns‘an‘ and ’nq’rs‘vonvnt obrdvrncrB
cn kakvs‘an, uowrffrr, nonr os ‘ur soldvrrs wuo uaffr lrd ‘ur
co’n‘ry uas brrn a s’ccrssB oad any os ‘urm placrd ‘ur
s‘a‘r on ‘ur pa‘u ‘o drmocracy, no ma‘‘rr uow sorcrs’l
‘urvr mr‘uods, and ‘urn bowrd o’‘ as‘rr a yrar or ‘wo, ‘ury
wo’ld uaffr brrn uavlrd as na‘vonal saffvo’rsB Nonr dvdB And
all wvll br rrmrmbrrrd sor savl’rr ra‘urr ‘uan sor wua‘ ‘ury
acuvrffrd, no ma‘‘rr ‘urvr ac‘’al and vn somr casrs
s’bs‘an‘val accomplvsumrn‘sB
kakvs‘an’s ‘uvrd mvlv‘ary r’lrr, arnrral Zva, wuo drposrd
‘ur cuarvsma‘vc and a’‘uorv‘arvan krvmr gvnvs‘rr ZBAB
hu’‘‘o, was a pvo’s cslamvc zralo‘ wuo rndorsrd rrlvtvo’s
rx‘rrmvsmB Oollowvnt uvs mys‘rrvo’s dra‘u vn a planr
crasu, and as‘rr a drcadr os cuao‘vc drmocracy, arnrral
krrffrz g’suarras drposrd ‘ur corr’p‘ and dvc‘a‘orval
krvmr gvnvs‘rr Nawaz auarvs vn 1aaa, and rnco’ratrd
brnvtn cslam (‘rnlvtu‘rnrd modrra‘von’0 ‘o ‘ur ffrxa‘von
and sr’s‘ra‘von os ‘ur clrrvcs srom ‘ur Mark AtrsB ho‘u
brtan ‘urvr prrvod vn powrr wv‘u ffas‘ pop’lar s’ppor‘
wuvcu dvmvnvsurd as ‘ur yrars wrn‘ by, ‘o ‘ur povn‘ os
almos‘ ffanvsuvnt as‘rr ‘ury madr mawor polv‘vcal rrrorsM vn
‘ur casr os krrsvdrn‘ Zva ‘ur dvsmvssal os uvs toffrrnmrn‘N
vn ‘ur casr os krrsvdrn‘ g’suarras ‘ur dvsmvssal os uvs
Luvrs d’s‘vcrB
bur army rrmavnrd aloos srom ‘ur con‘roffrrsvrs crra‘rd
by v‘s prosrssvonal uradsB c‘s soldvrrs and officrrs, wv‘u only
a srw rxcrp‘vons, as rrco’n‘rd la‘rr, carrd as lv‘‘lr sor
polv‘vcs as ‘ury dvd sor polv‘vcvans, and dvd no‘ rrlvsu brvnt
assocva‘rd wv‘u s’pprrssvnt ‘ur drmocra‘vc wvsurs os ‘urvr
srllow cv‘vzrnsB aoldvrrvnt vs dvffic’l‘ rno’tu wv‘uo’‘ uaffvnt
‘o urlp r’n a co’n‘ry, rffrn vs ‘ur polv‘vcvans uaffr madr a
mrss os v‘B bur s‘ory os ‘ur army’s pas‘ so’r drcadrs vs
rssrn‘vally ‘ua‘ os kakvs‘an v‘srls, and vn srw co’n‘rvrs can
‘urrr uaffr brrn s’cu vn‘rrrrla‘von br‘wrrn army and s‘a‘rN
b’‘ v‘ vs an ’nural‘uy symbvosvs and v‘ vs uoprd ‘ua‘
drmocracy wvll ‘akr roo‘ vn kakvs‘an, rffrn vs v‘ vs vnv‘vally
flawrd and sravlB
avncr D669 ‘ur army uas brrn vnffolffrd vn a lowAlrffrl
co’n‘rrAvns’rtrncy vn ‘ur brvbal Arras, wv‘u ‘ur a‘‘rndan‘
dvffic’l‘vrs ‘ua‘ sacr any army ‘askrd ‘o fitu‘ atavns‘ v‘s
own cv‘vzrns, no ma‘‘rr uow vn‘ransvtrn‘ly br’‘al ‘ursr
may brB c‘ uas rvsrn ‘o ‘ur cuallrntr, b’‘ uas o‘urrs ‘o dral
wv‘u, no‘ lras‘ brvnt ‘ua‘ os dvffic’l‘y vn rrcr’v‘vnt uvtuA
q’alv‘y officrrsB As drscrvbrd vn Luap‘rr A, ‘ur pay and
prnsvons os arrffvcr prrsonnrl arr ‘vny vn comparvson wv‘u
wua‘ can br ob‘avnrd by wrllArd’ca‘rd, vn‘rllvtrn‘ proplr
vn cvffvlvan lvsrB bur consrq’rncrs os ‘uvs arr rxamvnrd, as
arr ‘ur wrllAp’blvcvzrd clavms ‘ua‘ srrffvnt and rr‘vrrd army
officrrs sorm somr sor‘ os malrffolrn‘ mvlv‘ary vnd’s‘rval
complrx os ‘ur na‘’rr so drprrca‘rd by lvsrnuowrrB bur
Army os kakvs‘an vs no‘ prrsrc‘, b’‘ v‘ vs sar srom brvnt a
drn os corr’p‘vonB c‘ vs lrd by uono’rablr mrn and v‘s
mrmbrrs arr vn ‘ur mavn skvllrd and drdvca‘rd
prosrssvonalsB bury arr ‘ur t’ardvans os ‘ur na‘von, b’‘
m’s‘ nrffrr br v‘s mas‘rrB
 
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tbr csrm[ss[ba tb uss matsr[al trbm Z[s bbbk,
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‘ur kakvs‘an Army, tbur cZactsrs bt wZ[cZ accsar [a
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v[rtus bt tZs vsrr[ct tZat lbu Yavs [a tZs aat[baal
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Addrrss ‘o ‘ur na‘von by Z’lfikar Alv hu’‘‘o, D6
Mrcrmbrr 1a711

hu’‘‘o prono’ncrd ‘ursr words so’r days as‘rr ‘ur rnd os

kakvs‘an’s war wv‘u cndva offrr las‘ kakvs‘anB bur nrw
na‘von os hantladrsu uad arvsrn srom ‘ur wrrckatr os
conflvc‘, b’‘ ‘ur cv‘vzrns os ‘ur rrmavnvnt par‘ os ‘ur
co’n‘ry ‘ua‘ now callrd v‘srls kakvs‘an wrrr s‘’nnrd a‘ ‘ur
drsra‘B bury wrrr amazrd and brwvldrrrd by ‘ur
vncompr‘rncr os ‘urvr mvlv‘ary krrsvdrn‘, Yauya Tuan, wuo
uad mvslrad ‘urm and ca’srd ‘ur dvsas‘rrB
Ys co’rsr Yauya uad ‘o toB burrr was no al‘rrna‘vffr ‘o
‘ua‘, o‘urr, prruaps, ‘uan an army co’p, and ‘ua‘ way
wo’ld lvr dvsas‘rrB bur army was ’npop’lar and ‘urrr
wo’ld uaffr brrn ‘ro’blr vs soldvrrs uad brrn drployrd on
‘ur s‘rrr‘sB And ‘urrr was no al‘rrna‘vffr ‘o hu’‘‘o as
Yauya’s s’ccrssorB hu’‘‘o was brvllvan‘B hu’‘‘o was ‘ur man
sor ‘ur ‘vmrB h’‘ hu’‘‘o was drrply, vrrrffocably,
dvsas‘ro’sly flawrdB burrr was no prrson vn kakvs‘an wuo
co’ld ‘rll Z’lfikar Alv hu’‘‘o ‘o to ‘o urll and rrmavn srrr
srom ffvndvc‘vffr rr‘rvb’‘vonB h’‘ krrsvdrn‘ hu’‘‘o v‘ uad ‘o
brB
bur days vmmrdva‘rly as‘rr ‘ur crasrfirr – ‘ur s’rrrndrr
– wrrr cons’svnt sor all kakvs‘anvs, no‘ only ‘uosr vn
’nvsormB oals ‘ur co’n‘ry uad ffanvsurdB No‘ ‘ua‘ hrntalvs
and hvuarvs as s’cu mran‘ m’cu ‘o k’nwabvs or k’su‘’ns,
or almos‘ anyonr rlsr vn wua‘ uad brrn callrd ‘ur srs‘
svntN b’‘ v‘ was uard ‘o comr ‘o ‘rrms wv‘u ‘ur sac‘ ‘ua‘
as‘rr ‘wrn‘yAso’r yrars ‘ur co’n‘ry uad crasrd ‘o rxvs‘ vn
‘ur suapr and svzr vn wuvcu v‘ was so’ndrdB kakvs‘anvs uad
always consvdrrrd ‘urmsrlffrs s’prrvor ‘o cndvans, and
mos‘ consvdrrrd ‘ur o’‘comr os ‘ur 1aA5 war ‘o uaffr brrn
bad l’ckB A drsra‘ ‘ua‘ was so oprn and drama‘vc BBB and
final BBB was dvffic’l‘ ‘o swallowB
bur army srl‘ br‘rayrd by v‘s LommandrrAvnALuvrs (LAvnA
L0, ‘o ‘ur rx‘rn‘ ‘ua‘ vn a‘ lras‘ onr tarrvson, a’wranwala,
‘urrr was nrar m’‘vnyB d’s‘ wuy arnrral oamvd, ‘ur LAvnAL,
cuosr ‘o addrrss ‘ur officrrs os aol vn Rawalpvndv on 1a
Mrcrmbrr vs vnrxplvcablrB krruaps ur ‘uo’tu‘ v‘ was ‘‘ur
‘uvnt ‘o do’BD bur officrrs wrrr svlrn‘ a‘ firs‘N ‘urn rrs‘lrssN
‘urn ffocvsrro’s and vn‘rrr’p‘vffrN finally, ab’svffrB oamvd
was suockrd bryond sprrcuB a’l oassan Tuan, s‘vll Luvrs os
‘ur arnrral a‘aff (Laa0, rscor‘rd uvm ‘o ‘ur pla‘sorm vn ‘ur
Na‘vonal Mrsrncr Lollrtr a’dv‘orv’m b’‘ uad lv‘‘lr
rrcollrc‘von os wua‘ wrn‘ on o‘urr ‘uan ‘bur onr vncrssan‘
drmand os ‘ur a’dvrncr ‘ua‘ c ffat’rly rrcall was ‘ua‘ all
officrrs’ mrssrs suo’ld br drclarrd dryB’ (As ur also s‘a‘rs
vn uvs Msmb[rs,v‘ vs dvffic’l‘ ‘o srr uow ‘uvs wo’ld solffr
any‘uvnt rv‘urr vmmrdva‘rly or vn ‘ur s’‘’rr, b’‘ somr
officrrs uad srrn Yauya ‘ur worsr sor drvnk and word uad
to‘ ro’nd os uvs alcouol problrmB9 buvs, and a dasu os
offrrzralo’s rrlvtvon, and ‘ur wrv‘vnt was on ‘ur wall sor
‘ur oldAs‘ylr mrssrs – al‘uo’tu prouvbv‘von was vmposrd
fiffr yrars la‘rr by nonr o‘urr ‘uan ‘ur aco‘cuAq’affint
hu’‘‘oB0 burrr was worsrM ‘ur l’ar‘rrmas‘rrAarnrral
(lga0, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral gv‘ua, was a closr crony os
Yauya’s and drcvdrd ‘o mrddlr vn affavrs by ordrrvnt a
company os ‘ur aprcval arrffvcrs aro’p (aaa0 ‘o br moffrd
‘o Rawalpvndv ‘sor ‘ur pro‘rc‘von os ‘ur krrsvdrn‘, LYa,a
and aol’B bur man ur approacurd ‘o carry o’‘ uvs wvsurs
was ‘ur commandrr os ‘ur aaa, hrvtadvrr au’lam
gouammad galvk, ‘ag’,: wuo drclvnrd ‘ur ordrr and a‘
oncr rrpor‘rd ‘o a’l oassanB burrr was no tood rrason sor
a company os aaa ‘o br ’srd sor closr pro‘rc‘von, and
anyway ‘ur lga uad no b’svnrss vss’vnt ordrrs os ‘uvs
‘yprB a’l oassan ass’rrd ag ‘ua‘ ur uad ac‘rd proprrlyB
bur rxac‘ na‘’rr os ‘ur conspvracy vs no‘ known (and
conspvracy ‘urrr ’ndo’b‘rdly was0 b’‘ v‘ vs lvkrly,
accordvnt ‘o srffrral rr‘vrrd officrrs, ‘ua‘ ‘ur LYa and uvs
lga uad vdras os rns’rvnt ‘ua‘ Yauya (wuo may or may
no‘ uaffr known os ‘ur aaa affavr0 suo’ld rrmavn vn powrrB
burrr was no uopr wua‘rffrr os ‘uvs and ‘ur a‘‘rmp‘
suowrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur ‘wo officrrs wrrr as vnrp‘ a‘ rradvnt ‘ur
mood os ‘ur na‘von – and plo‘‘vnt – as ‘ury wrrr a‘ r’nnvnt
an armyB A‘ ‘ur ‘vmr, hu’‘‘o was on uvs way uomr srom ‘ur
ca, uaffvnt firs‘ ‘akrn ‘ur wvsr prrca’‘von os ‘rlrpuonvnt
g’s‘asa Tuar, uvs closr srvrnd (‘urn0 and an as‘’‘r
polv‘vcvan, ‘o ascrr‘avn wur‘urr v‘ was sasr sor uvm ‘o rr‘’rn
vn ‘ur kcA avrcras‘ srn‘ by ‘ur Luvrs os ‘ur Avr a‘aff (and
a’l oassan0 ‘o sr‘cu uvm srom RomrB or was ass’rrd ur
wo’ld comr ‘o no uarmB
surn mrr‘vnt wv‘u Nvxon vn Olorvda on 17 Mrcrmbrr,
hu’‘‘o apparrn‘ly was tvffrn ass’rancr ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an wo’ld
rrcrvffr ‘mvlv‘ary and monr‘ary s’ppor‘’ – a promvsr Nvxon
wo’ld find uard ‘o uono’r, as uvs polvcy d’rvnt ‘ur war uad
lv‘‘lr Lontrrssvonal or pop’lar backvntB bur trs‘’rr was
wrlcomrd by hu’‘‘o vn spv‘r os uvs prrocc’pa‘von wv‘u uvs
own vmmrdva‘r polv‘vcal s’‘’rrB sua‘ srrmrd ‘o br
vmpor‘an‘ was ‘ua‘ ur, hu’‘‘o, was on cordval ‘rrms wv‘u
‘ur krrsvdrn‘ os ‘ur cnv‘rd a‘a‘rs – wuo, ur prruaps dvd
no‘ know, was w’s‘ as drffvo’s, ’n‘r’s‘wor‘uy and amoral as
hu’‘‘o uvmsrlsB
 
Ynr os ‘ur firs‘ ‘uvnts hu’‘‘o dvd as krrsvdrn‘ was ‘o
dvsmvss oamvd as LYa and appovn‘ a’l oassan ‘o ‘akr offrr
on D6 MrcrmbrrB awvs‘ work, b’‘ hu’‘‘o madr ’p uvs mvnd
q’vcklyB bur cvrc’ms‘ancrs os ‘ur appovn‘mrn‘ ‘ook a
s‘rantr sorm, os wuvcu ‘ur brs‘ drscrvp‘von vs vn a’l
oassan’s Msmb[rs B5
hu’‘‘o wan‘rd ‘o broadcas‘ ‘ur appovn‘mrn‘ ‘ua‘ nvtu‘
and srn‘ sor a’l oassan ‘o ‘rll uvm os uvs proposrd
rlrffa‘vonB oassan was ursv‘an‘, b’‘ as‘rr abo’‘ sor‘y
mvn’‘rs con‘rmpla‘von ur ‘old uvs krrsvdrn‘ ur wo’ld ‘akr
‘ur wob – on so’r condv‘vonsM
bur LYa suo’ld br vn ‘ur rank os lvr’‘rnan‘ trnrral,
no‘ trnrral, as ‘urrr uad brrn ‘oo m’cu ‘rank crrrp’, a
rrq’rs‘ ‘o wuvcu hu’‘‘o ‘consrn‘rd wv‘u alacrv‘y’B (a’l
wo’ld find o’‘ almos‘ as q’vckly w’s‘ wuy ur was so
rn‘u’svas‘vcB0
burrr m’s‘ br dvsrntatrmrn‘ os ‘roops alont ‘ur
bordrr, an vmpor‘an‘ consvdrra‘von wurn ‘ury wrrr so
puysvcally closr and rmo‘vonally ‘rnsrN and ‘ur
prvsonrrs os war suo’ld br rr‘’rnrd as soon as
possvblrB hu’‘‘o savd ur was workvnt on ‘uvsB
c‘ was ‘vmr ‘o lvs‘ gar‘val tawB hu’‘‘o savd ‘ua‘ oncr a
Lons‘v‘’‘von was composrd [by a commv‘‘rr os uvs own
nomvna‘vonk and passrd ‘by all ‘ur polv‘vcal par‘vrs’
[prrs’mably mranvnt ‘ur Na‘vonal Assrmblyk ‘ur wo’ld
b’ry gar‘val taw sorrffrr’B
 tas‘, savd a’l oassan, suowvnt uvs firmnrss and
complr‘r lack os ’ndrrs‘andvnt os uvs krrsvdrn‘’s
cuarac‘rr, ur wan‘rd ‘no vn‘rrsrrrncr srom anyonr,
uvmsrls or any os uvs mvnvs‘rrs vncl’drd’B hu’‘‘o ‘smvlrd
and ass’rrd mr ‘ua‘ was ‘ur rrason wuy ur uad
srlrc‘rd mr sor ‘ur wob’B Accrp‘vnt ‘uvs a‘ sacr ffal’r
suowrd ‘ua‘ a’l dvd no‘ know hu’‘‘oB burrr was no
possvbvlv‘y ‘ua‘ any s’bordvna‘r os hu’‘‘o’s wo’ld br
allowrd ‘o r’n uvs own suow wv‘uo’‘ vn‘rrsrrrncrB And
no‘ only vn‘rrsrrrncrM s‘rvc‘, downA‘urAlvnr obrdvrncr ‘o
drcvsvon and prrsonal wuvm was drmandrd, uowrffrr
vllrtal or basr ‘ursr mvtu‘ brB buosr wuo wo’ld no‘
consorm wo’ld br dvsmvssrd – or worsrB

h’‘ ‘urrr v‘ wasM ‘ur condv‘vons wrrr composrd as‘rr lrss

‘uan an uo’r’s ‘uo’tu‘ by an uono’rablr man wuo, brsorr
mrr‘vnt hu’‘‘o ‘ua‘ rffrnvnt, dvd no‘ rffrn know ur was ‘ur
nrw krrsvdrn‘ (al‘uo’tu somr allrtr ‘ua‘ v‘ was a’l
oassan wuo sorcrd Yauya’s rrsvtna‘von and rns’rrd
hu’‘‘o’s rvsr ‘o powrr0B
 
bua‘ nvtu‘ hu’‘‘o madr uvs broadcas‘ ‘o ‘ur proplr os
kakvs‘an, abo’‘ ‘wo uo’rs la‘rr ‘uan uad brrn no‘vfird, b’‘
nobody mvndrdB bur saffvo’r os ‘ur na‘von was ‘o apprar
and wo’ld rrass’rr ‘urm abo’‘ ‘ur s’‘’rrB bur nrw
krrsvdrn‘ wo’ld ‘pvck ’p ‘ur pvrcrs’ and wo’ld makr ‘A
kakvs‘an rnffvsatrd by ‘ur l’avdArAAzam’ (‘ur Oo’ndrr os
‘ur Na‘von, ‘ur m’cuAlamrn‘rd gouammad Alv dvnnau0,
wv‘u ‘ur coAoprra‘von os ‘ur proplrB buvs was prrcvsrly
wua‘ ‘ur cv‘vzrns os ‘ur nrw kakvs‘an wan‘rd ‘o urarB burrr
uad brrn mvsmanatrmrn‘, rxplov‘a‘von, s’ffoca‘von, b’‘ ur,
Z’lfikar Alv hu’‘‘o, al‘uo’tu ‘no matvcvan’, wo’ld lrad uvs
co’n‘ry srom ‘ur sq’alor os rrcrn‘ yrars ‘o rrcrra‘r v‘s
prvs‘vnr orvtvns, srom wurrr v‘ wo’ld drffrlop, ’ndrr ‘ur
calm and mawrs‘vc t’vdancr os v‘s nrw lradrr, ‘o br oncr
atavn ‘ur tand os ‘ur k’rrB And vn uvs firs‘ comm’nvca‘von
‘o ‘ur na‘von – rffrryonr was lvs‘rnvnt, somr wa‘cuvnt, ‘oo
– ur ‘old a lvrB
a’l oassan uad tood rrasons sor askvnt ‘o br lrs‘ as a
lvr’‘rnan‘ trnrral ra‘urr brvnt promo‘rd ‘o so’rAs‘ar rank,
b’‘ hu’‘‘o drclarrdM

c uaffr askrd arnrral a’l oassan ‘o br ac‘vnt

LommandrrAvnALuvrsB or vs a prosrssvonal soldvrrB c
do no‘ ‘uvnk ur uas dabblrd vn polv‘vcs and c ‘uvnk
ur uas ‘ur rrsprc‘ and s’ppor‘ os ‘ur Armrd
Oorcrs BBB h’‘ ur wvll rr‘avn ‘ur rank os lvr’‘rnan‘
trnrralB sr arr no‘ tovnt ‘o makr ’nnrcrssary
promo‘vonsB sr arr a poor co’n‘ryB sr arr no‘
tovnt ‘o ’nnrcrssarvly sa‘‘rn proplrB

‘buvs,’ wro‘r a’l oassan vn uvs Msmb[rs,‘was o’‘AandAo’‘

currk’B krruaps v‘ wasN b’‘ v‘ was crr‘avnly an o’‘AandAo’‘
lvr by hu’‘‘o sor ‘ur sakr os crra‘vnt an vmprrssvon tZat Zs
r[ra’t assr tb maks( hu’‘‘o dvdn’‘ nrrd ‘o rn‘u’sr anyonr
abo’‘ ‘ur nrw army cuvrsB cs ur uad anno’ncrd ‘ua‘ a’l
wo’ld br promo‘rd firld marsual or drmo‘rd ‘o corporal
brca’sr ur, hu’‘‘o, consvdrrrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur mos‘ approprva‘r
rank sor ‘ur pos‘, ‘ur proplr os kakvs‘an wo’ld uaffr
suo’‘rd approffal ’n‘vl ‘ury wrrr uoarsrB hu’‘‘o was a
pop’lvs‘ – b’‘ ur dvdn’‘ rrally ’ndrrs‘and, drrp down, ‘ur
srrlvnts os ‘ur proplr ur so drsprra‘rly wan‘rd ‘o uaffr
sollow uvmB or drsvrrd drama‘’rty sor v‘s own sakrB bury
dvd, os co’rsr, sollow uvm – ’n‘vl uvs arrotancr brcamr ‘oo
m’cu sor ‘urmN and so dvd a’l oassan, wv‘u ‘ur dvffrrrncr
‘ua‘ ‘ur arrotancr suowrd v‘srls ‘o uvm ra‘urr soonrr ‘uan
v‘ dvd ‘o ‘uosr wuom hu’‘‘o wan‘rd ‘o ‘‘rll uvm ‘o to ‘o
urll’B ‘suy,’ askrd a’l oassan os hu’‘‘o, ‘uad [urk
drlvbrra‘rly ‘old a lvr abo’‘ my rankH’ bo hu’‘‘o ‘uvs was a
s‘rantr q’rs‘vonB or uad madr a s‘a‘rmrn‘N v‘s con‘rn‘
was ‘urrrsorr ’nassavlablrB ovs answrr was ‘ua‘ uvs nrw
army cuvrs dvd no‘ ’ndrrs‘and polv‘vcs, wuvcu was crr‘avnly
‘r’rB h’‘ a’l oassan ‘urn rns’rrd uvs la‘rr rclvpsr and
banvsumrn‘ by ‘rllvnt hu’‘‘o ‘ua‘ ‘ur suo’ld krrp polv‘vcs
o’‘ os uvs dralvnts wv‘u mr or ur was a‘ lvbrr‘y ‘o tr‘
somronr [‘o br army cuvrsk wuo was samvlvar wv‘u s’cu
lant’atr’B hu’‘‘o dvd no‘ rrply (and probably co’ld no‘
rffrn brtvn ‘o concrp‘’alvzr uow polv‘vcs co’ld br krp‘ o’‘
os any os uvs dralvnts wv‘u anyonr0, b’‘, accordvnt ‘o onr
promvnrn‘ fit’rr,A ur brtan ‘o ‘uvnk atavn abo’‘ uvs nrw
army cuvrs and ‘o consvdrr wv‘u wuom ur mvtu‘ rrplacr
uvmB bvkka Tuan, ‘ur arnrral wuo carrvrd o’‘ ordrrs
wv‘uo’‘ q’rs‘von, mvtu‘ br an al‘rrna‘vffr, ‘uo’tu‘ somr os
hu’‘‘o’s assocva‘rsB
hu’‘‘o uad appovn‘rd a man os uono’r as urad os ‘ur
army, b’‘, brvnt hu’‘‘o, ur dvd no‘ – co’ld no‘ –
’ndrrs‘and ‘ua‘ anyonr co’ld srrffr uvm and no‘ br plo‘‘vnt
atavns‘ uvmB bur army’s cuvrs wo’ld br rsprcvally s’sprc‘B
or was ‘o br l’cky, sor a wuvlrB a’l oassan was loyal, as
was uvs s’ccrssorB bur problrm sor hu’‘‘o camr wurn a
srw yrars la‘rr ur appovn‘rd a Luvrs os ‘ur Army a‘aff
wuom ur consvdrrrd plvablr or rffrn q’vrscrn‘, b’‘ wuo
was ‘o proffr a morr drffvo’s playrr ‘uan ‘ur brvllvan‘
hu’‘‘oB
 
hu’‘‘o to‘ rvd os ‘ur old ‘v‘lr os ‘commandrrAvnAcuvrs’, a
uantoffrr srom hrv‘vsu daysB buvs was an vdral ‘vmr ‘o do so,
wv‘u ‘ur armrd sorcrs a‘ ‘urvr nadvr os pop’larv‘y and
hu’‘‘o a‘ uvs zrnv‘u, b’‘ ur also wan‘rd ‘o br rvd os a’l
oassan wuo, hu’‘‘o brla‘rdly rralvzrd, was no‘ ‘ur
p’suoffrr ur wan‘rdB bur army, ‘uo’tu‘ hu’‘‘o, suo’ld br
p’‘ vn v‘s placr, wuvcu was firmly ’ndrr con‘rol os ‘ur
cvffvlvansB buvs vs a proprr ‘uvnt vn a drmocracy, b’‘ hu’‘‘o
was no drmocra‘B or proposrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur army br srn‘ vn ‘o
Taracuv ‘o rnsorcr dvscvplvnr amonts‘ ‘ur rrs‘vffr work
sorcrN a’l dvsatrrrd and savd ‘ur polvcr suo’ld br ’srdB
hu’‘‘o wan‘rd ‘o rrlrasr Na‘vonal Ladr‘ Lorps mrmbrrs
(s‘’drn‘s – kkk s’ppor‘rrs0 wuo uad drsrr‘rd and brrn
vmprvsonrd as‘rr co’r‘ mar‘valN a’l rrs’srdB hu’‘‘o wan‘rd
‘o to wv‘u a’l on uvs firs‘ ffvsv‘ aro’nd ‘ur armyN a’l was
firmM ‘As os ‘omorrow,’ ur savd, ‘c brtvn my ffvsv‘s ‘o ’nv‘s,
and alonrB’ a’l’s days wrrr n’mbrrrdB And hu’‘‘o, q’vr‘ly
and ’nurraldrd, ffvsv‘rd ’nv‘s and uradq’ar‘rrs on uvs own
acco’n‘B burrr wrrr many pvnprvcks, many o‘urr vns‘ancrs
os a‘‘rmp‘rd vn‘rrsrrrncr by hu’‘‘o, b’‘ ‘wo vn par‘vc’lar
suowrd uvs mvndsr‘M accordvnt ‘o a’l, ur proposrd ‘ua‘ all
army officrrs suo’ld br ‘scrrrnrd by ‘ur polvcr or
vn‘rllvtrncr, and ‘uosr wv‘u polv‘vcal lranvnts or
connrc‘vons wo’ld br krp‘ ’ndrr s’rffrvllancr’B buvs, ‘oo,
was rrwrc‘rd by a’l, wuo was sa‘vsfird wv‘u ‘ur normal
ffr‘‘vnt procrss and, vn any rffrn‘, dvd no‘ co’n‘rnancr
‘mrddlvnt vn polv‘vcs’ — b’‘ hu’‘‘o wo’ld no‘ br drflrc‘rd
srom uvs drsvrr ‘o vmposr a prrsonal mark on ‘ur armyB or
wan‘rd ‘o a‘‘rnd a promo‘von and srlrc‘von board d’r ‘o sv‘
on 5 Orbr’ary 1a7DB
 
As‘rr ‘ur war v‘ was obffvo’s somr officrrs wo’ld uaffr ‘o br
rr‘vrrdB cn ‘ur army ‘wrn‘yAnvnr srnvor officrrs wrrr
rrlvrffrd os d’‘yM ‘wo trnrrals, rlrffrn lvr’‘rnan‘ trnrrals,
‘rn mawor trnrrals and svx brvtadvrrsB (bur naffy and avr
sorcr racu los‘ ‘urvr cuvrss and svx o‘urrsB0 Yncr ‘ur
gvlv‘ary arcrr‘ary uad donr all ‘ur paprrwork vnffolffvnt
marsuallvnt confidrn‘val rrpor‘s, carrrr o’‘lvnrs, ffacancvrs
and ‘ur promo‘von plo‘, a mrr‘vnt os ‘ur srnvor trnrrals
was callrd ‘o consvdrr promo‘vons br‘wrrn ‘ur ranks os
lvr’‘rnan‘ colonrl and mawor trnrralB bury, vn ‘’rn, wo’ld
placr rrcommrnda‘vons brsorr toffrrnmrn‘ vn ‘ur normal
wayB a’l wo’ld cuavr ‘ur mrr‘vntB hu’‘‘o ‘old uvm ur
wan‘rd ‘o a‘‘rnd v‘, and, wurn a’l drm’rrrd, rrmvndrd
uvm ‘ua‘ ur uad brrn askrd ‘o a‘‘rnd cabvnr‘ mrr‘vnts – as
vs ‘urrr wrrr any svmvlarv‘y br‘wrrn ‘ur ‘woB Annoyvntly
sor hu’‘‘o, a’l uad rrs’srd uvs vnffv‘a‘vons ‘o to ‘o cabvnr‘
mrr‘vnts, so was ablr ‘o parry ‘ua‘ onr, b’‘ vn any casr a’l
was adaman‘M ‘ur krrsvdrn‘ co’ld no‘, wo’ld no‘, a‘‘rnd
mrr‘vnts os promo‘von boardsB And v‘ was soB
A s‘rvkr os polvcr vn krsuawar ‘ook placr a‘ ‘ur rnd os
Orbr’ary and hu’‘‘o, no‘ ’nna‘’rally, wvsurd ‘o uaffr v‘
rrsolffrdB ovs approacu was m’cu ‘ur samr as ur vn‘rndrd
concrrnvnt ‘ur Taracuv workrrsM sorcrB Oorcr atavns‘ ‘ur
‘common man’, ‘ur proplr wuo co’ld ‘rll hu’‘‘o ‘‘o to ‘o
urll’B a’l uad rrs’srd ‘o coAoprra‘r concrrnvnt Taracuv,
b’‘ ur was no‘ cons’l‘rd abo’‘ ‘ur vn‘rn‘von ‘o rmploy
mvlv‘ary sorcr vn krsuawarB bur Na‘vonal arc’rv‘y Adffvsrr
ordrrrd drploymrn‘ os ‘wo firld t’ns ‘o krsuawar srom ‘ur
acuool os Ar‘vllrry a‘ Nowsurra, abo’‘ D5 mvlrs away on
‘ur arand br’nk RoadB or also ordrrrd ‘ur moffr os a
n’mbrr os rrcr’v‘s srom ‘ur k’nwab Rrtvmrn‘ Lrn‘rr a‘
gardan, nor‘u os Nowsurra, ‘o krsuawarB a’l’s s‘aff ‘old
uvm os ‘ur ordrrs, wuvcu ur promp‘ly co’n‘rrmandrdB or
was ‘urn s’rprvsrd ‘o rrcrvffr a ffvsv‘ srom a fit’rr (os
cabvnr‘ rank0 wuo was nonr o‘urr ‘uan sormrr gawor
arnrral Akbar Tuan, ur os ‘ur 1a51 ‘Rawalpvndv
Lonspvracy’ ‘ua‘ uad savlrd ‘o offrr‘urow ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘,
sor wuvcu ur uad srrffrd a ‘okrn prrvod vn prvsonB Akbar
‘rvrd ‘o browbra‘ ‘ur LommandrrAvnALuvrs b’‘ was srn‘ off
wv‘u a flra vn uvs rar ‘o (prrs’mably0 rrpor‘ ‘o ‘ur
krrsvdrn‘ wuosr confidrncr ur uadB d’s‘ wua‘ a b’ncu os
rrcr’v‘s and ‘wo D5Apo’ndrr t’ns wo’ld uaffr acuvrffrd vn
krsuawar vs no‘ clrar (cuaos, mos‘ lvkrly0, b’‘ ‘ur ordrrs
suow ‘ua‘ Akbar was probably as rxprr‘ vn p’‘‘vnt down
dvs‘’rbancrs as ur uad brrn a‘ plannvnt ‘urmB
oad a’l brrn morr os a polv‘vcal anvmal, uad ur brrn
drffvo’s and o’‘ ‘o saffr uvs prosrssvonal skvn, ur co’ld uaffr
‘uwar‘rd hu’‘‘o — rffrn ‘o ‘ur rx‘rn‘ os ‘opplvnt uvmB
Rrpor‘s camr ‘o uvm ‘ua‘ ‘ur polvcr s‘rvkrs, sprradvnt
‘uro’tuo’‘ k’nwab, uad brrn rntvnrrrrd by hu’‘‘o’s
kroplr’s kar‘y vn ordrr ‘o tr‘ ‘ur army vnffolffrd and
‘s’rnvsu hu’‘‘o wv‘u a prr‘rx‘ ‘o drsamr v‘ bryond
rrdrmp‘von’B krruapsN prruaps no‘B h’‘ wua‘rffrr was tovnt
on, v‘ was nas‘yB
aomr yo’nt officrrs vndvca‘rd ‘ua‘ ur uad only ‘o say ‘ur
word and ‘ury wo’ld ‘sor‘ o’‘’ hu’‘‘o, an offrr wuvcu
appallrd a’l, wuo calmrd ‘urm down and srn‘ ‘urm on
‘urvr wayB ga‘‘rrs wrrr comvnt ‘o a uradB avffrn hu’‘‘o’s
nr‘work os vnsormrrs, v‘ vs rrasonablr ‘o brlvrffr ‘ua‘ ur to‘
‘o know, vs no‘ abo’‘ ‘uvs par‘vc’lar vncvdrn‘, ‘urn abo’‘ ‘ur
srrlvnt vn somr src‘vons os ‘ur army concrrnvnt uvmsrlsB
tv‘‘lr dvd ur know – ur was vncapablr os rralvzvnt – ‘ua‘ ur
uad a loyal cuvrs wuo wo’ld brook no vn‘rrsrrrncr wv‘u
toffrrnmrn‘ by ‘ur armyB a’l svmply wasn’‘ vn‘rrrs‘rd vn
wua‘ ‘o hu’‘‘o was lvsrbloodM ‘ur manvp’la‘von os proplr
and rffrn‘sB hu’‘‘o srrmrd ‘o a‘‘rvb’‘r ‘o rffrryonr ur mr‘
‘ur morr svnvs‘rr cuarac‘rrvs‘vcs ur uvmsrls possrssrdN v‘
apprarrd ur was ’nablr ‘o brlvrffr ‘ua‘ anyonr co’ld br
dvsvn‘rrrs‘rd rno’tu ‘o srrffr ‘urvr co’n‘ry wv‘uo’‘ an ryr
‘o ‘ur mavn cuancrB
bur rnd sor a’l camr as‘rr ur rrs’srd ‘o proffvdr a
brvrfint on con‘vntrncy plannvnt sor all mvnvs‘rrs,
rsprcvally as v‘ was ‘o br cond’c‘rd, on hu’‘‘o’s ordrrs, a‘
a polvcr sacvlv‘y (nvcr ‘o’cu0 and no‘ a‘ aol, wurrr s’cu
brvrfints normally ‘ook placrB buvs, combvnrd wv‘u uvs
rrs’sal ‘o brcomr vnffolffrd vn p’‘‘vnt down ‘ur polvcr
s‘rvkr, and uvs rrmons‘rancr wurn hu’‘‘o proposrd
crra‘vnt ‘ur Ordrral arc’rv‘y Oorcr, a paraAmvlv‘ary
ortanvza‘von vn‘rndrd sor s’cu crra‘vffr ac‘vffv‘y as s‘rvkrA
brrakvnt, sralrd uvs downsallB
 Yn 9 garcu, a na‘vonal uolvday drclarrd by hu’‘‘o ‘o
mark ‘ur vn‘rod’c‘von os land rrsorms ‘wo days brsorr, a’l
oassan and ‘ur Avr Luvrs, Rauvm Tuan, wrrr sackrdB bur
drama – ‘ur ‘nrrdlrss drama’, a’l callrd v‘ A vs drscrvbrd vn
dr‘avl vn uvs Msmb[rs,b’‘ hu’‘‘o’s radvo addrrss ‘o ‘ur
na‘von ‘ua‘ rffrnvnt, vn lntlvsu, drsrrffrs ‘o br rrco’n‘rdB
or savd, vn par‘M

gy drar srvrnds, cv‘vzrns, ‘ur vn‘rrrs‘s os ‘uvs

co’n‘ry arr s’prrmr, and v‘ vs vn ‘ur vn‘rrrs‘s os
‘ur co’n‘ry and ‘ur vn‘rrrs‘ os ‘ur armrd sorcrs os
kakvs‘an ‘ua‘ ‘oday wr uaffr ‘akrn ‘ur drcvsvon ‘o
rrplacr ‘ur commandrrAvnAcuvrs os ‘ur kakvs‘an
Army and ‘ur commandrrAvnAcuvrs os ‘ur kakvs‘an
Avr OorcrB ho‘u os ‘urm uaffr brrn rrplacrd by
officrrs wuo arr samvlvar wv‘u ‘ur armrd sorcrs
[svck and wuo uaffr krp‘ workvnt wv‘u ‘urm wv‘u
drffo‘von and wv‘u splrndvd rrcordsB Rrplacrmrn‘s
uaffr brrn madr on mrrv‘s and vn ‘ur uvturs‘
consvdrra‘von os ‘ur co’n‘ry and ‘ur armrd sorcrsB
hy now yo’ m’s‘ uaffr urard ‘ua‘ tvr’‘rnan‘
arnrral a’l oassan, wuo rrsvtnrd ‘uvs as‘rrnoon,
uas brrn rrplacrd by tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral bvkka
Tuan and Avr garsual Rauvm Tuan BBB by Avr
garsual Zaffar Lua’du’ryB Orom ‘oday wr wvll no
lontrr uaffr ‘ur anacuronvs‘vc and obsolr‘r pos‘s
os commandrrAvnAcuvrs BBB so wr uaffr cuantrd ‘ur
colonval s‘r’c‘’rr os ‘ur armrd sorcrs os kakvs‘an
and vnwrc‘rd a ‘r’ly vndrprndrn‘ pa‘‘rrn vn‘o
‘ursr ffv‘al srrffvcrs BBB And yo’ m’s‘ rrmrmbrr, my
srvrnds and compa‘rvo‘s, ‘ua‘ ‘ur proplr os
kakvs‘an and ‘ur armrd sorcrs ‘urmsrlffrs arr
rq’ally dr‘rrmvnrd ‘o wvpr o’‘ honapar‘vc
vnfl’rncrs srom ‘ur armrd sorcrsB c‘ vs rssrn‘val so
 ‘ua‘ ‘ursr ‘rndrncvrs nrffrr atavn poll’‘r ‘ur
polv‘vcal lvsr os ‘uvs co’n‘ryB honapar‘vsm vs an
rxprrssvon wuvcu mrans ‘ua‘ prosrssvonal soldvrrs
‘’rn vn‘o prosrssvonal polv‘vcvansB ao c do no‘ ’sr
‘ur word honapar‘vsmB c ’sr ‘ur word honapar‘vc
brca’sr wua‘ uad uapprnrd vn kakvs‘an svncr
1a5: and morr oprnly svncr 1a5C vs ‘ua‘ somr
prosrssvonal trnrrals ‘’rnrd ‘o polv‘vcs no‘ as a
prosrssvon b’‘ as a pl’ndrr and as s’cu, ‘ur
vnfl’rncrs ‘ua‘ crrp‘ vn‘o kakvs‘an’s socvopolv‘vcal
lvsr drs‘royrd v‘s sabrvc as ‘ur vnfl’rncrs os
honapar‘vsm uad affrc‘rd l’ropr vn ‘ur
rvtu‘rrn‘u and nvnr‘rrn‘u crn‘’rvrsB7

buvs was a sascvna‘vnt vnsvtu‘ vn‘o ‘ur man hu’‘‘oB No‘ only
dvd ur ’sr uvs‘orvcal rrsrrrncrs ‘o a drs’nc‘ l’ropran
rmprror ‘o makr uvs povn‘s – a l’dvcro’s cuovcr, as only ‘ur
uvtuly rd’ca‘rd wo’ld know wua‘ on rar‘u ur was ‘alkvnt
abo’‘ – ur was drlvbrra‘rly and wv‘uo’‘ conscvrncr
slandrrvnt a’l oassan wuom ur uad sorcrd ‘o ‘rrsvtn’B h’‘
v‘ was all offrrB bvkka Tuan, ‘ur uard and loyal man ‘o wuom
a s’prrvor’s ordrr was ‘ur final word and nrffrr ‘o br
q’rs‘vonrd, ‘ook offrr as Luvrs os a‘aff and wo’ld rrmavn so
sor rxac‘ly so’r yrars, a‘ ‘ua‘ ‘vmr ‘ur ‘rn’rr sor ‘ur urads
os ‘ur ‘urrr arrffvcrsB
 
Yffrr ‘ur nrx‘ svx yrars, ’n‘vl hu’‘‘o’s sall, srffrral
mras’rrs wrrr ‘akrn ‘o modvsy, and vn somr vns‘ancrs
vmproffr, ‘ur s‘r’c‘’rr os ‘ur armrd srrffvcrsB c‘ apprars,
uowrffrr, ‘ua‘ a‘ lras‘ somr os ‘ursr moffrs wrrr madr sor
‘ur sakr os consolvda‘vnt hu’‘‘o’s con‘rol, ra‘urr ‘uan by
rrason os vmproffvnt rfficvrncyB
bur moffr os naffal uradq’ar‘rrs ‘o cslamabad srom
Taracuv vn 1a7: madr srnsr vn ‘ua‘ ‘ur cuvrs and uvs s‘aff
wo’ld br morr rradvly affavlablr ‘o toffrrnmrn‘ and ‘ur
o‘urr arrffvcrs, and co’ld con‘rvb’‘r br‘‘rr ‘o offrrall
drsrncr plannvnt and prrparrdnrssB burrr arr ‘uosr wuo
art’r ‘ua‘ ‘ur placr sor Nol vs Taracuv wurrr ‘ur flrr‘ vs
basrd, rsprcvally as ‘ur naffy’s par‘ vn conflvc‘ as so’tu‘ vn
‘ur s’bcon‘vnrn‘ wo’ld no‘ vnffolffr a trra‘ dral os ‘wovn‘rry’
– vn‘vma‘r coAoprra‘von wv‘u ‘ur o‘urr arrffvcrs – and wo’ld
nrffrr br rrq’vrrd ‘o br rx‘rnsvffrB cn ‘ur par‘vc’lar
s‘ra‘rtvc cvrc’ms‘ancrs os kakvs‘an ‘uvs vs a comprllvnt
povn‘ os ffvrw, b’‘ on ‘ur prvncvplr ‘ua‘ all arrffvcr ols
suo’ld br colloca‘rd, ‘ur drcvsvon was proprrB burrr wrrr
many art’mrn‘s abo’‘ uow sar ‘wovn‘rry’ suo’ld br carrvrdB
bur drba‘r vs ’s’ally firrcr and somr‘vmrs rmo‘vonal vn all
s‘aff collrtrs, and a‘ any ta‘urrvnt os prosrssvonals – b’‘ vn
kakvs‘an vn 1a7D v‘ was flaccvd and ’ndvrrc‘rdBC kroponrn‘s
os wovn‘ doc‘rvnr wrn‘ lartrly ’nurardB bur ualsAurar‘rd
o’‘comr was ‘ur appovn‘mrn‘ os a ’nvsormrd Luavrman os
‘ur dovn‘ Luvrss os a‘aff Lommv‘‘rr on 1 garcu 1a7Aa (’n‘vl
wuvcu ‘vmr ‘ur cuavrman was ‘ur drsrncr mvnvs‘rr, wuo
was hu’‘‘o0, b’‘ arnrral gouammad auarvs and uvs
s’ccrssors wrrr no‘ tvffrn ‘ur oppor‘’nv‘y ‘o mo’ld ‘urvr
uradq’ar‘rrs vn‘o a ‘r’r command olB
bur army srrmrd ‘o uaffr soc’srd vnwards, wuvcu vs
’ndrrs‘andablr vn ‘ur cvrc’ms‘ancrs (and mvtu‘ uaffr brrn
no bad ‘uvnt uad v‘ las‘rd only sor a yrar or so0, b’‘ v‘
nrrdrd a lradrr wuo uad broad, bold ffvsvon so ‘ua‘ v‘ co’ld
brrak srrr srom vn‘rosprc‘von and parocuvalvsmB bvkka Tuan
was a solvd soldvrr, a firm brlvrffrr vn Lons‘v‘’‘vonal
proprvr‘y, a s‘vcklrr sor procrd’rrs and ‘ur cuavn os
commandB An orvtvnal mvlv‘ary ‘uvnkrr ur was no‘B
 
bur composv‘von os ‘ur 1a79 Lons‘v‘’‘von was ‘o rrflrc‘
hu’‘‘o’s prrocc’pa‘von wv‘u ‘ur loyal‘y os ‘ur mvlv‘ary, b’‘
brsorr rndorsrmrn‘ os ‘ua‘ doc’mrn‘ by ‘ur Na‘vonal
Assrmbly ‘urrr was ano‘urr conspvracy ‘o br dral‘ wv‘uB cn
rarly 1a79, so’r‘rrn avr sorcr and ‘wrn‘yAonr army officrrs
wrrr arrrs‘rd on cuartrs os plo‘‘vnt ‘o offrr‘urow ‘ur
toffrrnmrn‘B and wrn‘ brsorr srpara‘r arrffvcr co’r‘s
mar‘valB Ynr army officrr was acq’v‘‘rd and ‘ur o‘urrs
rrcrvffrd p’nvsumrn‘ rantvnt srom lvsr vmprvsonmrn‘ ‘o
s‘oppatr os promo‘vonB bur avr cuvrs ac‘rd uarsulyB bur
casr atavns‘ onr officrr uad brrn dropprd and nvnr os ‘ur
o‘urrs wrrr so’nd no‘ t’vl‘y, b’‘ Avr Luvrs garsual Zasar
Lua’du’ry ordrrrd rr‘vrrmrn‘ os all so’r‘rrnB ovs ordrr
was offrrr’lrd by toffrrnmrn‘ vn ‘ur casr os srffrn officrrsB
or rrsvtnrdB ‘cn savrnrss ‘o uvm,’ says TZs dtbrl bt tZs
aak[staa A[r N brcs, ‘v‘ m’s‘ also br s‘a‘rd ‘ua‘ uvs abr’p‘
drpar‘’rr may uaffr brrn prrcvpv‘a‘rd by ‘ur an‘vAladvanv16
srn‘vmrn‘ swrrpvnt ‘ur co’n‘ry a‘ ‘ur ‘vmrB’ buvnts arr no‘
always wua‘ ‘ury srrmB bur ‘rval os ‘ur army officrrs was
prrsvdrd offrr by a gawor arnrral Zva ’l oaq, wuo rrpor‘rd
‘o hu’‘‘o, srrq’rn‘ly vn prrsonB
bur conspvracy casr suowrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur arrffvcrs wrrr no‘
vnclvnrd ‘o s’ppor‘ calls sor rrffol‘ atavns‘ ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘B
bury uad, as‘rr all, dr‘rc‘rd ‘ur plo‘ ‘urmsrlffrs and
bro’tu‘ ‘ur offrndrrs ‘o w’s‘vcrB c‘ srrmrd ‘ury co’ld br
‘r’s‘rd ‘o rrmavn o’‘svdr polv‘vcs and ac‘ atavns‘ any
wv‘uvn ‘urvr ranks wuo wo’ld srrk ‘o do o‘urrwvsrB hu’‘‘o
may or may no‘ uaffr atrrrd ‘ua‘ ‘uvs was so, b’‘ vn any
rffrn‘ ur madr s’rr ‘ua‘ ‘ur 1a79 Lons‘v‘’‘von a’‘uorvzrd
‘ur karlvamrn‘ ‘o pass laws sor ‘ur p’nvsumrn‘ os ‘uosr
so’nd t’vl‘y os ‘rrason, and vncl’drd an oa‘u ‘o rrsravn
srom vnd’ltvnt vn polv‘vcal ac‘vffv‘yB bur old ‘radv‘von ‘ua‘
officrrs dvd no‘ vnffolffr ‘urmsrlffrs vn polv‘vcs was no‘
rno’tuN ‘ur Lons‘v‘’‘von sormalvzrd v‘M

c BBB do solrmnly swrar ‘ua‘ c wvll brar ‘r’r sav‘u

and allrtvancr ‘o kakvs‘an and ’puold ‘ur
Lons‘v‘’‘von os ‘ur cslamvc Rrp’blvc os kakvs‘an
 wuvcu rmbodvrs ‘ur wvll os ‘ur proplr, ‘ua‘ c wvll
no‘ rntatr mysrls vn any polv‘vcal ac‘vffv‘vrs
wua‘sorffrr and ‘ua‘ c wvll uonrs‘ly and sav‘us’lly
srrffr ‘ur kakvs‘an ArmyCNaffyCAvr Oorcr as
rrq’vrrd by and ’ndrr ‘ur lawB

bur ‘ro’blr wv‘u an oa‘u os ‘uvs na‘’rr vs ‘ua‘ v‘ can br

’srd by an a’‘ocra‘vc rrtvmr ‘o drs‘roy ‘uosr wuom v‘
srarsB ‘Any polv‘vcal ac‘vffv‘vrs wua‘sorffrr’ vs a ca‘cuall
purasrB sv‘u curcks and balancrs, a s‘ront and
vndrprndrn‘ w’dvcvary, a parlvamrn‘ monv‘orrd by a srrr
krrss, and a srnsr os uono’r and rrsponsvbvlv‘y on ‘ur par‘
os polv‘vcal lradrrs, a purasr lvkr ‘uvs may uaffr mranvnt (v‘
wvll also, probably, br rrd’ndan‘0B c‘ dors no‘ apprar ‘o br
rrcordrd vs ‘ur oa‘u was ‘akrn by arnrral ZvaB
hu’‘‘o rralvzrd ‘ua‘ ur co’ld no‘ rrmavn as ’nrlrc‘rd
(vndrrd, srlsAappovn‘rd0 krrsvdrn‘ vndrfinv‘rlyB bur
Lons‘v‘’‘von wo’ld br os d’bvo’s lrtalv‘y wrrr v‘ no‘ ‘o br
rndorsrd by an rlrc‘rd Assrmbly, and vn any rffrn‘ ‘ur
proplr wan‘rd an rnd ‘o a’‘ocracyB grmorvrs os 1a5C uad
sadrdB bur ‘socval ffrrmvn’ ‘o wuom Ay’b uad rrsrrrrd a‘
‘ua‘ ‘vmr uad brrn rrplacrd by hu’‘‘o’s mvlv‘ary ‘‘rav‘ors’
wuo uad ‘bra‘rn ‘ur workrrs BBB lasurd ‘ur prasan‘s’11 and,
vn uvs ryrs, drsrrffrd ‘urvr rrlrta‘von ‘o ‘ur blackrr patrs
os kakvs‘an’s suor‘ uvs‘oryB h’‘ mar‘val law s’v‘rd hu’‘‘oB
or was ablr ‘o rnac‘ lrtvsla‘von as Luvrs gar‘val taw
Admvnvs‘ra‘or ‘ua‘ wo’ld uaffr brrn vmpossvblr, or a‘ brs‘
rx‘rrmrly dvffic’l‘, ‘o p’su ‘uro’tu a drmocra‘vcallyA
rlrc‘rd assrmbly, rffrn wrrr ‘ur kakvs‘an kroplr’s kar‘y ‘o
uaffr a maworv‘yB or brttrd pro‘rs‘vnt s‘’drn‘s and
s‘rvkvnt workrrs ‘o ‘avffr mr somr ‘vmr’ ‘o vn‘rod’cr
drmocracy, lartrly brca’sr ‘ur powrrs os mar‘val law wrrr
rrq’vrrd ‘sor ‘ur solr p’rposr os brvntvnt BBB basvc rrsorms
BBB Yncr ‘uvs firs‘ puasr os rrsorms vs offrr BBB ‘ur tro’nd
wo’ld br lavd sor ‘ur s’ll flowrrvnt os drmocracyB’ Oavr
rno’tu, onr mvtu‘ ‘uvnk, as‘rr s’cu a lont prrvod os r’lr by
dvk‘a‘M ’sr ‘ur mr‘uods os ‘ur a’‘ocra‘s ‘o n’r‘’rr ‘ur
lontAdorman‘ srrds os savrnrss, rq’v‘y, cvffvl law and
srrrdom sor ‘ur massrsB h’‘ v‘ dvdn’‘ work o’‘ q’v‘r lvkr
‘ua‘B
kakvs‘an’s rconomy was placrd ’ndrr srffrrr s‘ravn by
‘ur na‘vonalvza‘von os u’ndrrds os prvffa‘r rn‘rrprvsrsB c‘s
vn‘rrna‘vonal s‘andvnt (and crrdv‘ ra‘vnt0, alrrady low vn
spv‘r os hu’‘‘o’s cuarvsma, ‘ook a uard knockB bur army, os
co’rsr, was no‘ vnffolffrd vn ‘ur na‘vonalvza‘von procrss –
b’‘ vn la‘rr yrars v‘ was ‘o rrap brnrfi‘s by ’ndrr‘akvnt,
‘uro’tu v‘s cuarv‘ablr atrncy, ‘ur Oa’wv Oo’nda‘von, many
commrrcval rn‘rrprvsrs wuvcu wrrr rxrmp‘ srom vmpos‘s
pavd by b’svnrssrs ‘ua‘ uad brrn rrAprvffa‘vzrdB1D (bur
rxrmp‘vons las‘rd ’n‘vl 1aa9B0 Na‘vonalvza‘von was
’npop’lar wv‘u vnd’s‘rvalvs‘s and b’svnrssmrn, many os
wuom srn‘ m’cu capv‘al abroadB cn somr casrs ‘ur
rn‘rrprrnr’rs wrn‘, ‘ooN a traffr loss sor kakvs‘an and,
prruaps s‘rantrly, a loss sor ‘ur army, as mos‘ os ‘urm
wrrr mvddlr classB bur army’s officrrs wrrr brvnt rrcr’v‘rd
vn vncrrasvnt n’mbrrs srom ‘ur mvddlr class ra‘urr ‘uan
‘ur landrd trn‘ry and ‘ur arvs‘ocracy, and rnlvs‘mrn‘ os
s’cu officrrs was a tood ‘uvntB Ay’b and Yauya uad
rnco’ratrd ‘ur trandrrs ‘o srnd ‘urvr sons ‘o srrffr sor a‘
lras‘ a srw yrars — lvkr ‘ur old hrv‘vsu sys‘rmB And Ay’b
and Yauya wrrr, vn sac‘, w’s‘ a wrr bv‘ snobbvsu abo’‘ v‘ allB
Nrv‘urr was os ‘ur rral arvs‘ocracy – b’‘ hu’‘‘o wasN and
ur carrd abo’‘ ‘ur mvddlr class w’s‘ as lv‘‘lr as uvs
prrdrcrssors uadB cn a socvr‘y s’cu as kakvs‘an’s v‘ was a
rral s‘rp sorward ‘o broadrn ‘ur socval basr os ‘ur officrr
corps, b’‘ ‘ur flvtu‘ os so many os ‘ur mvddlr classrs mran‘
a rrd’c‘von vn ‘ur n’mbrr os rd’ca‘rd yo’nt mrn srom
wuom officrr srlrc‘von co’ld br madrB
 gar‘val law was ’npop’lar wv‘u ‘ur army, wuvcu dors no‘
srrm ‘o uaffr dvs‘’rbrd hu’‘‘o trra‘ly, b’‘ v‘ was also
’npop’lar wv‘u uvs polv‘vcal s’ppor‘rrs, rsprcvally ‘ur
yo’ntB bua‘ was srrvo’sB cn Aprvl 1a7D v‘s rr‘rn‘von was
abo’‘ ‘o comr ’ndrr a‘‘ack vn ‘ur a’prrmr Lo’r‘ – no‘
crv‘vcal, b’‘ drfinv‘rly annoyvnt sor hu’‘‘oB ao on 1: Aprvl
ur anno’ncrd ‘ua‘ gar‘val taw wo’ld br rrpralrd a wrrk
la‘rr, wuvcu v‘ wasB h’‘ ur dvd no‘ tvffr p’blvcv‘y ‘o ‘ur sac‘
‘ua‘ ‘ur cn‘rrvm Lons‘v‘’‘von, proclavmrd conc’rrrn‘ly,
omv‘‘rd ‘o t’aran‘rr O’ndamrn‘al Rvtu‘sB bursr wrrr
s’sprndrd ’ndrr a kroclama‘von os lmrrtrncyB hu’‘‘o was
no‘ yr‘ prrparrd ‘o br sat[rsll drmocra‘vcB
bur army was occ’pvrd wv‘u vn‘rrnal rrsormB bvkka Tuan
co’ld br rrlvrd ’pon ‘o rrortanvzr v‘ wv‘uo’‘ drama and
wv‘uo’‘ crra‘vnt any polv‘vcal waffrsB burrr vs no rrcord os
hu’‘‘o atavn vnsvs‘vnt on a‘‘rndancr a‘ a promo‘von board
mrr‘vnt, b’‘ ‘urrr wo’ld uaffr brrn no nrrd sor ‘ua‘,
anyway – bvkka wo’ld rns’rr ‘ua‘ only ‘uosr wuom ur
consvdrrrd polv‘vcally rrlvablr wo’ld br promo‘rd or
appovn‘rd ‘o srnsv‘vffr pos‘sB h’‘ ‘urrr was onr ‘uvnt ‘ua‘
rffrn ‘ur loyal bvkka co’ld no‘ rq’vffoca‘r abo’‘M ‘ur
prvsonrrs os warB Ys ‘ur a6,666 prvsonrrs urld by cndva
somr 76,666 wrrr mvlv‘ary, ‘ur o‘urrs brvnt cvffvl srrffan‘s,
mvlv‘ary drprndan‘s and prvffa‘r vndvffvd’alsB Ar‘vclr 11C os
‘ur buvrd arnrffa Lonffrn‘von (1a:a0 s‘a‘rs ‘ua‘ ‘krvsonrrs
os sar suall br rrlrasrd and rrpa‘rva‘rd wv‘uo’‘ drlay as‘rr
‘ur crssa‘von os ac‘vffr uos‘vlv‘vrs,’ b’‘ grs aanduv vtnorrd
‘ur Ar‘vclr, w’s‘ as sur vtnorrd arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvl Rrsol’‘von
967C71 os D1 Mrcrmbrr, wuvcu callrd sor urr sorcrs ‘o br
wv‘udrawn and sor complvancr wv‘u ‘ur Lonffrn‘vonB bvkka
Tuan was no‘ m’cu os a onr sor u’manv‘arvan conffrn‘vons,
any morr ‘uan was hu’‘‘o, b’‘ ur knrw v‘ wo’ld br dvffic’l‘
‘o concrn‘ra‘r ‘ur mvnds os ‘ur army on rrArq’vppvnt and
rrortanvzvnt wuvlr uvs officrrs and mrn srr‘‘rd abo’‘ ‘urvr
comradrs vn cndvan prvson campsB or wan‘rd ac‘von and sor
dvffrrrn‘ rrasons hu’‘‘o also wan‘rd ‘urvr rr‘’rnB ovs
rlrc‘oral s’ppor‘ wo’ld drprnd on s’cu ‘uvntsN ‘urrrsorr,
‘ur soonrr ‘ur kYs problrm was rrsolffrd, ‘ur br‘‘rrB cn
‘ur suor‘ ‘rrm v‘ was as rasy as v‘ was w’s‘vfird ‘o blamr
cndva, b’‘ hu’‘‘o knrw ‘ua‘ odv’m co’ld soon brtvn ‘o
suvs‘B
hu’‘‘o rrlrasrd g’wvb srom confinrmrn‘ (ur co’ld uardly
uaffr donr o‘urrwvsr0 and ‘ur rrs‘wuvlr cap‘vffr brcamr ‘ur
krrsvdrn‘ os hantladrsu, wv‘u wuom hu’‘‘o wan‘rd ‘o uaffr
‘alks as wrll as wv‘u grs aanduvB h’‘ g’wvb wan‘rd somr
kYss ‘o br ‘rvrd as allrtrd war crvmvnals, wuvcu madr v‘
dvffic’l‘ sor hu’‘‘o ‘o proposr vncl’dvnt uvmB g’wvb, ‘oo,
was ’ndrr prrss’rr a‘ uomrM ‘ur hrntalvs consvdrrrd
hu’‘‘o w’s‘ as m’cu an opprrssor as bvkka Tuan and Yauya,
so v‘ wo’ld br polv‘vcally ’nwvsr sor g’wvb ‘o uaffr ‘alks
wv‘u kakvs‘anB grs aanduv, alonr, v‘ uad ‘o brB
bury mr‘ a‘ avmla on DC d’nr and svtnrd an atrrrmrn‘
on D d’lyB19 bur woman wuom hu’‘‘o uad drscrvbrd as
brvnt ‘mrdvocrr BBB wv‘u mrdvocrr vn‘rllvtrncr BBB sur’ll
nrffrr s’ccrrd vn vmprrssvnt mr’ nrto‘va‘rd wv‘u ‘ur
na‘vonal lradrr sur uad drscrvbrd as ‘no‘ a ffrry balancrd
man’ wuo, ‘wurn ur ‘alks, yo’ nrffrr ’ndrrs‘and wua‘ ur
mrans’B1: A loffrly co’plrB
bur accord was cobblrd ‘otr‘urr wv‘uo’‘ brnrfi‘ os
rrasonrd vnp’‘ by hu’‘‘o, wuosr rffor‘s wrrr lvmv‘rd –
na‘’rally – by ‘ur sac‘ ‘ua‘ ur was morr a s’pplvcan‘ ‘uan
an rq’al par‘y ‘o nrto‘va‘vonsB or uad ‘o tr‘ sbms sor‘ os
atrrrmrn‘B hantladrsu was no‘ dvsc’ssrd, and ‘urrr was
‘urrrsorr no mrn‘von os ‘ur kYs q’rs‘von brca’sr grs
aanduv rrs’srd ‘o prrmv‘ ‘uvs ’nlrss hantladrsu was
rrcotnvzrd by kakvs‘an – a dvploma‘vc ffrn‘’rr ‘ua‘ hu’‘‘o
co’ld no‘ possvbly makr only srffrn mon‘us as‘rr las‘
kakvs‘an uad brrn los‘B Oor wan‘ os somr‘uvnt br‘‘rr,
hu’‘‘o accrp‘rd ‘ur avmla (now auvmla0 Accord, wuvcu ‘ur
cndvans srvzrd ’pon as w’s‘vfica‘von ‘o ‘rra‘ ‘ur Tasumvr
q’rs‘von as bvla‘rral – no‘uvnt ‘o do wv‘u Tasumvrvs and
crr‘avnly no b’svnrss os ‘ur cN, wuosr ‘tood officrs’ wrrr
sorrffrr rscurwrdB bur arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvl Rrsol’‘vons
concrrnvnt ‘ur uoldvnt os a plrbvscv‘r (atrrrd by Nrur’0
wrrr, ‘o ‘ur cndvan mvnd, ‘offrr‘akrn’ by ‘uvs bvla‘rral
accord – as c’rvo’s an vn‘rrprr‘a‘von os ‘ur avmla
Atrrrmrn‘ as v‘ was os cN procrd’rrB cndva’s con‘rn‘von
‘ua‘ ‘ur Accord vnffalvda‘rs cN vnffolffrmrn‘ vn ‘ur Tasumvr
vss’r vs, apparrn‘ly, basrd on paratrapu (vv0 (’ndrr ‘ur
uradvnt ‘oarmonvo’s Rrla‘vonsuvp’0, vn ‘ua‘M

bur ‘wo co’n‘rvrs arr rrsolffrd ‘o sr‘‘lr ‘urvr

dvffrrrncrs by pracrs’l mrans ‘uro’tu bvla‘rral
nrto‘va‘vons or by any o‘urr pracrs’l mrans
m’‘’ally atrrrd ’pon br‘wrrn ‘urmB

buvs dors no‘ rxp’ntr, cancrl, amrnd, or drny ‘ur arc’rv‘y

Lo’ncvl Rrsol’‘von abo’‘ a plrbvscv‘r, any morr ‘uan v‘
rxcl’drs ‘ur cN srom vnffolffrmrn‘ vn ‘ur Tasumvr dvsp’‘rB
cndva uolds ‘ua‘ ‘m’‘’ally atrrrd’ vs vn somr sasuvon
rq’vffalrn‘ ‘o ‘bvla‘rral’B bur ‘pracrs’l mrans’ m’s‘ br
bvla‘rral or BBB wrll BBB bvla‘rralB ‘g’‘’al atrrrmrn‘’ wvll, os
co’rsr, nrffrr ob‘avn abo’‘ ‘any o‘urr pracrs’l mrans’, b’‘
‘uvs dors no‘ makr v‘ vrrrlrffan‘N nor dors v‘ rrndrr cN
rrsol’‘vons or vnffolffrmrn‘ vnapplvcablrB bur sac‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur
cN gvssvon vn Tasumvr rrmavns vn rxvs‘rncr vs rffvdrncr
‘ua‘ ‘ur cN arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvl, al‘uo’tu ’nablr or ’nwvllvnt
‘o rnsorcr somr os v‘s own mos‘ vmpor‘an‘ Rrsol’‘vons,
consrrs lrtv‘vmacy ’pon v‘s vnffolffrmrn‘ vn Tasumvr, rffrn vs
by omvssvon ra‘urr ‘uan commvssvonB cndva can uardly
rrnrtr – sormally a‘ lras‘ – srom ‘ur firs‘ paratrapu os ‘ur
avmla atrrrmrn‘M ‘bua‘ ‘ur prvncvplrs and p’rposrs os ‘ur
Luar‘rr os ‘ur cnv‘rd Na‘vons suall toffrrn ‘ur rrla‘vons
br‘wrrn ‘ur ‘wo co’n‘rvrs,’ b’‘ v‘ vs probablr ‘urrr wvll
con‘vn’r ‘o br art’mrn‘s br‘wrrn cndva and kakvs‘an
abo’‘ ‘ur Accord, ‘ur o‘urr ‘rrms os wuvcu arr anodynrB
h’‘ wua‘ vs drcvdrdly no‘ anodynr vs ‘ur

MltcNlAbcYN YO bol tcNl YO LYNbRYt cN

dAggc ANM TAaogcR RlactbcNa ORYg bol
LlAal OcRl YO 17 MlLlghlR 1a71 cN
ALLYRMANLl scbo bol acgtA AaRllglNb
YO D dctY 1a7D

buvs doc’mrn‘, composrd by ‘wrlffr army officrrs (svx srom

racu co’n‘ry0, vs, so sar as v‘ tors, ’nambvt’o’sB c‘s
‘rrrv‘orval prrcvsvon vs rrmarkablrB c‘ con‘avns s’cu
drscrvp‘vons asM

bur tvnr os Lon‘rol r’ns srom NR 919CA1 ‘o NR

91ACA5, ‘urncr ‘o NR 91aCA7, ‘urncr lAab ‘o NR
9DDCAC, ‘urncr Nl ‘o NR 991C7D, ‘urncr ‘o a
mon’mrn‘ on rvdtr lvnr a‘ NR 99AC7:
approxvma‘rly fiffr u’ndrrd yards al os kovn‘
1666C (NR 99C70, ‘urncr ‘o a povn‘ NR 99CCC1 on
‘ur N’llau s’cu ‘ua‘ povn‘ NR 99AC7: and povn‘
NR 99CCC1 arr connrc‘rd by a co’n‘rr clockwvsr
arc wv‘u a radv’s os fiffr u’ndrrd yards, ‘urncr Nl
‘o w’nc‘von BBB

and so onB sua‘ was no‘ prrcvsr, ’nsor‘’na‘rly, was wurrr

‘ur ‘rrmvna‘von os ‘ur tvnr suo’ld br vn ‘ur ras‘B bo br
s’rr, ‘ur drscrvp‘von rndrd wv‘u a trvd rrsrrrncrM Nd
aC6:D6 – b’‘ wua‘ ‘urnH burrr was a cavrn rrrc‘rd vn 1a7D
a‘ aC6:D6N v‘ was s‘vll ‘urrr vn 1aCDN v‘ may s‘vll br ‘urrr
nowN b’‘ ‘urrr was, and vs, abo’‘ a u’ndrrd mvlrs os
mo’n‘avno’s snow and vcr br‘wrrn aC6:D6 and ‘ur bordrr
wv‘u Luvna – a‘ ‘ur w’nc‘von wv‘u Aksav Luvn, a lartr arra vn
dvsp’‘r br‘wrrn cndva and LuvnaB15
sua‘ was ‘o br donr abo’‘ alloca‘von os ‘uvs arraH c‘ was
os no commrrcval adffan‘atr, and os vn‘rrrs‘ only ‘o ‘ur
mos‘ drdvca‘rd mo’n‘avnrrrB Mark rock, wattrd vcr, drrp
snow, so’l wra‘urrB burrr co’ld br no a‘‘rac‘von vn ‘ur
rrtvonB And as s’cu v‘ was drscrvbrd ‘o ‘ur a’‘uor by onr
os ‘ur svtna‘orvrs ‘o ‘ur asscr[ct[ba bt tZs L[as bt Cbatrbl
(suor‘ ‘v‘lr0B tvr’‘rnan‘ Lolonrl hBgB brwarv was onr os ‘ur
cndvan rrprrsrn‘a‘vffrs wuo urld mrr‘vnts (nvnr al‘otr‘urr0
wv‘u ‘urvr kakvs‘anv co’n‘rrpar‘s srom 16 A’t’s‘ ‘o 11
Mrcrmbrr 1a7DB brn yrars la‘rr, a brvtadvrr, ur was
tarrvson commandrr vn arvnatar (vn cndvanAadmvnvs‘rrrd
Tasumvr0 and, lvkr mos‘ cndvan officrrs, trnval, comradrly
and tood company wurn s’rr ‘ua‘ ‘ur vn‘rllvtrncr srrffvcrs
wrrr no‘ lookvnt offrr uvs suo’ldrrB brwarv savd ‘ua‘
drlvnra‘von os ‘ur tvnr os Lon‘rol was rffrc‘rd vn ‘ur mos‘
trn‘lrmanly mannrr and ‘ur rrason ‘ur drscrvp‘von os ‘ur
tvnr s‘opprd a‘ trvd rrsrrrncr Nd aC6:D6 was ‘ua‘ nobody
vn ‘urvr rvtu‘ mvnd (or words ‘o ‘ua‘ rffrc‘0 co’ld possvbly
wan‘ any os ‘ur land br‘wrrn ‘urrr and ‘ur arra‘ sall os
Luvna, and ‘ua‘ ‘ury (‘ur cndvan officrrs and ‘urvr kakvs‘anv
collrat’rs0 atrrrd ‘ua‘ anyonr wuo wan‘rd ‘o lay clavm ‘o
vcr, snow and rocks was wrlcomr ‘o ‘urmB
Nobody, a‘ ‘ua‘ ‘vmr, vmatvnrd ‘ua‘ ‘urrr mvtu‘ br
mvlv‘ary consron‘a‘von vn ‘ur arraB c‘ wo’ld br s’‘vlr ‘o
a‘‘rmp‘ ‘o watr war a‘ s’cu urvtu‘s, a‘ ‘ur rnd os lont
lvnrs os comm’nvca‘von, wv‘u no s‘ra‘rtvc or rffrn ‘ac‘vcal
avm, vn an arra vn wuvcu mrrr rxvs‘rncr (and no onr lvffrd
‘urrr0 wo’ld vnffolffr trra‘ uazard vn moffvnt ‘vny dvs‘ancrsB
suo wo’ld srnd ‘roops ‘o occ’py a ‘rrrvsyvnt was‘rland
wurrr ‘urrr was no ‘urra‘ os vnffasvon or rffrn ‘rrrv‘orval
vnsrvntrmrn‘H
 
arnsvblr b’‘ vncomplr‘r drlvnra‘von os ‘ur tvnr os Lon‘rol
sowrd ‘ur srrds os ‘ur avacurn alacvrr consron‘a‘von os
1aC:, b’‘ vn ‘ur 1a76s ‘urrr wrrr o‘urr rx‘rrnal and
vn‘rrnal sac‘ors ‘ua‘ affrc‘rd rrortanvza‘von os ‘ur army
and ‘ur a‘‘v‘’dr os v‘s lradrrsB
hu’‘‘o ‘ook kakvs‘an o’‘ os ‘ur Lommonwral‘u on 96
dan’ary 1a7D (brca’sr Lommonwral‘u na‘vons uad
rrcotnvzrd vndrprndrn‘ hantladrsu0, wuvcu uad ‘ur rffrc‘
os drnyvnt ‘ur army and ‘ur o‘urr srrffvcrs cooprra‘von a‘
‘ur ffrry ‘vmr wurn ‘uvs wo’ld uaffr brrn mos‘ wrlcomrB
ovs drcvsvon ‘o wv‘udraw srom alAbY (7 Noffrmbrr0 was
lrss srnsv‘vffr and was basrd on uvs wvsu ‘o brtvn ‘o play a
par‘ vn ‘ur nonAalvtnrd moffrmrn‘, wuvcu wo’ld br dvffic’l‘
sor ‘ur lradrr os a co’n‘ry alvtnrd wv‘u ‘ur srs‘ and no‘
sympa‘ur‘vc ‘o ‘ur aoffvr‘ cnvonN b’‘ vn any rffrn‘ alAbY
was dyvnt and was wo’nd ’p ‘urrr yrars la‘rrB sv‘udrawal
rrs’l‘rd vn ‘ur c’‘‘vnt os lvnks wv‘u o‘urr alAbY na‘vons
(wuo wrrr dvsvnclvnrd ‘o con‘vn’r ‘urm on a p’rrly
bvla‘rral basvs wv‘u kakvs‘an0, b’‘ so sar as prac‘vcal
plannvnt sor war was concrrnrd, alAbY uad nrffrr
ma‘‘rrrd trra‘ly ‘o kakvs‘anB hu’‘‘o also wan‘rd ‘o
wv‘udraw srom LlNbY and srn‘ word os uvs vn‘rn‘von sar
and wvdr, b’‘ nrffrr to‘ ro’nd ‘o v‘B (bua‘ tro’pvnt was
also morvb’nd and finally collapsrd vn garcu 1a7aB0
‘Llrarly,’ say aBgB h’rkr and tawrrncr Zvrvnt vn aak[staa’s
N brs[Ya a bl[cl: Aa Aaalls[s (cnvffrrsv‘y os gvnnrso‘a krrss,
1aa60, ‘kakvs‘an’s con‘vn’vnt prrsrncr vn LlNbY was an
rxprrssvon os srvrndsuvp ‘owards cran and b’rkry ra‘urr
‘uan a commv‘mrn‘ ‘o ‘ur Amrrvcan an‘vAaoffvr‘ polvcy,’
wuvcu hu’‘‘o consvdrrrd vrrrlrffan‘ ‘o kakvs‘anB bur army’s
lradrrs uad no‘ brrn rn‘u’svas‘vc abo’‘ rv‘urr ortanvza‘von
svncr v‘ uad brcomr apparrn‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ury wo’ld br os no
consrq’rncr vn conflvc‘ wv‘u cndvaB
 c‘ was nrcrssary ‘o rrb’vld ‘ur army ‘o br capablr os
plannvnt and fitu‘vnt a conffrn‘vonal warB grs aanduv savd
sur uad no s’r‘urr ‘rrrv‘orval drsvtns on kakvs‘an, b’‘ ‘ur
Tasumvr problrm uad no‘ tonr away – vs any‘uvnt v‘ uad
brrn rxacrrba‘rd by ‘ur ‘rrms os ‘ur avmla Accord – and
kakvs‘an was rvtu‘ ‘o br wary os wua‘ mvtu‘ uapprn nrx‘B
cn sac‘, ‘urrr was lv‘‘lr nrrd ‘o br concrrnrd abo’‘ cndva’s
rrarmamrn‘ protrammr vn ‘ur rarly 1a76sB bur ffvrw os ‘ur
a’‘uorv‘y Lurvs amv‘u vs ‘ua‘ ‘c‘ srrms ‘ua‘ ‘uro’tu ‘ur
1a76s cndva’s drsrncr proc’rrmrn‘ polvcy was low kry,
rsprcvally wv‘u rrtard ‘o ‘ur army’ and ‘ua‘, al‘uo’tu ‘ur
only rrlvablr and compara‘vffrly vnrxprnsvffr s’pplvrr os
wraponry was ‘ur aoffvr‘ cnvon, affavlabvlv‘y os rq’vpmrn‘
was lvmv‘rdB1A buvs, combvnrd wv‘u ‘ur sac‘ ‘ua‘ cndva’s
army uad no‘ apprarrd offrrwurlmvntly rfficvrn‘ d’rvnt ‘ur
war (al‘uo’tu somr ’nv‘s and sorma‘vons cond’c‘rd
oprra‘vons wv‘u dvs‘vnc‘von0, mvtu‘ uaffr brrn rno’tu ‘o
conffvncr hu’‘‘o ‘ua‘ ‘urrr was no ‘urra‘ srom across ‘ur
bordrrB or uad o‘urr vdras, and vn d’nr 1a7D, w’s‘ brsorr
tovnt ‘o avmla, prod’crd an vn‘rvt’vnt doc’mrn‘ on
mvlv‘ary s‘ra‘rty basrd on uaffvnt ‘rrad q’v‘r a bv‘ on
mvlv‘ary ma‘‘rrs and warsarr’B or wro‘r ‘ua‘ cndva uad
abo’‘ a75,666 ‘roops, 1,656 comba‘ avrcras‘ and 1,A56
‘anks (all os wuvcu fit’rrs wrrr rxattrra‘rd0,17 and,
dantrro’sly, ‘ua‘ cndva wo’ld drprnd ‘lartrly on ma‘rrval
s’prrvorv‘y and no‘ ‘ur u’man sac‘or, ’pon ‘rcunvq’r and
no‘ ‘ur sorcr os an vdralB cn ‘uvs can lvr ‘urvr wraknrss and
o’r s‘rrnt‘uB’1C buvs r’bbvsu was sollowrd by ‘ur
con‘rn‘von ‘ua‘ ‘urrr suo’ld br plans sor an offrnsvffr
atavns‘ Mrluv, a ‘ur’s‘ vn ‘ur so’‘u ‘o c’‘ off hombay, and a
‘massvffr waffr os ravdrrs’, svmvlar, prrs’mably, ‘o ‘uosr wuo
cond’c‘rd ’ns’ccrsss’l sorays vn‘o Tasumvr vn 1aA5 d’rvnt
Yprra‘von avbral‘arB cn ‘uvs onr mvtu‘ dr‘rc‘ ‘ur adffvcr os
savlrd co’p lradrr Akbar (now drsrncr adffvsrr ‘o ‘ur
krrsvdrn‘0, as ur uad brrn vnffolffrd vn (badly0 ‘ravnvnt ‘ur
’nsor‘’na‘r 1aA5 ravdrrs wuo wrn‘ braffrly b’‘ sr’v‘lrssly
‘o dra‘u or cap‘’rrB buvs was ‘o br ‘proplr’s war’ – b’‘
wv‘u wua‘ avm was no‘ madr clrarB sas kakvs‘an ‘o drsra‘
cndva mvlv‘arvlyH Ycc’py v‘H sua‘ was ‘o br tavnrd by
watvnt allAo’‘ warH aol was makvnt plans anyway – ‘ua‘
was v‘s wob – b’‘ ‘ur vdra os hu’‘‘o brcomvnt vnffolffrd vn
‘ur uvturr dvrrc‘von os war was alarmvntB hu’‘‘o uad brrn
a uawk vn 1aA5 and 1a71N v‘ srrmrd ‘ua‘ ur uad no‘
lrarnrd srom uvs co’n‘ry’s drsra‘B h’‘ (prruaps sor‘’na‘rly0
ur and bvkka Tuan wrrr ‘o br morr concrrnrd abo’‘
alarms wv‘uvn ‘ur co’n‘ryB
cn halocuvs‘an vn Mrcrmbrr 1a7D ‘ur garrv ‘rvbr
a‘‘ackrd sr‘‘lrrs vn ‘ur arra os a dvsp’‘rd canalB A‘ abo’‘
‘ur samr ‘vmr, ‘ur h’t‘v ‘rvbr ‘rvrd ‘o sorcr ‘ur rrsvtna‘von
os Aumad Nawaz h’t‘v, a mvnvs‘rr vn ‘ur kroffvncval
toffrrnmrn‘B burrr was trnrral ’nrrs‘B broops wrrr
drployrd b’‘ no‘ commv‘‘rd, b’‘ vn Orbr’ary nrx‘ yrar an
vns’rrrc‘von brtan, ca’srd mavnly by hu’‘‘o’s dvsmvssal os
‘ur kroffvncval toffrrnmrn‘B (or also ‘swrp‘ asvdr’ ‘ua‘ os
‘ur Nor‘u srs‘ Oron‘vrr kroffvncr, bo‘u uaffvnt a maworv‘y os
‘ur Na‘vonal Awamv kar‘y, opposrd ‘o ‘ur kkkB01a bur army
was ’srd ffvtoro’sly by bvkka Tuan (wuo brcamr known as
‘‘ur h’‘curr os halocuvs‘an’0 ’n‘vl ‘ur rrffol‘ was p’‘ down
and oprra‘vons crasrd, officvally, a‘ lras‘, on 15 gay 1a7:B
c‘ was a (rrla‘vffrly0 suor‘ and a bloody campavtn, and
‘uoro’tuly alvrna‘rd m’cu os ‘ur halocu pop’la‘von wuvcu,
sor‘’na‘rly sor kakvs‘an, was ‘vny, n’mbrrvnt only DB:
mvllvonBD6 Accordvnt ‘o a rr‘vrrd srnvor officrr, abo’‘ ‘wrn‘y
ba‘‘alvons wrrr drployrd vn ‘ur kroffvncr (al‘uo’tu v‘ vs no‘
clrar wur‘urr ‘ury wrrr all ‘urrr conc’rrrn‘ly0 a‘ a ‘vmr
wurn ‘ur army suo’ld uaffr brrn concrn‘ra‘vnt on ‘ravnvnt
sor conffrn‘vonal oprra‘vonsB Ynr brnrfi‘, as vn all co’n‘rrA
vns’rtrncy campavtns, was vmproffrmrn‘ vn w’nvor
lradrrsuvpN b’‘ v‘ wo’ld uaffr brrn br‘‘rr uad ‘urrr brrn
vmproffrmrn‘ vn srnvor lradrrsuvpB
 hu’‘‘o brcamr prvmr mvnvs‘rr on 1: A’t’s‘ 1a79 (and a
nrw krrsvdrn‘, Lua’dury Oazal llauv, was rlrc‘rd by ‘ur
Na‘vonal Assrmbly and ‘ur arna‘r0, b’‘ ‘urrr apprarrd ‘o
br no cuantr vn uvs mr‘uods os toffrrnancrB or rr‘avnrd
‘ur drsrncr por‘solvo and appovn‘rd a gvnvs‘rr os a‘a‘r sor
Oorrvtn Affavrs and Mrsrncr, Azvz Aumad, ‘o ’ndrr‘akr
b’svnrss no‘ approprva‘r sor a prvmr mvnvs‘rr, and v‘ was
Alv wuo wrn‘ ‘o Mrluv ‘o nrto‘va‘r ‘ur kYs rrpa‘rva‘von
wuvcu finally ‘ook placr vn Aprvl 1a7:B An rxcuantr os
prvsonrrs ‘akrn on ‘ur wrs‘rrn sron‘ uad brrn rffrc‘rd on
1 Mrcrmbrr 1a7D, and hantladrsu (wuvcu hu’‘‘o
rrcotnvzrd vn Orbr’ary 1a7:, vmmrdva‘rly brsorr cuavrvnt
an cslamvc s’mmv‘ consrrrncr vn tauorr0 atrrrd ‘o drop
cuartrs atavns‘ ‘ur 1a5 allrtrd war crvmvnalsN 7D,7a5
kYss and 17,1CA cvffvlvans camr uomrB aomr uad comr
uomr rarlvrrM svx officrrs and soldvrrs rscaprd and walkrd
back offrr ‘ur ovmalayas – a rrmarkablr sra‘B Ynr os ‘ur
officrrs was barvq krrffavz Tuan, la‘rr a lvr’‘rnan‘ trnrral
and Lommandrr tcc Lorps, wuosr dvsmvssal srom ‘ur army
by arnrral g’suarras vn 1aaa vs drscrvbrd vn Luap‘rr 5B
Absorbvnt ‘ur rr‘’rnrrs was no‘ rasyB aomr, os co’rsr,
dvd no‘ wvsu ‘o con‘vn’r ‘o srrffr and wrrr prnsvonrd offB
Y‘urrs wrrr ’ns’v‘ablr, mrn‘ally or puysvcally, ‘o
’ndrr‘akr mvlv‘ary d’‘vrs, and s‘vll o‘urrs borr rrsrn‘mrn‘
atavns‘ ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ wuvcu, ‘ury ‘uo’tu‘, uad no‘ donr
rno’tu ‘o src’rr ‘urvr rrlrasrB kroblrms abo’ndrd, b’‘
bvkka Tuan and uvs s‘aff rosr ‘o ‘ur occasvon and, by a
combvna‘von os sympa‘ur‘vc ‘rra‘mrn‘, alloca‘von os monry
sor rrsr‘‘lrmrn‘, and ‘ur rmbracr os ‘ur rrtvmrn‘al
sys‘rm, manatrd ‘ur ‘ransv‘von wrllB Army s‘rrnt‘u was
mavn‘avnrd a‘ abo’‘ 966,666, vncl’dvnt D5,666 Azad
(‘Orrr’0 Tasumvr (AT0 ‘roops rrcr’v‘rd vn ‘urvr rponymo’s
arra and ‘o all vn‘rn‘s and p’rposrs rrt’lar soldvrrsB (AT
ba‘‘alvons and brvtadrs uaffr srwrr uraffy wrapons ‘uan
o‘urr ’nv‘sB0 bur loss os ‘ur las‘ svnt uad lv‘‘lr rffrc‘ on
rrcr’v‘vnt, as ‘urrr uad brrn srw hrntalvs vn ‘ur army, b’‘
v‘ dvd uaffr consvdrrablr rffrc‘ on ‘ur aross Na‘vonal
krod’c‘ os ‘ur nrw kakvs‘an (and on ‘ur nrw hantladrsu,
‘oo0B
Mrsrncr rxprndv‘’rr rosr vn ‘ur 1a76s, as mvtu‘ uaffr
brrn rxprc‘rd, b’‘ a’‘uorv‘vrs dvffrr as ‘o ‘ur vncrrasr vn
prrcrn‘atr os aNk, wv‘u onr clavmvnt ‘ua‘ v‘ wrn‘ ’p ‘o aBD
vn 1a7D srom 9B7 ‘ur prrffvo’s yrarB Ovt’rrs brlow arr ‘uosr
os Ymar Noman and arr consvdrrrd acc’ra‘rB
bur drsrncr b’dtr‘ was modrs‘B burrr was no
al‘rrna‘vffrB bur co’n‘ry uad traffr rconomvc problrms, b’‘
v‘ srrmrd ‘ua‘ hu’‘‘o ‘uo’tu‘ ur co’ld acuvrffr trow‘u by
na‘vonalvza‘von alonr, wuvcu wo’ld rrs’l‘, ur was
conffvncrd, vn trra‘ly rxpandrd prod’c‘von and rxpor‘ os
man’sac‘’rrd toodsB a’bffrn‘vons by s’cu l’mvnarvrs as
Lolonrl aaddafi os tvbya wrrr sor‘ucomvnt, b’‘ v‘ m’s‘
uaffr brrn apparrn‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur rconomvc manatrmrn‘ os ‘ur
co’n‘ry co’ld no‘ drprnd on vrrrt’lar s’bsvdvrsB bur fiscal
basr was ‘vny and skrwrd, and financval manatrmrn‘ was
badly affrc‘rd by hu’‘‘o’s ffvr‘’al dvsbandvnt os ‘ur Lvffvl
arrffvcr os kakvs‘an and uvs appovn‘mrn‘ ‘o rrsponsvblr
posv‘vons os kkk loyalvs‘s wv‘u srw or no q’alvfica‘vons vn
admvnvs‘ra‘vonB
Ano‘urr drs‘abvlvzvnt sac‘or was ‘ur Ordrral arc’rv‘y
Oorcr (OaO0, crra‘von os wuvcu uad brrn opposrd by
arnrral a’l oassanB c‘ apprarrd ‘ua‘ v‘s rolr was ‘o rnablr
hu’‘‘o ‘o dral wv‘u polv‘vcally mo‘vffa‘rd ffvolrncr, or ‘ur
‘urra‘ os v‘, wv‘uo’‘ uaffvnt ‘o rrsor‘ ‘o ‘ur armyB c‘ was
‘rrsponsvblr only ‘o ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr and v‘s ac‘vons wrrr
no‘ s’bwrc‘ ‘o scr’‘vny or drba‘r by karlvamrn‘, nor, as
ma‘‘rrs workrd o’‘ vn prac‘vcr, was v‘ vnuvbv‘rd by ‘oo nvcr
a rrtard sor ‘ur law’BD1 oad ur rrmavnrd army cuvrs, v‘ vs
lvkrly a’l oassan wo’ld no‘ uaffr prrmv‘‘rd ‘ur OaO ‘o
rxvs‘, b’‘ bvkka Tuan uad no s’cu q’almsB sua‘ hu’‘‘o
ordrrrd, hu’‘‘o to‘B bur OaO was ravsrd wv‘uo’‘
parlvamrn‘ary rndorsrmrn‘ vn Yc‘obrr 1a7D, and camr vn‘o
brvnt officvally by an Ac‘ os karlvamrn‘ vn d’nr ‘ur sollowvnt
yrarB lq’vpprd wv‘u a’‘oma‘vc wrapons and rockr‘
la’ncurrs as wrll as rvflrs,DD v‘s s‘rrnt‘u vn 1a7: was
almos‘ 1:,666M C,666 vn k’nwab, :,666 vn NsOk, 1,166 vn
avndu, 966 vn Azad Tasumvr, D66 vn ‘ur brvbal Arras, and a
mrrr D9 vn halocuvs‘anB (hu’‘‘o dvd no‘ nrrd ‘o cow
halocuvs‘an any morr ‘uan v‘ uad brrn by ‘ur army’s br’‘al
s’pprrssvonB0 ‘bur ranks os ‘ur OaO,’ says tawrrncr Zvrvnt,
‘wrrr fillrd by trnrrally rrp’lsvffr sormrr mrmbrrs os ‘ur
polvcr and mvlv‘ary comm’nv‘vrs’,D9 uowrffrr v‘s svtnvficancr
lvrs no‘ only vn v‘s crra‘von as an ’nsaffo’ry parallrl
vns‘v‘’‘von ‘o ‘ur armrd sorcrs and v‘s rn‘vrrly
’ncons‘v‘’‘vonal ’sr as a prvffa‘r army (vronvcally, s’cu
rlrmrn‘s uad brrn rxplvcv‘ly bannrd by hu’‘‘o0, b’‘
brca’sr v‘s Mvrrc‘orAarnrral, gasood gaum’d, a sormrr
polvcrman, rffrn‘’ally ‘rs‘vfird ‘ua‘ gr hu’‘‘o uad ordrrrd
‘ur Oorcr ‘o m’rdrr onr os uvs polv‘vcal opponrn‘sB bur
prrcrp‘vffr oasan Askarv Rvzffv wro‘r vn 1a7: (and
co’ratro’sly rrp’blvsurd vn 1a7A, a‘ ‘ur urvtu‘ os hu’‘‘o’s
rrffrntrs’l ffvcvo’snrss0 ‘ur obsrrffa‘von ‘ua‘, ‘Yncr ‘ur
polv‘vcal lradrrsuvp [os kakvs‘ank vs s’rr os ‘ur mvlv‘ary’s
s’ppor‘, ‘ury assrr‘ ‘urvr a’‘uorv‘y vn socvr‘y and dral wv‘u
[polv‘vcalk opposv‘von rffrc‘vffrly,’ wuvcu was prrcvsrly wua‘
hu’‘‘o dvdB
ao hu’‘‘o vn‘rndrd and lartrly s’ccrrdrd vn uaffvnt ‘ur
army dvfforcrd srom rnsorcvnt cvffvl law, or ‘ur ffrrsvon os v‘
applyvnt a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr, and mvlv‘ary rrArq’vpmrn‘ and
‘ravnvnt protrammrs wrn‘ aurad, al‘uo’tu no‘ wv‘uo’‘
somr vn‘rrr’p‘vonB Oloods and rar‘uq’akrs vn 1a79A5
rrq’vrrd s’ppor‘ ‘o ‘ur s‘rvckrn pop’la‘vons os k’nwab,
avndu and NsOk, ‘ur rar‘uq’akr vn awa‘ and oazara os
Mrcrmbrr 1a7: brvnt ‘ur wors‘ calamv‘y, wv‘u offrr 5,666
dradB bur army proffvdrd avd and also ’ndrr‘ook road, wrll
and dam b’vldvntB arad’ally ‘ur army rrtavnrd ‘ur ‘r’s‘ os
‘ur proplrB
gvlv‘ary uardwarr vs no‘ dvffic’l‘ ‘o ob‘avn on ‘ur world
markr‘, proffvdvnt ‘ur p’rcuasrr uas uard c’rrrncy wv‘u
wuvcu ‘o b’y v‘B burrr arr somr problrms wv‘u srs‘rrn
s’pplvrrs, s’cu as rrl’c‘ancr os toffrrnmrn‘s ‘o prrmv‘
rxpor‘s ‘o rrtvmrs os wuvcu ‘ury do no‘ approffr (or vs ‘ury
consvdrr ‘ua‘ srllvnt arms ‘o ‘ursr co’n‘rvrs wo’ld cos‘
‘urm ffo‘rs0, and a proclvffv‘y ‘o drny sparrs or
rrplacrmrn‘s a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr ‘ury arr mos‘ nrrdrdB h’‘
kakvs‘an co’ld no‘ afford ‘o pvck v‘s s’pplvrrsB Luvna uad
tvffrn assvs‘ancr, b’‘ v‘ was l’ropran and ca sys‘rms ‘ur
srrffvcrs wan‘rd – al‘uo’tu somr uad brrn ob‘avnrd ffva
cran, somr dvrrc‘ly srom OrancrB krrsvdrn‘ Nvxon wan‘rd ‘o
urlp, b’‘ was vnffolffrd wv‘u rvr‘nam and sa‘rrta‘r and
uad ‘o cuoosr uvs momrn‘ carrs’llyB Yn 1: garcu 1a79 ur
par‘vally lvs‘rd ‘ur rmbarto vn rffrc‘ svncr 1a71, and
mvlv‘ary salrs wrrr rrs’mrd on a casrAbyAcasr basvs ‘o an
vnv‘val ffal’r os $1: mvllvon, wuvcu wo’ld, vn 1a79, p’rcuasr
a lo‘ os rq’vpmrn‘, rsprcvally vs prvcrs wrrr krp‘ low by
brnrffolrn‘ s’pplvrrsB ooldvnts os somr mavn rq’vpmrn‘s vn
1a7D and 1a7A wrrrM

l q ’ v p m rn ‘ 1a7DC9 1a7AC7

gA:7CgA:C ‘anks D66 D56

bA55CbA5a ‘anks D56 756

gA119 AkLs D56 :66

Naffal pa‘rol boa‘s 1 17

gvratr avrcras‘ 96 (approxB0 A6 (approxB0

 gvaA1a avrcras‘ 56 (approxB0 C6 (approxB0
ao’rcrM M[l[tarl 7alaacs
, cn‘rrna‘vonal cns‘v‘’‘r sor a‘ra‘rtvc a‘’dvrsB

bur ‘ablr dors no‘ suow cuantrs vn ar‘vllrry vnffrn‘orvrsB

Luvnrsr and ca 165, 1DD, and 155 mm t’ns wrrr acq’vrrd
vn lvr’ os oldrr pvrcrs s’cu as D5Apo’ndrrs, wuvcu wrrr
puasrd o’‘ os sron‘Alvnr srrffvcrB bur dvffrrrncr vn q’an‘v‘y
was small — a66 vn 1a7D and 1,666 vn 1a7A – b’‘ q’alv‘y
was m’cu s’prrvorB Army s‘rrnt‘u vncrrasrd srom D7C,666
‘o abo’‘ :66,666 vn ‘ur samr prrvod, and mvlv‘ary
rxprndv‘’rr s’rtrd vmmrdva‘rly as‘rr ‘ur war, b’‘ lrffrllrd
o’‘ la‘rrM

cscrbrucsr trbm lbmaa, 0(, aak[staa s a a bl[t[cal aar

Mcbabm[c H[stbrl s[acs +9B1, h
sYaa aaul @atsraat[baal,
+990(

bur armrd sorcrs wrrr trad’ally rrtavnvnt srlsA

confidrncr and srrmrd lrss prr‘’rbrd abo’‘ cndva’s
n’clrar ‘rs‘ on 1C gay 1a7: ‘uan was ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rrB
cndva pro‘rs‘rd ‘o ‘ur ca abo’‘ ‘ur rrs’mp‘von os drsrncr
coAoprra‘von wv‘u kakvs‘an, rsprcvally as v‘ vnffolffrd
‘ravnvnt as wrll as s’pply os rq’vpmrn‘, b’‘ v‘s complavn‘s
srrmrd lrss conffvncvnt wurn ‘ur ‘pracrs’l’ 1D kvlo‘on
drffvcr rxplodrd vn ‘ur Rawas‘uan drsrr‘B c‘ was, savd ‘ur
cuavrman os cndva’s A‘omvc lnrrty Lommvssvon, ‘a par‘ os
‘ur rrsrarcu vn pracrs’l ’srs os n’clrar rxplosvffrs’B A la‘rr,
vndrprndrn‘ commrn‘ was ‘ua‘ ‘hrsvdrs clavmvnt ‘ua‘ ‘urvr
bomb was a s‘rvc‘ly pracrs’l onr, wuvcu was as uypocrv‘vcal
as v‘ was brazrn, Nrw Mrluv also boas‘rd ‘ua‘, “No‘ a svntlr
‘uvnt vn v‘ was sorrvtn”B’D: h’‘ kakvs‘an co’ld no‘ vtnorr
‘ur bantM ‘ur rxvs‘rncr os a n’clrar wrapon offrr ‘ur
bordrr mran‘ a rr‘uvnk os drsrncr polvcyB bur cos‘ os
drsrncr atavns‘ n’clrar a‘‘ack wo’ld br vmpossvblr ‘o
mrr‘, and v‘ srrmrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur only co’n‘rr ‘o a uos‘vlr
n’clrar s‘a‘r was possrssvon os a svmvlar wraponB cndva was
vns‘r’mrn‘al vn ca’svnt ‘ur n’clrar arms racr vn ‘ur
s’bcon‘vnrn‘ on wuvcu bo‘u co’n‘rvrs uaffr sprn‘ bvllvons os
dollars a‘ ‘ur rxprnsr os u’man drffrlopmrn‘B hu’‘‘o was
ffrurmrn‘ abo’‘ cndva’s prrcrvffrd vn‘rn‘vonsB bwo wrrks
brsorr ‘ur ‘rs‘ ur uad vnd’ltrd vn a barbrd commrn‘ a‘ a
banq’r‘ vn hrvwvnt (as‘rr ‘ur cndvan ambassador lrs‘ vn
dvploma‘vc d’dtron brca’sr a rrsrrrncr ‘o Tasumvr uad
brrn madr by Mrnt tvaopvnt0 by askvnt, ‘Mors cndva wan‘
conflvc‘ and consron‘a‘von vns‘rad os coAoprra‘von and
srvrndly rrla‘vonsH cs cndva wan‘s ‘ua‘, ‘urn c can ‘rll yo’
kakvs‘an vs prrparrd sor v‘B’ suvcu v‘ wasn’‘, os co’rsr, any
morr ‘uan v‘ was prrparrd sor a nrw ccr Atr – b’‘ as‘rr ‘ur
rxplosvon hu’‘‘o brcamr rffrn morr drfian‘ and ‘conscvo’s
os ‘ur dvrr nrcrssv‘y os o’r uaffvnt a courrrn‘ n’clrar
protrammr’BD5 kakvs‘an was alrrady rntatrd vn n’clrar
rrsrarcu, wv‘u a soc’s on rlrc‘rvcv‘y trnrra‘von crn‘rrd on
‘ur LanadvanAs’pplvrd ‘Land’’ rrac‘or vn Taracuv wuvcu
brtan oprra‘vnt vn 1a7D, and was s’bwrc‘ ‘o cAlA
vnsprc‘vonsB bur wrapons protrammr brtan vn rarnrs‘ vn
1a7:A5 and ta‘urrrd pacr vn sollowvnt drcadrsBDA
aomr officrrs wrrr concrrnrd abo’‘ ‘ur way cndva was
brvnt r’nB grs aanduv uad madr brllvtrrrn‘ s‘a‘rmrn‘s
abo’‘ kakvs‘an and Tasumvr, and v‘ was srarrd ‘ua‘, vn
ordrr ‘o rrs‘orr urr wanvnt pop’larv‘y, sur mvtu‘
man’sac‘’rr an vncvdrn‘ srom wuvcu conflvc‘ co’ld rr’p‘B
Nrv‘urr ‘ur army nor ‘ur o‘urr srrffvcrs wrrr vn tood
rno’tu suapr ‘o fitu‘ ano‘urr warB bur army’s srnvor
officrrs wrrr brvnt srlrc‘rd vncrrasvntly sor ‘urvr docvlv‘y
and prrcrvffrd allrtvancr ‘o ‘ur ‘lavdArAAwam’ (or ‘tradrr
os ‘ur kroplr’, as hu’‘‘o uad ‘akrn ‘o callvnt uvmsrls0
ra‘urr ‘uan sor abvlv‘y ‘o command ‘roops vn ba‘‘lrB h’‘ v‘
was apparrn‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur army was brtvnnvnt ‘o rrsrn‘ ‘ur
srlrc‘von procrssB lffrn ‘ur vron man bvkka Tuan uad brrn
tvffrn a ro’tu ‘vmr wurn addrrssvnt tro’ps os officrrs vn
1a75B
Yn 1D d’nr 1a75, grs aanduv was so’nd t’vl‘y os
rlrc‘oral corr’p‘vonB Yn ‘ur DA‘u sur drclarrd a a‘a‘r os
lmrrtrncy, arrrs‘rd A7A os a la‘rr ‘o‘al os srffrral
‘uo’sand polv‘vcal opponrn‘s, vmposrd crnsorsuvp and
damatrd (b’‘ only ‘rmporarvly0 urr crrdvbvlv‘y as a
drmocra‘B aol warnrd ’nv‘s alont ‘ur tvnr os Lon‘rol and
‘ur bordrr ‘o br ffvtvlan‘, and ‘ur kAO vncrrasrd comba‘ avr
pa‘rols and s’rffrvllancr (’svnt v‘s nrwly drlvffrrrd Orrncu
gvratr cccRks0 ‘o monv‘or cndvan moffrmrn‘sB h’‘ grs
aanduv uad morr ‘uan rno’tu problrms ‘o dral wv‘u vn
Nrw Mrluv and rlsrwurrr ‘o tvffr urr a‘‘rn‘von ‘o kakvs‘anB
hu’‘‘o uad a tood yrar, dvploma‘vcally, vn 1a75B or
ob‘avnrd ass’rancr srom krrsvdrn‘ Oord ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an was
vmpor‘an‘ ‘o ‘ur ca, wuvcu rrs’l‘rd vn ‘ur complr‘r lvs‘vnt
os ‘ur arms rmbarto os 1a71 ‘ua‘ uad brrn par‘vally lvs‘rd
vn 1a79N p’surd alont an atrrrmrn‘ wv‘u Orancr sor ‘ur
s’pply os Lro‘alr mvssvlrs, morr gvratr avrcras‘, and morr
urlvcop‘rrsN dvsc’ssrd rrtvonal src’rv‘y wv‘u ‘ur auau os
cran, vncl’dvnt hu’‘‘o’s proposal sor a consrrrncr os cndvan
Ycran lv‘‘oral s‘a‘rs on ‘ur s’bwrc‘N and ‘ablrd a rrsol’‘von
vn ‘ur cN arnrral Assrmbly abo’‘ sasrt’ardvnt ‘ur
vn‘rtrv‘y os nonAn’clrar s‘a‘rs wuvcu was adop‘rd
’nanvmo’slyB kakvs‘an was makvnt v‘s mark vn ‘ur world,
and wurn ‘ur mrr‘vnt os cslamvc co’n‘rvrs’ sorrvtn
mvnvs‘rrs atrrrd a‘ drddau vn d’ly ‘o s’ppor‘ kakvs‘an’s
candvda‘’rr sor a ffacan‘ sra‘ on ‘ur arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvl,
hu’‘‘o’s c’p was madr s’llB h’‘ a‘ uomr, hu’‘‘o was no‘
dovnt so wrllB hombvnts, assassvna‘vons, plo‘s and polv‘vcal
mayurm wrrr rvsrB bur sormrr hu’‘‘o loyalvs‘ g’s‘asa Tuar
(wuom hu’‘‘o uad ‘rlrpuonrd srom Romr vn Mrcrmbrr
1a71 ‘o find o’‘ vs v‘ was sasr sor uvm ‘o rr‘’rn ‘o drposr
Yauya Tuan0 ‘rvrd ‘o play hu’‘‘o a‘ uvs own tamr os
’nscr’p’lo’sly manvp’la‘vnt polv‘vcal affavrs, as ur uad
‘rvrd ‘o do vn 1a79, and atavn los‘B bur polv‘vcal scrnr
rrsrmblrd ‘ua‘ a‘ ‘ur co’r‘ os a par‘vc’larly paranovd and
malrffolrn‘ Tab’lv cuvrs‘avnBD7
arnrral bvkka Tuan rr‘vrrd on DC Orbr’ary 1a7A srom
‘ur posv‘von os army cuvrs, ‘o brcomr aprcval Assvs‘an‘ ‘o
‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr on Mrsrncr and Na‘vonal arc’rv‘y, and
was s’ccrrdrd by arnrral Zva ’l oaqB (hu’‘‘o uad wan‘rd
‘ur LYAa ‘o rrmavn sor ano‘urr yrar b’‘ v‘ uad brcomr
apparrn‘ ‘ua‘ an rx‘rnsvon os bvkka Tuan’s ‘rn’rr wo’ld
no‘ br wrll rrcrvffrd vn ‘ur army, wuvcu was conscvo’s ‘ua‘
v‘ was brvnt polv‘vcvzrdB0 Zva was no‘ bvkka’s cuovcr by any
mrans, b’‘ hu’‘‘o wan‘rd uvmBDC
c‘ srrms Zva was ‘uo’tu‘ ‘o br a rrasonablr srllow wuo,
wuvlr drrply rrlvtvo’s, was apparrn‘ly no‘ a zralo‘, and
hu’‘‘o consvdrrrd ur wo’ld no‘ q’rs‘von uvs a’‘uorv‘yB A‘
‘ur ‘vmr, ur was commandvnt cc Lorps, ‘ur armo’rAuraffy
‘s‘rvkr sorcr’ basrd vn and aro’nd g’l‘anB An officrr wuo
uad brrn on uvs s‘aff a‘ ‘ua‘ ‘vmr ‘old ‘ur a’‘uor vn ‘ur
rarly 1aC6s ‘ua‘ Zva was a tood corps commandrr wuo lr‘
uvs s‘aff tr‘ on wv‘u wua‘ ‘ury suo’ld br dovnt wuvlr ‘dovnt
‘ur rvtu‘ ‘uvnt’ by tr‘‘vnt aro’nd ffvsv‘vnt ’nv‘s and
assrssvnt ‘urvr capabvlv‘vrsB Zva’s rxrrcvsrs wrrr prrsorcr
smallAscalr, b’‘ srrm ‘o uaffr brrn rralvs‘vc rno’tu, and
uvs corps was as rffrc‘vffr as v‘ co’ld br vn ‘ur
cvrc’ms‘ancrsB or srrmrd ‘ur vdral man ‘o br Luvrs os ‘ur
Army a‘aff, as ‘ur srffrn officrrs srnvor ‘o uvm rv‘urr uad
polv‘vcal q’rs‘von marks atavns‘ ‘urm or wrrr dvslvkrd by
hu’‘‘o (samr ‘uvnt, vn ‘ur rnd0, wuo uad dossvrrs on ‘urm
allBDa or was fis‘yA‘wo, a tood atr sor an army cuvrs, no‘ yr‘
brvnt vn ‘ur brackr‘ ‘ua‘ co’ld br callrd old and o’‘ os
‘o’cu, yr‘ no‘ so yo’nt as ‘o a‘‘rac‘ ‘ur ‘wr‘AbruvndA‘urA
rars’ cal’mnyB (h’‘ ur uad onr rrmarkablr drficvrncy sor
an army officrrM ur was uoprlrss a‘ adurrvnt ‘o a ‘vmr‘ablr
or krrpvnt appovn‘mrn‘s, and somr‘vmrs rxasprra‘rd uvs
s‘aff by sortr‘‘vnt rntatrmrn‘s arrantrd days vn adffancrB
buvs ‘rav‘ brcamr rffrn morr markrd – and rxasprra‘vnt –
vn la‘rr yrarsB0
Zva madr no waffrs on arrvffal vn aol a‘ RawalpvndvB or
srrmrd ‘a bv‘ wv‘udrawn a‘ firs‘’, accordvnt ‘o onr os uvs
s‘aff officrrs, b’‘ soon sr‘‘lrd vn ‘o r’n a savrly u’mdr’m
uradq’ar‘rrs wuosr officrrs uad no‘ brrn rnco’ratrd ‘o
vnd’ltr vn orvtvnal ‘uvnkvnt, or q’rs‘von conffrn‘vonal
wvsdom as ‘o wua‘ ‘ur army was all abo’‘ and wurrr v‘ was
tovntB And ur dvd ‘r’n’ v‘M ur wan‘rd ‘o know wuo was
dovnt wua‘ and wuy – al‘uo’tu ur srrmrd ‘o uaffr an
’nsor‘’na‘r proclvffv‘y sor ‘sv‘‘vnt on’ filrsB cnv‘vally ur dvd
no‘ wvsu ‘o drlrta‘r ‘o s’bordvna‘rs ‘oo m’cu os wua‘ ur
saw as vmpor‘an‘B cn la‘rr yrars ur cuantrd complr‘rly,
and, vn spv‘r os brvnt an a’‘ocra‘, drlrta‘rd a trra‘ dral ‘o
uvs Luvrs os a‘aff, arnrral TBgB Arvs, wuosr Nbrk[aY w[tZ
k[a vs a ffal’ablr acco’n‘ os uvs assocva‘von wv‘u uvs mas‘rrB
cn aol ‘urrr was no ‘gvssvon a‘a‘rmrn‘’ (no‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur
purasr rxvs‘rd ‘urn0, and ‘ravnvnt dvrrc‘vffrs prod’crd by
‘ur gvlv‘ary bravnvnt Mvrrc‘ora‘r wrrr drcvdrdly low kry,
rffrn banalB Yprra‘vons hrancu uad a lo‘ ‘o occ’py v‘, wua‘
wv‘u halocuvs‘an, avndu and ‘ur Astuan bordrr, b’‘
plannvnt was poorB Nobody q’v‘r knrw wua‘ wo’ld uapprn
vs ‘ur cndvans wrrr ‘o commv‘ ‘urvr armo’r vn k’nwab, or ‘ry
a ‘ffrr‘vcal rnffrlopmrn‘’ (‘ur YT purasr os ‘ur day, mranvnt
a paracu’‘r drop0 ‘o c’‘ ‘ur road ‘o Taracuv, or svmply
rntatr vn a war os nrrffrs alont ‘ur bordrrB (burrr was
alrrady a war os nrrffrs alont ‘ur tvnr os Lon‘rol vn
Tasumvr, b’‘ ‘ur ordrrs ‘o ‘roops ‘urrr consvs‘rd, basvcally,
osM ‘cs yo’ arr firrd a‘, firr back, b’‘ makr s’rr ‘ur cN
Ybsrrffrrs arr vnsormrd as soon as possvblrB’ suvcu was
onr rrason wuy ‘ur cN gvssvon vn Tasumvr was so
’npop’lar vn cndvaB An rxamvna‘von os v‘s vndrprndrn‘
rrpor‘s on crasrfirr ffvola‘vons makrs vn‘rrrs‘vnt rradvntB0
bur sar hook, as s’cu, uad tvffrn way ‘o con‘vntrncy
plans, b’‘ ‘ursr wrrr prdrs‘rvan, vmprrcvsr and srrmrd vn
many ways vmprac‘vcal ‘o somr wuo uad ‘o rxamvnr ‘urmB
cnsor‘’na‘rly, Zva was no‘ ‘ur man ‘o vnwrc‘ vmatvna‘von
vn‘o ‘ur mvnds os ‘ur plannrrsB bury carrvrd on cu’rnvnt
o’‘ wua‘ ‘ury consvdrrrd ‘o br s‘aff collrtr sol’‘vons ‘o
problrms ‘ury uad no‘ rxamvnrd vn a spvrv‘ os cuallrntrB
h’‘ Zva dvd no uarm ‘o ‘ur army vn uvs firs‘ fis‘rrn mon‘us
as LYAaB or dvd no‘ ‘akr offrr a uappy ‘ram, b’‘ ‘ua‘ was
no‘ uvs sa’l‘, and ur ‘rvrd ‘o placr v‘ back on ‘ur ravls vn ‘ur
brs‘ way ur knrwM wv‘u calmnrss, prosrssvonal vn‘rtrv‘y, a
trn’vnr rrlvtvosv‘y ‘ua‘ s‘r’ck a saffo’rablr cuord wv‘u
many os ‘ur yo’ntrr officrrs and mos‘ os ‘ur soldvrrs, and a
mvddlrAclass pratma‘vsm ‘ua‘ was bryond ‘ur
comprrurnsvon os Z’lfikar Alv hu’‘‘oB
hu’‘‘o was a b’lly wuosr arvs‘ocra‘vc orvtvns and
’pbrvntvnt con‘rvb’‘rd ‘o an avr os s’prrvorv‘y ‘ua‘ many
‘uo’tu‘ vrrv‘a‘vntB Ynr os uvs par‘y ‘rvcks was ‘o u’mvlva‘r
Zva, wuo ur rrsrrrrd ‘o vn p’blvc as ‘my monkry trnrral’,
and ‘urrr vs no rrcord os Zva rffrr s‘vckvnt ‘o an
vndrprndrn‘ lvnr as‘rr hu’‘‘o dvsatrrrd wv‘u uvmB Ynr
vns‘ancr was Zva’s proposal vn 1a7A ‘o uaffr ‘ur cap‘avn ‘o
mawor promo‘von rxamvna‘von, ’s’ally confinrd ‘o ‘ac‘vcs
and p’rrly prosrssvonal ma‘‘rrs, vncl’dr a ‘rs‘ on ‘ur
con‘rn‘ os ‘ur ToranB hu’‘‘o dvdn’‘ lvkr ‘ur vdra and ‘old
Zva ‘o ‘uvnk atavn, wuvcu ur dvd, rvtu‘ awayB burn ur srn‘ a
mvn’‘r ‘o all ’nv‘s s‘a‘vnt ‘ua‘ ‘sr, vn ‘ur army, arr no‘
g’llaus and wr do no‘ nrrd anyonr’s crr‘vfica‘r sor brvnt
‘ur sollowrrs os cslamB’96 Zva was dvssrmblvnt, and al‘uo’tu
ur apprarrd ‘o atrrr wv‘u hu’‘‘o’s con‘rn‘von ‘ua‘
concrn‘ra‘von on rrlvtvo’s ma‘‘rrs vn ‘ur army wo’ld br
‘uvtuly vnw’rvo’s’, ur svmply slvd away and prrparrd ‘o
slv‘urr back la‘rrB
Ynr os hu’‘‘o’s concrrns was ‘ur approacu os trnrral
rlrc‘vons, and v‘ vs p’zzlvnt wuy ur apprarrd ‘o br so
worrvrd abo’‘ wua‘ was bo’nd ‘o br a ffvc‘ory sor ‘ur kkkB
A‘ ‘ur rnd os 1a7A, ‘ur N ar Mastsra Mcbabm[c csv[sw
commrn‘rdM ‘lffrn uvs s‘a’ncurs‘ rvffals concrdrd prvffa‘rly
‘ua‘ ur dvd no‘ sacr any srrvo’s cuallrntrB Lonsvdrrvnt ‘ur
plvtu‘ os ‘ur Ypposv‘von, bro’tu‘ abo’‘ par‘ly by hu’‘‘o
and par‘ly by v‘s own BBB polv‘vcal vnrp‘v‘’dr, v‘s drspondrn‘
mood srrmrd s’lly w’s‘vfirdB’ h’‘ v‘ srrmrd ‘ua‘ hu’‘‘o
wan‘rd offrrwurlmvnt rndorsrmrn‘ by ‘ur proplrB buvs ur
was dr‘rrmvnrd ‘o acuvrffrB91 c‘ vs dvffic’l‘ ‘o dvsatrrr wv‘u
tawrrncr Zvrvnt ‘ua‘ ‘or no‘ only wan‘rd ‘o drsra‘ uvs
adffrrsarvrs, ur was dr‘rrmvnrd ‘o drs‘roy ‘urm sorrffrrB’
 
M’rvnt 1a7A, an atrrrmrn‘ wv‘u ‘ur ca was svtnrd sor ‘ur
s’pply os arms wor‘u $9CBA mvllvon, and Lontrrss was
askrd by ‘ur Admvnvs‘ra‘von ‘o approffr a s’r‘urr $7aB5
mvllvonB bur rq’vpmrn‘ ‘ook somr ‘vmr ‘o work v‘s way
‘uro’tu ‘ur pvprlvnr, b’‘ v‘ playrd a par‘ vn conffvncvnt ‘ur
arrffvcrs ‘ua‘ ‘ury wrrr no‘ brvnt nrtlrc‘rdB Ys
consvdrrablr vmpor‘ancr ‘o ‘ur armrd sorcrs, hu’‘‘o
drcvdrd ‘o proffvdr plo‘s os land a‘ tvffraway prvcrs ‘o w’nvor
commvssvonrd officrrs brca’sr ‘ury wrrr ‘no‘ financvally
wrllAoff and ‘urvr con‘vn’rd srrffvcr ‘o ‘ur co’n‘ry suo’ld
no‘ to ’nrrcotnvzrd’ (srr Luap‘rr A0 – and nor suo’ld ‘ur
‘uo’tu‘s’lnrss (vn ‘ur mon‘us brsorr rlrc‘vons0 os Z’lfikar
Alv hu’‘‘o, wuo uoprd ‘ua‘ Zva wo’ld ‘lr‘ [‘ur tran‘sk br
known ‘o all ranks os ‘ur kakvs‘an Army’B9D
hu’‘‘o’s drspavrvnt commrn‘ vn mvdA1a77 ‘ua‘ ‘burrr uas
brrn complr‘r polarvza‘von – bo‘u uorvzon‘al and ffrr‘vcal —
and v‘ uas lrs‘ uardly any walk os lvsr ’naffrc‘rd,’ was q’v‘r
‘r’r, b’‘ ur wo’ld no‘ admv‘ ‘o rrsponsvbvlv‘y sor ‘uvs
polarvza‘von any morr ‘uan ur co’ld admv‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur
rrs’rtrncr vn polv‘vcal opposv‘von owrd m’cu ‘o uvs own
consron‘a‘vonal s‘ancrB or uad ‘rra‘rd ‘ur opposv‘von
par‘vrs wv‘u con‘rmp‘ and was s’rprvsrd wurn ‘ury
rs‘ablvsurd an allvancr, ‘ur cnv‘rd Mrmocra‘vc Oron‘, ‘o
fitu‘ ‘ur rlrc‘vons os 7 garcuB cn spv‘r os ‘uvs drffrlopmrn‘,
‘ur kkk wo’ld probably uaffr won ‘ur rlrc‘vons rffrn uad
‘ury brrn cond’c‘rd savrlyB99 c‘ srrms ‘ua‘ vn m’cu os
avndu and ‘ur Nor‘uAsrs‘ Oron‘vrr kroffvncr ‘ur ballo‘s
wrrr as savr as possvblr vn ‘ur cvrc’ms‘ancrs, b’‘ nobody
brlvrffrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur rrs’l‘s vn k’nwab wrrr any‘uvnt b’‘ wrll
and ‘r’ly rvttrdB arnrral a’l oassan, ambassador vn
A‘urns, and uvs srvrnd Avr garsual Rauvm Tuan vn gadrvd,
rrsvtnrd as p’blvcly as possvblr, b’‘ ‘urrr wrrr no mawor
o’‘brraks os dvscon‘rn‘ vn ‘ur co’n‘ry ’n‘vl ‘ur mvddlr os
AprvlB burn ‘ur rral ‘ro’blr brtanB
bur co’n‘ry was rvffrn and suakrn by drmons‘ra‘vonsB cn
gay, hu’‘‘o ‘rvrd ‘‘o b’y ano‘urr parcrl os ‘vmr by offrrvnt
kakvs‘an a rrsrrrnd’m on wur‘urr ur suo’ld s‘ay vn officrB
Yn gonday ‘ur na‘vonal Assrmbly, consvs‘vnt only os
mrmbrrs os uvs own kroplr’s kar‘y, amrndrd ‘ur
cons‘v‘’‘von sor ‘ur srffrn‘u ‘vmr vn so’r yrars ‘o a’‘uorvsr
s’cu a rrsrrrnd’m brsorr ‘ur rnd os arp‘rmbrrB’9:
hy mvdAd’nr, morr ‘uan 11,666 proplr wrrr vn prvsonB
tradrrs os ‘ur opposv‘von kakvs‘an Na‘vonal Allvancr (kNA0,
‘ur coalv‘von os nvnr opposv‘von par‘vrs (‘ur ‘tant os nvnr’
as hu’‘‘o rrsrrrrd ‘o ‘urm0 wrrr as ’nprvncvplrd as ‘ur
krvmr gvnvs‘rr vn rnco’ratvnt ffvolrncr ‘uro’tuo’‘ ‘ur
co’n‘ryB Yncr v‘ brcamr apparrn‘ ‘ua‘ ffvolrn‘ atv‘a‘von was
workvnt vn ‘urvr saffo’r, ‘ury rrs’srd ‘o nrto‘va‘r wv‘u
hu’‘‘o, wuo a‘ firs‘ prrffarvca‘rd abo’‘ dvsc’ssvnt ‘ur
rvttrd rlrc‘von, ‘urn arrrs‘rd many os ‘ur kNA’s lradrrsB
hu’‘‘o bannrd drmons‘ra‘vons and, vn a drsprra‘r ‘urow
sor pop’larv‘y wv‘u ‘ur cslamvc par‘vrs, drclarrd ‘ur
prouvbv‘von os alcouol and tamblvntB95 gosq’rs brcamr
crn‘rrs os atv‘a‘vonB Lontrrta‘vons wrrr wuvpprd ‘o s’ry a‘
Orvday prayrrs and ‘urn urld drmons‘ra‘vons wuvcu wrrr
s’pprrssrd by ‘ur polvcr and, la‘rr, by ‘ur armyB cn an
a‘‘rmp‘ ‘o vnfl’rncr ‘ur pop’la‘von, ‘ur Luavrman os ‘ur
dovn‘ Luvrss os a‘aff Lommv‘‘rr and ‘ur arrffvcr Luvrss
vss’rd a s‘a‘rmrn‘ ‘owards ‘ur rnd os Aprvl drclarvnt ‘ua‘
hu’‘‘o’s toffrrnmrn‘ uad ‘ur loyal‘y os ‘ur armrd sorcrsB c‘
was vtnorrdB cmmrdva‘rly as‘rr ‘uvs, hu’‘‘o drclarrd
mar‘val law vn oydrrabad, Taracuv and tauorr (and la‘rr
g’l‘an0, and ‘ur army vmposrd a c’rsrw on ‘ursr cv‘vrsB
burrr brvtadvrrs, all vn ‘ur 16‘u Mvffvsvon vn tauorr, rrs’srd
‘o vnffolffr ‘urmsrlffrs or ‘urvr ‘roops vn p’‘‘vnt down rvo‘s,
as ‘uvs wo’ld almos‘ crr‘avnly uaffr vnffolffrd kvllvnt
cvffvlvansB
bur co’n‘ry was brcomvnt ’ntoffrrnablr and ‘ur
rconomy uad s’ffrrrd trra‘ly srom ‘ur ’nrrs‘, b’‘ v‘
srrmrd ‘ua‘ hu’‘‘o dvd no‘ rralvzr ‘ua‘ ‘vmr was r’nnvnt
o’‘B bur kNA wan‘rd uvs rrsvtna‘von, ‘ur sorma‘von os an
vn‘rrvm toffrrnmrn‘ and srrsu rlrc‘vonsB As‘rr m’cu
bruvndA‘urAscrnrs nrto‘va‘von (vncl’dvnt mrdva‘von by
somr Arab co’n‘rvrs0, ‘ur kNA dropprd ‘ur rrsvtna‘von
drmand, atrrrvnt ‘ua‘ ‘ur Lons‘v‘’‘von rrq’vrrd a kg ‘o
br vn officr ’n‘vl rlrc‘von os a s’ccrssor (as povn‘rd o’‘ by
‘ur wvly hu’‘‘o0, and rffrn compromvsrd on ‘urvr vnsvs‘rncr
on an vn‘rrvm toffrrnmrn‘B bury co’ld no‘ uaffr tonr m’cu
s’r‘urr and hu’‘‘o was sorcrd ‘o consrn‘ ‘o uold rlrc‘vons
on C Yc‘obrrB h’‘ ‘ur ‘wo svdrs co’ld no‘ con‘vn’r ‘o atrrr
on any‘uvnt sor any lrnt‘u os ‘vmr and krp‘ al‘rrvnt ‘urvr
posv‘vonsB bur co’n‘ry was srr‘uvnt wv‘u dvssa‘vssac‘vonB A
crvsvs was approacuvntB bur krrsvdrn‘, Lua’dury Oazal
llauv, was ’nablr ‘o rrsolffr ma‘‘rrs brca’sr ‘ur
Lons‘v‘’‘von sorbadr any ac‘von on uvs par‘ rxcrp‘ on ‘ur
adffvcr os ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rrB As ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr was ‘ur
mawor par‘ os ‘ur problrm, ‘ur krrsvdrn‘ was powrrlrssB
Yn ‘ur rffrnvnt os : d’ly 1a77, ‘ur Luvrs os ‘ur Army a‘aff
callrd a mrr‘vnt os srnvor aol officrrs, uaffvnt alrrady
dvsc’ssrd ‘ur na‘von’s prrdvcamrn‘ wv‘u uvs corps
commandrrsB ho‘u svdrs vn ‘ur polv‘vcal s‘r’ttlr, savd Zva,
uad wraponsB burrr was dantrr os a s’llAscalr cvffvl warB
Yprra‘von Oavr klay uad brt’nB bur army was tovnt ‘o ‘akr
offrrB

N btTs
1
hu’‘‘o, ZBAB, Arrrsss tb tZs lat[ba, dcsscZss aar
dtatsmsats , ffolB 1, D6 Mrcrmbrr 1a71A91 garcu 1a7D,
aoffrrnmrn‘ os kakvs‘an, 1a7DB

D
As s’ttrs‘rd ‘o ‘ur a’‘uor by an officrr prrsrn‘ a‘ ‘ur
‘vmrB

9
bur oamood’r Rruman ‘Lommvssvon os cnq’vry vn‘o ‘ur
1a71 sar’ (rrlrasrd vn D6610 tors vn‘o ‘uvs vn somr dr‘avl,
as v‘ dors abo’‘ Yauya’s womanvzvntB Luap‘rr DA os ‘ur
Rrpor‘, ‘bur goral Asprc‘’, makrs sad rradvnt, as v‘ drals
wv‘u wvdrsprrad moral drcay vn ‘ur army, as wrll as
makvnt obsrrffa‘vons abo’‘ Yauya uvmsrlsB bur s‘a‘rmrn‘
‘ua‘ ur ‘was rx‘rrmrly srvrndly wv‘u a n’mbrr os ladvrs os
vndvffrrrn‘ rrp’‘r’ vs s’bs‘an‘va‘rd by ‘ur ffvsv‘ors’ lot os
‘ur krrsvdrn‘’s oo’sr, TaracuvB c‘ was all sordvd s‘’ffB

:
‘ag’ was Mvrrc‘or gvlv‘ary Yprra‘vons (a brvtadvrr’s
appovn‘mrn‘0 vn ‘ur rarly 1aC6s wurn ‘ur a’‘uor firs‘
madr uvs acq’avn‘ancrB Amonts‘ la‘rr appovn‘mrn‘s ur
was Lommandan‘ os ‘ur gvlv‘ary Acadrmy and
commandrr t Lorps vn a ffrry srnsv‘vffr prrvodB or uad
brrn awardrd ‘ur l’rrn’s grdal a‘ aandu’rs‘ and nrffrr
lookrd backB A man os drrp rrlvtvo’s conffvc‘von and
complr‘r vn‘rtrv‘yB

5
Msmb[rs bt L[sutsaaat dsasral dul Hassaa ,hZaa Yck,
Taracuv, 1aa9B a’l oassan was commvssvonrd vn 1a:D and
dvrd vn 1aaaB

A
suo rr‘vrrd vn ‘ur D666s b’‘ s‘vll dors no‘ wan‘ ‘o br
vdrn‘vfirdB

7
Rvzffv, oasanAAskarv (rdB0, TZs M[l[tarl aarbl[t[cs
a [a
aak[staa +9B1s+916 , krotrrssvffr k’blvsurrs, tauorr,
1a7AB

C
Mvsc’ssvons wv‘u srnvor officrrs os dovn‘ a‘aff ol, 1aa6Aa:B

a
As rrcommrndrd by ‘ur oamood’r Rauman LommvssvonB

16
ladvanvs arr mrmbrrs os a moffrmrn‘ sormrd by gvrza
au’lam Aumad ladvyanv (1C95A1a6C0 and os‘rn rrsrrrrd
‘o as Aumadvyas or AumadvsB (A splv‘ vn‘o ladvanvs and
tauorv‘rs ‘ook placr as‘rr gvrza au’lam’s dra‘uB0 Ynr
‘rnr‘ vs ‘ur brlvrs ‘ua‘ drs’s Lurvs‘ rscaprd dra‘u on ‘ur
Lross and dvrd and was b’rvrd vn arvnatar vn ‘ur Tasumvr
rallryB bur src‘ vs rrtardrd wv‘u s’spvcvon and os‘rn
vn‘olrrancr by many g’slvmsB

11
 aprrcu vn Taracuv, 9 dan’ary 1a7D, vn dcsscZss aar
dtatsmsats B

1D
bur ca matazvnr 7us[asss N sskos 1D Noffrmbrr D661
carrvrd a mawor pvrcr on ‘ur Oa’wv Oo’nda‘vonB c‘ brtan
‘c‘’s rarly mornvnt vn cslamabad, and a mvddlrAclass cuvld
sv‘s down sor brraksas‘B or po’rs s’tar rrfinrd srom Oa’wv
a’tar gvlls vn‘o a bowl os Oa’wv oa‘mral, wuvcu uvs mo‘urr
cookrd ’svnt tas bo‘‘lrd by Oa’wv tkaB cn ‘ur nrx‘ room
uvs sa‘urr lots on‘o uvs comp’‘rr r’nnvnt on rlrc‘rvcv‘y
prod’crd by ‘ur Oa’wv Tabvrwala powrr plan‘ and clvcks
on‘o a protram ‘ua‘ ’srs Oa’wv sos‘warrB bur uo’sr ‘ury
all lvffr vn was, os co’rsr, b’vl‘ wv‘u Oa’wv crmrn‘B bur Oa’wv
tro’p vs as prrffasvffr a commrrcval prrsrncr vn kakvs‘an
as arnrral llrc‘rvc vs vn ‘ur caB And ‘ur Oa’wv companvrs,
all par‘ os ‘ur Oa’wv Oo’nda‘von, arr closrly lvnkrd ‘o an
rffrn morr ’bvq’v‘o’s vns‘v‘’‘von – ‘ur kakvs‘anv mvlv‘ary,
v‘srls a sormvdablr sorcr vn ‘ur rconomyB arr
u‘‘pMCCwwwBb’svnrsswrrkBcomCmatazvnrCcon‘rn‘C61l:ACb9
75719CBu‘m and Luap‘rr AB bur Oo’nda‘von vs rxcorva‘rd
vn a book by Mr Ayrsua avddvqa, M[l[tarl @ac , kl’‘o krrss,
D667, vn wuvcu ‘ur mos‘ ’pA‘oAda‘r s‘a‘vs‘vcs tvffrn arr
‘uosr os D661 and D66DB

19
Ynr os grs auandv’s adffvsrrs, karmrsuwar Naravn oaksar,
‘old urr ‘ua‘ ‘ur obwrc‘ was no‘ ‘o u’mvlva‘r kakvs‘an b’‘
‘o crra‘r confidrncr and ‘r’s‘B ‘Yo’ m’s‘ no‘ sortr‘ ‘ur
rrrsavllrs brra‘y [‘ua‘ u’mvlva‘rd arrmany vn 1a1a and
lrd ‘o ‘ur arcond sorld sark,‘ur savdB ‘Yo’ don’‘ ‘ramplr
a man wuo vs down and o’‘B’ arr Orank, Ta‘urrvnr, @ar[ra,
oarprrLollvns, D661, an rlrtan‘ and mos‘ rradablr
acco’n‘ os grs aanduv’s lvsrB

1:
 Oallacv, Yrvana (‘ransB doun aurplry0, @atsrv[sw w[tZ
H[stbrl ,Nrw York, oo’tu‘on gvfflvn, 1a7AB

15
suvcu, vs v‘ rffrr wrn‘ ‘o vn‘rrna‘vonal arbv‘ra‘von, wo’ld
probably br awardrd ‘o cndvaB h’‘ cndva uas spovlrd v‘s
cuancrs os vn‘rrna‘vonal arbv‘ra‘von offrr Aksav Luvn (and
o‘urr arras vn dvsp’‘r wv‘u ‘ur kRL0 by rrs’svnt s’cu on
TasumvrB oovs‘ by v‘s own pr‘ard, cndva can a‘‘rmp‘ only
bvla‘rral nrto‘va‘vons – and Luvna wvll no‘ mrn‘von Aksav
LuvnB

1A
amv‘u, Lurvs‘opurr, @ar[a’s Ar Hbc Arssaal,
Yck, Nrw
York, 1aa:B

17
bur ccaa M[l[tarl 7alaacs
sor 1a7DA9 tvffrs ‘ur fit’rrs as
aA6,666 ‘roops, A56 comba‘ avrcras‘ and 1,:a6 ‘anksB

1C
solprr‘, a‘anlry, kulw 7Zuttb btak[staa,
a Yck, Nrw York,
1aa9B solprr‘ rrcords ‘ua‘ ‘ur con‘rn‘ os bvkka Tuan’s
rrply ‘o ‘ur mrmo vs no‘ knownB

1a
svrsvnt, RBaB aak[staa’s dscur[tl uarsr k[a, +911s+99D,
gacmvllan, tondon, 1aa1B

D6
bur army was assvs‘rd vn v‘s oprra‘vons by cranvan
urlvcop‘rr t’nsuvps (s’pplvrd by ‘ur ca0 proffvdrd a‘ ‘ur
ordrrs os ‘ur auau wuo dvd no‘ wvsu ‘rvbal ‘ro’blrs ‘o
sprrad ‘o ‘ur cranvan proffvncrs os halocuvs‘an and avs‘anB
cn D66:—5, as srrvo’s ‘rvbal and rrlvtvo’s ffvolrncr brtan
atavn vn halocuvs‘an, v‘s srlsAappovn‘rd lradrrs os dvssvdrn‘
tro’ps los‘ no oppor‘’nv‘y ‘o rrcall ‘ur rffrn‘s os ‘ur
1a76sB

D1
damrs, avr gorrvcr (tord aavn‘ hrvdrs0, aak[staa
CZrba[cls, Yck, Taracuv, 1aa9B

DD
Arvs, arnrral TBgB, Nbrk[aY w[tZ k[a,Yck, Taracuv, 1aa5B

D9
Zvrvnt, tawrrncr, aak[staa [a tZs wsat[stZ
T Csaturl
,Yck,
Taracuv, 1aa7B

D:
h’rrows, svllvam lB and svndrrm, Robrr‘, Cr[t[cal Mass,
tondon, avmon and acu’s‘rr, 1aa:B arr also ‘ur mas‘rrly
arortr krrkoffv‘cu’ @ar[a’s luclsar 7bmb, Lalvsornva,
1aaaB

D5
solprr‘, [b[r(

DA
cn 1a7A Mr ornry Tvssvntrr, on bruals os ‘ur Oord
admvnvs‘ra‘von, offrrrd kakvs‘an ‘a s’bs‘an‘val
conffrn‘vonal arms packatr’ vs hu’‘‘o atrrrd ‘o sorto ‘ur
rrprocrssvnt plan‘B arr T’x, Mrnnvs, TZs ta[tsr dtatss
aar aak[staa +9B1s,000, douns oopkvns cnvffrrsv‘y krrss,
D661B

D7
Mrnnvs T’x (sor rxamplr0 s‘a‘rs vn TZs ta[tsr dtatss aar
aak[staa +9B1s,000 ‘ua‘ hu’‘‘o ‘was ac‘vnt morr lvkr a
sr’dal a’‘ocra‘ ‘uan a drmocra‘vc polv‘vcal lradrr’B buvs vs
a s’prrbly wrv‘‘rn book and mos‘ vnsorma‘vffrB
DC
burrr vs an acco’n‘ os ‘ur srlrc‘von procrss, prruaps no‘
al‘otr‘urr ’nbvasrd, vn Luvsu‘v, OBAB, 7stralals bt AabtZsr
h[ar: @slam, asmbcracl aar tZs Arml ,dant k’blvsurrs,
tauorr, 1aaAB

Da
Arvs rrco’n‘s ‘ua‘ hu’‘‘o madr ‘’nsaffo’ry’ commrn‘s
abo’‘ all srffrnB

96
Lopy vn ‘ur hu’‘‘o Arcuvffrs vn tarkana, q’o‘rd by
solprr‘B

91
or uad also lrarnrd abo’‘ propatanda, and ‘ur kkk
prod’crd ‘uo’sands os lv‘‘lr rrd booklr‘s on ‘ur lvnrs os
gao’s TZbuYZts, rn‘v‘lrd 7Zuttb dals: a abckst-7bbk bt
TZbuYZttul oubtat[bas aarr[t[aYs N bt CZa[rmaa kulwdar
Al[ 7Zuttb ( cn 1aC6, wuvlr uvllAwalkvnt, ‘ur a’‘uor mr‘ a
kkk loyalvs‘ (wuo uad pr’drn‘ly drcvdrd ‘o moffr o’‘ os
Rawalpvndv ‘o uvs uo’sr on a Tasumvr uvllsvdr0 and askrd
uvm vs ‘ur ‘v‘lr was rrally vn‘rn‘vonal, or uad somronr brrn
vronvcal and ‘ur wokr to‘ o’‘ os uandH No, no, savd ‘ur
sormrr polv‘vcvan, ‘ur wuolr ‘uvnt was trn’vnr rno’tu –
b’‘, anyway, ‘uosr wuo co’ld rrad wrrr alrrady conffvncrd
‘ua‘ hu’‘‘o wo’ld wvnB

9D
solprr‘, [b[r(bur alloca‘von os plo‘s os land ‘o ‘ur mvlv‘ary
uas brrn assavlrd by somr wrv‘rrs and polv‘vcvans, sor
rrasons os ‘urvr own, b’‘ ‘ury ‘rnd ‘o vtnorr ‘ua‘ hu’‘‘o
rndorsrd v‘B

99
 cn Ysars bt tcZsaval, srvdrnsrld - Nvcolson and gvcuarl
dosrpu, 1aCD, Tvssvntrr obsrrffrd ‘ua‘ ‘hu’‘‘o drs‘royrd
uvmsrls by srrkvnt a pop’lar manda‘r ‘oo rapvdly and ‘urn
manvp’la‘vnt ‘ur rlrc‘oral rrs’l‘B’

9:
TZs Mcbabm[st, D1A7 gay 1a77B c‘ vs vn‘rrrs‘vnt b’‘
prruaps no‘ s’rprvsvnt ‘ua‘ rrcollrc‘vons os ‘uvs rra by
many la‘rr commrn‘a‘ors rxcl’drs drscrvp‘von os ‘ur
ffvcvo’snrss os hu’‘‘o’s rrtvmrB

95
A closr assocva‘r os hu’‘‘o, Lolonrl csmavl Tuan,
drscrvbrd ‘ur vns‘v‘’‘von os krouvbv‘von ‘o mr on srffrral
occasvons offrr many yrarsB or and hu’‘‘o ‘crackrd a
bo‘‘lr os aco‘cu’ ‘o crlrbra‘rB
C hac tH d $

A hH 7H ad T o@C La

TZs skcsr[sacsak[staa,
bt a Zbwsvsr
, suYYssts
tZat [t m[YZt bs sasl tbr a r[sc[cl[asr arml tb taks
bvsr tZs rs[as bt Ybvsramsat [a a rsvslbc[aY
cbuatrl ((( but tZs m[l[tarl caaabt sblvs all tZs
crbblsms tac[aY a asw aat[ba( @t mal cZsck
[astab[l[tl
, [atrbrucs csrta[a sbc[al aar scbabm[c
rstbrms aar accslsrats tZs rats bt scbabm[c
YrbwtZ but [t caaabt tackls tZs rsal crbblsm
wZ[cZ lsars tb a cbuc r’otat s crsat[ba bt a v[abls
tramswbrk bt cbl[t[cal act[ba wZ[cZ caa tuact[ba
smbbtZll w[tZbut tZs back[aY bt tZs m[l[tarl
cbmmaarsrs(
oasanAAskarv Rvzffv, 1a7A

Rvzffv sorrcas‘ corrrc‘ly on all co’n‘sM ‘ur army’s ‘akroffrr

vn 1a77 was rasy (and wv‘uo’‘ ffvolrncr – TZs Mcbabm[st‘s
uradlvnr was ‘A small co’p, nobody kvllrd’0N vns‘abvlv‘y was
curckrdN socval and rconomvc rrsorms wrrr vn‘rod’crdN
and ‘ur ra‘r os rconomvc trow‘u was accrlrra‘rdB h’‘
‘urrr was no drffrlopmrn‘ os an al‘rrna‘vffr sys‘rm, ‘ur
‘ffvablr sramrwork’ os cvffvl toffrrnmrn‘ ‘ua‘ wo’ld srrffr ‘ur
co’n‘ry wv‘uo’‘ ‘ur ‘urra‘ os bayonr‘s vn ‘ur backtro’ndB
Ys mos‘ vmpor‘ancr was approffal and rnco’ratrmrn‘ os
rrlvtvo’s vn‘olrrancrB Zva’s vmmrdva‘r vn‘rod’c‘von os
p’nvsumrn‘s s’pposrdly consvs‘rn‘ wv‘u g’slvm (suarva0
law was trrr‘rd wv‘u dvsmay by src’larly vnclvnrd
kakvs‘anvs and uorror by srs‘rrn lvbrrals, b’‘ no onr a‘ ‘ur
‘vmr uad any no‘von os uow dvsas‘ro’s uvs rrlvtvosv‘y was ‘o
br sor kakvs‘an and ‘ur rrs‘ os ‘ur worldB
Zva was no‘ prrparrd vn any way ‘o r’n a co’n‘ryB or uad
no concrp‘ os ‘ur vn‘rvcacvrs os toffrrnmrn‘N no atrnda sor
socval rrsorm (o‘urr ‘uan vmposv‘von os cr’dr rrlvtvo’sly
basrd dvk‘a‘s0N and no ‘ravnvnt vn rconomvcs (wuvcu ur
so’nd borvnt0B h’‘ sor many yrars ’ndrr uvs r’lr ‘ur
co’n‘ry was prosprro’s and compara‘vffrly s‘ablrB
Lrr‘avnly ur ‘old a lvr wurn ur firs‘ promvsrd ‘o uold
rlrc‘vonsB sas v‘ a lvr a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr ur ‘old v‘H Yr dvd v‘
brcomr a lvr wurn, as‘rr a srw wrrks, ur rralvzrd ‘ua‘
rlrc‘vons wo’ld srrr ‘ur ffvcvo’s and ’nsortvffvnt hu’‘‘o ‘o
s‘omp ‘ur co’n‘ry wv‘u uvs prvffa‘r army, makvnt rabblrA
ro’svnt sprrcurs wuvcu wo’ld br rq’allrd vn srrocv‘y by
uvs polv‘vcal opponrn‘sH
Zva’s rrtvmr brtan brnrffolrn‘ly rno’tu b’‘ brcamr
protrrssvffrly morr a’‘ocra‘vc and rffrn‘’ally dvsmally
dvrrc‘vonlrssB burrr wrrr vmproffrmrn‘s ‘o ‘ur lo‘ os ‘ur
common man, ‘urrr wrrr ’ndrmocra‘vc fia‘s ‘ua‘ rrs‘rvc‘rd
prrsonal srrrdoms, and w’dvcvally awardrd p’nvsumrn‘s
‘ua‘ appallrd ‘ur lvbrral srs‘B lmrrtrncr os rrlvtvosv‘y os a
wrvrd and wondrrs’l brand was ’ndo’b‘rdly a‘ Zva’s
brurs‘, and ‘ur srrds os s’‘’rr dvscord and ffvolrncr wrrr
wrll and ‘r’ly sown by uvs rnco’ratrmrn‘ os cslamvc bvto‘sB
h’‘ vn ‘ur ffvllatrs, ‘owns and cv‘vrs ‘ur proplr co’ld rrlax
sor ‘ur momrn‘, a‘ lras‘ – proffvdrd ‘ury dvd no‘ vnd’ltr vn
polv‘vcal macuvna‘vons – and brtvn ‘o rnwoy lvsr srrr srom
s’rffrvllancr by hu’‘‘o’s OaO and ‘ur kkk pr‘‘y
s’nc‘vonarvrs, wuo uad drlvtu‘rd vn ‘urvr powrr offrr ‘ur
man vn ‘ur s‘rrr‘N ‘uosr wuo, only svx yrars rarlvrr, hu’‘‘o
uad savd ur wan‘rd ‘‘o br ablr ‘o ‘rll uvm ‘o to ‘o urll’B
 bur Zva rrtvmr las‘rd srom 5 d’ly 1a77 ‘o 17 A’t’s‘
1aCCB cn ‘ursr rlrffrn yrars ‘ur army trrw srom :66,666 ‘o
:56,666 and v‘s vnffrn‘ory os rq’vpmrn‘ vncrrasrd vn
q’an‘v‘y and q’alv‘yB bur o’‘look os ‘ur army al‘rrrdB c‘s
mrmbrrs wrrr rnco’ratrd by ‘ur rxamplr os ‘ur LYAa ‘o
pay morr a‘‘rn‘von ‘o rrlvtvon, wuvcu somr dvd as lvp
srrffvcr, somr as trn’vnr drffo‘rrsB aomr, os co’rsr,
vtnorrd ‘ur call and wrrr q’vr‘ly su’n‘rd svdrways or o’‘B
aomr vtnorrd ‘ur call and wrrr ‘oo ffal’ablr ‘o dvsmvssB
burrr was a trad’al trow‘u os na‘vonal prvdr wv‘uvn ‘ur
officrr corpsB bury camr ‘o consvdrr ‘ua‘ al‘uo’tu Amrrvca
uad vnfl’rncr offrr ‘urvr co’n‘ry, ‘ury co’ld ‘akr as m’cu
ca adffvcr as ‘ury wvsurd and dvscard ‘ur rrs‘B Luvna was
an ally, al‘uo’tu a‘ ‘vmrs v‘ apprarrd rrl’c‘an‘ ‘o offrr
morr ‘uan ‘okrn approffal sor kakvs‘an’s polvcvrs — prruaps
brca’sr Amrrvca was so m’cu ‘o ‘ur sorr – b’‘ ‘ur Luvnrsr
dvd no‘ uaffr m’cu rffrc‘ on mvlv‘ary doc‘rvnr or ‘ravnvntB
bur days os uankrrvnt as‘rr a ‘proplr’s army’ wrrr offrrB
oowrffrr, ‘ur army was wrakrnrd, rsprcvally a‘ ‘ur
brtvnnvnt os Zva’s rrtvmr and vn ‘ur rarly 1aC6s, by ‘ur
rrq’vrrmrn‘ sor officrrs ‘o br vnffolffrd vn mar‘val lawB A
cons‘an‘ complavn‘ was ‘ua‘ many tood officrrs wuo suo’ld
uaffr brrn tavnvnt command rxprrvrncr wrrr sorcrd ‘o
uaffr ‘urvr pos‘vnts c’‘ suor‘ or dvsr’p‘rd by ‘do’blrA
ua‘‘vnt’ – carryvnt o’‘ admvnvs‘ra‘von os mar‘val law vn
addv‘von ‘o normal mvlv‘ary d’‘vrsB c‘ vs vmpossvblr ‘o
q’an‘vsy ‘uvs, b’‘ v‘ vs obffvo’s v‘ rxvs‘rdB
bur krrsvdrn‘, Lua’du’ry Oazal llauv, rrmavnrd vn officr,
‘o ‘ur sa‘vssac‘von os Zva, wuo taffr uvm ‘ur rrsprc‘ ur
almos‘ vnffarvably affordrd oldrr and wvsrr mrnB bur
posv‘von, uowrffrr, was a uollow onr, w’s‘ as hu’‘‘o
vn‘rndrd v‘ ‘o br, and llauv was a ‘vrrd manB or uad bornr
wv‘u rq’anvmv‘y ‘ur vns’l‘s os hu’‘‘o and uvs urncumrn
(‘no mvnvs‘ry BBB suo’ld vn s’‘’rr dral dvrrc‘ly wv‘u ‘ur
krrsvdrn‘’s arcrr‘arva‘’01 and wan‘rd ‘o lraffr a‘ ‘ur rnd os
uvs ‘rn’rr vn arp‘rmbrr 1a7C vn spv‘r os Zva’s svncrrr
rrq’rs‘ ‘ua‘ ur rrmavnB cndrr ‘ur Lons‘v‘’‘von, uvs
s’ccrssor suo’ld uaffr brrn rlrc‘rd by bo‘u oo’srs os
karlvamrn‘, b’‘ mar‘val law offrrrodr ‘uvs, and on 1A
arp‘rmbrr Zva was sworn vn as kakvs‘an’s so’r‘u mvlv‘ary
krrsvdrn‘B
or cuar‘rd ‘ur way aurad vn uvs firs‘ sprrcu ‘o ‘ur na‘von
on 5 d’ly (wrv‘‘rn by ‘ur ‘alrn‘rd avddvq aalvk0,D os wuvcu
onr ‘urmr was ‘ur lack os polv‘vcal ambv‘von on uvs own
par‘M ‘gy solr avm vs ‘o ortanvsr srrr and savr rlrc‘vons
wuvcu [wvllk br urld vn Yc‘obrr ‘uvs yrarB aoon as‘rr ‘ur
polls powrr wvll br ‘ranssrrrrd ‘o ‘ur rlrc‘rd
rrprrsrn‘a‘vffrs os ‘ur proplrB c tvffr a solrmn ass’rancr
‘ua‘ c wvll no‘ drffva‘r srom ‘uvs scurd’lrB’ bury wrrrn’‘N v‘
wasn’‘N and ur dvdB
Zva sormrd a mvlv‘ary co’ncvl os ‘ur Luavrman os ‘ur dovn‘
Luvrss os a‘aff Lommv‘‘rr (wuo was srnvor ‘o Zva0 and ‘ur
‘urrr arrffvcr Luvrss os a‘aff, os wuom ur was b’‘ onr – b’‘
v‘ was obffvo’s wuo was callvnt ‘ur suo‘s brca’sr ur
anno’ncrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur Luvrs gar‘val taw Admvnvs‘ra‘or was ‘o
br Luvrs lxrc’‘vffr os ‘ur Na‘von and ‘ua‘ gar‘val taw
Yrdrrs and Rrt’la‘vons wrrr no‘ ‘o br cuallrntrd vn any
co’r‘ os lawB hy proclama‘von ur s’sprndrd ‘ur
Lons‘v‘’‘von, dvssolffrd ‘ur srdrral and proffvncval
assrmblvrs, sackrd ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr and all mvnvs‘rrs
(srdrral and proffvncval0, dvsmvssrd ‘ur proffvncval toffrrnors
and bro’tu‘ ‘ur rn‘vrr co’n‘ry ’ndrr mar‘val lawB All wv‘uvn
sor‘yArvtu‘ uo’rs os ‘akvnt powrrB cn‘rrrs‘vnt s‘’ff,
rsprcvally as rrplacrmrn‘s wrrr nrrdrd a‘ oncr sor a lartr
n’mbrr os rxprrvrncrd officvalsB suvcu makrs onr vmatvnr
‘ua‘ Yprra‘von Oavr klay mvtu‘ uaffr brrn ‘uo’tu‘ o’‘ vn
dr‘avl offrr a consvdrrablr prrvodB aomr so’rcrs s‘a‘r ‘ua‘
Zva was vn ‘ur uands os w’nvor officrrs – mawors and colonrls
– wuo sorcrd uvm ‘o to aurad wv‘u ‘ur co’pB krruaps, b’‘
vn‘rrrs‘vntly, Zva uad brrn krrpvnt ‘rack os yo’nt officrrs’
carrrr profilrs sor many yrarsB surn ur was ‘ur srnvor
admvnvs‘ra‘vffr s‘aff officrr on ‘ur ol os A‘u Armo’rrd
Mvffvsvon, v‘ was no‘rd by a srllow officrr wuo uad known
uvm sor many yrars ‘ua‘ ur ‘pavd a lo‘ os a‘‘rn‘von ‘o ‘ur
confidrn‘val rrpor‘s’ os officrrs vn ‘ur sorma‘von, wuvcu was
no‘ wua‘ admvnvs‘ra‘ors normally doB9 ovs dvslvkr os filrs
dvd no‘ srrm ‘o rx‘rnd ‘o dr‘avlrd rxamvna‘von os prrsonal
rrcordsB And la‘rr ur was ffrry carrs’l vn srlrc‘von os
officrrs wurn v‘ was wv‘uvn uvs tvs‘ ‘o do soB Ynr wondrrs
wur‘urr Zva mvtu‘ uaffr brrn plannvnt aurad vn somr wayB
bur s‘atr was sr‘ sor a rrs‘ora‘von os s‘abvlv‘y and ‘urn
protrrssvon ‘o wua‘ onr mvtu‘ call ‘ur buvrd Rrp’blvcB h’‘
Zva dvscoffrrrd ‘wo ‘uvntsM ‘ua‘ Z’lfikar Alv hu’‘‘o uad brrn
rffrn lrss prvncvplrd ‘uan uad brrn s’pposrd – ‘o ‘ur povn‘
‘ua‘ ur was s‘rontly s’sprc‘rd os ordrrvnt a m’rdrrN and
‘ua‘ ur, Zva, ‘uo’tu‘ ur was ra‘urr tood a‘ toffrrnvnt ‘ur
co’n‘ry, wuvcu ur wasn’‘B bur lrtal rvtu‘s or wronts os
hu’‘‘o’s ‘rval and rxrc’‘von arr nrv‘urr urrr nor ‘urrr so
sar as ‘uvs narra‘vffr vs concrrnrd, rxcrp‘ ‘o s‘a‘r ‘ua‘ ‘ur
army v‘srls ac‘rd wv‘u proprvr‘y and dvtnv‘yB burrr wrrr
many wvld allrta‘vons madr concrrnvnt ‘ur cvrc’ms‘ancrs
vn wuvcu gr hu’‘‘o dvrd, b’‘ ‘ur sac‘s arr uorrvblr rno’tuB
bur rxrc’‘von was carrvrd o’‘ vn a mannrr ‘ua‘ ca’srd ‘ur
’‘mos‘ mvsrry and trvrs ‘o uvs wvsr and samvly, rsprcvally
uvs da’tu‘rr hrnazvr, probably uvs saffo’rv‘r prrson, wuo
’ndrrs‘andably dvs‘r’s‘rd and ua‘rd ‘ur army srom ‘ua‘
momrn‘ onwardsB
bur sys‘rm os mar‘val law ‘uro’tuo’‘ ‘ur co’n‘ry was
consvs‘rn‘ wv‘u ‘ur mvlv‘ary cuavn os commandB cnv‘vally ‘ur
corps commandrrs wrrr appovn‘rd toffrrnors vn racu
proffvncr (rxcrp‘ halocuvs‘an, wuvcu a‘ ‘ua‘ ‘vmr dvd no‘
uaffr a Lorps ol vn ‘ur capv‘al, l’r‘‘a0B buvs rrs’l‘rd vn
pro‘ocol problrms and was also ’nwvrldyB Mvtnv‘y (and v‘s
closr kvn, pomposv‘y0 was a‘ s‘akr, os co’rsr, wurn a
toffrrnor wuo was a lvr’‘rnan‘ trnrral consvdrrrd ‘ua‘ ur
suo’ld br ‘rra‘rd as srnvor ‘o a s’ll trnrral wurn ‘ur la‘‘rr
was a ffvsv‘or vn ‘ur sormrr’s proffvncrB bur somrwua‘
bombas‘vc (b’‘, ‘o ‘ur a’‘uor, a‘ lras‘, mos‘ lvkrablr0
tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Oazlr oaq: os ‘ur Nor‘uAsrs‘ Oron‘vrr
kroffvncr obwrc‘rd wurn ‘ur Mrp’‘y Luvrs os ‘ur Army a‘aff,
arnrral g’uammad cqbal, was ‘o br tvffrn prrcrdrncr
offrr uvm a‘ a passvntAo’‘ paradr a‘ ‘ur kakvs‘an gvlv‘ary
AcadrmyB Oazlr oaq rrs’srd ‘o a‘‘rnd ‘ur paradr, b’‘ Zva
‘ook no no‘vcr and con‘vn’rd ‘o placr confidrncr vn uvmB c‘
brcamr nrcrssary ‘o appovn‘ s’llA‘vmr toffrrnors srom ‘ur
army, wuvcu was donr vn NsOk (Oazlr s‘ayrd0, k’nwab and
avnduB halocuvs‘an con‘vn’rd ‘o br toffrrnrd by tvr’‘rnan‘
arnrral Rauvm’ddvn Tuan, Zva’s sonAvnAlawB bur
vns’rrrc‘von vn halocuvs‘an was rndrd, svmply, by crasvnt
mvlv‘ary oprra‘vons, tran‘vnt amnrs‘vrs and ‘’rnvnt
‘consron‘a‘von vn‘o rrconcvlva‘von’B5
bur srdrral cabvnr‘, a‘ firs‘ s‘ylrd ‘ur Lo’ncvl os
Adffvsrrs, dvd no‘ orvtvnally vncl’dr many mvlv‘ary officrrs,
and vn v‘s final composv‘von uad nonr a‘ allB gany mrmbrrs
wrrr ablr rno’tu b’‘ uad vdras aboffr ‘urvr s‘a‘von and
brcamr rmbarrassvnt, and somr o’‘s‘andvnt onrs lrs‘
brca’sr ‘ury consvdrrrd ‘ury wrrr was‘vnt ‘urvr ‘vmrB bur
rr‘vrrd tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral oabvb’llau Tuan, an
vnd’s‘rvalvs‘ os rnrrty, uonrs‘y and wral‘u, brcamr wrary
os uaffvnt uvs adffvcr vtnorrd and wrn‘ uomr ‘o krsuawarB
bur gvnvs‘rr sor Ovnancr and klannvnt, ‘ur satacvo’s gr
au’lam csuaq Tuan, brcamr krrsvdrn‘ os kakvs‘an vn la‘rr
yrars, and somr o‘urrs con‘vn’rd ‘o rxrrcvsr ‘urvr ‘alrn‘s
vn ‘ur vn‘rrrs‘s os ‘urvr co’n‘ry, b’‘ v‘ canno‘ br savd ‘ua‘
‘ur cabvnr‘ was a uappy ortanvza‘von (prruaps srw cabvnr‘s
arr0B bur army, ‘oo, brtan ‘o losr dvrrc‘vonB c‘ brcamr
’ns’rr os v‘srls, and ‘ur cuavn os command brcamr
vmprrcvsr and ’nclrarB krruaps v‘ brcamr ’ns’rr os v‘srls
brca’sr ‘ur cuavn os command was ’nclrarB c‘ uad a cuvrs
wuo was also krrsvdrn‘, wuvcu rrsrmblrd a rrr’n os ‘ur
Yauya prrvod, wurn v‘ srrmrd ‘ur krrsvdrn‘ was nrffrr
q’v‘r s’rr abo’‘ wuvcu ua‘ ur was wrarvnt a‘ any tvffrn
‘vmrB Zva uad ‘o concrn‘ra‘r on r’nnvnt ‘ur co’n‘ry, wuvcu
was uvs own cuovcr and nobody rlsr’s, b’‘ s’rrly, ‘uo’tu‘
‘ur army,A ur suo’ld pay a‘‘rn‘von ‘o rrortanvza‘von, rrA
rq’vpmrn‘ and tr‘‘vnt rvd os ‘hu’‘‘o boys’B
cn sac‘, Zva uad to‘ rvd os srffrral ‘hu’‘‘o boys’B aomr
wrrr vncl’drd vn ‘ur firs‘ b’ncu os ‘uvr‘y or so ‘ua‘ ur
ordrrrd svdrlvnrd or sackrd wurn ur srn‘ sor ‘ur gvlv‘ary
arcrr‘ary ‘o ‘alk abo’‘ ‘ur carrrr plo‘ ‘ur day as‘rr ur ‘ook
offrr, and somr o‘urrs wrn‘ la‘rrB ‘hu’‘‘ovsm’ dvd rrmavn vn
‘ur army (and morr so vn ‘ur avr sorcr0, b’‘ was os lv‘‘lr
consrq’rncrB (bur naffy vtnorrd all ‘uvs ff’ltar s‘’ffB0 cn
spv‘r os ‘uvs, Zva was nrffrr q’v‘r s’rr abo’‘ somr srnvor
officrrs wuo rrmavnrd vn command posv‘vons and madr v‘
clrar ‘ury wrrr on proba‘vonB buosr wuo srrmrd ‘o br vn
‘ur pa‘‘rrn os ‘ur old Ay’b and Yauya s‘ylr wrrr s’sprc‘ –
al‘uo’tu Oazlr oaq and somr o‘urrs wrrr ’ndo’b‘rdly vn
‘uvs mo’ldB
Ys ‘ur many Zva loyalvs‘s, srw wrrr morr drprndablr
‘uan tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral g’uammad aawar Tuan, wuo was
appovn‘rd aoffrrnor os k’nwab vn 1a7CB or prrsormrd ‘ur
dvffic’l‘ ‘ask os manatvnt ‘ur proffvncr sor ‘wo yrars and
was ‘urn madr rvcr Luvrs os Army a‘aff – a nrw
appovn‘mrn‘ rrdrsvtna‘rd srom Mrp’‘y Luvrs – wuvcu
carrvrd ‘ur rank os s’ll trnrralB bur d’‘y s‘a‘rmrn‘ os ‘ur
rvcr Luvrs wasM ‘bo rxrrcvsr and prrsorm all ‘ur powrrs and
s’nc‘vons ffrs‘rd vn ‘ur Luvrs os Army a‘aff ’ndrr ‘ur law,
r’lrs, rrt’la‘vons, ordrrs and vns‘r’c‘vons sor ‘ur ‘vmr
brvnt vn sorcr’B O’r‘urr, ‘ur rvcr Luvrs was allowrd all
sacvlv‘vrs ‘as a’‘uorvsrd ‘o ‘ur Luvrs os Army a‘aff sor so
lont as ‘ur LYAa uolds ‘ur officr os ‘ur krrsvdrn‘’B7 or
was urad os ‘ur army – b’‘ no‘ al‘otr‘urr, brca’sr ur
co’ld no‘ ‘akr vndrprndrn‘ ac‘von vn ma‘‘rrs ‘ua‘ Zva
consvdrrrd uvs solr proffvncr, s’cu as srnvor promo‘vons
and appovn‘mrn‘sB Zva uad ‘urrr ua‘sM LYAa, LgtA and
krrsvdrn‘B bur anomaly ‘ua‘, al‘uo’tu srnvor ‘o ‘ur
Luavrman os ‘ur dovn‘ Luvrss os a‘aff Lommv‘‘rr by ffvr‘’r os
brvnt krrsvdrn‘, ur was uvs w’nvor vn mvlv‘ary appovn‘mrn‘
and lrnt‘u os srrffvcr, was offrrcomr by ‘vnkrrvnt wv‘u ‘ur
Lons‘v‘’‘vonB or basrd uvs rvtu‘ ‘o do so on ‘ur d’bvo’s
a’prrmr Lo’r‘ drcvsvon ‘ua‘ vmposv‘von os mar‘val law was
ffalvda‘rd ‘as v‘ was so’nd ‘o br dvc‘a‘rd by consvdrra‘vons
os s‘a‘r nrcrssv‘y and p’blvc wrlsarr’ – al‘uo’tu ‘ur nvnr
w’dtrs rrwrc‘rd ‘ur art’mrn‘ ‘ua‘ lrtv‘vmacy os ‘ur co’p
(or any co’p0 was consrrrrd by s’ccrssBC bur w’dtmrn‘
rrs’l‘rd vn modvfica‘vons ‘o ‘ur Lons‘v‘’‘von ‘ua‘ wrrr
drsvtnrd ‘o lrtv‘vmvzr and prolont Zva’s krrsvdrncyB bury
vncl’drd amrndmrn‘ os Ar‘vclrs toffrrnvnt srnvor mvlv‘ary
appovn‘mrn‘s, wuvcu s’v‘rd Zva’s p’rposrs b’‘ wrrr
’n‘ransla‘ablr wurn ‘ur co’n‘ry rrffrr‘rd ‘o parlvamrn‘ary
r’lr, and almos‘ ca’srd a cons‘v‘’‘vonal ’psr‘ wurn
hrnazvr hu’‘‘o, as krvmr gvnvs‘rr, a‘‘rmp‘rd ‘o rxrrcvsr
wua‘ sur consvdrrrd urr powrrs ‘o appovn‘ a Luavrman os
‘ur dovn‘ Luvrss os a‘aff Lommv‘‘rr vn 1aCaB cn any rffrn‘,
‘ur amrndmrn‘ ‘o ‘ur Lons‘v‘’‘von ‘ua‘ was rrlrffan‘ ‘o
Zva’s krrsvdrncy and ‘ur armrd sorcrs was ‘ua‘M ‘sv‘uo’‘
prrw’dvcr ‘o ‘ur trnrralv‘y os ‘ur sorrtovnt proffvsvon [‘ua‘
‘ur Ordrral aoffrrnmrn‘ suall uaffr con‘rol and command os
‘ur Armrd Oorcrsk, ‘ur a’prrmr Lommand os ‘ur Armrd
Oorcrs suall ffrs‘ vn ‘ur krrsvdrn‘B’a ao Zva was srnvor ‘o
‘ur Luavrman, as‘rr allB
c‘ uas brrn clavmrd ‘ua‘ Zva was a uypocrv‘r as rrtards
rrlvtvon, b’‘ v‘ vs dvffic’l‘ ‘o find a conffvncvnt art’mrn‘ sor
‘uvs con‘rn‘vonB Allrta‘vons arr ’s’ally basrd on ‘ur sac‘
‘ua‘ ‘ur rrtvmr was uarsu and ‘ua‘ many kkk adurrrn‘s
s’ffrrrd brca’sr os ‘urvr connrc‘vons ‘o hu’‘‘oB bur
rrtvmr was vndrrd uarsu on ‘uosr wuo so’tu‘ ‘o
’ndrrmvnr v‘ and kkk loyalvs‘s wrrr ‘rra‘rd appallvntly vn
sq’alvd wavlsB16 (Al‘uo’tu ‘urrr vs no possvblr rxc’sr sor
‘urvr ‘rra‘mrn‘ v‘ suo’ld br rrmrmbrrrd ‘ua‘ many os ‘urm
uad bruaffrd o’‘ratro’sly, vllrtally and br’‘ally d’rvnt ‘ur
‘vmr vn powrr os ‘urvr pro‘rc‘orB0 All ‘uvs mvtu‘ no‘ uaffr
brrn ’ncslamvc csr ss , al‘uo’tu ‘ua‘ vs cold comsor‘ ‘o
‘uosr wuo s’ffrrrdB Zva was a trn’vnrly rrlvtvo’s man and
‘rvrd uvs brs‘ ‘o rnco’ratr ‘ur proplr os kakvs‘an ‘o
obsrrffr ‘ur Oav‘u vn ‘ur mannrr ur wvsurdB cn ‘ur army ‘uvs
uad mvxrd rrs’l‘sB Oor ‘ur co’n‘ry (vn uvndsvtu‘0 v‘ was a
dvsas‘rrB
bur problrm vs ‘ua‘ ‘urrr can br conflvc‘ br‘wrrn
rnco’ratrmrn‘, s’ttrs‘von, dvscvplvnr and obrdvrncrB cn a
s‘rvc‘ly s‘r’c‘’rrd mvlv‘ary socvr‘y ‘urrr vs lv‘‘lr room sor
rxuvbv‘von os orvtvnalv‘yB cn modrrn mvlv‘ary srrffvcrs
rccrn‘rvcv‘y vs dvs‘r’s‘rd and consormv‘y approffrdB And
‘urrr vs a finr lvnr br‘wrrn ‘ur uvturs‘ lrffrl os consormv‘y
and ‘ur lowrs‘ os complvan‘ obsrq’vo’snrssB Yncr ‘ua‘ lvnr
vs crossrd, ‘ur s’bwrc‘ can moffr q’vckly ‘o rffrrAtrra‘rr
lrffrls os vntra‘va‘von, ‘urrrby compromvsvnt vn‘rtrv‘y vn ‘ur
drsvrr ‘o apprar rfficvrn‘B c‘ can apprar ‘o w’nvor officrrs
‘ua‘ sycopuancy vs no‘ only accrp‘ablr, b’‘ ‘ua‘ wv‘uo’‘ v‘
‘ur road ‘o adffancrmrn‘ vs blockrdB cn an officrr corps ‘uvs
can br a sprrdy way ‘o dvsas‘rrB c‘ vs no‘ dr‘rc‘ablr a‘ firs‘,
b’‘ oncr v‘ brcomrs apparrn‘ v‘ vs ’s’ally ‘oo la‘r ‘o al‘rr
co’rsr wv‘uo’‘ a wuolrsalr clransvnt, wuvcu ’s’ally mrans
rxcvsvon os somr os ‘ur vnnocrn‘ alont wv‘u ‘ur t’vl‘y, and
also os somr wuo co’ld br saffrd by rrs‘ora‘von os tood
prac‘vcrsB
buvs dors no‘ mran ‘ua‘ ‘ur uoldvnt os rrlvtvo’s brlvrss
and ‘urvr prac‘vcr arr vn any way ’ndrsvrablr vn a drsrncr
sorcrB c‘ dors mran ‘ua‘ ‘ur fla’n‘vnt os rrlvtvo’s brlvrs vn
‘ur uopr ‘ua‘ ‘uvs wvll mrr‘ wv‘u ‘ur approffal os s’prrvor
officrrs vs ’nural‘uyB h’‘ ‘urrr arr problrms urrr, ‘ooB
Lommon worsuvp vn cslam vs drsvrablr brca’sr v‘
‘s‘rrnt‘urn[sk ‘ur awarrnrss os onr g’slvm sor ano‘urr vn
‘vmrs os tavn or os adffrrsv‘yB cn many rrsprc‘s [ac‘s os
common worsuvpk srrffr ‘o crmrn‘ comm’nal bonds by
s‘vm’la‘vnt ‘ur vndvffvd’al’s srnsr os brlontvntB’11 ao wurrr
vs ‘ur lvnr br‘wrrn p’blvc worsuvp brca’sr v‘ vs an rssrn‘val
par‘ os rrlvtvon, and p’blvc worsuvp brca’sr v‘ vs a tood
‘uvnt ‘o br srrn by a srnvor officrr prrsormvnt onr’s
drffo‘vonsH bur answrr lvrs vn ‘ur applvca‘von os common
srnsr by all concrrnrd – b’‘ as ‘uvs vs ’nlvkrly ‘o ob‘avn a‘
all ‘vmrs, v‘ m’s‘ br accrp‘rd ‘ua‘ a mvlv‘ary uvrrarcuvcal
sys‘rm wv‘u ‘urocra‘vc offrr‘onrs wvll br dvffic’l‘ ‘o
manatrB
gany os Zva’s nrw srnvor officrrs wrrr by ’pbrvntvnt and
rd’ca‘von morr vnclvnrd ‘o rrlvtvon ‘uan ‘urvr worldly
prrdrcrssors wuosr src’lar approacu ur uad lont
dvs‘r’s‘rdB (lffrn as a dvffvsvonal commandrr ur uad bannrd
alcouol vn officrrs’ mrssrsB0 Ymar Noman (aak[staa, a
abl[t[cal aar Mcbabm[c H[stbrl d[acs +9B1 , Trtan ka’l
cn‘rrna‘vonal, 1aa60 wro‘rM

Ynr os ‘ur firs‘ cuantrs madr by Zva, as‘rr uvs

appovn‘mrn‘ as LYAa, was ‘o ’ptradr ‘ur s‘a‘’s
os ‘ur ma’lffvs a‘‘acurd ‘o racu army ’nv‘B
ov‘urr‘o ‘ury uad brrn rrtardrd as comvc fit’rrs
wuvcu ‘ur mvlv‘ary rlv‘r ‘olrra‘rd as a trs‘’rr ‘o
rrlvtvo’s oblvta‘vonB Zva vn‘rtra‘rd [‘urmk vn‘o ‘ur
rffrryday r‘uos os ‘ur mvlv‘ary and madr v‘
comp’lsory sor ‘urm ‘o to vn‘o ba‘‘lr wv‘u ‘ur
‘roopsB buvs vnv‘val trs‘’rr was a uarbvntrr os
‘uvnts ‘o comrB bu’s, wurn ‘ur mvlv‘aryA
b’rra’cra‘vc appara‘’s rrtavnrd powrr vn 1a77, v‘
was ‘ur rrlvtvo’sly vnclvnrd trnrrals wuo wrrr
domvnan‘B
 srll, no‘ al‘otr‘urrB burrr wrrr srffrral vnfl’rn‘val srnvor
officrrs wuo, wuvlr prrsrc‘ly tood g’slvms, uad a morr
lrnv‘vffr vn‘rrprr‘a‘von os wua‘ ‘urvr lradrr rrq’vrrdB c‘
srrmrd, uowrffrr, ‘ua‘ ‘ur wrv‘vnt was on ‘ur wall sor ‘uosr
wuo wan‘rd wvdrr and morr src’lar uorvzonsB h’‘ rffrn‘s
moffrd vn saffo’r os wvdrr uorvzons, a‘ lras‘B Ovrs‘, mos‘
rrlvtvo’s par‘vrs obwrc‘rd ‘o mar‘val law (sor rrasons ‘ua‘
wo’ld ‘akr ‘oo lont ‘o rxamvnr0 and wrrr ’nwvllvnt ‘o
s’ppor‘ ZvaN and o’‘svdr drffrlopmrn‘s ‘ook placr ‘ua‘
prrsorcr rnco’ratrd a lrss condv‘vonal approacu ‘o ‘ur
krosrssvon os ArmsB
c‘ was Zva wuo s’r‘urrrd polarvza‘von br‘wrrn auva and
a’nnv g’slvmsB tv‘‘lr as ‘uvs may uaffr brrn uvs vn‘rn‘ (and
‘urrr arr ffaryvnt ffvrws0, ur rxacrrba‘rd ‘ur problrm
(nrffrr sar brlow ‘ur s’rsacr0 by vn‘rod’cvnt zaka‘, an
cslamvc wral‘uAsuarvnt arrantrmrn‘ wuvcu was obwrc‘rd ‘o
by auvasB or ‘urn rrffrrsrd uvs drcvsvon (no‘ sor no‘uvnt
was LgtA known as Lancrl gy tas‘ Anno’ncrmrn‘0,
‘urrrby alvrna‘vnt rx‘rrmvs‘ a’nnvsB bur suor‘A‘rrm rrs’l‘
was ‘ur ’s’al rvo‘vnt, b’‘ ‘ur rffrc‘s las‘rd and ‘ur a’nnvA
auva dvffvdr con‘vn’rs ‘o br a ma‘‘rr sor srrvo’s concrrn vn
kakvs‘anB
Zva was urlprd vn drffrlopmrn‘ os ‘ur co’n‘ry by
vns‘abvlv‘y across ‘ur wrs‘rrn bordrrB surn ‘ur aoffvr‘
cnvon atrrrd ‘o proffvdr Astuanvs‘an wv‘u ‘’rtrn‘ polv‘vcal,
moral and rconomvc avd, vncl’dvnt mvlv‘ary avd’ vn 1a7a, v‘
was obffvo’s ‘ua‘ a aoffvr‘ mvlv‘ary ‘akroffrr was vn
protrrssB Yn 1 dan’ary 1aC6 ‘ur Tab’l toffrrnmrn‘
admv‘‘rd v‘ uad ‘vnffv‘rd’ R’ssvan ‘roops vn‘o ‘ur co’n‘ry a
srw days brsorr ‘vn ffvrw os ‘ur prrsrn‘ attrrssvffr ac‘vons
os ‘ur rnrmvrs os Astuanvs‘an’, wv‘uo’‘ sprcvsyvnt wuo
‘ursr mvtu‘ br and vtnorvnt ‘ur sac‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur nrrd sor
aoffvr‘ vn‘rrffrn‘von s‘rmmrd lartrly srom ‘ur Astuans’ own
proclvffv‘y sor vn‘rrnal s‘rvsrB lffrn‘s ‘urn moffrd q’vcklyB
buo’sands os rrs’trrs (soon ‘o br offrr ‘urrr mvllvon0
brtan ‘o cross ‘ur bordrr vn‘o kakvs‘an (and somr
u’ndrrds os ‘uo’sands ‘o cran0B krrsvdrn‘ Lar‘rr savd ‘ur
ca wo’ld proffvdr drsrncr rq’vpmrn‘N1D aa’dv Arabva and
‘ur a’ls a‘a‘rs srn‘ dona‘vons, ‘ur sormrr tvffvnt $166
mvllvon vn v‘s firs‘ ‘rancurN ‘ur llL promvsrd $D6 mvllvon vn
rrs’trr assvs‘ancrN Luvna savd v‘ backrd kakvs‘an ‘atavns‘
sorrvtn attrrssvon and vn‘rrsrrrncr’ and, vn onr os ‘ur
morr vmprobablr drffrlopmrn‘s os ‘ur rra, la‘rr rrcrvffrd
vndvrrc‘ LcA s’ndvnt sor proffvsvon os wrapons ‘o ‘ur
srrrdom fitu‘rrs, ‘ur m’wauvdrrnN dapan svtnrd a $56
mvllvon avd packatr and taffr $1B5 mvllvon sor ‘ur rrs’trr
protrammrN ‘ur world was bra‘vnt pa‘us ‘o Zva’s doorB bur
rconomy os kakvs‘an, vn rrasonablr suapr b’‘ alrrady
skrwrd by s’cu fiscal s’bsvdvrs as ‘ur rarnvnts os kakvs‘anv
workrrs vn ‘ur a’ls, was p’‘ rffrn s’r‘urr o’‘ os kvl‘rr by
‘ursr dona‘vons, and by an o’‘flow os capv‘al ca’srd by srar
os ‘ur R’ssvan prrsrncrB c‘ vs now known ‘‘ua‘ ‘ur lradrrs
os ‘ur aoffvr‘ cnvon nrffrr wan‘rd ‘o vnffadr or occ’py
Astuanvs‘an’,19 b’‘ ‘ur sac‘ rrmavns ‘ua‘ ‘ury dvd occ’py v‘B
And so sar as mos‘ os ‘ur rrs‘ os ‘ur world was concrrnrd
‘ur sv‘’a‘von was traffr, sor wua‘ o‘urr soffrrrvtn co’n‘ry
mvtu‘ br vnffadrd by a s‘rontrr powrr vn ‘ur s’‘’rrH
bur arrffvcrs brnrfi‘rd trra‘ly srom ‘ur q’an‘v‘vrs os
monry and wrapons ‘ua‘ brtan arrvffvnt vn ‘ur rarly 1aC6sB
kakvs‘anv officrrs wrrr oncr atavn wrlcomr vn ‘ur ca sor
brvrfints, ‘ravnvnt, and ffvsv‘s concrrnrd wv‘u proffvsvon and
’sr os wrapons and vn‘rllvtrncrB bur ‘urra‘ os ‘rrrorvsm (as
m’cu srom ‘ur Al Z’lfiqar ortanvza‘von1: as srom across ‘ur
bordrr0 bro’tu‘ a hrv‘vsu ‘ram os ‘mo’n‘avnrrrs’ ‘o vns‘r’c‘
‘ur aprcval arrffvcrs aro’p vn somr os ‘ur arcanr skvlls
rmployrd by hrv‘avn’s co’n‘rrA‘rrrorvs‘ rxprr‘sB15 Zva rffrn
wrn‘ ‘o ‘ur ca ‘o uaffr ‘alks wv‘u gr Lar‘rr vn Yc‘obrr
1aC6, and a yrar la‘rr grs bua‘curr ffvsv‘rd kakvs‘an and
rrcordrd ‘ua‘ ‘kakvs‘an’s was an ’ns’nt s‘ory os urrovsm,
‘akvnt vn u’ndrrds os ‘uo’sands os rrs’trrs and bordrrvnt
‘ur world’s trra‘rs‘ mvlv‘ary powrr BBB vs kakvs‘an was ‘o
s‘and as a b’lwark atavns‘ comm’nvsm v‘ wo’ld nrrd s‘vll
morr urlp srom ‘ur srs‘B‘1A (grs bua‘curr dvd no‘ lvkr
Zva,17 b’‘ urr s’ppor‘ sor uvm was ‘o brar sr’v‘ d’rvnt ‘ur
Oalklands Lampavtn, wurn ur rrs’srd ‘o srll lxocr‘
mvssvlrs ‘o Artrn‘vna vn spv‘r os approacurs by c‘aly wuvcu
was s’pposrdly an ally os ‘ur cTB0 surn krrsvdrn‘ Rratan
rn‘rrrd ‘ur suv‘r oo’sr vn dan’ary 1aC1, ‘urrr was a
s’rtr vn s’ppor‘ and rsprcvally vn proffvsvon os mvlv‘ary
rq’vpmrn‘, vncl’dvnt OA1A avrcras‘, m’cu ‘o ‘ur ffrxa‘von os
cndvaB1C bur LcA, accordvnt ‘o hrvtadvrr gouammad Yo’sas
os ‘ur Astuan Lrll vn cac, ‘s’ppor‘rd ‘ur g’wauvdrrn by
sprndvnt ‘ur Amrrvcan ‘axpayrrs’ monry, bvllvons os dollars
os v‘ offrr ‘ur yrars, on b’yvnt arms, amm’nv‘von and
rq’vpmrn‘ BBB A uvtu propor‘von os LcA avd was vn ‘ur sorm
os casuB Oor rffrry dollar s’pplvrd by ‘ur ca, ano‘urr was
addrd by ‘ur aa’dv Arabvan toffrrnmrn‘B’1a kakvs‘an was
s’ll os dollars, vn‘rrna‘vonal toodwvll, spooks os all na‘vons,
and amazrmrn‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur world s’ddrnly srrmrd ‘o carr
abo’‘ wua‘ was tovnt on vn ‘urvr co’n‘ry and ‘o v‘s wrs‘B
 
bur kakvs‘an Army uad prod’crd plans, yrars brsorr, ‘o
‘akr acco’n‘ os a ‘urra‘ srom ‘ur wrs‘ (vn addv‘von ‘o ‘ur
’nrndvnt onr srom ‘ur ‘rvbrs0B bursr vnffolffrd posv‘vonvnt
os ar‘vllrry and armo’rrd ’nv‘s vn Nor‘u srs‘ Oron‘vrr
kroffvncr and halocuvs‘an, and rrvnsorcrmrn‘ srom ‘ur
g’l‘anAbasrd ‘s‘rvkr sorcr’ – rffrn wrrr ‘urrr a conc’rrrn‘
‘urra‘ srom cndva – and crra‘von os a corps ol vn l’r‘‘a,
wuvcu was ’ndrr‘akrnB cs ‘ur aoffvr‘s crossrd ‘ur bordrr,
‘ur ‘ac‘vcal plan was ‘o uold ‘ur Tuybrr and holan passrs
and ‘urn s‘rvkr vn‘o Astuanvs‘an wv‘u sprcval sorcrs and
tro’ndAa‘‘ack avrcras‘B (burrr uad brrn a rrq’rs‘ sor
proffvsvon os Lr’sadrr avrcras‘ on kakvs‘an’s wvsu lvs‘ sor a
lont ‘vmr b’‘ ‘ur ca wo’ld no‘ s’pply ‘urmB bury uad
brrn par‘ os ‘ur offrr by krrsvdrn‘ Oord as a q’vd pro q’o
sor atrrrvnt ‘o crasr n’clrar wrapons drffrlopmrn‘, b’‘
Lar‘rr wv‘udrrw ‘ur carro‘B0D6 bur rrs‘ os ‘ur army wo’ld
uaffr ‘vmr ‘o drploy wrs‘wards and wo’ld br ablr ‘o uold
‘ur adffancrB lnrmy avr a‘‘ack vn ‘ur passrs wo’ld br
s’vcvdal a‘ low lrffrl and vnrffrc‘vffr srom uvtu al‘v‘’drB
A‘‘rmp‘s a‘ o’‘flankvnt wo’ld br dral‘ wv‘u by amb’su,
w’s‘ as ‘ury uad brrn by ‘ur ‘rvbrs vn ‘ur days os ‘ur
hrv‘vsuB burrr was ‘o br no rrlvancr placrd on sorrvtn
‘roops or avrcras‘B kakvs‘an wo’ld br on v‘s own and co’ld
uandlr ma‘‘rrs nvcrly, proffvdrd v‘ uad ‘ur rq’vpmrn‘B buvs
‘vmr, os co’rsr, v‘ co’ld br ass’rrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur s’pply os sparr
par‘s wo’ld no‘ br c’‘ offB
bur Amrrvcans uad a plan, ‘ooB ca sorcrs wrrr ‘o br
vnffolffrd, b’‘ v‘ vs no‘ known srom wurrr and uow q’vckly
‘ury wo’ld comr, ‘ur closrs‘ ‘roops o‘urr ‘uan garvnrs
brvnt vn arrmanyB bur aoffvr‘s wrrr ‘o br prrmv‘‘rd ‘o
adffancr ‘uro’tu ‘ur passrs and ‘o ‘san o’‘’ on ‘ur plavns,
wurrr ‘ury wo’ld ‘urn br drsra‘rd by offrrwurlmvnt ca
mvlv‘ary mvtu‘B c‘ vs no‘ known wur‘urr ‘ur kakvs‘anvs wrrr
officvally vnsormrd os ‘uvsBD1 c‘ vs do’b‘s’l vs ‘ur MgY vn ‘ur
rarly 1aC6s wo’ld uaffr pavd m’cu a‘‘rn‘von ‘o s’cu a
scrnarvo, o‘urr ‘uan, wv‘u cuarac‘rrvs‘vc polv‘rnrss, ‘o
‘uank ‘ur Amrrvcans sor s’cu orvtvnal ‘uo’tu‘B Zva ‘uankrd
‘ur Amrrvcans sor ‘urvr lartrssr and la’turd ’p uvs slrrffr
abo’‘ ‘urvr cuantr os polvcyB bur drsrncr sorcrs os kakvs‘an
vncrrasrd vn svzr, capabvlv‘y and crrdvbvlv‘yB bur mvdA1aC6s
saw a rrmarkablr cuantr vn all ‘urrr, b’‘, all ‘ur samr, onr
uad rrsrrffa‘vons abo’‘ ‘ur rffrc‘vffrnrss os collrc‘vffr
‘ravnvnt and ‘ur q’alv‘y os lradrrsuvpB a‘a‘vs‘vcs coffrrvnt
‘ur drcadr suow ‘ur dvffrrrncr vn uoldvntsM

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ao’rcrsM basrd on ccaa, TZs M[l[tarl 7alaacs
, amrndrd by la‘rr vnsorma‘vonB
bur kakvs‘an gvlv‘ary Acadrmy vncrrasrd v‘s vn‘akr b’‘ uad
‘o lowrr v‘s s‘andards vn q’alv‘y os vns‘r’c‘ors and ‘ur
rd’ca‘vonal s‘andard os rn‘ran‘sB lxpansvon os ‘ur army
mran‘ m’cu morr ‘uan a mrrr vncrrasr vn q’an‘v‘vrs os
adffancrd wraponsM v‘ rrq’vrrd morr officrrs and soldvrrs,
os co’rsr, b’‘ v‘ drmandrd a commrns’ra‘r vmproffrmrn‘
vn ‘rcunvcal skvlls, wuvcu drprndrd on an rd’ca‘von basr
kakvs‘an dvd no‘ possrssB bur ld’ca‘von Lorps was uard
prrssrd ‘o krrp ’p wv‘u vns‘r’c‘von vn lntlvsu, ‘ur
lant’atr nrrdrd sor ’ndrrs‘andvnt sorrvtn man’als and
sor comm’nvca‘von a‘ uvturr lrffrlsB Ynr os Zva’s morr
dvsas‘ro’s prvorv‘vrs was ‘ur ’sr os crd’ as ‘ur na‘vonal
lant’atrB lntlvsu was ‘o br downtradrdB Rrtvonal
lant’atrs wrrr ‘o br acknowlrdtrd, b’‘ crd’ was ‘o br
paramo’n‘B Rrmons‘ra‘von was ’srlrss so sar as Zva was
concrrnrdB or was as uappy vn crd’ as ur was vn lntlvsu
and savlrd ‘o trasp, or prruaps dvdn’‘ wan‘ ‘o trasp, ‘ur
vmplvca‘von os ‘ur commrn‘ by Mr ABlB Tuan, ‘ur nowA
dvstracrd n’clrar rxprr‘, wuo vs savd ‘o uaffr obsrrffrd ‘ua‘
‘urrr wrrr srw ‘rx‘books abo’‘ n’clrar ‘rcunoloty wrv‘‘rn
vn crd’B (Ynr os Zva’s doc‘ors ‘old ‘ur a’‘uor ‘ua‘ ur
mrn‘vonrd ‘ua‘ ‘urrr wrrrn’‘ many mrdvcal books vn crd’,
rv‘urr, b’‘ Zva w’s‘ tr’n‘rdB0 ovturr rd’ca‘von vn kakvs‘an
was sr‘ back consvdrrably by ‘ur vn‘rod’c‘von os ‘crd’A
mrdv’m’ scuools ‘ua‘ rmpuasvzrd rrlvtvo’s vns‘r’c‘vonB c‘
brcamr no‘vcrablr vn ‘ur 1aa6s ‘ua‘ many cadr‘s rn‘rrvnt
‘ur arrffvcr acadrmvrs rrq’vrrd coacuvnt vn lntlvsu (w’s‘ as
‘ury do, ’nsor‘’na‘rly, vn somr srs‘rrn collrtrs and
’nvffrrsv‘vrs0B
bur army co’ld no‘ br dvrrc‘rd proprrly wv‘u only a srw
corps uradq’ar‘rrsB burrr was a lvmv‘ ‘o uow many
dvffvsvons co’ld br commandrd by a svntlr ol or br ’ndrr
rffrc‘vffr dvrrc‘ command srom aolB ho‘u wars uad suown
‘ua‘ arrantrmrn‘s wrrr vnadrq’a‘rB lxpansvon wo’ld
rxacrrba‘r dvffic’l‘vrs vs morr uradq’ar‘rrs wrrr no‘
ravsrdB cn ‘ur la‘r 1a76s ‘uvs was brt’n and ‘ur army
trad’ally drffrloprd a morr balancrd s‘r’c‘’rrB c‘ was
nrcrssary ‘o ‘akr acco’n‘ os ‘ur ‘urra‘ srom ‘ur aoffvr‘s ‘o
‘ur wrs‘, b’‘ plannrrs rralvzrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur drsrncr os Taracuv
and ‘ur ro’‘rs lvnkvnt ‘ur vnd’s‘rval crn‘rrs os kakvs‘an
wv‘u v‘s only por‘ m’s‘ br tvffrn trra‘rr prvorv‘y ‘uan uad
uv‘urr‘o ob‘avnrdB bur cndvans uad do’b‘lrss lrarnrd ‘urvr
lrsson and, vs ‘urrr wrrr ano‘urr war, v‘ co’ld no‘ br
rxprc‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘ur savl’rr vn 1a71 os cndva’s 11 and 1D
Mvffvsvons vn ‘ur wrs‘rrn ‘ura‘rr ‘o prrss ‘urvr adffan‘atr
wo’ld br rrpra‘rdB cn any rffrn‘, cndva’s ao’‘urrn
Lommand uad brrn offrrua’lrd and was br‘‘rr ortanvzrd
‘o cond’c‘ offrnsvffr oprra‘vonsB c‘ was no‘ rno’tu sor
kakvs‘an ‘o uaffr only an vncomplr‘r dvffvsvon ‘o uold ‘ur
so’‘urrn src‘orB burrr uad ‘o br morr ‘roops and a uvturr
ol ‘o command ‘urm and ‘o ac‘ vndrprndrn‘ly os aol vs
nrcrssaryB banks srom ‘ur ca and ‘ur workuorsr bypr 5as
srom Luvna prrmv‘‘rd ‘ur sorma‘von os morr armo’rrd
rrtvmrn‘s, and kakvs‘an complrmrn‘rd sorrvtn wrapons by
tvffvnt rmpuasvs ‘o vndvtrno’s prod’c‘von os small arms
’ndrr lvcrncr (s’cu as ‘ur arrman a9 rvflr0 and
man’sac‘’rr os amm’nv‘vonB
bur vnfl’x os wrapons uad many rffrc‘s on kakvs‘an,
wuvcu uad nrffrr brrn a co’n‘ry wurrr ‘ur carryvnt os arms
was ’n’s’al, rsprcvally vn ‘ur brvbal Arras and Nor‘u srs‘
Oron‘vrr kroffvncr vn trnrralB tartr s‘ocks os small arms
and o‘urr wrapons wrrr b’vl‘ ’p, wv‘u s’v‘ablr q’an‘v‘vrs
os amm’nv‘von, by many ‘rvbrs and tro’psB bur Astuan
sac‘vons vncrrasrd ‘urvr armo’rvrs, wv‘u somr wrapons
brvnt ’srd atavns‘ ‘ur aoffvr‘s and ‘ur Tab’l rrtvmr, b’‘
many brvnt s‘ockpvlrd sor ’sr atavns‘ racu o‘urr wurn ‘ur
day camr ‘ua‘ ‘ur aoffvr‘s lrs‘ Astuanvs‘an and ‘ur rral
fitu‘ sor con‘rol os ‘ur co’n‘ry wo’ld brtvnB bur Al Z’lfiqar
ortanvza‘von ob‘avnrd wrapons, ‘oo, vncl’dvnt an aAA7
suo’ldrrAfirrd an‘vAavrcras‘ mvssvlr wuvcu was ’srd on 7
Orbr’ary 1aCD atavns‘ a Oalcon avrcras‘ w’s‘ as‘rr ‘akrAoff
srom cslamabadCRawalpvndvBDD c‘ was carryvnt Zva, wuo was
’nprr‘’rbrd abo’‘ ‘ur a‘‘rmp‘ on uvs lvsr b’‘ dvsconcrr‘rd
‘ua‘ a mvssvlr co’ld br la’ncurd so closr ‘o ‘ur avrpor‘B
aomr wvld r’mo’rs flrw ro’nd a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr as Zva was loa‘u
‘o uaffr ‘ur vncvdrn‘ p’blvcvzrd, yr‘ ordrrrd vmproffrmrn‘s
vn src’rv‘y wuvcu wrrr vmplrmrn‘rd wv‘uo’‘ rxplana‘vonB
gorr aAA7s wrrr dvscoffrrrd la‘rr, vncl’dvnt ‘wo vn a
prvffa‘r uo’sr vn tauorrB kakvs‘an was brcomvnt an rffrr
morr dantrro’s placr, co’r‘rsy os srs‘rrn, Luvnrsr and
aa’dv s’ppor‘ sor ‘ur war atavns‘ ‘ur aoffvr‘s vn
Astuanvs‘anB
Yn 1A dan’ary 1aC9, ‘ur firs‘ ‘urrr OA1As arrvffrd, a
symbol os ca commv‘mrn‘ ‘o kakvs‘an, vrrrsprc‘vffr os ‘ur
na‘’rr os ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ vn placrB buvs s’ppor‘ was a
ma‘‘rr os concrrn no‘ only ‘o cndva b’‘ ‘o ‘ur opposv‘von
polv‘vcal par‘vrs wuvcu uad sormrd an allvancr namrd ‘ur
goffrmrn‘ sor ‘ur Rrs‘ora‘von os Mrmocracy (gRM0B bury
uad uoprd ‘ua‘ ‘ur Zva rrtvmr wo’ld no‘ rrcrvffr so m’cu
backvnt, b’‘ rrckonrd wv‘uo’‘ rralpolv‘vkB Zva was vn‘rn‘ on
rr‘avnvnt powrr sor somr yrars ‘o comr, b’‘ was also
‘ryvnt ‘o comr ‘o ‘rrms wv‘u ‘ranssormvnt mar‘val law vn‘o
a rrtvmr morr akvn ‘o cvffvlvan r’lrB buvs was vmpossvblr, as
hu’‘‘o uad dvscoffrrrdB c‘ uad ‘o br onr ‘uvnt or ‘ur o‘urrB
Oor kakvs‘an ‘urrr was no mvddlr wayN no possvbvlv‘y os
mrldvnt ‘ur cvffvl vnsras‘r’c‘’rr and ‘ur mvlv‘ary r‘uos on
‘ur lvnrs os cndonrsva, ‘o wuvcu Zva was drawn, b’‘ rralvzrd
was vmprac‘vcablr vn kakvs‘an (and rffrn‘’ally proffrd
’ns’ccrsss’l vn cndonrsva0B ao ur ‘vnkrrrd wv‘u al‘rrna‘vffrs
and anno’ncrd a ‘urrrApuasr protrammr os rlrc‘vonsM
m’nvcvpal vn 1aC9N proffvncval ‘ur nrx‘ yrarN and srdrral vn
garcu 1aC5B bur problrm was ‘ua‘ ‘ur gRM was rxcl’drd
srom ‘akvnt par‘ as v‘ uad brrn drclarrd an vllrtal
ortanvza‘vonB Mvs‘’rbancrs brtan vn A’t’s‘, and an‘vA
toffrrnmrn‘ rallvrs wrrr urld ‘uro’tuo’‘ ‘ur co’n‘ry
rrs’l‘vnt vn srffrral u’ndrrd dra‘us (officval fit’rr svx‘yA
onr0 and ‘ur vmprvsonmrn‘ os ‘uo’sands os drmons‘ra‘ors
and polv‘vcal ac‘vffvs‘s, mavnly os ‘ur kkk, wuosr lradrr,
hrnazvr hu’‘‘o, callrd on ‘ur army ‘o offrr‘urow ‘ur
krrsvdrn‘B buvs ca’srd Zva, vn a dvsplay os srffrrv‘y (and
suowvnt a lack os ’ndrrs‘andvnt os ‘ur co’n‘ry a‘ lartr0, ‘o
ban polv‘vcal ac‘vffv‘y by ‘ur kkk sor a s’r‘urr ‘rn yrarsB h’‘
vn spv‘r os ‘ur ffvolrncr rnco’ratrd by ‘ur kkk, ‘urrr was
consvdrrablr domrs‘vc sa‘vssac‘von wv‘u ‘ur Zva rrtvmrB
rrry many kakvs‘anvs wrrr rnwoyvnt prosprrv‘y s’cu as ‘ury
uad nrffrr known brsorr, m’cu os v‘ rntrndrrrd by ‘ur
spvnAoff srom ‘ur Astuan war and ‘ur brnrfi‘s accr’rd srom
aa’dv approffal os Zva’s ‘urocra‘vc approacu ‘o toffrrnmrn‘B
No‘ only wrrr ‘urrr s’bs‘an‘val s’bsvdvrs wv‘u no s‘rvnts
a‘‘acurd, b’‘ kakvs‘anv workrrs wrrr rmployrd vn lartr
n’mbrrs ‘uro’tuo’‘ ‘ur Tvntdom, addvnt ‘o an alrrady
vncrrasvnt flow os casu srom ‘ur rx‘rnsvffr kakvs‘anv
dvasporaB burrr was also a kakvs‘an mvlv‘ary prrsrncr vn
aa’dv Arabva wuvcu trrw ‘o offrr ‘wo dvffvsvons, somr
:6,666 mrnB
ao sar as ‘ur ca was concrrnrd, Zva was vn a svmvlar
posv‘von ‘o Nvxon’s Yauya TuanB Mrsrrrncr and dvtnv‘y wrrr
‘ur krywordsB or was brvnt ‘rra‘rd as a world fit’rr, an
vmpor‘an‘ prrsonatr vn vn‘rrna‘vonal rrla‘vonsB arcrr‘ary os
a‘a‘r arortr au’l‘z rrco’n‘s vn uvs book Turmb[l aar
Tr[umcZ ‘ua‘ ur mr‘ Zva vn Mrluv a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr os cndvra
aanduv’s s’nrral, ‘urn a‘ Lurrnrnko’s vn garcu 1aC5M ‘bur
ffvcr prrsvdrn‘ and c ffvsv‘rd krrsvdrn‘ Zva’ and a‘ ‘ur
s’nrral v‘srls, ‘c s‘ood brsvdr Zva and Yaq’b Tuan os
kakvs‘an ‘o suow o’r ’nv‘y vn opposv‘von ‘o aoffvr‘
occ’pa‘von os Astuanvs‘anB’ buvs wo’ld ‘’rn ‘ur urad os
mos‘ buvrd sorld r’lrrsB c‘ dvd no‘ ‘’rn Zva’sB or knrw
rxac‘ly ‘ur mo‘vffa‘von os ‘ur ca, and v‘ crr‘avnly was no‘ ‘o
s’ppor‘ kakvs‘an brca’sr os sympa‘uy sor a drffrlopvnt
na‘vonB or uad srrn uow Amrrvcan polvcy ‘owards uvs
co’n‘ry uad cuantrd offrr ‘ur yrarsB or was tra‘rs’l sor
‘ur avd and ac‘’ally lvkrd ‘ur s‘ylr os many Amrrvcans, b’‘
knrw v‘ co’ld rnd ‘ur momrn‘ ‘ur ca crasrd ‘o br
concrrnrd abo’‘ R’ssva’s ac‘vffv‘vrs vn ‘ur rrtvonB
bur naffy and avr sorcr sacrd morr problrms wv‘u ‘ur
vn‘rod’c‘von os nrw sys‘rms ‘uan dvd ‘ur armyB burrr wrrr
adffancrd dr‘rc‘von drffvcrs fi‘‘rd vn ‘ur naffy’s s’rffrvllancr
avrcras‘ and vn ‘ur OA1As, wuosr radar was ‘ur mos‘ ’p ‘o
da‘r vn ‘ur world (and ‘o wuosr proffvsvon ‘ur caAO
obwrc‘rd b’‘ was offrrr’lrd0B bur Orrncu gvratr rs wrrr
rq’vpprd wv‘u lxocr‘ mvssvlrs, and oarpoons wrrr
proffvdrd by ‘ur caB burrr uad ‘o br rxpansvon os
‘rcunvcvan ‘ravnvnt and many wrrr ‘ravnrd offrrsras, b’‘
rffrn wv‘u ‘uvs assvs‘ancr ‘urrr was s‘ravn placrd on
sacvlv‘vrs and ‘ravnvnt sys‘rmsB
cndva was worrvrd abo’‘ all ‘uvs nrw ‘rcunolotyB bur sac‘
‘ua‘ aoffvr‘ avrcras‘ wrrr ffvola‘vnt kakvs‘an’s ‘rrrv‘ory was
nrv‘urr urrr nor ‘urrr so sar as cndva was concrrnrdM Nrw
Mrluv consvdrrrd ‘ua‘ addv‘vons ‘o or vmproffrmrn‘ vn
kakvs‘an’s mvlv‘ary uardwarr prrsrn‘rd an vncrrasrd ‘urra‘
‘o cndvaB And ‘ua‘ povn‘ os ffvrw was rrasonablrB Al‘uo’tu
‘urrr was brllvtrrrncr on ‘ur par‘ os cndva (rsprcvally
d’rvnt Rawvff aanduv’s rlrc‘von campavtn vn la‘r 1aC:0, and
wuvlr v‘ was brcomvnt an rffrr morr closr assocva‘r os ‘ur
caaR, wuvcu was s‘vll prrcrvffrd as ‘ur attrrssor ra‘urr
‘uan an ’nwvllvnt par‘vcvpan‘ vn ‘ur Astuan mêlér, v‘ was
apparrn‘ ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an’s army vmproffrmrn‘s wrrr trra‘rr
‘uan co’ld br w’s‘vfird by aoffvr‘ adffrn‘’rvsm – al‘uo’tu vn
1aCA ‘ur aoffvr‘s uad somr D56 comba‘ avrcras‘ and 1:6
a‘‘ack urlvcop‘rrs vn Astuanvs‘anBD9 burrr was an vncrrasr
vn army s‘rrnt‘u vn halocuvs‘an and somr ’ptradvnt os
capabvlv‘vrs vn Nor‘u srs‘ Oron‘vrr kroffvncr, b’‘ mos‘
vmproffrmrn‘s wrrr ‘akvnt placr vn k’nwab and avndu, on
‘ur bordrr wv‘u cndvaB tv‘‘lr wondrr cndva was worrvrdN b’‘
v‘ compo’ndrd v‘s srars by vncrrasvnt v‘s own mvlv‘ary
capabvlv‘vrs, wuvcu ca’srd kakvs‘an and v‘s srs‘rrn backrrs
‘o br rffrn morr s’spvcvo’s abo’‘ v‘s vn‘rn‘vons and ‘uosr os
v‘s aoffvr‘ ally, sor s’cu ‘ur caaR was prrcrvffrd ‘o brB
cn spv‘r os gs hu’‘‘o’s rnco’ratrmrn‘ ‘o rvsr ’p and
drposr Zva ‘ur army as a wuolr rrmavnrd loyal ‘o ‘ur
krrsvdrn‘ (wuo was also Luvrs os ‘ur Army a‘affN suadrs os
la‘rr yrars0, al‘uo’tu ‘urrr wrrr somr problrmsB burrr
uad brrn arrrs‘s os srffrral officrrs vn dan’ary 1aC:
sollowvnt a suoo‘vnt vncvdrn‘ vn tauorr Lan‘onmrn‘, and
‘ur army was worrvrd ‘ua‘ urr call ‘o offrr‘urow ‘ur rrtvmr
mvtu‘ br urrdrd, rsprcvally by yo’ntrr officrrsB cn somr
casrs v‘ apprarrd ‘ua‘ ‘uvs was soB arffrral officrrs uad
urard ‘ury wrrr ‘o br arrrs‘rd on 9 dan’ary and manatrd
‘o lraffr ‘ur co’n‘ry, prruaps wv‘u ‘ur urlp os ‘ur Al
Z’lfiqar ortanvza‘von (wuvcu uad con‘ac‘s amont ‘ur kcA
s‘affD: vn cslamabad and Taracuv avrpor‘s0, b’‘ o‘urrs wrrr
dr‘rc‘rd and a srw a‘‘rmp‘rd ‘o fitu‘ v‘ o’‘B All apprar ‘o
uaffr brrn w’nvor officrrs, b’‘ ‘ury uad rrcrvffrd
rnco’ratrmrn‘ srom somr srnvor fit’rrs wuosr
vnffolffrmrn‘ co’ld no‘ br complr‘rly proffrdB arffrral wrrr
‘rvrd by co’r‘ mar‘val and srrffrd ‘urvr srn‘rncrs vn A‘‘ock
mvlv‘ary prvsonB Y‘urrs wrrr rnco’ratrd ‘o q’v‘ ‘ur
srrffvcrB Zva rrmavnrd vn powrr A ‘urra‘rnrd by kkkCgRM
rx‘rrmvs‘sN s’spvcvo’s os somr os uvs officrrs (rsprcvally vn
‘ur avr sorcr0N d’bvo’s as ‘o uow ur suo’ld con‘vn’r ‘o
toffrrn ‘ur co’n‘ryN cons’srd by ‘ur rrlvtvo’s polv‘vcal
par‘vrs’ savlvnt ‘o tvffr uvm ‘ur s’ppor‘ ur uad rxprc‘rdN
wary os prrmv‘‘vnt polv‘vcal ac‘vffv‘y lrs‘ v‘ tr‘ o’‘ os uandN
and worrvrd abo’‘ ‘ur rnormo’s n’mbrr os Astuan
rrs’trrs wv‘uvn ‘ur co’n‘ryB or uad no‘ los‘ uvs srnsr os
u’mo’r, uowrffrrB Yn onr occasvon ur uad ‘o fly ‘o aa’dv
Arabva a‘ suor‘ no‘vcr ‘o art’r ‘ua‘ ‘ur kakvs‘an Army
con‘vntrn‘’s auva g’slvms suo’ld br prrmv‘‘rd ‘o srrffr vn
‘ur TvntdomBD5 bur dvploma‘vc corps wrrr prrsrn‘ ‘o bvd
uvm sarrwrll, as wrrr ‘ur mos‘ srnvor officrrs, onr os
wuom, ‘o uvs s’rprvsr and no‘ ‘o uvs drlvtu‘, uad brrn
appovn‘rd ‘o ac‘ as Luvrs gar‘val taw Admvnvs‘ra‘or vn
Zva’s absrncrB hrvtadvrr gBAB M’rranv,DA Zva’s srnvor avdr,
wa‘curd ‘ur avrcras‘ ‘akr off and, as ‘ur wurrls lrs‘ ‘ur
tro’nd, ‘’rnrd ‘o ‘ur ac‘vnt LgtA, Admvral bBTB Tuan,D7
sal’‘rd, and askrd sor ordrrsB ‘Au,’ savd bT, ‘c’ffr only to‘
onrM krouvbv‘von vs rrpralrd a‘ oncrB’ Zva urard ‘ur s‘ory, os
co’rsr, b’‘ vn spv‘r os uvs an‘vAalcouol s‘ancr ur la’turd
abo’‘ v‘ and nrffrr lr‘ v‘ vn‘rrsrrr wv‘u uvs dralvnts wv‘u uvs
Naffy LuvrsB
 
Zva uad a lo‘ on uvs pla‘r vn ‘ur mvdA1aC6s, vncl’dvnt ‘ur
cndvan occ’pa‘von os avacurn, vn wua‘ uad brrn rrtardrd
as kakvs‘anAcon‘rollrd ‘rrrv‘oryB gos‘ car‘otrapurrs uad
drawn ‘ur tvnr os Lon‘rol as rx‘rndvnt ‘o ‘ur Tarakoram
kass lradvnt ‘o Luvna, and mo’n‘avnrrrs wvsuvnt ‘o
a‘‘rmp‘ praks s’r‘urr nor‘u wrn‘ ‘uro’tu cslamabad ra‘urr
‘uan Mrluv ‘o ob‘avn clrarancrB buvs apprarrd ‘o ffrx grs
aanduvB
As sorrsuadowrd, an cndvan sorcr adffancrd srom tadaku
‘o ‘ur nor‘urrn rnd os ‘ur avacurn alacvrr vn ‘ur sprvnt os
1aC:, ‘urrr uaffvnt brrn a lodtrmrn‘ ‘ur prrffvo’s yrarB
Nrw Mrluv co’ld uaffr madr a rrasonablr casr vn
vn‘rrna‘vonal law sor a clavm on ‘ur rrtvon, b’‘ cuosr ‘o ’sr
sorcr ra‘urr ‘uan nrto‘va‘vonB c‘s atrrrmrn‘ a‘ avmla —
‘bua‘ ‘ur ‘wo co’n‘rvrs arr rrsolffrd ‘o sr‘‘lr ‘urvr
dvffrrrncrs by pracrs’l mrans’ – was apparrn‘ly ann’llrd
by con‘rmporary consvdrra‘vons wuosr ’rtrncy and
rssrn‘valv‘y uaffr nrffrr brrn sa‘vssac‘orvly rxplavnrdB
cndva’s clavm was basrd on ‘ur sac‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur tvnr os Lon‘rol
rndrd, as atrrrd by rrprrsrn‘a‘vffrs os cndva and kakvs‘an,
a‘ arvd Rrsrrrncr Nd aC6:D6, ‘urrr brvnt no s’r‘urr
drlvnra‘von vn any dvrrc‘vonB cndva camr ‘o consvdrr, rlrffrn
yrars as‘rr atrrrvnt wv‘u kakvs‘an abo’‘ ‘ur tvnr os
Lon‘rol, ‘ua‘ brca’sr ‘urrr was no sormal accord
toffrrnvnt ‘ur barrrn lands br‘wrrn ‘ur rnd os ‘ur tvnr
and ‘ur Tarakoram kass, ‘ur arra suo’ld brlont ‘o cndvaB
No a‘‘rmp‘ was madr ‘o rn‘rr ‘ur con‘vt’o’s Aksav Luvn
arra occ’pvrd by Luvnrsr sorcrsB
Ys somr consrq’rncr vn ‘ur cndvan posv‘von – uad v‘ brrn
drcvdrd ‘o sollow dvplomacy ra‘urr ‘uan ‘akr mvlv‘ary
ac‘von – wo’ld uaffr brrn ‘ur sac‘ ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an and Luvna
concl’drd an atrrrmrn‘ on D garcu 1aA9 concrrnvnt
drmarca‘von os ‘rrrv‘ory br‘wrrn tvnwvant kroffvncr and
kakvs‘anAcon‘rollrd Tasumvr, a srnsvblr arrantrmrn‘ ‘o
wuvcu cndva ‘ook rxcrp‘von a‘ ‘ur ‘vmrBDC c‘ co’ld br art’rd
wv‘u somr rrason ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an and Luvna uad no rvtu‘ ‘o
appor‘von ‘rrrv‘ory ‘o racu o‘urr (1,956 sq’arr mvlrs ‘o
kakvs‘anN D,656 ‘o Luvna0 wuvlr somr os v‘ was vn dvsp’‘r
wv‘u a ‘uvrd par‘yB A casr co’ld uaffr brrn madr sor
adw’dvca‘von by ‘ur cn‘rrna‘vonal Lo’r‘ os d’s‘vcr, or rffrn
by an vndrprndrn‘ body os assrssors, b’‘ cndva, svncr ‘ur
drcvsvon os ‘ur ‘rvb’nal concrrnvnt ‘ur Rann os T’‘cu vn
1aAC, uas rrsvs‘rd mrdva‘von or ‘tood officrs’ vn‘rndrd ‘o
drs’sr ‘rnsvon vn ‘ur s’bcon‘vnrn‘B Ynr cndvan art’mrn‘
was ‘ua‘M

bur s‘ra‘rtvc bvbr‘Aavnkvant road passrs ‘uro’tu

‘rrrv‘ory cap‘’rrd by Luvna ras‘ os avacurnB
Nor‘uwards wr uaffr ‘ur nrw road srom kakvs‘an
tovnt ‘uro’tu ‘ur Tu’nwrrab kassB bursr sorm a
noosr ro’nd cndva’s w’t’larB cs ‘ury ‘ook avacurn
‘ury wo’ld br uoldvnt a dattrr ‘o o’r backs vn ‘ur
N’bra rallryBDa

burrr vs no povn‘ vn rxamvnvnt ‘uvs con‘rn‘von (by a

trnrral, alas0, as anyonr knowvnt any‘uvnt abo’‘ ‘ur
rrtvon wo’ld rvdvc’lr v‘B
 bur avacurn dvsp’‘r con‘vn’rd, wv‘u many cas’al‘vrs on
bo‘u svdrs, mos‘ ca’srd by rrspvra‘ory avlmrn‘s, sros‘bv‘r,
affalancurs, crrffassrs and losvnt srnsr os dvrrc‘von vn
wuv‘rAo’‘sB ‘sr ‘akr avacurn as a ‘rs‘ casr,’ savd onr
s’ppor‘rr os cndva’s ‘ur’s‘B ‘sr wan‘ ‘o assrr‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur
cndvan s‘ra‘rtvc doc‘rvnr os ‘ur C6s tors way bryond ‘ur
docvlv‘y os ‘ur 56s and A6s, ‘ua‘ v‘ vs no lontrr possvblr ‘o
tnaw a‘ o’r sar fl’nt ‘rrrv‘orvrs and ‘urn tr‘ away wv‘u no
morr ‘uan filvb’s‘ry a‘ ‘ur cnv‘rd Na‘vonsB’96 bur cos‘ ‘o
bo‘u co’n‘rvrs uas brrn rnormo’s vn lvffrs and monryB
cndvan drsrncr a‘‘acurs aro’nd ‘ur world wrrr ‘askrd ‘o
b’y slrrpvnt bats, uvtuAal‘v‘’dr ‘rn‘s, boo‘s, clo‘uvnt and
snow ffruvclrsB kakvs‘an was morr sor‘’na‘rM v‘ uad m’cu
coldAwra‘urr trar vn s‘orr and rrcrvffrd morr srom srvrndly
na‘vonsB cns‘r’c‘ors vn mo’n‘avn warsarr camr ‘o kakvs‘an,
and kakvs‘anv officrrs and soldvrrs wrn‘ ‘o ‘ur cT, ‘ur ca,
arrmany, Orancr and c‘aly sor s’cu ‘ravnvntB gany
co’n‘rvrs rrtardrd cndva’s soray vn‘o ‘ur was‘rs as
rvdvc’lo’s and, al‘uo’tu ‘urrr wrrr srw pro‘rs‘s, madr v‘
clrar ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an wo’ld rrcrvffr assvs‘ancr vs rrq’rs‘rdB
bur kakvs‘an Army uas a mawor adffan‘atrM v‘s lvnrs os
comm’nvca‘von ‘o avacurn arr m’cu suor‘rr ‘uan cndva’sB c‘
dors no‘ rrq’vrr ‘ur anoAca‘s and o‘urr rxprnsvffr
rq’vpmrn‘ nrrdrd by cndva ‘o s’pply v‘s ‘roops alont ‘ur
tlacvrrB cndva’s rxprnsrs vn mavn‘avnvnt v‘s prrsrncr vn ‘ur
nor‘u arr vmmrnsrB A sorrvtn vn‘rllvtrncr rs‘vma‘r vn ‘ur
rarly 1aa6s placrd ‘urm a‘ $166 mvllvon a yrar, as atavns‘
onrA‘rn‘u os ‘ua‘ sor kakvs‘anB kakvs‘an uas onr brvtadr os
‘urrr ba‘‘alvons, an ar‘vllrry rrtvmrn‘ and a company os
aaa vn ‘ur arra, wuvlr cndvan s‘rrnt‘u vs abo’‘ ‘wvcr ‘ua‘B
bur condv‘vons vn wuvcu ‘ur soldvrrs lvffr (as wv‘nrssrd by
‘ur a’‘uor on ‘ur kakvs‘anv svdr, and ‘urrr vs no rrason ‘o
brlvrffr ‘ury dvffrr on ‘ur cndvan svdr0 arr ‘ur uarsurs‘ vn
‘ur worldB burrr arr no soldvrrs, anywurrr rlsr, wuo
’ndrrto ‘ur prvffa‘vons os ‘ur mrn a‘ avacurnB A‘ urvtu‘s os
offrr D6,666 srr‘ ‘ur soldvrrs os bo‘u svdrs dvsplay trra‘
‘rnacv‘y and co’ratr – offrr a dvsp’‘r wuvcu ‘ur polv‘vcvans
co’ld sr‘‘lr vn ‘rn mvn’‘rsB91
Zva was concrrnrd abo’‘ uvs soldvrrs vn ‘ur nor‘uB bur
a’‘uor was uvs t’rs‘ vn arp‘rmbrr 1aC5 and d’rvnt
dvsc’ssvons Zva rxprrssrd rrtrr‘ abo’‘ ‘ur s’‘vlv‘y os
oprra‘vons vn avacurn, b’‘, ur savd, wua‘ rlsr co’ld br donr
o‘urr ‘uan ‘o co’n‘rr ‘ur cndvan adffancrH sua‘ mvtu‘
comr nrx‘H bur moffr os ‘ur cndvan Army ‘owards akard’H
sua‘, ur was askrd, vs an offrr wrrr madr ‘o cndva ‘o uaffr
‘ur tvnr os Lon‘rol drclarrd ‘ur vn‘rrna‘vonal bordrrH
so’ld no‘ ‘ua‘ solffr ‘ur wuolr Tasumvr problrmH No, Zva
savdB or uad a polv‘vcal problrm anyway wv‘u ‘ur Tasumvrvs
and dvdn’‘ wan‘ an ’prvsvnt, as wo’ld s’rrly uapprn vs ‘ury
‘uo’tu‘ ur was dralvnt wv‘u cndva bruvnd ‘urvr backsB
buvs vs onr os ‘ur mavn dvffic’l‘vrsB cndva’s vnsvs‘rncr on
bvla‘rralvsm rxcl’drs Tasumvrvs srom dvsc’ssvon abo’‘ ‘urvr
own s’‘’rrB cn Mrcrmbrr 1aC5 Zva wrn‘ ‘o Mrluv ‘o ‘alk
wv‘u ‘ur nrw cndvan krvmr gvnvs‘rr, Rawvff aanduvB bury
atrrrd ‘ua‘ ‘urrr suo’ld br a pracrs’l sol’‘von ‘o ‘ur
avacurn alacvrr consron‘a‘von, b’‘ la‘rr mrr‘vnts os
drsrncr srcrr‘arvrs rndrd vn ‘ur ’s’al vnconcl’svffr
mannrrB
cn 1aC5 Zva rndrd gar‘val tawB or uad rrcrvffrd a aC prr
crn‘ approffal ffo‘r vn a rrsrrrnd’m (os ffrry low ‘’rno’‘0 on
1a Mrcrmbrr 1aC: askvnt vs ‘ur rlrc‘ora‘r approffrd
cslamvza‘von os ‘ur s‘a‘rB buvs ur vn‘rrprr‘rd as
rndorsrmrn‘ os uvs r’lrB bur poll was ’ndo’b‘rdly rvttrd,
b’‘ ur wrn‘ aurad vn garcu ‘ur sollowvnt yrar wv‘u
rlrc‘vons, prrmv‘‘vnt no polv‘vcal par‘vrs as s’cu ‘o
par‘vcvpa‘rB All candvda‘rs wrrr ‘vndrprndrn‘s’, b’‘
polv‘vcal par‘vrs wrrr allowrd ‘o rrs’mr ‘urvr s’nc‘vons vn
1aCAB bur krvmr gvnvs‘rr, gr gouammad Tuan d’nrwo,
ass’mrd lradrrsuvp os ‘ur kakvs‘an g’slvm trat’r (kgt0,
and vn ‘ur samr prrvod ‘ur kkk os hrnazvr hu’‘‘o brtan ‘o
cond’c‘ v‘srls atavn as a normal polv‘vcal par‘y (al‘uo’tu v‘
rxcl’drd v‘srls ffol’n‘arvly srom ‘ur Na‘vonal Assrmbly0B
burrr was a moffr ‘owards polv‘y by Zva, b’‘ ‘ur mvlv‘ary
scrnr was tvffvnt ca’sr sor somr concrrnB
Rrla‘vons br‘wrrn cndva and kakvs‘an wrrr poor vn ‘ur
mvdA1aC6sB burrr wrrr allrta‘vons by Nrw Mrluv ‘ua‘
kakvs‘an was vnffolffrd vn an assassvna‘von a‘‘rmp‘ on gr
aanduv by Taramwrr‘ avntu, a avkuN ‘urrr wrrr morr
clasurs vn avacurn, and nrv‘urr aanduv nor Zva apprarrd
wvllvnt ‘o compromvsr offrr ‘ur dvsp’‘rN cndva, uaffvnt
rxplodrd a n’clrar drffvcr vn 1a7:, crv‘vcvzrd kakvs‘an sor
uaffvnt a n’clrar protrammrN Zva bro’tu‘ ’p ‘ur s’bwrc‘ os
Tasumvr a‘ a nonAalvtnrd consrrrncr vn oararr,
vmmrdva‘rly as‘rr wuvcu aanduv crv‘vcvzrd kakvs‘an’s
co’n‘rrA‘rrrorvs‘ assa’l‘ on a uvwackrd avrcras‘ a‘ Taracuv
avrpor‘B Nrv‘urr co’n‘ry was bruaffvnt wrllB
Y’‘svdr vnfl’rncrs con‘rvb’‘rd, ‘oo, ‘o dvs‘r’s‘M ‘ur ca
arrantrd a s’r‘urr avd packatr sor kakvs‘an vn garcu 1aCA,
sor $:B6D bvllvonB gr aorbacurff ffvsv‘rd cndva vn Noffrmbrr
and uad ‘ur plras’rr os urarvnt gr aanduv crv‘vcvzr ‘ur ca
sor assvs‘vnt kakvs‘anB buvs dvd no‘ apprar ‘o ca’sr
kakvs‘an m’cu concrrn b’‘ annoyrd ‘ur ca wuvcu, vn ‘’rn,
crv‘vcvzrd ‘ur aoffvr‘ cnvon sor no‘ makvnt trn’vnr rffor‘s
‘o q’v‘ Astuanvs‘an, wuvcu v‘ was ‘ryvnt ‘o do wv‘uo’‘ losvnt
sacrB9D Al‘otr‘urr ‘ur s’bcon‘vnrn‘ was vn a mrss and dvd
no‘ nrrd ano‘urr drama, rsprcvally onr ‘ua‘ mvtu‘ srrm ‘o
br offrrplayrd by somr domrs‘vc and sorrvtn obsrrffrrsB
cn ‘ur srcond uals os 1aCA ‘ur cndvan Army brtan a mawor
rxrrcvsr, hrass backs, wuvcu brcamr ‘ur s’bwrc‘ os
vn‘rvt’vnt commrn‘ concrrnvnt cndvan vn‘rn‘vons and
kakvs‘anv rrac‘vonB L’rvo’sly, TZs Mcbabm[st dvd no‘ coffrr
‘ur ma‘‘rr vn spv‘r os uaffvnt bo‘u a ‘a’rffry’ os kakvs‘an
and a coffrrApvrcr on cndva vn dan’ary 1aC7B bur N ar
Mastsra Mcbabm[c csv[sw firs‘ mrn‘vonrd ‘ur rxrrcvsr on
1D Orbr’ary vn ‘ur con‘rx‘ os a mrr‘vnt br‘wrrn sorrvtn
srcrr‘arvrs vn Mrluv rarlvrr ‘ua‘ mon‘u ‘ua‘ was avmrd –
and s’ccrsss’l – a‘ rasvnt ‘rnsvonB c‘ apprars ‘ua‘ ‘ur
wuolr affavr was tvffrn ra‘urr morr a‘‘rn‘von ‘uan was
warran‘rd, b’‘ v‘ was and rrmavns dvffic’l‘ ‘o sor‘ ‘r’‘u
srom ’ns’bs‘an‘va‘rd allrta‘vonsB
ho‘u svdrs offrrrrac‘rdN ‘urvr mrdva, vncl’dvnt
toffrrnmrn‘Acon‘rollrd radvo, was os‘rn vrrrsponsvblrN99
and bo‘u svdrs ‘old lvrsB kakvs‘an was no‘ tvffrn officval
no‘vfica‘von brsorr ‘ur rxrrcvsr brtan, al‘uo’tu ‘ur
aak[staa T[mss carrvrd a rrpor‘ on 1: Noffrmbrr ‘ua‘ ‘bur
mawor manor’ffrrs os ‘ur cndvan armrd sorcrs wvll las‘ so’r
mon‘us, an ’n’s’ally lont ‘vmrB’ bur cndvan Mrsrncr
gvnvs‘ry wo’ld nrv‘urr confirm nor drny, on 11 Noffrmbrr,
‘ua‘ an rxrrcvsr was scurd’lrd, as rrpor‘rd by AOk and
o‘urr atrncvrsB Nrx‘ day Nrw Mrluv ‘ca‘rtorvcally drnvrd
rrpor‘s ‘ua‘ cndva uas massrd ‘roops on v‘s wrs‘rrn bordrrs
sor mawor manor’ffrrs’,9: wuvcu, as rffrn‘s suowrd, was
pa‘rn‘ly ’n‘r’rB Accordvnt ‘o @ar[a bral,
T a crv‘vc os
Mrluv’s uandlvnt os hrass backs, gr aanduv sorbadr
‘rlrpuonr con‘ac‘ br‘wrrn ‘ur ‘wo Mvrrc‘orsAarnrral os
gvlv‘ary Yprra‘vons wuvcu, vs corrrc‘, was a lamrn‘ablr way
sor uvm ‘o bruaffrB95 surn v‘ brcamr apparrn‘ ‘ua‘ cndvan
‘roops wrrr vndrrd massrd sor lartrAscalr manor’ffrrs, ‘ur
kakvs‘an toffrrnmrn‘ – Zva and uvs krvmr gvnvs‘rr – a‘ firs‘
rrac‘rd ca’‘vo’sly, b’‘, vn rrsponsr ‘o ‘ur ’nscurd’lrd
moffr os morr ‘roops vn cndva’s wrs‘rrn src‘ors, la‘rr srn‘
sorcrs ‘o ‘ur bordrr arraB9A bur affavr vs prruaps brs‘
s’mmrd ’p by ‘ur cn‘rrna‘vonal cns‘v‘’‘r sor a‘ra‘rtvc
a‘’dvrs’ a‘ra‘rtvc a’rffry 1aC7ACC, wuvcu no‘rd brvrfly and
pv‘uvly ‘ua‘ ‘ur ‘wo co’n‘rvrs ‘drmons‘ra‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘urvr
m’‘’al an‘vpa‘uy co’ld br con‘avnrd wurn ‘ury backrd
away srom a mawor b’vldA’p os sorcrs on ‘urvr bordrr wuvcu
was ‘ur rrs’l‘ os poor comm’nvca‘vons and somr pos‘’rvnt
on bo‘u svdrs’B A s‘orm vn a ‘rac’pH No‘ q’v‘rB Al‘uo’tu ‘ur
an‘vpa‘uy was ‘con‘avnrd’, ‘urrr rrmavnrd traffr dvs‘r’s‘B
Zva was as placa‘ory as ur co’ld br vn Orbr’ary wurn ur
savd ‘ua‘ ‘ur atrrrmrn‘ ‘o rnd ‘rnsvon alont ‘ur bordrr
was ‘proos os ‘ur wvsdom os ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rrs os ‘ur ‘wo
co’n‘rvrs’, wuvcu ur may or may no‘ uaffr brlvrffrd b’‘ was
a trnrro’s p’blvc s‘a‘rmrn‘B97
Zva scorrd a propatanda s’ccrss by ffvsv‘vnt davp’r vn
Orbr’ary sor a kakvs‘anAcndva crvckr‘ ma‘cu a‘ wuvcu
aanduv uad ‘o mrr‘ uvmB Zva was no crvckr‘ san, b’‘ ’srd
‘ur oppor‘’nv‘y ‘o scorr r’ns wuvcu annoyrd aanduv b’‘
placrd uvm vn a posv‘von vn wuvcu ur mvtu‘ apprar cu’rlvsu
vs ur obwrc‘rd ‘o ‘ur approacuB Zva was drmons‘ra‘vnt ‘ua‘
ur was no‘ concrrnrd abo’‘ cndva’s mvlv‘ary manor’ffrrs,
b’‘ mvtu‘ no‘ uaffr brrn so sant’vnr uad ur known os
cndva’s plansB A wrrk la‘rr, aanduv’s b’dtr‘ vncrrasrd
mvlv‘ary sprndvnt by :9 prr crn‘ ‘o abo’‘ $16 bn a yrarB
buvs, tvffrn srvrndsuvp prvcrs and o‘urr arrantrmrn‘s sor
aoffvr‘ rq’vpmrn‘ (‘ur firs‘ Tvlo Llass s’bmarvnr uad w’s‘
arrvffrd0, dvd no‘ rrflrc‘ ‘r’r mvlv‘ary rxprndv‘’rrB
kakvs‘an’s drsrncr b’dtr‘ was ar‘vficval, ‘oo, brca’sr os avd
and o‘urr s’bffrn‘vonsB c‘ vs vmpossvblr ‘o calc’la‘r ‘ur rral
rxprndv‘’rr os rv‘urr co’n‘ry d’rvnt ‘ur cold war yrarsN
only svncr ‘ur rarly 1aa6s can rrasonably acc’ra‘r,
’nclassvfird rs‘vma‘rs br madr, and ‘ursr, os co’rsr, do
no‘ ‘akr vn‘o acco’n‘ n’clrar protrammrsB
 
bur cndvan toffrrnmrn‘ rnwoyrd vrrv‘a‘vnt kakvs‘an (and ‘ur
ca0 abo’‘ ‘ur sv‘’a‘von vn Astuanvs‘anB bur lx‘rrnal Affavrs
gvnvs‘rr, gr NBMB bvwarv, ffvsv‘rd Tab’l vn rarly gay 1aC7
sor ‘ur srffrn‘u srssvon os ‘ur cndoAAstuan dovn‘
Lommvssvon and urld a prrss consrrrncrB kakvs‘an, ur savd,
was ob‘avnvnt wrapons ‘clrarly drsvtnrd sor ’sr atavns‘
cndva’ and no‘ atavns‘ ‘ur aoffvr‘ cnvon or ‘any uypo‘ur‘vcal
‘urra‘ srom Astuanvs‘an’B burrr uaffr brrn many
o’‘ratro’s s‘a‘rmrn‘s madr by rrprrsrn‘a‘vffrs os bo‘u
toffrrnmrn‘s offrr ‘ur yrars, b’‘ ‘uvs mvnvs‘rr drlvbrra‘rly
‘rvrd ‘o ’ndrrmvnr wua‘ consrns’s uad brrn ob‘avnrd
d’rvnt dvsc’ssvons abo’‘ ‘roop wv‘udrawal srom
Astuanvs‘an by s‘a‘vnt ‘ua‘ ‘kakvs‘an uas no‘ suown ‘ur
drtrrr os flrxvbvlv‘y ‘ua‘ was rxprc‘rd os v‘ a‘ ‘ur proxvmv‘y
‘alks,’ on wuvcu rrcord ‘ur svtna‘’rrs wrrr barrly dryB buvs
was b’mblvnt s‘’ff, and v‘ vs uardly s’rprvsvnt ‘ua‘ ‘ur ca
Admvnvs‘ra‘von was rxasprra‘rd wv‘u s’cu mrddlvnt b’‘
con‘vn’rd assvs‘ancr ‘o kakvs‘an vn spv‘r os knowvnt s’ll
wrll abo’‘ v‘s n’clrar protrammrB ca concrrns rosr vn
d’nr, wurn cndva srn‘ fitu‘rr avrcras‘ ‘o rscor‘ v‘s AnA9D
‘ranspor‘s ‘ua‘ ffvola‘rd arv tankan avrspacr ‘o drop
s’pplvrs ‘o rrbrl bamvls vn daffna – and ‘urra‘rnrd ‘o suoo‘
down opposvnt avrcras‘B bur duarr[aa’s Mrrrk hrown, wuo
‘raffrllrd vn onr os ‘ur ‘ranspor‘s, wro‘r ‘ua‘ ur flrw
‘‘uro’tu arv tankan avrspacr wurrr wr uaffr no rvtu‘ a‘ all
‘o br,’ and ‘ua‘, ‘‘ur mvssvon vs a sprc‘ac’lar s’ccrssB No‘
as a rrlvrs oprra‘von, sor DD½ ‘onnrs os s’pplvrs won’‘ srrd
many proplr, b’‘ ra‘urr as a mrssatr ‘o Lolombo ‘ua‘ v‘
can no lontrr drsy ‘ur rrtvonal s’prrpowrrB’
kakvs‘an, ‘oo, to‘ ‘ur mrssatr, as dvd o‘urr rrtvonal
co’n‘rvrs and somr s’r‘urr afirldM cndva’s sas‘Atrowvnt
mvlv‘ary capabvlv‘vrs srrmrd ‘o br vn‘rndrd sor powrr
prowrc‘vonB cndva was ‘vnffv‘rd’ by ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ vn
Lolombo ‘o srnd ‘roops ‘o arv tanka ‘o vn‘rrffrnr vn ‘ur
campavtn atavns‘ bamvl ‘rrrorvs‘sB h’‘ ‘ur cndvan kracrA
Trrpvnt Oorcr (ckTO0 was dvsortanvzrd, poorly ‘ravnrd and
’nprrparrd ‘o fitu‘ ‘ur t’rrrvlla war vn wuvcu v‘ brcamr
vnffolffrdB cn spv‘r os m’cu braffrry by vndvffvd’als, ‘ur ckTO,
‘ur crram os ‘ur cndvan Army, rffrn‘’ally offrr 56,666 os
‘urm, s’ffrrrd ‘rrrvblr cas’al‘vrs, vncl’dvnt somr 1,566
kvllrdB bury wv‘udrrw vn 1aa6B
aol Rawalpvndv was awarr os cndvan problrms os poor
lradrrsuvp, bad plannvnt, almos‘ no ‘ravnvnt vn co’n‘rrA
rrffol’‘vonary warsarr, and a ‘ffrry prc’lvar, offAbra‘
command and con‘rol s‘r’c‘’rr’, as ‘ury wrrr os cndvan
‘ac‘vcs brvnt ‘prrdr‘rrmvnrd, s‘rav‘Awackr‘rd, prrdvc‘ablr
and rrac‘vffr’B9C h’‘ ‘ua‘ was vn arv tankaB so’ld ‘ur
cndvans dvsplay svmvlar vncompr‘rncr on ‘ur plavns os
k’nwab and avndu wurrr ‘urvr ‘anks, o’‘n’mbrrvnt
kakvs‘an’s vn 1aCC by abo’‘ DM1, wv‘u massvffr closr avr
s’ppor‘, mvtu‘ swamp kakvs‘an’s drsrncrsH c‘ was ‘vmr ‘o
cons‘r’c‘ br‘‘rr plans sor ‘ur drsrncr os kakvs‘anB h’‘ wuo
wo’ld p’‘ sorward s’cu plansH bur nrw rvcrALuvrs vn 1aC7,
a small, ra‘urr ’nsmvlvnt (rnvtma‘vc, somr consvdrrrd0, 9a
and rnrrtr‘vc man callrd Aslam hrt mvtu‘ br ‘ur srllow ‘o
do ‘uvs, ‘uo’tu‘ ‘ur brvtu‘ yo’nt officrrsB:6
 
krvmr gvnvs‘rr d’nrwo was ‘ryvnt ‘o vn‘rrsrrr vn ‘ur army’s
vn‘rrnal affavrs, wuvcu v‘s cuvrs, ‘ur krrsvdrn‘, wo’ld no‘
prrmv‘B Amonts‘ o‘urr ‘uvnts, d’nrwo vnsvs‘rd on ‘ur
rrmoffal os arnrral Aku‘ar Abd’l Rruman as Mvrrc‘orA
arnrral os cn‘rr arrffvcrs cn‘rllvtrncr and q’rs‘vonrd ‘ur
promo‘von os ‘wo officrrs ‘o br corps commandrrs (kvr Mad
Tuan and auamvm Alam Tuan, bo‘u admvrablr officrrs0B Zva
consvdrrrd ‘ua‘ gr d’nrwo, nvcr srllow as ur was, was
brcomvnt ‘oo bvt sor uvs boo‘s and dvsmvssrd uvm, wv‘u uvs
cabvnr‘, on Da gay 1aCC, on ‘ur tro’nds ‘ua‘M

surrras ‘ur obwrc‘s and ‘ur p’rposrs sor wuvcu

‘ur Na‘vonal Assrmbly was rlrc‘rd uaffr no‘ brrn
s’lfillrd
And wurrras ‘ur law and ordrr vn ‘ur co’n‘ry
uaffr brokrn down ‘o an alarmvnt rx‘rn‘ rrs’l‘vnt
vn ‘ratvc loss os vnn’mbrrablr [svck ffal’ablr lvffrs
as wrll as loss os proprr‘y
 And wurrras ‘ur lvsr proprr‘y uono’r and src’rv‘y
os ‘ur cv‘vzrns os kakvs‘an uaffr brrn rrndrrrd
‘o‘ally ’nsasr and ‘ur vn‘rtrv‘y and vdroloty os
kakvs‘an uaffr brrn srrvo’sly rndantrrrd
And wurrras p’blvc moralv‘y uas dr‘rrvora‘rd ‘o a
srrvo’s lrffrl And wurrras vn my opvnvon a
sv‘’a‘von uas arvsrn vn wuvcu ‘ur aoffrrnmrn‘ os
‘ur srdrra‘von canno‘ br carrvrd on vn accordancr
wv‘u ‘ur proffvsvon [svck os ‘ur Lons‘v‘’‘von and an
appral ‘o ‘ur rlrc‘ora‘r vs nrcrssary
Now ‘urrrsorr c, arnrral gouammad ZvaA’lAoaq,
krrsvdrn‘ os kakvs‘an vn rxrrcvsr os ‘ur powrrs
consrrrrd on mr by Lla’sr (D0(b0 os Ar‘vclr 5C os
‘ur Lons‘v‘’‘von os ‘ur cslamvc Rrp’blvc os
kakvs‘an urrrby dvssolffr ‘ur Na‘vonal Assrmbly
wv‘u vmmrdva‘r rffrc‘ and vn consrq’rncr ‘urrros
‘ur Labvnr‘ also s‘ands dvssolffrd sor‘uwv‘uB:1

Zva’s sprrcu ‘o ‘ur na‘von vn crd’ on 96 gay was poorB:D

‘tvsr,’ ur savd, ‘con‘vn’rs normallyB burrr vs no ban on
polv‘vcal par‘vrs or polv‘vcal ac‘vffv‘vrsB bur prrss vs srrr, as
’s’al BBB bur only dvffrrrncr vs ‘ua‘ ‘ur Na‘vonal Assrmbly
and all so’r kroffvncval Assrmblvrs and Ordrral and
kroffvncval cabvnr‘s uaffr brrn dvssolffrdB’ or rrmvndrd
lvs‘rnrrs ‘ua‘ vn 1a77 uvs ‘solr p’rposr was ‘o uold srrr and
savr rlrc‘vons’ – wv‘uo’‘ mrn‘vonvnt ‘ur nvnr‘yAday caffra‘ –
and wrn‘ on ‘o rmpuasvzr ‘ua‘ an cslamvc sorm os
toffrrnancr was paramo’n‘, and ‘ua‘ ‘ur d’nrwo
toffrrnmrn‘’s ‘trra‘rs‘ crvmr was ‘ua‘ ‘ur rnsorcrmrn‘ os
cslam was p’‘ asvdr’B or was flo’ndrrvntB ovs sprrcu was
s’ll os vnconsvs‘rncvrsB
hrnazvr hu’‘‘o ‘rvrd ‘o brvnt urr s’ppor‘rrs vn‘o ‘ur
s‘rrr‘s ‘o suow pop’lar condrmna‘von os ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘B
Ynly a srw ‘uo’sand proplr drmons‘ra‘rd atavns‘ Zva, b’‘
‘urrr was a tro’ndswrll os opvnvon atavns‘ ‘ur krrsvdrn‘,
rffrn vs v‘ was no‘ nrcrssarvly vn s’ppor‘ os ‘ur kkkB or was
brcomvnt ’npop’lar and ‘ur army was rrs‘vffrB ovs dra‘u
on 17 A’t’s‘ 1aCC ca’srd lv‘‘lr mo’rnvntB:9

N btTs
1
tr‘‘rr srom ‘ur Labvnr‘ arcrr‘ary, saqar Aumad, os 1a
Mrcrmbrr 1a7:, q’o‘rd vn solprr‘, a‘anlry, kulw 7Zuttb
bt aak[staa, Yck, Nrw York, 1aa9B

D
arnrral Arvs uad brrn ‘old ‘o wrv‘r ‘ur sprrcu b’‘ so’nd v‘
dvffic’l‘ ‘o find ‘pop’lvs‘ purasrs’, and was vn any casr
wrv‘vnt vn lntlvsu, so aalvk was bro’tu‘ vn ‘o wrv‘r v‘ vn
crd’, wuvcu ur dvd ffrry wrllB

9
Mvsc’ssvon wv‘u a collrat’r os Zva, Aprvl 1aCCB

:
Alas v‘ brcamr clrar vn la‘rr yrars ‘ua‘ Oazlr brcamr
vnffolffrd vn skvmmvnt off monry srom dr’t sm’ttlrrs and
vn o‘urr ’nsaffo’ry ac‘vffv‘vrsB

5
Tuan, Rordad, aak[staa, a arsam dbas dbur
, Yck,
Taracuv, 1aaCB

A
Mvsc’ssvons wv‘u many officrrs srrffvnt a‘ ‘ur ‘vmrB

7
Arvs, arnrral TBgB, Nbrk[aY w[tZ k[a,Yck, Taracuv, 1aa5B

C
‘cn‘rod’c‘von’ by gakudoom Alv Tuan (also rdB0 ‘o TZs
Cbast[tut[ba bt tZs @slam[c cscubl[c ak[staa
bt a 1a79,
kakvs‘an taw oo’sr, Taracuv, 1aCA (1aa6 rdv‘von0B

a
Amrndrd 1a79 Lons‘v‘’‘von, kar‘ tcc, Luap‘rr D, Ar‘vclr
D:9 (10 and (1A0B

16
cn dan’ary 1aaa c a‘‘rndrd a dvnnrr par‘y uos‘rd by krvmr
gvnvs‘rr hu’‘‘o and sa‘ nrx‘ ‘o a woman wuo drscrvbrd
uow ra‘s uad brrn drlvbrra‘rly placrd vn urr crll and rffrn
on urr bodyB

11
Oarau, Larsar lB, @slam,
harron, Nrw York, 1a76B

1D
Yn : dan’aryB bur amo’n‘ – $:66 mvllvon – was drrmrd
‘pran’‘s’ by Zva and was vncrrasrd ‘o offrr $9 bvllvon vn
1aC1B

19
salkrr, gar‘vn, TZs Cblr N
ar, Oo’r‘u ls‘a‘r, tondon,
1aa9B

1:
‘Al Z’lfiqar’ was an ama‘r’r ‘rrrorvs‘ ortanvza‘von sormrd
by hu’‘‘o’s sonsB arr Anwar, Rawa, TZs T srrbr[st ar[acs,
rrrso, tondon, 1aa7, sor a drscrvp‘von os ‘uvs
rx‘raordvnary ortanvza‘vonB

15
bur final rxrrcvsr vn 1aCD, ‘ur s‘ormvnt os a kcA avrcras‘
parkrd on ‘ur kAO svdr os cslamabad avrpor‘, wrn‘ wrllB
bur aAa officrr and ‘ur hrv‘vsu Mrsrncr Adffvsrr ‘urn wrn‘
‘o Army oo’sr ‘o br contra‘’la‘rd by ZvaB Yn ‘urvr rr‘’rn
 ‘o ‘ur hrv‘vsu MA’s uo’sr c rrmarkrd on ‘ur uandsomr r’t
‘ur aAa officrr uad brrn tvffrnB ‘hrs‘ carpr‘ suop vn ‘own,’
savd ‘ur MAB

1A
bua‘curr, gartarr‘, TZs abwa[aY dtrsstsars,
Y
oarprrLollvns, tondon, 1aa9B

17
cnsorma‘von srom avr Ylvffrr Oors‘rr, sormrr Ambassador
and ovtu Lommvssvonrr ‘o kakvs‘an, Orbr’ary 1aCCB

1C
c‘ vs os‘rn clavmrd ‘ua‘ cndva’s acq’vsv‘von os gvratr D666
avrcras‘ srom Orancr was ca’srd by ‘ur proffvsvon os OA1As
‘o kakvs‘anB cn a way ‘uvs vs corrrc‘M ‘ur OA1A atrrrmrn‘
was svtnrd vn Mrcrmbrr 1aC1, b’‘ ‘ur gvratr
nrto‘va‘vons uad brrn ’ndrr way sor offrr a yrar brsorr
‘uvs – al‘uo’tu ‘ur final svtna‘’rr was no‘ applvrd ’n‘vl
dan’ary 1aCDB

1a
Yo’sas, hrvtadvrr gouammad and Adkvn, gark, TZs 7sar
Trac,dant k’blvsurrs, tauorr, 1aaDB

D6
T’x, Mrnnvs, TZs ta[tsr dtatss aar ak[staa
a +9B1s,000 ,
douns oopkvns cnvffrrsv‘y krrss, D661B

D1
bur a’‘uor lrarnrd os ‘uvs wurn ffvsv‘vnt ‘ur ca Army sar
Lollrtr vn 1aa9B

DD
burrr uad brrn an a‘‘rmp‘ vn ‘ur prrffvo’s mon‘uB ho‘u
‘rvrs savlrd brca’sr ‘ur firrrs wrrr poorly ‘ravnrdB arr
 Anwar, RB, TZs T
srrbr[st ar[acs: TZs L[ts aar asatZ bt
Murtama 7Zuttb,rant’ard hooks, tauorr, 1aaCB

D9
dtratsY[c dtur[ss, cslamabad, wvn‘rr 1aCAB bur cns‘v‘’‘r
uad rxcrllrn‘ so’rcrsB

D:
Ynr os wuom, vn spv‘r os ‘urrr brvnt no firm rffvdrncr os
any wrontdovnt, was sackrd and no‘ rrvns‘a‘rd ’n‘vl as‘rr
Zva’s dra‘uB or s‘vll rrs’srs ‘o tvffr dr‘avls os ‘ur affavr,
wuvcu vs ’ndrrs‘andablrB

D5
or los‘, and wv‘udrrw almos‘ ‘ur rn‘vrr sorcr – a
prvncvplrd ac‘vonB

DA
Appovn‘rd Ambassador ‘o ‘ur ca, D66AB

D7
A closr srvrnd os ‘ur a’‘uorB

DC
d[ab-aak[staa ‘AYrssmsat’ MarcZ ,, +96A, dbms acts
N,
gvnvs‘ry os lx‘rrnal Affavrs, aoffrrnmrn‘ os cndva, 1A
garcu 1aA9B

Da
@ar[a bral,
T Nrw Mrluv, 91 d’ly 1aC5B

96
@b[r
B

91
c am tra‘rs’l ‘o csman auabbvr sor drawvnt my a‘‘rn‘von
‘o N aaYs bt @csby tvr’‘rnan‘ Lolonrl csusaq Alv, wuvcu
 tvffrs dr‘avls os rntatrmrn‘s vn avacurnB k’blvsurd by
Amrrvcan Lommrrcval krvffa‘r t‘d, Rawalpvndv, 1aa1B

9D
arr Lordoffrz, Mvrto and oarrvson, arlvt, Out bt
AtYZaa[staa, Yck,1aa5B gyra gacdonald os Rr’‘rrs uas
wrv‘‘rn Hs[YZts bt Marasss , R’pa - LoB, Nrw Mrluv,
D667, a drfinv‘vffr book on avacurn wuvcu coffrrs all
asprc‘s os ‘uvs ‘ratvc and srnsrlrss adffrn‘’rrB

99
bur NasZ[aYtba abst was no‘ blamrlrss vn ‘ur prrvodB c‘
carrvrd an abs’rd s‘ory on 9 Noffrmbrr, q’o‘vnt an
allrtrd vn‘rllvtrncr rrpor‘, ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an uad ‘‘rs‘rd ‘ur
bomb’ br‘wrrn 1C and D1 arp‘rmbrrB

9:
hhL dummarl bt N brlr 7rbarcasts,
1D Noffrmbrr 1aCA
(urncrsor‘u ash0B

95
@ar[a bral,
T 15 and Da Orbr’ary 1aC7B bur rdv‘von os 15
Orbr’ary vs rrmarkablr sor v‘s rs‘vma‘r ‘ua‘ ‘bur Los‘ os a
May’s Ovtu‘vnt’, rxcl’dvnt dra‘us and vnw’rvrs, wo’ld br
‘aro’nd Rs :,766 crorr [abo’‘ $9B: bvllvon a‘ ‘ur ‘urn ra‘r
os rxcuantrk, a uorrrndo’s rxprnsr ‘ua‘ nrv‘urr svdr can
rralvs‘vcally afford’B c‘ also no‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘urrr ‘arr now no
o’‘s‘andvnt vn‘rrna‘vonal vss’rs offrr wuvcu ‘ur ‘wo
co’n‘rvrs co’ld br proprllrd vn‘o a war’B @ar[a bralT was a
srnsvblr matazvnr and rob’s‘ abo’‘ cndvan polvcvrs as wrll
as brvnt sor‘urvtu‘ concrrnvnt kakvs‘anB cnsor‘’na‘rly v‘
uas now brcomr morr os a ‘hollywood aazr‘‘r’B

9A
arymo’r orrsu uad an vn‘rrrs‘vnt pvrcr vn TZs lsw
Ybrksron Da garcu 1aa9 vn wuvcu ur s‘a‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘s‘’dvrs
suowrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur mavn vn‘rllvtrncr srrffvcrs sor bo‘u svdrs –
cndva’s Rrsrarcu and Analysvs svnt and kakvs‘an’s cn‘rrA
arrffvcrs cn‘rllvtrncr Mvrrc‘ora‘r – uad rxattrra‘rd ‘urvr
rrpor‘s ‘o ‘urvr srnvor lradrrsuvpB c‘ was clrar ‘ua‘, vn a
crvsvs, bo‘u RAs and cac wrrr ratrr ‘o proffvdr vncrndvary
vn‘rllvtrncr wv‘uo’‘ brvnt s’rr os v‘s rrlvabvlv‘yB a’cu
ratrrnrss co’ld brcomr dradlyB’

97
Taracuv oomr arrffvcr, 7 Orbr’ary 1aC7N hhL dummarl bt
Nbrlr 7rbarcasts(

9C
aardrsupandr, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral aBLB, Ass[Yamsat
Aaffaa, tancrr, Nrw Mrluv, 1aaDB A s’mma‘von os cndvan
Army capabvlv‘vrs by an uono’rablr and mos‘ capablr
officrrB

9a
Accordvnt ‘o arymo’r orrsuM ‘c [Robrr‘ aa‘rsk lookrd
s‘ravtu‘ a‘ hrt [a‘ a mrr‘vnt vn cslamabad vn 1aa6k and
savd, “arnrral, o’r mvlv‘ary uas warAtamrd rffrry
concrvffablr scrnarvo br‘wrrn yo’ and ‘ur cndvans, and
‘urrr vsn’‘ a svntlr way yo’ wvnB”’ c‘ was a ‘o’tu mrssatr
sor a pro’d and brllvcosr Army Luvrs os a‘affB hrt savd
no‘uvnt and aa‘rs dr‘rc‘rd no ffvsvblr rrsponsrB ‘or was
ffrry cool,’ aa‘rs savdB ‘bua‘ was ‘ur uvtu povn‘’ (TZs lsw
Ybrksr ,Da garcu 1aa90B Ano‘urr so’rcr uas aa‘rs sayvnt
‘ua‘ ur wo’ld nrffrr play pokrr wv‘u hrt brca’sr os uvs
vmpassvffr co’n‘rnancrB

:6
hasrd on conffrrsa‘vons wv‘u many os ‘urm vn sollowvnt
yrarsB

:1
aak[staa T[mss,D6 gay 1aCCB

:D
hhL dummarl bt N brlr 7rbarcasts
, D d’nr 1aCCB

:9
cn sormrr wrv‘vnts c rndrd wv‘u ‘ur words ‘b’‘ ur lrs‘ uvs
co’n‘ry vn br‘‘rr suapr ‘uan ur uad so’nd v‘ rlrffrn yrars
brsorrB’ bur dvs‘vnt’vsurd acadrmvc Mr can balbo‘ ‘old mr
c was ‘alkvnt r’bbvsuB or was q’v‘r rvtu‘, so c uaffr
omv‘‘rd ‘uvs clavm and al‘rrrd many obsrrffa‘vons on Zva vn
‘ur ‘rx‘B
C hac tH d ,

6 H O oN d aN Y A AaLa
cn 1aCC ‘ur ca was ‘ryvnt ‘o srll gA1 Abrams ‘anks ‘o
kakvs‘anB krod’c‘von ‘anks wrrr proffvdrd sor ‘rvals and
rffal’a‘von, wuvcu dvd no‘ to wrllB Zva wan‘rd ‘o a‘‘rnd a
drmons‘ra‘von os ‘ur Abrams a‘ ‘ur hauawalp’r firldAfirvnt
rantr and flrw ‘urrr on ‘ur mornvnt os 17 A’t’s‘ vn a kAO
LA196 ‘ranspor‘, callsvtn kak YnrB bur ca Ambassador,
Arnold Rapurl, and uvs srnvor mvlv‘ary salrs officrr,
hrvtadvrr arnrral orrbrr‘ sassom, wrrr prrsrn‘, as wrrr
somr ‘wrn‘y kakvs‘an Army officrrs wuo wrrr ‘o fly back ‘o
Rawalpvndv vn kak Ynr wv‘u ZvaB1 bur avrcras‘ lrs‘
hauawalp’r r’nway a‘ 15:A, carryvnt, vn a la‘r and
’nprrdvc‘ablr arrantrmrn‘, as vnffv‘rd by Zva, Rapurl and
sassomB bur avrcras‘ crasurd, kvllvnt all on boardB bur
caCkakvs‘an cnq’vry dr‘rrmvnrd ‘ua‘ ‘urrr uad brrn
sabo‘atrB burrr vs no povn‘ vn a‘‘rmp‘vnt ‘o ‘urorvzr abo’‘
wua‘ occ’rrrdBD bur rvcr Luvrs os Army a‘aff, arnrral
Aslam hrt, vn ano‘urr avrcras‘ wuvcu uad ‘akrn off a‘ abo’‘
‘ur samr ‘vmr, flrw on ‘o Rawalpvndv and, as‘rr
cons’l‘a‘von and drlvbrra‘von, anno’ncrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur days os
mvlv‘ary domvnancr wrrr offrrB buvs was an uvs‘orvc drcvsvon
and a wvsr onr on uvs par‘B bur Luavrman os ‘ur arna‘r,
au’lam csuaq Tuan, was appovn‘rd krrsvdrn‘, as proffvdrd
sor by ‘ur Lons‘v‘’‘vonB A carr‘akrr Na‘vonal lmrrtrncy
Lo’ncvl was sormrd and rlrc‘vons wrrr scurd’lrd sor
NoffrmbrrB
 bur kakvs‘an kroplr’s kar‘y, al‘uo’tu wrll ortanvzrd ‘o
cond’c‘ rlrc‘vonrrrvnt, dvd no‘ wvn an o’‘rvtu‘ maworv‘y vn
spv‘r os ‘ur splv‘ vn ‘ur kakvs‘an g’slvm trat’r (wuvcu
m’s‘ uaffr uad a dra‘u wvsu ‘o vnd’ltr vn vn‘rrnal q’arrrls
a‘ s’cu a ‘vmr0B hrnazvr hu’‘‘o brcamr krvmr gvnvs‘rr
sollowvnt ‘ur rlrc‘vonsB burrr was uopr ‘uro’tuo’‘ ‘ur
land ‘ua‘, ‘uvs ‘vmr, ‘urrr wo’ld br a nrw dawn sor
kakvs‘anB No‘ only uad ‘ur armrd sorcrs lrs‘ ‘ur scrnr os
toffrrnancr (and wrrr uappy ‘o do so0, b’‘ ‘ur polv‘vcvans
uad s’rrly lrarnrd ‘urvr lrsson, and wo’ld no‘ bruaffr
vrrrsponsvbly and sall atavn ‘o ‘ur ‘rmp‘a‘vons os drcrv‘ and
corr’p‘vonB c‘ was ‘uo’tu‘ ‘ua‘ mvnvs‘rrval srlrc‘von wo’ld
br on mrrv‘, and ‘ua‘ ‘urrr wo’ld br no a‘‘rmp‘ ‘o
polv‘vcvzr ‘ur Lvffvl arrffvcrB bur a‘mospurrr vn cslamabad,
amonts‘ ‘ur rd’ca‘rd classrs a‘ lras‘, was r’puorvcB surn
a kbr srmalr anno’ncrr apprarrd on ‘ur scrrrn ‘o rrad
‘ur nrws wv‘uo’‘ urr uradscars ‘urrr wrrr ‘rlrpuonr calls
all ro’nd ‘ur capv‘alB c‘ srrmrd ‘urrr mvtu‘ br rrlaxa‘von os
cslamvc laws and prac‘vcrs, rsprcvally as ‘ur rrlvtvo’s
par‘vrs uad no‘ donr wrll vn ‘ur rlrc‘vonsB9
cnsor‘’na‘rly ‘ur kkk dvd no‘ mrr‘ ‘ur rxprc‘a‘vons os
mos‘ proplr and krrsvdrn‘ au’lam csuaq Tuan dvsmvssrd v‘
on A A’t’s‘ 1aa6B burrr vs lv‘‘lr do’b‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur lradrrs os
‘ur armrd sorcrs wrrr vnffolffrd concrrnvnt ‘ur krrsvdrn‘’s
ac‘von, wuvcu was laws’l ’ndrr ‘ur Lons‘v‘’‘von rffrn vs v‘
was no‘ vn ‘ur spvrv‘ os ‘ur ‘vmrsB bur toffrrnmrn‘ uad uad
many problrms, no‘ ‘ur lras‘ os wuvcu was ‘ur arna‘r,
wuvcu uad brrn appovn‘rd d’rvnt Zva’s ‘vmr and was
opposrd ‘o ‘ur kkkB gs hu’‘‘o concrn‘ra‘rd urr rnrrty on
prrsrrffvnt urr narrow maworv‘y vn ‘ur Na‘vonal Assrmbly
and ‘ur lontAawav‘rd rrsorms wrrr no‘ vn‘rod’crdB burrr
was no lrtvsla‘von os any vmpor‘ancr passrd, and ‘ur
co’n‘ry’s rconomvc and socval problrms worsrnrd ‘o an
alarmvnt rx‘rn‘B
 Ynr os ‘ur problrms was ‘ur sv‘’a‘von vn avndu kroffvncrB
bur duarr[aa(cT0 rrpor‘rd on 1A d’ly 1aa6 ‘ua‘ somr
9,666 proplr uad brrn kvllrd vn comm’nal ffvolrncr vn
avndu svncr 1aC5, mavnly vnffolffvnt MbZaj[rs s sr‘‘lrrs or
drscrndan‘s os sr‘‘lrrs srom cndva a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr os kar‘v‘von –
and avnduvsB bur kkk ran ‘ur kroffvncr and was vn dvrrc‘
consron‘a‘von wv‘u ‘ur gouawvr la’mv goffrmrn‘ (glg0B
Yn 16 Orbr’ary 1aa6 an vncvdrn‘ occ’rrrd wuvcu prruaps
rncaps’la‘rs ‘ur bvzarrr sv‘’a‘vonB
Armrd ac‘vffvs‘s os ‘ur kkk and glg uad racu kvdnapprd
abo’‘ a dozrn os ‘ur o‘urr’s s’ppor‘rrsB cn ‘ur officr os ‘ur
commandrr os r Lorps vn Taracuv, ‘ur lradrrs os ‘ur
par‘vrs arrantrd an rxcuantr os ‘wrn‘yAsrffrn uos‘atrsB:
bur svtnvficancr vs ‘wosoldB Ovrs‘, ‘ua‘ lradrrs os polv‘vcal
par‘vrs wrrr vnffolffrd vn pa‘rn‘ly vllrtal affavrsN srcond,
‘ua‘ ‘ur army was brvnt drawn vn‘o cvffvl ma‘‘rrs oncr
atavnB
bur army uad rno’tu ‘o worry abo’‘ concrrnvnt
vncrrasvntly brllvcosr s‘a‘rmrn‘s srom Nrw Mrluv, wuvcu
uad brcomr concrrnrd abo’‘ ‘ur vns’rrrc‘von vn cndvanA
admvnvs‘rrrd Tasumvr ‘ua‘ brtan vn 1aCaB bur Tasumvrvs,
vndvtnan‘ abo’‘ yrars os Lontrrss (c0 kar‘y ballo‘Afixvnt,
lack os polv‘vcal rrprrsrn‘a‘von, and ‘ur arrotancr wv‘u
wuvcu ‘ury wrrr toffrrnrd, uad finally uad rno’tuB cndva
vmmrdva‘rly acc’srd kakvs‘an os vnffolffrmrn‘B bur ‘sorrvtn
uand’ was oncr atavn blamrd sor cndva’s vlls (and dvd
vndrrd, la‘rr, ‘akr adffan‘atr os ‘ur rrbrllvon vn Tasumvr0N
b’‘ v‘ was nonr‘urlrss srrvo’s, sor all ‘ur cndvan pos‘’rvntB
brnsvon was uvtu alont ‘ur tvnr os Lon‘rolB Lrasrfirr
ffvola‘vons vncrrasrd and ‘urrr wrrr vncvdrn‘s os firvnt on
‘Azad’ Tasumvrv drmons‘ra‘ors by cndvan soldvrrsB ho‘u
co’n‘rvrs srn‘ rrvnsorcrmrn‘s ‘o ‘ur tvnr and ‘ur
vn‘rrna‘vonal bordrrB kakvs‘an was no‘ vnffolffrd vn ‘ur
vns’rrrc‘von ‘o brtvn wv‘u, b’‘ ‘urrr vs no do’b‘ ‘urrr was
la‘rr, and ffrry drrp dabblvnt wurn ‘ur vndvtrno’s
rrbrllvon was uvwackrd by wvuadv mvlv‘an‘s, wuosr mo‘vffr
was no‘ so m’cu srrrdom sor Tasumvrvs as rs‘ablvsumrn‘ os
s’ndamrn‘al cslamvc r’lr ‘uro’tuo’‘ all Tasumvr, and
rlsrwurrr vn ‘ur worldB bur army was also concrrnrd
abo’‘ ‘wo fit’rrs closr ‘o ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rrM urr sprcval
assvs‘an‘, sormrr gawor arnrral Nasvr’llau habar,5 a closr
confidan‘ os Z’lfikar Alv hu’‘‘oN and ‘ur adffvsrr on drsrncr,
sormrr gawor arnrral cm‘vaz Alv, wuo uad brrn hu’‘‘o’s
mvlv‘ary srcrr‘ary, wv‘u nrv‘urr os wuom was ‘urrr an rasy
rrla‘vonsuvpB (habar consvdrrrd hrt ‘a coward’B0 h’‘ v‘ vs
vn‘rrrs‘vnt ‘ua‘ ‘wo s’cu vnfl’rn‘val proplr wrrr sormrr
mvlv‘ary mrnB Acc’sa‘vons wrrr madr ‘ua‘ ‘ur army cuavn
os command was brvnt bypassrd by ‘urm and o‘urr
toffrrnmrn‘Aassocva‘rd fit’rrs, and ‘ua‘ drcvsvons wrrr
brvnt ‘akrn on drsrncr proc’rrmrn‘ ma‘‘rrs wv‘uo’‘
cons’l‘a‘von wv‘u aolB c‘ was savd ‘ua‘ ‘ur krvmr
gvnvs‘rr’s u’sband, Asvs Zardarv, was vnffolffrd vn s’cu
ma‘‘rrsBA
bur cuavn os command vs sacrosanc‘ vn any armrd sorcrB
cs v‘ vs vtnorrd, ‘urrr vs a dantrr ‘ua‘ ordrrs wvll no‘ br
carrvrd o’‘B cs v‘ vs bypassrd by wua‘ vs prrcrvffrd ‘o br a
lrtal a’‘uorv‘y, v‘ placrs s’bordvna‘rs vn a dvffic’l‘ posv‘vonM
wuom arr ‘ury ‘o obry vs ‘ury rrcrvffr conflvc‘vnt ordrrs –
‘urvr s’prrvor officrrs or ‘ur polv‘vcal assocva‘rs os a
toffrrnmrn‘H grddlvnt wv‘u ‘ur mvlv‘ary cuavn os command
vs a dantrro’s ‘uvnt sor polv‘vcvans ‘o doB c‘ crra‘rs
cons’svon and rrsrn‘mrn‘B An vn‘rvt’vnt drffrlopmrn‘ was
‘ua‘ on D: gay gs hu’‘‘o dvsmvssrd ‘ur Mvrrc‘orAarnrral
cn‘rr arrffvcrs cn‘rllvtrncr, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral oamvd a’l,7
and rrplacrd uvm wv‘u tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral (rr‘vrrd0
auams’r Rruman Tall’rBC a’l was appovn‘rd commandrr cc
Lorps a‘ g’l‘anB or was a uawk concrrnvnt Astuanvs‘an,
and uvs s’ppor‘ sor ‘ur morr s’ndamrn‘alvs‘ polv‘vcal
tro’ps dvd no‘ mrr‘ wv‘u ‘ur approffal os somr mrmbrrs os
‘ur kkk (or wv‘u many o‘urr proplr, sor ‘ua‘ ma‘‘rr0N b’‘
‘ur mannrr os uvs tovnt – al‘uo’tu complr‘rly laws’l, as
cac was a dvscrr‘r toffrrnmrn‘ body – dvd no‘ tvffr ‘ur army
confidrncr ‘ua‘ ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ wvsurd ‘o rrsravn srom
vn‘rrsrrrncr vn mvlv‘ary affavrs as m’cu as ‘ur army wvsurd
‘o s‘ay o’‘ os polv‘vcsB
cn mvdA1aa6 ‘ur kkk toffrrnmrn‘ apprarrd ‘o br
r’ddrrlrssB buvs was rrtrr‘‘ablr, al‘uo’tu uardly ca’sr sor
v‘s dvsmvssal, b’‘ ‘ur krrsvdrn‘ taffr dr‘avlrd rrasons
vncl’dvnt allrta‘vons os ‘prrsvs‘rn‘ and scandalo’s “uorsrA
‘radvnt” sor polv‘vcal tavn’, brrakdown os law and ordrr vn
avndu, corr’p‘von and nrpo‘vsm, and ’sr os s‘a‘’‘ory
corpora‘vons, a’‘uorv‘vrs, and banks sor polv‘vcal rnds and
prrsonal tavnB A s‘a‘r os rmrrtrncy was drclarrd and a
carr‘akrr admvnvs‘ra‘von ’ndrr gr au’lam g’s‘asa da‘ov
was appovn‘rdB c‘ toffrrnrd ’n‘vl rlrc‘vons wrrr urld vn
Yc‘obrr, wurn ‘ur cslamv damuoorv c‘‘ruad (cdc0a allvancr os
par‘vrs lrd by Nawaz auarvs ob‘avnrd 165 sra‘s, hrnazvr
hu’‘‘o’s kroplr’s Mrmocra‘vc Allvancr :5, and ‘ur glg 15
(all vn avndu0B bur rlrc‘von was rvttrdB16 c‘ srrmrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur
nrw toffrrnmrn‘, wv‘u a lartr maworv‘y, mvtu‘ br ablr ‘o
concrn‘ra‘r on domrs‘vc rrsorms and ’rtrn‘ sorrvtn polvcy
affavrs ‘ua‘ drmandrd v‘s vmmrdva‘r a‘‘rn‘vonB
 
gs hu’‘‘o blamrd ‘ur army sor urr dvsmvssal srom powrrB
A‘ a prrss consrrrncr on C A’t’s‘ 1aa6, sur s‘a‘rd ‘ua‘
‘mvlv‘ary vn‘rllvtrncr sorcrd ‘ur krrsvdrn‘ ‘o makr ‘uvs
drcvsvon’ and ‘ua‘ ‘ur army uad ‘srom ‘ur firs‘ day [os urr
toffrrnmrn‘k’ plannrd a conspvracy atavns‘ urrB aur askrd
wuy, vs ‘urrr was no mvlv‘ary vnffolffrmrn‘, ‘ur army uad
srvzrd rrcords os ‘ur cn‘rllvtrncr h’rra’ (‘ur cvffvlvan
co’n‘rrAvn‘rllvtrncr ortanvza‘von0 and wuy ‘roops uad brrn
pos‘rd a‘ radvo and ‘rlrffvsvon s‘a‘vonsB11 ‘sv‘uvn ‘wo ‘o
‘urrr wrrks ‘ury’ll roll back and v‘ wvll br proprr mar‘val
lawB’1D bursr wrrr traffr allrta‘vons and drrply rrsrn‘rd
by many vn ‘ur armrd srrffvcrs wuo consvdrrrd ‘ua‘ s‘ravn
uad brrn placrd on ‘urvr loyal‘y by ‘ur ac‘vffv‘vrs os somr
proplr vn or assocva‘rd wv‘u toffrrnmrn‘ vn ‘ur rrcrn‘ pas‘B
burrr uad brrn dvsatrrrmrn‘s br‘wrrn ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr
and ‘ur krrsvdrn‘ (vn uvs capacv‘y as LommandrrAvnALuvrs0
and, vn spv‘r os rffor‘s ‘o s‘ay o’‘svdr polv‘vcs, ‘ur army
consvdrrrd v‘ suo’ld ‘akr a s‘andB sur‘urr ‘uvs was
w’s‘vfird or no‘, vs ano‘urr ma‘‘rrB
cn A’t’s‘ 1aCa gs hu’‘‘o uad so’tu‘ ‘o appovn‘ a nrw
Luavrman os ‘ur dovn‘ Luvrss os a‘aff Lommv‘‘rr vn placr os
Admvral cs‘vkuar avroury, wuo uad s’ccrrdrd ‘o ‘ur posv‘von
vn Noffrmbrr 1aCCB c‘ srrmrd clrar srom ‘ur ’s’al
vn‘rrprr‘a‘von os ‘rn’rr ‘ua‘ ur wo’ld srrffr ’n‘vl
Noffrmbrr 1aa1, wurn ur wo’ld rr‘vrr as‘rr uvs ‘urrrAyrar
‘o’rB cn any casr v‘ was ‘ur prrrota‘vffr os ‘ur krrsvdrn‘ ‘o
appovn‘ a nrw LuavrmanB19 Yn C A’t’s‘ hrt’m N’sra‘
hu’‘‘o, mo‘urr os hrnazvr, ‘old a rrpor‘rr ‘ua‘ ‘ur Admvral
uad ‘complr‘rd uvs ‘urrr yrars’ and s‘a‘rd ‘ua‘ urr
da’tu‘rr was a‘‘rndvnt a mrr‘vnt concrrnvnt ‘‘ur src’rv‘y
os o’r co’n‘ry and drmocracy’, a rrmark, accordvnt ‘o onr
nrwspaprr, ‘wuvcu only addrd ‘o ‘ur vmprrssvon os a crvsvs
brvnt playrd o’‘ bruvnd ‘ur scrnrs’B1: bur krvmr gvnvs‘rr
uad cuosrn ‘o vn‘rrprr‘ ‘ur ‘urrrAyrar ‘o’r as brvnt srom
‘ur da‘r os avroury’s promo‘von on 1: A’t’s‘ 1aCA, wurn
ur ‘ook offrr as Luvrs os Naffal a‘affB cs vmplrmrn‘rd, s’cu a
procrd’rr co’ld br awkward, as an officrr appovn‘rd ‘o
onr os ‘ur srnvor posv‘vons mvtu‘ alrrady uaffr urld so’rA
s‘ar rank (trnrral, admvral or avr cuvrs marsual0 sor somr
‘vmr brsorr ass’mvnt uvs nrw posv‘von, and v‘ was
rrasonablr ‘o rxprc‘ uvm ‘o carry o’‘ a s’ll ‘o’r vn ‘ur nrw
wobB h’‘ v‘ srrmrd ‘urrr mvtu‘ br ano‘urr sac‘orB
arnrral Aslam hrt uad brrn a so’rAs‘ar trnrral svncr
1aC7 b’‘ LYAa only svncr 1aCCB cs ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ was
s’ccrsss’l vn rrs‘rvc‘vnt avroury’s ‘rrm, wo’ld v‘ ‘urn vnsvs‘
‘ua‘ hrt rr‘vrrd vn garcu 1aa6 vns‘rad os A’t’s‘ 1aa1,
cv‘vnt c’r‘avlmrn‘ os ‘ur Luavrman’s ‘o’r as a prrcrdrn‘H
burrr wrrr r’mo’rs ‘ua‘ gs hu’‘‘o wvsurd ‘o svdrlvnr hrt
‘o br Luavrman (a nonArxrc’‘vffr pos‘0 and rrplacr uvm by
tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Aumrd Tamal Tuan, ‘ur Mrp’‘y Luvrs,
brca’sr os uvs prrcrvffrd loyal‘y ‘o ‘ur kkkB buvs was
srnsv‘vffr s‘’ffB
cn ‘ur rnd ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr uad ‘o back downB bur
krrsvdrn‘ uandlrd ‘ur affavr tracrs’lly (al‘uo’tu, as ‘ur
prrcrp‘vffr wo’rnalvs‘ g’suauvd o’ssavn povn‘rd o’‘, ur uad
brrn vn saffo’r os d’nrwo’s posv‘von concrrnvnt mvlv‘ary
appovn‘mrn‘s vn 1aC7 – wuvcu con‘rr‘rmps wv‘u Zva
con‘rvb’‘rd ‘o d’nrwo’s dvsmvssal0 and ‘ur ma‘‘rr camr ‘o a
closrB c‘ pr‘rrrd o’‘ ra‘urr ‘uan rndvnt on a concl’svffr
no‘r os atrrrmrn‘ by ‘ur krrsvdrn‘ and ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr,
b’‘ v‘ was rffvdrn‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ uad savlrd vn v‘s
a‘‘rmp‘ ‘o con‘rol mvlv‘ary appovn‘mrn‘s, and ‘ur armrd
sorcrs and ‘ur kkk wrrr wary os racu o‘urr srom ‘ua‘ ‘vmr
onB bur krrsvdrn‘ rrsrn‘rd ‘ur a‘‘rmp‘ ‘o rncroacu on uvs
a’‘uorv‘y and prrrota‘vffrs (as ur saw ‘urm0 and bvdrd uvs
‘vmrB
 
bur armvrs os kakvs‘an and cndva s‘vll sacrd racu o‘urr vn
avacurnB Las’al‘vrs vn ‘ur vcy was‘rs mo’n‘rd as ‘ur yrars
wrn‘ byB burrr was no possvbvlv‘y os a mvlv‘ary sol’‘vonB
Nrv‘urr svdr co’ld adffancr bryond ‘ur arras ‘ury urldB
burrr was s‘alrma‘r – ’n‘vl mvdA1aCa, wurn a
brrak‘uro’tu ‘ook placrB Yr srrmrd ‘o ‘akr placrB An
rxcv‘rd wo’rnalvs‘ (wrll, as rxcv‘rd as ‘ua‘ pulrtma‘vc racr
can br0 con‘ac‘rd ‘ur a’‘uor on 17 d’nr and savd ur uad
w’s‘ srn‘ a pvrcr ‘o ‘ur rffrc‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur cndvan and kakvs‘anv
sorrvtn srcrr‘arvrs (rrsprc‘vffrly gr aBTB avntu and gr
o’may’n Tuan0 uad atrrrd ‘ua‘ ‘roops wo’ld br
wv‘udrawn ‘o ‘ur posv‘vons occ’pvrd a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr os ‘ur
avmla AccordB bur wo’rnalvs‘ savd v‘ was a final atrrrmrn‘
‘ua‘ was, obffvo’sly, a’‘uorvzrd by ‘ur ‘wo toffrrnmrn‘s and
only nrrdrd ‘ur armvrs ‘o vmplrmrn‘ v‘ sor‘uwv‘uB A mawor
occ’rrrncr vn ‘ur s’bcon‘vnrn‘, ur savdN a‘ las‘ an
vndvca‘von ‘ua‘ ‘ur co’n‘rvrs srrmrd ‘o br srrvo’s abo’‘
rapprocurmrn‘ and workvnt sor pracrN ‘urrr mvtu‘ rffrn br
a nrw rra os ‘r’s‘ and coAoprra‘vonB (or was q’v‘r
rn‘u’svas‘vc, sor a wo’rnalvs‘B0
bur hhL rrpor‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘ur sorrvtn srcrr‘arvrsM

uad brrn mrr‘vnt sor ‘wo days and ‘urvr

dvsc’ssvons sr‘ ‘ur sral on ‘ur rarlvrr mrr‘vnts BBB
br‘wrrn ‘ur drsrncr srcrr‘arvrsB A‘ a wovn‘ nrws
consrrrncr gr Tuan anno’ncrd ‘ua‘ bo‘u svdrs
uaffr now drcvdrd ‘o wv‘udraw ‘o ‘ur posv‘vons
‘ua‘ ‘ury urld a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr os ‘ur avmla AccordB

A corrrspondvnt rrpor‘ was broadcas‘ vn crd’ on

toffrrnmrn‘Acon‘rollrd All cndva RadvoB15 c‘ srrmrd, rffrn ‘o
‘ur mos‘ scrp‘vcal obsrrffrrs vn cslamabad and Nrw Mrluv,
‘ua‘, a‘ lont las‘, srnvor rrprrsrn‘a‘vffrs os ‘ur co’n‘rvrs
wrrr no‘ only sv‘‘vnt down and ‘alkvnt abo’‘ ma‘‘rrs os
s’bs‘ancr, ‘ury wrrr also a’‘uorvzrd ‘o ‘akr drcvsvons ‘ua‘
wo’ld smoo‘u ‘ur way sor s’r‘urr confidrncrAb’vldvnt
mras’rrsB srontB
A ‘clarvfica‘von’ was vss’rd by ‘ur cndvan gvnvs‘ry os
lx‘rrnal AffavrsB bur ‘curonoloty os rffrn‘s’, savd a
spokrsman, uad brrn ‘m’ddlrd and cons’srd’B or wrn‘ on
‘o s‘a‘r ‘ua‘ ‘bur cndvan sorrvtn srcrr‘ary uad rndorsrd ‘ur
kakvs‘anv sorrvtn srcrr‘ary’s obsrrffa‘vons on ‘urvr ‘alks,
wurrras ‘ur rrpor‘ uas madr o’‘ as vs ur uad rndorsrd ‘ur
kakvs‘an sorrvtn srcrr‘ary’s rrmarks on ‘ur drsrncr
srcrr‘arvrs’ ‘alksB’1A suvcu s‘a‘rmrn‘ was, os co’rsr, no‘
m’ddlrd or cons’svntB bur cndvan toffrrnmrn‘ drnvrd ‘‘ua‘
kakvs‘an and cndva uad rracurd an atrrrmrn‘ on ‘uvs
[avacurnk vss’r’B bur sorrvtn corrrspondrn‘s vn cslamabad
sur’ttrd ‘urvr collrc‘vffr suo’ldrrsB ‘sua‘,’ askrd onr os
‘urm, rur‘orvcally, ‘can yo’ rxprc‘ os a b’ncu os proplr lvkr
‘ua‘H’b
cs ‘urrr uas brrn onr occasvon, a svntlr vdrn‘vfiablr povn‘,
a prrcvsr momrn‘ vn ‘ur uvs‘ory os ‘ur s’bcon‘vnrn‘ a‘
wuvcu cndva and kakvs‘an mvtu‘ uaffr brrn placrd on ‘ur
road ‘o ‘ur rs‘ablvsumrn‘ os rrasonablr rrla‘vons, v‘ was
‘ua‘ day vn d’nr 1aCaB An atrrrmrn‘ s’cu as ‘ur onr ‘ua‘
was rracurd and ‘urn drnvrd wo’ld uaffr saffrd u’ndrrds
os soldvrrs’ lvffrs and cos‘ no‘uvnt vn na‘vonal prvdrB bur
s‘ra‘rtvc posv‘vons os ‘ur co’n‘rvrs wo’ld no‘ uaffr al‘rrrd
onr wo‘B bur accord wo’ld uaffr proffrd ‘o ‘ur world ‘ua‘
bvla‘rralvsm ac‘’ally workrd (a rral wvnnrr sor cndvan
obwrc‘vffrs concrrnvnt Tasumvr0 and ‘rrmvna‘rd an
’nw’s‘vfiablr dravn on na‘vonal b’dtr‘s (cndva’s m’cu morr
‘uan kakvs‘an’s0B h’‘ v‘ was no‘ ‘o brB

hNT D bc trYa T bt tNT @YcbstT

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(
arnrral Aslam hrt, 19 arp‘rmbrr 1aCa17

bur a’‘uor a‘‘rndrd lxrrcvsr ZarbAvAgomvn (‘ur hrlvrffrr’s

hlow0 srom 17 ‘o D6 Mrcrmbrr 1aCaB burrr wrrr srffrral
sorrvtn obsrrffrrs, somr os wuom saw morr os ‘ur rxrrcvsr
‘uan o‘urrs, and ‘ur consrns’s was ‘ua‘ ‘ur kakvs‘an Army
co’ld fitu‘ a conffrn‘vonal war atavns‘ cndva sor srffrral
wrrks, and s‘ood a rrasonablr cuancr os carryvnt war vn‘o
cndvan ‘rrrv‘ory b’‘ sor onr ‘uvntM vns’fficvrn‘ a‘‘rn‘von ‘o
‘ur rnrmy avr ‘urra‘B burrr was no‘ rno’tu kAO
par‘vcvpa‘von a‘ all lrffrlsB
ha‘‘lr procrd’rrs wrrr rffrc‘vffr m’cu os ‘ur ‘vmr b’‘ on
occasvons wrrr poorB buvs taffr ‘ur obsrrffrrs somr
confidrncr vn wua‘ ‘ury wrrr wv‘nrssvnt, vn ‘ua‘, os co’rsr,
rral rxrrcvsrs trnrrally uaffr almos‘ as many snas’s as rral
ba‘‘lrsB An rxrrcvsr ‘ua‘ tors rxac‘ly ‘o plan vs no‘ wv‘uo’‘
v‘s ’srs – b’‘ mvs‘akrs suow wua‘ commandrrs and s‘affs
a‘ all lrffrls arr madr os, wurn ‘ury uaffr ‘o sor‘ ‘uvnts o’‘
q’vcklyB burrr vs no‘uvnt lvkr prrss’rr sor rrffralvnt
pronrnrss ‘o panvcB cn ZarbAvAgomvn ‘urrr wrrr somr
nonsrnsrs, onr ca’srd by rlrmrn‘s os ‘ur ‘rnrmy’ armo’r
brcomvnt offrrrn‘u’svas‘vc and adffancvnt ‘o offrrcomr
posv‘vons ‘ua‘ suo’ld uaffr rrmavnrd vnffvola‘r ’n‘vl ‘ur
sollowvnt dayB bur rxrrcvsr was, as‘rr all, ‘ury ‘uo’tu‘, ‘ur
firs‘ ‘rval os Rvpos‘r — ‘ur q’vck and drffas‘a‘vnt ‘ur’s‘ vn‘o
rnrmy ‘rrrv‘ory – wuy no‘ prrss onH buvs was ‘ur trra‘rs‘
s’n sor ‘ur ffvsv‘vnt trnrrals, many os wuom uad brrn vn
svmvlar cvrc’ms‘ancrs, and rrs’l‘rd vn la‘rr rxcuantrs os
confidrncrs abo’‘ uow poorly wrv‘‘rn rxrrcvsrs wrrr ‘ursr
days, and uow ‘ury (‘ur kakvs‘anv commandrrs and
obsrrffvnt trnrrals0 wo’ld uaffr dral‘ wv‘u ‘uvnts uad ‘ury
(‘ur plannrrs0 brrn br‘‘rr ortanvzrdB A ‘rllvnt commrn‘
was madr by onr ffvsv‘or as‘rr wr uad b’mprd aro’nd vn
so’rAwurrl drvffr ffruvclrs sor ‘urrr uo’rs wv‘uo’‘ srrvnt an
‘vncvdrn‘’ os no‘r (o‘urr ‘uan a firr ca’srd by an
’nsor‘’na‘r caffalry s’bal‘rrn wuo was, apparrn‘ly, ‘ryvnt
‘o dry o’‘ uvs brddvnt0B ‘buvs,’ ur savd, ‘drmons‘ra‘rs ‘ur
rmp‘vnrss os ‘ur ba‘‘lrfirldB’1C bo srr ‘uvs rmp‘vnrss was os
consvdrrablr ffal’r ‘o commandrrs and s‘affs – and ‘o
par‘vcvpan‘s a‘ morr u’mblr lrffrlsB c‘ vs no‘ os‘rn an
rxrrcvsr can tvffr ‘ur ‘srrl’ os ‘ur ba‘‘lrfirld and suow ‘ua‘
rntatrmrn‘s arr rarrly so’tu‘ conc’rrrn‘ly all offrr ‘ur
arra os oprra‘vonsB
 klannvnt sor ‘ur rxrrcvsr brtan soon as‘rr hrt ‘ook offrr
as LYAa, and carr was ‘akrn ‘o no‘vsy cndva srffrral mon‘us
brsorr v‘ s‘ar‘rdB gaps wrrr proffvdrd ‘ua‘ vncl’drd
dvrrc‘vons os adffancr and wv‘udrawal – nor‘uAso’‘u A lrs‘
‘urrr br any mvscons‘r’c‘von placrd on kakvs‘an’s p’‘‘vnt
offrr D66,666 ‘roops vn ‘ur firldB ZarbAvAgomvn was a ffrry
lartr rxrrcvsrB c‘ was prruaps ‘oo bvt, ‘oo rx‘rnsvffr vn v‘s
obwrc‘vffrs, ‘o br ffal’ablr vn all asprc‘s os ‘ac‘vcs, and many
soldvrrs wrrr borrd sor lont prrvodsB buvs was rralvs‘vc, b’‘
‘ur ‘roops wrrr o’‘ os barracks sor ‘oo lontB h’‘ v‘ uad
ffal’r vn many o‘urr waysB c‘ suowrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur kakvs‘an Army
was now o’‘ os ‘ur b’svnrss os mar‘val law, oncr and sor all,
and co’ld concrn‘ra‘r on ‘ravnvntB c‘ taffr ‘ur mrssatr ‘o
cndva ‘ua‘ rnormo’s n’mbrrs os ‘roops co’ld br moffrd
q’vckly and wv‘u ‘no‘vonal’ amm’nv‘von (rrprrsrn‘rd by
sandAfillrd amm’nv‘von boxrs0, ra‘urr ‘uan ca’svnt alarm
by moffvnt rral amm’nv‘von (wuvcu wo’ld dr‘rrvora‘r,
anyway, d’r ‘o uandlvnt and rxpos’rr ‘o clvma‘r, as ‘ur
cndvans rxprrvrncrd d’rvnt lxrrcvsr hrass backs and
atavn, and morr srrvo’sly, d’rvnt Yprra‘von karakram, ‘ur
consron‘a‘von wv‘u kakvs‘an vn D661AD0B c‘ was a tood
rxrrcvsr wuosr mavn rrs’l‘s, sollowvnt analysvs by aol
and vnp’‘ srom rlsrwurrr, vncl’drd vmproffrmrn‘ vn armo’r
‘ac‘vcs, br‘‘rr passatr os vn‘rllvtrncr, rnuancrd coA
oprra‘von wv‘u ‘ur kAO, crra‘von os Avr Mrsrncr Lommand,
and vn‘rod’c‘von os uvturrAlrffrl coAordvna‘von os ar‘vllrryB
bu’s sar vn uvs ‘rrm as Luvrs os Army a‘aff, arnrral
Aslam hrt uad proffrd ‘o ‘ur army and ‘o o’‘svdrrs ‘ua‘
‘urrr was somr orvtvnal ‘uo’tu‘ vn aol, an ortanvza‘von
‘ua‘ uad brrn svnt’larly lackvnt vn ffvsvon sor somr yrarsB
h’‘ ‘ur LYAa uad somr o‘urr vdras ‘ua‘ dvd no‘ sv‘ q’v‘r so
comsor‘ably wv‘u ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ or wv‘u somr o‘urr
co’n‘rvrsB bursr vncl’drd ‘ur concrp‘ os ‘a‘ra‘rtvc
Mrfiancr’B
 
arnrral hrt spokr ‘o ‘ur krrss srrq’rn‘ly and dvd no‘
apprar ‘o rralvzr ‘ua‘ ur was no‘ always rrpor‘rd on
acc’ra‘rly and ‘ua‘ occasvonally ur wrn‘ s’r‘urr ‘uan ur
suo’ldB aomr‘vmrs uvs s‘a‘rmrn‘s vrrv‘a‘rd ‘ur
toffrrnmrn‘B oad somr os ‘urm brrn madr by uvs
co’n‘rrpar‘s vn ‘ur ca or ‘ur cT (sor rxamplr0, ‘ury wo’ld
uaffr swvs‘ly brcomr uvs sormrr co’n‘rrpar‘sB
Yn D Mrcrmbrr 1aa6, rxac‘ly so’r mon‘us as‘rr craq
vnffadrd T’wav‘, hrt taffr a ‘alk a‘ ‘ur kakvs‘an Yrdnancr
Oac‘orvrs’ ann’al srmvnar a‘ sau Lan‘onmrn‘ nrar
cslamabadB buosr prrsrn‘ prrparrd ‘urmsrlffrs sor ‘ur
’s’al commrn‘s abo’‘ uow rfficvrn‘ kakvs‘an drsrncr
vnd’s‘rvrs uad brcomr, and o‘urr manda‘ory pla‘v‘’drsB
bury sa‘ ’p wurn ur brtan sprakvnt abo’‘ ‘ur a’ls, and
rffrn morr vn‘rrrs‘ was dvsplayrd wurn ur mrn‘vonrd craq
vn ‘rrms os approba‘von vn rrla‘von ‘o drfiancr os ‘‘ur
mvtu‘vrs‘ os ‘ur mvtu‘y’B or also savd words ‘o ‘ur rffrc‘
‘ua‘ ‘ur a’dvrncr suo’ld no‘ mrn‘von wua‘ ur uad savd
oncr ‘ury to‘ o’‘svdr ‘ur a’dv‘orv’m A sa‘ cuancr os ‘ua‘,
rsprcvally as ‘urrr wrrr rrpor‘rrs and drsrncr a‘‘acurs
prrsrn‘B ta‘rr, ‘ur officr os cn‘rr arrffvcrs k’blvc Rrla‘vons
was swamprd by ‘rlrpuonr calls srom rrpor‘rrs, dvploma‘s,
drsrncr a‘‘acurs (and rffrn, v‘ was savd, s‘aff officrrs srom
aol0, askvnt sor copvrs os ‘ur sprrcuB burrr wasn’‘ onr,
savd ‘ur uarassrd ffovcr a‘ ‘ur o‘urr rnd os ‘ur ‘rlrpuonrB
suyH srll, brca’sr ‘urrr vsn’‘B And v‘ srrms ‘urrr wasn’‘B
bur Luvrs os ‘ur Army a‘aff apprarrd ‘o uaffr brrn
sprakvnt off ‘ur c’ffB A ffrrsvon os uvs sprrcu was prod’crd
b’‘ nobody uad a drfinv‘vffr copyB1a Y’‘svdr ‘ur uall, wurn
askrd by rrpor‘rrs wuy ‘ur ca was dvscrvmvna‘vnt atavns‘
kakvs‘an concrrnvnt avd (wuvcu ‘ur h’su admvnvs‘ra‘von
uad c’‘ off vn Yc‘obrr0, ur savd, ‘c ‘uvnk c uaffr spokrn
rno’tu,’D6 wuvcu vndrrd ur uadB
A lradrr vn TZs Musl[m on : Mrcrmbrr was rnco’ratvnt
abo’‘ ‘ur arnrral’s sprrcuM
 uvs rx‘rmporr rrmarks a‘ a srmvnar vn sau
Lan‘onmrn‘ on a’nday wv‘u rrsrrrncr ‘o ‘ur
c’rrrn‘ a’ls crvsvs rrprrsrn‘ a sorcrs’l and uvtuly
svtnvfican‘ rrmvndrr os ‘ur prrmv’m ‘ur Luvrs os
‘ur kakvs‘an army con‘vn’rs ‘o placr on
s‘rrnt‘urnvnt collrc‘vffr drsrncrs os rrtvonal
g’slvm co’n‘rvrsB

srll, yrsN ur uad tonr on rrcord almos‘ ‘wo yrars brsorr

wv‘u ‘ur no‘von ‘ua‘ rrtvonal cslamvc na‘vons suo’ld prrsrn‘
a ’nv‘rd sron‘ os somr sor‘, and uad namrd cran and b’rkry
(and, op‘vmvs‘vcally, a pracrs’l Astuanvs‘an0 as possvblr
par‘nrrs vn a src’rv‘y arrantrmrn‘B kakvs‘an vs narrow ras‘
‘o wrs‘, and hrt uad somr vdra os ’svnt cran as ‘s‘ra‘rtvc
drp‘u’, wuvcu was a woolly concrp‘ and ’nlvkrly ‘o a‘‘rac‘
m’cu s’ppor‘ vn brurranB And ur woord cran assvd’o’slyB
‘cran,’ ur savd on 19 arp‘rmbrr 1aCa, ‘uas tonr ‘uro’tu a
rrffol’‘von and as‘rr trra‘ sacrvficrs uas rmrrtrd s‘rontrr
vn spv‘r os ‘ur sac‘ ‘ua‘ many co’n‘rvrs os ‘ur world wovnrd
uands ‘o drs‘roy ‘ur rrffol’‘vonB’ cran was ambvffalrn‘ abo’‘
s‘ra‘rtvc consrns’s, vn spv‘r os brvnt wvllvnt ‘o accrp‘
wua‘rffrr assvs‘ancr kakvs‘an co’ld offrr vn proffvsvon os
drsrncr rq’vpmrn‘ and ‘ravnvnt (and wvsuvnt ‘o rxrrcvsr
vnfl’rncr concrrnvnt ‘ur rvtu‘s and ‘rra‘mrn‘ os kakvs‘an’s
auva mvnorv‘y0B hrt may uaffr brlvrffrd ‘ua‘ somr srnvor
cranvans approffrd os uvs rn‘u’svas‘vc proposalsB bur
Luavrman os ‘ur dovn‘ Luvrss, hrvtadvrr arnrral auaubazv,
savd ‘ua‘ cran ‘wo’ld apprrcva‘r s’cu cooprra‘von amonts‘
‘ur g’slvm co’n‘rvrs’, and ‘ur Rrffol’‘vonary a’ards’
mvnvs‘rr, Alv auamkuanv, savd ‘ua‘ cran and kakvs‘an ‘wvll
sorm an vmpor‘an‘ par‘ os ‘ur cslamvc drsrncr lvnr vn ‘ur
rrtvon’, nrv‘urr os wuvcu s‘a‘rmrn‘s mran‘ any‘uvnt
drfinv‘vffr ‘o anyonr ffrrsrd vn vn‘rrna‘vonal rrla‘vons, wuvcu
hrt was no‘B Nrv‘urr was b’rkry rn‘u’svas‘vcB As a src’lar
na‘von drawvnt closrr (v‘ uoprd0 ‘o l’ropr ‘uan ‘o poor
las‘rrn co’n‘rvrs ‘ua‘ uad lv‘‘lr ‘o offrr v‘, v‘ dvs‘ancrd
v‘srls srom hrt’s proposalB buvs was no LlNbY, wv‘u ca
approffal and all ‘ur backvnt ‘ua‘ wrn‘ wv‘u ‘ua‘ d’bvo’s
accoladrB hrt’s vdras uad lv‘‘lr s’ppor‘ wv‘uvn kakvs‘an,
rv‘urr, al‘uo’tu somr ualsAbakrd vdrolotvs‘s srvzrd on uvs
apparrn‘ srrffo’r sor cslamvc solvdarv‘y ‘o p’su ‘urvr own
‘urocra‘vc barrowB NoN ‘a‘ra‘rtvc Mrfiancr’ was no‘ born
o’‘ os ‘s‘ra‘rtvc consrns’s’, as v‘ was known vn somr
cvrclrsB c‘ was a nrw concrp‘ and, tvffrn ‘ur mannrr vn
wuvcu v‘ was prrsrn‘rd, apparrn‘ly no‘ wrll ‘uo’tu‘
‘uro’tuB
TZs Musl[m nrwspaprr so’ndrd a no‘r os ca’‘von –
al‘uo’tu ‘ua‘ was no‘ wua‘ ‘ur wrv‘rr os v‘s rdv‘orval
vn‘rndrd vn ‘ur prn’l‘vma‘r srn‘rncrM ‘c‘ vs s‘rvkvnt ‘ua‘,
‘uo’tu apparrn‘ly vn atrrrmrn‘ wv‘u ‘uvs [hrt’sk approacu,
‘ur polv‘vcal toffrrnmrn‘ os ‘ur day uas no‘ so sar comr o’‘
wv‘u s’cu a clrar s‘a‘rmrn‘ os na‘vonal polvcyB‘ aoodnrss
mr – ‘ur cbl[t[cal toffrrnmrn‘B sas ‘urrr ano‘urr onrH
burrr days la‘rr aawa commrn‘rdM ’bua‘ ‘ur Luvrs os Army
a‘aff cuosr ‘o anno’ncr ‘ur polvcy, wuvcu vn a cvffvlvan
drmocra‘vc sr‘A’p suo’ld normally uaffr brrn ‘ur
prrrota‘vffr os ‘ur prvmr mvnvs‘rr, vs BBB ’ndrrs‘andablrB
As‘rr all, gvan Nawaz auarvs dors no‘ mvnd krrpvnt a low
profilrB‘ buvs was brcomvnt dantrro’sB burrr was no onr vn
a’‘uorv‘y vn kakvs‘an wuo apprarrd ‘o dvsapproffr os ‘uvs
al‘rra‘von vn ‘ur na‘von’s drsrncr polvcy, or, vs ‘urrr was,
‘ury wrrr no‘ ablr or wvllvnt ‘o sprak o’‘ atavns‘ v‘B
O’r‘urr, and os trra‘rr vmpor‘ancr, v‘ vs no‘
‘’ndrrs‘andablr’ ‘ua‘ polvcy suo’ld br no‘vfird by a
trnrral, no ma‘‘rr uow rmvnrn‘B c‘ vs ‘ur rrsponsvbvlv‘y os a
drmocra‘vcally rlrc‘rd toffrrnmrn‘ and ab bas slss ‘o do
soB hrt was q’v‘r wront ‘o makr ‘ur anno’ncrmrn‘B lffrn
uad ‘ur polvcy brrn atrrrd wv‘u toffrrnmrn‘ and ‘ur
krrsvdrn‘ (s‘vll ‘ur s’prrmr commandrr os ‘ur armrd
sorcrs0, v‘ was no‘ sor ‘ur LYAa or anyonr vn ’nvsorm ‘o
anno’ncr v‘ ‘o ‘ur world a‘ a ‘rcunvcal srmvnar, uowrffrr
prrs‘vtvo’sB
h’‘ wua‘ dvd ‘ur concrp‘, possvbly ‘ur nrw drsrncr polvcy
os kakvs‘an, ac‘’ally mranH c‘ uad a cuallrntvnt rvnt abo’‘
v‘, crr‘avnlyB a‘ra‘rtvc MrfiancrM ‘Lomr ‘ur ‘urrr cornrrs os
‘ur world vn arms, and wr suall suock ‘urmB’D1 a‘vrrvntN
na‘vonalvs‘vcN rffrn xrnopuobvcB sas v‘ srlsArrlvancrH cs so,
‘uvs was drram‘vmrB burrr was no possvbvlv‘y ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an
co’ld brcomr srlsArrlvan‘ vn all or rffrn mos‘ asprc‘s os
drsrncr prod’c‘vonB srll, ‘urn, was v‘ basrd on rrs’sal ‘o
accrp‘ assvs‘ancr srom lartrr powrrs, sprcvfically ‘ur ca,
wuvcu uad vn any casr c’r‘avlrd v‘s avd on ‘ur tro’nds ‘ua‘
v‘ brlvrffrd kakvs‘an ‘o br a n’clrar wrapons s‘a‘r, lvkr
csrarl and cndvaH No‘ m’cu povn‘ vn ‘ua‘M v‘ was only srom
morr sopuvs‘vca‘rd vnd’s‘rval rconomvrs ‘ua‘ adffancrd
wrapons sys‘rms co’ld br ob‘avnrd, and ‘ur armrd sorcrs
badly nrrdrd s’cu rq’vpmrn‘B c‘ was dvffic’l‘ ‘o pvn down,
‘uvs doc‘rvnr, ’nlrss v‘ was – b’‘ s’rrly no‘H – a
ca‘cupurasr lookvnt sor a polvcyH
hrt savd, ‘sr do no‘ say no ‘o srvrndly offrrs os
assvs‘ancr b’‘ ‘ua‘ dors no‘ mran wr can br dvc‘a‘rd ‘rrms
wuvcu c brlvrffr arr no‘ vn ‘ur brs‘ vn‘rrrs‘s os ‘ur co’n‘ryB’
Rrsrrrvnt ‘o ‘ur 1aA5 and 1a71 wars, ur povn‘rd o’‘ ‘ua‘
ca mvlv‘ary avd uad brrn s’sprndrd and ‘wr wrrr lrs‘ uvtu
and dry b’‘ wr manatrd ‘o lvffr and ‘ur avd c’‘Aoff dvd no‘
affrc‘ ’sB’ buvs vs svmply no‘ corrrc‘B bur c’‘Aoff uad a
srffrrr rffrc‘ on ‘ur co’n‘ry’s warAfitu‘vnt capabvlv‘vrs and
wo’ld uaffr brrn crv‘vcal uad crasrfirr arrantrmrn‘s no‘
comr vn‘o sorcrB sua‘ was hrt ‘ryvnt ‘o vll’s‘ra‘r by ‘uvs
assrr‘vonH
TZs lat[bawas vn rrflrc‘vffr mood by : MrcrmbrrM
 suvlr onr suo’ld s‘and by rffrry‘uvnt ‘ua‘ vs brvnt
savd abo’‘ no‘ allowvnt ‘ur na‘von’s soffrrrvtn‘y ‘o
br compromvsrd, ‘ur q’rs‘von vs wur‘urr ‘ur
accrp‘ancr os avd, or loans ‘o br rxac‘, rrally
compromvsrs o’r soffrrrvtn‘yH c‘ uas no‘, so sarB
Atavn, svncr a ca avd nrto‘va‘vons ‘ram vs
rxprc‘rd ‘o br urrr soon, wo’ldn’‘ v‘ br br‘‘rr ‘o
wav‘ and srr vs any drmand atavns‘ o’r na‘vonal
vn‘rrrs‘s vs madrH

bur rdv‘orval wrn‘ on ‘o q’rs‘von ‘ur rvtu‘ os ‘ur LYAa ‘o

prono’ncr on sorrvtn polvcy, and vndvca‘rd ‘ua‘ uvs ‘ffvrw on
‘ur a’ls conflvc‘ co’ld br a‘ ffarvancr wv‘u o’r drclarrd
posv‘von on craqB c‘ wo’ld uaffr brrn br‘‘rr vs all ortans os
‘ur s‘a‘r wrrr ‘o br srrn ‘o sprak wv‘u onr ffovcr, vs all os
‘urm uaffr ‘o sprak on na‘vonal vss’rsB’ bur rrsponsvblr
prrss os kakvs‘an uad rntatrd trarB h’‘ v‘ madr no
dvffrrrncrB ‘a‘ra‘rtvc drfiancr’ was ‘ur warton os ‘ur
momrn‘, wua‘rffrr v‘ mran‘, and ‘ur co’n‘ry’s polvcy was
no‘ ‘o brcomr rntatrd vn ‘ur a’ls sar, sor wuvcu ‘ur b’vldA
’p vn ‘ur Arabvan krnvns’la uad almos‘ rndrdB
c‘ suo’ld uaffr brrn worryvnt sor kakvs‘an ‘ua‘ vn
Mrcrmbrr ‘ur ca Assvs‘an‘ arcrr‘ary os Mrsrncr sor
cn‘rrna‘vonal arc’rv‘y, ornry Rowan, and a lartr
drlrta‘von ffvsv‘rd Nrw Mrluv ‘o dvsc’ss ways os vmproffvnt
drsrncr coAoprra‘von, b’‘ v‘ srrmrd ‘ua‘ nrv‘urr hrt nor
‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ was prr‘’rbrd abo’‘ ‘uvs drffrlopmrn‘, or
abo’‘ o‘urrs os consvdrrablr vn‘rrna‘vonal svtnvficancrB
bur cold war uad rndrdB Yn ‘ur day ‘ua‘ hrt drlvffrrrd
uvs sprrcu a‘ sau, krrsvdrn‘s h’su and aorbacurff,
mrr‘vnt vn ‘ur por‘ os garsaxlokk, drclarrd v‘s drmvsrB
kakvs‘an’s ffal’r ‘o ‘ur ca as a co’n‘rr ‘o wua‘ uad brrn
prrcrvffrd as aoffvr‘ rxpansvon vn Astuanvs‘an uad
dvsapprarrd, and ‘ur rnd os ‘ur cold war mran‘ ‘ua‘
kakvs‘an uad no s’r‘urr s‘ra‘rtvc ffal’r sor ‘ur caB cndva
co’ld no lontrr co’n‘ on rrcrvffvnt wrapons srom ‘ur
R’ssvan Ordrra‘von a‘ ‘ur bartavn ra‘rs os sormrr yrars –
b’‘ vs ‘ur ca wrrr ‘o dvs‘ancr v‘srls srom kakvs‘an and
moffr closrr ‘o cndva, as srrmrd ‘o br uapprnvnt, ‘urn
kakvs‘an co’ld find v‘srls vn a dvffic’l‘ sv‘’a‘von
rconomvcally, and co’ld uaffr an rffrn worsr problrm so sar
as drsrncr was concrrnrdB buvs dvd no‘ rscapr ‘ur
prosrssvonals vn kakvs‘an’s Oorrvtn Yfficr b’‘,
’nsor‘’na‘rly, nrv‘urr ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ nor ‘ur army
srrmrd ‘o br payvnt a‘‘rn‘von ‘o wua‘ was uapprnvnt, a‘
amazvnt sprrd, vn ‘ur o’‘svdr worldB

H ak Ystaa aa d tNT 5 Y lt M ar
kakvs‘an dvd no‘ wovn ‘ur coalv‘von ‘ua‘ proffvdrd ‘roops ‘o
fitu‘ atavns‘ craq vn 1aa1B cn a par‘vc’larly maladrov‘
mannrr, v‘ compromvsrd by srndvnt, vnv‘vally, 1D
cndrprndrn‘ Armo’rrd hrvtadr aro’p ‘o aa’dv Arabva ‘o
‘t’ard ‘ur ooly klacrs’B bur ca was ’npop’lar vn kakvs‘an,
sor obffvo’s rrasons, and craq, ’ndrr ‘ur ’nbrlvrffrr
aaddam o’ssavn, was consvdrrrd by many srmvArd’ca‘rd
proplr (and somr rd’ca‘rd onrs, ‘oo0 ‘o br ‘ur attrvrffrd
par‘yBDD bury ‘uo’tu‘ aaddam suo’ld br contra‘’la‘rd on
uvs drfiancr os ‘ur mvtu‘y caAlrd coalv‘von wuvcu, vn any
casr, was only tovnt ‘o urlp ‘ur arrotan‘ T’wav‘vs wuo
‘rra‘rd ‘ur rrs‘ os ‘ur Arab and g’slvm world wv‘u
con‘rmp‘B c‘ wo’ld uaffr brrn dvffic’l‘ (b’‘ no‘ vmpossvblr0
sor ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ ‘o w’s‘vsy commv‘‘vnt ‘roops ’ndrr
command os a powrr ‘ua‘ uad d’mprd kakvs‘an as an allyB
A uva‘’s vn sorrvtn polvcy drcvsvonAmakvnt was probably
vnrffv‘ablr vn ‘uvs prrvod ‘ua‘ saw so many vmpor‘an‘
vn‘rrna‘vonal drffrlopmrn‘sB bur kkk toffrrnmrn‘ uad brrn
dvsmvssrd w’s‘ a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr os ‘ur craqv vnffasvonN ‘ur vn‘rrvm
toffrrnmrn‘ uad no‘ brrn vn a posv‘von ‘o ‘akr drcvsvons
‘ua‘ vn any casr wo’ld no‘ uaffr brrn bvndvnt on ‘urvr
s’ccrssorN and ‘ur nrw toffrrnmrn‘ os Nawaz auarvs was
findvnt v‘s srr‘, and lackrd rxprr‘vsr vn sorrvtn rrla‘vonsB
cn‘o ‘ur ffac’’m wurrr kakvs‘an’s sorrvtn polvcy suo’ld
uaffr brrn ‘urrr camr Aslam hrt, and v‘ wo’ld uaffr brrn
br‘‘rr sor ‘ur co’n‘ry uad ur rrsravnrd srom ‘ryvnt ‘o fill v‘B
No‘ only was ‘ur dvspa‘cu os ‘ur brvtadr ‘o aa’dv Arabva
polv‘vcally vnrp‘, v‘ was an oprra‘vonal and admvnvs‘ra‘vffr
dvsas‘rrB oad kakvs‘an ac‘rd ’ndrr ‘ur artvs os ‘ur a’ls
Loalv‘von, v‘ wo’ld uaffr brrn wrlcomrd wv‘u rq’vpmrn‘
and trnrro’s s’ppor‘B c‘ wo’ld uaffr brrn do’bly wrlcomrM
v‘s ffrry prrsrncr wo’ld uaffr drmons‘ra‘rd kakvs‘an’s
solvdarv‘y wv‘u vmpor‘an‘ na‘vonsN and v‘s rxprr‘vsr and
prosrssvonalvsm wo’ld uaffr con‘rvb’‘rd ‘o ‘ur coalv‘von’s
warAfitu‘vnt capabvlv‘yB An armo’rrd brvtadr vs a po‘rn‘
sorcr, and commandrrs, no ma‘‘rr uow many ‘roops ‘ury
uaffr, can always find ‘asks sor morrB bur brvtadr wo’ld
uaffr fi‘‘rd wrll alontsvdr any os ‘ur coalv‘von’s sorcrs and
wo’ld do’b‘lrss uaffr dvs‘vnt’vsurd v‘srlsB h’‘ v‘ was
‘rra‘rd coolly by aa’dv Arabva (al‘uo’tu aa’dv avrcras‘
‘ranspor‘rd kakvs‘anv soldvrrs0 and, barrly crrdvbly, was
almos‘ vtnorrd by aolB cmmrdva‘rly brsorr ‘ur a‘‘ack
brtan, hrt wrn‘ ‘o Loalv‘von ol sor a brvrfint wuvcu,
accordvnt ‘o ca mvlv‘ary officrrs, ‘suook uvm’B (or was no‘
tvffrn dr‘avls os ‘vmvnts sor ‘ur adffancrB0 or uad no vdra
wua‘ ‘o rxprc‘ and was amazrd a‘ ‘ur svzr os ‘ur b’vldA’p
vn spv‘r os uaffvnt brrn brvrsrd on v‘s protrrss by ca
officrrs vn prrcrdvnt wrrksB or affovdrd dvsc’ssvon os
kakvs‘an’s rrl’c‘ancr ‘o brcomr vnffolffrd vn ‘ur coalv‘von
and apprarrd ‘sor‘ os apolotr‘vc, b’‘ ur dvdn’‘ say ‘ua‘’BD9
hrt uad ffvsv‘rd uvs ‘roops, wuvcu by now vncl’drd 996
cndrprndrn‘ cnsan‘ry hrvtadr aro’p as par‘ os ‘ur aLL
rlrmrn‘, b’‘ was srrmvntly no‘ dvs‘’rbrd ‘ua‘ moralr was
low, or ‘ua‘ uvs soldvrrs wrrr poorly rq’vpprd and lackrd
proprr clo‘uvntBD: burvr mvssvon was ’nclrar (aaddam
wo’ld uaffr brrn vnsanr ‘o uaffr a‘‘ackrd ‘ur uoly placrs,
rffrn vs uvs army co’ld uaffr crossrd ‘ur aa’dv bordrr0 and
‘urvr r’lrs os rntatrmrn‘ nonArxvs‘rn‘B bury wrrr moffrd
uv‘urr and ‘uv‘urr ‘uro’tuo’‘ ‘ur co’n‘ry and wrrr
’npop’lar wv‘u almos‘ rffrryonrB burrr was no‘ m’cu
rffvdrncr os ‘a‘ra‘rtvc Mrfiancr’ vn ‘uvsB kakvs‘an uad
dvs‘ancrd v‘srls srom ‘ur coalv‘von ‘ua‘ v‘ was prrffrn‘rd
srom wovnvnt by a combvna‘von os rrl’c‘ancr on ‘ur par‘ os
hrt, and craqv propatandaB A toffrrnmrn‘ vn cslamabad
‘ua‘ was sr‘‘lrd vn powrr and uad sorrvtn affavrs
rxprrvrncr mvtu‘ uaffr offrrcomr ‘ur problrms assocva‘rd
wv‘u propatanda, wuvcu was rx‘rrmrly rffrc‘vffrB c‘ co’ld
uaffr rmployrd all ‘ur p’blvcv‘y mrans a‘ v‘s dvsposal ‘o
co’n‘rr proAcraqv atv‘a‘ors (many os wuom wrrr svmply
‘ro’blrmakrrs, b’‘ no lrss rffrc‘vffr sor ‘ua‘0 wuo cuosr ‘o
vtnorr ‘ur sac‘ ‘ua‘ aaddam was no morr a g’slvm ‘uan ur
was a soldvrr – al‘uo’tu ur was por‘rayrd as a drsrndrr os
‘ur Oav‘u and a mvtu‘y warrvor vn all ‘ur ma‘rrval
cvrc’la‘vnt vn kakvs‘anB
bur a’ls sar was a sad cuap‘rr sor kakvs‘anB cndva, ‘oo,
uad problrms wv‘u Mrsrr‘ auvrldCMrsrr‘ a‘orm, b’‘
somruow ‘ury wrrr offrrcomrB bur mvnorv‘y toffrrnmrn‘ os
krvmr gvnvs‘rr Luandra aurkar uad allowrd ca avrcras‘ ‘o
rrs’rl vn cndva rn ro’‘r ‘o ‘ur a’ls b’‘ rrscvndrd
prrmvssvon wurn ‘urrr was (q’v‘r cynvcal0 obwrc‘von srom,
amonts‘ o‘urrs, Rawvff aanduvB buvs dvd no‘ affrc‘ ‘ur
b’rtronvnt os caAcndvan rrla‘vons brca’sr sasuvnt‘on
wvsurd ‘o brlvrffr ‘ur brs‘ os ‘‘ur world’s lartrs‘
drmocracy’ and was uappy ‘o vtnorr ‘ur drcadrs os
s’ppor‘ by and sor ‘ur aoffvr‘ cnvonB (No‘ m’cu uapprnrd,
vn ‘ur rnd, on ‘ur drsrncr scrnrB cndva’s paranova abo’‘
srcrrcy rxasprra‘rd Amrrvcan drlrta‘vons, wuo rrpor‘rd
‘o ‘ur a‘a‘r Mrpar‘mrn‘ and ‘ur krn‘aton ‘ua‘ coA
oprra‘von on ‘ur scalr proposrd by ‘ur Admvnvs‘ra‘von
wo’ld prrsrn‘ morr dvffic’l‘vrs ‘uan v‘ wo’ld rrap brnrfi‘sB
aomr mrmbrrs os ‘ur ca drsrncr s‘affs vn Nrw Mrluv uad
warnrd ‘ua‘ ‘uvs wo’ld br ‘ur o’‘comrB0

@Y R bY rs bt M ar
cn 1aa6 ‘rnsvon rosr br‘wrrn Nrw Mrluv and cslamabadB
bur mavn ca’sr was ‘ur ’prvsvnt vn cndvanAadmvnvs‘rrrd
TasumvrB burrr wrrr cndvan allrta‘vons os kakvs‘anv s’ppor‘
sor Tasumvrv armrd srpara‘vs‘sB Rrprrsrn‘a‘vffrs os ‘ur ‘wo
co’n‘rvrs vnd’ltrd vn ’nurlps’l p’blvc commrn‘s, as vn ‘ur
casrs os cndvan krvmr gvnvs‘rr rBkB avntu and kakvs‘anv
Luvrs os Army a‘aff arnrral Aslam hrtB gr rBkB avntu was
askrd vn Aprvl vs ur co’ld ‘a‘ ‘uvs s‘atr r’lr o’‘ an armrd
conflvc‘ wv‘u kakvs‘an’B ‘Yo’ srr,’ savd rBkB avntu,

v‘ vs all onrAsvdrdB All ac‘von yo’ srr vs ‘ur

asymmr‘ry os ‘ur ac‘vonB c‘ [kakvs‘ank vs srndvnt
wrapons os ‘ur uvturs‘ calvbrr across ‘ur bordrrM
macuvnr t’ns, an‘vA‘ank mvnrs, rockr‘s [svck
la’ncurrs, and rffrn s’rsacrA‘oAs’rsacr mvssvlrs
accordvnt ‘o o’r vn‘rllvtrncr so’rcrsB c‘ vs also
srndvnt armrd and ‘ravnrd vnfil‘ra‘ors vn a wrll
plannrd moffr ‘o vns‘vta‘r vns’rtrncy [vn Tasumvrk
wuvlr wr arr dovnt no‘uvnt lvkr ‘uvs on ‘urvr
svdrBD5

c‘ vs cuarv‘ablr ‘o vmatvnr ‘ua‘ gr rBkB avntu may uaffr brrn

‘vrrd a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr os ‘uvs commrn‘, b’‘ only a srw days
brsorr ur madr v‘, ur savd vn ‘ur tok aabua ‘ua‘ ‘sr uaffr
‘ur capabvlv‘y ‘o vnflvc‘ a ffrry uraffy cos‘ on kakvs‘an sor v‘s
‘rrrv‘orval toals atavns‘ cndva,’ wurn ur was vn possrssvon
os a prrparrd s‘a‘rmrn‘B Yn ‘ur samr day, 11 Aprvl,
arnrral hrt savd ‘ua‘ drploymrn‘ os ‘ur cndvan a‘rvkr
Lorps br‘wrrn a’ra‘taru and hvkanrr was ‘mos‘
‘urra‘rnvnt’ and ‘ur kakvs‘an Army uad ‘o ‘akr mras’rrs
‘o co’n‘rr v‘B bur army dvd no s’cu ‘uvnt, as was madr
clrar a wrrk la‘rr by tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Alam dan gaus’d,
‘ur commandrr os cr Lorps vn tauorr, wurn ur savd ‘ua‘
‘ur army rrmavnrd vn pracr‘vmr loca‘vonsB Ynr mvtu‘
vtnorr ‘ur uyprrbolvc s‘a‘rmrn‘s os ‘ur cndvan krvmr
gvnvs‘rr – sor ur, as‘rr all, uad a domrs‘vc cons‘v‘’rncy ‘o
addrrss, placa‘r and rn‘u’srB h’‘ wua‘ cons‘v‘’rncy was
Aslam hrt sprakvnt ‘oH O’r‘urr, wua‘ mrssatr was brvnt
tvffrn ‘o cndva by conflvc‘vnt s‘a‘rmrn‘s abo’‘ kakvs‘an’s
prrparrdnrss ‘o mrr‘ ‘ur moffr os an cndvan dvffvsvon and a
brvtadr closr ‘o ‘ur bordrrH DA suo spokr sor kakvs‘anH
sas v‘ ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ vn cslamabad (s‘vll, vn rarly 1aa6,
‘ua‘ os hrnazvr hu’‘‘o0, or was v‘ ‘ur trnrrals vn
RawalpvndvH suo was callvnt ‘ur suo‘s vn kakvs‘anH
 
brnsvon con‘vn’rd ‘o vncrrasrB c‘ apprarrd ‘urrr was a
uardrr lvnr brvnt ‘akrn vn cndva brca’sr ‘ur ’prvsvnt vn
Tasumvr was tavnvnt momrn‘’m and ‘urrr was vnd’bv‘ably
officval s’ppor‘ by cslamabadB kakvs‘an was brvnt
vncrrasvntly blamrd sor ‘ur vns’rrrc‘von, as ‘ur sorrvtn
mvnvs‘rr gr cBTB a’wral allrtrd on C gayB kakvs‘an, ur savd,
‘vs awarr v‘ canno‘ ‘akr Tasumvr by sorcrB c‘s rral drsvtn vs
‘o somrn‘ comm’nal ‘rnsvon and ‘o crra‘r a sv‘’a‘von os
1a:7B’D7 (gr a’wral’s opvnvon os kakvs‘an dvd no‘ ’ndrrto
m’cu modvfica‘von d’rvnt ‘ur 1aa6sB or brcamr krvmr
gvnvs‘rr vn 1aa7 – albrv‘ sor only srffrn mon‘us – and on 91
d’ly, ‘ur day as‘rr cndva anno’ncrd v‘ was rrac‘vffa‘vnt v‘s
vn‘rrmrdva‘rArantr ballvs‘vc mvssvlr protrammr, ur savd
‘ua‘ kakvs‘an was sprradvnt uos‘vlr propatanda, ‘akvnt
proffoca‘vffr ac‘vons and s‘ockpvlvnt armsM ‘bur toffrrnmrn‘
vs awarr ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an mavn‘avns a mvlv‘ary arsrnal sar vn
rxcrss os v‘s lrtv‘vma‘r drsrncr rrq’vrrmrn‘sB’0DC
 lffrn‘’ally, kakvs‘an moffrd somr ’nv‘s closr ‘o ‘ur
bordrrB burrr was no‘ m’cu srcrrcy abo’‘ ‘ur
drploymrn‘sB cn sac‘, v‘ apprarrd ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an wvsurd v‘ ‘o
br known — or dvd no‘ carr vs v‘ wrrr known – ‘ua‘
rrvnsorcrmrn‘s wrrr on ‘ur moffrB bur a’‘uor wv‘nrssrd
‘ur rn‘ravnmrn‘ os an ar‘vllrry rrtvmrn‘ vn Taracuv wuvcu
‘ook placr wv‘u all ‘ur s‘ral‘u os a Na‘vonal May karadrB
Mvploma‘s and drsrncr a‘‘acurs vn cslamabad wrrr awarr
os wua‘ was ‘akvnt placr and rrcrvffrd vnsorma‘von srom
many so’rcrs, vn addv‘von ‘o raw and procrssrd
vn‘rllvtrncrB bury concl’drd ‘ua‘ ‘rnsvon was uvtu b’‘ ‘ua‘
‘ur sv‘’a‘von was no‘ dantrro’sB c‘ apprars ‘ua‘ somr o‘urr
proplr consvdrrrd v‘ ‘o br dantrro’s ‘o ‘ur povn‘ ‘ua‘ a
n’clrar wrapons rxcuantr co’ld ‘akr placrB
Yn 1A Orbr’ary 1aa:, a mrr‘vnt os rvtu‘rrn rxprr‘s on
‘ur s’bcon‘vnrn‘ ‘ook placr a‘ sasuvnt‘on’s ornry tB
a‘vmson Lrn‘rr, wuosr krrsvdrn‘ vs ‘ur uvtuly rrsprc‘rd
gvcuarl TrrponB bur avm was ‘o ‘sr‘ ‘ur rrcord s‘ravtu‘’ as
‘o wur‘urr ‘urrr was a ‘nrarAn’clrar war br‘wrrn cndva
and kakvs‘an vn 1aa6’B kar‘vcvpan‘s vncl’drd sormrr
ambassadors Yaklry and Llark, wuo uad brrn ca urads os
mvssvon vn cslamabad and Nrw Mrluv a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr, ‘urvr ‘urn
drsrncr adffvsrrs, Lolonrls donrs and aandrock, and
arnrral a’ndarwv, sormrr cndvan Army cuvrsB bur kry
findvnts vncl’drd ‘ua‘M

hy all acco’n‘s ‘ur aa‘rs gvssvon was rx‘rrmrly

urlps’l vn drs’svnt ‘ur crvsvs (srr brlow0, and
bur par‘vcvpan‘s knrw os no crrdvblr rffvdrncr ‘ua‘
kakvs‘an uad drployrd n’clrar wrapons d’rvnt
‘ur crvsvsBDa
 krono’ncrmrn‘s by bo‘u svdrs apprar ‘o uaffr rrlvrd on
na‘vonal vn‘rllvtrncr assrssmrn‘s wuvcu, tvffrn ‘ur mrans
a‘ ‘urvr dvsposal, co’ld no‘ prrsrn‘ a s’ll pvc‘’rr os racu
o‘urr’s vn‘rn‘vonsB Lommrrcval sa‘rllv‘r puo‘otrapuy was
affavlablr b’‘ was nrv‘urr uvtu q’alv‘y nor ‘vmrlyB burrr was
cons’svon as ‘o wur‘urr ‘roop moffrmrn‘s wrrr rxrrcvsrs
or oprra‘vonal drploymrn‘sB o’man vn‘rllvtrncr so’rcrs
wrrr ’nrrlvablr, and, rffrn vs crrdvblr, sar srom ‘vmrly vn ‘ur
passatr os vnsorma‘vonB Lomm’nvca‘vons vn‘rrcrp‘ was
sratmrn‘rdB cn‘rllvtrncr analys‘s wrrr cons’srd brca’sr
moffrmrn‘ was carrvrd o’‘ ’svnt vdrn‘vcal src’rv‘y
mras’rrs wur‘urr v‘ was oprra‘vonal or sor rxrrcvsr
p’rposrsB c‘ may br ‘ua‘ vs ‘ur co’n‘rvrs uad uad br‘‘rr
vn‘rllvtrncr sys‘rms, ‘urn m’‘’al confidrncr wo’ld uaffr
brrn morr rradvly rs‘ablvsurdB
Apparrn‘ly v‘ was srar os a n’clrar rxcuantr ‘ua‘
promp‘rd ‘ur ffvsv‘ ‘o kakvs‘an and cndva os a drlrta‘von lrd
by gr Robrr‘ aa‘rs, drp’‘y na‘vonal src’rv‘y adffvsrr ‘o
krrsvdrn‘ h’su (and vn D667 appovn‘rd Mrsrncr arcrr‘ary
‘o uvs son0, srom 1a ‘o D1 gay, an ac‘vffv‘y ‘ua‘ vn‘rvt’rd
srffrral wo’rnalvs‘sB96 cndva trrr‘rd ‘ur ffvsv‘ ca’‘vo’sly,
s‘a‘vnt ‘ua‘ ‘sr uaffr srvrndly rrla‘vons wv‘u bo‘u ‘ur ca
and ‘ur aoffvr‘ cnvon, b’‘ ‘urrr vs no q’rs‘von os mrdva‘von
by ‘ur ca,’ and kakvs‘an, wuvcu uad brrn rxprc‘vnt yr‘
ano‘urr ffvsv‘ by ‘ur rtrrtvo’s a‘rpurn aolarz, was tra‘rs’l
‘o br sparrd ‘ur la‘‘rr,91 b’‘ dvd no‘ know wua‘ ‘o makr os
‘ur sormrrB
Orom 15 ‘o D: gay, gs hu’‘‘o ffvsv‘rd cran, b’rkry, ayrva,
dordan, Yrmrn, ltyp‘, tvbya and b’nvsva srrkvnt s’ppor‘
sor kakvs‘an’s s‘ancr on TasumvrB c‘ was s‘rantr ‘ua‘ ‘ur
krvmr gvnvs‘rr was o’‘ os ‘ur co’n‘ry wurn ‘ur rmvssary os
krrsvdrn‘ h’su camr callvnt ‘o s‘op a n’clrar war, b’‘ gr
aa‘rs mr‘ ‘ur krrsvdrn‘ and LYAa and, srom wua‘ wr arr
‘old,9D conffvncrd ‘urm ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an suo’ld no‘ procrrd
wv‘u plans sor rmploymrn‘ os n’clrar wraponsB c‘ vs savd ur
acuvrffrd uvs obwrc‘vffr vn cndva as wrllB And, ‘o br s’rr,
‘urrr was no rrco’rsr ‘o ‘ur a‘omN no n’clrar
ArmatrddonB h’‘ ‘urrr arr do’b‘s as ‘o wur‘urr ‘urrr
wsrsany plans ‘o rmploy n’clrar wrapons, or rffrn
vn‘rn‘von ‘o do any‘uvnt, ffrry m’cu, vn ‘ur conffrn‘vonal
firldB
kakvs‘an moffrd ‘roops vn k’nwab and avndu b’‘ was
carrs’l ‘o affovd closvnt rvtu‘ ’p ‘o ‘ur bordrr v‘srlsB cndva
was ca’‘vo’s, ‘ooB bur k’nwab canals arr a do’blrArdtrd
obs‘aclrM tood sor drsrncr wurn yo’r sorcrs arr on ‘ur
uomr svdrN tood sor a‘‘ack vs yo’r sorcrs cross ‘o ‘ur sar
bank wv‘uvn yo’r ‘rrrv‘ory ‘o tvffr ‘urm an adffan‘atr
brsorr ‘ur balloon tors ’pB cndvan ‘roops dvd no‘ cross ‘o
‘urvr own sar bankB a’cu an oprra‘von wo’ld uaffr brrn
prac‘vcablr wv‘uo’‘ vn‘rrsrrrncrN cndvan ‘roops co’ld do
wua‘ ‘ury lvkrd vn ‘urvr own co’n‘ryB c‘ wo’ld uaffr
svtnallrd ‘o ‘ur kakvs‘anvs ‘ua‘ war mvtu‘ br vmmvnrn‘, and
wuo knows wua‘ mvtu‘ uaffr uapprnrd ‘urn – b’‘ no‘uvnt
uapprnrdB bur armvrs moffrd closrr ‘o ‘urvr bordrrs, b’‘
rrsravnrd srom proffoca‘vonB burrr wrrr no vncvdrn‘s os
crossAbordrr firvnt (‘urrr wrrr many os firvnt offrr ‘ur tvnr
os Lon‘rol, b’‘ ‘uvs was normal0, and v‘ was apparrn‘ ‘o
obsrrffrrs ‘ua‘, al‘uo’tu ‘ur mood was onr os dvsq’vr‘’dr,
‘urrr was nonr os ‘ur rxprc‘an‘ rxuvlara‘von ‘ua‘ mvtu‘ br
‘ur prrl’dr ‘o oprra‘vonsB aa‘rllv‘r vmatrry and
comm’nvca‘vons vn‘rrcrp‘ proffvdrd an vmpor‘an‘ par‘ os
‘ur pvc‘’rr b’‘ co’ld no‘ ‘rll ‘ur a‘‘v‘’dr os u’man brvntsB
sasuvnt‘on knrw ‘ur loca‘vons os ‘ank sq’adrons and all
sor‘s os o‘urr ’nv‘s – and v‘ suo’ld uaffr known ‘ur opvnvon
os rxprrvrncrd obsrrffrrs on ‘ur tro’nd concrrnvnt ‘ur
bruaffvo’r os ‘ur army’s lradrrsN b’‘ vs v‘ dvd, v‘ pavd morr
a‘‘rn‘von ‘o ‘ur sormrr ‘uan ‘ur la‘‘rrB A puo‘otrapu can
vndvca‘r ‘ur posv‘von os a ‘ank, and m’cu rlsr brsvdrs, b’‘
v‘ canno‘ (yr‘0 srr vs ‘urrr vs ‘ur lvtu‘ os ba‘‘lr vn ‘ur ryrs
os v‘s commandrrB
M’rvnt ‘ur prrvod os urvtu‘rnrd ‘rnsvon ‘urrr uad brrn
lv‘‘lr rffvdrncr os lradrrsuvp on ‘ur par‘ os ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘B
A ‘rnAday, rvtu‘Aco’n‘ry ‘o’r by ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr ‘o
rnco’ratr s’ppor‘ sor kakvs‘an’s s‘ancr on Tasumvr was
uardly a s’bs‘v‘’‘r sor firm dvrrc‘von on ‘ur uomr sron‘B
arnrral hrt uad madr prono’ncrmrn‘s os na‘vonal
srnsv‘vffv‘y ‘ua‘ srrmrd ‘o br a‘ ffarvancr wv‘u ‘ur sac‘s as
rrpor‘rd rlsrwurrrB ovs opposv‘r n’mbrr vn cndva also
madr commrn‘s, b’‘ tZslrrflrc‘rd uvs toffrrnmrn‘’s
posv‘vonB cn kakvs‘an, v‘ srrmrd, vmpor‘an‘ prono’ncrmrn‘s
wrrr lrs‘ ‘o ‘ur mvlv‘aryB Yddly – wrll, prruaps no‘ so oddly
– many proplr srl‘ comsor‘ablr wv‘u ‘ua‘B
ca vn‘rrcrssvon probably proffvdrd a fit lras sor bo‘u
svdrs ‘o calm down and wv‘udraw ‘roops wv‘uo’‘ s’ffrrvnt
loss os prvdrB bur consron‘a‘von wv‘u cndva fizzlrd o’‘ – w’s‘
vn ‘vmr sor a row br‘wrrn ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ and ‘ur army
abo’‘ ‘ur s’‘’rr os a corps commandrr and offrr ‘ur lrtal
powrrs os ‘ur army vn connrc‘von wv‘u ‘ur ‘rrrvblr ffvolrncr
vn avndu kroffvncrB

C rR k C ccbYa tR Ta ts
Yn 16 d’ly ‘ur a’‘uor pavd a call on ‘ur commandrr os cr
Lorps vn tauorr, ‘ur trnval and rx‘rrmrly compr‘rn‘
tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Alam dan gaus’d, wuosr ‘o’r was
abo’‘ ‘o rndB ovs s’ccrssor uad brrn namrd and Alam dan
was prrparvnt ‘o rr‘vrrB h’‘ ‘urrr wrrr r’mo’rs ‘ua‘ ur
mvtu‘ br rr‘avnrdB sua‘, ur was askrd, was ‘ur s’‘’rrH c‘
all drprndrd, ur savd, ‘on ‘ur lady’B c‘ apprarrd ur uad
brrn ‘old by somronr – no‘ vn aol – ‘ua‘ ‘ur krvmr
gvnvs‘rr wvsurd uvm ‘o brcomr Mrp’‘y Luvrs os ‘ur Army
a‘aff (as dvs‘vnc‘ srom rvcr Luvrs0, a pos‘ ‘ua‘ uad no‘ brrn
fillrd svncr ‘ur rr‘vrrmrn‘ os ‘ur prrffvo’s vnc’mbrn‘,
tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Aumad Tamal Tuan, somr srffrn
mon‘us brsorrB c‘ was Aumad Tamal, so r’mo’r uad v‘
d’rvnt ‘ur avroury débâclr, wuo was gs hu’‘‘o’s cuovcr
sor Luvrs os Army a‘aff uad hrt moffrd ‘o brcomr Luavrman
os ‘ur dovn‘ Luvrss os a‘aff Lommv‘‘rr, uad avroury brrn
rr‘vrrd as gs hu’‘‘o wvsurdB All ffrry complvca‘rd and
smrllvnt nas‘vly os polv‘vcal mrddlvntB Alam dan wo’ld uaffr
madr a tood drp’‘y cuvrs (al‘uo’tu onr do’b‘s vs uvs urar‘
wo’ld uaffr brrn vn v‘, as admvnvs‘ra‘von was no‘ uvs scrnrN
ur was a soldvrr’s soldvrr0 and wo’ld no‘ on any acco’n‘
uaffr dabblrd vn polv‘vcs – b’‘ wua‘ was tovnt on was q’v‘r
vmproprrB or knrw v‘, and was rmbarrassrdN and ‘ur LYAa
knrw v‘ and was dr‘rrmvnrd ‘ua‘ no officrr suo’ld br
rx‘rndrd bryond rr‘vrrmrn‘ atr, and rsprcvally ‘ua‘ no
officrr suo’ld br appovn‘rd ‘o aal pos‘ brca’sr a polv‘vcvan
wan‘rd v‘B c‘ was no sa’l‘ os Alam dan’s ‘ua‘ ur uad brrn
placrd vn ‘uvs posv‘von and ur rr‘vrrd ‘ur nrx‘ wrrk, as‘rr
arnrral hrt prrffavlrd, b’‘ v‘ lrs‘ a nas‘y ‘as‘r vn ‘ur
mo’‘us os many proplrB sua‘ was tovnt on br‘wrrn ‘ur
toffrrnmrn‘ and ‘ur armyH lsprcvally, wua‘ was tovnt on
br‘wrrn ‘urm concrrnvnt ‘ur sv‘’a‘von vn avnduH

C H rbZYa c T Ya 1 Nabs
bur armrd s‘r’ttlr br‘wrrn ‘ur polv‘vcal par‘vrs vn avndu,
and rsprcvally vn Taracuv, uad drffrloprd almos‘ vn‘o cvffvl
warB Mrrads’l ‘uvnts wrrr uapprnvnt and v‘ srrmrd ‘ur
crn‘ral toffrrnmrn‘ was powrrlrss ‘o con‘rol rffrn‘sB A‘ ‘ur
rnd os gay 1aa6, wurn, allrtrdly, kakvs‘an was suarprnvnt
v‘s n’clrar ‘alons, ‘ur rrsprc‘rd arna‘or gousvn avddvqv
was suo‘ drad by a snvprr vn Taracuv wurn rr‘’rnvnt srom
a ffvsv‘ ‘o ‘ur scrnr os dvs‘’rbancrs vn wuvcu offrr sor‘y
proplr uad brrn kvllrdB Yn : d’nr (abo’‘ ‘ur ‘vmr wurn ur
was s’pposrd by somr proplr ‘o br consvdrrvnt n’clrar
war0, arnrral hrt ‘o’rrd ‘ur wors‘ arras wv‘u ‘ur Lorps
Lommandrr Taracuv, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Asvs NawazB c‘
was obffvo’s ‘ua‘ firm ac‘von was nrrdrd vs ‘urrr was no‘ ‘o
br anarcuyB bur ‘ro’blr was ‘ua‘ ‘ur kkk toffrrnmrn‘ srl‘
v‘srls ’nablr ‘o ac‘ drcvsvffrly brca’sr os polv‘vcal
complvca‘vonsB larlvrr vn gay ‘urrr uad brrn somr plavn
sprakvnt a‘ a mrr‘vnt os ‘ur Mrsrncr Lommv‘‘rr a‘ ‘ur
krvmr gvnvs‘rr’s arcrr‘arva‘B bur army was vnffolffrd vn
avndu – v‘ uad ‘o br, svmply brca’sr v‘ was ‘ur only rlrmrn‘
‘ua‘ co’ld comba‘ ortanvzrd ‘rrrorvsm (‘ur polvcr wrrr
polv‘vcvzrd and vnrffrc‘’al, and ‘ur paraAmvlv‘ary Rantrrs
lackrd a’‘uorv‘y0 – b’‘ ‘ur army wan‘rd powrr ‘o arrrs‘
and dr‘avn malrsac‘orsB bur toffrrnmrn‘ wan‘rd
malrsac‘ors ‘o br arrrs‘rd and dral‘ wv‘u, proffvdrd ‘ury
wrrr glg malrsac‘orsB99
M’rvnt a call on ‘ur commandrr os r Lorps on 17 d’ly ‘ur
a’‘uor was ‘old ‘ur na‘’rr os somr os ‘ur problrms vn
Taracuv and cslamabad, and sprcvfically abo’‘ rrla‘vons
wv‘u ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘B
A‘ a s’r‘urr mrr‘vnt os ‘ur Mrsrncr Lommv‘‘rr, ‘rn days
brsorr, arnrral Asvs uad brrn uandrd a lvs‘ os prrsons
atavns‘ wuom ‘urrr wrrr prvma sacvr casrs ‘o answrr
concrrnvnt plans ‘o dvsr’p‘ affavrs vn avnduB Lrr‘avnly v‘
srrmrd ‘ua‘ all on ‘ur lvs‘ brlontrd ‘o ‘ur ’ntodlyB burvr
dr‘rn‘von wo’ld ass’rrdly assvs‘ vn rrs‘orvnt ordrr vn
TaracuvB burrr was only onr problrm, savd ‘ur trnrral ‘o
onr os ‘ur mvnvs‘rrs, vn sron‘ os uvs krvmr gvnvs‘rr and uvs
cuvrs (nrv‘urr os wuom ‘ook par‘ vn ‘ur s’bsrq’rn‘
rxcuantr os ffvrws0M all ‘ur namrs on ‘ur lvs‘ apprarrd ‘o br
glg adurrrn‘sB srrr ‘urrr no‘ any prrsons os rffvl vn‘rn‘
wuo uad o‘urr polv‘vcal allrtvancrH tvkr, sor rxamplr, ‘uosr
on ‘uvs lvs‘ ur uapprnrd ‘o uaffr wv‘u uvm, ‘ua‘ con‘avnrd
no‘ only many os ‘uosr on ‘ur lvs‘ os ‘ur mvnvs‘rr, b’‘ ‘ur
namrs os somr wuo wrrr os o‘urr polv‘vcal prrs’asvonH
burrr was s‘ront dvsatrrrmrn‘B And tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral
Asvs Nawaz savd v‘ wo’ld no‘ br proprr sor ‘ur cvffvlvan
a’‘uorv‘vrs ‘o arrrs‘ only somr os ‘ur allrtrd crvmvnals,
and, vn any casr, ‘ur army co’ld no‘ arrrs‘ aalbas ’ndrr
prrsrn‘ lrtvsla‘vonB surrr dvd ‘ury s‘andH cs ‘ur
toffrrnmrn‘ wan‘rd ‘ur army ‘o ac‘, as v‘ srrmrd v‘ dvd,
wuy dvd no‘ ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ prrmv‘ ‘ur army ‘o uaffr ‘ur
lrtal a’‘uorv‘y ‘o ‘akr ac‘vonH (bur answrr, os co’rsr, was
‘ua‘ ‘ur army, vs Asvs Nawaz uad any‘uvnt ‘o do wv‘u
ma‘‘rrs, wo’ld ac‘ atavns‘ kkk ‘u’ts as wrll as glg
‘u’tsB0 bur mrr‘vnt rndrd vn complr‘r ’ndrrs‘andvnt and
m’‘’al an‘atonvsmB bwo days la‘rr, a kkk spokrsman vn
Taracuv vss’rd a s‘a‘rmrn‘ ’rtvnt ‘ur LYAa ‘no‘ ‘o vnd’ltr
vn polv‘vcs’B Now, ‘ur LYAa uad ’ndo’b‘rdly brrn vnd’ltvnt
vn polv‘vcs sor many mon‘usB or uad savd wua‘ ur suo’ld
no‘ uaffr savd on somr occasvonsN ur uad rxplorrd ‘ur
sascvna‘vnt world os sorrvtn affavrs and rnwoyrd ‘ur urady
brrw os uradlvnrsN ur uad spokrn wv‘uo’‘ rrsrrrncr ‘o
toffrrnmrn‘ on ma‘‘rrs ‘ua‘ wrrr ‘ur proffvncr and
prrrota‘vffr os toffrrnmrn‘ alonrN ur uad ‘akrn ’n‘o
uvmsrls ‘ur mvtu‘ and mawrs‘y os a na‘vonal lradrr ra‘urr
‘uan a srrffan‘ os ‘ur cvffvl powrr wuo by ffvr‘’r os uvs
appovn‘mrn‘ suo’ld rnwoy a proprr dvtnv‘y and rrsprc‘ –
and no morrB h’‘ ‘ur kkk uad tonr ‘oo sar, vn ‘ur ryrs os
‘ur krrsvdrn‘ and uvs Luvrs os ‘ur Army a‘affB
bur toffrrnmrn‘ was vncompr‘rn‘B bur drlvbrra‘vons os
‘ur cabvnr‘, solrmnly vss’rd ‘o ‘ur krrss, vncl’drd ma‘‘rrs
so pr‘‘y and vnconsrq’rn‘val as ‘o br rmbarrassvntB burrr
uad no‘ vn rvtu‘rrn mon‘us brrn a mawor pvrcr os
lrtvsla‘von ‘ua‘ mvtu‘ uaffr vmproffrd ‘ur lo‘ os ‘ur common
man or, rsprcvally, womanB Lv‘vzrns vn avndu wrn‘ vn srar os
‘urvr lvffrsB Lorr’p‘von was rampan‘, as ‘ur old ZBAB hu’‘‘o
loyalvs‘s clavmrd ‘urvr rrwards and ‘ur nrw adurrrn‘s ‘o
‘hh’ clvmbrd on ‘ur traffy ‘ravnB bur co’n‘ry was brcomvnt
– uad brcomr – ‘acky, sq’alvd, sordvd, ffrnal and dantrro’s
‘o lvffr vnB 7ut,‘ur kkk toffrrnmrn‘ uad brrn rlrc‘rd by ‘ur
proplr and uad a manda‘r ‘ua‘ uad no‘ rxpvrrdB sua‘ uad
rxpvrrd was ‘ur pa‘vrncr os ‘ur krrsvdrn‘ and os ‘ur Luvrs
os ‘ur Army a‘aff, nrv‘urr os wuom was prrparrd ‘o uaffr
‘urvr powrrs rrd’crd or rffrn q’rs‘vonrdB bur army, vn
spv‘r os wvsuvnt ‘o s‘ay o’‘ os ma‘‘rrs affrc‘vnt ‘ur
toffrrnancr os ‘ur na‘von, was brvnt drawn back vn‘o powrr
polv‘vcs by v‘s cuvrs – and v‘ dvd no‘ lvkr v‘B

1 Naa gT bt 5 bZTra R Ta t
As‘rr gs hu’‘‘o and ‘ur kkk toffrrnmrn‘ wrrr dvsmvssrd vn
A’t’s‘ 1aa6, gr Nawaz auarvs and uvs coalv‘von wrrr
rlrc‘rd vn Yc‘obrr wv‘u ra‘urr morr ‘uan a ‘woA‘uvrds
maworv‘y vn ‘ur Na‘vonal AssrmblyB gr auarvs uad brrn a
pro‘été os arnrral Zva (and was s‘vll yo’nt, a‘ sor‘y0, b’‘
uad lv‘‘lr polv‘vcal battatr ‘o rnc’mbrr uvmB or was a
pop’lvs‘, na‘’rally, b’‘ uad, prruaps, somr‘uvnt morr ‘o
offrr ‘ur co’n‘ryB or uad, as‘rr all, ac‘’ally rua somr‘uvntB
or was an vnd’s‘rvalvs‘, albrv‘ scvon os a b’svnrss samvly,
b’‘ ur uad also r’n ‘ur proffvncr os k’nwab, a mawor
’ndrr‘akvnt, and uad donr v‘ wrllB cn sac‘, consvdrrvnt ‘ur
consron‘a‘vonvs‘ s‘ancr os ‘ur crn‘ral toffrrnmrn‘ and ‘ur
macuvna‘vons os uvs rnrmvrs, ur uad prrsormrd ffrry wrll
vndrrd, as ur uad always ‘o krrp an ryr offrr uvs suo’ldrr
‘o wa‘cu sor ‘ur nrx‘ polv‘vcal dattrr ‘ur’s‘B
Yn 16 Noffrmbrr, ‘ur day ‘ua‘ gr auarvs and uvs cabvnr‘
wrrr sworn vn by ‘ur krrsvdrn‘, a compromvsr krvmr
gvnvs‘rr was srlrc‘rd vn cndvaB cnlvkr gr auarvs, gr
Luandra aurkar uad no pop’lar manda‘r, nor a t’aran‘rrd
maworv‘y vn parlvamrn‘, b’‘ wv‘uvn ‘wo wrrks ‘ury mr‘ a‘ a
aAARL ta‘urrvnt vn ‘ur galdvffrs and arrantrd sor a
mrr‘vnt os sorrvtn srcrr‘arvrs vn Mrcrmbrr ‘o ‘dvsc’ss
confidrncrAb’vldvnt mras’rrs’B burrr was no uradway on
Tasumvr as, vn spv‘r os ‘ur cndvan krvmr gvnvs‘rr findvnt uvs
co’n‘rrpar‘ ‘ffrry coAoprra‘vffr,’ ‘ury bo‘u s‘’ck ‘o ‘urvr
brvrss, wuvcu mran‘, vn kakvs‘an’s casr, ‘ur ravsvnt os
Tasumvr as a problrm ‘o br dvsc’ssrd vn ‘ur con‘rx‘ os cN
arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvl rrsol’‘vons, and, on ‘ur cndvan svdr,
rrs‘a‘rmrn‘ os ‘ur s‘and ‘ua‘ ‘urrr m’s‘ br ‘no
vn‘rrsrrrncr vn cndva’s vn‘rrnal ma‘‘rrs’B a‘vll, v‘ was br‘‘rr
‘o ‘alk pracr ‘uan suo’‘ abo’‘ warB h’‘ a‘ ‘uvs w’nc‘’rr
arnrral hrt brtan ‘o sprak os ‘s‘ra‘rtvc drfiancr’, wuvcu
lrs‘ ‘ur cndvans t’rssvnt w’s‘ as m’cu as rffrryonr rlsrB bur
sorrvtn srcrr‘arvrs’ ‘alks vncl’drd arrantrmrn‘s sor wrrkly
‘rlrpuonr lvnks br‘wrrn ‘ur Mvrrc‘orsAarnrral gvlv‘ary
Yprra‘vons vn Mrluv and Rawalpvndv, wuvcu was a s‘rp
sorward, and ‘urrr was atrrrmrn‘ ‘o skcZaaYs tZs
@astrumsats btat[wcat[ba
c bt tZs AYrssmsat ba arbZ[b[t[ba
bt Attack aYa[ast luclsar @astallat[bas os 91 Mrcrmbrr
1aCC, wuvcu was lartrly symbolvc, b’‘ nonr‘urlrss
wrlcomr rffvdrncr ‘ua‘ atrrrmrn‘ co’ld br rracurd abo’‘
sbmstZ[aY( c‘ was ’nsor‘’na‘r sor ‘ur sorrvtn polvcy os
kakvs‘an ‘ua‘ ‘urrr uad brrn a toffrrnmrn‘ ’psr‘ vn a
cr’cval prrvod, w’s‘ as v‘ was ’nsor‘’na‘r sor cndva ‘ua‘
‘urrr uad brrn rlrffrn mvnvs‘rrs and mvnvs‘rrs os s‘a‘r sor
rx‘rrnal affavrs vn ‘ur prrvod dan’ary 1aCA ‘o dan’ary 1aa1B
Lons‘r’c‘von and con‘vn’v‘y os mras’rrd, sarsvtu‘rd,
pr’drn‘ polvcy was dvffic’l‘ sor bo‘u co’n‘rvrs vn ‘ursr
cvrc’ms‘ancrsB burrr apprarrd ‘o br lv‘‘lr traffv‘as vn ‘urvr
rxcuantrsB burrr wrrr srlsArvtu‘ro’snrss and m’‘’al
cas‘vta‘von vn ab’ndancrN ‘urrr wrrr mvs’ndrrs‘andvnts,
wvls’l and o‘urrwvsr and ‘o sparrN ‘urrr may rffrn uaffr
brrn a s’blvmvnal drsvrr ‘o srrk rrsol’‘von os ‘urvr
dvffrrrncrsB h’‘ wv‘uo’‘ toffrrnmrn‘s on bo‘u svdrs ‘ua‘,
conc’rrrn‘ly, uad massvffr pop’lar s’ppor‘ and an
’nassavlablr maworv‘y vn bo‘u uo’srs os ‘urvr parlvamrn‘s,
‘urrr co’ld br lv‘‘lr protrrssB

C ttTr C slaR 6 Tg #( A A ( -+$

cn mvdA1aa1, ‘ur cslamabad r’mo’r mvll was workvnt uardB
arnrral hrt, v‘ was savd, dvd no‘ wvsu ‘o rr‘vrr vn A’t’s‘B
or wan‘rd ‘o s‘ay as army cuvrs, ‘o ‘akr offrr as rxrc’‘vffr
Luavrman os ‘ur dovn‘ Luvrss, ‘o rrvn‘rod’cr mar‘val law, ‘o
‘akr offrr ‘ur co’n‘ryB svld vn‘rrprr‘a‘vons wrrr placrd on
‘ur sac‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur ca Ambassador savd ur was rrmavnvnt vn
kakvs‘an ’n‘vl A’t’s‘ ra‘urr ‘uan rr‘’rnvnt ‘o sasuvnt‘on
on ‘ur da‘r uvs ‘rn’rr rndrdB cn Mrluv, toffrrnmrn‘A
con‘rollrd All cndva Radvo clavmrd ‘ua‘ hrt wan‘rd ‘o
vnffadr and cap‘’rr Tasumvr brsorr ur rr‘vrrdB No‘uvnt, v‘
srrmrd, was ‘oo sarAsr‘curd ‘o br rr‘avlrd and, by somr, a‘
lras‘, brlvrffrdB burn v‘ all s‘opprdB c‘ was anno’ncrd on 1D
d’nr ‘ua‘ tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Asvs Nawaz was ‘o br
appovn‘rd LYAa on 17 A’t’s‘B arnrral hrt wo’ld rr‘vrr on
‘vmr A b’‘ no‘ brsorr ur madr somr s‘ar‘lvnt
prono’ncrmrn‘sB
cn d’ly ur s‘a‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘ur sv‘’a‘von vn Tasumvr co’ld makr
v‘ ‘q’v‘r lvkrly ‘ua‘ vn surrr drsprra‘von cndva co’ld lrad ‘o
ffrn‘’rr [svck atavns‘ kakvs‘an’, wuvcu s‘a‘rmrn‘ was
‘clarvfird’ by a sorrvtn officr spokrsman wuo rxplavnrd ‘ua‘
‘ur army cuvrs was no‘ sprakvnt abo’‘ ‘ur vmmrdva‘r
sv‘’a‘von b’‘ was ‘rrsrrrvnt ‘o problrms brvnt sacrd by
cndva wuvcu co’ld lrad ‘o a crr‘avn co’rsr os ac‘von vn ‘ur
lont ‘rrm’B cndr‘rrrrd by clarvfica‘von, ‘ur arnrral
rr‘’rnrd ‘o uvs ‘urmr os rrtvonal bondvntB Yn 9 A’t’s‘ ur
savd, ‘bur ‘rvpar‘v‘r accord rracurd by kakvs‘an, cran, and
‘ur Astuan m’wauvdrrn ‘o rracu a pracrs’l sol’‘von os ‘ur
Astuan vss’r [al‘uo’tu abrota‘rd almos‘ vmmrdva‘rly by
‘ur Astuansk was a prrl’dr ‘o acuvrffvnt s‘ra‘rtvc
consrns’s and rrtvonal src’rv‘y lvnkatr br‘wrrn ‘ur ‘urrr
co’n‘rvrs’ – wuvcu was a s‘rantr s‘a‘rmrn‘ ‘o sollow ‘ua‘
by ‘ur cranvan ambassador on D6 d’nr wurn, a‘ a nrws
consrrrncr, ur savd, ‘Any sor‘ os drsrncr atrrrmrn‘ vs o’‘
os ‘ur q’rs‘von’ brca’sr uvs co’n‘ry’s Lons‘v‘’‘von
rxcl’drd any s’cu arrantrmrn‘B aamr ‘o ‘ur las‘, a srw
days la‘rr ‘ur arnrral savd ‘ua‘ ‘‘ur rnrmy’ uad ‘la’ncurd
a calc’la‘rd campavtn os dvsvnsorma‘von ‘o sabo‘atr ‘ur
polv‘vcal s‘abvlv‘y os kakvs‘an’, wuvcu promp‘rd TZs lsws os
16 A’t’s‘ ‘o no‘r vn an rdv‘orval ‘ua‘ ‘All ‘oo os‘rn wr uaffr
cuosrn ‘o rx‘rrnalvsr problrms os o’r own makvnt BBB ‘ur
dantrr lvrs vn brtvnnvnt ‘o brlvrffr o’r own propatanda,’
wuvcu was satacvo’s, prrcrp‘vffr, ’nbvasrd and probably
complr‘rly vtnorrd by all b’‘ a srw, and ‘ury ‘ur wront
proplrB
c‘ was small wondrr ‘ua‘ ‘urrr was a svtu os rrlvrs srom
‘ur b’rra’cracy and no‘ a srw polv‘vcvans wurn hrt uandrd
offrrB bur nrw cuvrs, Asvs Nawaz, was dvffrrrn‘B surrr hrt
was ‘acv‘’rn, rffrn rnvtma‘vc, wurn mrr‘vnt wv‘u ‘uosr
wuom ur dvd no‘ know wrll (and rsprcvally ‘uosr wuom ur
dvs‘r’s‘rd, lvkr gr aa‘rs0, Asvs was s‘ravtu‘sorward and
prrparrd ‘o rxcuantr ffvrwsB hrt rnwoyrd p’blvcv‘y and ‘ur
srnsr ‘ua‘ ur was a‘ ‘ur crn‘rr os rffrn‘sB Asvs rscurwrd
‘ur mrdva and carrd lv‘‘lr sor vnfl’rncr sor v‘s own sakrB or
was vn‘rrrs‘rd vn sorrvtn polvcy and rrla‘vons, os co’rsr,
b’‘ uad no vn‘rn‘von os makvnt ‘ur firs‘ or vn‘rrsrrvnt wv‘u
‘ur srcondB or lvkrd srnvor mrmbrrs os ‘ur gvnvs‘ry os
Oorrvtn Affavrs, rrsprc‘rd ‘urvr rxprr‘vsr and rrcotnvzrd
‘ua‘ ‘urrr suo’ld br closrr cons’l‘a‘vonB hrt uad tvffrn
approffal sor a s‘ra‘rty rrffvrw ‘o uaffr vnp’‘ by ‘ur mvnvs‘ry
and Asvs was uappy ‘o rndorsr ‘uvsB burrr was a cuantrd
a‘mospurrr vn ‘ur capv‘al and vn aolB No ‘ura‘rrN no
‘urvllvnt s‘a‘rmrn‘s — and no ‘s‘ra‘rtvc consrns’s’ or
‘s‘ra‘rtvc drfiancr’B bursr vnffrn‘vons wrrr q’vr‘ly lavd ‘o
rrs‘B
buvs vs no‘ ‘o drnvtra‘r ‘ur acuvrffrmrn‘s os Aslam hrt,
wuvcu wrrr manyB or placrd ‘ur co’n‘ry back on ‘ur road
‘o drmocracy wurn ur co’ld uaffr con‘vn’rd vn ‘ur suors os
ZvaB c‘ was no‘ uvs sa’l‘ ‘ua‘ drmocracy was lvmpvnt alont,
s‘rvckrn by ‘ur prrrnnval dvsrasrs os corr’p‘von, pr‘‘y
vnfitu‘vnt and suallow ‘uvnkvntB or uad vn‘rrsrrrd vn
polv‘vcs, os co’rsrM uvs atrrrmrn‘ wv‘u ‘ur krrsvdrn‘
concrrnvnt ‘ur dvsmvssal os ‘ur kkk toffrrnmrn‘ was
vmproprr – b’‘ wua‘ rlsr co’ld ur uaffr donrH bur
krrsvdrn‘ uad brrn adaman‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ m’s‘ toB
bur lvtu‘u Amrndmrn‘ ‘o ‘ur Lons‘v‘’‘von placrd ‘ur
loyal‘y os ‘ur LYAa firmly a‘ ‘ur officr os ‘ur krrsvdrn‘, ‘ur
s’prrmr commandrr, wuo co’ld ‘ac‘ vn uvs dvscrr‘von vn
rrsprc‘ os any ma‘‘rr vn rrsprc‘ os wuvcu ur vs rmpowrrrd
by ‘ur Lons‘v‘’‘von ‘o do so’B bur rmpowrrmrn‘ vncl’drd
dvssol’‘von os ‘ur Na‘vonal AssrmblyB h’‘, al‘uo’tu hrt
vn‘rrsrrrd wv‘u ‘ur toffrrnancr os ‘ur co’n‘ry, ur was
apolv‘vcal vn ‘ur s‘rvc‘rs‘ srnsrB Nrffrr dvd ur tvffr ‘ur
vmprrssvon ‘ua‘ ur saffo’rrd onr polv‘vcal par‘y offrr
ano‘urrB or dvslvkrd and dvs‘r’s‘rd somr mrmbrrs os bo‘u
toffrrnmrn‘s d’rvnt uvs ‘rn’rr, b’‘ dvd no‘ lr‘ ‘uvs affrc‘
‘ur mannrr vn wuvcu ur carrvrd o’‘ uvs d’‘vrsB cn sac‘, somr
savd ur suo’ld uaffr brrn morr rrsol’‘r wurn ‘ur glg’s
ac‘vffv‘vrs vn avndu brtan ‘o rrsrmblr vns’rrrc‘von, b’‘ ur
was rrl’c‘an‘ ‘o commv‘ ‘ur army wuolrsalr ‘o ‘akvnt offrr
srom ‘ur cvffvl powrrB Amonts‘ o‘urr ‘uvnts, ur vn‘rod’crd
vmproffrmrn‘s vn admvnvs‘ra‘von and oprra‘vonal plannvntB
kromo‘von and srlrc‘von procrd’rrs wrrr sprrdrd ’p, ‘ur
rolr os admvnvs‘ra‘vffr arras was rxamvnrd and alvtnrd wv‘u
oprra‘vonal rrq’vrrmrn‘s, s’rsacrA‘oAs’rsacr ar‘vllrry was
vncl’drd vn ‘ac‘vcal plannvnt, armo’r ‘ac‘vcs wrrr rrA
rxamvnrd, command and con‘rol os ar‘vllrry was rnuancrd
by vn‘rod’c‘von os ‘ur ar‘vllrry dvffvsvon ol, and avr drsrncr
was tvffrn a m’cuAnrrdrd boos‘ vn prvorv‘y and vn‘rrAsrrffvcr
lvavson by ‘ur rs‘ablvsumrn‘ os Avr Mrsrncr LommandB No‘
bad sor ‘urrr yrars vn wuvcu ur uad a m’l‘v‘’dr os o‘urr
ma‘‘rrs ‘o a‘‘rnd ‘oB cs only ur uadn’‘ ‘alkrd so m’cu and
to‘ uvmsrls morr drrply vnffolffrd vn polv‘vcs ‘uan was
nrcrssaryB
 
arnrral Asvs was a ‘o’tu manB bur polv‘vcal par‘vrs wrrr
awarr os uvs s‘ancrM ur was ’ncompromvsvnt abo’‘ avd ‘o
‘ur cvffvl powrr vn ‘ua‘, vs v‘ was drrmrd nrcrssary by ‘ur
s’prrmr commandrr, ‘urn v‘ suo’ld br vn‘rod’crd by ‘ur
parlvamrn‘ and vmplrmrn‘rd ffvtoro’sly by ‘ur armyB burrr
co’ld br no uals mras’rrsB Asvs prrsrrrrd ‘o krrp o’‘ os
‘uvnts vn avndu, b’‘, vs ‘urrr wrrr no o‘urr mrans os
con‘rollvnt ‘ur ffvcvo’s kvllrrs vn ‘ur kroffvncr, ‘urn ‘ur
army v‘ wo’ld uaffr ‘o br – b’‘ wv‘uo’‘ v‘s uands ‘vrdB And
ur wo’ld makr s’rr ‘urrr wrrr no saffo’rv‘rsB burrr wo’ld
br no q’rs‘von, rv‘urr, os crvmvnals comvnt ‘o arrantrmrn‘s
os m’‘’al brnrfi‘ wv‘u polv‘vcvans, ‘ur polvcr, or anyonr
rlsrB
cnsor‘’na‘rly ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr dv‘urrrd, probably
brca’sr ‘ur glg was an assr‘ vn ‘ur Assrmbly, and ‘ur
lawlrssnrss con‘vn’rdB bur Luvrs gvnvs‘rr os avndu, dam
aadvq Alv, was a polv‘vcal ally (and a sormrr kkk man0, b’‘
wurn ‘ur kroffvncr was sacrd wv‘u rffrn morr ffvolrncr as‘rr
ur dvrd (os na‘’ral ca’srs0 vn garcu 1aaD, Nawaz
con‘vn’rd ‘o dv‘urrB Alont wv‘u trow‘u vn polv‘vcallyA
mo‘vffa‘rd ffvolrncr, ‘urrr was a s’rtr vn ‘ordvnary’ crvmvnal
ac‘vffv‘yB Macov‘s – bandv‘s – ‘ook adffan‘atr os ‘ur sv‘’a‘von
‘o vnd’ltr vn rapr, robbrry, kvdnap, rx‘or‘von, dr’tA
sm’ttlvnt across ‘ur bordrr wv‘u cndva, and trnrral
dvsordrrB c‘ was ’nsasr ‘o ‘raffrl by road and rffrn by ‘ravn,
sor tants boardrd coacurs and s‘olr wua‘ ‘ury co’ld srom
‘ur passrntrrs – ’s’ally, os co’rsr, ‘ur poorB bur rvcu
‘raffrllrd by avr, or by road wv‘u wrllAarmrd bodyt’ardsB
bur mavn s’ffrrrrs wrrr ‘ur ffvllatrrs and ‘urvr plvtu‘ dvd
no‘ ma‘‘rrB burrr wrrr no‘, as‘rr all, rlrc‘vons vn ‘ur offintB
hy ‘ur rnd os gay ‘ur krrsvdrn‘ uad uad rno’tuB Yn ‘ur
DC‘u ur ordrrrd Yprra‘von LlranAcp ‘o brtvn, sollowvnt a
‘rrq’rs‘’ srom ‘ur avndu toffrrnmrn‘B Ar‘vclr 1:7 os ‘ur
Lons‘v‘’‘von was vnffokrd,9: and aol vss’rd ordrrs ‘o ‘ur
commandrr os r Lorps (tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Nasvr Aku‘ar –
w’s‘ ‘ur man sor ‘ur wob0 accordvntlyB bur army brtan wv‘u
oprra‘vons atavns‘ dacov‘s vn an arra alont ‘ur oydrrabadA
tauorr road, and alont ‘ur ravlway (a saffo’rv‘r ‘ac‘vc brvnt
‘o lrap on‘o ‘ravns as ‘ury slowrd down0B Asvs Nawaz
vnsvs‘rd ‘ua‘ all oprra‘vons br cond’c‘rd ‘vn cons’l‘a‘von
wv‘u ‘ur cvffvl admvnvs‘ra‘von’, and wurnrffrr possvblr ‘uvs
was donrN b’‘ somr‘vmrs v‘ was dvffic’l‘ ‘o dvs‘vnt’vsu
br‘wrrn somr mrmbrrs os ‘ur cvffvl admvnvs‘ra‘von and
‘uosr wuo wrrr flo’‘vnt v‘s a’‘uorv‘yB karamvlv‘ary Rantrrs
wrrr rmployrd vn conw’nc‘von wv‘u rrt’lar ‘roopsN c’rsrws
wrrr vmposrdN ‘ur army was vn con‘rol – b’‘ s‘vll wv‘uo’‘
lrtal coffrr, wuvcu Asvs con‘vn’rd ‘o vnsvs‘ was nrcrssaryB
bur krrsvdrn‘ finally atrrrd and vss’rd a rr‘rosprc‘vffr
ordvnancr on 1a d’ly ‘o ‘ur rffrc‘ ‘ua‘ wurn ‘roops wrrr
vnffolffrd vn polvcr work s’cu as srarcu and arrrs‘, ‘ury
wo’ld br vmm’nr srom lrtal procrd’rrsB95 bur krrsvdrn‘
and ‘ur army uad to‘ wua‘ ‘ury wan‘rd, b’‘ ‘ur krvmr
gvnvs‘rr was sacrd wv‘u problrms os cuantvnt polv‘vcal
allvancrs vn ‘ur lvtu‘ os ‘ur crackdownB or uad ‘o prrsorm a
balancvnt ac‘ wuvcu ‘ook m’cu ‘vmr ‘ua‘ suo’ld uaffr brrn
drffo‘rd ‘o lrtvsla‘von, admvnvs‘ra‘von, and na‘vonal
lradrrsuvpB
Mvsatrrrmrn‘ br‘wrrn somr mrmbrrs os ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘
and ‘ur army arosr vn arp‘rmbrr, wurn ‘ur co’n‘ry was uv‘
by floodsB TZs lsws os D5 arp‘rmbrr rrpor‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘ur
krvmr gvnvs‘rr, al‘uo’tu plrasrd wv‘u ‘ur way ‘ur
rmrrtrncy was dral‘ wv‘u by ‘ur army, was ’ndrr prrss’rr
srom somr polv‘vcal collrat’rs ‘o rrmoffr ‘roops srom rrlvrs
workB arffrral mvllvon proplr los‘ ‘urvr uomrsN lvffrs‘ock
dra‘us and floodrd sarmland ca’srd traffr drs‘v‘’‘vonN and
‘ur army workrd wondrrs vn clranvnt ’p, rrs‘orvnt
brvdtrs, rrpaffvnt roads, and admvnvs‘rrvnt dvs‘rvb’‘von os
rrlvrs monrys and s’pplvrsB h’‘ vn onr vncvdrn‘, local
polv‘vcvans vnsormrd ‘ur tarrvson commandrr vn g’l‘an
‘ua‘ ‘roops wrrr no lontrr nrrdrd and ‘ua‘ ‘ury suo’ld br
wv‘udrawnB9A bur ordrr was rrscvndrd, b’‘ ‘urrr was
’nrasr locally and vn ‘ur rrs‘ os ‘ur co’n‘ry abo’‘ ‘ur
mo‘vffrs bruvnd s’cu ac‘vonB bur srnsv‘vffr asprc‘s os ‘uvs
crvsvs, alas, wrrr no‘uvnt ‘o do wv‘u allrffva‘vnt ‘ur dvs‘rrss
os poor proplr rrndrrrd drs‘v‘’‘r, or wv‘u mr‘uods os
rrs‘orvnt drownrd land ‘o prod’c‘vffv‘yB Nrv‘urr dvd ‘ury
concrrn ‘ur brs‘ mrans os rrconnrc‘vnt canals, wrlls,
srwatr, ‘racks, roads, powrr s’pplvrs and ‘rlrpuonr lvnrsB
bury wrrr ‘o do wv‘u uow rrlvrs avd co’ld brs‘ br
dvs‘rvb’‘rd vn ordrr ‘o makr v‘ apprar ‘ua‘ a brnrficrn‘
toffrrnmrn‘ was ‘ur solr atrncy vnffolffrd vn s’cco’rvnt ‘ur
common manB
bur army ‘rvrd ‘o vtnorr ‘uvs sor‘ os nonsrnsrB c‘ uad a
wob ‘o do and was tr‘‘vnt on wv‘u v‘ rfficvrn‘lyB cs a
polv‘vcvan wan‘rd ‘o s‘r’‘ vn‘o onr os uvs ffvllatrs and clavm
‘ua‘ wua‘ was brvnt acuvrffrd was rn‘vrrly uvs dovnt, ‘urn
by all mrans lr‘ uvmB c‘ was no‘uvnt ‘o do wv‘u ‘ur army,
proffvdrd ur dvd no‘ vn‘rrsrrrB h’‘ vs rrlvrs monry and
ma‘rrval was brvnt dvffrr‘rd by local s’nc‘vonarvrs ‘o ‘urvr
own brnrfi‘, ‘ur army was tovnt ‘o uaffr nonr os v‘B bur
pr‘‘y officval concrrnrd wo’ld tr‘ suor‘ survs‘ and mvtu‘
rffrn br clapprd vnsvdr sor a wuvlr ‘o suow ‘ua‘, al‘uo’tu
ur mvtu‘ br a bvt man ‘o ‘ur prasan‘s, ur was no‘ tovnt ‘o
br allowrd ‘o tr‘ away wv‘u dvsuonrs‘yB bur army dvd no‘
’ndrrs‘and polv‘vcsB c‘ was ffv‘al ‘o a local polv‘vcvan ‘ua‘ ur
br srrn ‘o br urlpvnt ‘ur ffo‘rrsB c‘ was ‘radv‘vonal, and sor
uvm rssrn‘val, ‘ua‘ lartrssr br srrn as comvnt dvrrc‘ly
srom uvm or srom ‘ur proplr appovn‘rd ‘uro’tu uvs
vnfl’rncrB bur army mvtu‘ br a bv‘ sr’dal vn v‘s approacu ‘o
dvscvplvnr and v‘s placr vn socvr‘y, b’‘ v‘ dvd no‘ s’bscrvbr ‘o
sr’dalvsm vs ‘ur poor wrrr tovnt ‘o br rffrn s’r‘urr
dvsadffan‘atrd by ‘ur ac‘vons os pompo’s lv‘‘lr mrn wuo
wrrr lvnvnt ‘urvr own pockr‘sB97 gs hu’‘‘o, lradrr os ‘ur
Ypposv‘von, wan‘rd ‘o ffvsv‘ ‘ur afflvc‘rd arras b’‘ was
drnvrd a urlvcop‘rr by ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘B buvs dvd no‘ makr
m’cu dvffrrrncr ‘o urr pop’larv‘y – may rffrn uaffr
rnuancrd v‘ or a‘ lras‘ no‘ rrd’crd v‘ – brca’sr ‘ur krvmr
gvnvs‘rr uad brrn uvssrd and boord wurn ur arrvffrd srom
‘ur skvrs vn onr s‘rvckrn ffvllatr, and ‘ur Luvrs gvnvs‘rr os
k’nwab uad brrn s‘onrd vn ano‘urrB kolv‘vcal mvlratr suo’ld
no‘ br tavnrd by gs hu’‘‘o vs ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ uad any‘uvnt
‘o do wv‘u v‘ – b’‘ vs ‘urvr own proplr wrrr ‘o br p’‘ vn ‘ur
suadr by ‘ur army, ‘uvnts wrrr tr‘‘vnt dantrro’sB
cn Noffrmbrr 1aaD ‘ur a’‘uor a‘‘rndrd a dvffvsvonal
rxrrcvsr vn halocuvs‘anB bur commandrr os tcc Lorps,
tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Abd’l saurrd, was uvs ’s’al woffval srls
b’‘ uad a srnsr os u’mo’r savl’rr wurn wa‘cuvnt a
‘rlrffvsvon broadcas‘ on ‘ur 1C‘u wuvcu suowrd
prrpara‘vons sor a ‘tont garcu’ by ‘ur kkk on ‘ur capv‘alB
bur toffrrnmrn‘ madr m’cu os ‘ur ‘urra‘ ‘o law and ordrr
and prrffavlrd ’pon ‘ur LYAa ‘o uaffr ‘roops s‘and by vn
casr os rmrrtrncyB arnrral saurrd, vn wua‘ ur rxprc‘rd ‘o
br ‘ur final pos‘vnt os uvs carrrr, was crv‘vcal os bo‘u
toffrrnmrn‘ and opposv‘vonB bury wrrr p’‘‘vnt ‘ur co’n‘ry
vn an vmpossvblr posv‘von, ur savdB tr‘ ‘urm uaffr
dvsatrrrmrn‘s, os co’rsr, b’‘ don’‘ lr‘ onr svdr sorcr ‘ur
o‘urr ‘o ‘akr ac‘von ‘ua‘ sr‘ kakvs‘anv atavns‘ kakvs‘anvB
buvs was an vn‘rrrs‘vnt commrn‘ ‘ua‘ suowrd ‘ur way
saurrd – and ‘ur LYAa and probably mos‘ os ‘ur army –
srl‘ abo’‘ polv‘vcsB c‘ was an ’nsr‘‘lvnt prrvod sor ‘ur
toffrrnmrn‘, wuvcu srrmrd ‘o br ’nawarr ‘ua‘ ‘ur army
‘ook law and ordrr ffrry srrvo’sly vndrrdB
Yn 91 Yc‘obrr 1aaD, gawor Arsuad damvl was srn‘rncrd
‘o dra‘u by a co’r‘ mar‘val vn avnduB buvr‘rrn os uvs soldvrrs
rrcrvffrd lvsr vmprvsonmrn‘B cn d’nr ‘ury uad kvllrd nvnr
proplr vn ‘ur ffvllatr os bando hauawal, abo’‘ 16 mvlrs srom
oydrrabad, on ‘ur prr‘rx‘ os ‘urvr brvnt dacov‘s, wuvlr ‘ur
rral rrason was a land dvsp’‘r ‘o wuvcu ‘ur mawor was
prvffyB c‘ was appallvnt ‘ua‘ ‘ur sla’tu‘rr uad ‘akrn placr,
b’‘ ‘ur sac‘ ‘ua‘ v‘ was rrpor‘rd, vnffrs‘vta‘rd and dral‘
wv‘u taffr a mrssatr ‘o ‘ur na‘von ‘ua‘ ‘ur army was
rrsol’‘r abo’‘ admvnvs‘ra‘von os ‘ur lawB cs ‘ur army co’ld
mr‘r o’‘ p’nvsumrn‘ ‘o an officrr and uvs mrn, ‘urn, so
no‘vcr was tvffrn, v‘ co’ld dral svmvlarly wv‘u any wuo mvtu‘
sall wv‘uvn v‘s w’rvsdvc‘vonB L’rvo’sly, ‘uvs manvsrs‘a‘von os
rrsprc‘ sor ‘ur law dvd no‘ s‘rvkr a rrsonan‘ cuord wv‘u
rv‘urr toffrrnmrn‘ or opposv‘vonB
bur yrar 1aaD was a poor onr sor vn‘rrnal s‘abvlv‘y and v‘
was cyclvc rx‘rrnallyB bur army rrmavnrd alrr‘ vn Tasumvr
b’‘ rrs’srd ‘o br drawn vn‘o vn‘rrnal src’rv‘y affavrs wurn
‘ur damm’ and Tasumvr tvbrra‘von Oron‘ s‘atrAmanatrd a
marcu vn‘rndrd ‘o cross ‘ur tvnr os Lon‘rolB Ynr
vn‘rrrs‘vnt asprc‘ os ‘ur Tasumvr dvsp’‘r ‘ua‘ yrar was ‘ur
apparrn‘ b’‘ ’nvn‘rndrd ffol‘rAsacr by cndva rrtardvnt
bvla‘rralvsmB Nrw Mrluv slvpprd ’p vn v‘s cond’c‘ os
rrla‘vons wv‘u kakvs‘an by uoldvnt vndvffvd’al dvsc’ssvons
wv‘u ‘ur prrmanrn‘ mrmbrrs os ‘ur arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvl vn an
a‘‘rmp‘ ‘o prrs’adr ‘urm os ‘ur w’s‘vcr os cndva’s ca’sr
concrrnvnt TasumvrB Mrmons‘ra‘ors crossvnt ‘ur tvnr os
Lon‘rol wo’ld br firrd on, savd v‘s rrprrsrn‘a‘vffrsB
kakvs‘an’s sorrvtn mvnvs‘ry cu’cklrd and wrn‘ sor ‘ur
w’t’larB oow prvncvplrd, uow proprr, ‘ua‘ Nrw Mrluv suo’ld
rnlvs‘ ‘ur s’ppor‘ os ‘ur arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvl concrrnvnt
Tasumvr, ‘ury savdB burrr was a s‘vllArx‘an‘ arc’rv‘y
Lo’ncvl Rrsol’‘von abo’‘ a plrbvscv‘r, was ‘urrr no‘H cs
cndva was so concrrnrd abo’‘ ‘ur dvsp’‘rd ‘rrrv‘ory os
Tasumvr as ‘o lobby ‘ur arra‘ Ovffr, ‘urn prruaps v‘ mvtu‘
tvffr svmvlar a‘‘rn‘von ‘o o‘urr ma‘‘rrs, s’cu as ‘ua‘H9C bur
toffrrnmrn‘ dvd no‘ srvzr ‘uvs p’blvc rrla‘vons adffan‘atr
and kakvs‘an los‘ ‘ur oppor‘’nv‘y ‘o makr a ‘rllvnt povn‘,
al‘uo’tu v‘ wo’ld uaffr only brrn a kR ffvc‘ory, and nobody
wo’ld uaffr pavd a‘‘rn‘von ‘o v‘, so prruaps v‘ dvdn’‘ ma‘‘rr,
anywayB
burrr uad brrn many cas’al‘vrs vn avacurn, b’‘
dvsc’ssvons vn Noffrmbrr wrrr a was‘r os ‘vmrB Nrv‘urr
toffrrnmrn‘ apprarrd anxvo’s ‘o rracu a sol’‘vonB ho‘u uad
problrms a‘ uomr, and v‘ srrmrd ‘ua‘ polv‘vcal s’rffvffal uad
prvorv‘y offrr any vnv‘va‘vffrs ‘ua‘ wo’ld saffr lvffrs b’‘
rndantrr maworv‘vrsB
 Rrla‘vons br‘wrrn ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ and ‘ur army wrrr
lookvnt suakyB suvlr arnrral Asvs was on an offrrsras ffvsv‘
‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ rrplacrd ‘ur Mvrrc‘orAarnrral cn‘rr
arrffvcrs cn‘rllvtrncr, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Asad M’rranv,9a
by tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral daffrd Nasvr, a brardrd bablvtuv
rntvnrrr officrr wv‘u no vn‘rllvtrncr backtro’ndB:6 c‘ was
‘ur toffrrnmrn‘’s prrrota‘vffr ‘o appovn‘ ‘ur Ma cac, b’‘ v‘
was no‘ ‘ac‘s’l ‘o do so wuvlr ‘ur Army Luvrs was o’‘ os ‘ur
co’n‘ryB c‘ lookrd BBB con‘rvffrdB c‘ also madr nonsrnsr os ‘ur
clavm ‘ua‘ ‘ur army callrd ‘ur suo‘s abo’‘ wuo was ‘o br
Ma cac, brca’sr daffrd Nasvr was a fit’rr os s’n ‘o many
officrrs, mavnly brca’sr uvs vn‘rllrc‘ was sar srom brvnt as
o’‘s‘andvnt as uvs brardB burn ‘urrr was ‘ur s‘ory ‘ua‘ a
srnvor fit’rr allrtrdly closr ‘o toffrrnmrn‘ uad
approacurd ‘wo (prruaps ‘urrr0 lvr’‘rnan‘ trnrrals ‘o ask
‘urm wuom ‘ury wo’ld rrcommrnd ‘o br Luvrs os ‘ur Army
a‘aff vs arnrral Asvs Nawaz was vn somr ’nsprcvfird way ‘o
ffaca‘r ‘ur appovn‘mrn‘ vn ‘ur nrar s’‘’rrB so’ld v‘, ‘ury
wrrr askrd by ‘ur rmvssary, br rrtardrd as a srrvo’s ’psr‘
wrrr arnrral Asvs ‘o br rrplacrdH surn ‘ur army cuvrs was
vnsormrd os ‘ur approacu ur cuosr ‘o vtnorr v‘, al‘uo’tu
uvs lant’atr was rvpr and uvs s’spvcvons wrrr confirmrdB
or was, vn any rffrn‘, brcomvnt dvsrncuan‘rd abo’‘ somr
toffrrnmrn‘ ac‘vffv‘vrs, rsprcvally ‘ur a‘‘rmp‘ ‘o prosrc’‘r
TZs lsws nrwspaprr sor srdv‘vonB bur toffrrnmrn‘ backrd
down rffrn‘’ally, as‘rr prrss’rr, b’‘ Asvs was worrvrd ‘ua‘
‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr mvtu‘ uaffr brrn uvwackrd by somr os uvs
morr attrrssvffr collrat’rs, and conffvncrd ‘ua‘ ‘urrr was
a krrss and army plo‘ atavns‘ uvmB
cn ‘ur land os ‘ur conspvracy, no‘uvnt vs vmpossvblr ‘o ‘ur
paranovd mvnd, b’‘ a plo‘ by Asvs Nawaz was vnconcrvffablrB
bur vdra ‘ua‘ ‘ur Luvrs ldv‘or and ldv‘or os TZs lsws
co’ld br plo‘‘vnt atavns‘ ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ was also
l’dvcro’s, b’‘ a cuartr uad brrn lavd and ‘ur procrss os
prosrc’‘von was ‘akrn a lont way brsorr v‘ was dropprdB
bur p’blvc was brcomvnt rrs‘vffr abo’‘ allrta‘vons os
corr’p‘von and mvsmanatrmrn‘B TZs Musl[m commrn‘rd
on a Yc‘obrr ‘ua‘ offrr a mvllvon dollars uad brrn sprn‘ on
srndvnt polv‘vcvans and b’rra’cra‘s offrrsras sor mrdvcal
‘rra‘mrn‘B ‘bry as onr mvtu‘,’ ran ‘ur rdv‘orval, ‘v‘ vs
vmpossvblr ‘o ’nrar‘u a svntlr [mrdvcalk sacvlv‘y vn ‘uvs
co’n‘ry wuvcu vs no‘ brvnt mvs’srd BBB sua‘ vs uapprnvnt vn
‘ur corrvdors os powrr vs downrvtu‘ dvsuonrs‘B’ TZs lsws
rrpor‘rd ‘wo wrrks la‘rr ‘ua‘ ‘ur sra‘s vn ‘ur rxrc’‘vffr wr‘
p’rcuasrd sor ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr uad brrn rrplacrd a‘ a
cos‘ os ‘wo mvllvon dollarsB A wrrk la‘rr camr ‘ur
rrffrla‘von ‘ua‘ a skv rrsor‘ uad brrn sold ‘o an
rn‘rrprrnr’r os mos‘ d’bvo’s an‘rcrdrn‘s sor a srac‘von os
v‘s ffal’rB bur man vn ‘ur s‘rrr‘ was brcomvnt vrrv‘a‘rd
abo’‘ ‘ur rx‘rn‘ os corr’p‘ ac‘vffv‘vrs and onr urard v‘
s’ttrs‘rd, morr and morr, ‘ua‘ v‘ mvtu‘ no‘ br a bad ‘uvnt
vs ‘ur army ‘ook offrr atavnB
arnrral Asvs Nawaz dvrd os a urar‘ a‘‘ack on C dan’ary
1aa9 and was s’ccrrdrd by arnrral Abd’l saurrd Takar,
‘ur commandrr os tcc Lorps vn l’r‘‘aB g’cu was madr os
‘ur sac‘ ‘ua‘ svx officrrs wrrr srnvor ‘o uvm, and ‘urrr was
vn sac‘ a consvdrrablr dvffrrrncr os opvnvon br‘wrrn
krrsvdrn‘ and krvmr gvnvs‘rr concrrnvnt wuo suo’ld br
‘ur nrx‘ LuvrsB bur krrsvdrn‘ uad srlrc‘rd ‘ur Laa,
arnrral Oarr’ku Tuan, b’‘ wurn ur vnsormrd Nawaz auarvs
os uvs cuovcr ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr was ffvolrn‘ly opposrdB
Oarr’ku, allrtrd auarvs, ‘uad brrn rrsponsvblr sor all uvs
problrms wv‘u ‘ur la‘r arnrral Asvs Nawaz’B:1 buvs was
‘r’r, ‘o ‘ur rx‘rn‘ ‘ua‘ Oarr’ku uad brrn ‘o‘ally loyal ‘o
AsvsB bur krrsvdrn‘ compromvsrd and, as‘rr dvsc’ssvon wv‘u
Rordad Tuan, a closr srvrnd os many yrars, drcvdrd on
arnrral saurrdB
sua‘rffrr anyonr rxprc‘rd os arnrral saurrd, ‘ury
suo’ld uaffr known ur wo’ld br uvs own manB
cnsor‘’na‘rly sor ‘ur ambv‘vons os bo‘u krrsvdrn‘ and
krvmr gvnvs‘rr – and mos‘ sor‘’na‘rly sor ‘ur co’n‘ry –
arnrral saurrd bro’tu‘ uard common srnsr ‘o ‘ur pos‘ os
LYAaB or was nrv‘urr vdrolot’r nor drmatot’r nor
‘urocra‘N no wvld and drama‘vc vdras camr srom aol
d’rvnt uvs ‘rn’rrB or was complr‘rly apolv‘vcal and
dr‘rrmvnrd ‘ua‘ ur and ‘ur army suo’ld rrmavn soB or
wan‘rd ‘ur brs‘ sor uvs co’n‘ry, and vs ur was sorcrd ‘o
vn‘rrffrnr ur wo’ld brcomr vnffolffrd only vn s‘rvc‘
accordancr wv‘u ‘ur Lons‘v‘’‘vonB aomr obsrrffrrs
commrn‘rd ‘ua‘ uvs o’‘look was narrowB srll, v‘ may uaffr
brrn, al‘uo’tu knowvnt uvm as c dvd c do’b‘ v‘B sua‘rffrr v‘
was, v‘ was a blrssvnt sor uvs co’n‘ryB
 
bur krrsvdrn‘ dvsmvssrd ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ os Nawaz auarvs
on 1C Aprvl 1aa9 on ‘ur tro’nds ‘ua‘ v‘ was corr’p‘ and
uad mvsmanatrd ‘ur co’n‘ryB An vn‘rrvm toffrrnmrn‘
uradrd by a sr’dal landlord, halaku aurr gazarv, ‘ook offrr
a‘ an ’ndvtnvfird crrrmony and sr‘ abo’‘ crra‘vnt a
cabvnr‘ os fis‘yArvtu‘ mrmbrrs – a rrcord n’mbrr – wuosr
’srs’lnrss was rn‘vrrly d’bvo’sB Yn DA gay ‘ur a’prrmr
Lo’r‘ ordrrrd ‘ur rrvns‘a‘rmrn‘ os Nawaz auarvs and uvs
tro’pB bur sv‘’a‘von was drffrlopvnt vn‘o cuaos and
kakvs‘an was brcomvnt a la’tuvnt s‘ockB arnrral saurrd,
by a combvna‘von os ‘ac‘, sorcrs’lnrss, uono’r and ‘rnacv‘y
conffvncrd ‘ur krrsvdrn‘ and ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr ‘ury
suo’ld s‘and down, wuvcu ‘ury dvd on 1C d’lyB A carr‘akrr
admvnvs‘ra‘von lrd by gr gorrn l’rrsuv, ano‘urr l’mvnary
os ‘ur sorld hank, ‘ook offrr and was, v‘ uas brrn art’rd,
‘ur brs‘ toffrrnmrn‘ kakvs‘an uad rxprrvrncrd svncr ‘ur
co’n‘ry was crra‘rdB or was, s’ms ’p tawrrncr Zvrvnt, ‘an
rffrc‘vffr, rfficvrn‘, noAnonsrnsr and drdvca‘rd
admvnvs‘ra‘or’B cn ‘urrr mon‘us (‘ur ‘vmr lavd down vn ‘ur
Lons‘v‘’‘von sor rlrc‘vons ‘o br arrantrd0 l’rrsuv
vn‘rod’crd many proposals avmrd a‘ rrs‘orvnt probv‘y ‘o
‘ur cond’c‘ os ‘ur co’n‘ry’s affavrsB cnsor‘’na‘rly ‘ursr
wrrr dvscardrd by ‘ur nrx‘ toffrrnmrn‘ – and ‘ur drcvsvon
‘o cap ‘ur rxprnsvffr n’clrar protrammr was also
rrscvndrdB
 
cn a pos‘Advnnrr conffrrsa‘von wv‘u arnrral saurrd vn mvdA
1aa9 c askrd abo’‘ a rrcrn‘ ‘rvp ur uad madr ‘o avntaporr
and galaysvaB or uad obffvo’sly uad an rnwoyablr ffvsv‘ ‘o
bo‘u co’n‘rvrs, b’‘ svturd and was svlrn‘ sor a momrn‘B
burn ur lookrd a‘ mr and savd words ‘o ‘ur rffrc‘ ‘ua‘
‘As‘rr a srw days vn galaysva c ‘uo’tu‘, “sr co’ld br lvkr
‘uvs” – b’‘ wua‘ on rar‘u wrn‘ wront wv‘u ’sH’ c‘ was
vll’mvna‘vnt ‘ua‘ ur ‘uo’tu‘ ‘ur way ur dvd and vndvca‘vffr
os uvs approacu ‘o na‘vonal affavrs, vn ‘ua‘ ur obffvo’sly
saffo’rrd drmocracy al‘uo’tu ur uad srrvo’s do’b‘s abo’‘
‘ur wvllvntnrss os somr os uvs srllow cv‘vzrns ‘o rmbracr v‘
s’llyB
As‘rr ‘urrr rffrn‘s’l yrars as Luvrs os ‘ur Army a‘aff,
arnrral saurrd uandrd offrr ‘o arnrral druantvr Tarama‘,
an rq’ally sorcrs’l and sor‘urvtu‘ cuarac‘rr, vn dan’ary
1aaAB ovs ‘rn’rr uad brrn s’ccrsss’l b’‘ no‘ wv‘uo’‘ traffr
problrmsB burrr uad brrn, sor rxamplr, ‘ur ma‘‘rr os ‘ur
savlrd co’pB
gawor arnrral Zaurrr’l cslam Abbasv always apprarrd ‘o
‘ur a’‘uor ‘o br a compr‘rn‘ officrr os somr cuarmB As
Mvrrc‘or os cnsan‘ry ur was, vn ‘ur rarly and mvdA1aa6s, vn a
posv‘von ‘ua‘ any vnsan‘ry officrr wo’ld wrlcomrB bur
vnc’mbrn‘ co’ld uaffr trra‘ vnfl’rncr on uvs Lorps, and
co’ld vn‘rod’cr – or a‘ lras‘ rndorsr and finrA‘’nr – many
vmproffrmrn‘sB cn ‘ac‘vcs, lradrrsuvp, rq’vpmrn‘ acq’vsv‘von
and s‘r’c‘’rr ur co’ld con‘rvb’‘r m’cu ‘o drffrlopmrn‘B
cnsor‘’na‘rly Abbasv ‘uo’tu‘ ur co’ld and suo’ld do morr
‘uan was prrmv‘‘rd an officrr vn vnfl’rncvnt mvlv‘ary affavrsB
or wan‘rd ‘o vnfl’rncr polv‘vcal affavrs, ‘oo – and
drama‘vcallyB
 arnrral saurrd uad madr v‘ clrar ur wo’ld no‘
co’n‘rnancr officrrs vn‘rrsrrvnt vn polv‘vcs or brcomvnt
vnffolffrd wv‘u con‘rn‘vo’s ma‘‘rrs o’‘svdr ‘urvr prosrssvonB
tr‘ ‘urm art’r abo’‘ rvffrr crossvnts by all mrans, and tvffr
‘urvr opvnvons on drficvrncvrs vn ‘ravnvnt – b’‘ don’‘ lr‘
‘urm p’‘ ‘urvr nosrs vn‘o affavrs ‘ua‘ mvtu‘ br consvdrrrd
rffrn rrmo‘rly connrc‘rd wv‘u polv‘vcvansB or dvsmvssrd
srom srrffvcr ‘ur pop’lar, vn‘rllrc‘’al and compr‘rn‘
tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Asad M’rranv (srr No‘r 9a0 sor darvnt
‘o vnffolffr uvmsrls vn polv‘vcsB srll vn‘rn‘vonrd as M’rranv
was, ur uad ‘o to (and ‘old ‘ur a’‘uor ‘wo days as‘rr uvs
dvsmvssal ‘ua‘ v‘ was ‘a savr cop’0B h’‘ Abbasv was no‘ ‘ryvnt
‘o br an uonrs‘ brokrrB or was vnffolffrd vn cslamvc
rx‘rrmvsm and ‘uo’tu‘ ur mvtu‘ br ablr ‘o offrr‘urow wua‘
ur saw as an ’ncslamvc toffrrnmrn‘B or and ano‘urr ‘uvr‘yA
fiffr officrrs wrrr arrrs‘rd on DA arp‘rmbrr 1aa5, uaffvnt
savlrd ‘o carry ‘uro’tu a plan ‘o kvll all ‘uosr a‘‘rndvnt a
Lorps Lommandrrs’ Lonsrrrncr (cuavrrd by ‘ur LYAa0 and
‘urn rradvca‘r ‘ur cabvnr‘B bur toffrrnmrn‘ ‘rvrd ‘o play
down ‘ur svtnvficancr os ‘ur a‘‘rmp‘rd co’p, wuvcu was
madr p’blvc ‘urrr wrrks la‘rr, b’‘ ‘urrr vs no do’b‘ v‘ was
srrvo’sB lq’ally, v‘ uad no cuancr os s’ccrssB bur
toffrrnmrn‘ os hrnazvr hu’‘‘o was no‘ an‘vAcslamvc, any
morr ‘uan v‘ was proAany‘uvnt o‘urr ‘uan s‘ayvnt vn powrr,
b’‘ ‘ur army was no‘ prrparrd ‘o uaffr dvssvdrn‘s vn v‘s
mvds‘B k’nvsumrn‘ was swvs‘B bur ‘urrr dozrn wrrr dral‘
wv‘u, and o‘urrs s’sprc‘rd os uaffvnt connrc‘vons wv‘u
rx‘rrmvsm wrrr moffrd svdrways or o’‘B bur co’p a‘‘rmp‘
uad rffrc‘s ‘uro’tuo’‘ ‘ur army b’‘ was sar srom brvnt an
allArmbracvnt drsrc‘B
cslam was no‘ a ‘problrm’ vn ‘ur armyB c‘ co’ld uardly br
‘ua‘, brca’sr ‘ur army vs, as‘rr all, onr os ‘ur armrd
srrffvcrs os bur cslamvc Rrp’blvc os kakvs‘anB h’‘ ‘uosr wuo
adffoca‘r sktrsms cslam arr a problrm, as arr bvto‘rd
mvlv‘an‘s wuo rspo’sr rx‘rrmr Lurvs‘vanv‘y or rx‘rrmr
ovnd’vsm or rx‘rrmrs vn o‘urr rrlvtvo’s and polv‘vcal
brlvrss, brca’sr ‘uosr wuo adffoca‘r vmmodrra‘von and
vn‘olrrancr, and condrmn o‘urrs sor savlvnt ‘o adurrr ‘o
‘urvr own par‘vc’lar brlvrss, uaffr los‘ ‘o’cu wv‘u u’man
p’rposr and dvtnv‘yB bur army dors no‘ srrm ‘o uaffr tonr
offrrboard abo’‘ rrlvtvon, b’‘ ‘urrr arr lvntrrvnt do’b‘s
abo’‘ ‘ur c’m’la‘vffr rffrc‘s os ‘ur Zva yrars and ‘ur
prrsvs‘rn‘ rffor‘s os ‘ur ’l‘raArrlvtvo’s polv‘vcal par‘vrs ‘o
vnfl’rncr ‘uosr wuosr prvmary d’‘y v‘ vs ‘o drsrnd kakvs‘anB
cn ‘ur rarly 1aa6s, d’rvnt an rxrrcvsr, c crawlrd 166
mr‘rrs ‘o a d’tAvn ar‘vllrry obsrrffa‘von pos‘ wurrr a yo’nt
officrr suowrd mr a lasrr rantrfindrr wv‘u wuvcu c b’svrd
mysrlsB As‘rr contra‘’la‘vnt uvm on uvs drffvcr c was ‘rra‘rd
‘o an rxposv‘von on uow, vn sac‘, ‘urrr vs no nrrd sor
adffancrd ‘rcunoloty proffvdvnt onr brlvrffrs vn AllauB Yn
ano‘urr occasvon c was vnsormrd traffrly by a w’nvor officrr
‘ua‘ ‘ur brard os onr os uvs soldvrrs (‘ur l’x’rvancr and
suadr os wuvcu uad a‘‘rac‘rd my admvra‘von0 uad ‘’rnrd
rrd os v‘s own accord brca’sr os ‘ur pvr‘y dvsplayrd d’rvnt
uvs oawB ovs commandvnt officrr b’rvrd uvs urad vn uvs
uands, b’‘ madr no commrn‘B cn morr rrcrn‘ yrars c uaffr
mr‘ mvddlrArankvnt officrrs and brrn ‘old vn somr dr‘avl os
morr srnvor onrs (only a srw0 wuosr approacu ‘o ‘urvr
mvlv‘ary d’‘vrs uas brrn basrd rn‘vrrly on ‘urvr
vn‘rrprr‘a‘von os cslam, ‘o ‘ur povn‘ os s’bordvna‘vnt ‘ur
rrlrffancr and prac‘vcabvlv‘y os mvlv‘ary doc‘rvnrB c do no‘
say ‘ua‘ ‘ursr officrrs arr ‘ypvcalN b’‘ c do say ‘ua‘ ‘urvr
a‘‘v‘’dr vs dvsconcrr‘vntB Ynr vn‘rrrs‘vnt, and ‘o my mvnd
ural‘uy vns‘ancr os dvsapproffal os rx‘rrmvs‘ ‘rndrncvrs vn
D66A was ‘ur casr os ‘ur brardrd commandvnt officrr wuo
was brcomvnt morr vnfl’rn‘vally cslamvc ‘uan drrmrd
approprva‘r by uvs nrwly appovn‘rd sorma‘von commandrrB
bur LY was callrd vn and ‘old calmly and firmly ‘ua‘ ‘v‘’
(‘ur brard0 wo’ld to, or ur (‘ur LY0 wo’ld toB bur brard
wrn‘B h’‘ wuo knows wua‘ con‘vn’rs ‘o p’lsr ’ndrr v‘H
 
bur kkk ’ndrr gs hrnazvr hu’‘‘o won rvtu‘yAsvx sra‘s vn
‘ur Yc‘obrr 1aa9 rlrc‘vons, wuvcu wrrr cond’c‘rd savrly,
’ndrr ‘ur ryrs os ‘ur army and vndrprndrn‘ obsrrffrrs, os
wuom ‘ur a’‘uor was onrB bur kakvs‘an g’slvm trat’r os
Nawaz auarvs ob‘avnrd srffrn‘yA‘wo sra‘sB gs hu’‘‘o
manatrd ‘o cons‘r’c‘ a coalv‘von wv‘u 1D1 sra‘s and
acuvrffrd toffrrnmrn‘ on 1a Yc‘obrrB Yn ‘ur rlrc‘von os urr
candvda‘r sor krrsvdrn‘, Oarooq trtuarv, a kkk loyalvs‘, gs
hu’‘‘o s‘a‘rd ‘ua‘ v‘ was a ‘rv’mpu sor drmocracyB gr
trtuarv, sur savd, wo’ld con‘rvb’‘r ‘o ‘ur co’n‘ry’s
s‘abvlv‘yB
or dvdB gr trtuarv dvsmvssrd ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ os gs
hu’‘‘o on ‘ur nvtu‘ os :C5 Noffrmbrr 1aaAB burrr was lv‘‘lr
condrmna‘vonB bur co’n‘ry uad brcomr nvtu on
’ntoffrrnablrB Ynr srnvor polv‘vcvan ‘old ‘ur a’‘uor la‘rr vn
Noffrmbrr vn tauorr ‘ua‘ ‘all vs no‘ los‘’ b’‘ ‘ua‘ v‘ uad
brrn a nrarAr’n ‘uvntB Anarcuy uad loomrd, ur savd, and,
wv‘u ‘ua‘, vn‘rrffrn‘von by ‘ur army, as ‘‘urrr wo’ld uaffr
brrn no al‘rrna‘vffr’B gr Nawaz auarvs’s g’slvm trat’r
was ffo‘rd vn ‘o powrr on 17 Orbr’ary 1aa7 wv‘u 1C1 sra‘s
vn ‘ur D17Asra‘ lowrr uo’srB or sacrd rnormo’s problrms,
as ‘ur co’n‘ry was on ‘ur ffrrtr os bankr’p‘cy, b’‘ tvffrn
uvs u’tr maworv‘y v‘ srrmrd ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an mvtu‘ br on ‘ur
way ‘o s‘abvlv‘y, brca’sr ur co’ld ‘akr ac‘von and vns‘v‘’‘r
rrsorms ‘ua‘ wo’ld br vmpossvblr sor a wrak toffrrnmrn‘ ‘o
consvdrrB kakvs‘an, ‘uanks ‘o ‘ur army, uad affovdrd cvffvl
war (al‘uo’tu Taracuv rrsrmblrd a ba‘‘lrfirld la‘rr vn ‘ur
yrar, and clasurs br‘wrrn a’nnv and auva sana‘vcs vn
k’nwab wrrr mvndlrssly saffatr0, and apprarrd ‘o br ablr ‘o
s‘ar‘ – oncr atavn – ‘ur lont ua’l ‘o s‘ablr toffrrnancr
‘uanks ‘o an rlrc‘ora‘r ‘ua‘ uad brcomr svck os corr’p‘von
and mvsmanatrmrn‘, and uad ffo‘rd sor cuantrB
 cn A’t’s‘ 1aa7 ‘ur sormrr carr‘akrr krvmr gvnvs‘rr, ‘ur
wvsr gorrn l’rrsuv, so’ndrd a no‘r os ca’‘vonB ‘buvs vs,’
ur savd, ‘‘ur las‘ cuancr sor ‘ur parlvamrn‘ary sorm os
toffrrnmrn‘ os ‘ur kvnd wr uaffr now vn kakvs‘anB c uaffr
os‘rn savd brsorr, vs ‘uvs rxprrvmrn‘ dors no‘ s’ccrrd, ‘urn
c ‘uvnk wr m’s‘ consvdrr a prrsvdrn‘val sorm os
toffrrnmrn‘B’ or was sayvnt ‘ua‘ ‘ur s’‘’rr os kakvs‘an lay
vn ‘ur uands os gr Nawaz auarvs’s toffrrnmrn‘B or was
rvtu‘, b’‘ ‘uosr uands rffrn‘’ally donnrd ‘ur vron tloffrs os
a’‘ocracyB And ‘ur army wo’ld oncr atavn ‘akr offrrB

N btTs
1
Ynr os wuom was ‘ur ‘urn tvr’‘rnan‘ Lolonrl (la‘rr
tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral and commandrr os c Lorps D669A50
daffrd Alam Tuan wuo taffr ‘ur prrsrn‘a‘von ‘o Zva and ‘ur
Amrrvcans abo’‘ ‘ur ‘ank ‘rvalsB cn uvs ‘alk daffrd
mrn‘vonrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur rntvnr fil‘rrs crasrd ‘o br rffrc‘vffr
as‘rr abo’‘ a6 days os oprra‘vonB or was s’rprvsrd ‘o srr
‘ur krrsvdrn‘ and ‘ur Ambassador t’ffawvnt a‘ uvs plavn
s‘a‘rmrn‘ os sac‘ and wondrrrd wua‘ co’ld br so am’svntB
ta‘rr ur was ‘old ‘ua‘ ‘urvr la’tu‘rr was ca’srd by
rrsrrrncr ‘o ‘a6 days’ – ‘ur prrvod vn wuvcu Zva s‘a‘rd ur
wo’ld uold rlrc‘vons as‘rr uvs co’pB An vn‘rrrs‘vnt vnsvtu‘
‘o ca polvcy os ‘ur dayB daffrd uad wan‘rd ‘o to ‘o
cslamabad on ‘ur krrsvdrn‘’s avrcras‘ b’‘ was prrffrn‘rd
srom dovnt so by Zva’s vnffv‘a‘von ‘o ‘ur ca con‘vntrn‘ ‘o
accompany uvmB t’cky daffrdB

D
An rxcrllrn‘ acco’n‘ os ‘ur crasu vs con‘avnrd vn Loll,
a‘rffr, Oa tZs draar Truak cbar, bvmrs hooks, 1aa:B h’‘
a morr s‘rvntrn‘ rxamvna‘von os ‘ur affavr, atrrrd ‘o br
p’rs’rd by Loll and ‘ur a’‘uor, was ‘rrmvna‘rd by ‘ur
sormrr vn ‘ur la‘r 1aa6sB c am s‘vll wondrrvnt wuyB arr
also Arvs, bc( c[t(
9
cn ‘ur pas‘ c uad commrn‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘bury nrffrr do,’ wuvcu,
alas, was proffrd vncorrrc‘ vn ‘ur D66D rlrc‘vons wurn ‘ur
ggA tro’pvnt os svx rrlvtvo’s par‘vrs acuvrffrd rno’tu
ffo‘rs ‘o toffrrn vn NsOk, wuvcu uas sr‘ drffrlopmrn‘ and
socval wrlsarr vn ‘ur kroffvncr back by abo’‘ fis‘y yrarsB

:
dult lsws,7 garcu 1aa6B

5
bur dlbbs(kakvs‘an0 os gay D661 carrvrd a rrmarkablr
vn‘rrffvrw wv‘u arnrral habar, wuvcu vs wrll wor‘u rradvnt
sor an vn‘rvt’vnt vn‘rrprr‘a‘von os rffrn‘s vn ‘uvs prrvodB
arr u‘‘pMCCwwwBpaksrarcuBcomCtlobrCD661CmayCbabarBu‘ml

A
‘cn 1aa5, a lradvnt Orrncu mvlv‘ary con‘rac‘or, Massa’l‘
Affva‘von, atrrrd ‘o pay Zardarv and a kakvs‘anv par‘nrr a
$D66 mvllvon commvssvon sor a $: bvllvon wr‘ fitu‘rr dral
‘ua‘ srll apar‘ only wurn ‘ur hu’‘‘o toffrrnmrn‘ was
dvsmvssrd’ – doun OB h’rns, lsw Ybrk T[mss,a dan’ary
1aCaB c uaffr a copy os ‘ua‘ rdv‘von os ‘ur NYb, tvffrn mr by
h’rns, ‘ur k’lv‘zrr krvzrAwvnnvnt rrpor‘rrB c‘s sron‘ patr
uradlvnr vs ‘hocbbY LtAN tlArla bRAct YO
LYRRckbcYN’B cnsvdr ‘urrr arr ‘wo patrs ’ndrr ‘ur
bannrr ‘bur hu’‘‘o gvllvonsM A Namr bua‘ a‘ood Oor
Mrmocracy and arrrd’B bwo rn‘vrr patrs os ‘ur lsw Ybrk
T[mss wrrr tvffrn ‘o s’cu pvrcrs as ’kowrrs’l Llan vn
kakvs‘an cs a‘avnrd by a ras‘ Rrcord os Lorr’p‘von’, and ‘A
kakvs‘anv Oor‘’nr Amassrd Orom aras‘ trs‘ c‘s bracks
Ro’nd ‘ur sorld’B bur paprr’s lvbrl lawyrrs wrn‘ ‘uro’tu
uvs copy mos‘ ‘uoro’tuly brsorr p’blvca‘vonB

7
 a’l taffr mr a comprrurnsvffr brvrfint on DC garcu 1aCa,
wurn ur was Mvrrc‘or arnrral cacB

C
gy drspa‘cu a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr was uradrd ‘cn‘rllvtrncr LuantrM
No‘ a Tall’r’B Nrv‘urr my a‘‘rmp‘ a‘ u’mo’r nor patrs os
analysvs was wrlcomrd by ‘uosr ‘o wuom ‘ury wrrr
dvrrc‘rdB

a
bur cslamvc Mrmocra‘vc Allvancr was no‘, vn spv‘r os v‘s
namr, a rrlvtvo’sly basrd tro’pvnt, al‘uo’tu v‘ vncl’drd
‘ur s’ndamrn‘alvs‘ damaa‘AvAcslamv, wuvcu lrs‘ ‘ur coalv‘von
vn gay 1aaDB

16
c‘ was admv‘‘rd by hrt vn 1aa: ‘ua‘ ‘ur bankrr, Y’n’s
oabvb (wavlrd vn 1aa50, uad proffvdrd 1B: mvllvon r’prrs ‘o
hrt vn 1aa6 and ‘ua‘ cac sprn‘ par‘ os ‘ua‘ d’rvnt ‘ur
rlrc‘vonsB arr rdv‘orval vn aawa os D5 Aprvl 1aa: and a
morr dr‘avlrd drscrvp‘von vn @slam[c a ak[staa: @llus[bas
aar csal[tlby Abd’s aa‘‘ar auazalv,
u‘‘pMCCtuazalvBnr‘Cbook1CLuap‘rr11aCpatrl:Bu‘ml and
p’blvsurd by ‘ur Na‘vonal hook Ll’b (kakvs‘an0B

11
c wrn‘ ‘o ‘ur radvo and ‘rlrffvsvon s‘’dvos ‘ua‘ dayB A‘ ‘ur
rn‘rancr ‘o racu rs‘ablvsumrn‘ ‘urrr was a solv‘ary
soldvrr, lookvnt borrdB Yn brvnt askrd uvs d’‘vrs a‘ ‘ur br
s‘a‘von, ‘ur soldvrr apprarrd ’ns’rr os wua‘ ur was abo’‘
o‘urr ‘uan ‘o ‘urlp ‘ur polvcr’B burrr wrrr rlrffrn soldvrrs
o’‘svdr ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr’s uo’sr, wuo lrs‘ vn ‘ur rarly
rffrnvntB

1D
gos‘ nrwspaprrs, a A’t’s‘ 1aa6B a‘rffr Loll
(@atsraat[baal Hsralr Tr[buas , C A’t’s‘0 was os ‘ur
opvnvon ‘ua‘ ‘buvs was ‘ur hrnazvr hu’‘‘o wuo r’lrd
suakvly offrr kakvs‘an sor D6 mon‘us, wuo uad dvffic’l‘y
suarvnt powrr, and wuo srrmrd vncrrasvntly ‘o ffvrw ‘ur
world as composrd os ‘wo tro’psM ‘uosr wuo wrrr wv‘u
urr and ‘uosr wuo wrrr atavns‘ urrB’

19
‘bur krrsvdrn‘ suall, s’bwrc‘ ‘o law, uaffr powrr BBB ‘o
appovn‘ vn uvs dvscrr‘von ‘ur Luavrman dovn‘ Luvrss os a‘aff
Lommv‘‘rr, ‘ur Luvrs os ‘ur Army a‘affB’ Cbast[tut[ba bt
tZs @slam[c cscubl[c ak[staa,
bt a Ar‘vclr D:9 (D0(c0B

1:
aawa, ++A’t’s‘ 1aCaN TZs lat[ba, D9 A’t’s‘N and
g’suauvd o’ssavn vn dult lsws,1A and D6 A’t’s‘B

15
Also carrvrd byasutscZs slls,
N Radvo A’s‘ralva and ‘ur
rovcr os AmrrvcaB

1A
A rrcordvnt was madr os ‘ur prrss consrrrncr (vn ‘ur rck
lo’ntr a‘ cslamabad avrpor‘0 by, amonts‘ o‘urrs, ‘ur rYA
corrrspondrn‘, aary buomas, wuo alrr‘rd mr ‘o ‘ur r’n os
rffrn‘sB gr aBTB avntu savd, ‘c wo’ld lvkr ‘o ‘uank Oorrvtn
arcrr‘ary Mr o’may’n Tuan, and rndorsr rffrry‘uvnt ur
savdB’ gr avntu was an rxprrvrncrd dvploma‘ wuo wrll
knrw uow ‘o cuoosr uvs wordsB burrr vs an rxcrllrn‘
drscrvp‘von os ‘ur affavr vn ‘ur @ar[aa Mkcrsssos 5 A’t’s‘
D66:, by dyo‘v galuo‘ra – affavlablr a‘
u‘‘pMCCwwwBvndvanrxprrssBcomCprvn‘BpupH
con‘rn‘lvdd5D9a7B

17
 krrss brvrfintB O’ll s‘a‘rmrn‘ vn dlbbs,
Taracuv,
Noffrmbrr 1aCaB

1C
gawor arnrral g’rray hlakr gL, tand Lommandrr
A’s‘ralvaB

1a
astsacs Aburaal
[os kakvs‘ank, ffolB trcc, NosB AA7 os A’t’s‘
1aa1B

D6
dult lsws,9 Mrcrmbrr 1aa6B All kakvs‘anv nrwspaprrsB

D1
auakrsprarr, h[aY AbZa,
rBffvvB11D, vs yo’ rrally wan‘ ‘o
knowB

DD
bur bazaars vn krsuawar and o‘urr cv‘vrs uad many s‘alls
wv‘u pos‘rrs and badtrs por‘rayvnt aaddam o’ssrvnB
cnvlvnr hadtrs os Oavslabad prod’crd a par‘vc’larly
proffoca‘vffr ‘toffr Oor aaddam’ badtr wuvcu was worn by
many scuoolcuvldrrnB

D9
ca officrr ‘o a’‘uor, dan’ary 1aa1B

D:
c was tvffrn accrss ‘o a rrpor‘ on ‘ur brvtadr’s ‘o’r vn
aa’dv ArabvaB

D5
bur cndvan rrpor‘rr Anand aatar rrcordrd an rxcl’svffr
vn‘rrffvrw wv‘u rBkB avntu, dult lsws,96 Aprvl 1aa6B

DA
Oorrvtn co’n‘ry vn‘rllvtrncr rrpor‘B

D7
dult lsws,1a gay 1aa6B

DC
Rr’‘rrs, 96 and 91 d’ly 1aa7B

Da
Cbax[ct arsvsat[ba aar Cbawrsacs-7u[lr[aY Msasurss [a
dbutZ As[a: tZs +990 Cr[s[s, bur ornry tB a‘vmson Lrn‘rr
Yccasvonal kaprr NoB 17, Aprvl 1aa:, rdv‘rd by gvcuarl
Trrpon and gvsuv Oar’qrrB c am tra‘rs’l ‘o Tu’rsuvd
Tuowa os a‘vmson sor proffvdvnt a copyB

96
caca ‘ranscrvp‘ os a prrss consrrrncr tvffrn by suv‘r
oo’sr spokrsman garlvn Ov‘zwa‘rr on 15 gay 1aa6B

91
Ynly ‘rmporarvlyB or camr on ‘ur D7‘uB gr aolarz was
dvslvkrd vn kakvs‘anB As Luavrman os ‘ur Asvan
s’bcommv‘‘rr os ‘ur oo’sr Oorrvtn Affavrs Lommv‘‘rr ur
apprarrd ‘o uaffr somr vnfl’rncr on ca polvcy, b’‘ uvs srlsA
vmpor‘ancr was uard ‘o brarB burrr was m’cu rrwovcvnt
wurn ur savlrd ‘o br rrArlrc‘rdB A proposal sor uvs
appovn‘mrn‘ as Ambassador ‘o cndva srll ‘uro’tuB

9D
arr Andrrw, Lurvs‘opurr, N br tZs arss[rsat’s Mlss Oall
,
oarprrLollvns, 1aa5B c wro‘r ‘o ‘ur a’‘uor abo’‘ ‘ur
apparrn‘ dvscrrpancy, mrn‘vonvnt ‘ua‘ c was wrv‘vnt abo’‘
v‘, b’‘ dvd no‘ uaffr ‘ur co’r‘rsy os a rrplyB

99
Tr[al aar Mrrbr
,Yxsord, D666 by cqbal Aku’nd, hrnazvr
hu’‘‘o’s Na‘vonal arc’rv‘y and Oorrvtn Affavrs Adffvsrr
 placrs a ra‘urr dvffrrrn‘ rmpuasvs on ‘ur avndu problrm,
and blamrs ‘ur army sor savlvnt ‘o adurrr ‘o ‘ur law wurn
‘roops wrrr drployrd as‘rr polvcr uad firrd on a crowd vn
oydrrabadB

9:
‘bur aoffrrnmrn‘ os a kroffvncr may, wv‘u ‘ur consrn‘ os
‘ur Ordrral aoffrrnmrn‘, rn‘r’s‘, rv‘urr condv‘vonally or
’ncondv‘vonally, ‘o ‘ur Ordrral aoffrrnmrn‘, or ‘o v‘s
officrrs, s’nc‘vons vn rrla‘von ‘o any ma‘‘rr ‘o wuvcu ‘ur
rxrc’‘vffr a’‘uorv‘y os ‘ur proffvncr rx‘rndsB’

95
bur Lrvmvnal krocrd’rr Lodr was rx‘rndrd ‘o ‘ur
mvlv‘aryB arc‘vons :AAa dral‘ wv‘u powrrs os arrrs‘N 59, 5:,
55(a0 and (c0, 5C and A9A7 wv‘u srvz’rr os vllvcv‘ armsN and
166, 16D and 169 wv‘u powrrs os srarcuB

9A
TZs lsws,tauorr, D5 arp‘rmbrr 1aa9B

97
c droffr down ‘ur cnd’s plavn on 19A1: arp‘rmbrr and rn
ro’‘r was tvffrn ‘ur ffvrws os somr army officrrs
concrrnvnt flood rrlvrsB

9C
‘kbc savd cndva askrd ‘ur fiffr prrmanrn‘ Lo’ncvl mrmbrrs
‘o prrs’adr kakvs‘an ‘o “crasr and drsvs‘” srom rscala‘vnt
‘rnsvon offrr TasumvrB’ bur rrq’rs‘ ‘dvd no‘ amo’n‘ ‘o an
appral sor vn‘rrffrn‘von by ‘ur arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvl mrmbrrs’B
dult lsws,7 Orbr’ary 1aaDB

9a
burrr arr ‘wo arnrral M’rranvs rrlrffan‘ ‘o ‘uvs narra‘vffr,
bo‘u o’‘s‘andvnt officrrsM tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Asad
M’rranv, ‘ur cac urad (la‘rr Ambassador ‘o arrmany and
‘urn ‘o aa’dv Arabva0, vs no rrla‘von ‘o ‘ur M’rranv wuo
was Zva’s kaY and la‘rr Luavrman os kakvs‘an Yrdnancr
Oac‘orvrsB bur la‘‘rr vs a’‘uor os, amonts‘ o‘urr ‘uvnts,
@ar[a aarak[staa,
a tZs Cbst bt Cbax[ct, tZs 7saswts bt
asacs , douns oopkvns cnvffrrsv‘y, D666, and was appovn‘rd
Ambassador ‘o ‘ur cnv‘rd a‘a‘rs vn D66AB

:6
bur bablvtuv (somr‘vmrs bablrrtuv0 damaa‘ vs a Mrobandv
prosrly‘vzvnt rrlvtvo’s moffrmrn‘B arr avkand, Yotvndrr,
TZs Or[Y[as aar asvslbcmsat bt tZs abl[YZ[
T Aama,Yrvrn‘
tontman, Nrw Mrluv, D66DB An NhL nrws v‘rm os 1C
dan’ary D665 vndvca‘rs ‘ur lrffrl os s’spvcvon wv‘u wuvcu
‘ur bablvtuv vs rrtardrd vn ‘ur ca
(u‘‘pMCCmsnbcBmsnBcomCvdCAC9aAD5C0B

:1
Tuan, Rordad, aak[staa: A arsam dbas dbur
, Yck,
Taracuv, 1aaCB
C hac tH d -

D ad aO at! D ad ALl! C haoT

1 Naa gT bt C rR k 1 NYTts
arnrral druantvr Tarama‘ ‘ook offrr srom arnrral saurrd
vn dan’ary 1aaA and con‘vn’rd uvs prrdrcrssor’s polvcvrs
almos‘ ’ncuantrd, b’‘ wv‘u ‘ur ffvto’r and srrsu prrsonal
approacu ‘ua‘ an rnrrtr‘vc nrw appovn‘rr always brvnts ‘o
a drmandvnt ‘askB or saw uvs mvssvon as brvnt ‘‘o p’‘ ‘ur
army ‘uro’tu a consolvda‘von puasr’ brca’sr os ‘ur uva‘’s
vmposrd by ‘ur co’p a‘‘rmp‘ os gawor arnrral Abbasv, and
srffrrr financval cons‘ravn‘s, and ‘old ‘ur a’‘uor uvs
prvorv‘vrs wrrrM ‘cmproffvnt ‘ur vns‘v‘’‘vonal s‘rrnt‘u os ‘ur
mvlv‘ary sys‘rmN and rnuancvnt oprra‘vonal rradvnrss and
rs‘ablvsuvnt a so’nd command and s‘aff rnffvronmrn‘B’
bur consolvda‘von puasr ‘rnablrd ’s ‘o makr ’p
suor‘salls, vmproffr manpowrr vnd’c‘von ‘uro’tu a nrw
suor‘A‘rrm rrcr’v‘mrn‘ polvcy, and ffas‘ly vmproffr o’r
s’nc‘vonal procrd’rrs’B1
burrr was m’cu ‘o do vn ‘ur army, b’‘ v‘ uad ‘o br donr
vn a prrvod os rrd’crd ac‘vffv‘yB gawor rxrrcvsrs, vnffolffvnt a
dvffvsvon (wuvcu mrans morr ‘roops and s‘aff officrrs arr
rrq’vrrd srom rlsrwurrr ‘o rnablr ‘rs‘vnt os ‘ur sorma‘von
brvnt rxrrcvsrd0, wrrr srw and sar br‘wrrn brca’sr ‘urrr
was no‘ rno’tu monry ‘o cond’c‘ ‘urmB Ynr rrs’l‘ os ‘ur
n’clrar ‘rs‘s vn 1aaC was ‘o s’r‘urr rrd’cr na‘vonal
drsrncr capabvlv‘vrs, vn addv‘von ‘o cancrlla‘von os drsrncr
coAoprra‘von by srffrral co’n‘rvrsB Nawaz auarvs was ‘old by
krrsvdrn‘ Llvn‘on by ‘rlrpuonr ‘ua‘ vs kakvs‘an dvd no‘
rm’la‘r cndva and rxplodr n’clrar drffvcrs, ‘urn ‘ur
Admvnvs‘ra‘von wo’ld makr rffrry rffor‘ ‘o uaffr ‘ur OA1A
ban lvs‘rd and wo’ld rntatr vn a massvffr protrammr os
mvlv‘ary and o‘urr avdB bur cuvrss os ‘ur armrd sorcrs wrrr
vn a dvffic’l‘ posv‘von, b’‘ ‘vn‘rrnal dynamvcs madr v‘
vnrffv‘ablr ‘ua‘ ‘ur n’clrar protrammr wo’ld adffancr ‘o
cond’c‘vnt ‘rs‘sB bu’s ‘urrr was no room sor dvssrn‘B’D cn
sac‘ ‘ur offrrwurlmvnt maworv‘y os kakvs‘anvs approffrd os
‘ur ‘rs‘sB lffrn somr uvtuly vn‘rllvtrn‘ proplr wrrr
rn‘u’svas‘vc, and a‘ ‘ur svdr os mavn roads rn‘rrvnt many
cv‘vrs ‘urrr wrrr cons‘r’c‘rd crlrbra‘ory ar‘vficval slat
uraps p’rpor‘vnt ‘o br rrplvcas os ‘ur ‘rs‘ sv‘r a‘ LuatavB
bur na‘vonal mood was drcvdrdly vn saffo’r os adffancvnt ‘o
n’clrar uoloca’s‘ capabvlv‘y and c obsrrffrd vn prvn‘ and vn
a hhL vn‘rrffvrw ‘ua‘ ‘uvs was brca’sr mos‘ proplr uad no
vdra os wua‘ n’clrar sallo’‘ rffrc‘s mvtu‘ br, and vmatvnrd
n’clrar bombs svmply madr a bvttrr bantB
A mawor concrrn sor ‘ur cuvrss was ‘ua‘ a nrw s‘ra‘rty
was rrq’vrrd vs ‘ur co’n‘ry’s drsrncr was prrsorcr ‘o
vnffolffr a n’clrar pos‘’rrB c‘ uad brrn m’cu svmplrr brsorr
‘ur ‘rs‘s (w’s‘ as v‘ con‘vn’rs ‘o br sor csrarl0, brca’sr ‘ur
rrs‘ os ‘ur world was krp‘ t’rssvnt abo’‘ vn‘rn‘vons and
co’ld rffrn ‘’rn a (savrly0 blvnd ryr ‘o wua‘ was tovnt onB9
Now ‘ua‘ rffrry‘uvnt was p’blvc ‘urrr uad ‘o br uard
‘uvnkvnt concrrnvnt n’clrar ‘urory ‘ua‘ wo’ld lrad ‘o
doc‘rvnr, b’‘ firs‘ ‘urrr uad ‘o br drcvsvons abo’‘ wuo
wo’ld sortr ‘uvs doc‘rvnrB c‘ co’ld no‘ br lrs‘ solrly ‘o
polv‘vcvans and scvrn‘vs‘sB burrr wo’ld uaffr ‘o br a body
rs‘ablvsurd ‘o drfinr v‘, b’‘ v‘s mrmbrrsuvp wo’ld uaffr ‘o
rrflrc‘ ‘ur rrsponsvbvlv‘y os ‘ur mvlv‘ary vn drffrlopmrn‘ and
rmploymrn‘ os wrapons as wrll as offrrall cvffvlvan con‘rolB
cn ‘uvs con‘rx‘ v‘ vs wrll ‘o rrmrmbrr ‘ua‘ mvlv‘ary doc‘rvnr
vsM
 bur combvna‘von os prvncvplrs, polvcvrs and
concrp‘s vn‘o an vn‘rtra‘rd sys‘rm sor ‘ur
p’rposr os toffrrnvnt a mvlv‘ary sorcr vn comba‘,
and ass’rvnt consvs‘rn‘, coordvna‘rd rmploymrn‘
os ‘ursr componrn‘sB bur orvtvn os doc‘rvnr can br
rxprrvrncr, or ‘urory, or bo‘uB Moc‘rvnr rrprrsrn‘s
‘ur affavlablr ‘uo’tu‘ on ‘ur rmploymrn‘ os sorcrs
‘ua‘ uas brrn adop‘rd by an armrd sorcrB Moc‘rvnr
vs mr‘uodoloty, and vs v‘ vs ‘o work, all mvlv‘ary
rlrmrn‘s m’s‘ know, ’ndrrs‘and, and rrsprc‘ v‘B
Moc‘rvnr vs vmplrmrn‘rd by ‘ac‘vcsB: [Moc‘rvnr can
also ‘akr o’‘svdr adffvcr vn‘o acco’n‘N b’‘ ‘urrr
was no possvbvlv‘y os ‘ua‘ brvnt offrrrd by anyonrBk

arnrral Tarama‘’s ffvrw was ‘ua‘ ‘ur Mrsrncr Lommv‘‘rr

os ‘ur Labvnr‘, cuavrrd by ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr, suo’ld br ‘ur
‘aprx body’ (uvs words0, wv‘u ‘ur Mrsrncr Lo’ncvl os ‘ur
gvnvs‘ry os Mrsrncr as ‘ur nrx‘ ‘vrrB bur Luavrman os ‘ur
dovn‘ Luvrss os a‘aff and uvs uradq’ar‘rrs wo’ld br ‘ur
vn‘rrAsrrffvcr coAordvna‘or, b’‘ ‘urrr wo’ld br vnp’‘ by ‘ur
mvlv‘ary a‘ ‘ur lrffrl os a Na‘vonal arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvlB
bur sormrr Army Luvrs s‘a‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘gy ffvrws wrrr wrll
known and c uad dvsc’ssrd ‘urm wv‘u ‘ur kg os‘rn,’5 b’‘
‘ur problrm ‘ua‘ rrs’l‘rd vn uvs rrsvtna‘von was morr
complrx ‘uan rrasonrd drba‘r concrrnvnt onr os ‘ur mos‘
vmpor‘an‘ vss’rs sacvnt ‘ur co’n‘ryB c‘ concrrnrd uvs
sr’s‘ra‘von wv‘u ‘ur co’n‘ry’s toffrrnancr as s’cu, wuvcu
was a s’ndamrn‘al ma‘‘rr — and onr ‘ua‘ ‘ur krvmr
gvnvs‘rr co’ld no‘ rrtard, vn any cvrc’ms‘ancrs, as brvnt
oprn ‘o q’rs‘vonB
kakvs‘an uad rnormo’s problrms vn 1aaCB cn ‘ur words os
onr rrpor‘rr, v‘ was s’ffrrvnt ‘‘ur wors‘ financval crvsvs ‘ur
co’n‘ry uas sacrd, sanc‘vons vmposrd sor n’clrar ‘rs‘s vn
gay, and allrta‘vons and co’n‘rrAallrta‘vons by ‘ur
toffrrnmrn‘ and opposv‘von os massvffr, sys‘rma‘vc
corr’p‘von’BA bo ‘uvs onr mvtu‘ add TZs Mcbabm[st’ s
commrn‘s on 17 Yc‘obrr ‘ua‘M

Almos‘ anywurrr b’‘ kakvs‘an ‘ur pl’t wo’ld

s’rrly br yankrd o’‘B sv‘u days ‘o to brsorr an
cgO mvssvon was d’r ‘o p’‘ ‘ur finvsuvnt ‘o’curs
‘o a rrsc’r packatr, ‘ur prvmr mvnvs‘rr, Nawaz
auarvs, anno’ncrd a 96, vncrrasr vn rlrc‘rvcv‘y
cuartrsB buvs vs l’nacy os a uvtu ordrrM kakvs‘an’s
’‘vlv‘vrs arr alrrady losvnt rno’tu monry ‘o svnk
‘ur so’ndrrvnt rconomy BBB h’‘ kakvs‘an vs no
ordvnary dradbra‘ drb‘orB c‘ vs a n’clrar powrr
rntatrd vn a lowAlrffrl war wv‘u ano‘urr n’clrar
powrr, cndva, offrr ‘ur dvsp’‘rd proffvncr os
Tasumvr BBB lffrry nrwspaprr carrvrs a lv‘any os
m’rdrr promp‘rd by trrrd or tro’p ua‘rrdB An
rconomvc vmplosvon wo’ld makr ‘uvnts worsr BBB
‘ur auarvs bro‘urrs srrm ‘o ‘uvnk ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an
can uaffr suarva and cons‘v‘’‘vonal drmocracy,
uoly wars and a pracrs’l socvr‘y, rconomvc
pop’lvsm and an cgO bavlAo’‘B bur br‘ on ‘ur bavlA
o’‘ vs a lont suo‘B bur o‘urr tamblrs arr doomrdB

buvs was bl’n‘ condrmna‘von os ‘ur co’n‘ry’s toffrrnmrn‘,

b’‘ srrmrd ‘o br sur’ttrd off by gr auarvs (and uvs
bro‘urr, vn ‘urory confinrd ‘o k’nwab’s admvnvs‘ra‘von, b’‘
wuosr na‘vonal rolr was trowvnt0B c‘ was vn ‘uvs prrvod ‘ua‘
arnrral Tarama‘ taffr an addrrss ‘o ‘ur Naffal LollrtrB
Amonts‘ o‘urr srnsvblr obsrrffa‘vons ur savd ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an
‘canno‘ afford ‘ur drs‘abvlvzvnt rffrc‘s os polarvza‘von,
ffrndr‘‘as and vnsrc’rv‘yAdrvffrn rxprdvrn‘ polvcvrs’, and
wuvlr ‘urrr m’s‘ br ‘a nr’‘ral, compr‘rn‘ and src’rr
b’rra’cracy’, ‘urrr was nrrd sor ‘a na‘vonal src’rv‘y
co’ncvl a‘ ‘ur aprx’, backrd by adffvsrrs ‘o ‘vns‘v‘’‘vonalvsr
drcvsvonAmakvnt’B7 A srnvor fit’rr os ‘ur rs‘ablvsumrn‘ uad
spokrn o’‘B oaffvnt donr so, ur co’ld no‘ rrmavn a mrmbrr
os ‘ur rs‘ablvsumrn‘ – or, a‘ lras‘, no‘ os Nawaz auarvs’s
rs‘ablvsumrn‘B or rrsvtnrdB
burrr wrrr many r’mo’rs sollowvnt ‘ur rrsvtna‘vonB
cslamabad was rvsr wv‘u ‘alk os an army ‘akroffrr, prndvnt
cons‘v‘’‘von os a nonApar‘vsan toffrrnmrn‘, and ‘urrr wrrr
many wuo wo’ld uaffr wrlcomrd ‘uvsB bur Nawaz auarvs
rrtvmr was allApowrrs’l, polv‘vcally, yr‘ v‘ was vncapablr os
solffvnt rffrn ‘ur mos‘ basvc rconomvc problrms, corr’p‘von
scandals wrrr os s’cu matnv‘’dr ‘ur cgO wan‘rd ‘o walk
away and wasu v‘s uands os ‘ur co’n‘ry, and vn Yc‘obrr
savd v‘ was dovnt so, al‘uo’tu v‘ cuantrd v‘s mvndB (ca
vnfl’rncr was bro’tu‘ ‘o brar, on ‘ur tro’nds ‘ua‘ ‘o‘al
collapsr wo’ld no‘ solffr any‘uvnt and ‘ua‘ v‘ was br‘‘rr ‘o
bavl o’‘ ‘uan ‘o ‘ry ‘o pvck ’p ‘ur pvrcrs as‘rrwardsB0C bur
vndrprndrn‘ prrss was ’ndrr ‘urra‘ srom auarvs’s
uoodl’ms (and la‘rr s’ffrrrd traffr assa’l‘s on v‘s
srrrdoms0 and ‘ur b’rra’cracy was brcomvnt vncrrasvntly
polv‘vcvzrdB gany dvs‘vnt’vsurd cvffvl srrffan‘s wrrr
svdrlvnrd brca’sr prrsrrmrn‘ was brvnt tvffrn ‘o cronvrs os
‘ur bro‘urrs and ‘urvr cvrclrB h’‘ arnrral Tarama‘ vs
adaman‘ ‘ua‘ ur was no‘ sorcrd o’‘ os uvs appovn‘mrn‘M

Mrar hrvan, [burrr wask no mys‘rry or vn‘rvt’r BBB

gy commrn‘s wrrr blown o’‘ os all propor‘von by
‘ur mrdva and rxplov‘rd by proplr vn a polv‘vcally
’ns‘ablr rnffvronmrn‘ ‘o ‘artr‘ ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘
and crra‘r an armyAtoffrrnmrn‘ rvs‘ – ‘ur s‘ar‘
povn‘ sor all o’r problrmsB [bur sprrcuk was
wrontly vn‘rrprr‘rd as a ‘bvd sor powrr’ by ‘ur
mvlv‘ary and a crv‘vcvsm os ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘, wuvcu
 v‘ was no‘ – v‘ was a rrffvrw os ‘ur s‘a‘r os affavrs
and ‘ur [socval and polv‘vcalk rnffvronmrn‘ sor
wuvcu many toffrrnmrn‘s and polv‘vcal sac‘vons
wrrr rrsponsvblr – rffrn pas‘ mvlv‘ary r’lrB
c lrs‘ a‘ my own rrq’rs‘, ‘o saffr my vns‘v‘’‘von
srom con‘roffrrsval and ’nvnsormrd p’blvc drba‘r
BBB burrr was no conspvracy, no ambv‘von and nrffrr
dvd ‘ur kg ask mr ‘o lraffrB c ac‘rd vn wua‘ c
‘uo’tu‘ wrrr ‘ur brs‘ vn‘rrrs‘ os ‘ur army and ‘ur
co’n‘ry a‘ ‘ua‘ ‘vmrB krrsonal opvnvons suo’ld no‘
pl’ntr vns‘v‘’‘vons vn‘o con‘roffrrsvrs vn a
polv‘vcally dvffvdrd a‘mospurrr, brca’sr
vns‘v‘’‘vons s’ffrr – vndvffvd’als uaffr ‘o s‘rp asvdrB

buvs vs an admvrablr rxplana‘von os wua‘ wrn‘ on, by ‘ur

man a‘ ‘ur crn‘rrB oono’r may br rarr vn polv‘vcvans, b’‘
s‘vll rxvs‘s vn ‘ur mvlv‘aryB And yr‘ BBB onr wondrrs wua‘ gr
auarvs mvtu‘ uaffr brrn ‘uvnkvnt a‘ ‘ur ‘vmrB or uas an
’nsortvffvnt and ffvndvc‘vffr na‘’rr, as was suown by uvs
‘rra‘mrn‘ os many loyal srrffan‘s os toffrrnmrn‘, no‘ lras‘
brvnt onr ’nsor‘’na‘r dvploma‘ wuo was ovtu
Lommvssvonrr vn tondon d’rvnt gr auarvs’s firs‘ ‘rn’rr as
prvmr mvnvs‘rrBa bur Tarama‘ rpvsodr was dvs‘as‘rs’l and
srrffrd ‘o accrn‘’a‘r ‘ur opvnvon wv‘uvn and o’‘svdr
kakvs‘an ‘ua‘ ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr uad brcomr ‘oo powrrs’l
sor ‘ur tood os ‘ur co’n‘ryB Ynr uvtuly placrd vndvffvd’al
wro‘r ‘o mr ‘o say ‘ua‘ ‘ur ‘trra‘ srar’ was ‘ua‘ curcks and
balancrs ‘o prrffrn‘ s’r‘urr l’rcurs ‘o rrra‘vc a’‘ocracy
uad brrn rrodrd ‘o ‘ur rx‘rn‘ ‘ua‘ no‘ only was ‘ur
Na‘vonal Assrmbly brcomvnt vrrrlrffan‘, b’‘ ‘ur officr os
‘ur krrsvdrn‘ was srrn as mrrrly an rx‘rnsvon os ‘ur r’lvnt
par‘y’s polvcy macuvnrB
Lonsrq’rn‘val appovn‘mrn‘s camr q’vcklyB As arnrral
Tarama‘ wrn‘ vn‘o uono’rablr rr‘vrrmrn‘,16 tvr’‘rnan‘
arnrral krrffrz g’suarras was appovn‘rd LYAa,
s’prrsrdvnt tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrrals Tualvd Nawaz (lga0 and
Alv T’lv Tuan Tua‘‘ak wuo, as Laa, was consvdrrrd ‘ur
obffvo’s cuovcr ‘o sollow Tarama‘B ho‘u Tualvd Nawaz and
Alv T’lv ‘ook ‘ur uono’rablr co’rsr and rrsvtnrdB bury
wrrr rrtardrd by sorrvtn obsrrffrrs as wrll aboffr affrratr,
al‘uo’tu ‘ur br‘‘vnt was on ‘ur la‘‘rr ‘o s’ccrrd as LYAa
vn ‘ur normal co’rsr os rffrn‘sB or, uowrffrr, brvnt os ‘ur
opvnvon ‘ua‘ ur uad ‘ur dvs‘vnc‘von os brvnt dr‘rs‘rd by
bo‘u hrnazvr hu’‘‘o and Nawaz auarvs,11 uad no vll’svons
as ‘o uvs s’‘’rr ’ndrr rv‘urr, rsprcvally as ‘ur krrsvdrn‘
was wv‘uo’‘ vnfl’rncr vn mvlv‘ary appovn‘mrn‘s (or, vndrrd,
any‘uvnt os vmpor‘ancr0B
g’suarras uad as many o’‘s‘andvnt crrdrn‘vals as ‘uosr
wuom ur s’prrsrdrdB ovs carrrr uad brrn ‘conffrn‘vonalA
s’prrsonvc’ accordvnt ‘o a srllow officrr,1D and ‘uvs vs an
acc’ra‘r commrn‘, tvffrn ‘ua‘ ur wrn‘ ’p ‘ur command
cuavn wv‘u rxcrllrn‘ rrpor‘s (‘wo ‘o’rs as LY os ar‘vllrry
rrtvmrn‘sN command os dvffvsvonal ar‘vllrry and an vnsan‘ry
brvtadrN command os an vnsan‘ry dvffvsvon and cc Lorps0, as
wrll as srrffvnt wv‘u ‘ur aaa and vn all ‘ur ‘rvtu‘’
Yprra‘vonal s‘aff wobs vn wuvcu ur dvd wrllB ovs rrpor‘ srom
‘ur Royal Lollrtr os Mrsrncr a‘’dvrs vn tondon was
tlowvnt and v‘ was obffvo’s ‘ua‘ ur was a sron‘Ar’nnrr sor
‘ur uvturs‘ rankB ovs consvdrrablr cuarm mvtu‘ also uaffr
brrn a sac‘or, al‘uo’tu ur vs nobody’s yrsAmanB or sr‘‘lrd
vn q’vckly and bro’tu‘ vn or moffrd somr os uvs own ‘ram,
promo‘vnt g’uammad Azvz Tuan ‘o ‘urrr s‘ar rank as Laa
(pos‘rd srom cac, wurrr ur uradrd ‘ur Astuan drsk – a
s’rprvsr0 and appovn‘vnt tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral g’uammad
Akram as lgaB bur cuavn was no‘ con‘roffrrsval, al‘uo’tu
‘urrr wrrr somr dvsappovn‘rd sacrs aro’ndB As vn all tood
armvrs, ‘ur suakrA’p dvd no uarm, al‘uo’tu ‘ur Ma cac,
tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Zva’ddvn, was a toffrrnmrn‘ appovn‘rr
and ‘urrr wrrr somr ravsrd ryrbrows – no‘ brca’sr os any
lack os compr‘rncr on uvs par‘ b’‘ brca’sr ur uad no‘
brrn ‘uo’tu‘ os as a ‘Nawaz man’, al‘uo’tu ur was onr,
mos‘ markrdly, as was la‘rr suownB Now ‘ua‘ ‘ur krrsvdrn‘
was o’‘ os ‘ur loop, srnvor pos‘s, rxcrp‘ Ma cac, wrrr ‘ur
rrs’l‘ os ‘ur rrcommrnda‘von os ‘ur LYAa and ‘ur drcvsvon
os ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rrB (bur cac cuvrs uas always brrn a
dvrrc‘ appovn‘mrn‘ as ur answrrs ‘o ‘ur kg and no‘, vn
‘urory a‘ any ra‘r, ‘o a mvlv‘ary s’prrvor, wuvcu vs os
vn‘rrrs‘ wurn consvdrrvnt drffrlopmrn‘s vn Yc‘obrr 1aaaB0
trss ‘uan ‘wo wrrks as‘rr ‘ur ’psr‘ v‘ was anno’ncrd by
‘ur ‘urn gvnvs‘rr sor kowrr, aa’uar Ay’b Tuan, ‘ua‘
mvlv‘ary prrsonnrl wo’ld br srcondrd ‘o rlrc‘rvcv‘y
dvs‘rvb’‘von rrtvons brca’sr, accordvnt ‘o ‘ur krvmr
gvnvs‘rr, ‘sAkMA [‘ur sa‘rr and kowrr Mrffrlopmrn‘
A’‘uorv‘yk v‘srls co’ld no‘ con‘avn lvnr lossrs, pvlsrratr and
vnrfficvrncyB’ bur gvnvs‘rr savd, ‘sr uaffr ‘o admv‘ ‘ur sac‘
‘ua‘ ‘urrr vs corr’p‘von vn rffrry cadrr,’19 wuvcu was a
rrmarkablr admvssvon, tvffrn ‘ur m’cuAp’blvcvzrd
anno’ncrmrn‘ os a campavtn atavns‘ corr’p‘vonB bur
powrr src‘or was a suamblrs, b’‘ ‘ur army was no‘ ‘ur
lontA‘rrm answrr ‘o appallvnt problrms os vns‘v‘’‘vonalvzrd
vmprobv‘yB bur sol’‘von lay vn ‘ur uands os toffrrnmrn‘, and
v‘ was ‘ur rrsponsvbvlv‘y os ‘ur co’n‘ry’s lradrrs ‘o
rrffv‘alvzr p’blvc ’‘vlv‘vrsB bur bandAavd approacu co’ld
work sor a wuvlr, b’‘ ’nlrss ‘urrr wrrr c’llvnt and
rr‘ravnvnt a‘ all lrffrls vn sAkMA (and vn many o‘urr
rn‘rrprvsrs0 ‘ur co’n‘ry wo’ld con‘vn’r ‘o br rvpprd off
and wo’ld s‘attrr alont vn ‘ur b’svnrssAasA’s’al modr os
rx‘rrmr vnrfficvrncy wuvcu uad comr ‘o br accrp‘rd by all
b’‘ a srw bold fit’rrs – and ‘uosr wrrr ffovcrs vn ‘ur
wvldrrnrss os ffrnalv‘y ‘ua‘ cuarac‘rrvzrd auarvs’s kakvs‘anB
bur ffvrws os arnrral g’suarras arr no‘ known concrrnvnt
‘ur vn‘rrffrn‘von ‘o wuvcu ur accrdrd, b’‘ o‘urr officrrs
commrn‘rd dvscrrr‘ly ‘ua‘ v‘ vs no‘ ‘ur b’svnrss os ‘ur
army ‘o brcomr vnffolffrd vn s’cu ‘asksB bury arr rvtu‘, sor
v‘ vs no‘ vn ‘ur brs‘ vn‘rrrs‘s os ‘ur na‘von ‘ua‘ ‘ur armrd
sorcrs br assocva‘rd wv‘u wvdrr s’nc‘vons ‘uan na‘vonal
drsrncrB gvlv‘ary vnffolffrmrn‘ vn dr‘rc‘vnt ‘tuos‘ ‘racurrs’
(wuo wrrr drawvnt pay sor nonAa‘‘rndancr, par‘vc’larly vn
r’ral arras wurrr ‘ury wrrr mos‘ nrrdrd0 was also
rrtrr‘‘ablr, and was no‘ no‘ably rffrc‘vffrB
oowrffrr rfficvrn‘ ‘ur army mvtu‘ br vn rradvca‘vnt poor
prac‘vcrs vn cvffvlvan src‘ors, ‘urrr vs always a drsrrrrd
prvcr ‘o pay, ’s’ally vn rrd’crd rfficvrncy vn ‘ur mvlv‘ary
rlrmrn‘ so rmployrdB cnv‘s and sorma‘vons uaffr a ‘‘ravnvnt
cyclr’ wuvcu, wv‘uvn a finv‘r b’dtr‘, vs vn‘rndrd ‘o vmproffr
s‘andardsB No‘ rffrry ‘ypr os skvll can br prac‘vsrd wv‘uvn
‘ur ‘ravnvnt yrar, so ‘urrr vs rmpuasvs, srom cyclr ‘o cyclr
(and drprndrn‘ on loca‘von and prvmary oprra‘vonal ‘asks0,
on dvffrrrn‘ drmandsB bo p’‘ v‘ svmply, v‘ mvtu‘ br ‘ur
A‘‘ack onr yrar, ‘urn Mrsrncr ‘ur nrx‘B As rffrry
commandrr knows, ‘ur drsvrablr n’mbrr os mon‘us vn a
‘ravnvnt yrar vs ‘uvr‘rrn pl’s, and any vn‘rrr’p‘von os ‘ur
cyclr ca’srs dvsr’p‘vonB surn ’nv‘s and vndvffvd’als arr
rrq’vrrd ‘o srrffr wv‘u ‘ur cN, or na‘’ral dvsas‘rr rrlvrs, or
on vn‘rrnal src’rv‘y d’‘vrs vn avd os ‘ur cvffvl powrr, ‘ury
rrq’vrr m’cu suakvnt down wurn ‘ury tr‘ back, brca’sr
‘ury uaffr concrn‘ra‘rd on acq’vrvnt and prac‘vsvnt skvlls
wuvcu arr no‘ ‘urvr brrad and b’‘‘rrB aomr ’nv‘s, s’cu as
rntvnrrrs, ‘ranspor‘ and svtnals, may uaffr brrn
drmons‘ra‘vnt ‘urvr par‘vc’lar rxprr‘vsr vn brvdtrAlayvnt,
lotvs‘vcs, comm’nvca‘vons A b’‘ ‘ury uaffr brrn dovnt ‘uvs vn
a ‘o‘ally dvffrrrn‘ rnffvronmrn‘ and no‘ wv‘uvn a s‘r’c‘’rrd
fitu‘vnt sorcrB burrr vs a world os dvffrrrncr sor a svtnallrr
br‘wrrn rradvnt and rrsr‘‘vnt an rlrc‘rvcv‘y mr‘rr ‘ua‘ uas
brrn rr‘ardrd on ‘ur ordrrs os a grmbrr os ‘ur Na‘vonal
Assrmbly and mannvnt ‘ur comm’nvca‘vons nr‘work sor an
armo’rrd a‘‘ack, al‘uo’tu s’cu skvlls can br ‘ranssrrrrd ‘o
cvffvl lvsr oncr a soldvrr rr‘vrrsB
 bur armrd sorcrs arr rfficvrn‘ and arr capablr os
manatvnt almos‘ any o‘urr vns‘v‘’‘von, b’‘ ‘ua‘ vs no‘ ‘urvr
wobB cs ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ canno‘ r’n ‘ur co’n‘ry vn ‘ur brs‘
vn‘rrrs‘s os ‘ur proplr, and vs ‘ur r’lr os law and proffvsvon
os rd’ca‘von, wa‘rr rr‘vc’la‘von, rlrc‘rvcv‘y and o‘urr
srrffvcrs arr so bad as ‘o rrq’vrr ‘ur vn‘rrffrn‘von os ‘ur
armrd sorcrs, ‘urn v‘ co’ld br art’rd ‘ua‘ onr mvtu‘ as
wrll uaffr s’ll mar‘val law and uaffr donr wv‘u v‘N b’‘ ‘uvs vs
no‘ wua‘ drmocracy vs all abo’‘B
Ynr rrs’l‘ os ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘’s drlvbrra‘vons abo’‘ law
and ordrr was ‘ur kakvs‘an Armrd Oorcrs Yrdvnancr, 1aaC,
svtnrd vn‘o law by krrsvdrn‘ gouammad Rafiq barar on D6
NoffrmbrrB bur Yrdvnancr1: was vn‘rndrd ‘o lrtalvzr uarsu
co’n‘rrAmras’rrs atavns‘ ‘rrrorvsm and trnrral mayurm
vn avndu and rsprcvally Taracuv (‘urrr vs an rxcrllrn‘
rxamvna‘von os armrd sorcrs’ vnffolffrmrn‘ by ‘ur rffrrA
wa‘cus’l hrvtadvrr ABRB avddvqv vn TZs lat[baos 19 dan’ary
1aaa0, b’‘ ‘ur mavn sra‘’rrs wrrr dvs‘’rbvntB bur old
Ar‘vclr D:5 os ‘ur Lons‘v‘’‘von,15 onr wo’ld uaffr ‘uo’tu‘,
wo’ld uaffr mr‘ mos‘ rrq’vrrmrn‘s, vn ‘ua‘M

1B bur Armrd Oorcrs suall, ’ndrr ‘ur dvrrc‘vons os

‘ur Ordrral aoffrrnmrn‘, drsrnd kakvs‘an atavns‘
rx‘rrnal attrrssvon or ‘urra‘ os war, and, s’bwrc‘
‘o law, ac‘ vn avd os [‘urk cvffvl powrr wurn callrd
’pon ‘o do soN and
DB bur ffalvdv‘y os any dvrrc‘von vss’rd by ‘ur
Ordrral aoffrrnmrn‘ ’ndrr cla’sr (10 suall no‘ br
callrd vn‘o q’rs‘von by any co’r‘B

buvs was drrmrd vnadrq’a‘r by ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ and v‘

‘rvrd ‘o brvnt vn a nrw sr‘ os laws, srrmvntly wv‘uo’‘
srrkvnt lrtal adffvcr srom ‘uosr brs‘ q’alvfird ‘o tvffr v‘B
bvnkrrvnt wv‘u ‘ur Lons‘v‘’‘von was a uobby os arnrral Zva
’l oaq, wuo so’tu‘ ‘o mavn‘avn uvs a’‘ocra‘vc powrr by
rq’a‘vnt lrtalv‘y wv‘u prrsonal ambv‘von, and ‘o ‘ua‘ rnd
drmandrd ‘ua‘ lawyrrs dvscoffrr lant’atr wurrrby ‘ur
conffrrtrncr mvtu‘ br s’r‘urrrdB c‘ srrms ‘ua‘ ‘uvs
vnclvna‘von uad no‘ drsrr‘rd kakvs‘an’s lradrrs vn 1aaC
(and v‘ mvtu‘ br rrmrmbrrrd ‘ua‘ v‘ was Zva wuo appovn‘rd
Nawaz auarvs Luvrs gvnvs‘rr os k’nwab vn 1aC50, sor ‘ur
Yrdvnancr taffr a’‘uorv‘y sor ‘ur conffrnvnt os mvlv‘ary
co’r‘s ‘‘o ‘ry offrncrs ‘rvalablr [svck ’ndrr ‘uvs ordvnancr’,
and drclarrd many ac‘vffv‘vrs as no‘ only vllrtal b’‘
drsrrffvnt os srffrrr p’nvsumrn‘B bur ‘rrms os arc‘von (90
(10 wrrr Mraconvan rno’tu ‘o uaffr brrn cons‘r’c‘rd by
‘ur Raw vn somr os v‘s wors‘ momrn‘s os rr‘rvb’‘von atavns‘
malcon‘rn‘ na‘vffrsM

AB Crsat[aY C[v[l Cbmmbt[ba:‘Lvffvl Lommo‘von’

mrans crra‘von os vn‘rrnal dvs‘’rbancrs vn
ffvola‘von os law or vn‘rndrd ‘o ffvola‘r law,
commrncrmrn‘ or con‘vn’a‘von os vllrtal s‘rvkrs,
toAslows, lockAo’‘s, ffruvclrs sna‘cuvntClvs‘vnt [svck,
damatr ‘o or drs‘r’c‘von os a‘a‘r or prvffa‘r
proprr‘y, random firvnt ‘o crra‘r panvc, cuartvnt
bZatZa, ac‘s os crvmvnal ‘rrspass (vllrtal dabma$,
dvs‘rvb’‘vnt, p’blvsuvnt or pas‘vnt os a uandbvll or
makvnt traffi‘v or wallAcualkvnt vn‘rndrd ‘o crra‘r
’nrrs‘ or srar or crra‘r a ‘urra‘ ‘o ‘ur src’rv‘y os
law and ordrr or ‘o vncv‘r ‘ur commvssvon os an
offrncr p’nvsuablr ’ndrr Luap‘rr rc os ‘ur
kakvs‘an krnal Lodr (Ac‘ ttr os 1CA6 [s[ck0B
7B aua[sZmsat tbr crsat[aY c[v[l cbmmbt[ba:
suorffrr commv‘s an ac‘ os cvffvl commo‘von suall
br p’nvsurd wv‘u rvtoro’s vmprvsonmrn‘ sor a
 ‘rrm wuvcu may rx‘rnd ‘o srffrn yrars, or wv‘u
finr, or wv‘u bo‘uB

bur ’kasr was as ffvcvo’s as v‘ was allArmbracvntB trtally

appovn‘rd rnsorcrrs os ‘ur Yrdvnancr co’ld vn‘rrprr‘ a
cualk mark on a wall as ‘vncv‘rmrn‘’ w’s‘ as ‘uosr zralo’s vn
rnsorcrmrn‘ os suarva co’ld drclarr an vnnocrn‘ prrson a
drfilrr os ‘ur l’ran wrrr ur or sur ‘o offrnd atavns‘ a
landownrr’s trrrdAvnd’crd vllrtal landAtrabbvnt, uowrffrr
con‘rary ‘o ‘ur ‘r’r prrcrp‘s os ‘ur uoly book and v‘s
vn‘rrprr‘a‘vons ‘urvr own ac‘vons mvtu‘ brB bur
Lons‘v‘’‘von was brvnt ffvola‘rd, and ‘ur army was brvnt
drawn vn‘o rndorsrmrn‘ os v‘s ffvola‘vonN and ‘ur army dvd
no‘ rrlvsu v‘s rolr as co’r‘sAmar‘val proffvdrr ‘o ‘ur na‘vonB
cn Orbr’ary 1aaa ‘ur a’prrmr Lo’r‘ r’lrd atavns‘ ‘ur
’sr os mvlv‘ary ‘rvb’nals, and ‘urrr was no‘uvnt – sor oncr –
‘ua‘ gr auarvs co’ld do abo’‘ a body ‘ua‘ wrn‘ atavns‘ uvs
rxprrss drsvrrsB c‘ was ’nsor‘’na‘r ‘ua‘ vn ‘ur mran‘vmr
‘rvb’nals uad ordrrrd ‘ur dra‘u prnal‘y sor ‘wo offrndrrs
and ‘ua‘ ‘ur uantvnts uad brrn carrvrd o’‘, b’‘ ‘ur krvmr
gvnvs‘rr’s opvnvon ‘ua‘ ‘ur mvlv‘ary co’r‘s uad ‘suown tood
rrs’l‘s’ and ‘ua‘ ‘‘rrrorvs‘s m’s‘ ‘akr ‘uvs vdra o’‘ os ‘urvr
mvnds ‘ua‘ ‘ury wvll br ablr ‘o rrtavn ‘urvr soo‘uoldB
Lvffvlv‘y, ‘r’‘u and w’s‘vcr wvll br ffvc‘orvo’s vn rffrry
cvrc’ms‘ancrB gy mvssvon vs only pracr and w’s‘vcr‘1A was
vn‘rrrs‘vnt, tvffrn ‘ua‘ ‘wo mon‘us brsorr, gr auarvs uad
savd, ‘g’rdrrrrs and rapvs‘s roam aro’nd srrrly sor yrarsB
a’cu proplr suo’ld br uantrd p’blvcly and ‘urvr casrs
drcvdrd vn ‘wrn‘yAso’r uo’rs, ‘urrr days or srffrn daysB‘17
c‘ srrmrd ‘ua‘ w’s‘vcr vn ‘ur ryrs os kakvs‘an’s toffrrnmrn‘
was ‘o br wrvturd vn saffo’r os suarva law, obwrc‘von ‘o
wuvcu hvll, accordvnt ‘o auarvs, wo’ld vndvca‘r ‘ua‘ ‘ur
opponrn‘ was no‘ a ‘r’r g’slvmB (c‘ vs prrs’mrd ‘ua‘
auarvs dvd no‘ mran ‘ua‘ rapvs‘s suo’ld br uantrd p’blvcly
bstbrs ‘urvr casrs wrrr urard, b’‘ mrrrly ‘ua‘ urarvnts
suo’ld br cond’c‘rd rapvdlyB0 c‘ uas ‘o br savd ‘ua‘ ‘ur
n’mbrr os kvllvnts vn Taracuv and rlsrwurrr vn avndu dvd
drclvnr markrdly vn ‘ur prrvod os q’asvAmar‘val law, and dvd
no‘ atavn rracu ‘ur appallvnt lrffrls os 1aaC, wurn ‘urrr
was a ‘o‘al os offrr C66 m’rdrrs, b’‘ ‘ur u’man rvtu‘s’
conno‘a‘vons os ‘ur Yrdvnancr and ‘ur vllrtal ac‘vons ‘akrn
as a rrs’l‘ os v‘s prom’lta‘von canno‘ br vtnorrdB bur army
uad brrn ass’rrd ‘ua‘ v‘s rolr was brnrficval ‘o ‘ur co’n‘ry,
wuvcu v‘ ’ndo’b‘rdly was, vn ‘ur srnsr ‘ua‘ malrsac‘ors
wrrr p’nvsurd and rrmoffrd srom ‘ur socvr‘y on wuvcu ‘ury
prryrd, b’‘ procrd’rrs wrrr no‘ sa‘vssac‘ory vn lawB As
obsrrffrd by ‘ur prrcrp‘vffr hrvtadvrr avddvqv, ‘bur q’rs‘von
BBB vs wur‘urr ‘ur army vs ‘o br ’srd sor law and ordrr
rnsorcrmrn‘ and admvnvs‘ra‘von os s’mmary w’s‘vcr, or ‘o
sr‘‘lr old polv‘vcal scorrs,’ and v‘ was ‘uvs la‘‘rr asprc‘ wv‘u
wuvcu ‘ur army was lrss ‘uan sa‘vsfird, accordvnt ‘o onr
srnvor officrr wuo wro‘r ‘o ‘ur a’‘uor a‘ ‘ur ‘vmrB g’cu os
‘ur sla’tu‘rr was polv‘vcally mo‘vffa‘rd, and was v‘ rvtu‘ ‘o
placr ‘ur army vn ‘ur posv‘von os brvnt assocva‘rd wv‘u
polv‘vcal ma‘‘rrs, rffrn vs ‘ur offrrall brnrfi‘s wrrr ‘antvblrH
bur army was ‘o uaffr o‘urr cuallrntrs vn ‘ur comvnt
mon‘us, no‘ ‘ur lras‘ os wuvcu was ‘ur c’rvo’s affavr os
vnc’rsvons vn‘o cndvanAadmvnvs‘rrrd Tasumvr wuvcu traffrly
urvtu‘rnrd ‘rnsvon vn ‘ur s’bcon‘vnrn‘ and lrd ‘o rffrn
trra‘rr mvs‘r’s‘ os kakvs‘an by cndvaB

C argYl
bur vllrtal vnc’rsvon vn‘o cndvanAadmvnvs‘rrrd Tasumvr vn
rarly 1aaa, ’ndr‘rc‘rd by cndvan sorcrs ’n‘vl A gay, was an
abrrra‘von on ‘ur par‘ os kakvs‘anB bur avm os ‘ur oprra‘von
uas no‘ brrn rn’ncva‘rd, and v‘ vs do’b‘s’l vs v‘ wvll br rffrr
rrffralrd – prruaps brca’sr ‘ur wuolr affavr w’s‘ srrmrd a
tood vdra a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr, and to‘ o’‘ os uandB
 Analysvs os ‘ur lotvs‘vcs os ‘ur vnc’rsvon uas drawn
srs‘rrn obsrrffrrs ‘o ‘ur concl’svon ‘ua‘ plannvnt and
prrlvmvnary oprra‘vons brtan d’rvnt wvn‘rr 1aaCCaa, wv‘u
moffrmrn‘ os m’wauvdrrn srom camps vn Astuanvs‘an sor
‘ravnvnt by ‘ur Nor‘urrn tvtu‘ cnsan‘ry (Ntc0 aro’nd
akard’,1C and consvdrrablr moffrmrn‘ by ‘ur Ntc and o‘urr
kakvs‘an Army ‘roops vn ‘ur arras os As‘orr, akard’, ‘ur
Mrosav klavns and sorward ‘o ‘ur tvnr os Lon‘rol (toL0B cn
‘ur rffrn‘, m’wauvdrrn wrrr no‘ vnffolffrd vn ortanvzrd
comba‘B
c uaffr walkrd and clvmbrd vn ‘ur prrcvsr arras vn wuvcu
moffrmrn‘ across ‘ur toL ‘ook placr, vn ‘ur co’rsr os a
‘woAwrrk ffvsv‘ ‘o 9Ntc, basrd a‘ a’l‘arv vn ‘ur auvnto
rallryB c ffvsv‘rd ‘ur ha‘‘alvon’s pvcq’r‘s a‘ urvtu‘s ’p ‘o
1:,666 srr‘ offrrlookvnt ‘ur toL (somr arr D,666 srr‘
uvturr0B bur ‘rrravn vs as bra’‘vs’l and vmprrssvffr as v‘ vs
da’n‘vnt and dantrro’sB Al‘uo’tu ‘ur tvnr vs no‘ markrd
on ‘ur tro’nd v‘ vs drscrvbrd s’lly vn a doc’mrn‘ da‘rd 11
Mrcrmbrr 1a7D,1a and soldvrrs wo’ld find lv‘‘lr dvffic’l‘y vn
rs‘ablvsuvnt wurrr v‘ r’ns ffvsAàAffvs map and tro’ndB c‘ vs
vncorrrc‘ ‘o clavm ‘ua‘ ‘ur tvnr vs vndvs‘vnc‘B burrr can br
no pla’svblr clavm madr ‘ua‘ ‘ur vn‘r’svon was vn somr
mannrr w’s‘vfird brca’sr ‘urrr vs d’bvr‘y or cons’svon as ‘o
‘ur tvnr’s loca‘vonB
kakvs‘an s‘a‘rd ‘ua‘ no rrt’lar ‘roops wrrr vnffolffrd vn
‘ur vnc’rsvonsB a‘rvc‘ly sprakvnt ‘uvs mvtu‘ br so, a‘ lras‘
vnv‘vally, brca’sr ‘ur Ntc vs vn ‘urory s’bordvna‘r ‘o ‘ur
gvnvs‘ry os ‘ur cn‘rrvor, b’‘ ‘ur Oorcr Lommandrr
Nor‘urrn Arras (ol avltv‘0 commands ‘ur Ntc ‘uro’tu ‘ur
brvtadrs vn As‘orr and akard’, and ur, vn ‘’rn, vs
s’bordvna‘r ‘o Lommandrr t Lorps vn RawalpvndvB Almos‘
‘ur rn‘vrr Ntc was vnffolffrd vn onr way or ano‘urr wv‘u ‘ur
vnc’rsvon, ‘otr‘urr wv‘u o‘urr vnsan‘ry ’nv‘sB Ovrr s’ppor‘
was proffvdrd by rrt’lar army ar‘vllrry ’nv‘s wuosr t’ns
wrrr moffrd alont ‘ur auvnto rallryBD6 a‘ockpvlrs os
amm’nv‘von wrrr bro’tu‘ sorward srom avltv‘ and srom ‘ur
so’‘u ffva ‘ur akard’ road alont ‘ur cnd’sB
c‘ apprars ‘ua‘ only a srw mvlv‘an‘s wrrr vnffolffrd vn ‘ur
vnc’rsvons, and ‘ua‘ srffrral u’ndrrd Ntc and o‘urr rrt’lar
soldvrrs occ’pvrd abo’‘ 196 pvcq’r‘s on ‘ur cndvan svdr os
‘ur tvnr srom la‘r garcu ‘o rarly gayB cndvan ‘roops uad
brt’n ‘uvnnvnt o’‘ srom ‘ur uvturr posv‘vons ‘ur prrffvo’s
arp‘rmbrr, as vs ’s’al, and complr‘rd ‘urvr wv‘udrawal a‘
‘ur rnd os Yc‘obrrB bur commandrr os 1D1 hrvtadr (ol
Tartvl0, hrvtadvrr a’rvndrr avntu,D1 vs savd ‘o uaffr wrv‘‘rn
‘o uvs s’prrvors concrrnvnt uvs ‘urra‘ prrcrp‘von vn ‘ur
arraB buvs wo’ld br a normal ac‘von, as any commandrr vn
a srnsv‘vffr src‘or wo’ld krrp uvs uvturr ol vnsormrd as ‘o
uvs apprrcva‘von os ‘ur sv‘’a‘von (vn ‘ur mvlv‘ary ‘rrm0, b’‘
wua‘ vs con‘rn‘vo’s vs ‘ur s’bs‘ancr os uvs comm’nvca‘vonB
bur war os words offrr ‘ur hrvtadvrr’s dvsmvssal vn rarly
d’nr and uvs clavm ‘o uaffr vnsormrd uvs s’prrvors os an
’n’s’al ‘urra‘ vn uvs ‘ac‘vcal arra os oprra‘vons wvll
probably con‘vn’r, b’‘ vs ur clavmrd (as uas brrn lrakrd by
officval so’rcrs0 ‘ua‘ ur was no‘ prrmv‘‘rd ‘o srnd o’‘
rrconnavssancr or fitu‘vnt pa‘rols ‘o curck ‘ur arra, ‘urn
bo‘u ur and uvs s’prrvors arr on dantrro’s tro’ndB No
commandrr rrq’vrrs prrmvssvon ‘o srnd o’‘ pa‘rols ’nlrss
‘uvs caffra‘ uas brrn vncl’drd vn sorma‘von a‘andvnt Yrdrrs
or a sprcvfic dvrrc‘vffr ‘o uvmB or wo’ld vnsorm uvturr ol
and flankvnt sorma‘vons os uvs pa‘rol plan, b’‘ ‘ur conffrrsr
vs ‘ua‘ vs no pa‘rollvnt uad brrn donr ‘urn ‘ur commandrr
and s‘aff a‘ ‘ur uvturr ol (9rd Mvffvsvon, gawor arnrral rBaB
h’duwar0 suo’ld uaffr brrn ’nrasy ‘ua‘ ‘urrr was no
vnsorma‘von comvnt vn abo’‘ an vmpor‘an‘ src‘orB c‘ wo’ld
br s‘andard oprra‘vnt procrd’rr ‘o rrpor‘ on snowAmrl‘,
sor rxamplr, vs sor no o‘urr rrason ‘uan ‘o tvffr adrq’a‘r
no‘vcr ‘o ’nv‘s abo’‘ wurn ‘ury wo’ld br rxprc‘rd ‘o
rrocc’py ‘urvr s’mmrr posv‘vonsB Lommandrrs arr (or
o’tu‘ ‘o br0 ’nuappy vs ‘urrr vs no rrt’lar flow os
vnsorma‘von abo’‘ ‘rrravn and moffrmrn‘ condv‘vons, sor
‘ury nrffrr know wurn ‘ury mvtu‘ br rrq’vrrd ‘o commv‘
‘roops ‘o ba‘‘lrB bur tvnr os Lon‘rol uas nrffrr brrn a
uolvday rrsor‘, and pa‘rols srom bo‘u svdrs uaffr ‘rndrd ‘o
s‘rr‘cu ‘ur rnffrlopr and rffrn ‘ravl ‘urvr coa‘s by wua‘
arnrral krrffrz g’suarras callrd ‘attrrssvffr pa‘rollvnt’ – vn
o‘urr words, moffvnt across ‘ur tvnrB
No ma‘‘rr ‘ur o’‘comr os cndvan officval vnq’vrvrs vn‘o ‘ur
ma‘‘rr,DD ‘ur sac‘ vs ‘ua‘ ‘urrr was savl’rr os vn‘rllvtrncrB
l’v‘r wuy somr rlrmrn‘s vn cndva uaffr ‘rvrd ‘o placr ‘ur
blamr sor ‘uvs ’pon ‘ur vn‘rllvtrncr srrffvcrs ‘urmsrlffrs vs
’nclrar, brca’sr v‘ vs ‘ur d’‘y os soldvrrs on ‘ur tro’nd ‘o
rrpor‘ on wua‘ vs occ’rrvnt – or no‘ occ’rrvnt – vn ‘urvr
arraB cn‘rllvtrncr atrncvrs can rmploy many mrans os
s’rffrvllancr, b’‘ nobody rxprc‘s a RAs (Rrsrarcu and
Analysvs svnt0 or ch (cn‘rllvtrncr h’rra’0 man ‘o br
lrapvnt srom prak ‘o prak a‘ 1A,666 srr‘ wuvlr soldvrrs arr
sn’t vn basr camps brlowB cs ‘ur ca, wv‘u v‘s rnormo’sly
sopuvs‘vca‘rd ‘rcunvcal vn‘rllvtrncr mr‘uods, dvd no‘ dr‘rc‘
‘ur b’vldA’p and vnc’rsvons, v‘ vs uardly savr ‘o blamr ch and
RAsB
No o’‘svdr obsrrffrr apprars ‘o uaffr brrn awarr os ‘ur
moffrmrn‘ ‘o ‘ur tvnr os Lon‘rolB suvlr ‘uvs vs a sad
commrn‘ary on ‘ur rffrc‘vffrnrss os ‘ur Lrn‘ral cn‘rllvtrncr
Atrncy (wuvcu a‘ onr ‘vmr wo’ld uaffr uad a‘ lras‘ a man
vn akard’, wurrr ‘urrr was m’cu ac‘vffv‘y brsorr ‘ur
vnc’rsvons brtan, b’‘ mvs‘akrnly drArmpuasvzrd ‘o’mvn‘’
so’rcrs d’rvnt ‘ur dvsas‘ro’s ‘rn’rr os Admvral a‘ansfirld
b’rnrr vn ‘ur Lar‘rr prrsvdrncy0, v‘ vs also an vn‘rrrs‘vnt
sacr‘ os ‘ur oprra‘vons os ‘ur cnv‘rd Na‘vons gvlv‘ary
Ybsrrffrr aro’p vn cndva and kakvs‘an (cNgYack0 wuvcu
mavn‘avns obsrrffrrs vn As‘orr and akard’ d’rvnt ‘ur
s’mmrr mon‘usB (c‘ ’srd ‘o uaffr a firld s‘a‘von vn Tartvl,
b’‘ cndvan prrss’rr and cN wraknrss lrd ‘o v‘s clos’rr vn
‘ur mvdA1aC6sB0 c‘ vs ‘ur ‘ask os cNgYack ‘o ‘obsrrffr and
rrpor‘ on ‘ur q’an‘’m os sorcrs’ on racu svdr os ‘ur tvnr,
b’‘ cndva sorbvds v‘ ‘o prrsorm v‘s d’‘vrs vn cndvanA
admvnvs‘rrrd Tasumvr (wurrr v‘ ‘mavn‘avns a prrsrncr’0,
al‘uo’tu kakvs‘an sacvlv‘a‘rs ‘ur ‘firld ‘asks’ (pa‘rols0
carrvrd o’‘ by obsrrffrrs on v‘s svdr os ‘ur tvnrB bur
problrm vs ‘ua‘ ‘ur gvssvon vs only sor‘yAso’r s‘ront,
brca’sr os cndvan prrss’rr, and dors no‘ uaffr rno’tu
obsrrffrrs ‘o man v‘s pos‘s all ‘ur ‘vmr, nrffrr mvnd
vncrrasvnt ‘urvr n’mbrr ‘o a drsvrablr lrffrlB
kakvs‘an, os co’rsr, wo’ld no‘ uaffr brrn uappy abo’‘
cnv‘rd Na‘vons officrrs sv‘‘vnt vn As‘orr, akard’, gvnvmart,
a’l‘arv or Mal’nant vn rarly 1aaa, brca’sr ‘ury wo’ld
uaffr dr‘rc‘rd moffrmrn‘ and no‘vfird cnv‘rd Na‘vons ol vn
Nrw York, wurncr ‘uvs vnsorma‘von wo’ld uaffr q’vckly
rracurd Nrw MrluvB c‘ vs vronvc ‘ua‘ ‘ur ffrry rlrmrn‘ so
ffrurmrn‘ly opposrd by cndva, uad v‘ brrn adrq’a‘rly
cons‘v‘’‘rd and proprrly drployrd, co’ld uaffr alrr‘rd cndva
‘o ‘ur sac‘ ‘ua‘ somr‘uvnt ’n‘oward was ‘akvnt placr vn ‘ur
TartvlAMras src‘orsB (bur s‘a‘rmrn‘ by kakvs‘an’s ‘urn
Oorrvtn gvnvs‘rr ‘ua‘ ‘no onr knows wurrr ‘ury [‘ur
vnfil‘ra‘orsk comr srom and wuo ‘ury arr’D9 vs, wv‘u rrsprc‘
‘o gr aar‘aw Azvz, q’v‘r ’nbrlvrffablrB0 burrr vs also ‘ur
asprc‘ os ‘oprnAso’rcr’ vnsorma‘vonB arnrral krrffrz
g’suarras ffvsv‘rd ‘ur Nor‘urrn ArrasCkakvs‘anA
admvnvs‘rrrd Tasumvr ‘wvcr d’rvnt ‘ur wvn‘rrB Mrsrncr
a‘‘acurs (MAs0, wur‘urr cndvan or os o‘urr na‘vonalv‘vrs,
trnrrally mavn‘avn a lot os moffrmrn‘s os srnvor officrrs vn
‘urvr uos‘ co’n‘ry and ‘ry ‘o find o’‘ wua‘ ‘ury arr dovntB
(buvs can pay rrmarkablr dvffvdrndsB0 Mvsr’p‘von ‘o a
pa‘‘rrn srnds svtnals, and rffrn vs ‘ur MA uvmsrls canno‘
dr‘rrmvnr wuy a srnvor officrr suo’ld makr a crr‘avn ffvsv‘,
uvs alrr‘vnt os o‘urr os uvs co’n‘ry’s atrncvrs as ‘o ’n’s’al
moffrmrn‘s can rrs’l‘ vn closrr rxamvna‘von, prruaps
lradvnt ‘o vn‘rrrs‘vnt rrffrla‘vonsB
 Ovrs‘ rrpor‘s vn ‘ur cndvan mrdva wrrr op‘vmvs‘vc abo’‘
uow ‘ur mvlv‘an‘s wrrr brvnt dral‘ wv‘u d’rvnt Yprra‘von
rvway, as ‘ur cndvan mvlv‘ary ac‘von was namrdB burrr was
‘alk os ‘moppvntA’p’, b’‘ ‘ur mood soon cuantrd as
cas’al‘vrs rosr and cndvan avrcras‘ wrrr suo‘ downB A gvA17
urlvcop‘rr and a gvaAD1 fitu‘rr wrrr drs‘royrd by mvssvlrs,
and ano‘urr fitu‘rr crasurd ‘uro’tu ‘rcunvcal savl’rrB bur
gvaAD1 vs a svnt’larly vnapproprva‘r avrcras‘ ‘o commv‘ ‘o
‘ac‘vcal avr s’ppor‘ vn mo’n‘avns, and v‘ vs no‘ s’rprvsvnt
‘ua‘ oprra‘vons uad ‘o br scalrd back vn ordrr ‘o krrp ’p
moralrAboos‘vnt apprarancrsB Lon‘rary ‘o cndvan prrss
rrpor‘s, gvratr D666 sor‘vrs rrpor‘rd ‘o br ’svnt lasrrA
t’vdrd bombs wrrr vnrffrc‘vffrB (c‘ vs q’rs‘vonablr ‘ua‘ s’cu
ordnancr was ’srd, as ‘urrr do no‘ apprar ‘o uaffr brrn
rlrc‘ronvc vn‘rrcrp‘s os ‘ur rradvlyAvdrn‘vfiablr procrd’rrs
‘ua‘ wo’ld uaffr brrn rmployrdB0 cndva’s command sys‘rm
was vnadrq’a‘r vn many ways, no‘ ‘ur lras‘ brvnt ‘ur
vnabvlv‘y ‘o ’sr comba‘ avr s’ppor‘ ’n‘vl ‘ur rr‘’rn os ‘ur
army cuvrs srom an offrrsras ffvsv‘, wurn ur taffr
prrmvssvonB bur vnfil‘ra‘ors wrrr d’t vn and capablr os
mavn‘avnvnt mos‘ posv‘vons vndrfinv‘rly brca’sr ‘ury uad a
plrnv‘’dr os ra‘vons and o‘urr s‘orrs, b’‘, con‘rary ‘o ‘ur
opvnvon os somr commrn‘a‘ors a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr (vncl’dvnt
mysrls on hhL radvo and o‘urr vn‘rrna‘vonal mrdva0, no‘ all
os ‘uvs camr offrr ‘ur toL, brca’sr m’cu uad brrn lrs‘
bruvnd by cndvan ‘roops ‘ur prrffvo’s yrarB burrr was no
povn‘ vn rrmoffvnt v‘, as v‘ wo’ld uaffr uad ‘o br carrvrd
back atavn wurn ‘ur posv‘vons wrrr rrocc’pvrd, so ‘urrr
wrrr consvdrrablr q’an‘v‘vrs os sood and ura‘vnt ovl
affavlablrB buvs, and ‘ur sac‘ ‘ua‘ mos‘ os ‘ur b’nkrrs wrrr
s‘rontly cons‘r’c‘rd os concrr‘r wv‘u mr‘al rrvnsorcrmrn‘,
ca’srd sprc’la‘von ‘ua‘ ‘ur oprra‘von m’s‘ uaffr vnffolffrd
m’cu morr rffor‘ ‘uan v‘ dvdB Lrr‘avnly v‘ was an vmprrssvffr
and mawor ’ndrr‘akvnt, vnffolffvnt m’cu carrvatr os ra‘vons
and s‘orrs, b’‘ mos‘ b’nkrrs apprar ‘o uaffr brrn rxvs‘vnt
cndvan posv‘vons ‘ua‘ uad brrn drffrloprd offrr drcadrsB
 bur ma‘‘rr os allrtrd ‘or‘’rr os cndvan soldvrrs was
vmpor‘an‘ brca’sr os v‘s rffrc‘ wv‘uvn cndvaB c wro‘r a‘ ‘ur
‘vmr ‘ua‘M

bur ‘rmprra‘’rr vn ‘ur mo’n‘avns vs zrro and

brlow b’‘ uas rvsrn markrdly vn Nrw Mrluv and
cslamabad, vn par‘ brca’sr kakvs‘an rrpor‘rd ‘ua‘
cndva uas ’srd curmvcal wrapons, and lartrly
brca’sr os cndvan allrta‘vons os ‘or‘’rr os
prvsonrrs os warB bur sormrr clavm vs nonsrnsr, sor
many ‘rcunvcal rrasons, b’‘ ‘ur acc’sa‘von os
‘or‘’rr vs morr srrvo’s, vs only brca’sr v‘ uas
vnflamrd p’blvc opvnvon vn cndvaB burrr vs no‘ an
cndvan wuo dvsbrlvrffrs ‘ua‘ ‘ur ualsAdozrn soldvrrs
wuosr bodvrs wrrr drlvffrrrd ‘o ‘ur cndvan army
(across ‘ur tvnr srom ‘ur kakvs‘anv svdr, ‘o ‘ur
svtnvficancr os wuvcu lv‘‘lr p’blvcv‘y uas brrn
tvffrn0 wrrr ‘or‘’rrd and p’‘ ‘o dra‘u as‘rr
cap‘’rrB burrr vs no povn‘ vn a‘‘rmp‘vnt ‘o
q’rs‘von ‘ur cndvan ffrrsvon – al‘uo’tu any soldvrr
wuo uas srrn ‘ur rrs’l‘ on a u’man body os
concrn‘ra‘rd firvnt srom an amb’su wvll know ‘ua‘
‘ur ffvc‘vms rrsrmblr p’lprd and mrssy colandrrs
os mra‘, wv‘u ryrs and ‘rr‘u sua‘‘rrrd and bv‘s os
flrsu ‘orn away by ‘ur lacrra‘vnt vmpac‘ os povn‘A
blank b’llr‘sB c‘ was ‘ur sac‘ ‘ua‘ ryrs uad brrn
drs‘royrd – ‘to’trd o’‘’ – ‘ua‘ par‘vc’larly ’psr‘
cndvan p’blvc opvnvonBD:

c‘ uas brrn acknowlrdtrd vn somr q’ar‘rrs vn cndva ‘ua‘

‘ur clavms wrrr rxattrra‘rd, b’‘ ‘ur damatr uad brrn
donr and v‘ wo’ld br a braffr cndvan commrn‘a‘or wuo
wo’ld drny ‘ua‘ ‘or‘’rr ‘ook placrB bur Tartvl rpvsodr
conso’ndrd wua‘ lv‘‘lr ‘r’s‘ cndva uad vn kakvs‘an (as
rs‘ablvsurd by ‘ur tauorr mrr‘vnt br‘wrrn krvmr
gvnvs‘rrs Nawaz auarvs and ABhB rawpayrr vn Orbr’ary
1aaa0, and v‘ was rasy ‘o brlvrffr wua‘ was brvnt rr‘avlrd vn
‘ur mrdva as a rrs’l‘ os s‘a‘rmrn‘s by toffrrnmrn‘
spokrsmrnB burrr may uaffr brrn ursv‘ancy, la‘rr, abo’‘
‘ur ‘r’‘u os ‘ur s‘orvrs, rsprcvally as ‘ur ma‘‘rr was no‘
‘akrn ’p by ‘ur vn‘rrna‘vonal mrdva (wuvcu wo’ld uaffr
brrn morr ‘uan uappy ‘o rxpand on s’cu a w’vcy s‘ory uad
‘ury consvdrrrd v‘ crrdvblr0, b’‘ ‘alrs os a‘rocv‘vrs arr
rasvrr ‘o sprrad ‘uan ‘o drny, rffrn vs ‘ur orvtvna‘or
svncrrrly wvsurs ‘o do ‘ua‘B
burrr was ‘rrrvblr vrony vn ‘ur tlrrs’l drscrvp‘von vn
@ar[a bral
T os ‘ur body os wua‘ mvtu‘ uaffr brrn a soldvrr
os ‘ur NtcM

or vs a prvzrd possrssvonB bur svtu‘ os uvm

mo‘vffa‘rs ‘ur mrn and trars ‘urm sor ‘ur nrx‘
ro’nd os ba‘‘lrB arrvnt uvm a‘ ‘ur makrAsuvs‘ army
uradq’ar‘rrs vn Mras srnds ‘urvr adrrnalvnr
p’mpvntB bur drad kakvs‘anv Army rrt’lar – u’nt
on a ‘rrr brsorr uvs body was b’rvrd and a trvd
rrsrrrncr madr on ‘ur map vn accordancr wv‘u ‘ur
arnrffa Lonffrn‘von – was a moralr boos‘rrB gorr
‘uan :9a kakvs‘anv cas’al‘vrs so sarBD5

buvs vs crassB No soldvrr wor‘uy os ‘ur namr wo’ld uaffr uvs

moralr boos‘rd by ‘ur svtu‘ os a ro‘‘vnt corpsr, and v‘ vs
tuo’lvsu and macabrr ‘o clavm ‘ua‘ ‘ury wo’ldB bury mvtu‘
– s’cu vs ‘ur way os soldvrrs vn all armvrs – uaffr a wokr
abo’‘ v‘ ‘o ‘ry ‘o rrass’rr ‘urmsrlffrs ‘ua‘ dra‘u wvll nrffrr
brckon ‘urm, b’‘ anyonr wuo rrcrvffrs a p’mp os
adrrnalvnr srom srrvnt a drad body vs srrvo’sly dvs‘’rbrdB
And ‘ur arnrffa Lonffrn‘von dors no‘ approffr os soldvrrs’
bodvrs brvnt uantrd on ‘rrrsB bua‘ rrpor‘rr was svckB
A‘ ‘ur rnd os gay v‘ was rrcotnvzrd by Nawaz auarvs ‘ua‘
‘ur vnc’rsvon was rrtardrd vn ‘ur ca and rlsrwurrr as a
drsprra‘r tambv‘ on ‘ur par‘ os kakvs‘an ‘o do somr‘uvnt
abo’‘ TasumvrB c‘ dvd no‘ apprar ‘o br ’ndrrs‘ood rxac‘ly
wua‘ kakvs‘an was ‘ryvnt ‘o acuvrffr, b’‘, ‘urn, v‘ srrmrd
no‘ ‘o br known wv‘uvn kakvs‘an v‘srls wua‘ ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘
wvsurd ‘o doB c‘ vs dvffic’l‘ ‘o accrp‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur oprra‘von was
cond’c‘rd wv‘uo’‘ ‘ur knowlrdtr os gr auarvs and uvs
small cvrclr os adffvsrrs, vs only brca’sr ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr
dvd no‘ drny v‘ (and, as‘rr all, ‘ur urad os cac, an vmpor‘an‘
man vn ‘uvs affavr, was uvs prrsonal appovn‘rr0B auarvs uad
acuvrffrd ‘ur drpar‘’rr os a prrsvdrn‘ and a cuvrs w’s‘vcr
and drclvnrd ‘o rrs’sr ‘ur rrsvtna‘von os a pop’lar army
cuvrsN ur was ‘ur mos‘ powrrs’l prvmr mvnvs‘rr vn ‘ur
uvs‘ory os kakvs‘an, and vs ur consvdrrrd ‘ur Tartvl ffrn‘’rr
‘o br an rrra‘vc vnv‘va‘vffr on ‘ur par‘ os ‘ur army ur was
q’v‘r capablr os dvsmvssvnt v‘s cuvrs vs ur so wvsurdB or
s‘a‘rd on D d’nr ‘ua‘ ‘ur tauorr procrss was ‘vn trvrffo’s
dantrr os brvnt drravlrd’,DA wuvcu was l’dvcro’sly a‘ odds
wv‘u rralv‘y brca’sr ‘ur ’ndrrs‘andvnt rracurd a‘ tauorr
was alrrady s‘onr drad, b’‘ con‘vn’rd ‘ua‘ ‘bur ’rtrn‘
nrcrssv‘y vs ‘o drs’sr ‘ur c’rrrn‘ sv‘’a‘von’ wuvcu nobody
wo’ld uaffr drnvrdB bur problrm sor auarvs was uow ‘o do
v‘, brca’sr Nrw Mrluv was vn no mood ‘o compromvsr on
any‘uvntB
cndva was antry, and uad rffrry rvtu‘ ‘o brB bur cnvon
oomr gvnvs‘rr, gr tBTB Adffanv was o’‘spokrn concrrnvnt
kakvs‘an’s prrfidy and rrflrc‘rd wua‘ was vn ‘ur mvnds os
many by sayvnt, ‘c‘ vs a casr os an armrd vn‘r’svon by
kakvs‘an, amo’n‘vnt ‘o armrd attrrssvonB’D7 cndva was
dr‘rrmvnrd ‘o rffvc‘ ‘ur vnffadrrs, b’‘ was findvnt ‘uvs
dvffic’l‘B ‘bur armrd sorcrs dvd no‘ q’v‘r an‘vcvpa‘r ‘uvs
ba‘‘lr and wrrr ’nprrparrd sor v‘,’ wro‘r ‘ur rrsprc‘rd
drsrncr analys‘ ganow dosuv vn A’t’s‘,DC and lvs‘rd somr os
‘ur mawor drficvrncvrs ‘ua‘ ca’srd ‘ur campavtn ‘o drat on
and cos‘ so many lvffrsB bursr vncl’drd lack os coldAwra‘urr
clo‘uvnt, pro‘rc‘vffr ffrs‘s, s’rffrvllancr rq’vpmrn‘, uvtuA
al‘v‘’dr urlvcop‘rrs and radvosB burrr was no rxc’sr sor ‘ur
suor‘atrs, brca’sr ‘ur cndvan Army uas nvnr mo’n‘avn
dvffvsvons and suo’ld uaffr uad s‘ocks os rq’vpmrn‘ s’v‘ablr
sor oprra‘vons vn ‘urvr rponymo’s ‘rrravnB bur sac‘ ‘ua‘
‘urrr wrrr no nvtu‘Affvsvon drffvcrs vs a rrflrc‘von os traffr
vncompr‘rncr wv‘uvn ‘ur proc’rrmrn‘ sys‘rm, and dosuv vs
absol’‘rly rvtu‘ ‘o cas‘vta‘r polv‘vcvans and srnvor officrrs
sor ‘p’suvnt bvtA‘vckr‘ v‘rms vns‘rad os vnffrs‘vnt vn
rq’vppvnt ‘ur soldvrr br‘‘rr’B burrr vs m’cu tlamo’r vn ‘ur
‘u’ndrr os a a’A96 comba‘ avrcras‘, b’‘ lv‘‘lr vn a drcrn‘
rvflr, wuvcu vs badly nrrdrd by ‘ur cndvan ArmyB burrr was
no lack os co’ratr on ‘ur par‘ os cndvan ‘roops os all ranks,
and, as always uapprns vn tood armvrs, ‘urrr was a uvtu
ra‘vo os yo’nt officrrs kvllrd comparrd ‘o ‘ur n’mbrr os
dra‘us os ‘ur braffr soldvrrs ‘ury lrd so wrllB
bur Nor‘urrn tvtu‘ cnsan‘ry and o‘urr kakvs‘anv ‘roops
wrrr braffr, ‘oo, and cas’al‘vrs wrrr consvdrrablrBDa h’‘
cndvan soldvrrs wrrr a‘ a dvsadffan‘atr vn fitu‘vnt offrr
’nknown ‘rrravn, sor mos‘ ‘roops wrrr bro’tu‘ vn srom
rlsrwurrr – wuvcu was wuy ‘ury wrrr amazrd, vnv‘vally, a‘
‘ur kakvs‘anvs’ d’tAvn posv‘vons, no‘ rralvzvnt ‘ua‘ many os
‘ursr wrrr wrllArs‘ablvsurd cndvan drsrndrd localv‘vrsB bur
b’nkrrs wrrr small, dvffic’l‘ ‘o loca‘r, brvs‘lrd wv‘u
wrapons, and uad s‘rrp and dvffic’l‘ approacurs, somr os
wuvcu wrrr mvnrdB A‘‘ackvnt s’cu posv‘vons wo’ld br a
nvtu‘marr sor any soldvrrB c‘ was do’bly dvffic’l‘ sor ’nv‘s
‘ua‘ wrrr bro’tu‘ vn ‘o ‘ur arra uas‘vly and wuosr mrn
wrrr no‘ s’lly acclvma‘vzrd, and v‘ vs rrtrr‘‘ablr ‘ua‘ somr
wrrr rrq’vrrd ‘o oprra‘r a‘ ‘ursr urvtu‘s wv‘uo’‘
acclvma‘vza‘von, wuvcu vs a compara‘vffrly lont procrssB
bury wo’ld br fi‘, os co’rsr, and wo’ld adw’s‘ morr rradvly
‘uan mos‘ ‘o ‘ur drmands vmposrd on ‘urm, b’‘
commv‘‘vnt ‘urm ‘o ba‘‘lr brsorr ‘ury wrrr rrady, and
wv‘uo’‘ adrq’a‘r rq’vpmrn‘ and clo‘uvnt (as rffvdrncrd by
rrpor‘rrs and officval puo‘otrapus0, was an ac‘ os
drsprra‘vonB c‘ vs no‘ known wua‘ par‘ was playrd by
promp‘vnt srom Nrw Mrluv vn ‘ur rarly s‘atrs (and ‘urrr vs
lv‘‘lr os rrlrffancr vn ‘ur Tartvl Lommvssvon Rrpor‘0,96 b’‘
v‘ can br s’rmvsrd ‘ua‘ mvlv‘ary lradrrs wrrr ’ndrr
prrss’rr ‘o rffvc‘ ‘ur vn‘r’drrs, vn addv‘von ‘o ‘urvr own
na‘’ral vnclvna‘von ‘o tr‘ on wv‘u ‘ur wobB c‘ vs rasy ‘o br
crv‘vcal, as‘rrwards, b’‘ ‘urrr arr dvs‘’rbvnt sacr‘s os ‘uvs
campavtn ‘ua‘ arr rrmvnvscrn‘ os ‘ur 1aAD prrvod, and v‘ vs
uoprd sor ‘ur sakr os ‘ur cndvan Army ‘ua‘ v‘s vn‘rrnal
vnffrs‘vta‘vons rrs’l‘ vn sor‘urvtu‘ rrcommrnda‘vons ‘ua‘
wvll br adop‘rd by ‘ur polv‘vcvans and p’surd ‘uro’tu ‘ur
morvb’nd cvffvl srrffvcr sys‘rm, wuvcu vs morr ‘o blamr sor
rq’vpmrn‘ drficvrncvrs ‘uan rv‘urr polv‘vcvans or trnrralsB
Ynr ‘uvnt sor wuvcu ‘ur b’rra’cra‘s vn Nrw Mrluv canno‘
br blamrd was ‘ur suor‘atr os sparrs sor hosors 155mm
t’ns, wuvcu was ca’srd by an rmbarto ‘ua‘ sollowrd
brvbrry vn con‘rac‘ nrto‘va‘vonsB Mrpo‘s and barracks vn
cndva wrrr sco’rrd, and offrr a u’ndrrd t’ns wrrr
cannvbalvzrd ‘o rns’rr ‘ua‘ ‘uosr uas‘vly moffrd ‘o and
aro’nd cndvanAadmvnvs‘rrrd Tasumvr co’ld con‘vn’r firvntB
Amm’nv‘von was a problrm, ‘oo, and rxprnsvffr ‘o acq’vrr
a‘ offrr $1,666 prr ro’ndB91 Lonffrrsrly, kakvs‘an uad srw
problrms wv‘u ar‘vllrry, no‘ only brca’sr v‘ uad adrq’a‘r
sparrs, b’‘ mos‘ os v‘s amm’nv‘von vs man’sac‘’rrd by
kakvs‘an Yrdnancr Oac‘orvrs,9D as arr sparr par‘s sor many
rq’vpmrn‘s, os wuvcu ‘urrr was a consvdrrablr s‘ockpvlrB c‘
vs os co’rsr bvzarrr ‘ua‘ ‘ursr ‘wo mrmbrrs os ‘ur
Lommonwral‘u suo’ld uaffr brrn surllvnt racu o‘urr and
ca’svnt so m’cu drs‘r’c‘von and loss os lvsr – b’‘ ‘ur wuolr
affavr was ffrrtvnt on ‘ur s’rrralB
 kakvs‘an krp‘ on ‘alkvnt abo’‘ ‘alks, and onr co’ld no‘
b’‘ srrl an occasvonal ‘wvntr os sympa‘uy sor spokrsmrn
wuo wrrr ‘ryvnt ‘o drsrnd ‘ur vndrsrnsvblr atavns‘ a
trowvnt barratr os adffrrsr obsrrffa‘vons aro’nd ‘ur worldB
aomr sorrvtn commrn‘ was m’‘rd or dvst’vsrd, wv‘u ‘ur
vn‘rn‘von os drs’svnt an ’tly sv‘’a‘von, b’‘ cndva somr‘vmrs
clavmrd s’ppor‘ wurrr nonr was rffvdrn‘, and on occasvons
damatrd vn‘rrna‘vonal toodwvll by p’‘‘vnt vn‘o uradlvnr
nrws a ‘spvn’ on s‘a‘rmrn‘s ‘ua‘ was ’ndrsvrablr srom ‘ur
povn‘ os ffvrw os ‘uosr makvnt ‘urmB Lommrn‘s by ‘ur aAC
na‘vons wrrr onr vns‘ancr os ‘uvs, and a so’rcr closr ‘o
‘urvr drlvbrra‘vons vnsormrd ‘ur a’‘uor ‘ua‘ ‘urrr was no
nrrd sor cndva ‘o ‘rrvn‘rrprr‘’ wua‘ ‘ur aAC comm’nvq’r
uad savd, ‘wrak as v‘ was’, brca’sr ‘ur aro’p’s crv‘vcal
s‘ancr uad brrn madr ‘crys‘al clrar’ ‘o kakvs‘anB ga‘‘rrs
wrrr brcomvnt srrvo’s sor kakvs‘an on ‘ur polv‘vcal sron‘,
al‘uo’tu ‘ur vn‘r’drrs wrrr dvffic’l‘ ‘o dvslodtr and cndvan
cas’al‘vrs con‘vn’rd ‘o rvsrB A dvs‘vnt’vsurd cndvan drsrncr
analys‘ and commrn‘a‘or, arnrral rBRB Ratuaffan, obsrrffrd
‘ua‘ ‘bur Tartvl attrrssvon uas vnrffv‘ably rndrd ‘ur tood
sav‘u and ‘r’s‘ wuvcu was pavns‘akvntly b’vl‘ ’p offrr ‘ur
las‘ srw yrars’ and ‘ua‘ ‘alks wrrr ‘an rssrn‘val mrdv’m sor
’ndrrs‘andvnt racu o‘urr’s nrrds and drmons‘ra‘vnt ‘ur
wvllvntnrss ‘o to ‘ur rx‘ra mvlr’,99 b’‘ ’ndrrs‘andably,
‘urrr wrrr polv‘vcal consvdrra‘vons on ‘ur cndvan svdrB
gr rawpayrr was sacvnt rlrc‘vons vn arp‘rmbrr and v‘
wo’ld uaffr brrn vmpossvblr sor uvm ‘o apprar ‘o br
backvnt down vn ‘ur sacr os attrrssvon, rsprcvally as p’blvc
opvnvon was uardrnvnt as ‘vmr wrn‘ on, and ffovcrs
adffoca‘vnt war wrrr ravsrd ‘uro’tuo’‘ ‘ur landB hodvrs
wrrr brvnt drlvffrrrd ‘o samvlvrs vn ffvllatrs, ‘owns and
cv‘vrs, and rrsrn‘mrn‘ atavns‘ kakvs‘an was uvtu and
trowvnt morr vn‘rnsr as ‘ur wrrks wrn‘ byB bur polv‘vcal
problrm was ‘o krrp cuannrllvnt ‘uvs rrsrn‘mrn‘ ‘owards
‘ur ‘rnrmy’ and no‘ ‘o lr‘ v‘ br drflrc‘rd ‘owards ‘ur
toffrrnmrn‘B cpAbra‘ brvrfints, playvnt down rq’vpmrn‘
drficvrncvrs, vns’svon os ‘ur vdra ‘ua‘ obwrc‘vffr commrn‘
was no‘ accrp‘ablr brca’sr ‘uvs wo’ld br crv‘vcvzvnt ‘ur
tallan‘ry os ‘o’r boys’ (a cynvcal polv‘vcal ploy no‘ confinrd
‘o cndva0 – all ‘ursr wrrr vmpor‘an‘ ‘o ‘ur hdk’s rlrc‘von
campavtnB A‘ all cos‘s ‘ur momrn‘’m uad ‘o br krp‘ ’p
atavns‘ ‘ur vnffadrrs, b’‘ ‘ur problrm was ‘ua‘ ‘ury wrrr
so dvffic’l‘ ‘o dvslodtr ‘ua‘ cas’al‘vrs wo’ld ’ndo’b‘rdly
vncrrasr – wuvcu ‘ury dvd, alas, drama‘vcally – and v‘ was
dvffic’l‘ ‘o ta’tr w’s‘ uow m’cu ‘ur cndvan p’blvc wo’ld
s‘andB
As v‘ uapprnrd, ‘ur cndvan p’blvc wo’ld s‘and a trra‘
dral and ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ was ablr ‘o mavn‘avn prrss’rr on
kakvs‘an ‘o wv‘udraw wv‘uo’‘ makvnt any concrssvons
v‘srlsB bur ca rndorsrd a proposrd ffvsv‘ by kakvs‘an’s
Oorrvtn gvnvs‘rr ‘o Nrw Mrluv, and ‘urn atrrrd ‘o s’r‘urr
‘ur proposal ‘ua‘ gr auarvs uvmsrls suo’ld to ‘urrr sor
‘alks, b’‘ al‘uo’tu ‘uvs was vnv‘vally accrp‘ablr ‘o Nrw
Mrluv, ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ rrad ‘ur mood os ‘ur co’n‘ry
o‘urrwvsr – and corrrc‘lyB Yn no acco’n‘ co’ld ‘urrr br a
ffvsv‘ by ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr os kakvs‘anB bur mannrr vn
wuvcu ‘ur vnv‘va‘vffr was kvllrd was as hyzan‘vnr as mvtu‘ br
rxprc‘rd vn ‘ur cvrc’ms‘ancrs, b’‘ cslamabad con‘vn’rd ‘o
br op‘vmvs‘vc abo’‘ ‘alks and was lvffvnt vn a drram world,
as rffvdrncrd by ‘ur cabvnr‘’s ‘srrvo’s concrrn’ abo’‘ ‘‘ur
’nwarran‘rd cndvan mvlv‘ary oprra‘vons vn ‘ur arra across
‘ur tvnr os Lon‘rol vnffolffvnt uraffy ar‘vllrry, urlvcop‘rr
t’nsuvps and wr‘ avrcras‘’B9: buvs was rvdvc’lo’s, as was
known by cndva and ‘ur rrs‘ os ‘ur worldB (cn sac‘, ‘urrr
wrrr no t’nsuvpsM ‘ur cndvan Avr Oorcr’s gvAD5 a‘‘ack
urlvcop‘rrs canno‘ fly aboffr 1D,666 srr‘, and al‘uo’tu v‘
was clavmrd by cndva ‘ua‘ ‘roopAcarrvrr gvA17s wrrr ’srd
as t’nsuvps, and ‘urrr was a puo‘otrapu os onr apparrn‘ly
firvnt rockr‘s, ‘ur officval rrcord suows ‘ua‘ ‘urrr wrrr
only ‘uvr‘yAonr sor‘vrs by gvA17s ‘uro’tuo’‘ ‘ur wuolr
prrvodB0 bur ca brcamr rxasprra‘rd, as wrll v‘ mvtu‘, b’‘
rffrn‘’ally to‘ kakvs‘an off ‘ur uook – and cndva, ‘oo,
brca’sr vn spv‘r os ‘ur uypr abo’‘ s’ccrss, Yprra‘von rvway
was a uorrvblr, br’‘al slot vn classvc vnsan‘ry sasuvonB bur
oprra‘vons os 1C arrnadvrrs vn ‘ur ba‘‘lr os ‘bvtrr ovll’ (‘o
‘akr b’‘ onr rxamplr0 wrrr s’prrb, b’‘ wrrr vmmrnsrly
cos‘ly atavns‘ wrll d’tAvn and s‘rontly s’ppor‘rd Ntc
‘roopsB
burrr wrrr ’nofficval a‘‘rmp‘s ‘o rnd ‘ur fitu‘vnt,
amonts‘ wuvcu was ‘ur dvspa‘cu os ‘ur dvs‘vnt’vsurd cndvan
wo’rnalvs‘ RBTB gvsura and a no‘ablr dvploma‘, rvffrk Ta‘w’
‘o cslamabad, rrcvproca‘rd by a ffvsv‘ ‘o Nrw Mrluv by
kakvs‘an’s sormrr Oorrvtn arcrr‘ary, Nvaz Navk, an
admvrablr rmvssary os dvtnv‘y, ac’mrn and rxprrvrncrB
Yprnvnts ‘o dvalot’r wrrr rffrc‘rd, b’‘ ‘ur moffrs rrs’l‘rd
vn vn‘rrnal crv‘vcvsm vn bo‘u co’n‘rvrs and, al‘uo’tu
ffal’ablr vn rs‘ablvsuvnt a modrs‘ approacu ‘o s’‘’rr
prrsonal con‘ac‘, uad no cuancr os s’ccrssB
cn ‘ur rnd, gr auarvs, savlvnt ‘o ob‘avn s’ppor‘ os any
sor‘, rffrn srom Luvna (wuom onr wo’ld uaffr ‘uo’tu‘
mvtu‘ no‘ br affrrsr ‘o makvnt ‘uvnts dvffic’l‘ sor cndva,
tvffrn v‘s own lv‘‘lrArrpor‘rd vnc’rsvon a‘ Ma’la‘ hrt Yldv on
‘ur cndvan svdr os ‘ur tvnr os Ac‘’al Lon‘rol vn Aksav Luvn0,
uad ‘o craffr a’dvrncr wv‘u ‘ur Amrrvcan krrsvdrn‘ ‘o
ob‘avn a fit lras ‘ua‘ wo’ld rnablr uvm ‘o ordrr rr‘rra‘ wv‘u
a srmblancr os dvtnv‘yB
burrr uad brrn srars ‘ua‘ clasurs co’ld sprrad ‘o ‘ur
povn‘ ‘ua‘ sorcrs alont ‘ur bordrr wo’ld brcomr vnffolffrd,
and ‘ua‘ ‘uvs mvtu‘ lrad ‘o a n’clrar rxcuantrB g’cu
prrss’rr was bro’tu‘ ‘o brar on cndva and kakvs‘an (vn
spv‘r os wua‘ vs clavmrd ‘o ‘ur con‘rary0 ‘o rrsravn srom
wvdrnvnt ‘ur conflvc‘,95 and al‘uo’tu bo‘u svdrs clavm ‘ua‘
‘ur ‘n’clrar dr‘rrrrn‘’ rns’rrd ‘ua‘ ‘urvr toffrrnmrn‘s
bruaffrd ‘rrsponsvbly’, ‘ur sac‘ vs ‘ua‘ rxvs‘rncr os basvc
n’clrar drffvcrs srrffrd ‘o p’su m’cu os ‘ur rrs‘ os ‘ur
world ‘o rxrr‘ vnfl’rncr on ‘ur co’n‘rvrs ‘o rrsravn srom
‘akvnt morr attrrssvffr s‘rpsB9A c‘ was assrssrd ‘ua‘ a
n’clrar war vn ‘ur s’bcon‘vnrn‘, rsprcvally tvffrn ‘ur lack
os sys‘rms sor wrapons’ con‘rol, wo’ld br a world dvsas‘rr
and no‘ w’s‘ a local onrB c‘ was no‘ dr‘rrrrncr vn ‘ur classvc
srnsr, al‘uo’tu cslamabad and Nrw Mrluv ‘rvrd ‘o prrsrn‘
‘urvr affovdancr os conflvc‘Arxpansvon vn ‘ur con‘rx‘ os cold
war n’clrar ‘urolotyB
A worryvnt asprc‘ os ‘ur conflvc‘ was an vncrrasr vn
a‘‘acks by mvlv‘an‘s wv‘uvn cndvanAadmvnvs‘rrrd Tasumvr,
rsprcvally atavns‘ wua‘ arr consvdrrrd ‘uard ‘artr‘s’ –
src’rv‘y sorcrs’ fitu‘vnt pa‘rols and wrllAt’ardrd campsB
burrr wrrr vns‘ancrs os mrrcvlrss m’rdrr os cvffvlvans,
rsprcvally vn ovnd’ ffvllatrs and uamlr‘s, b’‘ ‘ur avm
apprarrd ‘o br ‘o drmons‘ra‘r ‘ur mvlv‘an‘s’ abvlv‘y ‘o
rx‘rnd ‘urvr fitu‘ ‘o drbvlv‘a‘r and drmoralvzr paramvlv‘ary
sorcrs, rsprcvally ‘ur Rasu‘rvya Rvflrs wuo wrrr brarvnt ‘ur
br’n‘ os vn‘rrnal src’rv‘y d’‘vrs vn ‘ur absrncr os rrt’lar
‘roops rrdrployrd alont ‘ur tvnr os Lon‘rolB lscala‘von os
‘ursr oprra‘vons was dvsconcrr‘vnt brca’sr cndva, wv‘u
tood rrason, s‘a‘rd ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an was s’ppor‘vnt ‘ur
mvlv‘an‘s, and ‘urrr was rffrn s’r‘urr dvs‘r’s‘ os cslamabad
by Nrw MrluvB
cn ‘ur Tartvl affavr kakvs‘an bruaffrd o’‘ratro’sly and
con‘rary ‘o vn‘rrna‘vonal norms – and, os somr vmpor‘ancr,
vnconsvs‘rn‘ly wv‘u ‘ur avmla [now auvmlak Accord os
1a71B97 cndva, vn spv‘r os polv‘vcally mo‘vffa‘rd bl’s‘rr and
’ndrrs‘andablr b’‘ rxcrssvffr na‘vonalvsm, uad v‘s
confidrncr suakrn by ‘ur Tartvl drbaclrB Yffrr A66 soldvrrs
wrrr kvllrd and somr 1,C66 wo’ndrd vn a srw wrrks,9C as
atavns‘ 1,156 drad and 9,666 vncapacv‘a‘rd vn almos‘ ‘urrr
yrars vn ‘ur dvsas‘ro’s ‘pracrkrrpvnt’ oprra‘von vn arv
tanka (d’ly 1aC7AAprvl 1aa60B buvs vs a drrads’l ‘oll ‘o br
rxac‘rd and v‘ wo’ld uaffr brrn ffrry m’cu uvturr vs ‘ur
vn‘r’drrs uad no‘ wv‘udrawn as a rrs’l‘ os mrdva‘vonB
arnvor cndvan fit’rrs s‘a‘rd fla‘ly ‘urrr was no o’‘svdr
mrdva‘von concrrnvnt ‘ur Tartvl affavr, b’‘ krrsvdrn‘
Llvn‘on spokr wv‘u gr auarvs and gr rawpayrr a‘ lrnt‘uB
suvlr gr rawpayrr dvd s‘a‘r bl’n‘ly ‘ua‘ ‘urrr was no
q’rs‘von os mrdva‘von by a ‘uvrd par‘y,9a ur canno‘ drny
‘ua‘ ur was vnsormrd ‘ua‘ gr auarvs wo’ld br tovnt ‘o
sasuvnt‘on, ‘ua‘ ur (gr rawpayrr0 was ‘old ur was
wrlcomr suo’ld ur wvsu ‘o pay s’cu a ffvsv‘, ‘ua‘ gr Llvn‘on
was tovnt ‘o ’sr uvs tood officrs ‘o prrs’adr Nawaz auarvs
‘ua‘ ‘ur bloods‘avnrd dvsas‘rr uad tonr on lont rno’tu
and ‘ua‘ wv‘udrawal os ‘ur kakvs‘anvs uad br‘‘rr ‘akr placr
sk rum (or words ‘o ‘ua‘ rffrc‘0B And so v‘ uapprnrd, as‘rr
‘ur :‘u os d’ly mrr‘vntB
bur cndvan Army’s assa’l‘s on ‘ur urvtu‘s vn ‘ur Mras and
Tartvl src‘ors cos‘ v‘s tallan‘ rrtvmrn‘s drarlyB bur Ntc
and o‘urr kakvs‘anv soldvrrs so’tu‘ wrll and ‘rnacvo’sly
brsorr rffac’a‘vnt ‘ur so’r‘rrn pos‘s srom wuvcu ‘ury wrrr
drvffrnB sv‘udrawal srom ‘ur rrmavnvnt 1D6 or so drsrndrd
localv‘vrs was on ordrrs srom ‘ur kakvs‘an svdr os ‘ur tvnr
os Lon‘rolB Las’al‘vrs wrrr uvtu, prruaps as many as
:66,:6 and many os ‘ursr know no traffr, no uono’r and
rrcrvffr no acknowlrdtrmrn‘ os ‘urvr drdvca‘vonB gay ‘ury
all, os bo‘u svdrs, rrs‘ vn pracr, and may ‘urvr samvlvrs ‘akr
consola‘von vn ‘ur sac‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ury wrrr dovnt ‘urvr d’‘y
accordvnt ‘o ‘urvr codr and oa‘us, wua‘rffrr ‘ursr may
uaffr brrn, os wua‘rffrr sav‘us ‘ury rspo’srdB c‘ was no‘
‘urvr sa’l‘ ‘ua‘ Tasumvr vs a dvsp’‘rd ‘rrrv‘ory wuosr s‘a‘’s
co’ld uaffr brrn rrsolffrd lont ato wrrr v‘ no‘ sor ‘ur
vn‘ransvtrncr os s’ccrssvffr toffrrnmrn‘s vn bo‘u co’n‘rvrsB
bur cndvan toffrrnmrn‘ vss’rd a s‘a‘rmrn‘ on 5 d’ly
concrrnvnt ‘ur wv‘udrawal srom cndvanAadmvnvs‘rrrd
‘rrrv‘ory vn TasumvrB c‘ vs ’ntracvo’s, as mvtu‘ br rxprc‘rd
srom an offrndrd par‘y, and uad a s‘vnt vn ‘ur ‘avl sor ‘uosr
co’n‘rvrs wuo wvsu bo‘u cndva and kakvs‘an wrll, and wuo
wo’ld br morr ‘uan uappy ‘o offrr ‘urvr assvs‘ancr vn
s’r‘urrvnt tood rrla‘vons br‘wrrn ‘urmB

sr uaffr srrn ‘ur caAkakvs‘an wovn‘ s‘a‘rmrn‘

vss’rd vn sasuvnt‘on yrs‘rrdayB Y’r ca
vn‘rrloc’‘ors uaffr vnsormrd ’s ‘ua‘ ‘concrr‘r
s‘rps’ rrsrrrrd ‘o vn ‘ur s‘a‘rmrn‘ mran
wv‘udrawal by kakvs‘an os ‘urvr sorcrs srom o’r
svdr os ‘ur tvnr os Lon‘rol vn ‘ur Tartvl src‘orB
sr uaffr also no‘rd ‘ur srq’rncvnt os s‘rps
atrrrd ‘o vn ‘ur s‘a‘rmrn‘, ‘ua‘ only as‘rr
wv‘udrawal vs complr‘rd wvll o‘urr con‘rmpla‘rd
s‘rps br vnv‘va‘rdB sr uopr kakvs‘an wvll urrd ‘uvs
call vmmrdva‘rlyB sr wvll br wa‘cuvnt
drffrlopmrn‘s on ‘ur tro’ndB
sr rraffirm ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an’s armrd vn‘r’svon and
attrrssvon uas ‘o br ffaca‘rdB
Y’r mvlv‘ary attrrssvon [svck vn ‘ur Tartvl src‘or,
wuvcu uas brrn vnv‘va‘rd sor ‘uvs p’rposr, vs
makvnt s‘rady protrrssB
c‘ wvll con‘vn’r wv‘u s’ll sorcr ’n‘vl ‘ur
attrrssors arr clrarrd o’‘, and ‘ur status dub
aatson ‘ur tvnr os Lon‘rol s’lly rrs‘orrdB
Ynr word abo’‘ ‘ur tauorr procrssB c‘ vs dvrrc‘
and bvla‘rralB cn ‘uvs procrss ‘urrr vs no placr
wua‘sorffrr sor any ‘uvrd par‘y vnffolffrmrn‘B bur
samr vs ‘r’r sor any o‘urr asprc‘ os cndvaAkakvs‘an
rrla‘vonsB:1
burrr was no nrrd sor ‘uvs sor‘ os pvr‘vs‘vc s‘’ff (al‘uo’tu
‘urrr may uaffr brrn cu’cklrs abo’‘‘o’r mvlv‘ary
attrrssvon’0 and sasuvnt‘on consvdrrrd v‘s ‘onr
vnapproprva‘rB (A ca dvploma‘ vn sasuvnt‘on vnsormrd mr
a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr ‘ua‘ cndva’s a‘‘v‘’dr os w’bvla‘von was
‘’nsor‘’na‘r’B0 c‘ was rrtardrd ’nsaffo’rably by ‘ur
vnffadrrs, and a spokrsman sor ‘ur cnv‘rd dvuad Lo’ncvl
was‘rd uvs brra‘u by s‘a‘vnt ‘ua‘ ‘A wv‘udrawal srom Tartvl
wo’ld br dr‘rvmrn‘al ‘o ‘ur srrrdom s‘r’ttlr sor Tasumvr
and B B B ‘ur m’wauvdrrn wvll fitu‘ ‘o ‘urvr las‘ brra‘u ‘o srrr
‘urvr mo‘urrland srom cndvan sorcrs os attrrssvon’B:D
cndva was rn‘v‘lrd ‘o br sa‘vsfird ‘ua‘ ‘ur vn‘r’drrs uad
brrn wv‘udrawn, b’‘ polv‘vcal povn‘Ascorvnt was dvffic’l‘ ‘o
rrsvs‘B bur hdk and v‘s allvrs wrrr dr‘rrmvnrd ‘o br srrn as
‘ur wvnnvnt ‘ram and ‘ur prrcrp‘vffr Mvnrsu T’mar wro‘r
‘ua‘ ‘bury arr bo’nd ‘o uold crlrbra‘vons lvkr ‘ury dvd as‘rr
‘ur gay 1aaC kokuran rxplosvons, and wo’ld, vn krrpvnt
wv‘u ‘ur na‘’rr os polv‘vcs vn ‘ur co’n‘ry, rffrn srrk ‘o
capv‘alvzr on ‘ur “ffvc‘ory” krrpvnt ‘ur sor‘ucomvnt
rlrc‘vons vn mvndB’:9 bur vn‘rrvm toffrrnmrn‘ dvd vndrrd
clavm ‘ua‘ ‘ur Tartvl ‘war’ uad brrn ‘won’ by ‘ur allAsrrvnt
hdk coalv‘von, and on a‘ lras‘ onr occasvon placrd rnormo’s
puo‘otrapus os ‘ur srrffvcr cuvrss and an Atnv mvssvlr on an
rlrc‘von pla‘sormB bur mood os brllvtrrrncr was sos‘rrrd vn
many q’ar‘rrs, and al‘uo’tu vn kakvs‘an ‘urrr was a savr
amo’n‘ os warA‘alk, ‘urrr wrrr srars, ‘oo, ‘ua‘ cndva mvtu‘
to ‘ur rx‘ra mvlr – no‘ ‘owards ‘alks, b’‘ ‘owards conflvc‘B
bur army cuvrs madr sprrcurs rmpuasvzvnt ‘ua‘ ‘ur
co’n‘ry was prrparrd ‘o drsrnd v‘srls, b’‘ ‘ur mood vn ‘ur
army srrmrd ‘o ffary srom o’‘rvtu‘ brllvcosv‘y ‘o savrly
s‘ront crv‘vcvsm os ‘ur auarvs toffrrnmrn‘ sor tr‘‘vnt ‘ur
na‘von vn‘o a dvffic’l‘ posv‘vonB
bur toffrrnmrn‘ vn cslamabad ‘rvrd ‘o p’‘ as braffr a sacr
on ‘ur drbaclr as v‘ co’ld, b’‘ ‘ur mood wv‘uvn kakvs‘an
was lartrly os cons’svonB bur army was suakrn, and yo’nt
officrrs, rsprcvally, srl‘ br‘rayrdB burrr was somr plavn
sprakvnt wurn ‘ur Luvrs os ‘ur Army a‘aff ‘o’rrd mvlv‘ary
basrs, and moralr was badly affrc‘rd vn somr ’nv‘sB bur
rn‘vrr rpvsodr srrmrd so ’nnrcrssary and uarms’l ‘o
kakvs‘an’s alrrady suaky vmatr abroad ‘ua‘ rxplana‘von
apprarrd a‘ brs‘ s’prrfl’o’s and a‘ wors‘ mrrr polv‘vcal
tro’ndAsuvs‘vntB gr auarvs’s na‘vonal broadcas‘ on 1D d’ly
was wor‘u tvffvnt,:: uowrffrr, rffrn vs v‘ was suaky on ‘ur
avm os ‘ur vnffasvonB or acknowlrdtrd ‘ua‘ ‘urrr was ‘no
srcrr‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur ‘urra‘ os a bvt war wv‘u cndva vs loomvnt, by
‘ur way ‘uvnts uaffr dr‘rrvora‘rd br‘wrrn cndva and
kakvs‘an’, wuvcu ur co’ld uardly drny, b’‘ ‘urn ur savd ‘ua‘
‘c ‘uvnk ‘ur basvc p’rposr os ‘ur m’wauvdrrn occ’pa‘von os
Tartvl was ‘o a‘‘rac‘ world a‘‘rn‘von ‘o ‘ur Tasumvr vss’r B
B B bury uaffr s’lly s’ccrrdrd vn ‘ua‘ obwrc‘vffr and ‘ury
uaffr also prac‘vcally proffrd o’r s‘and ‘ua‘ ‘ur Tasumvr
vss’r vs a n’clrar flasupovn‘B’ Ys co’rsr, no kakvs‘anv ‘roops
occ’pvrd Tartvl b’‘ ‘ur q’rs‘von m’s‘ br p’‘ as ‘o wurn
dvd gr auarvs know os ‘‘ur basvc p’rposr’H or approffrd os
v‘, b’‘ dvd ur approffr ‘ur mrans os acuvrffvnt v‘H burrr was
no‘ m’cu povn‘ vn ‘proffvnt’ ‘ua‘ Tasumvr vs a n’clrar
flasupovn‘, as many concrrnrd proplr uaffr brrn sayvnt ‘uvs
svncr ‘ur ‘vmr os ‘ur n’clrar ‘rs‘s:5 – and ‘urrr vs a dantrr
‘ua‘ proos mvtu‘ onr day br ob‘avnrd wv‘u ’nrxprc‘rd
finalv‘yB
burrr vs lv‘‘lr wondrr ‘ua‘ gr rawpayrr’s ffrxa‘von wv‘u
kakvs‘an was no‘ dvmvnvsurd by ‘ur addrrss, brca’sr gr
auarvs s‘a‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘M’rvnt ‘alks vn tauorr c ‘old cndvan
prvmr mvnvs‘rr rawpayrr ‘ua‘ wr uaffr acuvrffrd no‘uvnt
‘uro’tu war, and as‘rr rffrry war wr moffrd ‘o ano‘urr
war’B buvs vs mvndArrrlvnt s‘’ff, on ‘ur samr lrffrl as cndva’s
con‘rn‘von ‘ua‘ v‘ rxplodrd n’clrar bombs vn ordrr ‘o
s’r‘urr ‘ur ca’sr os n’clrar dvsarmamrn‘B Mrrp ‘alkvnt ‘o
drrp, obffvo’slyB arnrral bala‘ gasood, satacvo’s as rffrr,
wro‘r ‘ua‘M
 bur Tartvl crvsvs uas oncr atavn rxposrd ‘ur
bankr’p‘cy os kakvs‘an’s na‘vonal polvcyB lffrn‘s vn
and aro’nd Tartvl bro’tu‘ cndva and kakvs‘an
dantrro’sly closr ‘o an allAo’‘ war, dral‘ a
sua‘‘rrvnt blow ‘o ‘ur pracr procrss, uaffr donr
vmmrnsr damatr ‘o ‘ur alrrady sal‘rrvnt
rconomy, vsola‘rd kakvs‘an vn‘rrna‘vonally, and
proffrd uvtuly dvffvsvffr vn‘rrnallyB:A

And Mr galrrua toduv, analysvnt ‘ur affavr vn a wvdrA

rantvnt doc’mrn‘, vncl’drd ‘ur obsrrffa‘vons ‘ua‘M

bur savl’rr ‘o obwrc‘vffrly assrss na‘vonal s‘rrnt‘us

and ff’lnrrabvlv‘vrs d’rvnt ‘ur Tartvl crvsvs was vn
lartr par‘ a consrq’rncr os BBB ’ns‘r’c‘’rrd,
prrsonalvsrd drcvsvonAmakvnt, and lrd ‘o ‘ur
affovdablr dvploma‘vc drbaclr B B B cn ’svnt wv‘u an
vn‘rrna‘vonal a’dvrncr ‘ur samr propatanda
‘rcunvq’rs and ‘ools, rffrn vdvom, ‘ua‘ ‘ur
toffrrnmrn‘ brlvrffrs srrffrs v‘ so wrll vn ‘ur
domrs‘vc spurrr proffrd ’‘‘rrly and prrdvc‘ably
co’n‘rrprod’c‘vffr BBB
cn ‘ur pos‘ATartvl sv‘’a‘von, kakvs‘an sacrs
crv‘vcal cuovcrs on bo‘u domrs‘vc and rx‘rrnal
sron‘s B B B kolvcy clarv‘y vs ’rtrn‘ly nrrdrd abo’‘
wuvcu dvrrc‘von ‘ur lradrrsuvp wan‘s ‘o ‘akr ‘ur
co’n‘ryB klayvnt uoly warrvors ‘uvs wrrk and mrn
os pracr ‘ur nrx‘ br‘rays an vnfirmv‘y and
vnsvncrrv‘y os p’rposr ‘ua‘ lraffrs ‘ur co’n‘ry
lradrrlrss and dvrrc‘vonlrssB h’‘ vs flvpAflops and
toffrrnmrn‘ by m’ddlvnt ‘uro’tu, c’m polvcy
 rrffrrsal con‘vn’rs, ‘ur dantrrs ‘o kakvs‘an’s
s‘abvlv‘y wvll only mo’n‘B:7

bursr sobrrvnt obsrrffa‘vons (m’cu rrsrn‘rd by ‘ur auarvs

bro‘urrs and ‘urvr urncumrn0 arr applvcablr ‘o
toffrrnmrn‘ dvrrc‘von os ‘ur armrd sorcrs, and sur no‘rs
‘ua‘ v‘ was only on ‘ur rffr os gr auarvs’s ffvsv‘ ‘o
sasuvnt‘on ‘ua‘ ‘urrr was a mrr‘vnt os ‘ur Mrsrncr
Lommv‘‘rr os ‘ur Labvnr‘ (MLL0 wuvcu, almos‘
’nbrlvrffably, was ‘ur firs‘ os ‘ur yrarB:C c‘ vs rssrn‘val ‘ua‘
‘ur uvturr dvrrc‘von os war suo’ld br ’ndrrs‘ood by ‘uosr
vn toffrrnmrn‘ wuosr d’‘y v‘ vs ‘o dvrrc‘ ‘ur armrd sorcrs
(wurn drmocracy rr‘’rns0 and ‘ua‘ ‘ur rn‘vrr command
and con‘rol sys‘rm os ‘ur srrffvcrs br rrs‘r’c‘’rrd, as
o’‘lvnrd brlowB
ta‘rr commrn‘ and analysrs concrrnvnt ‘ur Tartvl
rpvsodr uaffr brrn vn ‘ur mavn morr vn sorrow ‘uan vn
antrr, a‘ lras‘ wv‘uvn kakvs‘an, b’‘ ‘uosr vmatvnvnt ‘ua‘ ‘ur
mrmovrs os krrsvdrn‘ g’suarras wo’ld ‘urow lvtu‘ on wua‘
uapprnrd wrrr ‘o br cons’srd and dvsappovn‘rd vn rq’al
mras’rrB TZs lsws nrwspaprr os 5 Yc‘obrr D66A
rncaps’la‘rd srrlvnt by obsrrffvnt ‘ua‘M

krrsvdrn‘ g’suarras’s book:a srrms ‘o uaffr

oprnrd ’p a ffrrv‘ablr kandora’s box on many
con‘roffrrsval ma‘‘rrsB Ynr os ‘urm [vsk Tartvl on
wuvcu wr now uaffr a‘ lras‘ ‘urrr ffrrsvons –
krrsvdrn‘ g’suarras’s, prvmr mvnvs‘rr Nawaz
auarvs’s and cndva’sB avffrn ‘ua‘ all ‘urrr dvffrr
ffas‘ly srom racu o‘urr – vn cndva, as was ‘o br
rxprc‘rd, ‘ur prrsvdrn‘’s ffrrsvon uas brrn
dvsmvssrd as a pack os ’n‘r’‘us – v‘ vs only
rrasonablr ‘ua‘ ‘urrr br an vmpar‘val vnq’vry
cond’c‘rd vn‘o wua‘ uapprnrd vn 1aaa so ‘ua‘ ‘ur
proplr os kakvs‘an a‘ lras‘ know wua‘ ac‘’ally
uapprnrd and wua‘ ‘ur ‘r’‘u vsB cn uvs book, ‘ur
prrsvdrn‘ pavn‘s Tartvl as a brvllvan‘ manor’ffrr
wuvcu srom a p’rrly mvlv‘ary and s‘ra‘rtvc povn‘ os
ffvrw was an o’‘s‘andvnt ‘ac‘vc wuvcu urlprd brvnt
‘ur Tasumvr dvsp’‘r ‘o ‘ur world’s a‘‘rn‘vonB gr
auarvs, ‘ur cndvans and ‘uosr vn amont ‘ur pacvfis‘
and an‘vAwar ranks vn ‘uvs co’n‘ry uaffr a
complr‘rly dvffrrrn‘ ‘akr on ‘uvs art’vnt ‘ua‘ v‘
was badly rxrc’‘rd, nrrdlrssly cos‘ly vn ‘ua‘
u’ndrrds dvrd sor no rffrn‘’al s‘ra‘rtvc tavn and
‘ua‘ sar srom brvntvnt cndva ‘o ‘ur nrto‘va‘vnt
‘ablr (on Tasumvr0, v‘ almos‘ proffokrd ano‘urr
war br‘wrrn ‘ur ‘wo nrvtubo’rsB cn o‘urr words,
‘uosr wuo opposr ‘ur prrsvdrn‘’s assrssmrn‘ os
Tartvl say ‘ua‘ ‘ur pracr procrss brtan and
con‘vn’rs no‘ brca’sr os Tartvl b’‘ drspv‘r v‘B
Ynr uas ‘o say ‘ua‘ as‘rr Tartvl rndrd, ‘ur
cndvan svdr dvd a‘ lras‘ uold an vnq’vry vn‘o v‘ and
s‘ock was ‘akrn os ffarvo’s vn‘rllvtrncr bl’ndrrsB
No s’cu ‘uvnt uapprnrd vn kakvs‘an, wv‘u proplr
dvffvdrd, somr callvnt v‘ a mawor and vmprrssvffr
mvlv‘ary ‘ac‘vc wuvlr many o‘urrs saw v‘ as
somr‘uvnt nrrdlrss ‘ua‘ wo’ld ’nnrcrssarvly
proffokr a lartrr and m’cuAbr‘‘rr armrd
nrvtubo’r BBB Tartvl may uaffr brrn con‘roffrrsval
and crr‘avnly uas v‘s dr‘rac‘ors b’‘ v‘ was an
vmpor‘an‘ rpvsodr vn ‘uvs co’n‘ry’s uvs‘ory and ‘ur
proplr os kakvs‘an nrrd ‘o know ‘ur ‘r’‘u abo’‘ v‘B
buvs wvll also lay ‘o rrs‘ all clavms and co’n‘rrA
clavms os ‘uosr wuo wvsu vll os kakvs‘an and
brlvrffr ‘ua‘ v‘ uas somr‘uvnt ‘o uvdr on TartvlB
bur rdv‘orval was a rrasonablr plra sor a moffr ‘o
‘ransparrncy, b’‘ vs ’nlvkrly ‘o uaffr any rffrc‘ no ma‘‘rr
wua‘ drmocra‘vc toffrrnmrn‘ acuvrffrs powrr vn kakvs‘an,
‘urrr brvnt no drsvrr on ‘ur par‘ os mos‘ proplr ‘o rock a
ffrry srnsv‘vffr boa‘B c‘ vs s‘rantr ‘ua‘ ‘uosr vnffolffrd a‘ a
uvtu lrffrl, bo‘u polv‘vcal and mvlv‘ary, uaffr rrsravnrd srom
dvff’ltvnt dr‘avls os wua‘ wrn‘ onB buvs vs possvbly brca’sr
‘urrr wrrr so srw proplr prvffy ‘o ‘ur affavr and so srw
dr‘avls ‘o tvffr, anywayB
cn 1aaa, a kakvs‘anv srnvor officrr56 and uvs wvsr s‘ayrd
wv‘u my wvsr and c vn o’r uo’srB A‘ ‘ua‘ ‘vmr c was wrv‘vnt
abo’‘ Tartvl, as was ‘ur ra‘urr br‘‘rrAknown (and, ‘o br
srank, m’cu br‘‘rr0 a’‘uor, rvc‘orva acuofirld, wuo was
’pda‘vnt urr book on TasumvrB51 sr uad rxcuantrd nrws
and ffvrws on ‘ur s’bwrc‘ and uad comr ‘o ‘ur concl’svon
‘ua‘ ‘ur officval ffrrsvon comvnt o’‘ os kakvs‘an a‘ ‘ur
rarlvrs‘ s‘atr – ‘ua‘ ‘ur sorcr ‘ua‘ uad crossrd ‘ur tvnr os
Lon‘rol was composrd os mvlv‘an‘s – srrmrd brlvrffablrB c‘
was, wr ‘uo’tu‘, a s‘rantr, prruaps srmvAaccvdrn‘al
sv‘’a‘von ‘ua‘ uad to‘ o’‘ os uand, and c mrn‘vonrd ‘uvs ‘o
‘ur trnrralB or t’ffawrd r’rs’lly and savd ‘ua‘ ur wvsurd
‘ua‘ wrrr ‘r’rB or uad brrn a‘ a mrr‘vnt a‘ aol cuavrrd
by arnrral g’suarras and a‘‘rndrd by all os ‘ur mos‘
srnvor officrrs, vncl’dvnt ‘ur avr and naffy cuvrss, a‘ wuvcu v‘
was apparrn‘ ‘ua‘ almos‘ nobody, no‘ rffrn ‘ur urads os ‘ur
o‘urr arrffvcrs and mos‘ os ‘ur prvncvpal s‘aff officrrs vn
aol, os wuom my t’rs‘ was onr, uad brrn ‘old abo’‘ ‘ur
oprra‘von brsorr v‘ brtanB O’r‘urr, ur savd, ‘urrr may uaffr
brrn a srw mvlv‘an‘s vnffolffrd, b’‘ v‘ was almos‘ rn‘vrrly an
army affavr al‘uo’tu, s‘rvc‘ly sprakvnt, ‘ur Nor‘urrn tvtu‘
cnsan‘ry wrrr no‘ rrt’lar ‘roops os ‘ur kakvs‘an Army, b’‘
vn ‘urory s’bordvna‘r ‘o ‘ur cn‘rrvor gvnvs‘ryB buvs was
as‘onvsuvnt nrwsN and as‘rr o’r t’rs‘s wrn‘ ‘o brd c
‘rlrpuonrd rvc‘orva ‘o warn urr ‘ua‘ wr wrrr bo‘u vn
dantrr os lookvnt a bv‘ svlly vs wr p’rs’rd o’r prrsrn‘ lvnrB
sr co’ld no‘ vndvca‘r ‘ur so’rcr b’‘ wr uad o‘urr ways os
curckvnt, and v‘ q’vckly brcamr apparrn‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur
oprra‘von uad brrn a nonsrnsr wuosr ‘ac‘vcal rxrc’‘von
may uaffr brrn rfficvrn‘ rno’tu, b’‘ wuosr rffrc‘ was
rn‘vrrly nrta‘vffr vn rffrry wayM prosrssvonally, polv‘vcally,
s‘ra‘rtvcally and vn‘rrna‘vonallyB c‘ vs amazvnt ‘ua‘ arnrral
g’suarras was ablr ‘o co’n‘ on so m’cu mvlv‘ary loyal‘y
la‘rr vn ‘ur yrar wurn ur drposrd ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘B

C ttTr C argYl
cn 1aaa ‘ur co’n‘ry was sar srom s‘ablrM corr’p‘von
con‘vn’rd on a massvffr scalr, ‘ur rconomy was vn ‘a‘‘rrs
and ‘ur r’lr os law was all b’‘ drs’nc‘B bur ‘An‘vAbrrrorvsm
Ac‘ 1aa7 (Amrndmrn‘0 Yrdvnancr’ was rrprrssvffr and
rrmvnvscrn‘ os ‘ur wors‘ prrvods os mar‘val lawB krrss
srrrdom was ’ndrr con‘vn’o’s ‘urra‘, and v‘ was only
vn‘rrna‘vonal o’‘ratr ‘ua‘ rrs’l‘rd vn ‘ur rrlrasr os ‘ur
co’ratro’s p’blvsurr and rdv‘or, Nawam ar‘uv, and
crssa‘von os uarassmrn‘ os ffarvo’s nrwspaprrs, rsprcvally
‘ur dant aro’pB Accordvnt ‘o o’man Rvtu‘s sa‘cuM

bur toffrrnmrn‘ finally cuartrd ar‘uv on d’nr 1

wv‘u srdv‘von, promo‘vnt comm’nal rnmv‘y,
condrmnvnt ‘ur crra‘von os kakvs‘an and
adffoca‘vnt ‘ur abolv‘von os v‘s soffrrrvtn‘y, and
ffvola‘vnt ‘ur krrffrn‘von os An‘vANa‘vonal Ac‘vffv‘vrs
Ac‘B bur cuartrs wrrr wv‘udrawn a day la‘rr, as‘rr
‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ savlrd ‘o prod’cr rffvdrncr brsorr
‘ur a’prrmr Lo’r‘ w’s‘vsyvnt ar‘uv’s dr‘rn‘von and
sollowvnt vn‘rrna‘vonal condrmna‘von os ‘ur
drmons‘rably vllrtal manor’ffrrs by ‘ur
toffrrnmrn‘B Al‘uo’tu ar‘uv was rrlrasrd on D
d’nr, ‘ur a’‘uorv‘vrs srvzrd uvs passpor‘ and uvs
wvsr’s bank acco’n‘sB Yn D:‘u d’nr, Zasar Alv
 auau, ‘ur parlvamrn‘ary srcrr‘ary sor
parlvamrn‘ary affavrs, filrd a pr‘v‘von wv‘u ‘ur
cuvrs rlrc‘von commvssvonrr srrkvnt an vnq’vry
vn‘o ar‘uv’s rrlvtvo’s s‘a‘’sB auau s’ttrs‘rd ‘ua‘
vs ar‘uv wrrr so’nd ‘o br a nonAg’slvm, ur suo’ld
losr uvs rvtu‘ ‘o ffo‘rB5D

c‘ apprarrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ os Nawaz auarvs wo’ld to

‘o almos‘ any lrnt‘us ‘o drs‘roy ‘uosr wuo opposrd v‘ or
rffrn commrn‘rd adffrrsrly on v‘s rrra‘vc prrsormancrB
cn arp‘rmbrr 1aaa, hrnazvr hu’‘‘o and urr u’sband
wrrr so’nd t’vl‘y vn kakvs‘an os corr’p‘von vnffolffvnt drals
wv‘u a awvss companyB gs hu’‘‘o uad brrn offrrsras svncr
Aprvl, and drcvdrd ‘o rrmavn o’‘ os ‘ur co’n‘ryB orr
u’sband was alrrady vn prvson vn kakvs‘an and rrmavnrd
‘urrr ’n‘vl srrrd on bavl vn D66:B Accordvnt ‘o a hhL
rrpor‘M ‘aoon as‘rr ‘ur conffvc‘von, a’dvo‘aprs os
conffrrsa‘vons br‘wrrn ‘ur w’dtr and somr ‘op avdrs os
‘urn krvmr gvnvs‘rr Nawaz auarvs wrrr dvscoffrrrd ‘ua‘
suowrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur w’dtr uad brrn ’ndrr prrss’rr ‘o
conffvc‘B’59
bur ‘urra‘s madr atavns‘ ‘ur ldv‘or os TZs lsws,
Rawalpvndv, Mr galrrua toduv, by a mrmbrr os ‘ur
toffrrnmrn‘ wrrr bvzarrr, and rrsrmblrd ‘uosr os ‘ur Nazvs
atavns‘ ‘ur arrman krrss vn ‘ur mvdA1a96sB burrr was a
na‘vonwvdr s‘rvkr ca’srd by proposals ‘o vns‘v‘’‘r a salrs
‘axB rvolrncr atavns‘ womrn was ac‘’ally rndorsrd by ‘ur
r’lvnt par‘y, and o’man Rvtu‘s sa‘cu rrcordrd ‘ua‘M ‘Yn
A’t’s‘ 9, ‘ur kakvs‘anv arna‘r ffo‘rd ‘o block drba‘r offrr a
dras‘ rrsol’‘von condrmnvnt vncvdrn‘s os ffvolrncr atavns‘
womrnB Ynly so’r mrmbrrs os ‘ur arna‘r ffo‘rd vn saffo’r os
dvsc’ssvnt ‘ur dras‘, v‘srls a s’bs‘an‘val dvl’‘von os an
rarlvrr ‘rx‘ ‘ua‘ sprcvfically condrmnrd [gs aamvak
aarwar’s m’rdrr [a soAcallrd “oono’r kvllvnt”kB’5:
 bur toffrrnmrn‘’s avm apprarrd ‘o br ‘o rn’ncva‘r
trandvosr prowrc‘s os wuvcu no‘uvnt morr was urard as‘rr
uradlvnrs uaffr brrn ob‘avnrdB burrr was no crrdvblr
polv‘vcal Ypposv‘von, and rrlvtvo’s mvlv‘ancy was on ‘ur
rvsrB55 bur mvlv‘ary wrrr cons’srd, b’‘ al‘uo’tu rrsrn‘s’l
os auarvs’s cond’c‘ v‘ srrmrd ‘ua‘ ‘ury wrrr prrparrd ‘o
lvffr wv‘u v‘B Lrr‘avnly nonr os ‘ur srnvor officrrs a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr
uas vndvca‘rd o‘urrwvsr, and onr wondrrs wur‘urr ‘urrr
wo’ld uaffr brrn an army ‘akroffrr uad Nawaz auarvs no‘
drcvdrd ‘o appovn‘ a nrw army cuvrs wuvlr g’suarras was
offrrsrasB

N btTs
1
arnrral Tarama‘ ‘o a’‘uor, D9 A’t’s‘ 1aaaB

D
arnrral Tarama‘ ‘o a’‘uor, DD A’t’s‘ 1aaaB

9
bur ca and srffrral o‘urr co’n‘rvrs wrrr awarr os dr‘avl
concrrnvnt ‘ur n’clrar protrammrB c‘ was s’rprvsvnt –
and sascvna‘vnt – w’s‘ uow m’cu was knownB bur ca, vn
consrq’rncr os ‘uvs knowlrdtr and Lontrrssvonal
rrq’vrrmrn‘s, uad ‘o c’r‘avl all avdB Y‘urr co’n‘rvrs dvd
no‘ uaffr s’cu lrtvsla‘von and co’ld con‘vn’r as vs ‘urrr
wrrr no n’clrar protrammr, al‘uo’tu ‘ury cond’c‘rd a
rob’s‘ dvploma‘vc campavtn bruvnd ‘ur scrnrsB bur aAC,
and rsprcvally dapan, wrrr mos‘ ac‘vffrB cn Lanbrrra ‘ur
a’‘uor, on rr‘’rnvnt srom a ffvsv‘ ‘o kakvs‘an vn arp‘rmbrr
1aC5 as t’rs‘ os arnrral Zva, a‘‘rndrd an vn‘rllvtrncr
brvrfint sor ‘ur Luvrs os ‘ur arnrral a‘aff a‘ wuvcu ca
vmatrry os n’clrar sacvlv‘vrs was suownB

:
A ca drfinv‘von, as coffrrrd vn mos‘ adffancrd mvlv‘ary
collrtrsB

5
Lorrrspondrncr wv‘u ‘ur a’‘uor, 1C A’t’s‘ 1aaaB

A
‘kakvs‘an Army Luvrs q’v‘s amvds‘ con‘roffrrsy’, Andrrw
ovll, Rr’‘rrs, 19MD5, 16A67AaCB

7
krrss Rrlrasr by ‘ur Mvrrc‘ora‘r arnrral os cn‘rr arrffvcr
k’blvc Rrla‘vons (cakR0, A Yc‘obrr 1aaCB

C
arr ‘ur rxcrllrn‘ curonoloty vn Lravt hax‘rr - Luarlrs
Trnnrdy (rds0, aak[staa ,000 , Yck, D661N also T’x, D661B
bur cgO cancrllrd a mvssvon ‘o kakvs‘an vn Yc‘obrr 1aaC
b’‘ vn Noffrmbrr ‘ur ca lran‘ on ‘ur cgOCsh and a $5B5
bvllvon bavlo’‘ packatr was arrantrdB

a
bur ovtu Lommvssvonrr, ‘uro’tu no sa’l‘ os uvs own, dvd
no‘ know ‘ua‘ ‘ur hrv‘vsu krvmr gvnvs‘rr wo’ld call on
auarvs ‘o say a srw words – b’‘ no‘ a sprrcu as s’cu – a‘ a
l’ncuron vn Mownvnt a‘rrr‘B auarvs, vnar‘vc’la‘r as rffrr,
was s’rvo’sB bur ovtu Lommvssvonrr was sackrdB

16
Orom wuvcu ur was appovn‘rd kakvs‘an’s ambassador ‘o
‘ur ca vn D66:, an admvrablr cuovcrB

11
Lonffrrsa‘von wv‘u ‘ur a’‘uorB

1D
arr u‘‘pMCCwwwBprrsvdrn‘ospakvs‘anBtoffBpkChvotrapuyBaspx
19
‘kowrr companvrs ‘o br uandrd offrr ‘o army’, TZs lsws,
D9 Yc‘obrr 1aaCB

1:
‘brx‘ os kakvs‘an Armrd Oorcrs Yrdvnancr, 1aaC’, aawa ,
D1 Noffrmbrr 1aaCB

15
‘bur Lons‘v‘’‘von os ‘ur cslamvc Rrp’blvc os kakvs‘an’,
rdv‘rd and vn‘rod’crd by gakudoom Alv Tuan, kakvs‘an
taw oo’sr, Taracuv, 1aa6B bur 1:‘u Amrndmrn‘ c’r‘avlrd
‘ur powrrs os ‘ur krrsvdrn‘, ‘ur 15‘u so’tu‘ ‘o rs‘ablvsu
‘ur ‘a’prrmacy os ‘ur l’ran and a’nnau’ (srr
‘cmplvca‘vons os ‘ur 15‘u Amrndmrn‘, Asma dauantvr, TZs
lsws , 19 arp‘rmbrr 1aaC0, and s’r‘urr rrs‘rvc‘von was
placrd on ‘ur krrsvdrn‘ on D: Mrcrmbrr 1aaC (srr
‘krrsvdrn‘’s powrrs s’r‘urr c’r‘avlrd’, TZs lat[ba , D5
Mrcrmbrr 1aaC0B

1A
‘kakvs‘an kg bows ‘o r’lvnt atavns‘ mvlv‘ary co’r‘s’, Rawa
Astuar, Rr’‘rrs, 11M1D, 61A1aAaaB

17
‘kakvs‘an kg calls sor balvbanAs‘ylr laws’, Andrrw ovll,
Rr’‘rrs, 6CM56, 11A17AaCB

1C
Rrpor‘ os a conffrrsa‘von br‘wrrn a hrv‘vsu ffvsv‘or ‘o
kakvs‘an and ‘wo m’wauvdrrn vn avltv‘ vn d’ly, s’pplvrd ‘o
‘ur a’‘uor on 1A A’t’s‘ 1aaaB bury uad brrn vn mvlv‘an‘s’
camps vn Astuanvs‘an d’rvnt ‘ur ca cr’vsr mvssvlr a‘‘acks
and s‘a‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘urrr wrrr ‘hrv‘vsu g’slvms’ amonts‘ ‘ur
m’wauvdrrn a‘ Tartvl, a clavm s’ppor‘rd by a srnvor officrr
os RAs vn Nrw Mrluv vn a ‘rlrpuonr conffrrsa‘von wv‘u ‘ur
a’‘uor, D: A’t’s‘ 1aaaB

1a
asl[asat[ba bt tZs L[as bt Cbatrbl [a Aammu aar hasZm[r
cssult[aY trbm tZs Csass N[rs L[as bt +1 ascsmbsr +91+,
[a Accbrraacs w[tZ tZs d[mla AYrssmsat bt , Aull +91,
(cN Moc’mrn‘ da‘rd 11 Mrcrmbrr 1a7DB bur a’‘uor uas
copy NoB 1:B0

D6
hammv, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral YBgB, harY[l, TZs @mcrsYaabls
Cbadusrsr , aorkua k’blvsurrs, Mrluv, D66D vs 55C patrs
os rrlrn‘lrss pravsr sor cndvan sorcrs, b’‘ vn ‘ur casr os
kakvs‘an ar‘vllrry vs prruaps a ‘rvflr vnacc’ra‘r wurn
s‘a‘vnt ‘ua‘ vn A’t’s‘ 1aaC ‘urrr wrrr ‘Luvnrsr mannvnt
kakvs‘anv t’ns’B

D1
@b[rB, ppB :aDA9B arnrral hammv povn‘s o’‘ ‘ua‘ hrvtadvrr
a’rvndrr avntu was crv‘vcvzrd by ‘ur Tartvl Rrffvrw
Lommv‘‘rr vn v‘s Rrpor‘B c‘ apprars ‘ur hrvtadvrr was ‘ur
only officrr vn ‘ur rn‘vrr cndvan Army wuo prrsormrd
vnadrq’a‘rlyB hammv povn‘s o’‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur Lommv‘‘rr ‘dvd
no‘ commrn‘ ’pon ‘ur ‘urra‘ assrssmrn‘s os uvs uvturr
commandrrs and uow [‘ury wrrrk monv‘orvnt [‘ur
sv‘’a‘vonk’B arr also ‘Nrw Luvrs sor Army’ by kraffrrn
awamv vn Nrbatl[asos 1CA91 dan’ary D669 a‘
u‘‘pMCCwwwBflonnr‘BcomCflD66DCs‘orvrsCD6696191665:69:6
6Bu‘m

DD
arr, sor rxamplr,
u‘‘pMCCwwwBso’‘uasvanmrdvaBnr‘Cvndrxlopvnvon:BcsmHvdA
9C977 sor commrn‘ by Tanwar aandu’ os ‘ur ovnd’s‘an
bvmrs , : A’t’s‘ D66:B
D9
‘cndvan wr‘s firr on Tasumvr’, Ar‘u’r gax, Assocva‘rd krrss
AkANYA65ADAAaa 1D5A lMbB

D:
‘Tasumvr wv‘u a capv‘al N’, hrvan Llo’tulry, Caabsrra
T[mss, A’s‘ralva, 5 d’ly 1aaaB

D5
‘Tartvl sarM ha‘‘lrsron‘’, oarvndrr hawrwa, @ar[a bral,
T 1D
d’ly 1aaaB

DA
‘Tasumvrv gvlv‘an‘s Mvsmvss Yffrr’, Ta‘uy aannon,
Assocva‘rd krrss, AkANYA6AA69Aaa DD5DlMbB

D7
‘auarvs rrsponsvblr sor attrrssvon’, TZs H[aru, 9 d’nr
1aaaB

DC
‘bur Tartvl ayndromr’, @ar[a bral,
T 5 A’t’s‘ 1aaaB

Da
arnrral hammv s‘a‘rs ‘ua‘ ‘‘ur award [os a drcora‘vonk ‘o
only onr lvr’‘rnan‘ colonrl os vnsan‘ry vndvca‘rs ‘ua‘ as‘rr
vnv‘vally drployvnt ‘urvr ’nv‘s, ‘ur Lommandvnt Yfficrrs
[LYsk os kakvs‘an Army dvd no‘ comr sorward ‘o fitu‘ or
dvrrc‘ oprra‘vonsB’ buvs vs no‘ only an ’nsrrmly and ff’ltar
vns’l‘ b’‘ vs r’bbvsu, mvlv‘arvlyB Oor a LY ‘o comr sorward
and ‘fitu‘ or dvrrc‘ oprra‘vons’ ’nlrss ur vs mo’n‘vnt a
ba‘‘alvon a‘‘ack vs ‘o vn‘rrsrrr wv‘u uvs company and
pla‘oon commandrrsB cs a LY uas ‘o ’sr uvs prrsonal
wrapon vn a ba‘‘lr, ‘urrr vs somr‘uvnt ffrry badly wrontB
buvs sor‘ os nonsrnsr brtan vn rvr‘nam, wurn ’nv‘ and
rffrn brvtadr commandrrs ’srd urlvcop‘rrs ‘o uoffrr nrar
pla‘oon rntatrmrn‘s and ‘uoro’tuly cons’sr ‘uvnts by
tvffvnt ordrrs ‘o uardAprrssrd s’bal‘rrnsB kakvs‘anv LYs
wrrr dovnt wua‘ LYs o’tu‘ ‘o doM ffvsv‘vnt ‘ur ‘roops
wurnrffrr possvblr and dvrrc‘vnt war a‘ ba‘‘alvon lrffrlB
bur s‘andard and crrdvbvlv‘y os hammv’s book can br
s’mmrd ’p vn uvs s‘a‘rmrn‘ ‘ua‘ ‘bur oprra‘vons os a
gauar and 19 T’maon BBB suowrd ‘ua‘ wv‘u adrq’a‘r
plannvnt kakvs‘anv ‘roops can br drsra‘rd vn any ‘rrravnB
cnsor‘’na‘rly, oprra‘vons os 9 Rawp’‘ dvd no‘ to wrllB’ h’‘
ur dorsn’‘ say wua‘ uapprnrd ‘o 9 Rawp’‘B

96
burrr arr balancrd acco’n‘s os ‘ur Tartvl affavr vn
aawan‘, aa’raff, aatsl[as harY[l , gacmvllan cndva, D666,
and hawrwa, oarvndrr, A dblr[sr’s a[arlhooks boday, Nrw
Mrluv D666B A kakvs‘anv book, gazarv, Mr auvrrrn, TZs
harY[l Cbax[ct +999 , cns‘v‘’‘r os a‘ra‘rtvc a‘’dvrs,
cslamabad, D669, vs on a par wv‘u Trvsuna, gawor arnrral
(rr‘d0 Asuok and Luarv, Mr kBRB (rds0, harY[l: TZsablss T
Turasr, ganouar, Nrw Mrluv, D666, wuvcu, wv‘u rrrma,
gawor arnrral Asuok, harY[l: 7lbbr ba tZs dabw ,
ganouar, Nrw Mrluv, D666, arr wrll rrffvrwrd by ABaB
Nooranv vn Nrbatl[asos DD Noffrmbrr ‘o 5 Mrcrmbrr D669
(
u‘‘pMCCwwwBsron‘lvnronnr‘BcomCflD6D:Cs‘orvrsCD6691D6566
6567966Bu‘m0B Y‘urr rssrn‘val rradvnt vs auarma,
Rawrndra TB, auarma, YBTB and auarma, RBNB, TZs harY[l
Nar: A daYa bt a atr[bt[sm, au’buv k’blvca‘vons, Nrw
Mrluv, D666N and brllvs, Asulry, Oavr, Lurvs‘vnr and grdby,
damvson do, L[m[tsr Cbax[ct uarsr tZs luclsar tmbrslla:
@ar[aa aar ak[staa[
a Lsssbas trbm tZs harY[l Cr[s[s , Rand,
D661B avntu, daswv‘ (rdB0, harY[l: ak[staa’s
a NburtZ Nar,
ao’‘u Asva hooks, Nrw Mrluv, 1aaa adds somr o‘urr
prrsprc‘vffrsB

91
bur scandal offrr corr’p‘von vn acq’vrvnt rq’vpmrn‘
con‘vn’rd sor yrarsB arr ‘Tartvl acamM a’prrmr Lo’r‘
asks Mrsrncr gvnvs‘ry ‘o filr s‘a‘’s rrpor‘’, Outlbbk @ar[a
,
19 A’t’s‘ D667B
u‘‘pMCCwwwBo’‘lookvndvaBcomCp‘vlnrwsBaspHvdd:a5:AD

9D
kYO vs a kakvs‘an s’ccrss s‘oryB krobably v‘s mos‘
o’‘s‘andvnt Luavrman (os somr ffrry uvtuAtradr officrrs
wuo occ’pvrd ‘ur posv‘von0, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral bala‘
gasood, wuo la‘rr brcamr arcrr‘ary Mrsrncr krod’c‘von,
bro’tu‘ ‘ur ortanvza‘von ‘o a prak os rfficvrncyB c‘ dors
no‘ man’sac‘’rr ‘bvtA‘vckr‘’ v‘rms b’‘ concrn‘ra‘rs on
amm’nv‘von, sor wuvcu v‘ uas a svtnvfican‘ rxpor‘ markr‘,
and sparrs sor all ‘yprs os rq’vpmrn‘sB oraffy cnd’s‘rvrs
baxvla (ocb0 man’sac‘’rrs and ’ptradrs armo’rrd
fitu‘vnt ffruvclrsB

99
‘bur lartrr p’rposr vn Tartvl’, TZs H[aru, 5 d’nr 1aaaB
arnrral Ratuaffan vs Mvrrc‘or os ‘ur Mrluv kolvcy aro’p
and a sormrr MagYB ovs col’mns vn TZs H[aruarr always
wor‘u rradvnt, brvnt wvsr and s’ccvnc‘B

9:
‘kakvs‘an ’rtrs ’rtrn‘ world s‘rps ‘o rnd rscala‘von’,
aawa , A d’nr 1aaaB

95
Mvploma‘vc and drsrncr a‘‘acué so’rcrs os srffrral
co’n‘rvrs ‘o ‘ur a’‘uor, d’nrAA’t’s‘ 1aaaB

9A
arnrral hammv clavms ‘ua‘ vn d’ly 1aaC ‘urrr was
‘Mrploymrn‘ os gA11 mvssvlrs a‘ Mrosav klavns’ by
kakvs‘anB bur gA11 vs ‘ur rxpor‘ ffrrsvon os ‘ur Luvnrsr
LaaA7, rssrn‘vally a ac’dAh, wuvcu uas a ‘ravlrrArrrc‘orA
la’ncurr 19B9A mr‘rrs lont and 9B69 mr‘rrs wvdrB bur
blt wrvtu‘s 97,:66 kt wv‘u mvssvlrB cn 1aaa ‘ur
approacurs ‘o ‘ur ‘rack across ‘ur Mrosav plavns wrrr
dvffic’l‘ sor a wrrp ‘o nrto‘va‘r, al‘uo’tu ‘ury wrrr la‘rr
vmproffrdB

97
Ynr os ‘ur vn‘rrrs‘vnt v‘rms vn a ‘rlrpuonr conffrrsa‘von
d’rvnt ‘ur conflvc‘ br‘wrrn arnrral g’suarras (vn Luvna0
and ‘ur Laa, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Azvz, rrcordrd by ‘ur
cndvans (‘ranscrvp‘ vn hammv, D66D, Annrx 150, vs ‘ua‘ ‘ur
sormrr vs urard ‘o say ‘[v‘k vs vn avmla Atrrrmrn‘ ‘ua‘ wr
canno‘ to sor cN vn‘rrffrn‘von’, wuvcu vs no‘ soB burrr vs
no‘uvnt vn ‘ur avmla Accord ‘ua‘ s‘a‘rs any s’cu ‘uvntB

9C
arr
u‘‘pMCCwwwBs’bcon‘vnrn‘BcomCsapraCmvlv‘aryCkartvl11Bu‘ml
q’o‘vnt ‘ur T[mss bt @ar[aon A and a d’ly 1aaaB

9a
arr, amont many o‘urr rrpor‘s a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr, ‘rawpayrr
‘’rns down Llvn‘on’s vnffv‘a‘von’, by dyo‘v galuo‘ra vn ‘ur
@ar[aa Mkcrsssos 5 d’ly 1aaaB
u‘‘pMCCwwwBvndvanrxprrssBcomCrrsCwrbCpcrCvrCdavlyC1aaa67
65Cvtr65669Bu‘ml

:6
ao’rcrs vn kakvs‘anB

:1
Rr’‘rrs, 6CM9C, 67A65AaaB

:D
‘Tasumvr comba‘an‘s makr conflvc‘vnt clavms’, Rr’‘rrs,
19M1a, 67A16AaaB
:9
‘Tartvl was a lapsrB oal‘ ‘ur crlrbra‘vons’, Mvnrsu T’mar,
T[mss bt @ar[a , 15 d’ly 1aaaB

::
brx‘ vn Rr’‘rrs rrpor‘, 1DM5A, 67A1DAaaB

:5
arr, sor rxamplr, ‘N’clrar RvskARrd’c‘von gras’rrs vn
Tasumvr’, hrvan Llo’tulry, a‘vmson Lrn‘rr, sasuvnt‘on
ML, Noffrmbrr 1aaCB Nrw rdv‘von vn Luap‘rr 7 os luclsar
c[sk csruct[ba [a dbutZ As[a, gvcuarl Trrpon (rdB0,
kaltraffr gacmvllan, D66:B

:A
‘trssons ‘o lrarn srom Tartvl’, aawa , 17 d’ly 1aaaB

:7
Mr galrrua toduv (sormrr ldv‘or os TZs lsws,
RawalpvndvN sormrr Ambassador ‘o ‘ur caN appovn‘rd
ovtu Lommvssvonrr vn tondon D6690, ‘bur Tartvl Lrvsvs’,
lswsl[as, d’ly 1aaaB A mos‘ vmpor‘an‘ analysvs, as mvtu‘
br rxprc‘rd srom ‘uvs tvs‘rd p’blvc fit’rrB

:C
A mrr‘vnt os ‘ur MLL on D5 A’t’s‘ 1aaa drlvffrrrd,
amonts‘ o‘urr banalv‘vrs, ‘ur obsrrffa‘von ‘ua‘ ‘c‘ vs no‘rd
‘ua‘ cndva’s vn‘rn‘von ‘o to aurad wv‘u ‘ur drploymrn‘ and
oprra‘vonalvsa‘von [svck os v‘s n’clrar wrapons and drlvffrry
sys‘rms vs sra’tu‘ wv‘u srrvo’s rvsks and dantrrs no‘ only
sor ‘ur src’rv‘y os ‘ur rrtvon b’‘ ‘ur world a‘ lartrB’ sowB

:a
g’suarras, arnrral krrffrz, @a tZs L[as bt ,N[rs
avmon -
acu’s‘rr, D66AB bur rrsprc‘rd wrv‘rr ckram arutal
wrlcomrd ‘ur book b’‘ wro‘r ‘ua‘ ‘sv‘u o’may’n aa’uar,
uaffvnt abo’‘ ‘ur brs‘ lntlvsu amont kakvs‘anv col’mnvs‘s
a‘ ‘uvs ‘vmr, urlpvnt g’suarras wrv‘r uvs a’‘obvotrapuy,
‘ur book suo’ld no‘ s’ffrr sor wan‘ os l’cvdv‘y andCor
rxprrssvonB bur s‘a‘vnt os sac‘s vs a dvffrrrn‘ proposv‘vonB’

56
tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral druantvr Nasr’llau, lntvnrrrAvnALuvrs,
wuo dvrd, alas, vn gay D66AB

51
acuofirld, rvc‘orva, hasZm[r [a Cbax[ct, ch ba’rvs, D666B
ta‘rs‘ rdv‘von D669B

5D
o’man Rvtu‘s sa‘cu Nbrlr cscbrt +999 B
u‘‘pMCCwwwBurwBortCwrDkCAsvaA67Bu‘m Y‘urr obsrrffa‘vons
vncl’drdM ‘M’rvnt la‘r 1aaC and rarly 1aaa, ‘ur
toffrrnmrn‘ prrsvs‘rn‘ly ‘rvrd ‘o prrffrn‘ ‘ur dant tro’p os
nrwspaprrs srom p’blvsuvntB bur TaracuvAbasrd tro’p
vncl’drs dant, kakvs‘an’s lartrs‘ cvrc’la‘von crd’
nrwspaprr, and ‘ur Nrws cn‘rrna‘vonal, ‘ur co’n‘ry’s
srcondAlartrs‘ lntlvsuAlant’atr nrwspaprrB bur Ordrral
cnffrs‘vta‘von Atrncy ravdrd dant’s Rawalpvndv b’rra’ vn
mvdAMrcrmbrr 1aaC, ‘ur day as‘rr dant p’blvsurd a s‘ory
on a financval scandal vnffolffvnt ‘ur c‘‘rsaq tro’p os
companvrs ownrd by krvmr gvnvs‘rr auarvs’s samvlyB krvor
‘o ‘ur Mrcrmbrr ravd, ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ uad srozrn ‘ur dant
tro’p’s bank acco’n‘s, placrd dradlvnrs ’pon v‘ ‘o pay
lartr ‘axrs, crasrd toffrrnmrn‘ adffrr‘vsvnt, and wv‘uurld
s’pplvrs os toffrrnmrn‘Arrt’la‘rd nrwsprvn‘B bur
toffrrnmrn‘’s uarassmrn‘ os dant con‘vn’rd vn‘o rarly
Orbr’aryB’ buvs appallvnt bruaffvo’r vs vtnorrd by many
wuo s’ppor‘ ‘ur rr‘’rn ‘o polv‘vcs vn kakvs‘an os gr Nawaz
auarvsB

59
u‘‘pMCCnrwsBbbcBcoB’kCDCuvCso’‘ulasvaCDDDC7aABs‘m
5:
‘bur toffrrnmrn‘ rrpra‘rdly savlrd ‘o ’puold ‘ur cvffvl
lvbrr‘vrs os womrn or ‘o p’nvsu ‘uono’r kvllvnts’B cn onr
par‘vc’larly rtrrtvo’s casr, aamva aarwar was suo‘ and
kvllrd vn ‘ur tauorr officr os ‘ur Aaoa trtal Avd Lrll on A
Aprvl by a t’nman wuo uad apparrn‘ly brrn uvrrd by urr
samvlyB A rrsvdrn‘ os krsuawar vn ‘ur Nor‘u srs‘ Oron‘vrr
kroffvncr (NsOk0 and ‘ur da’tu‘rr os au’lam aarwar
Tuan goumand, prrsvdrn‘ os a local cuambrr os
commrrcr and vnd’s‘ry, aarwar uad ‘raffrllrd ‘o tauorr
‘ur prrffvo’s mon‘u ‘o ob‘avn a dvfforcr, offrr urr parrn‘s’
obwrc‘vonsB Al‘uo’tu ‘ur Ovrs‘ cnsorma‘von Rrpor‘ (OcR0
vncl’drd ‘urm vn ‘ur lvs‘ os ‘ur acc’srd, nrv‘urr aarwar’s
sa‘urr, mo‘urr, or ’nclr was arrrs‘rdB And drspv‘r s‘ront
and crrdvblr rffvdrncr lvnkvnt ‘urm ‘o ‘ur m’rdrr, ‘ur
vnffrs‘vta‘von rrpor‘ s’bmv‘‘rd by ‘ur polvcr concl’drd
‘ua‘ ‘urrr was no rffvdrncr os vnffolffrmrn‘ by aarwar’s
samvlyB’ o’man Rvtu‘s sa‘cu Nbrlr cscbrt +999 B

55
‘kakvs‘an cslamvc urad ’rtrs “coward” kg ‘o q’v‘’, csmavl
Tuan, Rr’‘rrs, 19M1A, 6CAD7AaaB
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bur anno’ncrmrn‘ on 1D Yc‘obrr 1aaa ‘ua‘ krvmr gvnvs‘rr
Nawaz auarvs uad sor ‘ur srcond ‘vmr dvsmvssrd an Army
Luvrs lrd ‘o a co’p ‘ua‘ cons’srd m’cu os ‘ur o’‘svdr world
as m’cu as v‘ was approffrd by mos‘ cv‘vzrns os kakvs‘anB c‘
was rssrn‘val, by ‘acv‘ vn‘rrna‘vonal conffrn‘von, ‘ua‘ ‘ur
toffrrnmrn‘’s dvsmvssal br crv‘vcvzrd by sorrvtn co’n‘rvrs
and vns‘v‘’‘vons, vn spv‘r os ‘ur sac‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ury wrrr all wrll
awarr ‘ua‘ ‘drmocra‘vc’ kakvs‘an was ‘u’ndrrvnt downuvll
morally, socvally and rconomvcallyB bur cnv‘rd a‘a‘rs
vmposrd morr sanc‘vons, ‘ur l’ropran cnvon rxprrssrd
‘drrp concrrn’, ‘ur cnv‘rd Na‘vons drclarrd ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an
m’s‘ ‘rrs‘orr cvffvlvan r’lr and ‘ur cons‘v‘’‘vonal procrss’,
‘ur sorld hank and ‘ur cn‘rrna‘vonal gonr‘ary O’nd
m’‘‘rrrd abo’‘ s‘oppvnt nrw drffrlopmrn‘ avd, and ‘ur
Lommonwral‘u s’sprndrd kakvs‘an’s mrmbrrsuvpB bur
s’‘’rr lookrd blrakB
Ynr vn‘rvt’vnt ‘uvnt abo’‘ ‘ur dvsmvssal os g’suarras
was ‘ua‘ only ‘wo wrrks brsorr auarvs ‘ook ac‘von ‘o tr‘ rvd
os uvm ur uad appovn‘rd uvm Luavrman os ‘ur dovn‘ Luvrss
os a‘aff Lommv‘‘rr (LdLaL0, wuvlr con‘vn’vnt ‘o uold uvs
army posv‘vonB or uad brrn madr Ac‘vnt LdLaL on C Aprvl
1aaa, wurn v‘ was anno’ncrd ur wo’ld srrffr vn ‘ur
posv‘von sor a yrar, b’‘ vn a s’rprvsvnt moffr auarvs
confirmrd and rx‘rndrd uvm vn ‘ur appovn‘mrn‘B
bur only o‘urr officrr ‘o uaffr urld bo‘u pos‘s was uvs
prrdrcrssor, arnrral Tarama‘, and, accordvnt ‘o sormrr
toffrrnmrn‘ fit’rrs vn officr a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr,D ‘ur rrason ‘ua‘
auarvs wan‘rd ‘o uaffr onr prrson uoldvnt ‘ur ‘wo
appovn‘mrn‘s was ‘ua‘ ur ‘uo’tu‘ v‘ rssrn‘val sor uvs own
src’rv‘y ‘o uaffr bo‘u vn ‘ur uands os onr plvablr vndvffvd’al
wuo wo’ld do prrcvsrly wua‘ ur wvsurdB Apparrn‘ly ur
consvdrrrd uvmsrls morr ‘urra‘rnrd by ‘ur rxvs‘rncr os ‘wo
srnvor fit’rrs ‘uan by onr wuo urld ‘wo appovn‘mrn‘sB bur
no‘von ‘ua‘ a Luavrman on uvs own co’ld posr a ‘urra‘ ‘o
‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ was and vs do’b‘s’lB or commands no
‘roops, and al‘uo’tu ’ndo’b‘rdly a man os s‘a‘’rr and
prrsonalv‘y – o‘urrwvsr ur wo’ldn’‘ br vn ‘ur pos‘ – v‘ vs
‘roops ‘ua‘ ma‘‘rr vs any puysvcal moffr vs ‘o br madr
atavns‘ ‘uosr uoldvnt polv‘vcal powrrB And, os morr
vmpor‘ancr, ‘ur no‘von ‘ua‘ somronr lvkr g’suarras, as
rv‘urr LYAa or vn bo‘u pos‘s, wo’ld s‘and asvdr lvmply vs an
vncrrasvntly paranovd prvmr mvnvs‘rr was ‘akvnt ‘ur
co’n‘ry ‘uro’tu cons‘v‘’‘vonal uoops was also
q’rs‘vonablrB ZBAB hu’‘‘o uad ‘uo’tu‘ Zva wo’ld br a
s’pvnr yrsAman, and Nawaz auarvs madr ‘ur samr mvs‘akr
abo’‘ g’suarrasB9
c‘ uad brrn ‘uo’tu‘ ‘ua‘ g’suarras wo’ld srrffr only a
‘okrn prrvod as Ac‘vnt Luavrman, ‘u’s allowvnt ‘ur Luvrs os
Naffal a‘aff, Admvral Oasvu hokuarv, ‘o br appovn‘rd a‘ somr
s‘atr, b’‘ wurn ‘ur kg rx‘rndrd g’suarras as Luavrman
’n‘vl A Yc‘obrr D661 ur was makvnt v‘ clrar ‘ua‘ ‘uvs wo’ld
no‘ occ’rB ovs ac‘von rrs’l‘rd vn ‘ur ’ndrrs‘andablr
rrsvtna‘von os hokuarv, wuo uad uad only fiffr mon‘us lrs‘ ‘o
srrffr as naffy cuvrs, a‘ ‘ur rnd os wuvcu ‘vmr ur wo’ld br
rrq’vrrd ‘o rr‘vrr wrrr ur no‘ madr LuavrmanB ovs p’blvc
rrason sor rrsvtnvnt vs vn‘rrrs‘vnt, uowrffrr, and was tvffrn
‘urrr yrars la‘rr vn an vn‘rrffvrw wv‘u ‘ur dbutZ As[a
Tr[buas B: auarvs’s drcvsvon abo’‘ ‘ur LdLaL was madr on
Da arp‘rmbrr, and hokuarv s‘a‘rd ‘o ‘ur Tr[buas‘ua‘ ‘c
rrsvtnrd on Yc‘obrr 5, 1aaa, a wrrk brsorr g’suarras’s
co’p os Yc‘obrr 1D brca’sr c uad comr ‘o know ‘ua‘ ur
uad drcvdrd ‘o ‘opplr ‘ur auarvs toffrrnmrn‘B’
buvs vs an vn‘rvt’vnt s‘a‘rmrn‘B cs ‘ur Luvrs os Naffal a‘aff
uad rffvdrncr ‘ua‘ ‘urrr was abo’‘ ‘o br a co’p atavns‘ ‘ur
toffrrnmrn‘ os uvs co’n‘ry, v‘ vs s‘rantr ‘ua‘ ur dvd no‘
vnsorm ‘ur krrsvdrn‘ os ‘ur sac‘B krrsvdrn‘ barar was no‘
‘ur mos‘ rffrc‘vffr urad os s‘a‘r ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an uas known,
and vndrrd was a mrrr p’ppr‘ os ‘ur auarvs samvly, b’‘
Admvral hokuarv owrd uvm allrtvancr as ‘ur na‘von’s
uvturs‘ cons‘v‘’‘vonal a’‘uorv‘yB5 lffrry mrmbrr os ‘ur
armrd sorcrs swrars ‘ua‘ ur or sur wvll ‘’puold ‘ur
Lons‘v‘’‘von os ‘ur cslamvc Rrp’blvc os kakvs‘an’, and ‘ur
LNa was uardly dovnt ‘uvs by q’vr‘ly rrsvtnvnt ra‘urr ‘uan
‘rllvnt ‘ur krrsvdrn‘ ‘ua‘ v‘ srrmrd ‘ur na‘von’s
toffrrnmrn‘ was abo’‘ ‘o br offrr‘urown by ‘ur army yr‘
atavnB hokuarv vs q’v‘r drfinv‘r abo’‘ v‘M wurn ur was askrd
‘wuy, vn uvs ffvrw, arnrral g’suarras wan‘rd ‘o ‘opplr
Nawaz auarvs’ ‘ur Admvral rrplvrd, ‘hrca’sr ur srarrd ur
wvll uaffr ‘o sacr a co’r‘ mar‘val sor mas‘rrmvndvnt ‘ur
Tartvl (drbaclr0’B h’‘ ‘urrr vs ‘ur povn‘ ‘ua‘ vs hokuarv uad
rrsvtnrd vmmrdva‘rly as‘rr ‘ur co’p ‘ook placr ur mvtu‘
uaffr tvffrn a ra‘urr morr rffrc‘vffr mrssatr ‘o ‘ur na‘von
concrrnvnt ‘ur dvsapproffal ur brla‘rdly rrtvs‘rrrdB
Lrr‘avnly, ‘urrr wrrr many r’mo’rs abo’‘ a possvblr
co’pB A‘ ‘ur aa’dv Arabvan Na‘vonal May rrcrp‘von vn
cslamabad on D9 arp‘rmbrr, arnrral g’suarras answrrrd
a q’rs‘von uvn‘vnt a‘ ‘ur possvbvlv‘y os a srrvo’s rvs‘ wv‘u ‘ur
krvmr gvnvs‘rr by sayvnt, ‘sr rnwoy rxcrllrn‘ rrla‘vons wv‘u
‘ur toffrrnmrn‘,’ b’‘ was also askrd abo’‘ a ca s‘a‘rmrn‘
‘ua‘ ‘sr [‘ur cak wo’ld s‘rontly opposr any a‘‘rmp‘ ‘o
cuantr ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ ‘uro’tu rx‘racons‘v‘’‘vonal
mransB’A ovs rrply ‘ua‘ ‘c‘’s an old s‘oryB c don’‘ wan‘ ‘o
commrn‘B c am a soldvrr and don’‘ wan‘ ‘o rn‘rr vn‘o any
con‘roffrrsy,’ was no morr nor lrss ‘uan was proprr, b’‘ v‘
was obffvo’s ‘ua‘ somr‘uvnt was tovnt on, rsprcvally as ‘ur
kg’s spokrsman on Da arp‘rmbrr rrsrrrrd ‘o ‘’ncallrd sor
r’mo’rs and sprc’la‘vons abo’‘ cuantr os command vn ‘ur
army’ ‘ua‘ ‘crr‘avn ffrs‘rd vn‘rrrs‘s wrrr sannvnt vn
p’rs’ancr os ‘urvr polv‘vcal atrnda’B
burrr was a s‘ront rlrmrn‘ os sarcr rn‘rrvnt ‘ur auarvs
toffrrnmrn‘’s uandlvnt os srnvor appovn‘mrn‘s, and no‘ w’s‘
vn ‘ur armrd sorcrsB Yffrr 166 srnvor cvffvl srrffan‘s uad
brrn moffrd or rralloca‘rd vn a lartrAscalr, polv‘vcally
mo‘vffa‘rd rrsu’fflrN an ’nsortvffablr and complr‘rly
affovdablr dvsr’p‘von os ‘ur co’n‘ry’s admvnvs‘ra‘von,
rconomvcally and socvally, vn a crv‘vcal prrvod wurn ‘urvr
rxprr‘vsr was rssrn‘val sor rffrc‘vffr admvnvs‘ra‘von os ‘ur
co’n‘ry’s affavrsB As obsrrffrd by hrnazvr hu’‘‘o, ‘or uas
so’tu‘ ‘o dvsman‘lr drmocracy, ur uas brrn sackvnt
rffrryonr – ‘ur cuvrs w’s‘vcr, ‘ur prrsvdrn‘ – a‘‘ackrd ‘ur
prrss, ‘ur sorrvtn vnffrs‘ors, ‘ur opposv‘vonB’7
Yn a Yc‘obrr 1aaa, v‘ was anno’ncrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur Lorps
Lommandrr os tcc Lorps (vn l’r‘‘a0, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral
barvq karffavz Tuan (‘ur tallan‘ officrr wuo uad rscaprd
srom a prvsonrrAosAwar camp vn hantladrsu and walkrd
uomr offrr ‘ur ovmalayas0 uad brrn ‘askrd ‘o rr‘vrr’ by
aol (vBrB ‘ur LYAa0 as srom 19 Yc‘obrrB bur vnv‘val
no‘vfica‘von was ‘rrsr, and rffrn a la‘rr clarvfica‘von savd
only ‘ua‘ ur uad brrn rrmoffrd ‘sor srrffvcr rrasons’B cn
sac‘, ur uad mr‘ wv‘u polv‘vcal fit’rrs wv‘uo’‘ vnsormvnt
aolB buvs mvtu‘ no‘ uaffr brrn ’n’s’al vn normal ‘vmrs
brca’sr ‘ur arnrral, wuo a‘‘rndrd s‘aff collrtr vn
A’s‘ralva and vs ‘uoro’tuly cosmopolv‘an, vn addv‘von ‘o
brvnt a mos‘ lvkrablr prrson, uas a firs‘ co’svn (a rr‘vrrd
gawor, Rawa Nadvr krrffrz0 wuo was a toffrrnmrn‘ mvnvs‘rrN
b’‘ ‘ursr wrrr no‘ normal ‘vmrs and anyonr vn ‘ur mvlv‘ary
wuo uad rffrn flrr‘vnt con‘ac‘ wv‘u auarvs or uvs cronvrs
was consvdrrrd ‘o uaffr ’l‘rrvor mo‘vffrsB Lonc’rrrn‘ly ‘ur
Lommandrr os c Lorps (ol a‘ gantla0, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral
aalrrm oavdrr, was ‘ranssrrrrd ‘o aol, apparrn‘ly sor
rrffralvnt ‘o prrsons ’nknown (b’‘ s’sprc‘rd ‘o br vn
auarvs’s cvrclr0 ‘ur s’bwrc‘s dvsc’ssrd a‘ a rrcrn‘ corps
commandrrs’ consrrrncr prrsvdrd offrr by g’suarrasB
bursr rffrn‘s wrrr s‘rantr, ‘o say ‘ur lras‘, and crra‘rd
concrrn ‘uro’tuo’‘ ‘ur co’n‘ry, as v‘ was obffvo’s ‘ua‘
somr‘uvnt ’n‘oward was asoo‘B (And v‘ suo’ld br no‘rd ‘ua‘
v‘ vs a ‘uoro’tuly ’nural‘uy ‘uvnt sor officrrs ‘o br spvrd
’ponB bur a‘mospurrr was drcvdrdly rancvdB0 c‘ apprarrd
‘ua‘ srnvor officrrs wrrr brcomvnt a‘ lras‘ prrvpurrally
vnffolffrd vn polv‘vcs, wuvcu was consvdrrrd ’nsortvffablrB
bur bvzarrr srrvrs os rrsvtna‘vons and dvsmvssals canno‘
uaffr tvffrn nrvtubo’rvnt cndva m’cu confidrncr vn ‘ur way
kakvs‘an was brvnt toffrrnrd, rsprcvally as‘rr ‘ur Tartvl
fitu‘vnt rarlvrr vn ‘ur yrar, and v‘ was vn ‘uvs prrvod,
accordvnt ‘o a uvtuly placrd officval vn cslamabad,C ‘ua‘
srffrral srnvor officrrs drcvdrd somr‘uvnt was amvss and
brtan ‘o plan sor ac‘von vs Nawaz auarvs drcvdrd ‘o moffr
atavns‘ ‘ur LYAaCLuavrman, wuvcu ur dvd on 1D Yc‘obrrB
bur man cuosrn by ‘ur krvmr mvnvs‘rr ‘o s’ccrrd
g’suarras was arnrral Tuawawa Zva’ddvn, onr os ‘ur
auarvs samvly’s closr assocva‘rs, wuo was no‘ wrll known
sor uvs soldvrrly q’alv‘vrsB
M’rvnt ‘ur mvlv‘ary rrsu’fflr vn 1aaC, wurn krrffrz
g’suarras was promo‘rd ‘o brcomr LYAa, ‘ur kg
appovn‘rd arnrral Zva’ddvn as Mvrrc‘or arnrral cn‘rrA
arrffvcrs cn‘rllvtrncr, and v‘ soon brcamr apparrn‘ ‘ua‘ ur
rnwoyrd ‘ur confidrncr os auarvs, as ur was ’srd vn a q’asvA
toffrrnmrn‘al sasuvon ‘o makr kakvs‘an’s posv‘von on
‘rrrorvsm clrar ‘o sasuvnt‘onB buvs vncl’drd, and vndrrd
rmpuasvzrd, kakvs‘an’s commv‘mrn‘ ‘o assvs‘vnt ca rffor‘s
‘o kvll or cap‘’rr ‘ur vnsamo’s Ysama bvn tadrn os ‘ur alA
larda ortanvza‘von wuvcu was basrd par‘ly vn Astuanvs‘an
and was urld rrsponsvblr by sasuvnt‘on sor srffrral
‘rrrorvs‘ a‘‘acks on ca prrsonnrl and sacvlv‘vrs wrll brsorr
‘ur aC11 o’‘ratrsB
Zva’ddvn’s appovn‘mrn‘ as LYAa was a mawor ‘’rnaro’nd
sor ‘ur kakvs‘an Army, wuvcu uad nrffrr brsorr uad a cuvrs
srom ‘ur Lorps os lntvnrrrsBa All sormrr cuvrss uaffr brrn
srom a fitu‘vnt arm, rv‘urr vnsan‘ry, armo’r or ar‘vllrry, and
srom wua‘ co’ld br ta‘urrrd srom ‘rlrpuonr calls by ‘ur
a’‘uor ‘o cslamabad a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr, and vn la‘rr dvsc’ssvons
wv‘u srnvor officrrs, ‘ur army was ’nuappy wv‘u uvm as a
prrson and a lradrrB or uad brrn d’r ‘o rr‘vrr on D
Orbr’ary D666, b’‘ rrcrvffrd an rx‘rnsvon os srrffvcr wurn
appovn‘rd Ma cacB or dvd no‘ rnwoy ‘ur confidrncr os uvs
prrrs or ‘ur ‘r’s‘ os ‘ur army as a wuolrB
surn ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr madr ‘ur anno’ncrmrn‘ os uvs
army cuvrs’s dvsmvssal, g’suarras was vn Lolombo, uaffvnt
a‘‘rndrd arv tankan Army crrrmonvrs markvnt v‘s fis‘vr‘u
annvffrrsary, alont wv‘u srffrral os uvs vn‘rrna‘vonal
co’n‘rrpar‘s vncl’dvnt ‘uosr os cndva and hantladrsuB
bur sac‘ ‘ua‘ arnrral g’suarras uad tonr ‘o arv tanka a‘
all was an vndvca‘von ‘ua‘ ur was no‘ vn‘rn‘ on ‘akvnt ac‘von
atavns‘ ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rrB cndrrd, brsorr boardvnt uvs
scurd’lrd kcA flvtu‘ ‘o rr‘’rn ‘o kakvs‘an ur playrd a ro’nd
os tols vn Lolombo, wuvcu was uardly an vndvca‘von os a man
vn ‘ur mvddlr os prrpara‘vons ‘o offrr‘urow a toffrrnmrn‘B
or srrmrd ‘o br complr‘rly rrlaxrdB
ovs a‘‘v‘’dr cuantrd wurn kT C65 dvd no‘ land
vmmrdva‘rly as‘rr arrvffvnt vn Taracuv avrspacr on ‘vmrB c‘
cvrclrd sor almos‘ an uo’r, wv‘u ‘ur pvlo‘ brvnt ordrrrd by
kcA’s cuavrman, auauvd Tuakan Abbasv,16 wuo was vn ‘ur
con‘rol ‘owrr, ‘o dvffrr‘ ‘o M’bavB c‘ vs prrs’mrd ‘ur ordrr
camr srom ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rrB bur pvlo‘ pro‘rs‘rd ‘ua‘ ur
dvd no‘ uaffr rno’tu s’rl ‘o makr ‘ur ‘rvp sasrly (‘ua‘ vs, ‘o
dvffrr‘ ‘o M’bav and s‘vll uaffr rno’tu s’rl ‘o dvffrr‘ ‘o
ano‘urr avrpor‘ vs sor somr rrason v‘ was no‘ possvblr ‘o
land ‘urrr0, and Abbasv ‘old uvm ‘o fly ‘o Nawabsuau, abo’‘
DD6 km nor‘u os TaracuvB g’suarras was ‘old os ‘ur
problrm and pa‘curd vn by ‘rlrpuonr srom ‘ur cockpv‘ ‘o
‘ur commandrr os r Lorps (Taracuv0, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral
csmanv, wuo srn‘ ‘roops ‘o ‘ur avrpor‘ and wrn‘ ‘urrr
uvmsrls as soon as ur co’ldB Abbasv and uvs drp’‘y, Nadvr
Lua’dury, wrrr apprrurndrd by ‘roops and la‘rr arrrs‘rdB
Ynr mvs‘akr was ‘o uaffr savlrd ‘o placr obs‘aclrs on ‘ur
r’nway, or ‘o uaffr o‘urrwvsr rrndrrrd v‘ ’n’sablr, b’‘
rffrn vs ‘ur avrcras‘ uad flown ‘o Nawabsuau, ‘ur army
wo’ld uaffr brrn ‘urrr brsorr v‘ landrd and wo’ld uaffr
madr s’rr ‘ur LYAa camr ‘o no uarmB c‘ was ’nbrlvrffably
vrrrsponsvblr os ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr and ‘ur Luavrman os
kcA ‘o ordrr an avrcras‘ ‘o s‘and vn‘o dantrrB oad ‘ur pvlo‘
brrn sorcrd ‘o dvffrr‘ ‘o M’bav as‘rr cvrclvnt Taracuv sor
fis‘y mvn’‘rs ur wo’ld uaffr brrn rx‘rrmrly suor‘ os s’rl,
and v‘ vs q’v‘r concrvffablr ‘ua‘ ‘ur avrcras‘ co’ld uaffr
crasurdB bur affavr cuarac‘rrvzrd ‘ur rn‘vrr Nawaz auarvs
rrtvmrM vnadrq’a‘r plannvnt, sollowrd by uas‘y drcvsvons,
rrs’l‘vnt vn cuaosB
burrr uaffr brrn srffrral acco’n‘s os ‘ur affavr, racu no
do’b‘ as acc’ra‘r as ‘ur o‘urr, b’‘ onr vn par‘vc’lar tvffrs
‘ur a‘mospurrr os ‘ur dramaB A kcA pvlo‘, Lap‘avn barvq
halocu, wro‘r ‘ua‘M

cn Yc‘obrr 1aaa Lap‘avn aarwa‘ os kakvs‘an

cn‘rrna‘vonal Avrlvnrs, an old b’ddy, and c wrn‘ ‘o
Lolombo sor ‘ur Avr tanka aols classvc
‘o’rnamrn‘B Yn 16‘u Yc‘obrr, rr‘’rnvnt srom ‘ur
1C‘u uolr c saw arnrral krrffavz g’suarras ‘rrvntA
off wv‘u ‘ur hantladrsuv LYAa sor a srvrndly
ma‘cuB Yn ‘ur 1D‘u Yc‘obrr wr wrrr ‘o rr‘’rn
back ‘o kakvs‘an and o’r flvtu‘ ro’‘r was
LolomboAgalrATaracuvB bur flvtu‘ ‘vmr br‘wrrn
galr and Taracuv was almos‘ ‘urrr and a uals
uo’rsB Lap‘B aarwa‘ was Lommandrr os ‘ur flvtu‘
(kT C650 and c was ‘raffrllvnt as a passrntrr, b’‘
brvnt kcA avrcrrw c co’ld ffvsv‘ ‘ur cockpv‘ wv‘u ‘ur
consrn‘ os ‘ur cap‘avnB bur firs‘ officrr was gr
auamv and ‘ur flvtu‘ rntvnrrr gr AmvrB arnrral
g’suarras and uvs wvsr wrrr sra‘rd vn ‘ur sron‘
rvtu‘ uand svdr sra‘s and ‘ur kaYs occ’pvrd ‘ur
las‘ ‘wo sra‘s vn ‘ur samr rowB burrr wrrr 1aC
prrsons on aboard, os wuom almos‘ 56 wrrr
cuvldrrn srom ‘ur Amrrvcan scuool [vn cslamabadk
wv‘u svx sorrvtn ‘racurrsB
[bur avrcras‘ landrd firs‘ a‘ galr, srom wuvcuk
drpar‘’rr was ’nrffrn‘s’lB bur avrplanr was
cr’vsvnt a‘ Da,666 srr‘B c was sv‘‘vnt vn ‘ur cockpv‘
w’mp sra‘ and occasvonally wo’ld s‘and ’p ‘o
s‘rr‘cu and walk vn ‘ur cabvnB Lap‘avn aarwa‘ also
camr ‘uro’tu srom ‘ur cockpv‘ ‘o trrr‘ ‘ur rckB
As‘rr ‘wo and uals uo’rs os flvtu‘ and now
cr’vsvnt a‘ 99,666 srr‘, wr rs‘ablvsurd con‘ac‘
wv‘u Taracuv avr ‘raffic con‘rollrrB [ork s‘ar‘rd
askvnt uow m’cu s’rl was on boardH sua‘ was
o’r al‘rrna‘r avrfirldH And uow many passrntrrs
wrrr on boardH c was s‘andvnt bruvnd ‘ur flvtu‘
rntvnrrr’s sra‘ and lvs‘rnvnt ‘o ‘ur conffrrsa‘von
‘uro’tu ‘ur cockpv‘ sprakrrsB Yn urarvnt ‘uvs c
savd ‘o Lap‘avn aarwa‘ ‘csn’‘ v‘ s‘rantr sor Taracuv
‘o br askvnt ‘uvsH’ ‘o wuvcu ur noddrd ‘yrs’B c‘ was
a clrar nvtu‘ and probably ‘ur ‘uvrd [q’ar‘rrk os
moon b’‘ wr co’ld la‘rr on srr Taracuv ffrry
clrarly srom aro’nd :6 mvlrsB bur vnv‘val approacu
tvffrn ‘o ’s was dvrrc‘ garffv (suor‘rs‘ ro’‘r0 b’‘
as‘rr a wuvlr Taracuv cuantrd ‘ur clrarancr ffva
Nansv (‘ur lontrr ro’‘r0 and taffr ’s drscrn‘
clrarancr ‘o 16,666 srr‘B As ‘ur avrplanr rracurd
almos‘ wv‘uvn A6 mvlrs, ‘ur Taracuv ‘owrr savd ‘kT
C65 yo’ arr no‘ clrarrd ‘o land a‘ TaracuvB’ ‘Lan
wr procrrd ‘o NawabsuauH’ Lap‘avn aarwa‘ askrd
as‘rr pondrrvnt sor a lv‘‘lr wuvlr as ‘o wua‘ m’s‘
br tovnt on down brlowB ‘Nawabsuau vs also
closrd’ camr ‘ur rrplyB ‘h’‘ Nawabsuau vs o’r
al‘rrna‘r!’ savd Lap‘ aarwa‘ sorcrs’llyB Taracuv
AbL savd ‘yo’ wvll land a‘ yo’r own rvsk, yo’
canno‘ land vn kakvs‘anB All avrfirlds arr closrdB’
Lap‘avn aarwa‘ rrplvrd ‘sr do no‘ uaffr s’rl sor
any o‘urr firld!’ b’‘ ‘urrr was complr‘r svlrncr
srom ‘ur AbLB bur Taracuv AbL was q’rs‘vonrd
‘urvcr b’‘ v‘ was all vn ffavn – ‘urrr was no answrrB
M’rvnt ‘ur AbL conffrrsa‘von v‘ srrmrd obffvo’s
‘ua‘ somronr bruvnd ‘ur con‘rollrr was passvnt
‘ur vns‘r’c‘von brca’sr morr ‘uan ‘urrr or morr
prrsons co’ld br urard vn ‘ur backtro’nd os ‘ur
rrcrp‘vonB Ttg flvtu‘ crrws lvs‘rnvnt ‘o ‘uvs
conffrrsa‘von also suo’‘rd vn v‘s ‘ypvcal accrn‘,
‘Taracuv wuy don’‘ yo’ tvffr ‘ur rrason ‘o kTH’
suvlr ‘ur commo‘von was on, Lap‘ aarwa‘
ass’mrd ‘ua‘ prruaps v‘ may br d’r ‘o ‘ur rck
sv‘‘vnt aboardB aarwa‘, knowvnt my avr sorcr
backtro’nd, askrd mr and ‘ur o‘urr crrw
‘par‘nrr, wua‘ do yo’ ‘uvnk, suo’ld c ‘rll ‘ur
trnrral abo’‘ ‘uvsH’ c vmmrdva‘rly savd ‘wuy no‘,
lr‘’s tr‘ wua‘rffrr urlp wr can!’ bur Lap‘avn
callrd ‘ur p’rsrr and askrd uvm ‘o vnsorm ‘ur
prrsonal s‘aff officrrs os ‘ur trnrralB ho‘u kaYs
camr r’suvnt vn‘o ‘ur cockpv‘B As‘rr lvs‘rnvnt ‘o
‘ur Lap‘avn ‘ury wrn‘ ‘o ‘rll ‘ur arnrralB
granwuvlr Lap‘ aarwa‘ askrd ‘ur flvtu‘ rntvnrrr
uow m’cu s’rl was lrs‘, and vs wr co’ld makr v‘ ‘o
g’sca‘B ‘No way, wr uaffr only fiffr and a uals ‘ons
os s’rl lrs‘ a‘ ‘uvs 16,666 srr‘ al‘v‘’dr,’ ur
calc’la‘rdB granwuvlr arnrral g’suarras uad
rn‘rrrd ‘ur cockpv‘B M’rvnt ‘ur dvsc’ssvon
br‘wrrn flvtu‘ crrw mrmbrrs, ‘wo o‘urr al‘rrna‘r
avrfirlds sor dvffrrsvon wrrr consvdrrrdB Luaubar vn
cran and Aumrdabad vn cndvaB As‘rr a lv‘‘lr
dvsc’ssvon wv‘u ‘ur flvtu‘ rntvnrrr rrtardvnt
rrmavnvnt s’rl and nrw avrfirld and nvtu‘ landvnt
sacvlv‘y, Luaubar was no‘ consvdrrrd as an
al‘rrna‘r avrfirldB ‘Mo wr uaffr ‘ur approacu and
landvnt vnsorma‘von on AumrdabadH klrasr oprn
and cons’l‘ drpprsrn [‘ur flvtu‘ crrw bvblrk
vmmrdva‘rly,’ aarwa‘ askrd ‘ur coApvlo‘B arnrral
g’suarras was lvs‘rnvnt ‘o ‘ur conffrrsa‘von and
ur commandvntly assrr‘rd ‘sr wvll no‘ to ‘o
cndva,’ ‘o wuvcu Lap‘ aarwa‘ savd ‘okay arnrral,
as yo’ sayB’ Now ‘ur arnrral savd ur wan‘rd ‘o
‘alk ‘o ‘ur Lorps Lommandrr Taracuv,
vmmrdva‘rlyB As‘rr a wuvlr ‘ur kaY taffr ‘ur
mobvlr ‘rlrpuonr [n’mbrrsk ‘o ‘ur flvtu‘ rntvnrrr
and wro‘r down ‘ur ‘rlrpuonr n’mbrr os ‘ur
Lorps Lommandrr TaracuvB bur flvtu‘ rntvnrrr
Amvr ‘rvrd many ‘vmrs ‘o dval ‘ur ‘rlrpuonr b’‘
‘urrr was no dval ‘onrB burn Amvr savd wr arr no‘
tr‘‘vnt ‘ur connrc‘von ‘uro’tu and v‘ srrms as vs
‘ur ‘rlrpuonr lvnrs uaffr brrn c’‘B bur trnrral
‘urn askrd wuy wr co’ldn’‘ sprak on ‘ur lont
rantr radvo – ‘ur uvtu srrq’rncyB bur flvtu‘
rntvnrrr ‘rvrd ‘o rs‘ablvsu con‘ac‘ ‘uro’tu
company uvtu srrq’rncy puonr pa‘cu b’‘ v‘ was
all q’vr‘, and no answrr was rrcrvffrdB
Y‘urr avrplanrs flyvnt vn ‘ur Taracuv ffvcvnv‘y
wrrr vns‘r’c‘rd by Taracuv AbL ‘o dvffrr‘ brca’sr
Taracuv avrpor‘ was closrdB An avrcras‘ os ‘ur
kakvs‘an Avr Oorcr wuvcu was vn vnbo’nd ‘o
Taracuv srom cslamabad was vns‘r’c‘rd ‘o land a‘
Nawabsuau, vmmrdva‘rlyB h’‘ ‘ur kAO Lap‘avn
was no‘ wvllvnt ‘o accrp‘ ‘uvs ordrr and assrr‘rd
‘ua‘ ‘ur kAO flvtu‘ wo’ld to back ‘o cslamabadB
suvlr ‘ur art’mrn‘ br‘wrrn ‘ur kAO avrcras‘ and
Taracuv AbL was tovnt on Lap‘avn aarwa‘
cuantrd ‘ur radvo srrq’rncyB oowrffrr c la‘rr
so’nd o’‘ ‘ua‘ v‘ was a horvnt 797 rck avrcras‘ on
a ro’‘vnr mavn‘rnancr ‘rvp ‘o Taracuv b’‘ was
sorcrd ‘o land a‘ Nawabsuau avrfirldB bur polvcr a‘
Nawabsuau, wv‘u somr sprcval vns‘r’c‘vons, wrrr
vn sac‘ wav‘vnt sor a ‘wvnArntvnr wr‘ avrcras‘B avncr
v‘ vs dvffic’l‘ sor a [laymank ‘o dvs‘vnt’vsu br‘wrrn
a horvnt 797 and an avrb’s AA966 ‘ur Nawabsuau
polvcr cordonrd off ‘ur avrcras‘ as‘rr parkvntB h’‘
as ‘ur doors wrrr [abo’‘k ‘o oprn, [alontk camr a
kakvs‘an Army soldvrr and suo’‘rd a‘ ‘ur polvcr ‘o
b’zz off o‘urrwvsr ‘ury wo’ld br suo‘ a‘B bur
polvcr dvsprrsrd and ‘ur army ‘ook offrr ‘ur
cuartr os ‘ur avrcras‘B bur door oprnrd and ‘ur
army officrrs rn‘rrrd ‘ur avrcras‘B bo ‘urvr dvsmay
‘ury so’nd ‘ur wvsr and cuvldrrn os ‘ur kAO
Lap‘avn [pvlo‘k vnsvdr, ‘wurrr vs ‘ur trnrralH’
vnq’vrrd ‘ur army officrrB ‘sua‘ trnrralH’ askrd
‘ur crrw, wuo ‘old ‘urm ‘ua‘ ‘ury wrrr tovnt ‘o
Taracuv srom cslamabadB ‘h’‘ wr wrrr ‘old ‘ua‘
yo’ arr comvnt srom Lolombo,’ savd ‘ur officrrB
cn ‘ur avr a‘ ‘ur ffrry samr ‘vmr, ‘ur firs‘ officrr
os o’r avrcras‘ saw ‘wo blvps on ‘ur ‘raffic collvsvon
affovdancr sys‘rm and suo’‘rd ‘wr arr brvnt
vn‘rrcrp‘rdN probably ‘urrr arr ‘wo fitu‘rr
avrcras‘B’
bur conffrrsa‘von vn ‘ur cockpv‘ os o’r planr uad
brcomr ‘rnsr [b’‘k c no‘vcrd ‘ua‘ a‘ no povn‘ [dvdk
any os ‘ur crrw or ‘ur rck [g’suarrask loosr ‘urvr
coolB bur trnrral vnsvs‘rd morr ‘uan ‘wvcr ‘ua‘ wr
land a‘ TaracuvB or also vnq’vrrd as ‘o wuy wr
co’ldn’‘ land a‘ ‘ur avr sorcr r’nways a‘ TaracuvB
h’‘ probably d’r ‘o ‘ur fitu‘rr avrcras‘ and no
knowlrdtr as ‘o wua‘ was uapprnvnt brlow on ‘ur
tro’nd, wv‘u no r’nway lvtu‘s landvnt a‘ [ak kAO
avrfirld was consvdrrrd as ‘ur las‘ op‘vonB cs wr
co’ld no‘ land a‘ Taracuv or a‘ Nawabsuau d’r ‘o
r’nway blockadr wv‘u ‘rac‘ors and b’lldozrrs r‘c
‘urn auaurauArAOavsal or gasroor was ‘ur las‘
op‘von anywayB A‘ ‘uvs povn‘ Lap‘ aarwa‘ cuantrd
‘o [‘urk kcA company radvo cuannrlB [or was
askrdk abo’‘ ‘ur rrmavnvnt s’rlB aomronr a‘ ‘ur
company cuannrl dvrrc‘rd kTC65 ‘o procrrd and
land a‘ Nawabsuau, ‘urn rrs’rl ‘ur avrplanr wv‘u
96 ‘onnrs os s’rl and oncr atavn tr‘ avrbornr and
wav‘ sor s’r‘urr vns‘r’c‘vonsB
As‘rr a srw mvn’‘rs, Taracuv AbL clrarrd kTC65
‘o dvffrr‘ ‘o NawabsuauB Lap‘ aarwa‘ ‘urn svturd
wv‘u rrlvrs and savd ‘lr‘’s to ‘o NawabsuauB’ bur
avrb’s clvmbrd lvkr a mvssvlr ‘o D6,666 srr‘ vn no
‘vmr svncr ‘urrr was uardly any s’rl lrs‘ and ‘ur
avrcras‘ was lvtu‘B Abo’‘ A6 mvlrs nor‘u os Taracuv
kTC65 was rrdvrrc‘rd ‘o comr and land a‘ Taracuv
by Taracuv AbLB A q’vck ‘’rnabo’‘ and drscrn‘
was vnv‘va‘rdB aomronr srom AbL askrd abo’‘ ‘ur
trnrral [and savdk ‘ua‘ ur wan‘s ‘o sprak ‘o ‘ur
trnrralB Lap‘avn aarwa‘ taffr uvs mvcropuonr ‘o
‘ur trnrral and savd, ‘avr, plrasr sprakB’
‘buvs vs krrffavz, wuo vs ‘urrrH’ ‘ur trnrral
vnq’vrrd ffrry assrr‘vffrlyB ‘c am arnrral cs‘vkuar,
svr, yo’r rr‘vrrmrn‘ was anno’ncrd ‘wo uo’rs
brsorr b’‘ wr uaffr con‘rol, plrasr land a‘
TaracuvB’ ‘surrr vs ‘ur corps commandrrH’ ‘ur
trnrral askrdB ‘or vs vn ‘ur nrx‘ room wav‘vnt sor
yo’’ was ‘ur rrplyB ho‘u kaYs wrrr lvs‘rnvnt and
‘ur yo’ntrr kaY (a mawor0 suo’‘rd, ‘avr, ask uvm
‘ur namr os uvs dotB’ krobably ur wan‘rd ‘o br
s’rr vn rrcotnvzvnt ‘ur aYL, b’‘ ‘ur trnrral wuo
uad krp‘ uvs cool all alont savd confidrn‘ly, ‘ur vs
my man, don’‘ worry!’ [ta‘rr on ‘uvs officrr, a
srvrnd os mvnr, ‘old mr ‘ua‘ arnrral g’suarras
uad tvffrn uvm (‘ur corps commandrr0 ‘wo p’ppvrs
and ‘ua‘’s uow ‘ur kaY wan‘rd ‘o confirm uvs
vdrn‘v‘yBk
 granwuvlr ‘ur planr was tr‘‘vnt ‘o v‘s final
approacuB a’ddrnly ‘ur low s’rl warnvnt lvtu‘ os
‘ur rvtu‘ wvnt s’rl ‘ank camr on wv‘u an a’dvo
cuvmrB bur cockpv‘ was drad svlrn‘ and rffrryonr
was uopvnt sor ‘o’cu down as soon as possvblrB sr
uad wav‘rd almos‘ onr uo’r and ‘rn mvn’‘rs vn ‘ur
avrB bur rrmavnvnt s’rl os 1BD ‘on vn ‘ur wvnt
‘anks, vs [‘ur ta’tr wask rrlvablr, was only rno’tu
sor approxvma‘rly ‘rn mvn’‘rs os flvtu‘ ‘vmrB
bwrlffr mvlrs suor‘ os landvnt, ‘ur lrs‘ wvnt s’rl
‘ank warnvnt lvtu‘ also apprarrd, wv‘u cuvmrB
As‘rr ‘o’cu down kT C65 was ‘old ‘o park vn a
rrmo‘r arra (bay AA0 and was vnsormrd ‘ua‘ no
o‘urr prrson ‘uan ‘ur rck wvll comr o’‘ os ‘ur
avrcras‘B As‘rr ‘ur rntvnr su’‘ down, soldvrrs wuo
wrrr almos‘ ‘wo u’ndrrd cordonrdAoff ‘ur
avrcras‘B bur trnrral was lookvnt o’‘ srom ‘ur
cockpv‘ wvndow and srrmrd rrlaxrdB
hrsorr dvsrmbarkvnt srom ‘ur avrcras‘ ‘ur
trnrral suook uands wv‘u all os ’s and savd, ‘‘uank
yo’, don’‘ worry, ur vs my manB’ And ur
vmmrdva‘rly passrd uvs ffrry firs‘ ordrr ‘uro’tu
uvs kaY, ‘‘rll ‘urm c don’‘ wan‘ anyonr ‘o lraffr
‘ur co’n‘ryB’
bur trnrral, uvs wvsr wuvlr ‘ryvnt ‘o con‘rol urr
‘rars, and ‘ur ‘wo kaYs dvsrmbarkrd srom ‘ur
planr and wrrr trrr‘rd by ‘ur corps commandrr
and ‘ur aYL wv‘u somr s’prr sal’‘rs srom ‘ur
soldvrrsB
bury all wrn‘ vnsvdr a b’vldvnt sor a suor‘
consrrrncr, wuvcu ‘ook almos‘ 15 mvn’‘rs as‘rr
wuvcu ‘ur wuolr con‘vntrn‘ droffr away a‘ a ffrry
uvtu sprrd B B B M’rvnt ‘ur wuolr rpvsodr, c was
‘ur q’vr‘rs‘ and closrs‘ obsrrffrr vn ‘ur cockpv‘
 and was ‘uoro’tuly vmprrssrd [by ‘urk ‘o‘al
prosrssvonalvsm os Lap‘avn aarwa‘ and uvs crrwB
No‘ ‘o mrn‘von ‘ur way [‘urk trnrral carrvrd
uvmsrls, wuo rrmavnrd confidrn‘ and ‘o‘ally
composrd ‘uro’tu o’‘ ‘ur wuolr rpvsodrB11

g’suarras ‘urn consrrrrd wv‘u tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral csmanv

and o‘urr officrrs a‘ galvr barracks, and s’‘’rr ac‘von was
plannrdB Ybffvo’sly Nawaz auarvs was bruaffvnt rrra‘vcally
‘o ‘ur povn‘ os rndantrrvnt ‘ur co’n‘ry as a wuolr, and
somr‘uvnt uad ‘o br donrB bur krrsvdrn‘ was rn‘vrrly vn
‘ur uands os auarvs and uvs tro’p os vn‘vma‘rs, and was
powrrlrss ‘o ac‘ as a nr’‘ral adffvsrr or brokrr, rffrn vs ur
so wvsurdB Rrl’c‘an‘ly, g’suarras concl’drd ‘ua‘ ‘ur only
co’rsr oprn ‘o uvm was ‘o dvsmvss Nawaz auarvs and uvs
assocva‘rsB or vss’rd ordrrs ‘o ‘ua‘ rffrc‘ and ‘urn flrw ‘o
cslamabad vn an avr sorcr planrB
cn cslamabadCRawalpvndv, ‘ur commandrr os t Lorps (ol
a‘ Luaklala, a Rawalpvndv s’b’rb0, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral
grumood, arrantrd sor ‘ur aaa dr‘acumrn‘ a‘ aol, and
111 cnsan‘ry hrvtadr, loca‘rd a‘ srs‘rvdtr vn Rawalpvndv,
‘o src’rr ‘ur ‘rlrffvsvon and radvo s‘a‘vons and ‘o moffr
‘roops closr ‘o toffrrnmrn‘ crn‘rrs vn cslamabadB suvlr
‘ursr drploymrn‘s wrrr brvnt carrvrd o’‘, g’suarras taffr
ordrrs ‘o placr ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr and o‘urr promvnrn‘
fit’rrs ’ndrr uo’sr arrrs‘B buro’tuo’‘ ‘ur co’n‘ry ‘urrr
wrrr srffrral dr‘rn‘vons, vncl’dvnt ‘uosr os ‘ur aoffrrnor os
k’nwab, ‘ur Luvrs gvnvs‘rr os NsOk and ffarvo’s proffvncval
mvnvs‘rrs known ‘o br auarvs ’l‘raAloyalvs‘sB bur suor‘A
rrvtnvnt army cuvrs, arnrral Zva’ddvn, was confinrd ‘o uvs
uo’sr only a srw uo’rs as‘rr uaffvnt uvs nrw badtrs os rank
pvnnrd on by auarvs (rrcordrd sor pos‘rrv‘y by toffrrnmrn‘A
con‘rollrd kakvs‘an br0B arnrral barvq karffavz and ‘ur
krvmr gvnvs‘rr’s mvlv‘ary assvs‘an‘ wrrr also dr‘avnrdB bur
oprra‘von was offrr q’vcklyB
 
kakvs‘an’s army co’ps uaffr ‘akrn placr vn rssrncr brca’sr
‘urrr was dvrrc‘ consron‘a‘von br‘wrrn ‘ur mos‘ srnvor
toffrrnmrn‘ and mvlv‘ary fit’rrs, s’rllrd by p’blvc
dvssa‘vssac‘von wv‘u toffrrnmrn‘al corr’p‘von, warpvnt os
‘ur cons‘v‘’‘von and tross rconomvc vnrfficvrncyB All so’r
srvz’rrs os powrr by ‘ur army wrrr wv‘uo’‘ bloodsurd and
a‘‘rac‘rd almos‘ ‘o‘al s’ppor‘ srom a lontAs’ffrrvnt
cv‘vzrnry, b’‘ ‘ur ‘ro’blr was ‘ua‘ mvlv‘ary r’lr wrn‘ on sor
‘oo lont and madr rr‘’rnvnt ‘o drmocracy rx‘rrmrly
dvffic’l‘B bur vnabvlv‘y os polv‘vcvans ‘o accrp‘ probv‘y as a
rrq’vrrmrn‘ os toffrrnancr con‘rvb’‘rd dvrrc‘ly ‘o ‘ur 1aaa
‘akroffrr, and ‘ur co’n‘ry’s poor rconomvc sv‘’a‘von uad
brrn worsrnrd by ‘ur auarvs toffrrnmrn‘’s ‘rrmvnal
corr’p‘vonB auady cuarac‘rrs madr mvllvons srom ‘axA
affovdancr, s‘rantrly con‘rvffrd loans srom ffarvo’s banks,
and saffo’rs tran‘rd by ‘ur auarvs bro‘urrs and ‘urvr
vmmrdva‘r adffvsrrs, wuvcu wrrr rrpr‘v‘von os ‘ur slrazr
and suamrlrss ffrnalv‘y so rffvdrn‘ d’rvnt ‘ur ‘wo
toffrrnmrn‘s os hrnazvr hu’‘‘oB auarvs was ‘ur mos‘
powrrs’l krvmr gvnvs‘rr vn ‘ur co’n‘ry’s uvs‘ory b’‘ madr
no a‘‘rmp‘ ‘o allrffva‘r poffrr‘y, proffvdr a drcrn‘ rd’ca‘von
or ural‘u sys‘rm, or rffrn r’n a rrasonably rfficvrn‘
admvnvs‘ra‘vonB bur drcvsvon ‘o uold n’clrar ‘rs‘s, sollowvnt
‘uosr by cndva vn gay 1aaC, was vn‘rrna‘vonally dvsas‘ro’s
and rrs’l‘rd vn pavns’l rmbartors by mos‘ os ‘ur world,
and ‘urrr was no rconomvc plan ‘o copr wv‘u ‘ur
consrq’rncrs, os wuvcu auarvs was warnrd by krrsvdrn‘
Llvn‘on and many o‘urrsB1D
bur plvtu‘ os ‘ur affrratr prrson was pv‘vs’l, as ‘ury saw
‘urvr saffvnts drclvnr vn ffal’r and ‘urvr q’alv‘y os lvsr
dr‘rrvora‘r wrrk by wrrk, and offA‘urAc’ff prvcr vncrrasrs
prnalvzrd only ‘ur mvddlr classrs and ‘ur poorB bur rxv‘ os
‘ur auarvs bro‘urrs was wrlcomrd by almos‘ ‘ur rn‘vrr
pop’la‘von and ‘ook placr on ‘ur day ‘ua‘, by covncvdrncr,
gr gorrn l’rrsuv, a sormrr and mos‘ compr‘rn‘ vn‘rrvm
krvmr gvnvs‘rr, was q’o‘rd by TZs lsws nrwspaprr as
sayvnt ‘ua‘ ‘urrr suo’ld oncr atavn br a carr‘akrr
toffrrnmrn‘B buvs ‘vmr, ur savd, ‘bur carr‘akrrs suo’ld br
tvffrn a‘ lras‘ ‘wo yrars vns‘rad os only ‘urrr mon‘us so
‘ua‘ ‘ury co’ld vn‘rod’cr rrsorms wv‘u sarArracuvnt
rffrc‘sB’
h’‘ ‘urrr was ‘o br no vn‘rrvm toffrrnmrn‘ os carrs’lly
cuosrn, apolv‘vcal, vncorr’p‘vblr rconomvc rxprr‘s wv‘u a
s‘ront srnsr os socval w’s‘vcrB c‘ was ‘o br ‘ur army atavn,
albrv‘ wv‘u modvfica‘vons ‘o ‘ur prac‘vcrs os prrffvo’s
mvlv‘ary rrtvmrsB Al‘uo’tu ‘ur co’n‘ry brnrfi‘rd as a wuolr
and was rrlvrffrd ‘o br rvd os ‘ur sq’alvd soap oprra ‘ua‘
uad brrn playvnt sor so lont, v‘ wasn’‘ drmocracy by any
mransB bur nrw manatrmrn‘, wuvcu was r’n,
approprva‘rly rno’tu, by ‘ur ‘Luvrs lxrc’‘vffr’, as arnrral
g’suarras d’bbrd uvmsrls brsorr drcvdvnt ‘o ass’mr ‘ur
prrsvdrncy, uad many problrms ‘o rrsolffr, and v‘ vs
rrlrffan‘ ‘o ‘ur s‘ory os ‘ur army ‘o drscrvbr onr os ‘urm, ‘o
vndvca‘r wurrr ‘ur army fi‘‘rd vn wv‘u sorrvtn polvcy and
rrsol’‘von os domrs‘vc problrms ‘ua‘ wrrr vn dantrr os
affrc‘vnt ‘ur s‘abvlv‘y os ‘ur co’n‘ryB

C tgNaa Ystaa aa d H ak Ystaa ms 6 brd Tr C rTas

Allrta‘vons uaffr brrn madr ‘ua‘ ‘ur kakvs‘an Army was
vnffolffrd vn ‘ur balvban ‘akroffrr os Astuanvs‘an vn ‘ur mvdA
1aa6s and vn s’r‘urrvnt v‘s mrmbrrs’ avms vn ‘ua‘ saffatr,
’nuappy and dvffvdrd landB ao sar as can br dr‘rrmvnrd,
‘urrr was vndrrd dvrrc‘ mvlv‘ary s’ppor‘ os ‘ur balvban by
‘ur army,19 al‘uo’tu ‘ury wrrr alrrady wrllAs’pplvrd wv‘u
wrapons, mos‘ os wuvcu wrrr lrs‘ offrr srom ‘ur LcA’s
corn’copva os arms ‘ua‘ was suowrrrd on ‘ur ffarvo’s
m’wauvdrrn ortanvza‘vons vn ‘ur 1aC6sB cn 1aC5, wuvlr
ffvsv‘vnt an Astuan t’rrrvlla tro’p nrar Malbandvn vn
halocuvs‘an, c was suown and puo‘otrapurd an rnormo’s
arms ko‘r, wv‘u AT rvflrs, an‘vprrsonnrl mvnrs and an‘vA
avrcras‘ wrapons, all vn uraffy carr and prrsrrffa‘von, and
u’ndrrds os ‘uo’sands os ro’nds os amm’nv‘von, alont wv‘u
co’n‘lrss boxrs os trrnadrsB bursr, c was ‘old, wrrr brvnt
krp‘ sor ‘ur ‘rral war’ atavns‘ o‘urr bands as‘rr ‘ur
R’ssvans wrrr drvffrn o’‘B Mo’b‘lrss ‘urrr wrrr many
cacurs os ‘uvs na‘’rr, b’‘ vn any rffrn‘ ‘ur co’n‘ry was
awasu wv‘u wraponsB kakvs‘an’s cn‘rrAarrffvcrs cn‘rllvtrncr
Mvrrc‘ora‘r was drrply vnffolffrd vn Astuanvs‘an, and
connvffrd a‘ srndvnt vllA‘ravnrd sana‘vcs (rsprcvally awa‘vs0
‘o wovn ‘ur balvban, and – accordvnt ‘o ‘ur rxcrllrn‘ dZbst
Nars by a‘rffr Loll,1: wuo drrw on a plrnv‘’dr os
vmprccablr so’rcrs – avdrd ‘urm vn many o‘urr waysB
Accordvnt ‘o srffrral obsrrffrrs and analys‘s, vncl’dvnt
o’man Rvtu‘s sa‘cu, ‘ur aa’dv Arabvan toffrrnmrn‘ was
drrply vnffolffrd vn proffvdvnt wrapons sor ‘ur balvbanB15 bur
LcA uad brrn vnsormrd vn 1aa: and 1aa5 ‘ua‘ ‘ur ‘prvncvpal
pa‘ron’ os ‘ur balvban was gawor arnrral (rr‘vrrd0
Nasvr’llau habar,1A cn‘rrvor gvnvs‘rr vn ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ os
hrnazvr hu’‘‘o and a lontA‘vmr hu’‘‘o samvly loyalvs‘ (srom
‘ur ‘vmr os Z’lfiqar Alv hu’‘‘o vn ‘ur 1a76s, ‘o D667 wurn
ur was drrply vnffolffrd vn nrto‘va‘vons br‘wrrn gs hu’‘‘o
and krrsvdrn‘ g’suarras0B cn A’t’s‘ D667, officval
doc’mrn‘s acq’vrrd by ‘ur Na‘vonal arc’rv‘y Arcuvffr vn ‘ur
ca vndvca‘rd ‘ua‘ s’bs‘an‘val avd was tvffrn ‘o ‘ur balvban
by kakvs‘an vn 1aaA and 1aa7B17
bur balvban wrrr mvlv‘an‘ rrlvtvo’s zralo‘s, b’‘ no‘
soldvrrs vn ‘ur normal srnsr os ‘ur word, brvnt ‘o‘ally
’nsamvlvar wv‘u rffrn ‘ur lowA‘rcunoloty rq’vpmrn‘ ‘ury
acq’vrrdB cn ‘urvr adffancr ‘uro’tuo’‘ ‘ur co’n‘ry ‘ury
nrrdrd ar‘vllrry s’ppor‘, sor rxamplr, and wuvlr ‘ur t’ns
co’ld br mannrd a‘ lras‘ vn par‘ by sormrr soldvrrs os ‘ur
Astuan Army, ‘urvr ‘rcunvcal dvrrc‘von was proffvdrd by
kakvs‘anvs wuo, alont wv‘u mos‘ os ‘ur many o‘urr adffvsrrs,
wrrr rffrn‘’ally rffac’a‘rd vn nvtu‘A‘vmr kakvs‘an Avr Oorcr
LA196 pvck’ps srom Astuan avrs‘rvps a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr os ‘ur
balvban collapsrB aomr wrrr lrs‘ ‘o br cap‘’rrd and wrrr
rv‘urr m’rdrrrd or ‘urown vn wavls r’n by ‘ur Nor‘urrn
Allvancr lradrrs wuo wrrr (and arr0 rffrry bv‘ as br’‘al as
‘ur balvbanB
sasuvnt‘on was uraffvly vnffolffrd vn sos‘rrvnt crvmvnal
mayurm vn Astuanvs‘an vn ‘ur 1aC6s ‘uro’tu v‘s s’ppor‘ os
ffvcvo’s and ffvllavno’s m’wauvdrrn wuosr u’man rvtu‘s
awarrnrss was zrroB Amrrvca wasurd v‘s uands os
Astuanvs‘an oncr ‘ur cold war was offrr, and v‘s rrffv‘alvzrd
concrrn was basrd on ‘ur balvban’s suvrldvnt os ‘ur
‘rrrorvs‘ Ysama bvn tadrn, and ‘u’s solrly on srlsAvn‘rrrs‘B
c‘ was vn no way ‘ur rrs’l‘ os brnrffolrn‘ vdrals concrrnvnt
pracrs’l drffrlopmrn‘ os ‘ur co’n‘ryB oad ‘uvs brrn an
vmprra‘vffr, ‘ur ca wo’ld uaffr s‘rvffrn ‘o rnco’ratr s‘ablr
toffrrnmrn‘ ‘urrr many yrars brsorr, and wo’ld uaffr
proffvdrd ‘ur wurrrwv‘ual sor an adffancr ‘o s‘abvlv‘yB (lffrn
v‘s drAmvnvnt rffor‘s vn Astuanvs‘an wrrr prrs’nc‘ory and
vnffolffrd sprcval sorcrs soldvrrs rrcrvffvnt suor‘A‘rrm vnAarra
samvlvarvza‘von and lant’atr ‘ravnvnt, ra‘urr ‘uan rntvnrrr
mvnr sprcvalvs‘sB0 1C A‘ a mrr‘vnt os ‘ur cN arc’rv‘y
Lo’ncvl on D7 A’t’s‘ 1aaa, kakvs‘an was cas‘vta‘rd by ‘ur
ca and o‘urrs sor ‘s’ppor‘vnt Astuanvs‘an’s balvban mvlv‘va
and urlpvnt s’rl v‘s rrcrn‘ offrnsvffr wv‘u wrapons and
warrvors’B1a buvs crv‘vcvsm by ‘ur ca can br drscrvbrd only
as drrp u’mb’t, rsprcvally as v‘ cuantrd complr‘rly wurn
v‘ was rralvzrd ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an co’ld oncr atavn br ’srs’l vn
vmplrmrn‘a‘von os ca sorrvtn polvcyB
A dvs‘’rbvnt asprc‘ os balvban vnfl’rncr, vn addv‘von ‘o
‘urvr appallvnt u’man rvtu‘s ab’srs and rsprcvally ‘urvr
s’bwrc‘von os womrn ‘o dvst’s‘vnt prvffa‘von, was ‘urvr
rrcr’v‘mrn‘ os u’ndrrds os srmvArd’ca‘rd yo’nts‘rrs srom
madrassas (rrlvtvo’s scuools0D6 vn kakvs‘an and rlsrwurrrB
bursr yo’‘us uaffr brrn rrndrrrd ’nrmployablr vn o‘urr
‘uan prrsrc’‘vnt ‘uosr wuo do no‘ sollow ‘ur balvban’s
warprd vn‘rrprr‘a‘von os ‘ur l’ran and ‘ur oadv‘u, and
sollowvnt ‘ur law os ‘ur t’nB bury rrprrsrn‘ somr os ‘ur
bravnwasurd raw ma‘rrval srom wuvcu ‘t’rs‘ mvlv‘ancy’ vn
cndvanAadmvnvs‘rrrd Tasumvr vs sortrd, and al‘uo’tu ‘urvr
srnsr os p’rposr may br cons’srd, as ‘ury apprar ‘o
rrtard fitu‘vnt almos‘ anybody as a uoly d’‘y, ‘uvs dors no‘
makr ‘urm any lrss dantrro’sN ‘ur rrffrrsr, probablyB bur
rrmnan‘s os ‘ur balvban and, v‘ vs allrtrd, alAlarda, wrrr
drvffrn ‘o ‘ur bordrrlands br‘wrrn Astuanvs‘an and
kakvs‘an wurrr ‘roops brtan srarcuvnt sor ‘urm on bo‘u
svdrsB Army and paramvlv‘ary oprra‘vons by kakvs‘an vn ‘ur
bordrr rrtvons vn p’rs’v‘ os s’pposrd alvrns wrrr
’npop’lar, and vn garcu D665 c wro‘r vn danr’s Tsrrbr[sm
aar dscur[tl Mba[tbr D1 ‘ua‘M

cn arp‘rmbrr D66: a nrws rrpor‘ abo’‘ kakvs‘an’s

mvlv‘ary oprra‘vons vn sazvrvs‘an, wuvcu vnffolffrd
avrcras‘ a‘‘acks, s‘a‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘’n‘vl now, arrval
bombvnt uas nrffrr brrn ’srd ‘o cr’su an armrd
vns’rtrncy vn [kakvs‘ankB’ h’‘ vn 1aDa ‘ur hrv‘vsu
bombrd rxac‘ly ‘ur samr arraB hombvnt dvd no‘
s’bw’ta‘r ‘ur ‘rvbrs ‘urn, and wvll no‘ do so vn ‘ur
s’‘’rrB
cn ‘ur ‘rvbal rrtvon os kakvs‘an, known as ‘ur
Ordrrally Admvnvs‘rrrd brvbal Arras (OAbA0 os
Nor‘u srs‘ Oron‘vrr kroffvncr (NsOk0, ‘ur
toffrrnmrn‘ vn cslamabad vs as alvrn as was ‘ur
hrv‘vsu RawB ao’‘u sazvrvs‘an vs ‘ur so’‘urrnmos‘
os 7 Atrncvrs vn OAbA, and lvkr ‘ur o‘urrs v‘s
vnuabv‘an‘s arr lartrly vllv‘rra‘r (‘ur lv‘rracy ra‘r
sor mrn vs 1C,N sor womrn, nrtlvtvblr0, and as
proso’ndly vtnoran‘ os ‘ur o’‘svdr world as v‘ vs os
‘urmB bury arr drffo’‘ly rrlvtvo’sN drffvo’s and
attrrssvffrN bo’nd by a codr os uono’r
vncomprrurnsvblr ‘o mos‘ wrs‘rrnrrsN and
vmplacably opposrd ‘o drffrlopmrn‘ ‘ua‘ mvtu‘
al‘rr ‘urvr way os lvsrB bury arr loosrly con‘avnrd
by ‘ur Oron‘vrr Lrvmrs Rrt’la‘vons (1a610 wuvcu
arr basrd on collrc‘vffr rrsponsvbvlv‘y vn ‘ua‘ ‘ur
a’‘uorv‘vrs, vs ‘ury darr, can dr‘avn mrmbrrs os a
lawAbrrakvnt s’tv‘vffr’s ‘rvbr or q’aran‘vnr uvs
ffvllatr suo’ld ur savl ‘o s’rrrndrr or vs ‘rvbal
p’nvsumrn‘ vs no‘ admvnvs‘rrrdB
bur ‘ro’blrs os D66:AD665 brtan wurn
sasuvnt‘on vnsvs‘rd ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an ‘akr ac‘von
atavns‘ ‘rvbrs surl‘rrvnt balvban adurrrn‘s and
possvbly (vnd’bv‘ably, vn ‘ur ca assrssmrn‘0
mrmbrrs os Al lardaB bur wrv‘rr was ‘old vn
Mrcrmbrr D669 by a ca trnrral vn kakvs‘an ‘ua‘
‘‘ur kaks arrn’‘ dovnt rno’tu’ ‘o assvs‘ Amrrvca
and ‘ua‘ ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ m’s‘ drvffr o’‘ or kvll
‘uosr ‘o wuom ‘ur ‘rvbrs wrrr affordvnt sanc‘’aryB
Lonc’rrrn‘ly officvals vn cslamabad savd ‘ua‘
vncrrasrd prrss’rr on krrsvdrn‘ g’suarras ‘o
s‘rvkr vn OAbA was rrsvs‘rd by rxplana‘von ‘ua‘ ‘ur
arra was mos‘ srnsv‘vffr vn domrs‘vc polv‘vcs and
‘ua‘ NsOk was con‘rollrd by (drmocra‘vcally
rlrc‘rd0 sana‘vcs os ‘ur g’‘‘auvda gawlvsArAAmal
(ggAN a tro’p os svx rrlvtvo’s par‘vrs0 wuosr
rr‘rotrrssvffr polvcvrs wrrr rxcrrdvntly dvffic’l‘ ‘o
co’n‘rrB gvlv‘ary ac‘von wo’ld rrs’l‘ vn trra‘rr
s’ppor‘ sor ‘ur ggA, wuvcu was atavns‘ ‘ur
vn‘rrrs‘s os kakvs‘an as a wuolrB c‘ was obsrrffrd
‘ua‘ a‘‘rmp‘s wrrr brvnt madr ‘o vn‘rod’cr
rrsorms vn OAbA, and ‘ua‘ ‘ur procrss wo’ld
collapsr suo’ld ‘urrr br consron‘a‘vonB Nonr os
‘ursr art’mrn‘s s’ccrrdrdB Nor dvd ‘ur mvlv‘ary
oprra‘vons ‘ua‘ sollowrdB
bwo oprra‘vons vn ao’‘u sazvrvs‘an vn D66DA
D669 wrrr vn‘rndrd ‘o rradvca‘r sorrvtn mvlv‘an‘sB
bury ca’srd m’cu rrac‘von atavns‘ ‘ur
toffrrnmrn‘ and ‘ur cnv‘rd a‘a‘rs, as v‘ was
clavmrd by ‘ur ‘rvbrs ‘ua‘ ‘urrr uad brrn
par‘vcvpa‘von by ‘ur ca mvlv‘aryB No ma‘‘rr wua‘
mvtu‘ br anno’ncrd by cslamabad or sasuvnt‘on
v‘ vs firmly brlvrffrd vn NsOk and ‘ur rrs‘ os ‘ur
co’n‘ry ‘ua‘ ca sorcrs wrrr vnffolffrd and con‘vn’r
‘o br vnffolffrd vn oprra‘vons alont ‘ur sron‘vrrB
buvs brlvrs was tvffrn vmpr‘’s by a 9 uo’r ffvsv‘ ‘o
sana on 1: dan’ary D665 by fiffr ca srna‘ors,
accompanvrd by ‘ur ca drsrncr a‘‘acué vn
cslamabadB (aur was no‘ wrarvnt ’nvsorm, b’‘ was
rrcotnvzrdB0 bur officval uando’‘ s‘a‘rdM ‘bur
rldrrs os ‘ur Aumadzav sazvr ‘rvbr pros’srly
pravsrd ‘ur kakvs‘an Army d’rvnt ‘ur mrr‘vnt
[wv‘u ‘ur srna‘orsk BBB bury s‘rrssrd ‘ua‘ mvlv‘ary
oprra‘vons atavns‘ sorrvtn mvlv‘an‘s rnwoyrd ‘ur
s’ppor‘ os ‘ur ‘rvbrsB’
bur Aumadzav sazvr and ‘ur gaus’d ‘rvbrs arr
‘ur mos‘ promvnrn‘ vn ‘ur AtrncyB bur Zalvkurls, a
s’bA‘rvbr os ‘ur Aumadzav, taffr sanc‘’ary ‘o
mvlv‘an‘s flrrvnt Astuanvs‘an sollowvnt ca
bombvnt and Nor‘urrn Allvancr massacrrs vn
D661AD66DB burrr arr sazvrs on bo‘u svdrs os ‘ur
kakvs‘anAAstuanvs‘an bordrr, and kvnsuvp bonds
arr closrB
Yn 1: garcu D66: ’nv‘s srom ‘ur army and ‘ur
Oron‘vrr Lorps (OLN a mvlv‘va sorcr ’ndrr ‘ur
oomr gvnvs‘ry b’‘ wv‘u officrrs srom ‘ur army0,
brtan an oprra‘von vn ao’‘u sazvrvs‘an ‘o ‘fl’su
o’‘ Al larda and balvban ac‘vffvs‘s and arrrs‘
‘rvbrsmrn wuo uarbo’r ‘urmB’ aomr 7,666 ‘roops
‘ook par‘, ’svnt ar‘vllrry and mor‘arsB Yffrr :6,666
proplr wrrr drvffrn srom ‘urvr uomrs, somr
u’ndrrds os uo’srs wrrr drmolvsurd, ca‘‘lr wrrr
kvllrd, orcuards drs‘royrd, and an ’nknown
n’mbrr os cvffvlvan cas’al‘vrs vnflvc‘rdB bur army
los‘ sor‘yA‘urrr kvllrd and ‘ur Oron‘vrr Lorps
srffrn‘rrn, rvtu‘ os wuom wrrr m’rdrrrd as‘rr
brvnt ‘akrn prvsonrrB bur oprra‘von was drclarrd
a s’ccrssB (burrr wrrr gaus’ds amont ‘ur OL
drad, wuvcu srrffrd ‘o s’r‘urr sazvrAgaus’d
rnmv‘yB cn sormrr days v‘ was ’n’s’al ‘o uaffr OL
’nv‘s, wuvcu arr ‘rvbally mannrd, pv‘‘rd atavns‘
‘rvbrs vn ‘ur samr trnrral arra as ‘rvbal mrmbrrs
os ‘ur ’nv‘, as blood sr’ds arr vnrffv‘ablr vs ‘urrr
arr dra‘us on rv‘urr svdrB0 c‘ was s‘a‘rd ‘ua‘ D15
‘fitu‘rrs’ uad brrn cap‘’rrd, os wuom srffrn‘yA
‘urrr wrrr sorrvtnrrsB No vndrprndrn‘ obsrrffrr
uas svtu‘rd ‘ursr cap‘vffrsB
A‘ a wvrta (assrmbly os promvnrn‘ ‘rvbrsmrn0 a‘
auakav, nrar sana, on D: Aprvl v‘ was atrrrd wv‘u
rrprrsrn‘a‘vffrs os ‘ur kakvs‘an toffrrnmrn‘ ‘ua‘
‘urrr wo’ld br an amnrs‘y sor sorrvtnrrs uandrd
offrrB Yn 9 gay ‘ur ca commandrr vn Astuanvs‘an,
tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Rvcuard harno, s‘a‘rd ‘Y’r
ffvrw vs ‘ua‘ ‘urrr arr sorrvtn fitu‘rrs vn ‘uosr
‘rvbal arras wuo wvll uaffr ‘o br kvllrd or
cap‘’rrdB’
O’r‘urr nrto‘va‘vons rrs’l‘rd vn a ‘rvbal
commv‘‘rr brvnt sormrd ‘o rvd ‘ur arra os
sorrvtnrrsB c‘ rrpor‘rd vn gay ‘ua‘ ‘urrr wrrr
nonrB bur a’‘uorv‘vrs rrs’srd ‘o brlvrffr ‘ur clavm,
and con‘vn’rd dvsbrlvrs wurn a ‘rvbal lasukar
(army0 os somr D,666 mrn wrrr savd ‘o uaffr
cond’c‘rd an ’nprod’c‘vffr srarcuB As a rrs’l‘ os
prrcrvffrd nonAcooprra‘von a polvcy os collrc‘vffr
p’nvsumrn‘ was vnffokrdB Yn Da gay u’ndrrds os
Aumadzav sazvrs’ suops vn and aro’nd sana wrrr
closrd, as was ‘ur uospv‘alB aalarvrs ‘o s‘a‘rA
rmployrd Aumadzavs wrrr s‘opprd, and srffrn‘y
‘rvbrsmrn wrrr vmprvsonrd, vncl’dvnt a dozrn
malvks, or ‘rvbal rldrrs, ‘u’s rffrc‘vffrly rndvnt
nrto‘va‘vonsB
Orom 11 d’nr mvlv‘ary oprra‘vons atavn brtan,
vnffolffvnt morr avr s‘rvkrs, and a pop’lar local
brvtand, Nrk gouammad, was kvllrd by a
urlvbornr mvssvlrB Yfficval loss fit’rrs wrrr nvnr
OL and svx soldvrrs kvllrdB cn A’t’s‘ and
arp‘rmbrr ‘urrr was s’r‘urr bv‘‘rr fitu‘vnt, and v‘
was anno’ncrd on 1: arp‘rmbrr ‘ua‘ so’r
‘sorrvtnrrs’, s’sprc‘rd mrmbrrs os Al larda, uad
brrn kvllrdB bury wrrr no s’cu ‘uvnt, and on Da
arp‘rmbrr ‘ur bodvrs wrrr uandrd offrr ‘o ‘ur
kakvs‘anv ‘rvbrs ‘o wuvcu ‘ury brlontrd, and ‘urvr
b’rval was a‘‘rndrd by ‘uo’sands os ‘rvbrsmrnB
As‘rr s’r‘urr fitu‘vnt v‘ was anno’ncrd vn
Mrcrmbrr ‘ua‘ ‘mvlv‘an‘s’ wrrr no lontrr capablr
os ‘rrtro’pvnt and a‘‘ackvnt src’rv‘y sorcrs’, ‘ua‘
D66 soldvrrs uad brrn kvllrd, and ‘ua‘ ‘srffrral
u’ndrrd’ fitu‘rrs uad brrn kvllrd or cap‘’rrdB
Oor ‘ur momrn‘ [garcu D665k OAbA vs savrly
q’vr‘B A ‘pracr plan’ uas brrn dras‘rd and
promvsrs os drffrlopmrn‘ ‘’plvs‘ works’ uaffr brrn
madrB No sorrvtn fitu‘rrs uaffr brrn srrn by
vndrprndrn‘ wv‘nrssrs and nonr uas brrn p’‘ on
‘rvalB bur ‘rvbrs arr alvrna‘rd srom onr ano‘urr
and ‘urvr s’spvcvon and dvslvkr os ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘
uaffr ‘’rnrd ‘o dvs‘r’s‘ and ua‘rrd wuvlr s’ppor‘
sor cslamvc rx‘rrmvsm and mvlv‘ancy uas trownB
 gvlv‘ary oprra‘vons confirmrd ‘ur vnuabv‘an‘s os
Nor‘u srs‘ Oron‘vrr kroffvncr and m’cu os ‘ur rrs‘
os ‘ur co’n‘ry vn ‘urvr brlvrs ‘ua‘ ‘ur ca was
rrsponsvblr sor ‘ur drcvsvon ‘o vnffadr ‘ur ‘rvbal
arrasB As sorrcas‘ by officvals vn cslamabad vn
D669, ‘ur oprra‘vons workrd atavns‘ na‘vonal
uarmonyB O’r‘urr, ‘ury dvd no‘ acuvrffr ‘urvr avm,
and v‘ vs ’nlvkrly s’‘’rr oprra‘vons wvll do so,
rv‘urrB h’‘ ‘ur ua‘rrd wvll las‘ sor drcadrsB

Mrploymrn‘ os ‘ur army vn‘o ‘ur ‘rvbal arras was

vmpossvblr ‘o affovd vs kakvs‘an wrrr ‘o con‘vn’r ‘o br
consvdrrrd a s’ppor‘rr vn krrsvdrn‘ h’su’s ‘war on ‘rrror’
and rrcrvffr rconomvc and polv‘vcal s’ppor‘ srom
sasuvnt‘on sor mavn‘avnvnt ‘ua‘ s‘ancrB bur Lorps
Lommandrr vn krsuawar srom Yc‘obrr D661 ‘o garcu
D66:, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Alv gouammad dan A’rakzav, uad
‘rvrd ‘o affovd dvrrc‘ mvlv‘ary consron‘a‘von, al‘uo’tu vn la‘r
D661 ur ordrrrd ‘roops vn‘o wua‘ uad brrn ‘rrmrd ‘No ao’
par‘s os ‘ur Ordrrally Admvnvs‘rrrd brvbal Arras (OAbA0B
ovs conffvc‘von was ‘ua‘ drffrlopmrn‘ and rd’ca‘von wrrr
‘ur answrrs ‘o ‘rvbal alvrna‘von srom mavns‘rram kakvs‘an,
and ‘o ‘ua‘ rnd ur madr

a plan sor drffrlopmrn‘ prowrc‘s vn OR T’rram,

Yrakzav and Tuybrr AtrncvrsB sr uaffr brrn
allo‘‘rd Rs C6 mvllvon by ‘ur krrsvdrn‘ sor ‘ursr
prowrc‘s wuvcu wvll br rrlrasrd ‘o ’s as‘rr
s’bmvssvon os dr‘avls ‘o gY [gvlv‘ary Yprra‘vonsk
Mvrrc‘ora‘rB lssrn‘vally, wr arr concrn‘ra‘vnt on a
road nr‘work ‘o rracu o’‘ ‘o ‘ur vnaccrssvblr
arras ‘o connrc‘ ffarvo’s ‘rvbrsCatrncvrs ‘uro’tu
roads, cons‘r’c‘von os scuool b’vldvnts and
dvsprnsarvrs r‘cB sr wvll cons‘r’c‘ ‘racks ‘o s‘ar‘
 wv‘u, wuvcu wvll br mr‘allrd (uoprs’lly0 by ‘ur
proffvncval toffrrnmrn‘ ’‘vlvsvnt AMk [Assocva‘von
sor ‘ur Mrffrlopmrn‘ os kakvs‘ank and Tkk
[Tu’suual kakvs‘an krotrammr, a r’ral
drffrlopmrn‘ ortanvza‘vonk s’nds wuvcu r’n vn‘o
u’ndrrds os mvllvons os r’prrsB Rrtrr‘‘ably, d’r ‘o
‘ur vnrp‘, vnrfficvrn‘ and vrrrsponsvblr a‘‘v‘’dr os
‘ur b’rra’cracy, no work uas s‘ar‘rd yr‘ drspv‘r
‘ur sac‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur financval yrar vs comvnt ‘o a closr
vn so’r mon‘usB An‘vcvpa‘vnt allo‘mrn‘ os Rs C6
mvllvon ‘o ’s sor ‘ursr prowrc‘s, c uaffr alrrady
uvrrd svx cvffvlvan dozrrs, ‘wo comprrssors and
drvllvnt macuvnrs r‘cB d’rvnt ‘ur las‘ wrrk os
Mrcrmbrr D661 and work on ffarvo’s ‘racks vn OR
T’rram and Tuybrr Atrncy vs protrrssvnt wrllBDD

ca rrprrsrn‘a‘vffrs vn kakvs‘an and Astuanvs‘an vnsvs‘rd

‘ua‘ ac‘von br ‘akrn and wo’ld no‘ atrrr – co’ld no‘ rffrn
brtvn ‘o ’ndrrs‘and – ‘ua‘ ‘ur las‘ rrsor‘ suo’ld br
rmploymrn‘ os ‘ur mvlv‘ary on wua‘ wo’ld br srrn by ‘ur
‘rvbrs as a p’nv‘vffr rxprdv‘vonB Anyonr samvlvar wv‘u bur
ka‘uans by avr Ylas Laror,D9 and rsprcvally uvs cuap‘rr on
sazvrvs‘an, wo’ld rralvzr ‘ua‘ lv‘‘lr uas cuantrd vn ‘ur
Oron‘vrr offrr ‘ur las‘ crn‘’ry, and ‘ua‘ mvlv‘ary sorcr, wuvlr
an a‘‘rac‘vffr sol’‘von vn ‘ur suor‘ ‘rrm, vs crr‘avn ‘o
prod’cr lontAlas‘vnt rrsrn‘mrn‘B
csr os all ‘ur parapurrnalva os uvA‘rcu warsarr atavns‘
‘rvbrs and ‘urvr ffvllatrs, rsprcvally armrd urlvcop‘rrs firvnt
mvssvlrs, looks ffrry tood on ‘rlrffvsvon and ’ndo’b‘rdly
kvlls many proplrB cnrffv‘ably, somr os ‘ursr arr ‘ur wront
proplr and, rq’ally vnrffv‘ably, ‘ur ratr and rrsrn‘mrn‘
‘ua‘ sollow sar o’‘wrvtu any mvlv‘ary or socval brnrfi‘
acuvrffrd by blas‘vnt a srw o’‘lawsB bur sac‘ ‘ua‘ offrr D66
army and Oron‘vrr Lorps soldvrrs wrrr kvllrd (and do’blr
‘ua‘ n’mbrr wo’ndrd0D: vn oprra‘vons atavns‘ ‘ur ‘rvbrs vs
no‘ s’rprvsvnt, rsprcvally as srffrral os ‘ur army ’nv‘s uad
brrn rrdrployrd srom c Lorps vn ‘ur ras‘ os ‘ur co’n‘ry
wurrr ‘urvr ‘ravnvnt uad brrn almos‘ solrly sor uvtuly
mobvlr, s’lly mrcuanvzrd, ‘s‘rvkr’ oprra‘vons atavns‘ cndvan
sorcrsB bur lrsson vs svmplrM nobody can rxprc‘ soldvrrs
and ‘urvr lradrrs ‘o br vns‘an‘ rxprr‘s vn all ‘yprs os
warsarrB Ovtu‘vnt ‘uro’tu rffrry drfilr, rffrry nala – ‘rffrry
rock, rffrry uvll’D5 – drmands ffrry dvffrrrn‘ skvlls ‘o ‘uosr
rrq’vrrd vn an armo’rrd adffancrB bury can br acq’vrrd, os
co’rsr, brca’sr ‘ua‘ vs wua‘ soldvrrvnt vs all abo’‘, b’‘ no‘
offrrnvtu‘N and v‘ was rx‘rrmrly ’nwvsr ‘o commv‘ ‘roops ‘o
soo‘slottvnt, amb’suApronr, classvc sron‘vrr warsarr
wv‘uo’‘ vn‘rnsvffr and lrnt‘uy prrpara‘vonB c‘ ‘akrs an
ordvnary ba‘‘alvon a‘ lras‘ rvtu‘ mon‘us os concrn‘ra‘rd
‘ravnvnt ‘o br prrparrd sor oprra‘vons vn ‘rrravn and
condv‘vons ‘ua‘ arr ’‘‘rrly dvffrrrn‘ srom ‘uosr wv‘u wuvcu
v‘ vs samvlvarB tv‘‘lr wondrr ‘urrr wrrr problrms os moralr
vn somr ’nv‘sB
gvlv‘ary oprra‘vons vn OAbA uaffr nrffrr s’ccrrdrd vn
prrmanrn‘ly vmposvnt ‘ur a’‘uorv‘y os ‘ur crn‘ral or
proffvncr toffrrnmrn‘s on ‘ur rrtvon, and nrffrr wvllB bur
mos‘ rffrc‘vffr mrans os cap‘’rvnt or kvllvnt dvssvdrn‘s
brvnt suvrldrd by ‘ur ‘rvbrs vs ‘uro’tu a combvna‘von os
drffvo’snrss, pa‘vrncr, ‘urra‘ os sorcr and brvbrry, and ‘o
makr ‘uvs work rrq’vrrs a drrp knowlrdtr os ‘ur rrtvon
and lont samvlvarv‘y wv‘u prrsonalv‘vrs, dvalrc‘s and
c’s‘omsB bur malvks os ‘ur Aumadzav sazvrs (and os o‘urr
‘rvbrs, clans and s’bAclans0 wvll say all ‘ur rvtu‘ ‘uvnts
wurn ca polv‘vcvans drop by on onr os ‘urvr rarnrs‘, wrllA
mranvnt and abs’rdly ’nprod’c‘vffr w’nkr‘s, b’‘ v‘ vs
rrmarkably vntrn’o’s os anyonr ‘o brlvrffr ‘ury mran wua‘
‘ury say, rsprcvally as‘rr ‘urvr lands, ‘urvr uo’srs, ‘urvr
proplr and ‘urvr prvdr wrrr so saffatrly assa’l‘rdB Tvplvnt
s’mmrd v‘ ’p wrll wurn ur wro‘r os a fic‘vonal b’‘ all ‘oo
brlvrffablr Asrvdv o’‘law ‘ua‘

‘bvs war, rrd war, c’ll tvffr yo’ ‘urn,

sar ‘vll my svnrws savl,
Oor ‘ur wront yo’ uaffr donr ‘o a cuvrs os mrn
And a ‘uvrs os ‘ur Z’kka TurlB

buvrffrs ‘ury may br, wurn ‘ur oppor‘’nv‘y arvsrsN and ‘ury
arr cr’rl, prrda‘ory and srlfisu, wv‘uo’‘ any rrtard sor
wua‘ sorrvtnrrs consvdrr ‘o br socval w’s‘vcrB h’‘ ‘ury uaffr
‘urvr own codrs os law and rq’v‘y wv‘u wuvcu ‘ury arr
con‘rn‘B bur kakvs‘an Army was wrll awarr os wua‘ v‘ was
‘akvnt on wurn v‘ brtan v‘s oprra‘vons vn sazvrvs‘an, b’‘
bo‘u v‘ and ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ vn cslamabad wrrr no‘ only
o’‘manor’ffrrd by ‘ur ‘rvbrsmrn, b’‘ by sasuvnt‘onB c‘ vs
‘ur toodwvll os ‘ur cnv‘rd a‘a‘rs ‘ua‘ vs so vmpor‘an‘ sor
‘ur rq’vpmrn‘ s‘a‘’s os ‘ur armrd sorcrs – sor ‘ur naffy and
avr sorcr morr ‘uan ‘ur army, b’‘ nrffrr‘urlrss os
consvdrrablr consrq’rncr ‘o ‘ur la‘‘rr vn acq’vrvnt s’cu
v‘rms as urlvcop‘rrs, comm’nvca‘vons sys‘rms, tro’nd
s’rffrvllancr radars, avrApla‘sorm an‘vA‘ank mvssvlrs,
co’n‘rrAvns’rtrncy and rvo‘Acon‘rol rq’vpmrn‘, and nvtu‘A
ffvsvon drffvcrsB bur rffrc‘s os ca coAoprra‘von and v‘s
vmpac‘ on kakvs‘an’s drsrncr b’dtr‘ and capabvlv‘vrs uaffr
brrn consvdrrablrB As dvsc’ssrd vn Luap‘rr 7, oprra‘vons
svncr D665 uaffr ffarvrd srom rmploymrn‘ os ‘rvbal wvrtas,
‘alkvnt wv‘u ‘ur ‘rvbrs vn ‘ur uopr os prrs’advnt ‘urm ‘o
coAoprra‘r wv‘u ‘ur a’‘uorv‘vrs, ‘o s’llAscalr mvlv‘ary ac‘von,
trowvnt ‘o a prak vn rarly D66CB

L A M Tacba sm AY cclYTs aa d tNT D TtTa c T

6 Y d gTt
As a rrs’l‘ os ‘urvr n’clrar ‘rs‘s ‘ur ca vmposrd sanc‘vons
on cndva and kakvs‘an ‘ua‘ adffrrsrly affrc‘rd bo‘u
co’n‘rvrs’ mvlv‘ary capabvlv‘vrs, b’‘ ‘uosr os kakvs‘an morr
‘uan cndva’sBDA kakvs‘an was rffrn s’r‘urr prnalvzrd
sollowvnt ‘ur army ‘akroffrr os 1aaa, and, na‘’rally, so’tu‘
closrr lvnks wv‘u LuvnaB krrsvdrn‘ g’suarras’s drclara‘von
os s’ppor‘ sor ‘ur ca as‘rr ‘ur aC11 a‘‘acks sp’rrrd ‘ur
h’su admvnvs‘ra‘von ‘o rrconsvdrr v‘s s‘ancr, wurn v‘
brcamr apparrn‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur kakvs‘an Army and ca accrss ‘o
kakvs‘an’s mvlv‘ary sacvlv‘vrs wrrr rssrn‘val componrn‘s os
wua‘ gr h’su callrd ‘ur ‘war on ‘rrror’B cnv‘rd a‘a‘rs’
laws and prvncvplrs wrrr s’bordvna‘rd ‘o sasuvnt‘on’s
soc’s on alAlarda, and ‘ur rrs’l‘ was rrArs‘ablvsumrn‘ os
drsrncr connrc‘vons wv‘u kakvs‘an and ‘ur oprnvnt os an
rq’vpmrn‘ corn’copvaB bur Ordrra‘von os Amrrvcan
acvrn‘vs‘s rxplavns uow ‘uvs was rffrc‘rdM

bur kakvs‘anAonly wavffrr was p’‘ vn‘o a srpara‘r

bvll (aB 1:A5, sponsorrd by arna‘or hrownback0,
wuvcu brcamr law on D7 Yc‘obrr D661B buvs law
wavffrs ‘ur mvlv‘ary co’p proffvsvon (no arms or avd
‘o co’n‘rvrs ‘ua‘ uaffr ’ndrrtonr a mvlv‘ary co’p
’n‘vl drmocracy vs rrs‘orrd0 srom Oorrvtn
Yprra‘vons Approprva‘vons bvlls sor OY D66D and
D669N allows sor trra‘rr flrxvbvlv‘y on sanc‘vons
rrla‘rd ‘o gbLR [gvssvlr brcunoloty Lon‘rol
Rrtvmrk or lxpor‘ Admvnvs‘ra‘von Ac‘ ffvola‘vonsN
and rxrmp‘s kakvs‘an srom rrs‘rvc‘vons on avd
rrla‘vnt ‘o loan drsa’l‘sB c‘ also suor‘rns ‘ur
contrrssvonal no‘vfica‘von prrvod sor ‘ranssrrs os
wrapons srom c’rrrn‘ ca s‘ocks srom 15 ‘o 5 days
and ‘ranssrrs os rxcrss ca wrapons srom 96 ‘o 15
days sor all co’n‘rvrs vs ‘ur ‘ranssrrs wo’ld
rrspond ‘o or prrffrn‘ vn‘rrna‘vonal ac‘s os
 ‘rrrorvsmB cn d’nr D669, ‘ur a‘a‘r Mrpar‘mrn‘
sormally rndrd ‘ur ban on arms ‘ranssrrs ‘o cndva
and kakvs‘an, anno’ncvnt ‘ua‘ urncrsor‘u all
rrq’rs‘s wo’ld br consvdrrrd on a s‘andard casrA
byAcasr basvsB D7

kakvs‘an’s drsrncr rxprndv‘’rr uas uvs‘orvcally brrn

opaq’r and only brvrfly o’‘lvnrd vn ann’al b’dtr‘ paprrsB
tack os dr‘avl vs w’s‘vfird officvally by rrsrrrncrs ‘o ‘ur
vmprra‘vffrs os na‘vonal src’rv‘y, b’‘ vn prac‘vcr flows srom
lontA‘rrm, drrply roo‘rd mvlv‘ary vnfl’rncr on ‘ur co’n‘ry’s
toffrrnancr and an vntravnrd proclvffv‘y sor srcrrcy abo’‘
almos‘ rffrry‘uvnt ‘o do wv‘u mvlv‘ary ma‘‘rrsB lffrn d’rvnt
kakvs‘an’s brvrs prrvods os drmocracy, cvffvlvan toffrrnmrn‘s
uaffr no‘ proffvdrd o‘urr ‘uan ‘ur blandrs‘ s‘a‘rmrn‘s
rrla‘vnt ‘o mvlv‘ary sprndvnt, and ‘urrr uas brrn no
vndvca‘von ‘ua‘ ‘ransparrncy mvtu‘ br saffo’rrd, no ma‘‘rr
‘ur na‘’rr os toffrrnmrn‘ vn ‘ur sorrsrrablr s’‘’rrB Yfficval
fit’rrs sor offrrall drsrncr rxprndv‘’rr arrM

Mrsrncr sprndvnt acco’n‘s sor abo’‘ D6 prr crn‘ os ‘ur

na‘vonal b’dtr‘ os somr kRs a69 bvllvon and, as drclarrd, vs
abo’‘ 9 prr crn‘ os tross domrs‘vc prod’c‘B h’dtr‘
doc’mrn‘s proffvdrd lv‘‘lr vnsorma‘von on dvffvsvon os
rxprndv‘’rr o‘urr ‘uan ‘o no‘r alloca‘vons ‘o ‘drsrncr
admvnvs‘ra‘von’ and ‘drsrncr srrffvcrs’B c‘ vs probablr ‘ua‘
approprva‘vons sor mvssvlr protrammrs and n’clrar
wrapons arr dvst’vsrd vn ‘ursr, and o‘urr lvnr v‘rms and
’ndrr o‘urr b’dtr‘ uradvntsB c‘’s known as crra‘vffr
acco’n‘vntB
 bur fit’rrs do no‘ vncl’dr alloca‘vons sor mvlv‘ary
prnsvons or paramvlv‘ary ‘roops (vn common wv‘u many
o‘urr co’n‘rvrs’ b’dtr‘ s‘a‘rmrn‘s0, or s’nds sprn‘ on
proc’rrmrn‘ madr on crrdv‘B buvs las‘ fit’rr vs no‘
rrffralrd officvally rffrn ‘o rconomvc avd donors s’cu as ‘ur
cn‘rrna‘vonal gonr‘ary O’nd or ‘ur sorld hank, al‘uo’tu v‘
apprars bo‘u uaffr brrn q’vr‘ly prrss’rvnt cslamabad sor
morr ‘ransparrncyB c‘ vs probablr ‘ua‘ as m’cu as ca$7
bvllvon os kakvs‘an’s sorrvtn drb‘ vn D667 was rrla‘rd ‘o
drsrncr proc’rrmrn‘, rxcl’dvnt s’cu arrantrmrn‘s as may
uaffr brrn madr vn D66AAD667 sor ‘ur p’rcuasr os s’r‘urr OA
1A avrcras‘B Oorrvtn drb‘ rrlvrs, al‘uo’tu no‘ vn‘rndrd sor
drsrncr p’rposrs, vs lvkrly vn somr sasuvon ‘o srrffr ‘o
rrd’cr amo’n‘s owvnt sor sorrvtn drsrncr proc’rrmrn‘B
bur mvlv‘ary rrla‘rd drb‘, vncl’dvnt ‘ur par‘ s’ndrd
‘uro’tu sorrvtn loans, vs no‘ vndvca‘rd vn ‘ur drb‘ fit’rrs
rrlrasrd as par‘ os ‘ur na‘vonal b’dtr‘B c‘ vs no‘ known vs
rarnvnts srom s’cu dvffrrsr rn‘rrprvsrs as ‘ur kakvs‘an
Yrdnancr Oac‘orvrs, mvlv‘ary sarms, land rrn‘als and ‘ur
Na‘vonal totvs‘vcs Lrll arr acco’n‘rd sor as vncomr or
offsr‘ atavns‘ vndvffvd’al o’‘laysB
Mrsrncr rxprndv‘’rr s‘a‘vs‘vcs arr mranvntlrss vn ‘ur
con‘rx‘ os mvlv‘ary capabvlv‘vrsB Yn 91 garcu D66: ‘ur
Ovnancr gvnvs‘ry vnsormrd ‘ur Na‘vonal Assrmbly ‘ua‘
kakvs‘an uad rrcrvffrd somr ca$5B77A bvllvon vn avd srom
‘ur ca vn ‘ur pas‘ so’r yrars, vncl’dvnt a ca$9 bvllvon
packatr anno’ncrd wuvlr krrsvdrn‘ g’suarras ffvsv‘rd
sasuvnt‘on vn D669B Ys ‘uvs, ‘ur gvnvs‘ry vndvca‘rd ‘ua‘
ca$1B9C bvllvon uad brrn tran‘rd sor ‘src’rv‘y and ‘ur fitu‘
atavns‘ ‘rrror’, b’‘ s’nc‘von alloca‘vons wv‘uvn ‘ua‘ amo’n‘
wrrr no‘ rrffralrdB kroffvsvon os drsrncr ma‘érvrl srom ‘uvs
mvlv‘ary assvs‘ancr, and trnrro’s ‘ranssrr os sparrs,
sys‘rms and rq’vpmrn‘s ’ndrr ‘rrms os rxvs‘vnt
rrt’la‘vons and ‘mawor nonANa‘o ally’ s‘a‘’s canno‘ br
co’n‘rd vn na‘vonal b’dtr‘ary calc’la‘vonsB
 td M[l[tarl Ass[staacs tb a ak[staa, NY,00+ r NY,00D #[a
m[ll[bas bt rbllars$

ao’rcrM Adap‘rd srom a paprr by Alan Trons‘ad‘ os ‘ur ca Lontrrssvonal

Rrsrarcu arrffvcr, D: A’t’s‘ D667DC wv‘u fit’rrs ’pda‘rd on 1C Yc‘obrr D667B
c‘ vs os no‘r ‘ua‘ ‘ur LRa bablr, wuvcu vncl’drs drffrlopmrn‘ avd amo’n‘s, vs
uradrd ‘Mvrrc‘ Ovsrtca Assvs‘ancr ‘o kakvs‘an’ (a’‘uor’s rmpuasvs0B

c‘ can br apprrcva‘rd ‘ua‘ drclarrd drsrncr o’‘lays arr

b’‘ an ’nknown srac‘von os ac‘’al rxprndv‘’rr on mvlv‘ary
rq’vpmrn‘ and proffvdr no vndvca‘von os ‘ur markr‘ or
rrplacrmrn‘ ffal’r os rq’vpmrn‘ ob‘avnrd srom sorrvtn
so’rcrsB bur sv‘’a‘von rrtardvnt acq’vsv‘von os wrapons
and assocva‘rd sys‘rms uas brrn madr morr complrx by
drclara‘von os kakvs‘an as a ‘gawor NonANa‘o Ally’ (gNNA0
by ‘ur ca, wuvcu was wrlcomrd by kakvs‘an, al‘uo’tu
rrtardrd vn cndva as uaffvnt brrn uandlrd vn a svnt’larly
vnrp‘ sasuvonB
cn garcu D66:, ‘urn arcrr‘ary os a‘a‘r Lolvn kowrll
ffvsv‘rd cndva and kakvs‘anB cn cslamabad ur anno’ncrd ‘ua‘
‘ur ca wo’ld consrr gNNA s‘a‘’s on kakvs‘an, wv‘uo’‘
uaffvnt uvn‘rd a‘ s’cu a mawor drcvsvon ‘o ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘
vn Mrluv, and on 1a Aprvl ‘ur a‘a‘r Mrpar‘mrn‘ no‘vfird ‘ur
arna‘r Lommv‘‘rr on Oorrvtn Rrla‘vons os ‘ur krrsvdrn‘’s
vn‘rn‘von vn a lr‘‘rr vndvca‘vnt rxac‘ly wurrr ‘ur caA
kakvs‘an nrx’s now uvntrsM

sr wvsu ‘o vnsorm yo’ os ‘ur krrsvdrn‘’s vn‘rn‘von

‘o drsvtna‘r kakvs‘an as a gawor NonANa‘o Ally
(gNNA0 p’rs’an‘ ‘o DD caL D9Dlk (arc‘von 517 os
‘ur Oorrvtn Assvs‘ancr Ac‘ os 1aA1, as amrndrd0B
kakvs‘an vs onr os o’r mos‘ vmpor‘an‘ par‘nrrs vn
‘ur alobal sar on brrrorvsmB bur aYkDa uas
s‘rpprd ’p v‘s co’n‘rrA‘rrrorvsm ac‘vffv‘vrs alont
‘ur AstuanAkakvs‘an bordrr and uas firmly warnrd
‘rvbrsmrn vn ‘ur arra ‘ua‘ ‘ury m’s‘ s‘op
uarbo’rvnt sorrvtnrrsB c‘ uas also cap‘’rrd and
uandrd offrr ‘o ‘ur ca morr ‘uan 556 s’sprc‘rd
alAlarda oprra‘vffrs, vncl’dvnt ‘ur tro’p’s srnvor
commandrrs Tualvd aurvku gouammad and Ab’
Z’bavda as wrll as arp‘rmbrr 11 conspvra‘or
Ramzv bvn alAauvbuB L’rrrn‘ly [Aprvl D66:k ‘urrr
arr 76,666 kakvs‘anv ‘roops drployrd vn ‘ur bordrr
rrtvon, and ‘ury uaffr rnco’n‘rrrd s‘vff rrsvs‘ancrB
Yn garcu 17 alonr, 1A kakvs‘anv paramvlv‘ary
prrsonnrl wrrr slavn vn an rnco’n‘rr wv‘u tro’ps
‘ua‘ apprar lvnkrd ‘o ‘rrrorvs‘s and balvban
rrmnan‘sB krrsvdrn‘ g’suarras uas accompanvrd
uvs ac‘vons wv‘u vmpor‘an‘ rffor‘s ‘o lrad ‘ur
p’blvc away srom rx‘rrmvsmB Yn Orbr’ary 1C, sor
rxamplr, ur drlvffrrrd a na‘vonally ‘rlrffvsrd
addrrss callvnt on sorrvtn rx‘rrmvs‘s vn kakvs‘an
‘o lraffr, and ’rtvnt ‘ur p’blvc ‘o adurrr ‘o a
modrra‘r co’rsrB
bur cnv‘rd a‘a‘rs uas uad an vmpor‘an‘
rrla‘vonsuvp wv‘u ‘ur cslamvc Rrp’blvc os kakvs‘an
svncr v‘s crra‘von offrr 56 yrars atoB sr vn‘rnd ‘o
mavn‘avn v‘ vn ‘ur s’‘’rr and drmons‘ra‘r o’r
 s’ppor‘ sor ‘ur firm ac‘vons kakvs‘an vs ‘akvnt vn
‘ur alobal sar on brrrorB c‘ vs vn ‘ur ca vn‘rrrs‘ ‘o
sral o’r srvrndsuvp wv‘u kakvs‘anN tran‘vnt
kakvs‘an gNNA s‘a‘’s wo’ld svtnal o’r con‘vn’rd
commv‘mrn‘ ‘o s‘rrnt‘urnrd mvlv‘aryA‘oAmvlv‘ary
‘vrsB96

cn sac‘, ‘ur s‘a‘’s os gNNA dors morr ‘uan svtnal a

commv‘mrn‘M v‘ consrrs on allvrs so drsvtna‘rd a
consvdrrablr n’mbrr os ‘antvblr brnrfi‘sM
llvtvbvlv‘y ‘o rrcrvffr caAownrd war rrsrrffr s‘ockpvlrs
on v‘s ‘rrrv‘ory (DD cBaBLB D9D1u0 and ob‘avn ca sorrvtn
assvs‘ancr ‘o p’rcuasr drplr‘rd ’ranv’m amm’nv‘von
(DD cBaBLB D97Ca0N [bur la‘‘rr vs w’dtrd ‘o br rx‘rrmrly
’nlvkrlyBk
ca Oorrvtn gvlv‘ary Ovnancvnt (OgO0 may br ’srd by
‘ur co’n‘ry sor ‘ur commrrcval lrasvnt os crr‘avn
drsrncr ar‘vclrs (no‘ vncl’dvnt gawor Mrsrncr
lq’vpmrn‘, wv‘u ‘ur rxcrp‘von os urlvcop‘rrs and
crr‘avn ‘yprs os avrcras‘0 (Lonsolvda‘rd Approprva‘vons
Ac‘, Ovscal Yrar D66:, Oorrvtn Yprra‘vons, arcB 5160N
ln‘v‘lrmrn‘ ‘o rn‘rr vn‘o atrrrmrn‘s wv‘u ‘ur ca
toffrrnmrn‘ sor ‘ur coAoprra‘vffr s’rnvsuvnt os ‘ravnvnt,
on a bvla‘rral or m’l‘vla‘rral basvs, proffvdrd ‘ur
atrrrmrn‘s arr basrd on financval rrcvprocv‘y (DD
cBaBLB D7A10N
bur rvtu‘ ‘o loans, by ‘ur srcrr‘ary os drsrncr, os
ma‘rrvals, s’pplvrs, or rq’vpmrn‘ sor p’rposrs os
cooprra‘vffr rrsrarcu, drffrlopmrn‘, ‘rs‘vnt, or
rffal’a‘von (DD cBaBLB D7aAd0N
lxprdv‘rd ca rxpor‘ lvcrnsr approffal, as approprva‘r,
sor ca companvrs ‘o drlvffrr commrrcval sa‘rllv‘rs, ‘urvr
componrn‘s, and sys‘rms (DD cBaBLB D77C0N and
Oor ‘uosr gNNAs loca‘rd on ‘ur so’‘urrn and so’‘uA
ras‘rrn flank os NAbY – prvorv‘y drlvffrry os rxcrss ca
 drsrncr ar‘vclrs (DD cBaBLB D9D1w0B91

As‘rr makvnt ‘ur anno’ncrmrn‘, kowrll s‘a‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘vn

somr vns‘ancrs [gNNA s‘a‘’sk vs morr symbolvc ‘uan
prac‘vcal B B B c don’‘ know vs kakvs‘an [wvllk br ablr ‘o ‘akr
trra‘ adffan‘atr os v‘,’ b’‘ vn sac‘ kakvs‘an uas ‘u’s sar
brnrfi‘rd trra‘ly srom consrrral os gNNA s‘a‘’s, and wvll
con‘vn’r ‘o do soB bur flow os rq’vpmrn‘ and rsprcvally
sparrs sor rxvs‘vnt vnffrn‘orvrs uas brrn consvdrrablr, and
rffrn brsorr gNNA vncl’drd proffvsvon (or proffvsvon
no‘vfica‘von0 sor ‘ur army os sor‘y hrll :67 urlvcop‘rrs,
D,666 bYsADA an‘vA‘ank mvssvlrs and 9,D76 manpack and
ffruvclrAmo’n‘rd oarrvs radvos (vn‘rroprrablr wv‘u ca Army
and aprcval Oorcrs’ sys‘rms0B bur naffy and avr sorcr dvd
wrll, ‘oo, wv‘u kA9L and orrc’lrs avrcras‘ and kualanx
sys‘rmsB burn, vn garcu D665 v‘ was anno’ncrd vn a
rrmarkably cl’msy sasuvon by sasuvnt‘on ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an
wo’ld rrcrvffr an ’nsprcvfird n’mbrr os OA1A avrcras‘,
probably os ‘ur la‘rs‘ ‘yprB9D c‘ apprars ‘ua‘ sor ‘ur
sorrsrrablr s’‘’rr kakvs‘an’s armrd sorcrs wvll con‘vn’r ‘o
rrcrvffr q’an‘v‘vrs os s’rpl’s and adffancrd wrapons
sys‘rms srom ‘ur ca, ‘o complrmrn‘ v‘s vnffrn‘orvrs os
rq’vpmrn‘ srom o‘urr sorrvtn s’pplvrrs and srom v‘s own
man’sac‘’rvnt rs‘ablvsumrn‘s, wuvcu uaffr proffrd
rrmarkably rfficvrn‘ vn prod’cvnt many v‘rmsB

D TtTa c T H rbd Y c tYba aa d H rbc Y rTR Ta t tbr

tNT C rR k ++
Mrsrncr proc’rrmrn‘ and prod’c‘von vn kakvs‘an uaffr brrn
affrc‘rd by ‘ur swvnts and caprvcrs os sasuvnt‘on’s
polvcvrs rrtardvnt ‘ur s’bcon‘vnrn‘B Al‘uo’tu ‘ur offrrall
proc’rrmrn‘ plan vs wrll s‘r’c‘’rrd and rralvs‘vc, v‘ uas
brrn rrcrn‘ prac‘vcr ‘o accrp‘ wua‘ vs on offrr srom ‘ur ca
ra‘urr ‘uan ‘o abvdr s‘rvc‘ly by assrssmrn‘ os srq’rn‘val
rrq’vrrmrn‘s as vs donr vn ‘ur rrla‘vonsuvp wv‘u ‘ur kRLB
 kakvs‘an uas a uvs‘ory os corr’p‘von vn drsrncr
acq’vsv‘von ma‘‘rrs, and ‘urrr uas brrn vnfl’rncr by
polv‘vcal fit’rrs and srrffvcr officrrs on proc’rrmrn‘
drcvsvons vn ‘ur pas‘B Oormrr krrsvdrn‘ Oarooq trtuarv
s‘a‘rd vn 1aaC ‘ua‘ ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr d’rvnt uvs ‘rn’rr,
hrnazvr hu’‘‘o ‘and urr u’sband wrrr vnffolffrd vn rffor‘s ‘o
b’y gvratr [D666k avrcras‘ srom OrancrB buvs wuolr dral
rrrkrd os corr’p‘von srom day onr, and c vns’rrd ‘ua‘ [‘urk
dral suo’ld no‘ to ‘uro’tu brca’sr [os ‘uvskB’ (bur ’nv‘ cos‘
uad vncrrasrd markrdly and sor no apparrn‘ ‘rcunvcal
rrason vn ‘ur co’rsr os prrlvmvnary nrto‘va‘vonsB0 avffrn
‘uvs and o‘urr uvtuly p’blvcvzrd vns‘ancrs os vmprobv‘y,
par‘vc’larly ‘ur scandalo’s cond’c‘ os Admvral gansoorA’l
oaq,9: v‘ can br rxprc‘rd ‘ua‘ domrs‘vc and vn‘rrna‘vonal
mrdva scr’‘vny os s’‘’rr mawor con‘rac‘s wvll con‘vn’r ‘o br
vn‘rnsrB
bur ‘urrr srrffvcrs arr rrcrvffvnt and abo’‘ ‘o rrcrvffr
lartr q’an‘v‘vrs os wrapons and ancvllary v‘rms srom ‘ur
ca ’ndrr ffarvo’s protrammrs, and kakvs‘an vs vn a posv‘von
vn wuvcu v‘ may br ablr ‘o balancr ca lartrssr atavns‘ ‘ur
financval commv‘mrn‘ rrq’vrrd ‘o ob‘avn rq’vffalrn‘
‘rcunoloty sys‘rms rlsrwurrrB c‘s domrs‘vc mvlv‘ary
rq’vpmrn‘ protrammrs arr rffrc‘vffr, rsprcvally vn
armo’rrd ffruvclr and amm’nv‘von prod’c‘von, and v‘ uas
coAoprra‘von atrrrmrn‘s wv‘u Luvna, Orancr and ckravnr
‘ua‘ arr rxprc‘rd ‘o rxpandB95
bur ffvrws and vn‘rn‘vons os wraponsArxpor‘vnt na‘vons
o‘urr ‘uan ‘ur ca and Luvna as rrtards s’pply os wrapons
and assocva‘rd sys‘rms ‘o kakvs‘an arr rrtardrd as
vmpor‘an‘ b’‘ s’bordvna‘r ‘o ‘ursr ‘wo co’n‘rvrs’ sorrvtn
polvcvrsB kakvs‘an wvsurs ‘o ob‘avn uvtuA‘rcunoloty
rq’vpmrn‘ srom almos‘ any so’rcr b’‘ rralvzrs and accrp‘s
‘ua‘ somr co’n‘rvrs canno‘ or wvll no‘ rntatr vn coA
oprra‘von brca’sr os cndvan commv‘mrn‘s or ca
dvsapproffalB ao sar as ‘ur army vs concrrnrd ‘ur mavn
‘rcunoloty soc’s vs on mobvlv‘y, armo’r and local avr
drsrncr, wuvcu vs consvs‘rn‘ wv‘u doc‘rvnrB
 
bur brs‘ ‘ank vn ‘ur army’s vnffrn‘ory vs ‘ur bAC6cM, bo’tu‘
srom ckravnr, b’‘ ‘ur Al Tualvd, man’sac‘’rrd by oraffy
cnd’s‘rvrs baxvla (ocb0, and drffrloprd wv‘u m’cu Luvnrsr
vnp’‘, vs also an rffrc‘vffr fitu‘vnt ffruvclr – mavnly brca’sr
v‘ now uas a ckravnvan dvrsrl powrr packB bur s‘ory os ‘ur
Tualvd tors back ‘o 1aCC, wurn Aslam hrt ‘ook offrr srom
krrsvdrn‘ Zva as Luvrs os Army a‘aff and drcvdrd, q’v‘r
rvtu‘ly, ‘ua‘ ‘ur flvr‘a‘von wv‘u ‘ur ca Abrams ‘ank uad
tonr on ‘oo lont, and ‘ua‘ v‘ was sar ‘oo rxprnsvffr and
complvca‘rd (and, a‘ ‘ua‘ ‘vmr, prrsormrd poorly vn drsrr‘
condv‘vons0 ‘o w’s‘vsy p’rcuasrB buvs was a rrmarkably
prrscvrn‘ drcvsvon sor many o‘urr rrasons, b’‘ ‘ur o’‘comr
was closrr coAoprra‘von wv‘u Luvna and wovn‘ drffrlopmrn‘
os ghb D666, o‘urrwvsr Tualvd, srom orvtvnal R’ssvan
drsvtns ffva ‘ur kRL’s byprAa6B
cn ‘ur rarly 1aa6s c was ‘akrn ro’nd ‘ur sac‘ory a‘ baxvla,
no‘ ‘urn namrd ocb – v‘ was ‘ur oraffy Rrb’vld krotrammr
– and suown ‘ur suop floors (wurrr coy Luvnrsr fit’rrs
krp‘ prrpvnt ro’nd pvllars0 vn addv‘von ‘o ‘ur plan sor ‘ur
s’‘’rr os kakvs‘an’s ‘ank and AkL drffrlopmrn‘ and
prod’c‘vonN and mos‘ vmprrssvffr v‘ wasB c‘ coffrrrd almos‘
all so’r walls os an officr, and ‘ur dr‘avl, srom yrar ‘o yrar,
os m’cu os wua‘ was vn‘rndrd sor ‘ur s’‘’rr uas brrn krp‘
‘o scurd’lr as sar as prac‘vcablrB (c‘ vs now, os co’rsr,
rn‘vrrly comp’‘rrvzrdB0 bur drlay vn ‘ur prowrc‘rd gA119
armo’rrd prrsonnrl carrvrr protrammr was ca’srd by ca
wv‘udrawal os s’ppor‘ brca’sr os v‘s sanc‘vons, and Tualvd
prod’c‘von was drlayrd vn ‘ur mavn by prolontrd
dvsc’ssvons abo’‘ ‘ur rntvnr – wur‘urr ‘o con‘vn’r wv‘u
‘ur drsrr‘A’nsrvrndly ‘’rbvnr or moffr ‘o dvrsrlB bur rrs’l‘s
wrrr ‘ua‘ ‘ur army’s protrammr sor mrcuanvza‘von os
vnsan‘ry ba‘‘alvons almos‘ camr ‘o a ual‘, and v‘ brcamr
obffvo’s ‘ua‘ vn spv‘r os ‘ur rrb’vld and ’ptradr
protrammrs sor rxvs‘vnt ‘anks (suown vn trra‘ dr‘avl vn ‘ur
baxvla prod’c‘von plo‘0 ‘urrr was a prrssvnt rrq’vrrmrn‘
sor a modrrn ‘ankB M’rvnt a ffvsv‘ ‘o ocb vn D66A c ‘o’rrd
prod’c‘von lvnrs and was brvrsrd on c’rrrn‘ prowrc‘s, wuvcu
apprarrd rffrc‘vffr and flrxvblrB l’rryvnt ‘ur compara‘vffrly
slow ra‘r os o’‘p’‘ os ‘ur Tualvd, and rrmarkvnt on ‘ur
uvtu lrffrl os u’man ra‘urr ‘uan comp’‘rrAt’vdrd
mrns’ra‘von, c was vnsormrd ‘ua‘ ‘urrr was no sorrsrrn
rrq’vrrmrn‘ ‘o vncrrasr ‘ur ra‘r, b’‘ ‘urrr wrrr plans sor
acq’vsv‘von os morr uvA‘rcu rq’vpmrn‘ suo’ld ‘ua‘ br
nrcrssaryB
bur bAC6 was firs‘ ‘rvallrd vn kakvs‘an vn 1aa9, and a firm
ordrr was placrd sor 9D6 vn A’t’s‘ 1aaA, wv‘u drlvffrrvrs
srom ckravnvan army s‘ocks brtvnnvnt ‘ur sollowvnt yrarB
bur vnv‘val ba‘curs (srffrn‘rrn and rvtu‘rrn0 wrrr
’nsa‘vssac‘ory brca’sr no‘ all sys‘rms co’ld br proffvdrd as
atrrrdB R’ssva, sor a combvna‘von os rrasons,9A a‘‘rmp‘rd
‘o drravl ‘ur con‘rac‘ by drnyvnt ckravnr accrss ‘o somr
componrn‘sB ckravnr rffrn‘’ally offrrcamr ‘ur dvffic’l‘vrs
and rrs’mrd proffvsvon os nrw and s’lly ’pda‘rd ‘anksB
Lonc’rrrn‘ly, ‘ur rrb’vld and ’ptradr procrss was
rxpandrd ‘o rrs’rbvsu ‘ur bypr 5a flrr‘ by a combvna‘von os
vmproffvnt v‘s armo’r and firrAcon‘rol sys‘rms wuvlr fi‘‘vnt
a morr powrrs’l rntvnr and a 1D5 mm smoo‘uAborr t’n
wuosr amm’nv‘von wo’ld br ’sablr by ‘ur bAC6 and AlA
Tualvd, and, os consvdrrablr vmpor‘ancr, man’sac‘’rrd by
kakvs‘an Yrdnancr Oac‘orvrsB AlAZarrar, as ‘ur rrb’vl‘
macuvnr vs namrd, vs prac‘vcally a nrw ‘ank al‘otr‘urr,
and, srom acco’n‘s by ‘wo nonApar‘vsan so’rcrs, vs
vmprrssvffr no‘ only vn firrpowrr b’‘ vn mobvlv‘y, al‘uo’tu c
am no‘ conffvncrd os v‘s s’rffvffabvlv‘y atavns‘ cndva’s bAa6a
‘anks srom R’ssvaB bur Tuarkvff gorozoff gacuvnr h’vldvnt
Mrsvtn h’rra’ (TgMh0 os ckravnr vs a mawor con‘rvb’‘or ‘o
v‘s drffrlopmrn‘, and v‘ apprars ‘ua‘ drsrncr assocva‘von
wv‘u ckravnr wvll con‘vn’rB bur Zarrar protrammr
modvfica‘vons vncl’drM
cpAt’n ‘o 1D5 mmN
cptradrd rntvnrN
cmproffrd s’sprnsvonN
cmproffrd ho‘‘om kla‘r armo’r (an‘vAmvnr0N
Nrw Ovrr Lon‘rol ays‘rmN
A’‘oloadrrN
lxplosvffr Rrac‘vffr Armo’rN
OvrrCrxplosvon s’pprrssvonN and
llrc‘ronvc brackvnt ays‘rmB

a‘andardvza‘von on ‘ur 1D5 mm smoo‘uAborr t’n was

rssrn‘val, b’‘ oldrr ‘anks vn ‘ur vnffrn‘ory canno‘ br
modvfird, so rr‘avn ‘ur 165 mm t’n wuvcu vs os lv‘‘lr ’sr vn
modrrn armo’rrd oprra‘vonsB kuasrdAo’‘ gA:Cs, nonA
modvfiablr bA5as and all bAAas uaffr brrn and con‘vn’r ‘o br
rrplacrd by a combvna‘von os ‘ur NYRcNLY bAC5 ccAAk
(man’sac‘’rrd a‘ ocb ’ndrr lvcrncr wv‘u somr componrn‘s
srom o‘urr s’pplvrrs0, Tualvd, Zarrar and bAC6, sor a
probablr ‘o‘al os abo’‘ 1,566, wuvcu suo’ld mavn‘avn a
balancrd sorcr s‘r’c‘’rrB
ocb man’sac‘’rrs and rrs’rbvsurs gA119 (balua0
armo’rrd prrsonnrl carrvrrs wuvcu, al‘uo’tu no‘ vnsan‘ry
fitu‘vnt ffruvclrs (cOr0 as s’cu, tvffr vnsan‘ry trra‘ly
vncrrasrd mobvlv‘y and ‘u’s, amont o‘urr adffan‘atrs,
con‘rvb’‘r ‘o flrxvbvlv‘y os armo’rrd oprra‘vonsB bur
‘rmp‘a‘von ‘o ’sr lvtu‘ly armo’rrd gA119s as cOrs vns‘rad
os sas‘ and savrly wrllApro‘rc‘rd ba‘‘lr ‘axvs apprars ‘o uaffr
brrn rrsvs‘rd, as v‘ vs rrcotnvzrd ‘ua‘ ‘ury co’ld no‘
s’rffvffr vn an armo’rrd ba‘‘lr vn spv‘r os somr brvnt bYsA
rq’vpprd, b’‘ vn ‘ur ocb modrl ‘urrr uaffr brrn somr
mawor drsvtn vmproffrmrn‘s ‘ua‘ vncl’dr, os trra‘
vmpor‘ancr, br‘‘rr ‘roop comsor‘B97 Lonsvs‘rn‘ wv‘u ‘ur
trad’alvs‘ approacu ‘o vmproffrd capabvlv‘vrs, man’sac‘’rr
and rrb’vldC’ptradr wvll con‘vn’r ’n‘vl a‘ lras‘ ’n‘vl ‘ur
rnd os ‘uvs drcadr, d’rvnt wuvcu ‘vmr ‘ur army wvll
con‘vn’r ‘o uaffr many rrsponsvbvlv‘vrs, vncl’dvnt mawor cN
commv‘mrn‘sB
Al‘uo’tu ocb uas ‘ur capabvlv‘y ‘o rrb’vld 155 mm srlsA
proprllrd (ak0 ar‘vllrry pvrcrs (gA16as0 ‘urrr vs a
rrq’vrrmrn‘ ‘o rrplacr ‘ursr brca’sr os atrB burrr do no‘
apprar ‘o br rrlvablr 155 mm ak s’pplvrrs o‘urr ‘uan
cnv‘rd Mrsrncr tk os Arlvnt‘on, ownrd by hAl svncr garcu
D665B c‘ vs possvblr ‘ury co’ld offrr ‘ur nrw cn‘rrna‘vonal
oowv‘zrr wuvcu vs basrd on ‘ur g16a AA kaladvn, or ‘ury
co’ld s’ttrs‘ ‘ur A5 ffrrsvon (s‘vll vn prod’c‘von0, or
kaladvn v‘srls, b’‘ all wo’ld vnffolffr lartr s’msB bur
cn‘rrna‘vonal oowv‘zrr can probably br r’lrd o’‘ by rrason
os cos‘ and complrxv‘y, and v‘ vs morr lvkrly ‘ur AA5 wo’ld
br ‘ur sol’‘von, rsprcvally vs v‘ co’ld br proffvdrd ’ndrr
saffo’rablr financval ‘rrmsB
cn trnrral ‘ur army’s rq’vpmrn‘ and o‘urr sys‘rms arr
adrq’a‘r sor v‘s ‘asks, al‘uo’tu ‘urrr con‘vn’rs ‘o br a
rrq’vrrmrn‘ sor modrrnvzvnt ‘ac‘vcal command lvnks and
sor morr s’rsacrA‘oAavr mvssvlrs, wuvcu arr vnadrq’a‘r vn
bo‘u q’an‘v‘y and q’alv‘yB avffrn v‘s prrsrn‘ capabvlv‘vrs,
uowrffrr, v‘ vs apparrn‘ ‘ua‘ v‘ co’ld no‘ only wv‘us‘and an
cndvan a‘‘ack b’‘ probably ‘akr and uold tro’nd vn k’nwab
and Rawas‘uanB Oor‘’na‘rly v‘ vs brcomvnt lrss and lrss
lvkrly ‘ua‘ v‘ wvll br p’‘ ‘o ‘ur ‘rs‘, as ‘ur procrss os
rapprocurmrn‘ wv‘u cndva con‘vn’rsB

H Tac Tk TTcYa g
cn arp‘rmbrr D667 kakvs‘an uad 16,ADa proplr srrffvnt vn
cN pracrkrrpvnt mvssvonsB Mr‘avls arr suown brlow, and v‘
vs os no‘r ‘ua‘ os ‘ur 169 co’n‘rvrs con‘rvb’‘vnt ‘o ‘wrlffr
pracrkrrpvnt mvssvons worldwvdr, kakvs‘an ranks firs‘,
wv‘u hantladrsu and cndva no‘ sar bruvndB (srs‘rrn na‘vons
arr morr modrs‘ly rrprrsrn‘rd, wv‘u ‘ur cnv‘rd Tvntdom,
sor rxamplr, firldvnt 971 prrsonnrl (D75 vn ‘ur sormrr
colony os Lypr’s0, and ‘ur ca, wuvcu sor na‘vonal rrasons
dors no‘ placr mvlv‘ary prrsonnrl ’ndrr sorrvtn command,
uaffvnt nvnr soldvrrs and ‘wrlffr mvlv‘ary obsrrffrrs vn fiffr
mvssvons, wv‘u DD6 con‘rac‘ polvcr vn TosoffoB0

aak[staa’s tl Cbatr[but[bas r dsctsmbsr ,001

ao’rcrM cN Mrpar‘mrn‘ os kracrkrrpvnt Yprra‘vonsB

Almos‘ all pracrkrrpvnt mvssvons ‘o wuvcu kakvs‘an uas

con‘rvb’‘rd ‘roops uaffr brrn s’ccrsss’l vn con‘rvb’‘vnt ‘o
s‘abvlv‘y vn co’n‘rvrs rvffrn by vn‘rrnal conflvc‘, b’‘ ‘ur mavn
rxcrp‘von was aomalva vn 1aaDA1aa5, srom wuvcu lrssons
wrrr lrarnrd concrrnvnt command, con‘rol and
cooprra‘vonB c‘ was ’nsor‘’na‘r ‘ua‘ ‘ur lrssons wrrr
lrarnrd vn cvrc’ms‘ancrs vnffolffvnt ‘ur sla’tu‘rr os
kakvs‘anv soldvrrsB
bur aomalv oprra‘vons wrrr a u’mvlva‘vnt savl’rr sor all
concrrnrd – rxcrp‘ ‘ur aomalv ‘u’ts and warlords wuo
droffr o’‘ ‘ur pracrkrrprrs – and ‘urvr vnrffrc‘vffrnrss was
d’r almos‘ rn‘vrrly ‘o a conffol’‘rd and traffrly vnadrq’a‘r
vn‘rrna‘vonal command s‘r’c‘’rrB kakvs‘an’s sorcrs wrrr a‘
‘ur bo‘‘om os ‘ur cuavn os cons’svon and s’ffrrrd
accordvntlyB cn consrq’rncr, ‘ur mavn lrsson lrarnrd was
morr polv‘vcal ‘uan ‘ac‘vcalM do no‘ commv‘ ‘roops ‘o a
mvssvon vn wuvcu ‘urvr sasr‘y vs placrd a‘ uazard rq’ally by
armrd opposv‘von and s‘r’c‘’ral drficvrncvrsB
kakvs‘an was vnffolffrd vn con‘rvb’‘vnt ‘roops srom ‘ur
brtvnnvnt os ‘ur drbaclr, and v‘ vs approprva‘r ‘o rxamvnr
w’s‘ uow and wuy v‘ was placrd vn a sv‘’a‘von ‘ua‘ cascadrd
vn‘o cuaosB
cn 1aa1 aomalva was ’ntoffrrnrd and ’ntoffrrnablr (v‘
s‘vll vs0B Oood avd was brvnt proffvdrd, b’‘ was loo‘rd by
tants os crvmvnals wuo roamrd ro’nd ‘ur co’n‘ry vn
‘brcunvcals’, pvckA’p ‘r’cks wv‘u macuvnr t’ns mo’n‘rd on
‘ur back, kvllvnt racu o‘urr, mrnacvnt avd officvals and, as
cN arcrr‘aryAarnrral ho’‘ros ho’‘rosAaualv p’‘ v‘,
rntatvnt vn ‘a war os all atavns‘ all’B lffrn‘’ally vn 1aaD ‘ur
arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvl was suamrd vn‘o approffvnt ‘cnv‘rd
Na‘vons Yprra‘von aomalva’, or cNYaYg c, wuvcu vnffolffrd
drploymrn‘ os a src’rv‘y sorcr os 566 ‘roops ‘o pro‘rc‘
drlvffrry os sood and o‘urr assvs‘ancr vn ‘ur co’n‘ryB bur
‘ro’blr was ‘ur ‘roops wrrr no‘ prrmv‘‘rd ‘o ’sr sorcr and
v‘s rn‘ry was drprndrn‘ on prrmvssvon os ‘ur s‘rontrs‘
warlord, wuo a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr was gouammad Oarau AvdrrdB
Al‘uo’tu a’‘uorvzrd by ‘ur cN ‘o arrvffr vn Aprvl 1aaD, ‘ury
wrrr no‘ accrp‘rd by Avdrrd ’n‘vl arp‘rmbrrB bur cN
officval drscrvp‘von os drffrlopmrn‘s vs banalM

Yn D9 d’nr, ‘ur arcrr‘aryAarnrral vnsormrd ‘ur

arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvl ‘ua‘ bo‘u prvncvpal sac‘vons vn
gotadvsu’ uad atrrrd ‘o ‘ur vmmrdva‘r
drploymrn‘ os ‘ur ’narmrd obsrrffrrsB bur Luvrs
gvlv‘ary Ybsrrffrr, hrvtadvrrAarnrral cm‘vaz
auaurrn os kakvs‘an, and ‘ur adffancr par‘y os
cNYaYg obsrrffrrs arrvffrd vn gotadvsu’ vn rarly
d’ly 1aaDB Yn 1D A’t’s‘, ‘ur arcrr‘aryAarnrral
 vnsormrd ‘ur arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvl ‘ua‘, as‘rr
consvdrrablr drlays and dvffic’l‘vrs, atrrrmrn‘
uad brrn rracurd wv‘u ‘ur prvncvpal sac‘von
lradrrs vn gotadvsu’ ‘o drploy 566 cnv‘rd
Na‘vons src’rv‘y prrsonnrl vn ‘ur capv‘al as par‘ os
cNYaYgB bur aoffrrnmrn‘ os kakvs‘an uad
atrrrd ‘o con‘rvb’‘r a ’nv‘ sor ‘ur p’rposrB bur
firs‘ tro’p os src’rv‘y prrsonnrl arrvffrd vn
gotadvsu’ on 1: arp‘rmbrr 1aaDB9C

kakvs‘an’s soldvrrs wrrr confinrd ‘o ‘ur avrpor‘ (wurrr

‘ur avd ma‘rrval and sood arrvffrd0 brca’sr cN r’lrs os
rntatrmrn‘ sorbadr ‘urm ‘o ‘akr puysvcal ac‘von ‘o carry
o’‘ ‘urvr manda‘r ‘o pro‘rc‘ v‘s dvs‘rvb’‘vonB bur arc’rv‘y
Lo’ncvl a’‘uorvzrd a s’r‘urr 9,666 hrltvan and Lanadvan
‘roops sor ‘ur mvssvon b’‘ ‘ury dvd no‘ arrvffr, wuvcu was
rx‘rrmrly ’nsor‘’na‘r as bo‘u co’n‘ry’s armvrs arr
rxprrvrncrd vn pracrkrrpvnt mvssvonsB tawlrssnrss and
rx‘rrmr ffvolrncr con‘vn’rd, and sorrvtnrrs wrrr uarassrd
and u’mvlva‘rdB cn Mrcrmbrr ‘ur arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvl accrp‘rd
a ca proposal ‘o con‘rvb’‘r ‘o and command a sorcr ‘o
rs‘ablvsu ordrrB bur cnvfird bask Oorcr (cNcbAO0 was a
mvssvon os ‘armrd u’manv‘arvanvsm’ and was rrsrrrrd ‘o by
‘ur ca as Yprra‘von Rrs‘orr ooprB bur ca con‘vntrn‘ was
a’‘uorvzrd ‘o par‘vcvpa‘r ’n‘vl : gay 1aa9, wurn ‘ur ‘ask
wo’ld br uandrd back ‘o ‘ur cNB surn ‘ur firs‘ garvnrs
wadrd asuorr vn ‘ur s’ll moonlvtu‘ os a Mrcrmbrr D66D,
apparrn‘ly rxprc‘vnt an opposrd landvnt, ‘ury wrrr mr‘ by
rrpor‘rrs and camrramrn, a‘ lras‘ onr os wuom ‘ury
arrrs‘rdB9a bur oprra‘von, vnffolffvnt DC,666 ca ‘roops and
a,666 srom ‘wrn‘yA‘urrr o‘urr na‘vons was vnv‘vally
s’ccrsss’l vn ‘rrms os proffvdvnt s‘arffvnt proplr wv‘u
s’s‘rnancrB g’cu avd was dvs‘rvb’‘rd, b’‘ ‘ur co’n‘ry
rrmavnrd cuao‘vc, wv‘u no srmblancr os toffrrnmrn‘
rmrrtvntB bur cuantroffrr ‘o cNYaYg cc was wurn ‘ur
rral ‘ro’blr brtanB
burrr wrrr ‘urrr q’v‘r srpara‘r mvlv‘ary cuavns os
command vn cNYaYg ccM onr vn ‘ur uands os ‘ur cN and
‘wo os ‘ur caB bur cN Oorcr Lommandrr uad no powrr
offrr ca sorcrs, wuvcu oprra‘rd rn‘vrrly srpara‘rly (apar‘
srom a lotvs‘vcs rlrmrn‘0, and al‘uo’tu ‘ur cN Mrp’‘y
Oorcr Lommandrr was an Amrrvcan (gawor arnrral
buomas gB gon‘tomrry0, ur was also Lommandrr ca
Oorcrs, aomalvaB or, uowrffrr, uad no con‘rol offrr bask
Oorcr Rantrr, wuvcu consvs‘rd os Rantrrs and Mrl‘a Oorcr
prrsonnrl, and was rrsponsvblr solrly ‘o ‘ur Lommandrr os
ca aprcval Yprra‘vons Lommand vn ‘ur caB bur
oprra‘von’s command arrantrmrn‘s wo’ld br rrtardrd
wv‘u drrvsvon by a firs‘Ayrar mvlv‘ary cadr‘B bur offrrall
commandrr os cNYaYg cc, ‘‘ur aprcval Rrprrsrn‘a‘vffr os
‘ur arcrr‘aryAarnrral’, was rr‘vrrd ca Admvral dona‘uan
oowr, and ‘ur mvlv‘ary commandrr was b’rkvsu tvr’‘rnan‘
arnrral Lrffvc hvrB oowr, vn ‘ur words os svllvam dB M’rcu:6
os ‘ur a‘vmson Lrn‘rr, ‘mvtu‘ uaffr brrn an vdral ascutl
[rmpuasvs addrdk aprcval Rrprrsrn‘a‘vffr’B
bur mawor problrm sor ‘ur kakvs‘anv con‘vntrn‘ brtan on
: d’nr 1aa9 wurn ano‘urr caCcN rrprrsrn‘a‘vffr, Aprvl
alaspvr, a’‘uorvzrd ‘wo ca officrrs ‘o ’ndrr‘akr wrapons
vnsprc‘vons os vns‘alla‘vons con‘rollrd by ‘ur aomalv
Na‘vonal Allvancr (aNA0, uradrd by AvdrrdB bur aNA askrd
sor ‘vmr ‘o consvdrr ‘ur ma‘‘rr and, wurn ‘uvs was rrs’srd,
vnsormrd ‘ur cN ‘ua‘ vs ‘ur vnsprc‘vons wrn‘ aurad v‘
wo’ld mran ‘war’B Nrx‘ day, Orvday, ‘ur g’slvm day os rrs‘,
a svnt’larly vnapproprva‘r cuovcr sor oprra‘vons by any
‘roops, vnsprc‘vons wrn‘ aurad, wv‘u ‘ur ‘wo officrrs brvnt
accompanvrd by a con‘vntrn‘ os kakvs‘anv ‘roops wuo uad
no‘ brrn vnsormrd os ‘ur aNA’s ’nmvs‘akablr ‘urra‘, and
wrrr vn sos‘Askvnnrd ffruvclrsB cmmrdva‘rly as‘rr ‘ur
vnsprc‘von ‘ur lvtu‘ly armrd kakvs‘anvs wrrr mrnacrd by
an antry crowd os abo’‘ D66, b’‘ wrrr ablr ‘o wv‘udrawB:1
aro’ps os kakvs‘anv soldvrrs a‘ u’manv‘arvan srrdvnt
s‘a‘vons and o‘urr pos‘s wrrr lrss sor‘’na‘r and s’ffrrrd
s’llAscalr a‘‘acks by aNA sorcrs amonts‘ lartr mobs os
cvffvlvans, many os wuom wrrr also armrdB bury rrq’rs‘rd
s’ppor‘ srom ‘ur c‘alvan con‘vntrn‘, b’‘ ‘ur c‘alvan
urlvcop‘rrs ‘ua‘ rrspondrd s‘rasrd ‘ur kakvs‘anv posv‘vons
and wo’ndrd ‘urrr soldvrrs, wuvlr ‘ur armo’rrd ffruvclrs
‘ua‘ uad brrn rrq’rs‘rd a‘ 11B66 am dvd no‘ arrvffr ’n‘vl
:B96 pm, wurn ‘ury so’nd only drad soldvrrs a‘ ‘ur sood
dvs‘rvb’‘von arraB bua‘ day ‘ur kakvs‘an Army s’ffrrrd
‘wrn‘yAso’r drad and fis‘yAsrffrn wo’ndrdB
bursr a‘‘acks lrd ‘o attrrssvffr oprra‘vons, and on 1D
d’nr ca ALA196 aprc‘rr t’nsuvps and a‘‘ack urlvcop‘rrs
s‘rasrd ‘ur uradq’ar‘rrs os Radvo gotadvsu’ and o‘urr
sv‘rs s’sprc‘rd os brvnt Avdrrd s‘ockadrs, sollowvnt wuvcu
‘ur offrrall sv‘’a‘von dr‘rrvora‘rd alarmvntlyB bur ca placrd
a prvcr on ‘ur urad os Avdrrd and vncrrasrd s‘rvkrs by
t’nsuvpsN uvs s’ppor‘rrs brcamr rffrn morr ffvolrn‘B burrr
wrrr many morr a‘‘acks on all con‘vntrn‘s ‘ua‘ vnffolffrd
‘ur kvllvnt os soldvrrs srom galaysva, c‘aly, gorocco, cndva,
Nrpal and Nvtrrva, and ‘ur suoo‘vntAdown os ca
urlvcop‘rrsB Yn 9 Yc‘obrr 1aa: ca aprcval Oorcrs la’ncurd
an avrAlandvnt assa’l‘ on a s’sprc‘rd Avdrrd s‘rontuoldB
bur oprra‘von uad brrn a’‘uorvzrd by aprcval Oorcrs
Lommand vn Olorvda, and nrv‘urr Admvral oowr nor
arnrral hvr was vnsormrd os v‘ ’n‘vl vmmrdva‘rly brsorr ‘ur
a‘‘ack, wuvcu was a dvsas‘rrB c‘ rrs’l‘rd vn ‘ur kvllvnt os
rvtu‘rrn Amrrvcan ‘roops and ‘ur wrllAp’blvcvzrd drattvnt
os a ca soldvrr’s body ‘uro’tu ‘ur s‘rrr‘s os gotadvsu’B
arffrral u’ndrrd aomalvs wrrr kvllrdB bwo days la‘rr ‘ur
ca krrsvdrn‘ anno’ncrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur ca wo’ld wv‘udraw v‘s
sorcrs, wuvcu v‘ dvd, vn small ba‘curs, vn Orbr’ary and
garcu 1aa:B Y‘urrs sollowrd, wv‘u ‘ur kakvs‘anv con‘vntrn‘
brvnt ‘ur las‘ ‘o lraffr, vn Orbr’ary 1aa5B bur rn‘vrr
mvssvon was a savl’rrB
bur lrsson sor kakvs‘an (and o‘urrs0 vs ‘ua‘ cN
pracrkrrpvnt oprra‘vons suo’ld no‘ br s’ppor‘rd ’nlrss
‘urrr vs a clrar ‘ask and a wrllAdrfinrd cuavn os commandB
Nrv‘urr applvrd vn aomalva, and ‘ur arcrr‘aryAarnrral savd
‘urrr wrrr vmpor‘an‘ lrssons ‘o br lrarnrd abo’‘ ‘ur
‘‘urory and prac‘vcr os m’l‘vs’nc‘vonal pracrkrrpvnt
oprra‘vons vn condv‘vons os cvffvl war and cuaos and
rsprcvally abo’‘ ‘ur clrar lvnr ‘ua‘ nrrds ‘o br drawn
br‘wrrn pracrkrrpvnt and rnsorcrmrn‘ ac‘von’B:D
cN oprra‘vons svncr ‘ua‘ ‘vmr uaffr brrn cond’c‘rd
’ndrr cN command, and uaffr brrn s’ccrsss’l vn
s’bcon‘vnrn‘ ‘rrms as wrll as vn a wvdrr con‘rx‘, ‘o ‘ur
povn‘ os vnffolffvnt closr coAoprra‘von br‘wrrn cndvan and
kakvs‘anv sorcrsB bur kakvs‘an Army wvll con‘vn’r ‘o
proffvdr ‘roops sor cN mvssvons, and bo‘u v‘ and ‘ur
mvssvons wvll brnrfi‘B

H rbolTR s Ya tNT C rR k
bur rrpor‘ by kakvs‘an’s A’dv‘or arnrral sor D66DA9
(rrlrasrd vn garcu D6650:9 suowrd ‘ua‘ ‘urrr was tross
mvsmanatrmrn‘ os drsrncr s’nds by almos‘ rffrryonr wuo
uad any con‘rol offrr ‘urmB burrr was vncon‘roffrr‘vblr
rffvdrncr os vnapproprva‘r lr‘‘vnt os con‘rac‘s, cos‘
offrrr’ns os abs’rd propor‘vons and trnrral vnrfficvrncy vn
manatrmrn‘ os p’blvc monvrsB sorsr, srom ‘ur povn‘ os
ffvrw os ‘ur army’s s‘andvnt and uono’r, wrrr ‘ur casrs os
uanky panky offrr cons‘r’c‘von os marrvrd q’ar‘rrs and
t’rs‘ uo’srs, and s’cu tr’bby an‘vcs as rvppvntAoff
rvcksuaw drvffrrsB bur lat[ba nrwspaprr’s rdv‘orval os 16
garcu D665 s’mmrd ‘uvnts ’p ffrry wrllM
 bur army rrmavns o’‘svdr ‘ur ambv‘ os ‘ur
Na‘vonal Acco’n‘abvlv‘y h’rra’ brca’sr ‘ur
mvlv‘ary uvrrarcuy brlvrffrs ‘urvr vn‘rrnal w’s‘vcr
sys‘rm vs br‘‘rr s’v‘rd and morr rfficvrn‘B bur
q’rs‘von prrsrn‘s v‘srls ‘urnM vs ‘urvr vn‘rrnal
mrcuanvsm vs so s‘ront, wuy dvd v‘ savl ‘o dr‘rc‘
‘ursr financval dvscrrpancvrsH bur army’s
con‘vn’o’s vn‘rrsrrrncr vn ‘ur polv‘vcal procrss
uas drfinv‘rly playrd a par‘ vn vnd’cvnt
vndvscvplvnr wv‘uvn ‘urvr ranksB As ‘ur army
brcamr polv‘vcvsrd, v‘ rrsor‘rd ‘o vncrrasvntly
’ndrsvrablr prac‘vcrs ‘o prolont [andk crmrn‘ v‘s
posv‘von vn ‘ur powrr cvrclrs os cslamabadB sv‘u
s’cu polv‘vcal consvdrra‘vons, v‘ vs dvffic’l‘ ‘o
’ndrrs‘and uow ‘ur mvlv‘ary can soc’s on v‘s
prvmary obwrc‘vffr ‘o drsrnd ‘ur mo‘urrlandB bua‘
‘ur mvlv‘ary macuvnrry uas brcomr corr’p‘ vs
‘urrrsorr no‘ vncomprrurnsvblrB Any procrss os
rrsorma‘von m’s‘ commrncr wv‘u v‘s q’v‘‘vnt
polv‘vcs and s‘vckvnt ‘o ‘ur wob v‘ was crra‘rd sorB

bursr arr s‘ront words, b’‘ vncrrasvntly rrflrc‘ ‘ur

p’blvc’s trad’al swvnt ‘o consvdrrvnt ‘ua‘ v‘ vs ‘vmr ‘ur
army brcamr lrss promvnrn‘ vn ‘ur co’n‘ry’s manatrmrn‘B
cnffolffrmrn‘ os ‘ur army (any army0 vn financval ma‘‘rrs os
any sor‘ vs ‘ur way ‘o prrdv‘vonB As a r’lr, soldvrrs do no‘
rrlvsu prosrssvonal vnffolffrmrn‘ vn rconomvcsB tv‘‘lr as
many soldvrrs (vncl’dvnt mysrls0 rrffrrr ‘uosr wuo arr
prwora‘vffrly rrsrrrrd ‘o as ‘drsrncr cvffvlvans’ or ‘branA
co’n‘rrs’ (and m’cu worsr0, ‘urrr vs no do’b‘ ‘ua‘ cvffvlvan
b’rra’cra‘s uaffr an vmpor‘an‘ rolr ‘o play vn financval
manatrmrn‘, ac‘vnt no‘ only as adffvsrrs b’‘ as brakrs,
curcks and balancrs and, vs nrcrssary, wuvs‘lrAblowrrsB bur
vmatr os ‘ur srrffvcrs as a wuolr s’ffrrrd badly srom ‘ur
rrffrla‘vons abo’‘ Admvral gansoorA’l oaqB suo wo’ld
uaffr ‘uo’tu‘ ‘ua‘ a Luvrs os Naffal a‘aff co’ld uaffr
bruaffrd so dvst’s‘vntlyH c‘ was all ffrry wrll sor ‘ur armrd
sorcrs ‘o look down ‘urvr nosrs a‘ ‘ur corr’p‘von os hrnazvr
hu’‘‘o and urr sq’alvd tant, and ‘o rxprrss svmvlar
rrff’lsvon and con‘rmp‘ sor wua‘ Nawaz auarvs dvd vn uvs
flamboyan‘ and amoral loo‘vnt os ‘ur co’n‘ry’s coffrrs, b’‘
wua‘ answrr can ‘urrr br ‘o ‘ur surr‘vnt uomr os
’ndrnvablr financval cuvcanrry ‘o somr os ‘ur mos‘ srnvor
cv‘vzrns vn ’nvsormH
burrr arr rffrn worsr vns‘ancrs os ‘ur army ’svnt v‘s
vnfl’rncr vn ‘ur co’n‘ry ‘o ob‘avn financval tavnB bur
scandal os dvspossrssvon os poor prasan‘ sarmrrs srom
lands nrar ‘ur bordrr wv‘u cndva vn ‘ur Ykara rrtvon os
k’nwab vs a blo‘ ‘ua‘ canno‘ br rxp’ntrd by clavmvnt v‘ vs
‘ur rrsponsvbvlv‘y os ‘ur kakvs‘an RantrrsB bur Rantrrs arr
a paraAmvlv‘ary sorcr, crr‘avnlyN b’‘ v‘s officrrs comr srom
‘ur army and v‘s prrsrc’‘von os ‘ur prasan‘s co’ld no‘ ‘akr
placr wv‘uo’‘ army approffalB bur rrpor‘ by o’man Rvtu‘s
sa‘cu (db[lsr Haars: tZsak[staa
a Arml’s cscrsss[ba bt
tZs auajabarmsrs0
N :: makrs sad rradvntB bur sac‘s arr

rradvly affavlablr ‘o anyonr wv‘u accrss ‘ur cn‘rrnr‘, b’‘ c

nrffrr vmatvnrd c wo’ld rrad any‘uvnt lvkr ‘uvs abo’‘ an
officrr vn ‘ur modrrn Army os kakvs‘anM

sr wrrr arrrs‘rd a‘ svx vn ‘ur mornvntB sr wrrr

blvndsoldrd and krp‘ vn a ffruvclr sor abo’‘ sor‘yA
fiffr mvn’‘rs wuvlr ‘wrn‘yAfiffr o‘urrs wrrr
arrrs‘rdB sr wrrr bro’tu‘ ‘o Rantrrs
oradq’ar‘rrsB sr wrrr madr ‘o sv‘ a‘ a cold and
d’s‘y placr vn srrrzvnt ‘rmprra‘’rrB gawor bauvr
galvk ordrrrd ’s ‘o s‘ar‘ dovnt p’suA’psB sr
carrvrd on lvkr ‘ua‘ sor onr uo’rB gawor bauvr ‘urn
madr ’s s‘and wv‘u o’r arms ravsrd sor uo’rsB cs
 anyonr’s arms srll, ‘ury wrrr bra‘rnB or askrd ’s
‘o svtn ’p and pay ‘ur con‘rac‘ monry ‘o src’rr
o’r rrlrasrB sr wrrr also sorcrd ‘o prrss’rr o’r
samvlvrs ‘o pay con‘rac‘ monryB sr wrrr krp‘ a‘
Rantrrs’ oradq’ar‘rrs sor srffrn daysB M’rvnt ‘uvs
‘vmr, wr wrrr wuvpprd and bra‘rn wv‘u s‘vcks as
wrllB

o’man Rvtu‘s sa‘cu s‘a‘rs ‘ua‘M

gaworAarnrral aua’ka‘ a’l‘an, ‘ur Mvrrc‘or

arnrral os cn‘rrAarrffvcrs k’blvc Rrla‘vons [cakR,
‘ur p’blvc rrla‘vons wvnt os ‘ur kakvs‘an Armrd
Oorcrsk, s’ccvnc‘ly s’mmarvzrd ‘ur ffvrws os ‘ur
ArmyM ‘bur nrrds os ‘ur Army wvll br drcvdrd by
‘ur Army v‘srls, andCor ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ wvll drcvdr
‘uvsB Nobody uas ‘ur rvtu‘ ‘o say wua‘ ‘ur Army
can do wv‘u 5,666 acrrs or 17,666 acrrsB bur
nrrds os ‘ur Army wvll br dr‘rrmvnrd by ‘ur Army
v‘srlsB’

buvs vs vndrrd a noffrl approacu ‘o drmocracyB

 
As‘rr c wro‘r ‘ur aboffr src‘von vn dras‘ c srn‘ v‘ ‘o srffrral
srvrnds vn kakvs‘an and ‘o somr sorrvtnrrs wuo know
kakvs‘an wrllB bur rrac‘von srom almos‘ rffrry onr os ‘urm
was words ‘o ‘ur rffrc‘ ‘ua‘ ‘c ‘uo’tu‘ yo’ wrrr a srvrnd os
kakvs‘an and admvrrd ‘ur army ffrry m’cu, so wuy arr yo’
so crv‘vcalH’
l’v‘r soM c am a srvrnd os kakvs‘an and admvrr ‘ur army
trra‘lyB suvcu vs rxac‘ly wuy c wro‘r wua‘ apprars aboffrB
burrr vs a ffvr’s a‘‘ackvnt ‘ur army and v‘ vs ‘vmr v‘ was
dral‘ wv‘uB As wv‘u mos‘ ffvr’srs, ‘ur c’rr vs a dosr os
an‘vbvo‘vcs, and vn ‘uvs casr ‘ur brs‘ an‘vbvo‘vc wo’ld br a
s‘vff dosr os drmocracy mvxrd wv‘u an vnwrc‘von os
acco’n‘abvlv‘yB

N btTs
1
o’man Rvtu‘s sa‘cu sorld Rrpor‘ 1aaa –
u‘‘pMCCwwwBurwBortCwrDkCAsvaA67Bu‘m

D
cn conffrrsa‘vons wv‘u ‘ur a’‘uor, Noffrmbrr D66D, Aprvl
D669B

9
c‘ vs vn‘rrrs‘vnt ‘o sprc’la‘r on wua‘ mvtu‘ uaffr – or
mvtu‘ no‘ uaffr – ‘akrn placr uad Alv T’lv Tuan brrn
appovn‘rd LYAa, as ur drsrrffrdB burrr vs no do’b‘
g’suarras was a wrllAaboffrAaffrratr officrr, rffrn a
brvllvan‘ onr, b’‘ Alv T’lv uad s‘ar q’alv‘y and a trra‘ dral
os vnfl’rncr o’‘svdr ‘ur mvlv‘ary, wuvcu vs probably wuy
auarvs was srvtu‘rnrd ‘o appovn‘ uvmB Ynr ‘uvnt vs crr‘avnM
uad Alv T’lv brrn LYAa ‘urrr wo’ld uaffr brrn no Tartvl
oprra‘vonB or ‘old ‘ur a’‘uor on Da gay D665 ‘ua‘ ‘ur
Tartvl affavr was an appallvnt mvs‘akr by ‘ur armyB

:
gouammrd auruzad, dbutZ As[a Tr[buas , 7A19 Yc‘obrr
D66DB
u‘‘pMCCwwwBsa‘rvb’nrBcomCarcuvffrsCoc‘7l19l6DCk1lsasvubo
kuarvBu‘m

5
Ar‘vclr :D os ‘ur Lons‘v‘’‘von s‘a‘rs vn‘rr alva ‘ua‘ ‘ur
krrsvdrn‘ ‘wvll prrsrrffr, pro‘rc‘ and drsrnd ‘ur
Lons‘v‘’‘von os ‘ur cslamvc Rrp’blvc os kakvs‘an’B
A
Rr’‘rrs, 1:M9a, 6aAD9AaaB

7
‘kak kg o’s‘rd by army, vn c’s‘ody’ aco‘‘ gcMonald,
u‘‘pMCCwwwBrrdvffBcomCnrwsC1aaaCoc‘C19pak1Bu‘m

C
cn srffrral mrr‘vnts wv‘u ‘ur a’‘uorB

a
buvs vs no‘ vn any way ‘o drnvtra‘r ‘ua‘ LorpsB bur brs‘
army cuvrs and Luvrs os Mrsrncr Oorcr ‘ua‘ A’s‘ralva rffrr
uad was ‘ur rrdo’b‘ablr, wvsr and uvtuly vn‘rllrc‘’al
arnrral kr‘rr ara‘von, la‘r Royal A’s‘ralvan lntvnrrrs,
wuo uad nrffrr urard a suo‘ firrd vn antrr or commandrd
a fitu‘vnt sorma‘vonB

16
ta‘rr Luvrs lxrc’‘vffr os Avr hl’r cn‘rrna‘vonal, a prvffa‘r
ffrn‘’rr avrlvnr sormrd vn kakvs‘an vn D66AB

11
c am vndrb‘rd ‘o Lap‘avn halocu sor tvffvnt mr prrmvssvon,
vn Yc‘obrr D667, ‘o p’blvsu uvs mrmovrB

1D
Mrnnvs T’x drscrvbrs ‘ur prrvod admvrably vn TZs ta[tsr
dtatss aar aak[staa +9B1 r ,000 B bur ca arna‘r was
sorcrd by ‘ur powrrs’l sarmrrs’ lobby, uowrffrr, ‘o ‘wa‘rr
down’ sanc‘vons ‘o affovd loss os travn salrs ‘o kakvs‘anB

19
cn an vn‘rrffvrw broadcas‘ by [A’s‘ralvank AhLs Latsl[as on
17 d’ly D66D, gs hu’‘‘o was askrd ‘o commrn‘ on ‘ur
obsrrffa‘von ‘ua‘ ‘As‘rr all, v‘ was d’rvnt yo’r srcond ‘rrm
as kg ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an sponsorrd ‘ur bvr‘u os ‘ur balvban,
srn‘ ‘urm vn‘o Astuanvs‘an’ ‘o wuvcu sur rrplvrd, ‘Yrs,
‘ua‘’s par‘vally ‘r’r and crr‘avnly ‘urrr vs a prrcrp‘vonB cn
rr‘rosprc‘, uaffvnt srrn wua‘ ‘ur balvban dvd, c wo’ld say
‘ua‘ was a wront drcvsvon by o’r par‘B’
u‘‘pMCCwwwBabcBnr‘Ba’Cla‘rlvnrCs‘orvrsCsA6aa6aBu‘mB arr
also lwrrrs, gar‘vn, AtYZaa[staa: A lsw H[stbrl, L’rzon,
D661, ppB 1CDA9B

1:
Loll, a‘ffr, dZbst Nars, krnt’vn krrss, D66:B An
o’‘s‘andvnt acco’n‘ os Astuanvs‘an’s ffvcvssv‘’drs ’p ‘o 16
arp‘rmbrr D661 by an a’‘uor wv‘u a drrp knowlrdtr os
‘ur s’bcon‘vnrn‘B

15
o’man Rvtu‘s sa‘cu sorld Rrpor‘ D661B
u‘‘pMCCwwwBurwBortCrrpor‘sCD661CastuanDCAstuan6761A
6DBu‘m

1A
arr bur Na‘vonal arc’rv‘y Arcuvffr, TZs dsctsmbsr ++tZ
dburcsbbbks gblums g@@: TZs al[baa
T N[ls, Moc’mrn‘s :
and 5B
u‘‘pMCCwwwBtw’Brd’C~nsarcuvffCNaAlhhCNaAlhha7CvndrxB
u‘m

17
‘ca doc’mrn‘s suow kakvs‘an taffr balvban mvlv‘ary avd’,
duarr[aa(cT0, 1A A’t’s‘ D667B
u‘‘pMCCwwwBt’ardvanBcoB’kCpakvs‘anCa‘oryC6„D1:a5CC,66Bu
‘ml

1C
Yfficval drspa‘cu wrv‘‘rn by ‘ur a’‘uor sollowvnt fiffr ffvsv‘s
‘o ‘ur drAmvnvnt vns‘r’c‘von camp a‘ Rvsalp’rB

1a
‘kakvs‘an blamrd sor Astuan fitu‘vnt’, Nvcolr svnfirld,
Assocva‘rd krrss AkANYA6CAD7Aaa D1:5lMbB

D6
arr Llo’tulry, hrvan, ‘kakvs‘an’s Rrlvtvon and gadrassas’
vn danr’s @slam[c Affa[rs Aaallst, dan’ary D665B

D1
gy ‘uanks ‘o danr’s sor prrmvssvon ‘o rrprod’cr ‘ur pvrcrB

DD
‘A’rakzav Mvarvrs’, a Orbr’ary D66DB bur a’‘uor vs rdv‘vnt
‘ur dvarvrs sor p’blvca‘vonB bury coffrr ‘ur prrvods D661A:
wurn tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral A’rakzav was Lorps Lommandrr
vn krsuawar, D665AA as srcrr‘ary Mrsrncr krod’c‘von, and
D66AAC, wurn ur was aoffrrnor os NsOkB

D9
gacmvllan and Lompany, 1a5CN now affavlablr vn ‘ur
Yxsord ovs‘orvcal Rrprvn‘s srrvrs, 1aC9, wv‘u a nrw
Oorrword and lpvlot’r by ‘ur a’‘uorB

D:
krvffa‘r so’rcrs vndvca‘r ‘ua‘ D5: army and Oron‘vrr Lorps
‘roops wrrr kvllrd vn calrndar D66:B

D5
An ap‘ purasr ’srd by svns‘on Lu’rcuvll, and ‘ur ‘v‘lr os a
s’prrb book on ‘ur arra by rvc‘orva acuofirld (ba’rvs
karkr kaprrbacks, D6690B

DA
bur kakvs‘an Army’s mrcuanvza‘von procrss was almos‘
ual‘rd brca’sr ‘ur gA119 protrammr co’ld no‘ con‘vn’r,
and ‘ur kAO’s OA1As wrrr r’nnvnt o’‘ os sparrsB bur
army’s urlvcop‘rrs, ‘oo, s’ffrrrd srom lack os par‘s and no
’ptradrs wrrr possvblr, wuvlr ‘ur naffy’s srvta‘rs uad
vnadrq’a‘r closrAvn pro‘rc‘vonB c‘ was sor‘’na‘r sor
kakvs‘an ‘ua‘ v‘ uad no‘ cuosrn ‘ur Abrams ‘ankB

D7
u‘‘pMCCwwwBsasBortC‘rrrorvsmCa‘C

DC
LRa rrpor‘ Rt 99:aC, aak[staa-td cslat[bas B sv‘u ‘uanks
‘o ‘ur LRa, and rsprcvally ‘o Alan Trons‘ad‘ wuosr
prrsonal assvs‘ancr vs m’cu apprrcva‘rdB

Da
bur aoffrrnmrn‘ os kakvs‘anN no‘ ‘ur Rrp’blvcan kar‘y os
‘ur cnv‘rd a‘a‘rsB

96
arr ‘ur Ordrra‘von os Amrrvcan acvrn‘vs‘s’ sv‘r a‘
u‘‘pMCCwwwBsasBortC‘rrrorvsmCa‘CdocsCD66:CkakgNNAdrsvt
na‘vonBpds

91
arr ‘ur Lrn‘rr sor Mrsrnsr cnsorma‘vonM ‘ca Arms
branssrrs ‘o Amrrvca’s Nrwrs‘ “gawor nonANAbY Ally”’ a‘
u‘‘pMCCwwwBcdvBortCprotramCdoc’mrn‘BcsmH
doc’mrn‘vddD::9-protramcMd79-sromlpatrdBBCsrvrndly
ffrrsvonCprvn‘ffrrsvonBcsm

9D
bur arcrr‘ary os a‘a‘r, Mr Londolrrzza Rvcr, ffvsv‘rd cndva,
kakvs‘an and Astuanvs‘an srom 1A ‘o 1C garcu D665, and
was askrd rrpra‘rdly abo’‘ possvblr proffvsvon os OA1As,
wv‘u cndva rrv‘rra‘vnt v‘s consvdrrablr concrrnsB bur
anno’ncrmrn‘ was madr a wrrk la‘rr, promp‘vnt officval
crv‘vcvsm vn Nrw MrluvB

99
 Oor a wrllArrsrarcurd and comprrurnsvffr uvs‘ory os
kakvs‘an’s drsrncr proc’rrmrn‘, srr avddvqaAAtua,
Ayrsua, aak[staa’s Arms arbcursmsat aar M[l[tarl 7u[lr-
uc +919 r 99, kaltraffr, D669, and aantArAgrrl (kakvs‘an0,
D669B

9:
Lonffvc‘rd os corr’p‘von assocva‘rd wv‘u acq’vsv‘von os
con‘avnrr suvps and Atos‘a s’bmarvnrsB

95
bur cnv‘rd Tvntdom uas almos‘ los‘ kakvs‘an as a par‘nrr
vn drsrncr and o‘urr ma‘‘rrs brca’sr ‘ur ‘Nrw tabo’r’
toffrrnmrn‘ madr v‘ clrar v‘ saffo’rrd cndvaB bur
dvploma‘vc skvlls os vndvffvd’als and ‘urvr rappor‘ wv‘u
srnvor fit’rrs vn kakvs‘an canno‘ co’n‘rr wua‘ vs
prrcrvffrd vn cslamabad ‘o br hrv‘vsu toffrrnmrn‘ polvcyB
bur rrs’l‘ uas brrn a dvmvn’‘von os hrv‘vsu vnfl’rncrB cn
D665 c callrd on krrsvdrn‘ g’suarras vmmrdva‘rly as‘rr ur
uad a ffvsv‘ by ‘ur hrv‘vsu ovtu LommvssvonrrN uvs
commrn‘s wrrr dvsmvssvffrB

9A
R’ssva vs ‘ur mavn s’pplvrr os armamrn‘s ‘o cndva, and ‘ur
bAC6 vs oprra‘rd only by R’ssva, ckravnr and kakvs‘anB
Lommrrcval loyal‘y ‘o cndva and a trnrral drsvrr ‘o
dvsoblvtr ckravnr wurnrffrr prac‘vcablr rrs’l‘rd vn ‘ur
goscow toffrrnmrn‘ drnyvnt somr componrn‘s madr only
vn R’ssva, sorcvnt ckravnr ‘o atrrr ‘o prnal ‘rrms sor ‘urvr
s’pply and ‘urn ‘o man’sac‘’rr as many as v‘ co’ldB

97
burrr vs no povn‘ vn brvnt ablr ‘o sprrd aro’nd ‘ur
ba‘‘lrfirld vs all ‘ua‘ uapprns vs sas‘ drlvffrry os dvsorvrn‘rd
and ‘raffrlAsvck soldvrrsB bur old gA119 and v‘s
vn‘rrna‘vonal rq’vffalrn‘s wrrr rxcr’cva‘vntly
’ncomsor‘ablrB g’cu prac‘vcr vs rrq’vrrd vs AkLAbornr
soldvrrs arr ‘o br proprrly ‘ravnrd sor oprra‘vons, b’‘
rxrrcvsrs ’sr ’p a trra‘ dral os s’rl and srw armvrs can
afford ‘o cond’c‘ prolontrd rralvs‘vc ‘ravnvntB Ynr
problrm wv‘u AkLs vs ‘ua‘ d’rvnt rxrrcvsrs ‘urvr yo’nt
commandrrs somr‘vmrs vmatvnr ‘urmsrlffrs ‘o br la‘‘rrA
day a’drrvans and ‘ry ‘o ‘akr on AOrs, wuvcu ‘rndrncy vs
‘o br drprrca‘rdB

9C
arr
u‘‘pMCCwwwB’nBortCMrp‘sCdpkoCdpkoCcolmvssvonC’nosomvBu‘
m wuvcu vs ‘No‘ an officval doc’mrn‘ os ‘ur cnv‘rd
Na‘vonsB krrparrd sor ‘ur cn‘rrnr‘ by ‘ur cnsorma‘von
brcunoloty src‘vonCMrpar‘mrn‘ os k’blvc cnsorma‘von
(Mkc0B gavn‘avnrd by ‘ur kracr and arc’rv‘y arc‘von os
Mkc vn coAoprra‘von wv‘u ‘ur Mrpar‘mrn‘ os kracrkrrpvnt
Yprra‘vonsB‘ c‘ suo’ld br no‘rd ‘ua‘ vn ‘ur kakvs‘an Army
‘ur corrrc‘ rank drscrvp‘von vs ‘brvtadvrr’ and no‘
‘brvtadvrr trnrral’B

9a
Mrscrvp‘von by rrpor‘rr Rvcuard Mowdrn
(u‘‘pMCCwwwBsomalvawa‘cuBortCarcuvffrdrcC61C611D1CD61Bu
‘m0 vn wuvcu ur s‘a‘rs ‘ur garvnrs madr a consvdrrablr
mvs‘akr wurn ‘ury ordrrrd ‘ur arrrs‘rd proplr ‘o
srpara‘r, wv‘u ‘suv‘rs offrr urrrN aomalvs offrr ‘urrr’B

:6
arr M’rcu, svllvam dB, tl a sacskssc[aY, Amsr[caa bl[t[cs
a
aar tZs tac[v[l a Nrs bt tZs +990s, gacmvllan, 1aa7, an
admvrablr collrc‘von os rssays, rdv‘rd by M’rcu, wuo
uvmsrls wro‘r ‘ur cuap‘rr on aomalva ‘v‘lrd ‘cn‘rod’c‘von
‘o AnarcuyM o’manv‘arvan cn‘rrffrn‘von and “a‘a‘rA
h’vldvnt” vn aomalva’, a prnr‘ra‘vnt analysvs wuvcu suo’ld
br rrq’vrrd rradvnt on rffrry co’rsr os vns‘r’c‘von
concrrnrd wv‘u pracrkrrpvntB Ano‘urr ffal’ablr rrsrrrncr
vs auawcross, svllvam, asl[vsr us trbm Mv[l, aNrlbrrs aar
asacsksscsrs [abrlr a N bt Marlsss Cbax[ct, hloomsb’ry,
D666, rsprcvally Luap‘rr :B

:1
cnsorma‘von srom a kakvs‘anv officrrB

:D
bur ca a‘a‘r Mrpar‘mrn‘ acco’n‘ vs somrwua‘ dvffrrrn‘B
‘cn 1aaD, rrspondvnt ‘o polv‘vcal cuaos and wvdrsprrad
dra‘us srom cvffvl s‘rvsr and s‘arffa‘von vn aomalva, ‘ur
cnv‘rd a‘a‘rs and o‘urr na‘vons la’ncurd Yprra‘von
Rrs‘orr ooprB trd by ‘ur cnvfird bask Oorcr (cNcbAO0,
‘ur oprra‘von was drsvtnrd ‘o crra‘r an rnffvronmrn‘ vn
wuvcu assvs‘ancr co’ld br drlvffrrrd ‘o aomalva s’ffrrvnt
srom ‘ur rffrc‘s os ‘wo ca‘as‘ropurs – onr manAmadr and
onr na‘’ralB cNcbAO was sollowrd by ‘ur cnv‘rd Na‘vons
Yprra‘von vn aomalva (cNYaYg0B bur cnv‘rd a‘a‘rs
playrd a mawor rolr vn bo‘u oprra‘vons ’n‘vl 1aa:, wurn
ca sorcrs wv‘udrrwB’ arr
u‘‘pMCCwwwBs‘a‘rBtoffCrCpaCrvCbtnCDCA9Bu‘m

:9
arr TZs lat[ba , a - 16 garcu D665, sor a nrws v‘rm a‘
u‘‘pMCCna‘vonBcomBpkCdavlyCmarAD665CaCvndrx1DBpup and an
rdv‘orval a‘ u‘‘pMCCna‘vonBcomBpkCdavlyCmarA
D665C16Crdv‘orvals9Bpup

::
o’man Rvtu‘s sa‘cu oRs ffolB 1A, NoB 16 L, d’ly D66:B A‘
u‘‘pMCCurwBortCrrpor‘sD66:Cpakvs‘an676:C
C hac tH d 0

1 oN thH A d O Y 9 ooMT A @tH d LtT

5 Na
cn D66: Mr Rruma‘ lllauv wro‘r a scvrn‘vfic ‘rra‘vsr wv‘u
‘ur ca‘cuy ‘v‘lr ‘cns‘rady prrvodvc flows os a matnr‘o
uydrodynamvc fl’vd d’r ‘o nonAcoaxval ro‘a‘vons os a poro’s
dvsc and fl’vd a‘ vnfinv‘y’B A no‘ablr acadrmvc acuvrffrmrn‘,
as ‘ur rradrrs os rol’mr :6 os MatZsmat[cal aar Cbmcutsr
Mbrsll[aYwo’ld no do’b‘ consvdrrB And ‘uvs paprr, wv‘u
many o‘urrs wrv‘‘rn by Mr lllauv, vs vndrrd a dvs‘vnt’vsurd
accomplvsumrn‘, madr possvblr no‘ only by ‘ur o’‘s‘andvnt
(and somrwua‘ da’n‘vnt0 vn‘rllrc‘’al abvlv‘vrs os ‘ur a’‘uor,
b’‘ ‘ur vn‘rrrs‘ and ac‘vons os onr os ‘ur army’s wrlsarr
ortanvza‘vons, ‘ur Oa’wv Oo’nda‘vonB
krosrssor hrvan a‘ra’tuan os ‘ur cnvffrrsv‘y os M’ruam’s
Mrpar‘mrn‘ os ga‘urma‘vcal acvrncrs commrn‘rd ‘ua‘
Rruma‘ lllauv’s kuM ‘ursvs ‘rrprrsrn‘s a svtnvfican‘
con‘rvb’‘von ‘o ma‘urma‘vcal knowlrdtr’ brca’sr v‘ vs ‘os
‘ur finrs‘ q’alv‘y’N and ‘ur words ‘svtnvfican‘ con‘rvb’‘von’
and ‘finrs‘ q’alv‘y’ arr rq’ally approprva‘r vn drscrvbvnt
‘ur Oa’wv Oo’nda‘von’s cuarv‘ablr rn‘rrprvsrs, and ‘ur
commrrcval vn‘rrrs‘s ‘ua‘ s’nd ‘urmB
Rruma‘’s sa‘urr srrffrd vn ‘ur army and rr‘vrrd ‘o r’n a
small b’svnrss vn ‘ur ‘vny ffvllatr os hamla vn so’‘urrn
k’nwabB As wv‘u all rr‘vrrrs ur was consvdrrrd a
‘brnrficvary’, and wurn Rruma‘ dvsplayrd morr ‘uan ’s’al
vn‘rrrs‘ vn uvs s‘’dvrs ‘ur Oa’wv Oo’nda‘von was alrr‘rd and
brtan ‘o s’bsvdvzr uvs rd’ca‘vonB Orom scuooldays ‘o
’nvffrrsv‘y ur and many o‘urrs wrrr ‘akrn ’ndrr ‘ur Oa’wv
wvnt, and ur suowrd uvs tra‘v‘’dr sor svx‘rrn yrars os
assvs‘ancr vn uvs s‘’dvrs by drdvca‘vnt uvs kuM dvssrr‘a‘von
‘o ‘ur Oo’nda‘vonB cn a ma‘‘rrAosAsac‘ sasuvon, as brfi‘s a
scvrn‘vs‘, ur says ur rrtards ‘ur ortanvza‘von as a srcond
sa‘urr, and ‘urrr can br srwrr drrprr ‘rvb’‘rs ‘uan ‘ua‘B
cn cndva a svmvlar posv‘von ob‘avnsB bur cndvan Army
srlsarr ld’ca‘von aocvr‘y1 r’ns 11A army scuools
‘uro’tuo’‘ ‘ur co’n‘ry, a‘‘rndrd by offrr 166,666 s‘’drn‘sB
burrr arr srffrn ffoca‘vonal vns‘v‘’‘rs wv‘u an ann’al vn‘akr
os 796 s‘’drn‘s and a ‘o‘al capacv‘y os D,956B lacu yrar
a,666 scuolarsuvps arr awardrd ‘o ‘promvsvnt cuvldrrn os
all ranks os ‘ur army’, and ‘ur Army cns‘v‘’‘r os oo‘rl
ganatrmrn‘ and La‘rrvnt brcunoloty vn hantalorr offrrs
a so’rAyrar hacurlor’s drtrrr co’rsr ‘rxcl’svffrly sor
cuvldrrn os srrffvnt army prrsonnrl or rr‘vrrd army
prrsonnrl wv‘u prnsvon’ and ‘ur ‘wards os war wvdows vn
rrcrvp‘ os prnsvon’B cn Tolka‘a ‘ur Na‘vonal cns‘v‘’‘r os
ganatrmrn‘ proffvdrs svx‘y ghA placrs and ‘uvr‘y sor a
gas‘rr’s drtrrr vn Lomp’‘rr Applvca‘vons wv‘u ‘ur samr
brnrficvarvrs vn mvndB Also proffvdrd arr drtrrr co’rsrs vn
drn‘vs‘ry, law, mrcuanvcal rntvnrrrvnt, vnsorma‘von
‘rcunoloty, rlrc‘ronvcs and ‘racuvntB bur dvffrrrncr
br‘wrrn sys‘rms vn kakvs‘an and cndva vs ‘ua‘ vn ‘ur la‘‘rr
‘ursr brnrfi‘s arr s’ndrd ‘uro’tu toffrrnmrn‘ rrffrn’r and
no‘ by prvffa‘r profi‘Amakvnt ortanvza‘vons lvkr ‘ur Oa’wv
Oo’nda‘von and ‘ur Army srlsarr br’s‘B
bur Oa’wv Oo’nda‘von uas ‘ur avm os proffvdvnt or
assvs‘vnt vn ‘q’alv‘y rd’ca‘von and mrdvcal carr ‘o
brnrficvarvrs ‘uro’tu vnffrs‘mrn‘s vn profi‘ablr ffrn‘’rrs
rns’rvnt rarnvnt trow‘u compa‘vblr ‘o o’r drmands sor
proffvdvnt uvtu q’alv‘y srrffvcrs’, wuvcu vs onr way os sayvnt
‘ury vmproffr accrss by prnsvonrrs and ‘urvr samvlvrs ‘o
rd’ca‘von and ural‘u by r’nnvnt b’svnrssrsB buvs prac‘vcr
uas a‘‘rac‘rd somr crv‘vcvsm, domrs‘vcally and
vn‘rrna‘vonally, apparrn‘ly brca’sr v‘ vs consvdrrrd ‘ua‘
’nd’r vnfl’rncr mvtu‘ br wvrldrd by ‘ur mvlv‘ary on ‘ur
co’n‘ry’s rconomyB Ynr crv‘vc wro‘r vn mvdAD667 ‘ua‘ ‘ur
armrd srrffvcrs’ assocva‘von wv‘u b’svnrss (callrd ‘gvlb’s’0M

prrpr‘’a‘rs ‘ur mvlv‘ary’s prrda‘ory s‘ylrB bur

drfinvnt sra‘’rr os s’cu prrda‘ory capv‘al vs ‘ua‘ v‘
vs concralrd, no‘ rrcordrd as par‘ os ‘ur drsrncr
b’dtr‘, and rn‘avls ’nrxplavnrd and q’rs‘vonablr
‘ranssrr os rrso’rcrs srom ‘ur p’blvc ‘o ‘ur prvffa‘r
src‘or, rsprcvally ‘o vndvffvd’als or tro’ps os
proplr connrc‘rd wv‘u ‘ur armrd sorcrsB arcond,
‘ur mvlv‘ary’s rconomvc prrda‘orvnrss vncrrasrs vn
‘o‘alv‘arvan sys‘rmsB go‘vffa‘rd by prrsonal tavns,
‘ur officrr cadrr os ‘ur armrd sorcrs srrks
polv‘vcal and rconomvc rrla‘vonsuvps wuvcu wvll
rnablr ‘urm ‘o vncrrasr ‘urvr rconomvc rr‘’rnsB
buvrdB bur mvlv‘ary’s rconomvc prrda‘orvnrss,
rsprcvally vnsvdr v‘s na‘vonal bo’ndarvrs, vs bo‘u a
ca’sr and rffrc‘ os a sr’dal, a’‘uorv‘arvan and
nonAdrmocra‘vc polv‘vcal sys‘rmBD

avffrn ‘ur cuarv‘ablr na‘’rr os ‘ur Oa’wv Oo’nda‘von and

‘ur Army srlsarr br’s‘, ‘ur allrta‘vons ‘ua‘ ‘ury arr
prrda‘ory and sorm par‘ os an ‘vllrtal mvlv‘ary rconomy’
vn‘rn‘ on affovdvnt ‘laws wuvcu arr dr‘rvmrn‘al ‘o ‘urvr
prrsonal vn‘rrrs‘s and ‘ua‘ os ‘urvr cvffvlvan cronvrs’9
a‘‘rac‘rd somr rrsrn‘mrn‘ vn ‘ur army, and rsprcvally vn
‘ur ortanvza‘vons ‘ua‘ proffvdr, ‘uro’tu profi‘Amakvnt vn
b’svnrss, a rantr os socval srrffvcrs ‘ua‘ brnrfi‘ sormrr
mrmbrrs os ‘ur sorcrs and ‘urvr samvlvrs, and ‘u’s ‘ur
co’n‘ry as a wuolrB bur allrta‘von ‘ua‘ ‘urrr arr
‘’nrxplavnrd and q’rs‘vonablr ‘ranssrr os rrso’rcrs srom
‘ur p’blvc ‘o ‘ur prvffa‘r src‘or’ vs no‘ and canno‘ br
s’bs‘an‘va‘rd, b’‘ v‘ rntrndrrrd uradlvnrs ro’nd ‘ur
world, rsprcvally vn cndvaB
bur Oa’wv Oo’nda‘von uas offrr a mvllvon brnrficvarvrs,
vncrrasvnt a‘ an ann’al ra‘r os abo’‘ D prr crn‘B c‘
trnrra‘rs vncomr ‘uro’tu srffrn s’lly ownrd
vnd’s‘rvalCcommrrcval rn‘rrprvsrs and nvnr assocva‘rd
companvrs vn wuvcu v‘ uas suarruoldvnts os srom 1D ‘o 5D
prr crn‘B All pay ‘ax a‘ normal ra‘rs and arr q’o‘rd on ‘ur
a‘ock lxcuantrB: bur financval acco’n‘s arr oprn sor any
cv‘vzrn ‘o vnsprc‘, and ‘o‘al ‘ax pavd vn ‘ur financval yrar
D665CD66A was 9D bvllvon r’prrs (ca$5DC mvllvon0B c‘
rmploys 1D,566 proplr, os wuom :,566 arr rxAsrrffvcrB
cn an vn‘rrffvrw wv‘u TZs T[mss bt @ar[ap’blvsurd on 1A
arp‘rmbrr D667 Mr Ayrsua avddvqa, a ffocal crv‘vc os ‘ur
kakvs‘an army and ‘ur Oa’wv Oo’nda‘von, s‘a‘rd ‘ua‘M

’nlvkr cndva wuvcu rrlvrs on s‘a‘r brnrfi‘s sor v‘s

officrrs, kakvs‘an uas sr‘ ’p a n’mbrr os
ortanvsa‘vons ‘o look as‘rr v‘s officrrsB bur Oa’wv
Oo’nda‘von vs ‘ur oldrs‘ and mos‘ powrrs’lB ar‘ ’p
vn 1a5: ‘o look as‘rr ‘ur nrrds os rxAsrrffvcrmrn,
‘ur so’nda‘von uas assr‘s wor‘u Rs aBC bvllvon
($1Aa mvllvon0B c‘ r’ns D5 vnd’s‘rval prowrc‘s, 1C os
wuvcu arr s’lly con‘rollrd by ‘ur so’nda‘vonB
Aro’nd C6 – a6, os proplr rmployrd vn ‘ursr
prowrc‘s arr army prrsonnrlB5

bur Oo’nda‘von’s wrlsarr rxprndv‘’rr vn D66AA7 ‘o‘allrd

$:A mvllvon vn a ra‘vo os CM:M1 vn mrdvcal carr, rd’ca‘von
srrffvcrs and ‘ravnvnt os samvly mrmbrrs os rxAsrrffvcr
prrsonnrl and somr cvffvlvansB Ynr src‘or os par‘vc’lar
vn‘rrrs‘ vs ffoca‘vonal ‘ravnvnt, wuvcu ‘akrs placr a‘ svx‘yA
fiffr crn‘rrsB
 bur roca‘vonal bravnvnt Lrn‘rr vn Rawalpvndv, as wv‘u
o‘urrs (vn rffrry proffvncr0, uas ‘ur avm os ‘rd’ca‘vnt and
‘ravnvnt [srmalrk brnrficvarvrs (wvdowsCwvffrsCda’tu‘rrs0 os
drcrasrd prnsvonrrs and rr‘vrrd prrsonnrl vn ‘avlorvnt,
c’‘‘vnt, rmbrovdrry, firs‘ avd and rd’ca‘von’ vn ordrr ‘o
vmproffr ‘urvr rarnvnt capabvlv‘yB Al‘uo’tu ‘rd’ca‘von’
apprars a‘ ‘ur rnd os ‘ur lvs‘ v‘ vs uvturr vn prac‘vcr, and
no‘ only vs ‘urrr vns‘r’c‘von vn lntlvsu lant’atr b’‘ ‘ur
‘urvffvnt comp’‘rr class vs offrrAs’bscrvbrdB bur
bra’‘vcvans’ class vs probably ‘ur mos‘ pop’lar as‘rr
lntlvsu vns‘r’c‘von, mavnly brca’sr knowlrdtr os
uavrdrrssvnt and cosmr‘vcs vs a s’rr way ‘o financval
vndrprndrncrB Ys ‘ur 156 womrn a‘ ‘ur Rawalpvndv rbL vn
A’t’s‘ D667, only ‘wo wrrr vllv‘rra‘r brsorr wovnvnt ‘ur
co’rsr, al‘uo’tu rd’ca‘von s‘andards wrrr vn trnrral no‘
uvtuB Atrs rantrd srom so’r‘rrn ‘o fis‘y, and ‘ur mavn atr
tro’p rrprrsrn‘rd was so’r‘rrn ‘o ‘wrn‘yAso’r (nvnr‘yAsvx0,
wv‘u only a uands’l atrd sor‘y ‘o fis‘yB cn o‘urr crn‘rrs ‘ur
lv‘rracy ra‘r vs lowrr, somr‘vmrs m’cu lowrr, and vn r’ral
arras ‘ur rmpuasvs vs morr on uandvcras‘s ‘uan comp’‘rrs
or bra’‘y classrs, al‘uo’tu ‘urrr vs s‘vll vn‘rrrs‘ vn, sor
rxamplr, vns‘r’c‘von vn uow ‘o drcora‘r brvdrs’ uands
prrpara‘ory ‘o marrvatrB buvs vs uardly ‘ur s‘’ff os an
‘vllrtal mvlv‘ary rconomy’ al‘uo’tu, vnrffv‘ably, v‘ vs clavmrd
‘ua‘ ‘urrr vs somr balrs’l p’rposr bruvnd ‘ur rn‘rrprvsrB
Ynr commrn‘a‘or s‘a‘rs ‘ua‘M

bur affavlablr lv‘rra‘’rr on wrlsarr rrcotnvsrs ‘ur

prrsrncr os sprcval vn‘rrrs‘ tro’ps ‘akvnt
rrsponsvbvlv‘y sor ‘ur wrlsarr os ‘urvr own
mrmbrrs [q’o‘vnt a svntlr s‘’dy os 1aCCkB
oowrffrr, ‘ur lv‘rra‘’rr also ‘alks abo’‘ ‘ur
rrprrsrn‘a‘von os ‘ur o‘urrwvsr vncommrns’rablrA
nrrds os vndvffvd’als by a rrla‘vffrly small tro’p os
 proplr cuosrn as rrprrsrn‘a‘vffrs, or a local rlv‘rB
bur drcvsvonAmakvnt s‘r’c‘’rr os ‘ur Oa’wv
Oo’nda‘von and o‘urr mvlv‘ary so’nda‘vons vs
uvtuly rlv‘vs‘B kos‘ rr‘vrrmrn‘ brnrfi‘s arr drcvdrd
rxcl’svffrly by ‘ur mvlv‘ary uvtu command, wv‘uo’‘
‘ur par‘vcvpa‘von os ‘ur jawaas [soldvrrskB
Lonsrq’rn‘ly, ‘urrr vs no sys‘rm os srrdback
wv‘uvn ‘ur mvlv‘ary rrtardvnt clvrn‘ sa‘vssac‘von by
‘ur prrsonnrl sor wuom ‘ur wrlsarr sys‘rm vs
vn‘rndrd and ‘o wuom ‘ur ffarvo’s packatrs arr
offrrrdB Lolonrl (rr‘vrrd0 haku‘var Tuan clavms
‘ua‘ ‘ur ac‘’al brnrficvarvrs os ‘ur wrlsarr sys‘rm
arr ‘ur officrrs and no‘ ‘ur ordvnary soldvrrsB7

brll ‘ua‘ ‘o Mr Rruma‘ lllauv, son os a soldvrr, and ‘o ‘ur

womrn brnrfi‘vnt srom ffoca‘vonal ‘ravnvnt, almos‘ all os
wuom arr rrla‘vffrs os soldvrrsB And ‘rll v‘ ‘o ‘ur lvmblrss
soldvrrs wuo uaffr rrcrvffrd pros‘ur‘vc lvmbs and a‘‘rn‘vffr
carr srom ‘ur Oa’wv Oo’nda‘von’s uospv‘alsB
ao sar as can br dr‘rrmvnrd ‘urrr vs no mvlv‘ary orvrn‘rd
rr‘vrrmrn‘ brnrfi‘s scurmr vn ‘ur world vn wuvcu
sr‘‘lrmrn‘s or rrm’nrra‘von arr drcvdrd ’pon wv‘u
par‘vcvpa‘von os prvffa‘r soldvrrs, uowrffrr drsvrablr s’cu a
sys‘rm may brB As ‘o ‘ur Oa’wv Oo’nda‘von’s ‘uvtuly rlv‘vs‘
sys‘rm os drcvsvonAmakvnt, v‘ vs wrll ‘o consvdrr ‘ur
mranvnt os ‘rlv‘r’, wuvcu vs drfinrd as ‘‘ur mos‘ powrrs’l,
rvcu or tvs‘rd mrmbrrs os a tro’p’, or vn o‘urr words, ‘ur
lradrrsB c‘ apprars ‘ua‘ mos‘ ortanvza‘vons vn mos‘
co’n‘rvrs, br ‘ury profi‘Amakvnt, polv‘vcal, cvffvl srrffvcr or
mvlv‘ary, arr uradrd by ‘uosr wuo arr brs‘ q’alvfird ‘o do
so, and ‘ua‘ ‘ur Oa’wv Oo’nda‘von (and o‘urr vns‘v‘’‘vons
wvsuvnt ‘o s’rffvffr0 wo’ld br ’nwvsr ‘o adop‘ al‘rrna‘vffr
mrans os manatvnt ‘urvr affavrsB
 
gos‘ mvlv‘ary assocva‘rd commrrcval rn‘rrprvsrs uaffr comr
’ndrr a‘‘ack srom ffarvo’s q’ar‘rrs, b’‘ rffvdrncr os
malprac‘vcr vs rarrly proffvdrd by crv‘vcsB cn a s‘’dy
cond’c‘rd by ‘ur a’‘uor vn A’t’s‘ D667, ‘ur Oa’wv Orr‘vlvsrr
Lompany was rxamvnrd vn dr‘avlB
Oollowvnt ‘ur lnron scandal v‘ brcamr obffvo’s
worldwvdr ‘ua‘ crra‘vffr acco’n‘vnt – a purasr conffryvnt
‘ur company’s vn‘rn‘von ‘o drsra’d v‘s vnffrs‘ors – was
rffrc‘vffr vn lvnvnt ‘ur pockr‘s os ‘ur sor‘’na‘r srw wuo
wrrr prvffy ‘o ‘ua‘ company’s macuvna‘vonsB burrr wrrr
’ndo’b‘rdly vncvdrn‘s os ‘q’rs‘vonablr ‘ranssrr os
rrso’rcrs’ a‘ lnron, b’‘ on rxamvnvnt ‘ur acco’n‘s os Oa’wv
Orr‘vlvsrr (and ‘ur Oa’wv Oo’nda‘von as a wuolr0 ‘urrr vs no
rffvdrncr os ‘offAbalancrAsurr‘’ ‘ransac‘vons or svmvlar
wvttrryApokrryB A’dv‘s arr carrvrd o’‘ vn‘rrnally and by
vndrprndrn‘ acco’n‘an‘sB c‘ wo’ld br ’nlvkrly ‘ua‘ ‘ur firm
Tkga wo’ld wrlcomr assrr‘vons os vmproprvr‘y or
vllrtalv‘y vn ‘ur mannrr ‘ua‘ Oa’wv Orr‘vlvsrr carrvrs o’‘ v‘s
b’svnrss and mvtu‘ rffrn br ‘rmp‘rd ‘o ‘akr ac‘von wrrr
any ‘o br madr, as Tkga basrrr oadv - Lo arr ‘ur
a’dv‘orsBC
Oa’wv Orr‘vlvsrr vs a mrdv’mAsvzrd company rmployvnt
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somr Rs :5 bvllvon (ca$7:6 mvllvon0 vn ‘axrs and o‘urr
toffrrnmrn‘ vmpos‘s, pavd dvffvdrnds os offrr a bvllvon, and
con‘rvb’‘rd almos‘ D bvllvon ‘o ‘ur sorkrrs’ srlsarr O’ndB
c‘ r’ns ‘rcunvcal ‘ravnvnt crn‘rrs sor v‘s rmployrrs, and uas
fiffr mobvlr labora‘orvrs wuosr scvrn‘vs‘s cond’c‘ sovl
analysvs ‘uro’tuo’‘ ‘ur co’n‘ry and adffvsr sarmrrs on uow
brs‘ ‘o manatr ‘urvr land (’svnt, os co’rsr, Oa’wv
Orr‘vlvsrr’s prod’c‘s0B c‘ vs uardly ‘h’svnrss vn dackboo‘s’ as
onr uradlvnr uad v‘Ba
cn D66AA7, wurn v‘ brcamr sasuvonablr vn kakvs‘an ‘o
crv‘vcvzr ‘ur army, ‘urrr camr o‘urr and rq’ally prwora‘vffr
uradlvnrs and ar‘vclrsB bur a’‘uor os ‘kakvs‘anM bur Army
as ‘ur a‘a‘r’ prono’ncrd ‘ua‘ ‘[bur Army srlsarr br’s‘k vs
‘ur srcondAlartrs‘ prvffa‘r contlomrra‘r vn kakvs‘anB bur
lartrs‘ vs ‘ur Oa’wv Oo’nda‘vonB h’‘ ‘ur word “prvffa‘r” vs
somr‘uvnt os a mvsnomrr urrr as bo‘u ‘ursr (and o‘urr
contlomrra‘rs lvnkrd ‘o ‘ur naffy and avr sorcr0 arr r’n by
srrffvnt army officrrs, and somr wrrr sr‘ ’p wv‘u p’blvc
s’ndsB boday, ‘urvr combvnrd assr‘s co’ld br as uvtu as $D6
bvllvonB’16 Lrr‘avnly ‘ur Army srlsarr br’s‘ and ‘ur Oa’wv
Oo’nda‘von wrrr sr‘ ’p wv‘u p’blvc s’ndsB11 bur
Oo’nda‘von, sor rxamplr, was ‘vncorpora‘rd ’ndrr ‘ur
lndowmrn‘s Ac‘ os 1Ca6 o’‘ os ‘ur kos‘ sar [arcond sorld
sark arrffvcrs Rrcons‘r’c‘von O’nds’ wuvcu wrrr ‘urn
alloca‘rd ‘o cndva and kakvs‘an a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr os cndrprndrncr
vn 1a:7B Nonr os ‘ur ortanvza‘vons vs ‘r’n by srrffvnt army
officrrs’, and ‘ur assrr‘von ‘ua‘ ‘ur assr‘s ‘co’ld br’ ’p ‘o
$D6 bvllvon vs backrd by nrv‘urr sac‘s nor fit’rrs, al‘uo’tu
v‘ wo’ld br nrv‘urr vllrtal nor ’ndrsvrablr wrrr ‘uvs ‘r’rB
burrr arr crr‘avnly rr‘vrrd officrrs uradvnt ‘ur Oo’nda‘von
and ‘ur br’s‘, b’‘ ‘ur no‘von ‘ua‘ ‘ury arr par‘ os somr
ffas‘ conspvracy ‘o pl’ndrr ‘ur na‘von vs rvsvblrB

H ak ,H Ta sYba s aa d H lbts
kakvs‘an vs a poor co’n‘ry (al‘uo’tu v‘s rconomy apprars ‘o
br trowvnt vn ‘ur macro srnsr0, and canno‘ yr‘ afford ‘o
pay v‘s p’blvc srrffan‘s on any‘uvnt lvkr ‘ur scalr os ‘uosr vn
morr drffrloprd na‘vonsB Nrv‘urr can v‘ afford ‘o proffvdr
prnsvons a‘ all comparablr wv‘u ‘uosr arrantrd by prvffa‘r
prnsvon s’nds ‘ua‘ uaffr spr’nt ’p svncr ‘ur rarly D666sB
h’‘ v‘ uas brrn clavmrd vn a wvdrly p’blvcvzrd book1D ‘ua‘
rr‘vrrd srrffvcr prrsonnrl vn kakvs‘an rnwoy ‘a compara‘vffrly
svzrablr prnsvon’ and v‘ vs os vn‘rrrs‘ ‘o rxamvnr ‘uvs
prono’ncrmrn‘ vn ‘ur lvtu‘ os sac‘B
 bur mon‘uly prnsvon os a kakvs‘an Army lvr’‘rnan‘
trnrral (wuo, lvkr o‘urrs, vs allowrd ‘o ‘comm’‘r’ par‘ os
uvs prnsvon and ‘urrrby rrcrvffr a l’mp s’m os ca$DC,17C
on rr‘vrvnt0 vs ca$56a a mon‘u wurn ur lraffrs as‘rr a
mvnvm’m os ‘uvr‘yA‘wo yrars’ srrffvcrB bur prnsvon may br
‘uo’tu‘ os as ‘compara‘vffrly svzrablr’ wurn placrd brsvdr
‘ua‘ os a rr‘vrrd mawor, wuo tr‘s abo’‘ uals ‘ua‘ amo’n‘, or
a navk (corporal0, wuo rxvs‘s on Rs 9,1Da, or ca$51 a
mon‘u, b’‘ v‘ vs oprn ‘o q’rs‘von vs v‘ vs approprva‘r
rrm’nrra‘von sor a prrson wuo uas lrs‘ ‘ur army wv‘u uvtu
rank as‘rr offrr ‘urrr drcadrs os srrffvcrB
avx‘yAfiffr prr crn‘ os kakvs‘an army officrrs rr‘vrr as
mawors, ’s’ally vn ‘urvr sor‘vrs, an atr a‘ wuvcu
rmploymrn‘ vs uard ‘o find vn any co’n‘ryB bur rank
pyramvd ‘urn narrows rffrn s’r‘urr, and cuancrs os
promo‘von bryond colonrl, rffrn sor rx‘rrmrly wrllAq’alvfird
officrrs, arr rrmarkably slvmB Y’‘ to ‘ur passrdAoffrr
colonrls and brvtadvrrs and mawor trnrrals, ‘o rxvs‘ on
mon‘uly amo’n‘s ‘ua‘ wo’ld barrly b’y an avr ‘vckr‘ srom
Taracuv ‘o tauorr ‘o a‘‘rnd a wob vn‘rrffvrwB aoldvrrs, w’nvor
commvssvonrd officrrs and nonAcommvssvonrd officrrs arr
no‘ rxac‘ly vn ‘ur lap os l’x’ry, rv‘urrB (cn ‘ur ‘ablrs brlow
‘ur R’prrAca$ rxcuantr ra‘r vs as a‘ mvdAarp‘rmbrr
D667B0
Ra‘rs os pay and prnsvons sor ‘ur rank os arpoy (prvffa‘r
soldvrr0 ‘o arrtran‘ gawor arrM
 c atss bt cal aar csas[bas tbr bycsrs:

+A

hy somr s‘andards, a srrtran‘ mawor’s mon‘uly prnsvon os

$11C and a brvtadvrr’s os $:D6 mvtu‘ br rrtardrd as
‘compara‘vffrly svzrablr’ (al‘uo’tu no‘ ‘o br comparrd wv‘u
‘ua‘ os ‘ur hrv‘vsu rq’vffalrn‘ os ‘ur la‘‘rr, wuo rrcrvffrs
abo’‘ $7,566 a mon‘u0, rsprcvally as ‘ur affrratr ann’al
vncomr vn kakvs‘an vs ‘vny,1: b’‘ v‘ vs no‘ an approprva‘r
amo’n‘ sor a rr‘vrrd srnvor rxrc’‘vffr wuo uas occ’pvrd a
posv‘von os consvdrrablr rrsponsvbvlv‘y vn rv‘urr a s‘aff or
command appovn‘mrn‘B (All brvtadvrrs, rffrn ‘uosr no‘
sor‘’na‘r rno’tu ‘o br srlrc‘rd ‘o command a brvtadr os
somr 5,666 soldvrrs, arr srlrc‘rd on ‘ur basvs os offrrall
capabvlv‘yB0 Oor rr‘vrrd officrrs and soldvrrs ‘o mavn‘avn a
drcrn‘ s‘andard os lvffvnt ‘ury m’s‘, mos‘ os ‘urm, find
s’r‘urr rmploymrn‘ as‘rr rr‘vrvnt srom ‘ur armyB Oor
sprcvalvs‘s (pvlo‘s, rntvnrrrs, cb and o‘urr comm’nvca‘vons
rxprr‘s0, ‘urrr vs no‘ ‘oo m’cu os a problrmB And ‘urrr arr
somr, an ’nknown b’‘ obffvo’sly s’bs‘an‘val mvnorv‘y, wuo
do no‘ nrrd a s’r‘urr vncomr, uaffvnt ‘urvr own samvly
assr‘sB gy sormrr brarrr, an old soldvrr, lvffrs con‘rn‘rdly
on uvs army prnsvon vn ‘ur uvlls os Nor‘u srs‘ Oron‘vrr
kroffvncrB or vs s’rro’ndrd by uvs lartr samvly, somr os
wuom work or uaffr workrd vn ‘ur a’ls and ‘urrrsorr
con‘rvb’‘r s’bs‘an‘vally ‘o ‘ur wovn‘ samvly vncomrB h’‘ sor
many o‘urrs, soldvrrs and officrrs alvkr (and rsprcvally
trnrralvs‘ officrrs0, no ma‘‘rr ‘urvr rxprr‘vsr vn wua‘ vs
now callrd ‘u’man rrso’rcrs’ and drcvsvonAmakvnt, ‘ur
s’‘’rr can br blrakB burrrsorr v‘ vs rralvs‘vc and u’manr ‘o
makr al‘rrna‘vffr proffvsvons ‘ua‘ wvll no‘ br a dravn on ‘ur
na‘vonal rxcurq’rrB bur sorld hank rxamvnrd prnsvons
worldwvdr and commrn‘rd ‘ua‘M

gvlv‘ary prnsvons ‘ua‘ brtvn ‘o br pavd wuvlr

rr‘vrrd soldvrrs arr yo’nt do no‘ srrm ‘o uaffr ‘ur
samr obwrc‘vffrs as na‘vonal and cvffvl srrffvcr
prnsvon scurmrs ‘ua‘ arr sr‘ ’p ‘o dral wv‘u old
atrB cn an vn‘rtra‘rd sys‘rm, ‘ursr soldvrrs co’ld
con‘vn’r acc’m’la‘vnt prnsvon wral‘u ’n‘vl old
atrB A srpara‘r brnrfi‘ or o‘urr sorm os assvs‘ancr
sor rrvnsrr‘von vn‘o ‘ur labo’r sorcr mvtu‘ br
tran‘rd ‘o dral wv‘u ‘uvs vss’rB15

cn kakvs‘an ‘urrr uas brrn vns‘v‘’‘von os al‘rrna‘vffr

mrans, and v‘ vs ‘uvs ‘ua‘ vn many casrs uas mran‘ and
con‘vn’rs ‘o mran ‘ua‘ rr‘vrrd mrmbrrs os ‘ur armrd
sorcrs arr ablr ‘o lvffr vn dvtnv‘y and rrasonablr comsor‘ sor
‘ur many yrars ‘ua‘ lvr aurad os ‘urm sollowvnt rr‘vrrmrn‘
a‘ a nrcrssarvly rarly atrB As no‘rd vn a s‘’dy by Maffvd RB
artal and gady srsculrr artal,1A p’blvsurd vn Mrcrmbrr
D66:M
 gos‘ proplr wuo rn‘rr ‘ur Amrrvcan armrd sorcrs
srrffr sor srwrr ‘uan 16 yrarsB gany rxprrss
pa‘rvo‘vc rrasons sor wovnvnt ‘ur armrd sorcrs, b’‘
‘urvr mo‘vffa‘vons sor srrffvnt also vncl’dr ‘ur
drsvrr ‘o lrarn a skvll applvcablr vn ‘ur cvffvlvan
labor sorcr, or ‘o rarn rd’ca‘vonal brnrfi‘s ‘ua‘
wvll rnablr ‘urm ‘o to ‘o collrtrB lffrn ‘ur
rrla‘vffrly small propor‘von os prrsonnrl wuo srrffr
sor a mvlv‘ary carrrr rr‘’rn ‘o cvffvlvan lvsr vn ‘urvr
la‘r 96s or rarly :6s, ‘oo yo’nt ‘o ‘r’ly rr‘vrr, and
wv‘u a prnsvon ‘oo small ‘o s’ppor‘ a samvlyB sua‘
uapprns on ‘urvr rr‘’rn ‘o ‘ur cvffvlvan labor sorcrH

Ynr ‘uvnt ‘ua‘ uapprns vn kakvs‘an bstbrs rr‘’rn ‘o ‘ur

cvffvlvan labo’r sorcr vs ‘ur dawnvnt os srar abo’‘ ‘ur s’‘’rrB
orrr, sor rxamplr, vs a dvary rn‘ry by tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral
Alv A’rakzav on DD dan’ary D66:M

c co’ld tr‘ a loan B B B and c’‘ down crr‘avn

rxprndv‘’rrs d’rvnt my pos‘Arr‘vrrmrn‘ lvsr ‘o tr‘
somr brra‘uvnt spacr ’n‘vl my uo’sr vs rrn‘rd
o’‘, and maybr c co’ld tr‘ somr wob as‘rr
rr‘vrrmrn‘ wuvcu wvll placr mr vn a rrla‘vffrly
comsor‘ablr financval posv‘von B B B c drcvdrd B B B ‘o
cons‘r’c‘ a modrs‘ uo’sr vn kvndvB c canno‘ afford
‘o lvffr vn ‘ur Taracuv uo’srB bur rrn‘ rrcoffrrrd
srom v‘ wvll br my only vncomr as‘rr rr‘vrrmrn‘ ‘o
s’s‘avn mr as v‘ vs no‘ possvblr ‘o lvffr on Rs
15,666C – prr mon‘u prnsvonB17

arnrral A’rakzav’s cons‘r’c‘von os a small uo’sr vn

Rawalpvndv was vn‘rndrd ‘o br s’ndrd srom uvs saffvnts
‘uro’tu a crn‘ral s’nd wuvcu was drscrvbrd ‘o mr by
ano‘urr srnvor rr‘vrrd officrr vn somrwua‘ r’rs’l ‘rrmsM

bur MaYk or Mrsrncr arrffvcrs Yfficrrs kroffvdrn‘

O’nd vs ‘ur rq’vffalrn‘ os akO or arnrral
kroffvdrn‘ O’nd os cvffvlvan drpar‘mrn‘sB
Lon‘rvb’‘vons arr ffol’n‘ary aboffr a crr‘avn
mvnvmal lrffrlB Yn brvnt commvssvonrd c lvkr many
o‘urrs con‘rvb’‘rd Rs D6 wuvcu was ‘ur mvnvm’m
possvblr as c wan‘rd ‘o sprnd rffrry prnny!
oowrffrr wurn c to‘ marrvrd c wan‘rd ‘o vncrrasr
b’‘ dvd no‘ uaffr ‘ur monry! bur rr‘’rns arr ffrry
tood, br‘‘rr ‘uan mos‘ vnffrs‘mrn‘s, and ffary, b’‘
‘owards ‘ur rnd os my srrffvcr v‘ was abo’‘ 17,
compo’nd vn‘rrrs‘B c‘ may uaffr sallrn svncrB oad c
vnffrs‘rd srnsvbly ‘uro’tu my srrffvcr c co’ld uaffr
walkrd away wv‘u closr ‘o Rs 16 mvllvon! [caM
1A5,666Bk cns‘rad, vn spv‘r os [uaffvnt uad a pos‘vnt
offrrsrask and la‘rr [brvnt ablr ‘o saffr morrk as a
trnrral c saffrd [onlyk abo’‘ 1BC mvllvon [caM
DA,666kB1C

cn ‘ur con‘rx‘ os pos‘Arr‘vrrmrn‘ rmployabvlv‘y ‘ur cndvan

Army wrbsv‘r on wrlsarr1a no‘rs ‘ua‘M

Approxvma‘rly 1,D66 officrrs and 56,666 mrn

rr‘vrr rffrry yrar srom ‘ur [cndvank ArmyB bury
cons‘v‘’‘r a dvscvplvnrd and ‘ravnrd sorcrB bur
Yfficrrs trnrrally rr‘vrr vn ‘urvr rarly fis‘vrs, ‘ur
d’nvor Lommvssvon [rdk Yfficrrs and o‘urr ranks
rr‘vrr vn ‘ur atr tro’p os 9:A:5 yrarsB hrvnt vn ‘ur
prvmr yrars os ‘urvr lvsr and uaffvnt brrn troomrd
offrr ‘ur yrars wv‘u a rrs’l‘ orvrn‘rd c’l‘’rr, ‘ury
 acq’vrr skvlls, po‘rn‘vals and rxprr‘vsr vn ffarvo’s
firldsB buvs ‘ravnrd and dvscvplvnrd sorcr wo’ld br
an assr‘ ‘o any vnd’s‘ryB

avffrn cndva’s rnormo’s vnd’s‘rval basr ‘urrr arr many

oppor‘’nv‘vrs sor pos‘Arr‘vrrmrn‘ rmploymrn‘ sor all ranks
wuo uaffr srrffrd vn ‘ur armrd sorcrsB avmvlarly, vn l’ropr
and ‘ur ca ‘urrr vs lv‘‘lr problrm vn ‘uvs rrtard, rsprcvally
sor srnvor officrrsB bur boards os drsrncr con‘rac‘ors vn
hrv‘avn and Amrrvca arr b’ltvnt wv‘u rr‘vrrd trnrralsB cn
‘ur cT ‘hr‘wrrn 1aC: and 1aa:, D,66D officrrs vn ‘ur
armrd sorcrs rrcrvffrd approffal ‘o ‘akr ’p [pos‘A
rr‘vrrmrn‘k rmploymrn‘ wv‘u companvrs vn mvlv‘ary
vnd’s‘ryB Ovt’rrs arr no‘ affavlablr sor 1aa5 ‘o 1aaC, b’‘
br‘wrrn 1 dan’ary 1aaa and ‘ur rnd os d’nr D66:, A1:
officrrs rrcrvffrd s’cu approffalB’D6 bur sv‘’a‘von vn ‘ur ca
vs svmvlarBD1 burrr arr also rrsr‘‘lrmrn‘ boards wuvcu ca‘rr
sor all ranks and manatr ‘o placr many os ‘uosr wuo apply
‘o ‘urm sor assvs‘ancrBDD h’‘ nonr os ‘uvs applvrs vn
kakvs‘anB sua‘ dors apply vs an vnsormal sys‘rm wurrrby
somr rr‘vrrd prrsonnrl arr proffvdrd wv‘u rmploymrn‘ by
s’cu ortanvza‘vons as ‘ur Oa’wv Oo’nda‘von, and by
toffrrnmrn‘ atrncvrs as cvffvl srrffan‘sB
kakvs‘an’s rnrrtr‘vc and sor‘urvtu‘ (and ‘o‘ally
vndrprndrn‘0 mrdva ortanvza‘vons do no‘ vtnorr s’cu
arrantrmrn‘s, uaffvnt ‘ur p’blvc vn‘rrrs‘ a‘ urar‘B cn TZs
lsws nrwspaprr vn Aprvl D66A ‘urrr was a sca‘uvnt
crv‘vq’r os ‘ur prac‘vcr os rmployvnt rr‘vrrd srnvor officrrs
vn toffrrnmrn‘ appovn‘mrn‘s wuvcu,D9 vn savrnrss, no‘rd
‘ua‘ ‘‘urrr arr a srw pos‘s lvkr ‘ua‘ os ‘ur sapda [‘ur
sa‘rr and kowrr Mrffrlopmrn‘ A’‘uorv‘yk cuavrman or
‘uosr vn ‘ur kakvs‘an Ravlways wuvcu wrrr rarlvrr urld by
trnrrals b’‘ ‘ury arr ‘oday occ’pvrd by cvffvlvan officrrsB’
bo wuvcu co’ld br addrd ‘ur urad os kakvs‘an cn‘rrna‘vonal
Avrlvnrs (sormrrly an avr marsual0 and o‘urr posv‘vonsN b’‘
‘ur povn‘ vs madr, and vs a rrasonablr onr, ‘ua‘ ‘urrr arr
morr sormrr mvlv‘ary officrrs vn toffrrnmrn‘ pos‘s ‘uan
‘urrr arr vn many o‘urr co’n‘rvrsB Accordvnt ‘o TZs lsws,
‘urrr arr nvnr rr‘vrrd mvlv‘ary officrrs srrffvnt as
ambassadors, o’‘ os a ‘o‘al os nvnr‘yAso’r urads os
mvssvonBD: buvs dors no‘ rrprrsrn‘ a srrvo’s dvs‘or‘von os
‘ur promo‘von pyramvd, as occ’rs, sor rxamplr vn ‘ur ca
a‘a‘r Mrpar‘mrn‘, wurrr sor‘yA‘urrr os 1AD ambassadors
arr nonAcarrrr vndvffvd’als wuo con‘rvb’‘rd ‘o polv‘vcal
campavtns,D5 b’‘ ’ndo’b‘rdly ‘urrr vs rrsrn‘mrn‘ on ‘ur
par‘ os ‘uosr carrrr officvals vn kakvs‘an’s sorrvtn srrffvcr
wuo srr ‘urvr prosprc‘s lvmv‘rd by appovn‘mrn‘ os
o’‘svdrrs ‘o srnvor pos‘sB
Al‘uo’tu con‘vn’vnt v‘s offrnsvffr atavns‘ ‘ur army vn
arp‘rmbrr D667, and s’r‘urr crv‘vcvzvnt ‘bloa‘rd
b’rra’cracy’ (srr brlow0, TZs lsws dvd no‘r ‘ua‘M

cnlvkr ‘ur dvs‘or‘vons ‘ua‘ arr cuarac‘rrvs‘vcs os

‘ur cvffvlvan b’rra’cracy and wuvcu s’r‘urrrd [svck
d’rvnt ‘ur las‘ rvtu‘ yrars, ‘ur sys‘rms vn ‘ur
mvlv‘ary uaffr no‘ brrn playrd wv‘uB suvlr vn ‘ur
cvffvlvan b’rra’cracy no ‘op mandarvn tr‘s rr‘vrrd
and vs trnrro’sly allowrd rx‘rnsvon vn complr‘r
ffvola‘von os ‘ur law and r’lrs, ‘ur kakvs‘an Army,
d’rvnt ‘ur las‘ rvtu‘ yrars, uas srrn w’s‘ ‘urrr
casrs os rx‘rnsvonsB

cn A’t’s‘ D667, ‘ur aa[ll T[mss carrvrd an rxposr os

wua‘ v‘ consvdrrrd ‘o br a dvspropor‘vona‘r n’mbrr os
rr‘vrrd mvlv‘ary prrsonnrl rmployrd by powrr dvs‘rvb’‘von
companvrsM
 @TtYrTd RYlYtark bdcTrs dbRYaatT cb[Tr
cbRcaaYTs
catAgAhAMM arrffvnt and rr‘vrrd mvlv‘ary
prrsonnrl domvna‘r nvnr o’‘ os ‘ur 1D powrr
dvs‘rvb’‘von companvrs workvnt ’ndrr ‘ur sa‘rr
and kowrr Mrffrlopmrn‘ A’‘uorv‘y (sAkMA0,
accordvnt ‘o officval doc’mrn‘s proc’rrd by Mavly
bvmrsB Accordvnt ‘ur doc’mrn‘s, a ‘o‘al os 9,66D
mvlv‘ary proplr arr workvnt vn ‘ur nvnr companvrs,
‘urrr os wuvcu ‘ury urad as wrllB bur uvturs‘
n’mbrr os mvlv‘ary proplr vs vn ‘ur Oavsalabad
llrc‘rvcv‘y a’pply Lompany (OlaLY0 wurrr A:7 os
‘urm work, wv‘u a rr‘vrrd colonrl and rr‘vrrd
mawor vn srnvor posv‘vonsB bur lowrs‘ ra‘vo vs vn ‘ur
brvbal Arras llrc‘rvcv‘y a’pply Lompany (blaLY0
wurrr only ‘urrr w’nvor rr‘vrrd mvlv‘ary mrn srrffr
as src’rv‘y t’ardsB A ‘o‘al os :aA rr‘vrrd mvlv‘ary
officrrs work a‘ claLY [rrsponsvblr sor ‘ur
cslamabad capv‘al ‘rrrv‘ory and o’‘lyvnt arrask
wuvcu vs uradrd by a rr‘vrrd brvtadvrrB As many as
:a9 work a‘ ‘ur klaLY [krsuawark, ‘wo os ‘urm
a‘ srnvor pos‘sB Ovffr u’ndrrd and ‘wrn‘yAfiffr work
a‘ olaLY [oydrrabadk, and onr os ‘urm vs a‘ a
srnvor pos‘B glkLY [g’l‘ank uas ‘wo rr‘vrrd
brvtadvrrs workvnt a‘ ‘ur ‘op pos‘s and ‘urrr
rr‘vrrd officrrs a‘ lrss srnvor – vmpor‘an‘
nonr‘urlrss – pos‘sB bur rrs‘ os ‘ur 9DA rr‘vrrd
mvlv‘ary mrn work a‘ w’nvor posv‘vons vn ‘ur
companyB As many as D1C work a‘ alkLY
[a’wranwalak, wv‘u a rr‘vrrd colonrl and mawor
srrffvnt a‘ srnvor pos‘sB cn ‘o‘al, 11: rr‘vrrd
mvlv‘ary officrrs work a‘ llaLY [l’r‘‘akB A
rr‘vrrd colonrl wv‘u DC yrars os rxprrvrncr vn
powrr companvrs and ‘ur mvlv‘ary works a‘ a
srnvor posv‘vonB bur tlaLY [tauorrk rmploys a
 ‘o‘al 17A rr‘vrrd mvlv‘ary officrrs, ‘wo os ‘urm vn
srnvor posv‘vonsBDA

cndrprndrn‘ ffrrvfica‘von suows ‘ua‘ ‘ur fit’rrs arr

acc’ra‘r (al‘uo’tu v‘ vs nonsrnsr ‘ua‘ ‘urrr arr :aA rr‘vrrd
bycsrsa‘ claLY – ‘ur wrv‘rr mrans all ranks0, and ‘ur
‘o‘al os ‘9,66D mvlv‘ary proplr’ vs a lartr n’mbrr vn almos‘
any con‘rx‘B h’‘ somr n’mbrrs wrrr no‘ mrn‘vonrd vn ‘ur
analysvsB burrr arr, ‘ur paprr says, A:7 ‘mvlv‘ary proplr’
rmployrd by OlaLY, ‘ur Oavsalabad kowrr LompanyB
cndrrd ‘urrr arrM A:7 o’‘ os a ‘o‘al os 15,A95,D7 or :B1 prr
crn‘B oardly, onr mvtu‘ ‘uvnk, a ca’sr sor alarm ‘ua‘ ‘ur
army rxrr‘s a s‘rantlruold on ‘ur DB1 mvllvon c’s‘omrrs sor
rlrc‘rvcv‘y vn ‘ur Oavsalabad rrtvonB
cn claLY, ‘ur company ‘ua‘ looks as‘rr powrr
dvs‘rvb’‘von vn a lartr arra ro’nd cslamabad, ‘ur LlY vs a
rr‘vrrd brvtadvrr, and ‘urrr arr ‘urrr rr‘vrrd officrrs suown
vn ‘ur lvs‘ os rvtu‘yAso’r srnvor and manatrrval prrsonnrlBDC
Accordvnt ‘o claLY ‘ur hoard os Mvrrc‘ors ‘consvs‘s os a
blrnd os ffrry rxprrvrncrd prrsons srom
toffrrnmrn‘CsAkMA and [‘urk prvffa‘r src‘or’B bur
Luavrman vs gr barvq aadvq and ‘ur Mvrrc‘ors arr grssrs
gouammad Aslam, gvan oabvb’llau, aalman cqbal,
Abd’llau auau and gouson Tualvd, wuo arr ’nlvkrly ‘o srrl
mrnacrd by ‘ur prrsrncr os srllow board mrmbrr
hrvtadvrr auaubaz Alam a‘ ‘urvr drlvbrra‘vonsBDa
cn llaLY (‘ur company vn l’r‘‘a, capv‘al os halocuvs‘an
proffvncr0 ‘ur sv‘’a‘von vs rq’ally ’nrxcv‘vntB c‘ vs s‘a‘rd
‘ua‘ 11: mvlv‘ary officrrs (vn sac‘, all ranks0 arr rmployrd,
b’‘ no‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur s‘rrnt‘u os ‘ur ortanvza‘von vs 5,CDAB96
burrr arr 15,a91 rmployrrs vn glkLYB91 bur Luavrman vs
gr banffvr Aumad aurvku and os uvs fiffr dvrrc‘ors onr vs a
rr‘vrrd brvtadvrrB
 buvs nrwspaprr pvrcr vs vndvca‘vffr os ‘ur a‘‘v‘’dr os m’cu
os ‘ur mrdva ‘o ‘ur armyB bur sac‘s and fit’rrs vn many
ar‘vclrs crv‘vcvzvnt cvffvlvan rmploymrn‘ os rr‘vrrd srrffvcr
mrmbrrs arr prrsrn‘rd vn s’cu a mannrr as ‘o crra‘r and
bols‘rr an‘vAmvlv‘ary srn‘vmrn‘B avmvlarly, rrpor‘s on
alloca‘von os land ‘o mvlv‘ary prrsonnrl concrn‘ra‘r on
‘uosr sor‘’na‘r so’ls wuo uaffr brrn ablr ‘o srll ‘urvr plo‘s
a‘ a consvdrrablr profi‘B
 
bur prac‘vcr os alloca‘von os plo‘s os land ‘o officrrs and
soldvrrs rxcv‘rs m’cu crv‘vcvsm, wuvcu may br
’ndrrs‘andablr, tvffrn ‘ua‘ ‘ur scurmr vs br‘‘rr r’n ‘uan
‘uosr os o‘urr ortanvza‘vons s’cu as kakvs‘an Ravlways and
kakvs‘an cn‘rrna‘vonal AvrwaysB bur sys‘rm vs svmplrB cn
answrr ‘o my q’rs‘vons a rr‘vrrd srnvor officrr rmavlrd mr
‘ua‘M

Allo‘mrn‘ os plo‘s vn MoAs [Mrsrncr oo’svnt

A’‘uorv‘vrsk arr callrd ‘hrnrfi‘s’ vn ‘ur ArmyB A
‘o‘al os so’r brnrfi‘s can br tvffrn ‘o an officrr
drprndvnt on rank and complr‘von os rrq’vrrd
srrffvcrB ao a arnCt‘ arn tr‘s : brnrfi‘s, gaw
arnChrvt tr‘s 9 brnrfi‘s, LolCt‘ Lol tr‘s D brnrfi‘s
and gawors tr‘ 1 brnrfi‘ B B B Also ‘ur LYAa can
tvffr brnrfi‘s ‘o samvlvrs os officrrs kvllrd vn ac‘von
or as a wrlsarr mras’rrB

cn an rxamvna‘von os Mrsrncr oo’svnt A’‘uorv‘vrs and

alloca‘von os plo‘s, ‘v‘lrd ‘bur Nrw tand harons’9D v‘ was
s‘a‘rd ‘ua‘M
bur prrks and prvffvlrtrs proffvdrd ‘o srnvor
officrrs, vncl’dvnt land tran‘s, uaffr protrrssvffrly
rrs’l‘rd vn vncrrasrd corr’p‘von vn ‘ur armrd
sorcrsB buvs uas no‘ rrmavnrd rxcl’svffr ‘o rral
rs‘a‘rB A n’mbrr os rrpor‘s arr comvnt vn‘o ‘ur
sorr [svck os officrrs vnffolffrd vn financval kvckbacks
rrla‘rd ‘o wrapon proc’rrmrn‘, and o‘urr casrs
os corr’p‘vonB [A soo‘no‘r urrr rradsM ‘Oollowvnt
‘ur sackvnt os ‘ur naffal cuvrs vn 1aa7CaC on
corr’p‘von cuartrs, ‘urrr uas brrn a spa‘r os
s‘orvrs rrtardvnt allrtrd kvckbacks vn ffarvo’s
proc’rrmrn‘ dralsB aomr os ‘ur s‘orvrs wrrr
p’blvsurd vn ‘ur ao’‘u Asva brvb’nrB Oor vns‘ancr
srr gBbB h’‘‘’s ‘Army’s b’ddvnt gans’rl [svck oaq
pays rx‘ra $D1 mvllvon vn u’suAu’su Orrncu dral’,
ao’‘u Asva brvb’nr, 96 d’nr D665B bur
toffrrnmrn‘ dvd no‘ drny ‘ur s‘oryBk buvs co’ld br
as a rrs’l‘ os ‘ur trra‘rr attrrssvffrnrss os ‘ur
mrdva, or v‘ co’ld svmply vndvca‘r vncrrasrd
corr’p‘von amonts‘ ‘ur officrr cadrrB bur
q’rs‘vonablr vnffolffrmrn‘ os srnvor army officrrs
bruvnd ‘ur rral rs‘a‘rArrla‘rd scandal vn ‘ur MoA,
tauorr uas ravsrd q’v‘r a srw ryrbrowsB bur
scandal concrrns ‘ur MoA rn‘rr‘avnvnt morr
applvca‘vons sor ‘ur salr os plo‘s ‘uan ‘ur ac‘’al
n’mbrr os plo‘sB c‘ m’s‘ br no‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘o b’y a
plo‘ vn a MoA scurmr v‘ vs nrcrssary ‘o pay a
crr‘avn prrcrn‘atr os ‘ur ‘o‘al cos‘ os ‘ur plo‘, so
‘urrr vs an obffvo’s financval adffan‘atr ‘o ‘ur MoA
vs ‘oo many drposv‘s arr accrp‘rdB Rrpor‘s
vndvca‘r [no rrsrrrncr or o‘urr dr‘avl proffvdrdk
‘ua‘ srnvor trnrrals vnffolffrd wv‘u ‘ur
drffrlopmrn‘ scurmr wrrr awarr os ‘uvs scandalB
bur Mrsrncr oo’svnt A’‘uorv‘y tauorr vs rrsrrsuvntly
dvrrc‘ concrrnvnt applvca‘vons sor plo‘s os land ’ndrr v‘s
con‘rol, and ‘urrr vs no mrn‘von os nonArr‘’rnablr drposv‘s
vn v‘s laconvc wrbsv‘r adffrr‘vsrmrn‘ ‘o ‘ur rffrc‘ ‘ua‘M
 
@t lbu waat tb bul, ws w[ll bffsr lbu var[stl bt clbts( Oa
str[k[aY a rsal, traasact[ba w[ll taks clacs as uarsr:
1B Ybu w[ll bs rsdu[rsr tb cal ,C! as arvaacs mbasl(
DB 7alaacs ambuat w[ll Zavs tb bs ca[r w[tZ[a a wssk(

Oa waal calmsat aar cbmclst[ba bt ascsssarl

rbcumsatat[ba, crbcsrtl w[ll bs traastsrrsr tb tZs bulsrs
aams bl aHA Traastsr 7raacZ as uarsr:
1B albt w[ll bs traastsrrsr ba sams( ral
DB Hbuss w[ll bs traastsrrsr [a B rals(
9B csatal ssrv[css w[ll bs crbv[rsr bl aHA arbcsrtl
MkcZaaYs subssdusatll ( 99

burrr uaffr brrn o‘urr allrta‘vons os dvsuonrs‘y vn MoA

tauorr, and aawa nrwspaprr rrpor‘rd vn d’nr D667 ‘ua‘M

Ypposv‘von mrmbrrs os ‘ur Na‘vonal Assrmbly on

Orvday allrtrd ‘ua‘ srnvor army officrrs wrrr
vnffolffrd vn srrvo’s ‘vrrrt’larv‘vrs and financval
corr’p‘von’ vn ‘ur Mrsrncr oo’svnt A’‘uorv‘y
(MoA0 scurmr vn tauorr and a proffvncval mvnvs‘rr
was ac‘vnt as a sron‘ man sor ‘urm BBB aprakvnt a‘
a nrws consrrrncr a‘ ‘ur karlvamrn‘ oo’sr
casr‘rrva, tvaqa‘ halocu and Oarvd Aumrd kvracua
os ‘ur g’‘‘auvda gawlvsAvAAmal (ggA0, Tuawawa
gouammad Asvs os ‘ur kakvs‘an g’slvm trat’rA
Nawaz (kgtAN0 and ayrd Tu’rsuvd auau os ‘ur
kroplr’s kar‘y karlvamrn‘arvans (kkk0 allrtrd ‘ua‘
‘ur MoA admvnvs‘ra‘von was ca’svnt bvllvons os
 r’prrs loss ‘o ‘ur na‘vonal rxcurq’rr vn
connvffancr wv‘u srnvor army officrrs and
toffrrnmrn‘Abackrd prvffa‘r drffrloprrs B B B Oarvd
kvracua savd ‘ua‘ bvllvons os r’prrs uad brrn s‘’ck
’p vn MoA, awadar and haurva prowrc‘sB or savd
‘ua‘ proplr knrw namr os racu and rffrry trnrral
wuo wrrr vnffolffrd vn ‘ursr scamsB ayrd Tu’rsuvd
auau savd ‘ua‘ ‘ur co’n‘ry uad brrn r’n by
srffrral mafias s’cu as s‘ock markr‘, s’tar and
crmrn‘ sor ‘ur las‘ rvtu‘ yrarsB bursr mafias, ur
savd, wrrr prrsrn‘ all offrr ‘ur co’n‘ry and
oprra‘vnt ’ndrr ‘ur rrtvmr’s pa‘ronatrB9:

cndo’b‘rdly ‘urrr uas brrn a trra‘ dral os monry

vnffolffrd vn ‘ur ffarvo’s MoAs, and consvdrrablr profi‘s uaffr
brrn madr by ‘uosr sor‘’na‘r rno’tu ‘o uaffr possrssrd
plo‘s ‘ua‘ trra‘ly apprrcva‘rd vn ffal’rB burrr co’ld wrll
uaffr brrn corr’p‘vonN vndrrd v‘ wo’ld br mos‘ s’rprvsvnt vs
wrrr ‘urrr no corr’p‘von, wv‘u so m’cu casu swvllvnt
ro’ndB Accordvnt ‘o bransparrncy cn‘rrna‘vonal vn
arp‘rmbrr D667, kakvs‘an vs 19C o’‘ os 17a on v‘s
corr’p‘von vndrx, b’‘ vn v‘s rrsrarcu rrs’l‘s ‘urrr vs no
vndvca‘von ‘ua‘ mvlv‘ary officrrs wrrr vn any way vnffolffrdB95
buvs dors no‘ mran ‘o say ‘ua‘ ‘urrr wrrr no mvlv‘ary
officrrs mvxrd ’p vn cuvcanrryM onr uas ‘o br rralvs‘vc abo’‘
‘uvs and accrp‘ ‘ur sac‘ ‘ua‘ many os ’s mvtu‘ ‘akr rasy
monry wrrr v‘ dantlvnt brsorr ’s, and ‘ua‘ army officrrs vn
kakvs‘an or anywurrr rlsr mvtu‘ wrll s’cc’mb ‘o
‘rmp‘a‘vonB Allrta‘vons abo’nd, b’‘ rffvdrncr vs scan‘B
bur hhL rxplavnrd vn arp‘rmbrr D66A ‘ua‘M

bur u’tr vn‘rrrs‘ os vnffrs‘ors vn ‘uvs [MoA

tauorrk and o‘urr wrllA‘oAdo arras vs ‘ypvcal os ‘ur
 ’nprrcrdrn‘rd s’rtr vn rral rs‘a‘r b’svnrssrs vn
bvt cv‘vrs lvkr tauorr and Taracuv sollowvnt ‘ur
a‘‘ack on ‘ur sorld bradr Lrn‘rrB avncr ‘urn, ‘ur
ffal’r os onr plo‘ vn ‘ur Mrsrncr oo’svnt A’‘uorv‘y
uas suo‘ ’p srom abo’‘ $A5,666 brsorr 11
arp‘rmbrr ‘o vn rxcrss os $1B5m as‘rr v‘B cn ‘ur
‘own os douar, ano‘urr affl’rn‘ mvddlr class
localv‘y, affrratr prvcrs uaffr rvsrn on an rq’ally
sprc‘ac’lar basvs A srom abo’‘ $95,666 ‘o morr
‘uan $19D,666B bur boom uas lrd ‘o a
m’suroomvnt os kakvs‘an’s mvddlr class uo’svnt
s’b’rbs, os‘rn a‘ an ’nprrcrdrn‘rd sprrdB bur
trow‘u os tauorr’s Mrsrncr oo’svnt A’‘uorv‘y vs
so purnomrnal ‘ua‘ v‘ uas anno’ncrd fiffr nrw
b’vldvnt puasrs svncr D66DB9A

c‘ vs markr‘ sorcrs ‘ua‘ uaffr sp’rrrd ‘ur trow‘u vn land

prvcrs vn kakvs‘an, w’s‘ as ‘ury uaffr vn o‘urr co’n‘rvrsB As
‘ur hhL’s rrpor‘rr no‘rdM ‘koor sarmrrs wv‘u small pvrcrs
os land vn ffvllatrs closr ‘o ‘ur m’nvcvpal lvmv‘s co’ld uardly
makr rnds mrr‘B h’‘ wv‘u ‘ur sas‘ rxpansvon os ‘ur cv‘y’s
sron‘vrrs, ‘ury sold off ‘urvr proprr‘y, pockr‘vnt mvllvons os
r’prrs offrrnvtu‘B’ Nrffrr‘urlrss onr crv‘vc uolds ‘ua‘M

bursr uo’svnt scurmrs crra‘r oppor‘’nv‘vrs sor

‘ur rlv‘r ‘o makr monry ra‘urr ‘uan trnrra‘r
rmploymrn‘ oppor‘’nv‘vrs sor o‘urr socval classrsB
bur rlv‘r ‘own scurmrs arr prvmarvly rrsvdrn‘val
arras wv‘u no proffvsvon sor vnd’s‘rval or b’svnrss
vnsras‘r’c‘’rrB gorroffrr s’cu scurmrs do no‘
solffr ‘ur suor‘atr os svx mvllvon uo’srs prrsrn‘ly
rrq’vrrd vn ‘ur co’n‘ry, b’‘ drno‘r financval
vnffrs‘mrn‘ avmrd a‘ fillvnt ‘ur pockr‘s os ‘uosr
wuo uaffr monry ‘o vnffrs‘B97
bur art’mrn‘ ‘ua‘ b’vldvnt uo’srs savls ‘o urlp solffr a
uo’svnt suor‘atr vs an vn‘rrrs‘vnt ffvrwpovn‘, b’‘ v‘ can
uardly br drnvrd ‘ua‘ cons‘r’c‘von prowrc‘s os any na‘’rr,
rffrn ‘uosr assocva‘rd wv‘u Mrsrncr oo’svnt A’‘uorv‘vrs,
m’s‘ ‘trnrra‘r rmploymrn‘ oppor‘’nv‘vrs sor o‘urr socval
classrs’B cn ‘ur wvdrr scurmr os ‘uvnts v‘ vs apparrn‘ srom
srrvnt ‘ur o’‘skvr‘s and crn‘rrs os lartr cv‘vrs vn kakvs‘an
‘ua‘ vnd’s‘rvrs and b’svnrssrs arr ‘urvffvnt, al‘uo’tu
vn‘rrna‘vonally vmposrd rrs‘rvc‘vons (s’cu as ‘uosr os ‘ur
lc on vmpor‘s, rsprcvally co‘‘on man’sac‘’rrs0 arr ma‘‘rrs
sor concrrnB buvs vs uardly ‘ur sa’l‘, uowrffrr, os kakvs‘an’s
mvlv‘ary or ortanvza‘vons lvkr ‘ur Oa’wv Oo’nda‘vonB
Lapv‘alvsm vs alvffr and workvnt vn kakvs‘an, and ‘urrr vs
no do’b‘ ‘ua‘ pockr‘s arr brvnt fillrdB aomr os ‘urm may
br ‘ur wront pockr‘s, rsprcvally vn ‘ur w’dtmrn‘ os ‘uosr
wuosr pockr‘s arr no‘ brvnt fillrd, b’‘ v‘ canno‘ br drnvrd
‘ua‘, as wv‘u ‘ur Oa’wv Oo’nda‘von’s commrrcval
rn‘rrprvsrs, manatrmrn‘ os land by ‘ur ffarvo’s Mrsrncr
oo’svnt A’‘uorv‘vrs uas rrs’l‘rd vn crra‘von os wral‘uB
sur‘urr or no‘ ‘uvs vs a tood ‘uvnt vs an vn‘rrrs‘vnt
acadrmvc or vdrolotvcal povn‘ – or rffrn an r‘uvcal onr – b’‘
vn prac‘vcal ‘rrms ‘ur brnrfi‘s arr wvdrsprradB bursr
ortanvza‘vons con‘rvb’‘r ‘o vmproffrmrn‘ vn ‘ur lvffvnt
condv‘vons os many mvllvons os cv‘vzrnsB c‘ wvll con‘vn’r ‘o
br con‘rndrd ‘ua‘ ‘urrr vs somr svnvs‘rr ’ndrmocra‘vc
p’rposr bruvnd ‘ursr commrrcval ffrn‘’rrs, b’‘ v‘ vs
dvffic’l‘ ‘o rq’a‘r s’cu conspvracy ‘urorvrs wv‘u ‘ur rralv‘y
os commrrcval s’ccrss and consrq’rn‘val rrwards sor
prvffa‘r vnffrs‘ors, rr‘vrrd mrmbrrs os ‘ur army and ‘urvr
samvlvrs, and ‘ur rconomy as a wuolrB cn a arp‘rmbrr D667
vn‘rrffvrw wv‘u TZs T[mss bt @ar[a , Mr Ayrsua avddvqa
drclarrd ‘ua‘M
 cs yo’ allow ‘ur mvlv‘ary ‘o r’n vnd’s‘rvrs BBB ‘urn
yo’ won’‘ tr‘ ‘ur brs‘ or mos‘ rfficvrn‘ prod’c‘B
buvs vs brca’sr yo’ uaffr nonprosrssvonals r’nnvnt
‘ur suow, wuvcu os‘rn lrads ‘o mvsmanatrmrn‘B
bur cos‘s os ‘uvs vnrfficvrncy os ‘ur mvlv‘ary arr
‘urn os‘rn passrd on ‘o ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘B bur o‘urr
problrm vs ‘ua‘ ‘o w’s‘vsy ‘ur mvlv‘ary rconomy, ‘ur
army uas ‘o w’s‘vsy v‘s rolr as pro‘rc‘or os ‘ur
s‘a‘rB buvs can os‘rn lrad ‘o ‘ur crra‘von os a
‘urra‘ prrcrp‘von, a srar os cndvaB aolffvnt Tasumvr
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wrn‘ ‘o Luvna vn D666, vn ‘ur prrvod os uvs lrprrAlvkr
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proffvsvon os warsuvps, comba‘ avrcras‘ and ‘ank ‘rcunoloty
vn addv‘von ‘o consvdrrablr Luvnrsr vnffrs‘mrn‘ vn mawor
prowrc‘s s’cu as awadar por‘ and aavndak copprrCtold (and
prruaps ’ranv’m0 mvnrsB bur Luvnrsr arr vn kakvs‘an ‘o
s‘ay, and can br rxprc‘rd ‘o rxpand drsrncr and rconomvc
collabora‘von vrrrsprc‘vffr os ‘ur sorm os toffrrnmrn‘ ‘ua‘
ob‘avns, rxcrp‘ vn ‘ur ’nlvkrly rffrn‘ os an ’l‘raAcslamvc
dvsprnsa‘vonB
bur ca mvlv‘ary ‘ravnvnt coAoprra‘von atrrrmrn‘9 was
rrs’rrrc‘rd wurn kakvs‘an oncr atavn brcamr a ffal’ablr
consor‘ (wuvcu uad uapprnrd d’rvnt ‘ur Zva yrars0, as
wrrr Lommonwral‘u and l’ropran protrammrs, and v‘
srrms ‘ua‘ sor ‘ur sorrsrrablr s’‘’rr a‘ lras‘ somr
kakvs‘anv officrrs wvll br prrmv‘‘rd ‘o rxprrvrncr o‘urr
socval rnffvronmrn‘s A and v‘ vs ‘uvs, morr ‘uan p’rrly
mvlv‘ary knowlrdtr, ‘ua‘ vs so vmpor‘an‘ sor kakvs‘an’s
offrrall drffrlopmrn‘B h’‘ ‘urrr uaffr brrn las‘vnt
consrq’rncrs, no‘ lras‘ brvnt a s’rprvsvnt drtrrr os an‘vA
Amrrvcan and an‘vAhrv‘vsu srrlvnt vn srnvor officrrs wuo uad
a‘‘rndrd co’rsrs os vns‘r’c‘von vn ‘ur ca or ‘ur cT brsorr
‘ur rmbartorsB buvs uas brrn rffvdrn‘ vn ‘ur pos‘ aC11 rra
vn a mannrr ‘ua‘ wo’ld no‘ br apparrn‘ ‘o somr srs‘rrn
vn‘rrloc’‘ors sor, wuvlr officrrs vn uvtuArankvnt pos‘s wrrr
os‘rnsvbly or rffrn svncrrrly s’ppor‘vffr os ‘ur srs‘rrn
allvrs’ ‘war on ‘rrror’ and, as rffrr, co’r‘ro’s ‘o ‘urvr
sorrvtn collrat’rs, somr dvd no‘ rx‘rnd ‘urmsrlffrs vn
rnwovnvnt or offrrvnt coAoprra‘vonB c‘ brcamr obffvo’s ‘o mr
vn dvsc’ssvons wv‘u srnvor officrrs vn rarly D667 ‘ua‘ coA
oprra‘von wv‘u cnv‘rd Tvntdom sorcrs vn Astuanvs‘an’s
orlmand kroffvncr was a‘ brs‘ tr’dtvnt and ‘ua‘ ‘urrr was
no vn‘rn‘von ‘o to s’r‘urr ‘uan mvnvm’m or rffrn lvpAsrrffvcr
s’ppor‘B tondon’s rralvza‘von os ‘uvs rrs’l‘rd vn rnrrtr‘vc
rffor‘s ‘o prrs’adr aol ‘ua‘ ‘ur caCNa‘o war vn
Astuanvs‘an was vn ‘ur vn‘rrrs‘s os bo‘u co’n‘rvrsB
Oollowvnt ‘uvs v‘ apprars ‘ua‘ ‘urrr was a‘ lras‘ somr
dvmvn’‘von vn opposv‘von ‘o ‘ur hrv‘vsu prrsrncr, al‘uo’tu
‘ur conffvc‘von rrmavns ‘ua‘ v‘ vs lartrly ‘ur rrs’l‘ os
Amrrvcan oprra‘vons vn Astuanvs‘an and wv‘uvn kakvs‘an
‘ua‘ ‘ur Ordrrally Admvnvs‘rrrd brvbal Arras uaffr brcomr
rffrn morr anarcuvc ‘uan prrffvo’sly applvrdB
g’cu os ‘ur rrl’c‘ancr ‘o work rnrrtr‘vcally and
’ncondv‘vonally wv‘u ‘ur mavn srs‘rrn na‘vons vnffolffrd vn
Astuanvs‘an s‘rmmrd srom ‘ur pa‘ronvzvnt and somr‘vmrs
rffrn arrotan‘ a‘‘v‘’dr os somr sorrvtn mvlv‘ary officrrs,
srnvor and w’nvor, wuo taffr ‘ur vmprrssvon ‘ua‘ ‘ury and
‘urvr co’n‘rvrs wrrr vmpa‘vrn‘ wv‘u kakvs‘an’s srrmvnt lack
os ’rtrncy vn p’rs’vnt srs‘rrn obwrc‘vffrsB As no‘rd vn
garcu D669 by Alan Trons‘ad‘ os ‘ur Lontrrssvonal
Rrsrarcu arrffvcr, ‘M’rvnt D66D, ‘ur cnv‘rd a‘a‘rs ‘ook an
vncrrasvntly dvrrc‘, vs lowAprofilr, rolr vn bo‘u law
rnsorcrmrn‘ and mvlv‘ary oprra‘vons brvnt cond’c‘rd on
kakvs‘anv ‘rrrv‘oryB bursr oprra‘vons uaffr lrd ‘o saffo’rablr
rrs’l‘s vn ‘rackvnt and apprrurndvnt dantrro’s cslamvc
mvlv‘an‘s, b’‘ ‘ur ac‘vffv‘vrs os cBaB prrsonnrl vn ‘ur co’n‘ry
uaffr lrd ‘o vncrrasvnt svtns os an‘vAAmrrvcan backlasu and
kakvs‘anv soffrrrvtn‘y concrrnsB’:
bur uvtuAprofilr kvllvnt or dr‘rn‘von os Ysama bvn tadrn
and uvs urncumrn was a mawor prvorv‘y sor ‘ur ca
admvnvs‘ra‘von (vn spv‘r os prrsvdrn‘val commrn‘ ‘o ‘ur
con‘rary0,5 and ‘urvr mvlv‘ary rrprrsrn‘a‘vffrs wrrr ’ndrr
prrss’rr ‘o do all vn ‘urvr powrr ‘o prod’cr a bodyB
aomr‘vmrs ‘uvs srnsr os ’rtrncy manvsrs‘rd v‘srls vn
’n’s’al proposalsB
 
cn d’nr D66D, arnrral bommy Oranks, Lommandrr
Lrn‘com, ffvsv‘rd kakvs‘anB cn ‘ur co’rsr os dvsc’ssvons a‘
aol ur s’ttrs‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘ur ca br prrmv‘‘rd ‘o vnfil‘ra‘r ca
cv‘vzrns os Astuan orvtvn, k’su‘o sprakrrs, vn‘o ‘ur ‘rvbal
arras ‘o ta‘urr vnsorma‘vonB kakvs‘anv srnvor officrrs urard
uvm o’‘ polv‘rly, as always, b’‘ ‘old uvm ‘ua‘ sor tood (and
‘o mos‘ proplr obffvo’s0 rrasons uvs scurmr wo’ld no‘
workB cn prvffa‘r ‘urvr rrac‘von ffarvrd srom as‘onvsumrn‘ ‘o
uvlarv‘y, b’‘ ‘ur consrns’s was ‘ua‘ ‘ur vdra was
prrpos‘rro’sBA cnsor‘’na‘rly v‘ apprars ‘ua‘ ‘ur ca wrn‘
aurad, wv‘u prrdvc‘ablr rrs’l‘s, as vndvca‘rd by a lsw Ybrk
T[mss rrpor‘ vn dan’ary D669 ‘ua‘ ‘bur ‘urrr savd ‘ury
knrw os svx mrn wuo uad brrn m’rdrrrd vn ao’‘u
sazvrvs‘an vn ‘ur las‘ ‘urrr mon‘us brca’sr ‘ury wrrr
s’sprc‘rd os brvnt Amrrvcan vnsorman‘sB bur kvllrrs vn onr
casr da’brd a mrssatr on ‘ur nrarby brvdtrB “sr uaffr
kvllrd a spy os Amrrvca, ur uad dollars, an rxprnsvffr wa‘cu
and a aBkBaB findrr”B’7 cn ‘ur nrx‘ ‘wo yrars ‘urrr apprarrd
‘o br a drclvnr vn s’cu m’rdrrs, prruaps brca’sr ‘urrr was
a rrd’c‘von vn ‘ur n’mbrr os atrn‘s srn‘ ‘o ‘ur ‘rvbal arras,
b’‘ vn Aprvl D66A so’r mrn wrrr kvllrd vn sazvrvs‘an, ‘wo os
‘urm bruradrd, wv‘u no‘rs placrd brsvdr ‘urvr bodvrs
allrtvnt assocva‘von wv‘u ‘ur caB
ta‘rr vn D66A a s’r‘urr ‘rn s’sprc‘s wrrr kvllrd vn onrs
and ‘wos vn svmvlar sasuvon, and vn prvffa‘r a kakvs‘anv
srnvor officrr askrd rur‘orvcally, ‘sua‘ dvd ‘ury [‘ur
Amrrvcansk rxprc‘H’ or wrn‘ on ‘o say ‘ua‘ v‘ was probablr
only somr os ‘uosr m’rdrrrd uad ac‘’ally brrn spvrs as
s’cu, ‘ur o‘urrs uaffvnt brrn proAAmrrvcan or no‘ an‘vA
Amrrvcan rno’tu ‘o sa‘vssy ‘ur rx‘rrmvs‘s, and uad
‘urrrsorr brrn drno’ncrd, wv‘u ‘ur vnrffv‘ablr
consrq’rncrsBC Ynr canno‘ b’‘ admvrr ‘uosr k’su‘oA
sprakvnt Amrrvcan cv‘vzrns os Astuan or kakvs‘anv orvtvn
wuo atrrrd ‘o assvs‘ ‘ur ca by rn‘rrvnt NsOk or ‘ur
Astuan bordrr rrtvon, and rrpor‘vnt wua‘ ‘ury mvtu‘ lrarn
os s’spvcvo’s ac‘vffv‘vrs, brca’sr ‘ury wo’ld br wrll awarr
os ‘urvr sa‘r suo’ld ‘ury br dr‘rc‘rdB aomr wrrr vnfil‘ra‘rd
vn ‘ur t’vsr os Astuan rrs’trrs, by firs‘ rn‘rrvnt rrs’trr
camps vn kakvs‘an wv‘u coffrr s‘orvrs os uaffvnt brrn
rlsrwurrr vn ‘ur co’n‘ry b’‘ now wvsuvnt ‘o ‘akr
adffan‘atr os ‘ur cN’s protrammr os assvs‘ancr sor ‘uosr
wvsuvnt ‘o rr‘’rn ‘o Astuanvs‘anB cnsor‘’na‘rly ‘urvr coffrr
was no‘ vn somr vns‘ancrs tood rno’tu ‘o wv‘us‘and
q’rs‘vonvnt by trn’vnr rrs’trrs, and ‘ur consrq’rncrs
wrrr ‘ua‘ ‘ury wrrr rv‘urr q’vr‘ly m’rdrrrd or drno’ncrd
‘o kakvs‘an’s a’‘uorv‘vrs wuo may no‘ uaffr rrtardrd ‘urm
sympa‘ur‘vcallyB
bur kvllvnts con‘vn’rd and ‘ur hhL rrpor‘rd vn Orbr’ary
D667 ‘ua‘M

kroAbalvban mvlv‘an‘s uaffr kvllrd ‘wo mrn ‘ury

acc’srd os spyvnt atavns‘ ‘urm vn a kakvs‘anv
rrtvon nrar ‘ur Astuan bordrr BBB rvllatrrs so’nd
‘ur bodvrs w’s‘ ras‘ os gvransuau ‘own vn Nor‘u
sazvrvs‘an rrtvon la‘r on gonday, [kakvs‘anvk
officvals savdB bury wrrr rvddlrd wv‘u b’llr‘s, wv‘u
‘urvr uands ‘vrd bruvnd ‘urvr backsB burrr uaffr
brrn a n’mbrr os s’cu kvllvnts vn kakvs‘an’s ‘rvbal
arras vn rrcrn‘ mon‘us, wuvcu local officvals blamr
on proAbalvban mvlv‘an‘sB No onr uas admv‘‘rd
kvllvnt ‘ur mrn, wuo officvals savd apprarrd ‘o br
Astuan rrs’trrsB bury uaffr yr‘ ‘o br sormally
 vdrn‘vfirdB ‘burvr bodvrs wrrr rvddlrd wv‘u b’llr‘s
and ‘ur ‘uroa‘ os onr os ‘ur brardrd mrn was slv‘,’
a local rrsvdrn‘, gouammad Ay’b, ‘old Rr’‘rrs
nrws atrncyB or savd a no‘r so’nd nrarby savdM
‘buosr spyvnt sor Amrrvca wvll mrr‘ ‘ur samr
sa‘rB’ tas‘ wrrk, ‘ur uradlrss body os ano‘urr
Astuan rrs’trr was so’nd d’mprd nrar
gvransuau wv‘u a svmvlar no‘rBa

Y‘urr casrs vncl’drd a svmvlar rxamplr os br’‘alv‘y vn

arp‘rmbrr D667, wurnM

a’sprc‘rd balvban mvlv‘an‘s kvllrd an Astuan

na‘vonal and a sr‘‘lrd dvs‘rvc‘ rrsvdrn‘ sor brvnt
‘ca spvrs’ vn Nor‘u sazvrvs‘an, as a mvlv‘ary
conffoy rscaprd ‘wo vmproffvsrdArxplosvffr drffvcr
a‘‘acks, officvals savd on srdnrsdayB sazvr
hadsuau uavlrd srom oant’ dvs‘rvc‘ and ‘ur
Astuan was a rrsvdrn‘ os Tuos‘ proffvncr vn
Astuanvs‘an, wuo wrn‘ mvssvnt somr so’r mon‘us
atoB A lr‘‘rr so’nd nrar ‘ur ‘wo bodvrs closr ‘o a
mvlv‘ary curckApos‘ ras‘ os gvransuau cuartrd ‘ur
‘wo rxrc’‘rd mrn wv‘u ‘spyvnt sor ‘ur cnv‘rd
a‘a‘rs,’ ‘ur officvals ‘old Mavly bvmrsB bur mvlv‘an‘s
slv‘ ‘ur ‘uroa‘ os hadsuau, vn uvs 96s, on gonday
nvtu‘ and lrs‘ ‘ur body on a road nrar gvr Alv
‘own, a s‘rontuold os sorrvtn mvlv‘an‘s vn Nor‘u
sazvrvs‘anB ‘or (sazvr0 was a uypocrv‘r and
Amrrvcan spyB a’cu proplr drsrrffr s’cu
‘rra‘mrn‘,’ ‘ur lr‘‘rr rradB cn ‘ur samr arra, ‘ur
a’‘uorv‘vrs also so’nd ‘ur body os rrs’trr ga’lffv
auams’ddvn, :5, wuo was kvdnapprd by mvlv‘an‘s
‘urrr mon‘us ato on acc’sa‘vons os spyvnt, ‘ur
officvals addrdB’16
 bur rffrc‘s os ‘ur vnsorma‘vonAta‘urrvnt prowrc‘ on ‘rvbal
prrcrp‘vons os ‘ur ca uas brrn slvtu‘, as ‘ur drtrrr os
ua‘rrd os Amrrvca and ‘ur srs‘ vn trnrral was alrrady
vn‘rnsr and co’ld uardly br m’cu vncrrasrd by dr‘rc‘von
and rxpos’rr os a srw lowAlrffrl atrn‘sB h’‘ v‘ uas srrffrd ‘o
rrvnsorcr dvs‘r’s‘, and confirmrd ‘ur wvdrlyAurld ffvrw ‘ua‘
mos‘ sorrvtnrrs (and no‘ a srw kakvs‘anvs, v‘ uas ‘o br savd0
do no‘ ’ndrrs‘and ‘rvbal socvr‘yB cn rarly D667 ‘uvs was
rxplavnrd ‘o mr by tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Tvyanv, ‘urn
Mvrrc‘or arnrral cn‘rr arrffvcrs cn‘rllvtrncr (appovn‘rd
Luvrs os Army a‘aff on DC Noffrmbrr D6670, wurn ur
drscrvbrd ‘ur vncvdrn‘ os ‘ur prrsormvnt monkryB
A ‘rvbrsman acq’vrrd a monkry and drcvdrd ‘o ‘ry ‘o
makr a lvffvnt by ‘ravnvnt v‘ ‘o do ‘rvcksB burn ur ‘raffrllrd
ro’nd ‘ur ‘rvbal arras ffvsv‘vnt ffvllatrs and uaffvnt uvs
monkry prrsormB cn onr ffvllatr vn D665 ur a‘‘rac‘rd an
a’dvrncr (all mrn, os co’rsr0 vn a srmvAcvrclr, ‘’rbanAclad
and rvflrAbrarvntB bur monkry dvd uvs ac‘, wuvcu was
spo‘‘rd by ‘ur camrras os a dronrB bur con‘rollrrs vn
Olorvda consvdrrrd ‘ur scrnr ‘o br ‘ua‘ os a wraponA
‘ravnvnt srssvon or a mvlv‘aryAs‘ylr brvrfint, prruaps uaffvnt
vn‘rllvtrncr ‘ua‘ vndvca‘rd ‘ur prrsrncr os somr
’ndrsvrablr vn ‘ua‘ par‘vc’lar arraB A mvssvlr ‘urn kvllrd
many os ‘ur a’dvrncrB buvs, savd ‘ur arnrral, was an
rxamplr os lack os c’l‘’ral ’ndrrs‘andvnt ‘ua‘ prod’crd
rrs’l‘s ‘ua‘ wrrr rn‘vrrly co’n‘rr ‘o wua‘ was vn‘rndrd ‘o
br acuvrffrdB bur monkry vncvdrn‘ and o‘urr a‘‘acks by ‘ur
ca wv‘uvn kakvs‘an, somr os wuvcu arr rxamvnrd vn Luap‘rr
C, uaffr conffvncrd ‘ur pop’la‘von os Nor‘u srs‘ Oron‘vrr
kroffvncr and a dvs‘’rbvnt n’mbrr os o‘urr cv‘vzrns,
vncl’dvnt many vn ’nvsorm, ‘ua‘ ‘urrr vs no‘uvnt ‘o br
tavnrd by s’ppor‘vnt ‘ur cnv‘rd a‘a‘rs, wuvcu ‘ury
consvdrr ‘o br offrrbrarvnt and vmprrcrp‘vffr vn v‘s
rntatrmrn‘ wv‘u ‘urvr co’n‘ryB
:brc T AtrY c tY rT aa d M aa cb[ Tr
bur basvc s‘r’c‘’rr os kakvs‘an’s army vs so’nd and v‘s
rq’vpmrn‘ vs adrq’a‘r, b’‘ aol suo’ld br ‘ranssormrd ‘o
a ‘ravsr, ‘ravn and proffvdr’ ortanvza‘von, wv‘u oprra‘vonal
s’nc‘vons brvnt ‘ur rrsponsvbvlv‘y os a dovn‘ oradq’ar‘rrs
wuvcu prrsorcr wo’ld br armyAuraffy (srr brlow0B Oollowvnt
rrs‘r’c‘’rr a‘ ‘ur uvturr lrffrl, ‘urrr suo’ld br ‘wo mavn
s’bordvna‘r avrAland ols sormrdM nor‘u and so’‘u, and a
‘rvAsrrffvcr ol suo’ld br basrd vn TaracuvB cs ‘uvs ‘wovn‘rry’
dors no‘ rffrn‘’a‘r, ‘ur army and ‘ur avr sorcr (no‘ so m’cu
‘ur naffy0 wvll no‘ br capablr os cond’c‘vnt oprra‘vons ‘o
brs‘ rffrc‘B burrr uas brrn dvsc’ssvon and somr moffrmrn‘
concrrnvnt sorma‘von os ‘urrr trotrapuvc army commands,
b’‘ a combvna‘von os oprra‘vonal rrq’vrrmrn‘s, rsprcvally
vn Nor‘u srs‘ Oron‘vrr kroffvncr, officrr suor‘atr and
rconomvcs uaffr madr ‘uvs rrs‘r’c‘’rvnt a lowrr prvorv‘yB
burrr vs a dovn‘ Yprra‘vons dvffvsvon vn aol, uradrd by an
avr ffvcr marsual, b’‘ al‘uo’tu ‘uvs vs a s‘rp vn ‘ur rvtu‘
dvrrc‘von v‘ dors no‘ to sar rno’tu ‘owards rs‘ablvsuvnt ‘ur
‘ypr os offrrall command ol ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an (and cndva0 so
badly nrrdsB
 
bur Army uas rarrly uad dvffic’l‘y vn rrcr’v‘vnt soldvrrs,
wuo rnlvs‘ lartrly brca’sr ‘ury wvll br vn src’rr
rmploymrn‘, al‘uo’tu os co’rsr lvablr ‘o ‘ur dantrrs
rxprrvrncrd by mos‘ soldvrrs worldwvdrB M’rvnt ‘urvr yrars
vn ’nvsorm ‘ury wvll br rd’ca‘rd and vn many casrs ‘a’tu‘
a markr‘ablr ‘radr wuvlr drawvnt a watr ‘ua‘ vs
comparablr wv‘u ‘ua‘ os mos‘ cvffvlvan workrrs (srr dr‘avls
vn ‘ur prrffvo’s cuap‘rr0B Oollowvnt ‘urvr srrffvcr ‘ury wvll
br rlvtvblr sor rr‘vrrmrn‘ brnrfi‘s srom s’cu ortanvza‘vons
as ‘ur Oa’wv Oo’nda‘von and ‘ur Army srlsarr br’s‘ wuosr
profi‘s arr dvrrc‘rd lartrly ‘o ‘ur wrlsarr os sormrr soldvrrs
and ‘urvr drprndan‘sB burrr apprars ‘o br a problrm wv‘u
cvrc’mcvsvon, or, ra‘urr, ‘ur lack os v‘, brca’sr
’ncvrc’mcvsrd yo’nts‘rrs ’s’ally canno‘ pass ‘ur rn‘ry
mrdvcal rxamvna‘vonB cn mos‘ casrs ‘uosr rrs’srd
rnlvs‘mrn‘ arr srom ‘ur ‘rvbal arras, and rsprcvally srom
‘ur gaus’ds os ao’‘u sazvrvs‘an, onr os ‘ur mos‘ ‘ro’blrd
atrncvrs, wurrr v‘ vs rs‘vma‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘urrr arr somr C6,666
malrs atrd br‘wrrn rvtu‘rrn and ‘wrn‘yAfiffr, mos‘ os
wuom arr vn dvrr nrrd os lrtal rmploymrn‘B11
Nrffrr‘urlrss, rrcr’v‘vnt lrffrls rrmavn sa‘vssac‘ory,
al‘uo’tu rnlvs‘mrn‘s srom halocuvs‘an and NsOk uaffr
sallrn svncr mawor ’nrrs‘ brtan vn D66:B
h’‘ ‘urrr vs a suor‘atr os officrrs, and vn A’t’s‘ D667
‘ur Luavrman os ‘ur dovn‘ Luvrss os a‘aff Lommv‘‘rr,
tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral lusan ’l oaq, uvmsrls ‘ur sa‘urr os ‘wo
boys wuo rscurwrd a mvlv‘ary carrrr, rxplavnrd ‘ur
problrm ‘o mr vn ‘rrms os wua‘ ur saw as ‘ur c’rrrn‘
a‘‘v‘’dr os many yo’nt proplrB or savd ‘ua‘ many os ‘uosr
sor‘’na‘r rno’tu ‘o uaffr rrcrvffrd a tood rd’ca‘von uaffr
always brrn ablr ‘o consvdrr tovnt on ‘o ’nvffrrsv‘y or vn‘o
‘ur army, b’‘ ‘ur dvffvdr br‘wrrn salarvrs vn cvffvlvan
prosrssvons and ‘ur mvlv‘ary uad brcomr ac’‘r ‘o ‘ur povn‘
‘ua‘ yo’nt proplr wrrr brcomvnt lrss a‘‘rac‘rd ‘o a lvsr os
srrffvcr vn ’nvsorm, rsprcvally vs ‘ury uad an oppor‘’nv‘y ‘o
s‘’dy or ‘akr ’p rmploymrn‘ abroadB
Yn ‘ur samr lvnrs ano‘urr srnvor fit’rr ‘old mr ‘ua‘ uvs
rldrs‘ da’tu‘rr, workvnt vn Amrrvca, was pavd m’cu morr
‘uan ur was rarnvnt, wuvcu, al‘uo’tu tra‘vsyvnt, was ‘o
uvm a bv‘ uard ‘o accrp‘ vn c’l‘’ral ‘rrmsB or was
vmmrnsrly pro’d os uvs da’tu‘rr, b’‘ ‘urrr was dvs‘vnc‘
vnnrr cons’svon concrrnvnt ‘ur proprvr‘y os a yo’nt woman
rarnvnt morr ‘uan urr sa‘urrB buvs apprars ‘o br onr os
‘ursr socval drffrlopmrn‘s ‘ua‘ vs prrsonally dvffic’l‘ sor
samvlvrs and rffrn pavns’l ‘o acknowlrdtr by somr os ‘uosr
mos‘ dvrrc‘ly affrc‘rd, b’‘ v‘ vs ‘ur ‘ypr os ‘uvnt ‘ua‘ vs
uaffvnt a proso’nd rffrc‘ on na‘vonal lvsr, as, bv‘ by bv‘,
samvly bonds arr brcomvnt lrss coursvffrB As vn so many
co’n‘rvrs (vncl’dvnt cndva, ‘ur cT and ‘ur ca0, trowvnt
prosprrv‘y vn kakvs‘an uas vnfl’rncrd many uvtuAtradr
yo’nt proplr atavns‘ cuoosvnt mvlv‘ary srrffvcrB Ynr
sol’‘von wo’ld br ‘o ravsr mvlv‘ary salarvrs svtnvfican‘ly, b’‘
‘ur cos‘ wo’ld br prouvbv‘vffrB bur only ‘uvnt ‘o do, savd
arnrral lusan, vs ‘o vncrrasr salarvrs modrs‘ly, b’‘
rrt’larly, wuvlr vmproffvnt condv‘vons os srrffvcr and
rr‘vrrmrn‘ brnrfi‘sB
cn D669 ‘urrr wrrr vns‘ancrs os ‘urrr o’‘s‘andvnt
candvda‘rs sor ‘ur kakvs‘an gvlv‘ary Acadrmy brvnt
rrwrc‘rd by sprcvallyAappovn‘rd rrlvtvo’s mrmbrrs os a
srlrc‘von board brca’sr os allrtrd src’lar ‘rndrncvrs
wv‘uvn ‘urvr srs‘rrnvzrd samvlvrsB c‘ apprars ‘uvs polvcy was
rmplacrd a‘ low lrffrl and uas brrn dvscon‘vn’rd, b’‘ ‘ur
vncvdrn‘s wrrr dvsconcrr‘vnt and vn la‘rr yrars ‘urrr was
somr rffvdrncr ‘ua‘ w’nvor officrrs arr vndrrd brvnt
vnfl’rncrd by rx‘rrmvs‘s, as arr soldvrrs and somr
mrmbrrs os ‘ur avr sorcrB bur nvnr (known0 a‘‘rmp‘s on ‘ur
lvsr os krrsvdrn‘ g’suarras uaffr brrn dvs‘’rbvnt, b’‘ ‘ur
mos‘ dvsq’vr‘vnt asprc‘ vs ‘ua‘ ‘urrr m’s‘ uaffr brrn
lrakatr os vnsorma‘von concrrnvnt uvs moffrmrn‘s ‘o ‘uosr
rrsponsvblr sor ‘ur assassvna‘von a‘‘rmp‘s as s’cuB burvr
mo‘vffrs uaffr no‘ brrn rrffralrd, as ‘ur ffarvo’s co’r‘s
mar‘val uaffr brrn urld vn srcrr‘, b’‘ onr trnrral uas
s‘a‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘‘ur prrcrn‘atr os rrlvtvo’s zralo‘s vn [‘urk kAO
vs alarmvntly lartr and ‘ury brcomr rasy ‘artr‘s sor
‘rrrorvs‘s ‘o c’l‘vffa‘r sor s’cu ‘asksB’1D
 
c‘ vs no‘ ’n’s’al sor commrn‘a‘ors ‘o rrmark adffrrsrly on
‘ur n’mbrrs os srnvor officrrs vn ‘ur armyB Oor rxamplr,
TZs lsws nrwspaprr vn arp‘rmbrr D667 anno’ncrd ‘ua‘
‘urrr was ‘a‘rady trow‘u vn Army h’rra’cracy’M
 bur kakvs‘an Army uas prrsrn‘ly morr ‘uan 1D5
trnrral officrrs vn v‘s s‘rrnt‘uB suvlr a lo‘ vs savd
and wrv‘‘rn abo’‘ ‘ur cvffvlvan b’rra’cracy, no‘
many know abo’‘ ‘ur mvlv‘ary b’rra’cracy, wuvcu
vs ‘oday sar morr bloa‘rd comparrd ‘o wua‘ v‘ was
a srw drcadrs backB
boday wr uaffr ‘urrr s’ll so’rAs‘ar trnrrals, 96
‘urrrAs‘ar trnrrals also callrd lvr’‘rnan‘ trnrrals,
wuvlr ‘ur n’mbrr os ‘woAs‘ar trnrrals A mawor
trnrrals – vs savd ‘o br almos‘ 166B buvs n’mbrr,
uowrffrr, vncl’drs ‘uosr srrffvnt trnrrals wuo arr
also prrsrn‘ly occ’pyvnt cvffvlvan pos‘s vncl’dvnt
‘ur krrsvdrncyB19 [burrr wrrr ‘urrrBk

bur n’mbrr os srnvor officrrs vncrrasrd brca’sr ‘ur

s‘rrnt‘u os ‘ur army ‘a srw drcadrs back’ – lr‘ ’s say vn
1aC6 – was :66,666,1: and vs now somr 556,666, a lv‘‘lr
lartrr ‘uan ‘ua‘ os ‘ur cnv‘rd a‘a‘rsB bur ca Army uas an
a’‘uorvzrd s‘rrnt‘u os 151 mawor trnrrals, lvr’‘rnan‘
trnrrals and s’ll (so’rAs‘ar0 trnrrals, wuvcu n’mbrr can br
ffarvrd by prrsvdrn‘val drcrrrB avmvlar ra‘vos os srnvor
officrrs ‘o ‘o‘al n’mbrrs apply ‘uro’tuo’‘ ‘ur world, sor
tood rrason, and v‘ vs ’nsor‘’na‘r ‘ua‘ domrs‘vc
commrn‘a‘ors do no‘ ‘akr vn‘o acco’n‘ brs‘ prac‘vcr vn
o‘urr co’n‘rvrsB All ortanvza‘vons uaffr fixrd cos‘s ‘ua‘
canno‘ br affovdrd, al‘uo’tu ‘ursr can br krp‘ ’ndrr
rrffvrw wv‘u ‘ur avm os rrd’cvnt ‘urm wurn oppor‘’nv‘vrs
arvsrB h’‘ vn armvrs ‘ur mavn fixrd cos‘ vs lradrrsuvpN and
vrrrsprc‘vffr os wur‘urr ‘ur s‘rrnt‘u vs 166,666 or uals a
mvllvon, ‘ur samr rrq’vrrmrn‘ rrmavns ‘o dvrrc‘ oprra‘vons,
lotvs‘vcs, prrsonnrl and ‘ur plr‘uora os mvlv‘ary ac‘vffv‘yB
And so sar as can br dr‘rrmvnrd srom srrq’rn‘ con‘ac‘ wv‘u
officrrs os ‘ur kakvs‘an Army sor offrr ‘wrn‘yAfiffr yrars,
‘ury do wua‘ vs rrq’vrrd os ‘urm ffrry wrllB Ys co’rsr, ‘urrr
arr somr clo‘s abo’‘ wuom onr wondrrs uow on rar‘u ‘ury
to‘ ‘o br wurrr ‘ury arr, b’‘ ‘ua‘ uapprns rffrrywurrr,
and no‘ only vn armvrsB And na‘’rally ‘urrr arr savl’rrs vn
lradrrsuvp, as ‘urrr arr vn rffrry firld os u’man rndraffo’r,
srom toffrrnmrn‘s ‘o bankvnt, srom crvckr‘ ‘o commrrcr,
b’‘ ‘ur clavm by onr crv‘vc ‘ua‘ officrrs arr vnrfficvrn‘
d’rvnt ‘urvr srrffvcr brca’sr ‘urvr avm vs ‘o br tvffrn pos‘A
rr‘vrrmrn‘ rmploymrn‘ vn cvffvlvan rn‘rrprvsrs vs offrnsvffr
nonsrnsrB Mr Ayrsua avddvqa wro‘r vn D66A ‘ua‘ vn
kakvs‘anM

commrrcval ffrn‘’rrs, rffrn vs ‘ury do no‘ ’sr

srrffvnt officrrs, do, ’nart’ably, uaffr an vmpac‘ on
‘ur prosrssvonal mvndsr‘B arnvor officrrs, wuo arr
q’v‘r awarr os ‘ur rrwards ‘ua‘ awav‘ ‘urm as‘rr
rr‘vrrmrn‘ vn ‘rrms os rx‘rnsvon os prrks and
prvffvlrtrs as a rrs’l‘ os wobs vn ‘ursr companvrs,
‘rnd ‘o compromvsr on ‘ur q’alv‘y os ‘urvr work
d’rvnt srrffvcrB15

burrr vs no rffvdrncr prod’crd ‘o w’s‘vsy ‘ur assrr‘von

‘ua‘ ‘ur q’alv‘y os srrffvcr os any officrr uas s’ffrrrd
brca’sr ur (or sur0 uas plannrd ‘o srrk a wob as‘rr lraffvnt
‘ur armyB c‘ vs possvblr ‘ua‘ ‘urrr co’ld br somr drtrrr os
drclvnr vn an vndvffvd’al officrr’s a‘‘rn‘von ‘o d’‘y suo’ld
‘ury br offrrrd a‘‘rac‘vffr cvffvlvan rmploymrn‘ wuvlr s‘vll vn
’nvsorm, b’‘ v‘ wo’ld rrq’vrr a mos‘ sopuvs‘vca‘rd s’rffry
‘o dr‘rrmvnr vs v‘ rxvs‘rd and, vs so, ‘o wua‘ rx‘rn‘B c‘ wo’ld
br rx‘rrmrly dvffic’l‘ ‘o mras’rr ‘ur compara‘vffr
rfficvrncy os a brvtadvrr’s plan ‘o a‘‘ack a balvban sor‘rrss
vn sazvrvs‘an suo’ld ur br rxprc‘vnt a wob wv‘u a cvffvlvan
firm wurn ur rr‘vrrs, as atavns‘ uvs plan suo’ld ur uaffr no
s’cu rmploymrn‘ ‘o look sorward ‘oB And v‘ vs q’rs‘vonablr
vs an officrr’s s‘aff paprr on any s’bwrc‘, or uvs dayA‘oAday
drcvsvons on prrsonnrl ma‘‘rrs, or uvs ordrrs concrrnvnt
conffoy ortanvza‘von (sor rxamplr0 co’ld br affrc‘rd by ‘ur
l’rrs os cvffvlvan affl’rncrB bur assrr‘von ‘ua‘ s’‘’rr ‘prrks
and prvffvlrtrs’ co’ld rnco’ratr officrrs ‘o ‘compromvsr on
‘ur q’alv‘y os work’ vs as ’n‘rnablr as v‘ vs vns’l‘vntB
cn A’t’s‘ D667 ‘ur Adw’‘an‘ arnrral, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral
cm‘vaz o’ssavn,1A was ’ndrrs‘andably ffrxrd wurn askrd
abo’‘ s’cu allrta‘vons, al‘uo’tu ur s‘a‘rd ‘ua‘ prrsonal
domrs‘vc dvscvplvnr vn ‘ur army uad vmproffrd mras’rably
vn ‘ur pas‘ srw yrars, mavnly, vn uvs ffvrw, brca’sr ‘dallyvnt
wv‘u o‘urr proplr’s wvffrs’ was brcomvnt lrss accrp‘ablrB
No‘, ur ass’rrd mr, brca’sr os ’l‘raAcslamvc ‘rndrncvrsB
aomr dvscvplvnary ac‘von and admvnvs‘ra‘vffr dvsmvssals, ur
savd, uad brrn rffrc‘vffr vn rrd’cvnt ‘ur n’mbrr os socval
offrncrs, s’cu as ad’l‘rry, and ‘urrr was no do’b‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur
‘urra‘ os losvnt bo‘u prnsvon and ‘ur possvbvlv‘y os s’‘’rr
rmploymrn‘ playrd a par‘, b’‘ ‘ur no‘von ‘ua‘ ‘ur ‘uo’tu‘
os rr‘vrrmrn‘ brnrfi‘s co’ld vnfl’rncr an officrr ‘o ‘ur
rx‘rn‘ ‘ua‘ uvs rfficvrncy wo’ld s’ffrr was rvdvc’lo’sB bur
army’s wa‘cuwords, ur savd, wrrr ‘sr wvll look as‘rr yo’’,
and ‘uvs was known by all ranksB bur srlsarr Mvrrc‘ora‘r’s
s‘aff (and ‘ur many rrtvmrn‘al wrlsarr ortanvza‘vons0 work
uard, ur savd, ‘o rns’rr ‘ua‘ soldvrrs and officrrs arr
proffvdrd wv‘u ‘urvr rn‘v‘lrmrn‘s, and al‘uo’tu v‘ was
obffvo’s ‘ua‘ ‘ur army wo’ld lvkr ‘o do morr, ‘urrr wrrr
financval lvmv‘sB
Ys co’rsr any Adw’‘an‘ arnrral wo’ld uaffr ‘o say all ‘uvsB
or wo’ld br a s‘rantr vndvffvd’al vs ur dvd no‘B h’‘
rxprrvrncr os ‘ur army and dvsc’ssvons wv‘u officrrs os all
ranks offrr many yrars uaffr conffvncrd mr ‘ua‘ ‘ur wrlsarr
and rr‘vrrmrn‘ sys‘rms arr as tood as can br rxprc‘rd,
tvffrn ‘ur Aa’s caffra‘ abo’‘ rxprnsrB bur problrm sor ‘ur
army vs ‘ua‘ ‘ur co’n‘ry canno‘ ma‘cu ‘ur salarvrs and
brnrfi‘s os cvffvlvan rxrc’‘vffrsB bur lontA‘rrm adffrrsr
consrq’rncrs arr ‘ua‘ many vn‘rllvtrn‘ yo’nt proplr wvll
br rrl’c‘an‘ ‘o commv‘ ‘urmsrlffrs ‘o any os ‘ur armrd
srrffvcrs, wuvcu arr w’s‘ as compr‘v‘vffr vn promo‘von and
srlrc‘von as cvffvlvan rn‘rrprvsrs, svmply brca’sr ‘ury wo’ld
no‘ rarn rno’tu ‘o rnwoy a lvsrs‘ylr comparablr wv‘u ‘ua‘ os
‘urvr prrrsB c‘ vs lvkrly, ‘oo, ‘ua‘ rffrn‘s on ‘ur Oron‘vrr vn
D66:A7 uaffr no‘ brrn avds ‘o officrr rrcr’v‘mrn‘B

hNT N Y c lTar :ac tbr

bur prosrssvonal cuallrntrs prrsrn‘rd by n’clrar
drffrlopmrn‘s vn cndva and kakvs‘an arr vmmrnsr, and vn
bo‘u co’n‘rvrs ‘ur srrffvcrs coAoprra‘r ‘o ‘ur rx‘rn‘ ‘ua‘
wovn‘ doc‘rvnr vs brvnt consvdrrrd wv‘uvn a mvlv‘ary vs no‘,
yr‘, a na‘vonal con‘rx‘B lxamvna‘von os ‘ravnvnt vn kakvs‘an
uas suown ‘ua‘ v‘ vs adrq’a‘r sor conffrn‘vonal war and,
vndrrd, vs morr ‘uan sa‘vssac‘ory vn armo’r ‘ac‘vcs, b’‘ ‘ua‘
‘ur n’clrar sac‘or vs yr‘ ‘o br s’lly apprrcva‘rdB Los‘s os
rffrn rlrmrn‘ary pro‘rc‘vffr mras’rrs arr prouvbv‘vffrM ‘o
acq’vrr and mavn‘avn ‘wo mvllvon pro‘rc‘vffr s’v‘s and
masks, sor rxamplr (sor ‘ur ‘urrr srrffvcrs and paraAmvlv‘ary
‘roops, wv‘u a 56 prr crn‘ rrsrrffr0, wo’ld rrq’vrr an vnv‘val
o’‘lay os a‘ lras‘ $966 mvllvon,17 and ann’al ‘’rnoffrrC
a‘‘rv‘vonCs‘oratr cos‘s os abo’‘ $D6 mvllvonB1C burrr apprar
‘o br no plans sor drcon‘amvna‘von crn‘rrs or mobvlr
drcon‘amvna‘von ‘rams vn rv‘urr co’n‘ry, wuvcu makrs
srnsr brca’sr wrrr ‘urrr a n’clrar rxcuantr ‘urrr wo’ld
br srw proplr and ffrry lv‘‘lr rq’vpmrn‘ lrs‘ ‘o
drcon‘amvna‘rB N’clrar and co’n‘rrAn’clrar ‘ac‘vcs arr
dvsc’ssrd and on rarr occasvons prac‘vsrd, and d’rvnt ‘ur
1aaa and D66D consron‘a‘vons wv‘u cndva ‘urrr was somr
rffvdrncr ‘ua‘ drsrnsvffr mras’rrs wrrr brvnt consvdrrrd,
b’‘ nrv‘urr co’n‘ry vs capablr os fitu‘vnt a n’clrar war on
‘ur ba‘‘lrfirldB
 bur Nor‘u A‘lan‘vc brra‘y Yrtanvza‘von and ‘ur sarsaw
kac‘ rffrn‘’ally, as‘rr so’r drcadrs os vmproffrmrn‘s,
rffolffrd adffancrd sys‘rms sor command and con‘rol os
n’clrar wrapons, b’‘ rffrn ‘urn ‘ury wrrr sar srom
soolproosB cndva and kakvs‘an arr vn ‘ur nascrn‘ s‘atrs os
s’cu drffrlopmrn‘B gorroffrr, vn l’ropr, Lonfidrncr
h’vldvnt gras’rrs (Lhgs0 and command and con‘rol
sys‘rms trrw ‘otr‘urr (‘ur YT warton word sor ‘uvs vs
‘symbvo‘vcally’0B cn ‘ur a’bcon‘vnrn‘, cndva and kakvs‘an
canno‘ assrss wv‘u confidrncr uow sar ‘urvr nrvtubo’r can
to brsorr ‘urrr may br prrssvnt or rffrn vrrrsvs‘vblr
vn‘rrnal drmands ‘o ‘urra‘rn ‘ur ’sr os n’clrar wraponsB
O’r‘urrmorr, v‘ vs no‘ clrar wur‘urr, as onr commrn‘a‘or
m’srd, cndvan and kakvs‘anv lradrrs ‘can affovd ’svnt
Tasumvr as a bartavnvnt cuvp vn domrs‘vc polv‘vcs – and
n’clrar ‘urra‘s as a lrffrr vn Tasumvr’B1a A paprr by hr’cr
Rvrdrl p’blvsurd vn gay D66D by ‘ur Lrn‘rr sor ‘ur
Adffancrd a‘’dy os cndva, drawvnt on rrcollrc‘vons os uvs
prrvod as sprcval assvs‘an‘ ‘o krrsvdrn‘ Llvn‘on,D6 drscrvbrs
possvblr n’clrar prrpara‘vons a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr os ‘ur Tartvl
crvsvs vn 1aaaB gr Rvrdrl proffvdrs vnsvtu‘ ‘o ca prrcrp‘vons
os ‘ur n’clrar ‘urra‘ a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr, and s‘a‘rs ‘ua‘ gr Llvn‘on
askrd ‘ur krvmr gvnvs‘rr os kakvs‘an, Nawaz auarvs, vs ur
knrw ‘uvs mvlv‘ary was prrparvnt ‘urvr n’clrarA‘vpprd
mvssvlrsH’ buvs vs an vn‘rvt’vnt rrffrla‘von, al‘uo’tu ‘ur
n’clrar rxprr‘ arortr krrkoffv‘cu and ‘ur cndvan Army
cuvrs os ‘ur ‘vmr, arnrral rBkB galvk, s‘a‘rd ‘ury do’b‘rd
kakvs‘an uad tonr so sarBD1 c ravsrd ‘ur ma‘‘rr d’rvnt many
dvsc’ssvons wv‘u srnvor kakvs‘an officrrs os all srrffvcrs vn
‘ur prrvod D66DA7 and was ‘old ‘ua‘ ‘urrr uad brrn no
n’clrar mobvlvza‘von vn 1aaa, al‘uo’tu, as onr trnrral p’‘
v‘ ‘sr wo’ldn’‘ uaffr s‘ood s‘vll vs ‘ur cndvans uad moffrd,
b’‘ wr uad no way os knowvnt vs ‘ury dvdB’ (suvcu vs v‘srls
an alarmvnt scrnarvoB0 c‘ may br ‘ua‘ ‘ur ca dvd vndrrd
uaffr sa‘rllv‘r and o‘urr vn‘rllvtrncr vndvca‘vnt somr drtrrr
os n’clrar prrparrdnrss, and ‘ua‘ ‘uosr wv‘u knowlrdtr os
v‘ uaffr brrn admvrably dvscrrr‘, b’‘ ‘ur dvs‘’rbvnt asprc‘
os ‘ur affavr vs ‘ur ffrry sac‘ ‘ua‘ ‘wo n’clrarAarmrd
co’n‘rvrs wrrr complr‘rly vn ‘ur dark abo’‘ ‘ur o‘urr’s
possvblr vn‘rn‘vons a‘ a ‘vmr os rx‘rrmr consron‘a‘vonB
Ypacv‘y concrrnvnt n’clrar obwrc‘vffrs con‘vn’rs,
rxacrrba‘vnt rrtvonal and vn‘rrna‘vonal dvsq’vr‘ abo’‘ ‘ur
possvblr dvrrc‘von os n’clrar drffrlopmrn‘s vn ‘ur
a’bcon‘vnrn‘, al‘uo’tu vn D66AA7 ‘ur h’su admvnvs‘ra‘von
apprarrd comsor‘ablr wv‘u a polvcy os rnco’ratvnt cvffvlvan
n’clrar protrammrs vn cndva, wuvcu, wur‘urr or no‘ a
drsvrablr drffrlopmrn‘, rrvnsorcrd dvs‘r’s‘ os ‘ur ca amont
rd’ca‘rd cv‘vzrns and rsprcvally vn kakvs‘an’s drsrncr
sorcrsB Ynr os‘rn rxprrssrd srs‘rrn srar vs ‘ua‘ by somr
mrans rrlvtvo’s rx‘rrmvs‘s co’ld vllrtally ob‘avn a n’clrar
wrapon, b’‘ bo‘u puysvcal src’rv‘y and vnurrrn‘ curcks arr
s’cu ‘ua‘ ‘uvs wo’ld no‘ br prac‘vcablr (‘ur downsvdr brvnt
‘ua‘ ac‘vffa‘von vs compara‘vffrly cl’msy and ‘vmrA
cons’mvnt, rsprcvally tvffrn ‘ur srpara‘von dvs‘ancrs os
warurads and mvssvlrs0B cn Noffrmbrr and Mrcrmbrr D667
many v‘rms apprarrd vn ‘ur srs‘rrn and cndvan prrss
conffryvnt ‘ur vmprrssvon ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an’s n’clrar
protrammr was a‘ rvsk srom s’ndamrn‘alvs‘s and ‘ua‘, sor
rxamplr, ‘bur ca uas lont uad con‘vntrncy plans vn placr
’ndrr wuvcu Amrrvcan aprcval Oorcrs oprra‘vffrs wo’ld
drploy ‘o kakvs‘an ‘o src’rr n’clrarAwrapons sv‘rs vn ‘ur
rffrn‘ os an cslamvc ‘akroffrrB’DD
bur no‘von os tro’ps os ca ‘roops a‘‘rmp‘vnt ‘o tavn
accrss ‘o closrly t’ardrd n’clrar sv‘rs vs an vn‘rvt’vnt onr,
and ‘ur mr‘uod by wuvcu ‘ury wo’ld ‘src’rr’ ‘ur sacvlv‘vrs
oncr ‘ury to‘ ‘urrr vs no‘ rxplavnrdB burrr may wrll br
s’cu a plan, sor ‘urrr uaffr brrn somr bvzarrr scurmrs
conw’rrd ’p vn ‘ur krn‘aton, b’‘ ‘ur prac‘vcabvlv‘y os ca
‘aprcval Oorcrs oprra‘vffrs’, or anyonr rlsr, brvnt ablr ‘o
‘akr offrr vns‘alla‘vons t’ardrd by ‘ur kakvs‘an Army vs
rrmo‘r ‘o ‘ur povn‘ os rvsvbvlv‘yB
Mrffrlopmrn‘ and command os n’clrar wrapons,
vncl’dvnt ‘ur vnv‘val rrlrasr drcvsvon and s’bsrq’rn‘
‘artr‘vnt, vs ‘ur rrsponsvbvlv‘y os ‘ur Na‘vonal Lommand
A’‘uorv‘y, wuvcu vs cuavrrd by ‘ur ‘urad os toffrrnmrn‘’
wuo, ’ndrr kakvs‘an’s c’rrrn‘ (Mrcrmbrr D6670 sys‘rm, vs
‘ur krrsvdrn‘B bur NLA was approffrd vn Orbr’ary D666 by
‘ur Na‘vonal arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvl (srr brlow0 and uas ‘rn
mrmbrrsM ‘ur krrsvdrn‘, krvmr gvnvs‘rr, Luavrman os ‘ur
dovn‘ Luvrss os a‘aff Lommv‘‘rr, ‘ur ‘urrr srrffvcr cuvrss,
‘ur mvnvs‘rrs os Mrsrncr, Ovnancr and cn‘rrvor, and ‘ur
Mvrrc‘or arnrral a‘ra‘rtvc klans MvffvsvonB acvrncr and
drsrncr rxprr‘s arr trnrrally vnffv‘rd ‘o mrr‘vnts ‘o
prrsrn‘ paprrs on sprcvfic dvsc’ssvon ‘opvcsB (c‘ vs os
vn‘rrrs‘ ‘ua‘ a mrr‘vnt os ‘ur NLA on D A’t’s‘ D667 was
a‘‘rndrd by ‘ur ‘urn Mvrrc‘or arnrral os cn‘rr arrffvcrs
cn‘rllvtrncr (and, srom DC Noffrmbrr D667, Luvrs os Army
a‘aff0, arnrral Asusaq TvyanvB0D9 c‘ vs os no‘r ‘ua‘ ‘ur NLA
dors no‘ confinr v‘srls ‘o drlvbrra‘vons and drcvsvons
concrrnvnt n’clrar wrapons, b’‘ vs also concrrnrd wv‘u
nrto‘va‘vons on dvsarmamrn‘ vnffolffvnt ‘ur Ovssvlr ga‘rrval
L’‘Aoff brra‘y, cAlA sasrt’ards, ‘ur caAcndva n’clrar
atrrrmrn‘ and nonAprolvsrra‘von ma‘‘rrs vn trnrralB c‘
rrmavns ‘o br srrn, ’ndrr cvffvlvan toffrrnancr, wur‘urr ‘uvs
wvdr rrmv‘ wvll con‘vn’r ‘o applyB

1 NTR Yc al aa d 6 YblbgYc al M Tacba s0 ,

kakvs‘an apprars ‘o uaffr abvdrd by v‘s commv‘mrn‘ ‘o
rrsravn srom drffrlopvnt rv‘urr a curmvcal or bvolotvcal
wrapons’ capabvlv‘y, b’‘ dors uaffr ‘ur abvlv‘y ‘o
man’sac‘’rr curmvcal atrn‘s and ‘o rxpand bvolotvcal
rrsrarcuB c‘ possrssrs tro’ndA‘oAtro’nd and avrA‘oAtro’nd
mrans ‘o drlvffrr nonAs‘andard m’nv‘vons, and co’ld
prod’cr curmvcal atrn‘s sor drlvffrry by ar‘vllrry carrvrrA
surlls on ‘ur ba‘‘lrfirld wv‘uvn days os a drcvsvon brvnt
madr ‘o vmplrmrn‘ a protrammrB
c‘ vs vmprobablr ‘ua‘ man’sac‘’rr os bvolotvcal wrapons
wvll rffrr br ’ndrr‘akrn, lartrly sor rrasons os cos‘ and
complrxv‘yB lffrn wrrr a bvolotvcal wrapons’ prowrc‘ ‘o br
approffrd, wv‘u maxvm’m mvlv‘ary, financval, vnd’s‘rval and
scvrn‘vfic s’ppor‘, v‘ vs ’nlvkrly ‘ua‘ ‘ur prod’c‘ co’ld br
wraponvzrd vn a ‘vmrly sasuvon or vn q’an‘v‘vrs s’fficvrn‘ ‘o
vnfl’rncr ‘ur o’‘comr os a rrtvonal conflvc‘B auo’ld an
cndvaAkakvs‘an war rracu a lrffrl a‘ wuvcu rmploymrn‘ os
nonAs‘andard wraponry mvtu‘ br consvdrrrd a rralvs‘vc
op‘von (rBtB suo’ld ‘urrr br an cndvan adffancr as sar as ‘ur
TaracuvAtauorr uvtuway0, v‘ vs mos‘ probablr ‘ua‘ n’clrar
a‘‘ack wo’ld br ‘ur prrsrrrrd cuovcrB
cn ‘ur co’rsr os prod’c‘von, s‘oratr and moffrmrn‘ v‘ vs
probablr ‘ua‘ sasr‘y s‘andards wo’ld br consvs‘rn‘ wv‘u or
closrly approacuvnt ‘uosr applyvnt vn drffrloprd co’n‘rvrs,
as vs rffvdrn‘ vn known plan‘s and rs‘ablvsumrn‘s c’rrrn‘ly
man’sac‘’rvnt lrtv‘vma‘r curmvcals or ’ndrr‘akvnt
curmvcal or bvolotvcal rrsrarcuB An vncrrasr vn ac‘vffv‘y
assocva‘rd wv‘u prod’c‘von os wraponAsprcvfic atrn‘s or
combvna‘vons os d’alA’sr curmvcals co’ld br rxprc‘rd ‘o
a‘‘rac‘ approprva‘r sasr‘y prrca’‘vonsB c‘ suo’ld br no‘rd,
uowrffrr, ‘ua‘ vn rxvs‘vnt curmvcal plan‘s no‘ s’bwrc‘ ‘o
vnd’s‘rval rrt’la‘vons or vnsprc‘vons (by rrason os
corr’p‘von or vnrfficvrncy0 ‘urrr vs lv‘‘lr vs any pro‘rc‘von
atavns‘ accvdrn‘s or sabo‘atrB cn arp‘rmbrr D669 ‘wo
proplr dvrd sollowvnt a mawor lrak os culorvnr tas srom a
plan‘ ownrd by c‘‘ruad Lurmvcals t‘d nrar tauorrB avffrn
‘ur trnrrally cuao‘vc s‘a‘r os law rnsorcrmrn‘ v‘ vs
probablr ‘ua‘ ‘urrr arr o‘urr sac‘orvrs wv‘u ’nsa‘vssac‘ory
or no con‘rols, b’‘ v‘ vs assrssrd ‘ua‘ sacvlv‘vrs assocva‘rd
wv‘u toffrrnmrn‘ protrammrs, acadrmvc vns‘v‘’‘vons and
rrp’‘ablr commrrcval rn‘rrprvsrs uaffr adrq’a‘r
sasrt’ardsB
bur polvcy os kakvs‘an’s s’ccrssvffr toffrrnmrn‘s uas brrn
s‘a‘rd as opposvnt prod’c‘von os mvlv‘ary orvrn‘rd and
o‘urr vllrtal curmvcal and bvolotvcal ma‘rrvalB bur
co’n‘ry’s mrmbrrsuvp os ‘ur lxrc’‘vffr Lo’ncvl os ‘ur
Yrtanvza‘von sor ‘ur krouvbv‘von os Lurmvcal srapons vs
trnrrally accrp‘rd as an vndvca‘von os probv‘y rrtardvnt
adurrrncr ‘o ‘ur p’rposr and lr‘‘rr os c’rrrn‘
vn‘rrna‘vonal accordsB Yn D6 d’ly D667 ‘ur ‘urn Oorrvtn
gvnvs‘rr, gr Tu’rsuvd Tas’rv, s‘a‘rd vn a lr‘‘rr ‘o ‘ur
Mvrrc‘or arnrral os ‘ur Yrtanvsa‘von sor ‘ur krouvbv‘von os
Lurmvcal srapons ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an ‘a‘‘acurs trra‘
vmpor‘ancr ‘o ‘ur promo‘von os ‘ur obwrc‘vffrs os ‘ur
Lurmvcal srapons Lonffrn‘von’B A‘ a mrr‘vnt os
vn‘rrna‘vonal rxprr‘s on lat[baal @mclsmsatat[ba bt tZs
7TNC vn arnrffa on D6 A’t’s‘ D667, kakvs‘an rrv‘rra‘rd
‘ua‘ v‘ ‘rrmavns s’lly commv‘‘rd ‘o s‘rrnt‘urnvnt ‘ur
hvolotvcal and boxvn srapons Lonffrn‘von vncl’dvnt ‘ur
rs‘ablvsumrn‘ os a complvancr rrtvmr ‘uro’tu a lrtally
bvndvnt vns‘r’mrn‘’B
Lh brra‘vrs ra‘vfird by kakvs‘an arrM
bur cN Cbavsat[ba ba tZs arbZ[b[t[ba bt tZs
asvslbcmsat, arbruct[ba, dtbckc[l[aY aar tss bt
CZsm[cal Nsacbas aar ba tZs[r asstruct[ba
(ACRlaC:7C9a0 os 96 Noffrmbrr 1aaD, Ra‘vfird by
kakvs‘an dan’ary 1aa9N suor‘ ‘v‘lrM Lurmvcal srapons
Lonffrn‘von (LsL0N
bur 7[blbY[cal aarbk[aT Nsacbas Cbavsat[ba(1a7D0,
ra‘vfird by kakvs‘an vn 1a7:N suor‘ ‘v‘lrM hvolotvcal
srapons Lonffrn‘von (hsL0N and
bur @ar[a-a ak[staa AYrssmsat ba CZsm[calsacbas N
(1aa90, ra‘vfird by cndva on 9 arp‘rmbrr 1aaAN by
kakvs‘an on DC Yc‘obrr 1aa7B
 kakvs‘an vs prrparrd ‘o accrp‘ vnsprc‘vons b’‘ rrsrrffrs
v‘s posv‘von ‘‘o rxrrcvsr v‘s rvtu‘s ’ndrr paratrapus D and :
os ‘ur ffrrvfica‘von Annrx [‘o ‘ur LsLk ‘o vndvca‘r v‘s nonA
accrp‘ancr os vnsprc‘ors and vnsprc‘von assvs‘an‘s as v‘
drrms approprva‘r’B (buvs caffra‘ vs mos‘ probably cndvaA
sprcvficB0 cnsprc‘vons ‘ook placr vn D661, D66D and D669B
Rrs’l‘s os ‘ur firs‘ ‘wo wrrr no‘ madr p’blvc, b’‘ v‘ vs
apparrn‘ ‘ury wrrr no‘ adffrrsrB bur Aprvl D669 vnsprc‘von
was os ‘ur Oa’wv dordan Orr‘vlvsrr plan‘ nrar Taracuv, ‘ur
co’n‘ry’s lartrs‘ s’cu sacvlv‘y, and ‘ur vnsprc‘ors madr no
’nsaffo’rablr findvntsB
burrr uaffr brrn no vncvdrn‘s os ’sr os rv‘urr curmvcal or
bvolotvcal wrapons by kakvs‘an’s armrd sorcrsB c‘ uas brrn
clavmrd by cndva ‘ua‘ curmvcal atrn‘s wrrr ’srd vn ‘ur
avacurn rrtvon, wurrr ‘urrr uas brrn lowAlrffrl conflvc‘
svncr 1aC: (al‘uo’tu an ’nofficval crasrfirr uas applvrd
svncr D66D0, basrd on rrpor‘s os dvscolo’rrd snow sollowvnt
vmpac‘ by ar‘vllrry surlls on ‘ur rock basr many mr‘rrs
brlow ‘ur snow s’rsacrB c‘ vs assrssrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur purnomrnon
was ca’srd by normal olCsmokr rffrc‘ vn s’cu ‘rrravn and
clvma‘vc condv‘vonsB cndva uas also allrtrd ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an vs
vnffolffrd vn vllrtal ac‘vffv‘vrs connrc‘rd wv‘u curmvcal and
bvolotvcal wrapons, basrd on rrpor‘s ‘ua‘ v‘rms os
pro‘rc‘vffr clo‘uvnt, vncl’dvnt rrspvra‘ors, uaffr brrn
vmpor‘rd and man’sac‘’rrdB
suvlr ‘urrr vs vns‘r’c‘von and dvsc’ssvon on Lhs d’rvnt
co’rsrs a‘ drsrncr sorcr scuools and acadrmvrs (rBtB ‘ur
Army a‘aff Lollrtr a‘ l’r‘‘a, ‘ur acuool os gvlv‘ary
lntvnrrrvnt a‘ Rvsalp’r, and avr sorcr and naffy
rs‘ablvsumrn‘s0 v‘ apprars ‘ua‘ vncl’svon vn s‘’dvrs vs a
ma‘‘rr os conffrn‘von, vn ‘ua‘ ‘ur s’bwrc‘ vs rrq’vrrd
knowlrdtr on ‘ur par‘ os all officrrs, as vn o‘urr na‘vons’
armrd sorcrsB burrr apprars ‘o br no rmpuasvs tvffrn ‘o
Lhs d’rvnt normal mvlv‘ary rxrrcvsrsB
 As no‘rd vn Luap‘rr 5, vn‘rrna‘vonal condrmna‘von os
kakvs‘an’s n’clrar ‘rs‘s vn 1aaC vncl’drd vmposv‘von os
sanc‘vons on all vdrn‘vfiablr vns‘v‘’‘vons and ortanvza‘vons
lvnkrd wv‘u or lvkrly ‘o br connrc‘rd ‘o prod’c‘von os
n’clrar wrapons, or ‘o br vnffolffrd vn rffrn a prrvpurral
sasuvon wv‘u assocva‘rd ‘rcunolotyB Oollowvnt kakvs‘an’s
s’ppor‘ sor ‘ur cnv‘rd a‘a‘rs as‘rr ‘ur ‘rrrorvs‘ vncvdrn‘s os
11 arp‘rmbrr D661, ‘ur sanc‘vons vmposrd by sasuvnt‘on
wrrr lvs‘rdB Y‘urr na‘vons and vn‘rrna‘vonal ortanvza‘vons
s’cu as ‘ur cgO sollowrd s’v‘B Al‘uo’tu no officval
sanc‘vons now apply, v‘ uas brrn obsrrffrd ‘ua‘ vn ‘ur casr
os kakvs‘an (al‘uo’tu no‘ os cndva0 ‘urrr vs con‘vn’vnt
drnval os coAoprra‘von wv‘u any rn‘v‘y uaffvnt connrc‘vons
wv‘u n’clrar rrsrarcuB c‘ vs consvdrrrd ‘ua‘ ‘uvs prr‘avns,
albrv‘ ’nofficvally, ‘o ortanvza‘vons, b’svnrssrs and
rs‘ablvsumrn‘s uaffvnt lvkrly d’alArolr capabvlv‘y vn rrtard
‘o Lh drffrlopmrn‘B
bur cn‘rrvor gvnvs‘ry vs rrsponsvblr, ‘uro’tu ‘ur
Mvrrc‘ora‘r arnrral Lvffvl Mrsrncr, sor plannvnt and
rxrc’‘von os a coAordvna‘rd rrsponsr ‘o na‘’ral and manA
madr dvsas‘rrsB burrr vs no na‘vonal plan sor comba‘vnt an
rnrmy Lh (or n’clrar0 a‘‘ack, nor t’vdancr a‘ a na‘vonal
lrffrl as ‘o uow ‘o copr wv‘u a domrs‘vc Lh dvsas‘rrB
aoffrrnmrn‘ and prvffa‘r rlrc‘ronvc mrdva uaffr no s‘andvnt
vns‘r’c‘vons concrrnvnt crvsvs rrsponsr, and rrac‘von ‘o
vncvdrn‘s vs on a casrAbyAcasr basvs as adffvsrd by ‘ur
cn‘rrvor gvnvs‘ryB
bur Mvrrc‘ora‘r arnrral Lvffvl Mrsrncr prrparrs and
cond’c‘s LM co’rsrs, mavnly a‘ v‘s ol vn tauorr, b’‘ also
vn ffaryvnt drtrrrs os rfficacy vn Rawalpvndv, Taracuv,
l’r‘‘a and krsuawarB bur rmpuasvs vs on firrfitu‘vnt, rrlvrs
mras’rrs and rrla‘rd s’bwrc‘s (al‘uo’tu ‘ur homb Mvsposal
cnv‘ cond’c‘s co’rsrs vn clM nr’‘ralvza‘von and an‘vA
‘rrrorvsm0, b’‘ fiffr so’rAwrrk co’rsrs arr cond’c‘rd vn
tauorr racu yrar vn ‘Lvffvl Mrsrncr hasvc N’clrar, hvolotvcal
and Lurmvcal sarsarr’B suvlr ‘ur con‘rn‘ apprars
sa‘vssac‘ory vn broad ‘rrms v‘ vs no‘ clavmrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur
protrammr rrprrsrn‘s any‘uvnt b’‘ an approacu ‘o
rlrmrn‘ary knowlrdtr os ‘ur ‘opvcsB
c‘ vs apparrn‘ ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an uas nrv‘urr ‘ur capabvlv‘y nor
vn‘rn‘von ‘o drffrlop curmvcal or bvolotvcal wrapons, and
‘ua‘ prrparrdnrss ‘o co’n‘rr ‘urvr ’sr, vn ‘ur mos‘ ’nlvkrly
rffrn‘ os cndva rffrr rmployvnt s’cu wrapons, vs mvnvmalB

1 bR R aa d aa d 1 ba trbl
avffrn ‘ua‘ cndva and kakvs‘an uaffr a n’clrar capabvlv‘y and
apprar urllAbrn‘ on con‘vn’vnt drffrlopmrn‘ os n’clrarA
‘vpprd s’rsacrA‘oAs’rsacr mvssvlrs, arrval drlvffrry sys‘rms,
and, vn cndva’s casr, brra‘u‘akvntly rxprnsvffr and complrx
marv‘vmr rq’vffalrn‘s, v‘ vs vmpor‘an‘ ‘ua‘ ‘urvr command
and con‘rol sys‘rms br scr’‘vnvzrdB buvs vs no‘ ‘o rndorsr
‘ur n’clrar wrapons racr, wuvcu vs a dvsas‘rr sor ‘ur
a’bcon‘vnrn‘ and wvll krrp u’ndrrds os mvllvons vn
rxcr’cva‘vnt poffrr‘yN b’‘ vs ‘ur co’n‘rvrs arr ‘o rs‘ablvsu a
prac‘vcablr n’clrar doc‘rvnr – a labyrvn‘u os vn‘rllrc‘’al
con‘radvc‘vons ‘uro’tu wuvcu rffrn lontArs‘ablvsurd n’clrar
powrrs con‘vn’r ‘o srrk ‘urvr way (and s‘’mblr srom ‘vmr
‘o ‘vmr0 – ‘urrr m’s‘ br ra‘vonalvza‘von os ‘urvr uvturr
drsrncr s‘r’c‘’rrB bur firs‘ s‘rp, vn bo‘u co’n‘rvrs, suo’ld
br rs‘ablvsumrn‘ os a dovn‘ LommandrrB
Oor ‘ur p’rposrs os modrrn war v‘ vs vmprra‘vffr ‘ua‘ ‘ur
armrd srrffvcrs os kakvs‘an br placrd ’ndrr a svntlr officrr,
wv‘u a uvtuAq’alv‘y s‘aff ‘o assvs‘ uvm vn uvs command and
o‘urr s’nc‘vonsB bur prrsrn‘ dovn‘ a‘aff oradq’ar‘rrs
wo’ld br a s‘ar‘, b’‘ vs puysvcally sar ‘oo small and lacks
‘ur n’mbrr os officrrs rrq’vrrd ‘o s’nc‘von proprrly as a
command olB bur d’‘y s‘a‘rmrn‘ os ‘ur Luvrs os Mrsrncr
Oorcr (LMO0 suo’ld br svmplyM ‘bo command ‘ur armrd
sorcrs os kakvs‘an’B
 burrr suo’ld br no rq’vffoca‘von abo’‘ ‘uvs, and ‘ur
words ‘cuavrman’ ‘commv‘‘rr’ and ‘s‘aff’ suo’ld br
rscurwrd vn ‘ur ‘v‘lr as wrll as vn prac‘vcrB arnvor officrrs
wo’ld tvffr adffvcr (rsprcvally concrrnvnt rmploymrn‘ and
drploymrn‘ os ‘urvr own srrffvcrs0, wuvcu vs wua‘ ‘ury arr
‘urrr sorN ‘ury may rffrn art’r ‘urvr posv‘vons ‘o wua‘rffrr
rx‘rn‘ ‘ur LMO mvtu‘ consvdrr rrasonablrN b’‘ drcvsvons
arr sor ‘ur LMO and uvm alonrB ovs vs a nonArxrc’‘vffr
board, saffr wurn ur drlrta‘rs ac‘von ‘o br ‘akrnB
ao sar as ‘ur uvturr dvrrc‘von os war vs concrrnrd, ‘ur
LMO suo’ld br ‘ur prvmary adffvsrr ‘o toffrrnmrn‘ on
s‘ra‘rty, wuvcu vs wurrr a Na‘vonal arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvl (NaL0
vs vmpor‘an‘B As rr‘vrrd tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral bala‘ gasood
wro‘rM

bur art’mrn‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur Mrsrncr Lommv‘‘rr os

Labvnr‘ can srrffr ‘ur samr p’rposr as a Na‘vonal
arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvl vs vnurrrn‘ly flawrd BBB bur MLL
trnrrally addrrssrs vss’rs a‘ a ‘vmr wurn a
par‘vc’lar crvsvs uas alrrady brcomr vn‘rac‘ablr or
‘ur polvcy uas savlrd ‘o drlvffrrB bur NaL, on ‘ur
o‘urr uand, mrr‘s a‘ rrt’lar vn‘rrffals and can br
conffrnrd a‘ any ‘vmr vn rffrn‘ os an rmrrtrncyB
burrr uas ‘o br con‘vn’o’s flow os vnsorma‘von BBB
on ‘ur basvs os wuvcu so’nd polvcy op‘vons can br
rffolffrd and vmplrmrn‘rdB buvs can only uapprn vs
‘urrr vs vns‘v‘’‘vonal backA’p os ‘ur NaLB

A Na‘vonal arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvl was rs‘ablvsurd by Ac‘ os

karlvamrn‘ vn Aprvl D66:,D5 b’‘ v‘ apprars v‘ was no‘ vn
q’v‘r ‘ur sorm rrcommrndrd by arnrral gasoodB c‘ firs‘
mr‘ on D: d’nr and ‘ur aak[staa Obssrvsros D d’ly
rrcordrd ‘ua‘M
 [burk mrr‘vnt addrrssrd kakvs‘an’s dr‘rrvora‘vnt
law and ordrr sv‘’a‘von, ‘ur wrrks os kvllvnts vn
Taracuv, and an‘vAAl larda oprra‘vons on ‘ur
Astuan bordrr, Taracuv ‘’rmovl, a’v rxplosvons,
sAkMA ‘owrrs blown [’pk, Lurvs‘vna Rocca’s
Lontrrssvonal urarvnts, ontovnt confidrncrA
b’vldvnt ‘alks wv‘u cndva, atrrrmrn‘ br‘wrrn
cndva and kakvs‘an ‘o oprn cons’la‘rs vn Taracuv
and hombay, and ‘ur lvntrrvnt Tasumvr
rn‘antlrmrn‘B
kakvs‘an’s ‘op cvffvlAmvlv‘ary body vncl’dvnt ‘ur
‘urn krvmr gvnvs‘rr gvr Zasar’llau Tuan damalv,
Na‘vonal Assrmbly aprakrr Lua’dury Amvr
o’ssavn, Luvrs gvnvs‘rrs os k’nwab, avndu and
halocuvs‘an, dovn‘ Luvrss os a‘aff Lommv‘‘rr
Luavrman and ‘ur arrffvcrs Luvrss a‘‘rndrd ‘ur
mrr‘vnt as v‘s grmbrrs wuvlr gvnvs‘rrs sor
cn‘rrvor and Oorrvtn Affavrs, ‘ur NsOk aoffrrnor
and rvcr Luvrs os Army a‘aff a‘‘rndrd ‘ur mrr‘vnt
on sprcval vnffv‘a‘vonB bury ffowrd ‘o rvd ‘ur
co’n‘ry os ‘rrrorvsm and rrlvtvo’s mvlv‘ancy ‘ua‘
uas clavmrd morr ‘uan A6 lvffrs svncr gayB ‘cs ‘urrr
vs a ‘urra‘ ‘o kakvs‘an v‘ vs srom (‘ur0 vn‘rrnal
src’rv‘y rnffvronmrn‘,’ savd krrsvdrn‘ krrffrz
g’suarras, cuavrvnt ‘ur firs‘ mrr‘vnt os ‘ur
Na‘vonal arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvl (NaL0BDA

c‘ vs sor ‘ur srnvor fit’rr vn toffrrnmrn‘ ‘o drcvdr uow

m’cu vnfl’rncr ‘ur NaL suo’ld uaffr – and a‘ ‘ua‘ ‘vmr vn
kakvs‘an v‘ was ‘ur krrsvdrn‘ – b’‘ v‘ vs rssrn‘val ‘ua‘ a
sys‘rm br p’‘ vn placr ‘ua‘ wvll br applvcablr ‘o any s’‘’rr
cvffvlvan toffrrnmrn‘, wua‘rffrr sorm ‘ua‘ may ‘akr,
vncl’dvnt ‘ua‘ os an rxrc’‘vffr prrsvdrncyB bur dvsc’ssvon
povn‘s sor ‘ur firs‘ mrr‘vnt, no‘rd aboffr, arr da’n‘vnt and
sar ‘oo allArmbracvnt ‘o prod’cr bala‘ gasood’s ‘so’nd
polvcy op‘vons’, and rrfinrd procrd’rrs suo’ld rrflrc‘ ‘uvsB
cn ‘ur con‘rx‘ os ‘ur dvrrc‘von os drsrncr ma‘‘rrs, ‘ur
drlvbrra‘vons os ‘ur NaL suo’ld rrs’l‘ vn offrrall s‘ra‘rtvc
obwrc‘vffrs, na‘’rally vncl’dvnt n’clrar vmprra‘vffrs, brvnt
conffryrd ‘o ‘ur Luvrs os Mrsrncr OorcrB c‘ vs ‘urn ’p ‘o uvm
‘o ‘ransla‘r ‘ursr vn‘o oprra‘vonal concrp‘sB or m’s‘ br
’ndvs‘’rbrd by toffrrnmrn‘ and b’rra’cracy oncr ‘ur
na‘vonal s‘ra‘rty uas brrn sprllrd o’‘B (burrr vs no‘uvnt
polv‘vcvans loffr so m’cu as brvnt pvc‘’rrd as drcvsvffr
commandrrsB surn ‘ury arr vnffolffrd vn mvlv‘ary ma‘‘rrs,
‘ury ‘akr on a par‘vc’lar look os macuo dr‘rrmvna‘von sor
‘ur camrras and do ‘urvr brs‘ ‘o combvnr a s’rrowrd brow,
w’‘‘vnt cuvn and s‘rrly ryrsB0 Mrploymrn‘ and command os
sorcrs arr ‘ur LMO’s rrsponsvbvlv‘y, al‘uo’tu ur wvll dvsc’ss
ma‘‘rrs wv‘u ‘ur NaLB All os ‘uvs ‘akrs many yrars ‘o uonr
‘o rfficvrncy, b’‘ ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ os kakvs‘an suo’ld work
‘owards crra‘von os a LMO and a dovn‘ olB c‘ wvll br cos‘ly,
b’‘ ‘urrr vs no povn‘ vn uaffvnt rxprnsvffr wrapons and
lartr sorcrs vs ‘ury canno‘ br dvrrc‘rd proprrlyB bur
manpowrr wo’ld comr srom ‘ur rxvs‘vnt arrffvcr
uradq’ar‘rrs A srom wuvcu so’rcr m’cu rrsvs‘ancr can br
rxprc‘rdB
arnrral lusan ’l oaq ‘ook offrr as Luavrman os ‘ur dovn‘
Luvrss os a‘aff Lommv‘‘rr vn Yc‘obrr D66: (srom brvnt
Mvrrc‘or arnrral cac0B cn D665 ur ‘rvrd ‘o rx‘rnd ‘ur
Luavrman’s a’‘uorv‘y and proposrd ‘o arnrral g’suarras
‘ua‘ ‘ur srrffvcr cuvrss suo’ld work ‘uro’tu uvm, as
Luavrman, ra‘urr ‘uan uaffvnt dvrrc‘ accrss ‘o ‘ur
krrsvdrn‘B g’suarras consvdrrrd ‘ur s’ttrs‘von and vn ‘’rn
proposrd, no do’b‘ wv‘u uvs ‘ont’r firmly vn uvs currk, ‘ua‘
arnrral lusan consrr wv‘u ‘ur cuvrss and comr ’p wv‘u
rrcommrnda‘vonsB krrdvc‘ably, ‘ur cuvrss (vncl’dvnt ‘ur
army’s ffvcrAcuvrs0 wrrr uaffvnt nonr os v‘ and ‘old lusan
sorcrs’lly ‘ua‘ ‘urrr was no‘uvnt dovnt, wuvcu vs
’ndrrs‘andablr brca’sr vn ‘ur dovn‘ olCLMO concrp‘ ‘ur
srrffvcr cuvrss wo’ld uaffr rrsponsvbvlv‘y only ‘o ‘ravsr, ‘ravn
and proffvdr’B bury wo’ld no‘ br vn ‘ur oprra‘vonal cuavn os
command, b’‘ wo’ld br svntlrAsrrffvcr adffvsrrs vn wua‘
mvtu‘ br callrd ‘ur LMO’s Adffvsory Lo’ncvlB burvr own
uradq’ar‘rrs wo’ld survnk accordvntly, sor ‘urrr wo’ld br
no rrq’vrrmrn‘ sor all os ‘ur s‘aff brancurs ‘ua‘ now rxvs‘B
avntlrAsrrffvcr oprra‘vons brancurs, ‘ursr sacrrd bodvrs ‘o
wuvcu ‘ur brs‘ and ‘ur brvtu‘rs‘ aspvrr, wo’ld br
dvsbandrd and rrcons‘v‘’‘rd wv‘uvn ‘ur ‘rvAsrrffvcr ol, and
‘uvs vs wuy ‘urrr vs so m’cu opposv‘von wv‘uvn ‘ur srrffvcrsB
csvnt ‘ur wrllA‘rvrd s‘ra‘rty os dvffvdr and r’lr, ‘ur
b’rra’cra‘s (wuosr own powrr wo’ld br rrd’crd0 wo’ld
rnlvs‘ do’b‘rrs amonts‘ ‘ur polv‘vcvans and ‘ry ‘o vnfl’rncr
toffrrnmrn‘ atavns‘ any moffrs ‘owards crra‘von os a LMO,
sayvnt ‘ua‘ brca’sr ‘ur ‘urrr srrffvcrs wrrr uaffvnt ‘ur
mo‘urr os all ‘’rs wars abo’‘ wovn‘rry, ‘urrr wo’ld br no
povn‘ vn tovnt s’r‘urr wv‘u ‘ur proposal, wuvcu vs rxac‘ly
wua‘ uas brrn ‘akvnt placr vn cndvaN ‘ua‘ sata vs
drprrssvntB buvs way lvrs dvsas‘rr sor ‘ur armrd sorcrsB c
uaffr brrn prrsrn‘ a‘ a crra‘von, and saw officrrs
dvsatrrrvnt so ffvolrn‘ly abo’‘ alloca‘von os par‘vc’lar
appovn‘mrn‘s ‘o ‘uvs or ‘ua‘ arrffvcr ‘ua‘ srvrndsuvps os
yrars wrrr s’ndrrrdBD7 c‘ can br a mrssy b’svnrss, b’‘ v‘ vs
‘ur only way ‘o toB

N btTs
1
And ‘o moffr closrr ‘o cndva, wv‘u wuvcu vn D667 wvdrA
rantvnt drsrncr coAoprra‘von was atrrrdB arr ‘A’s‘ralva
and cndva svtn drsrncr vnsorma‘von suarvnt atrrrmrn‘’,
Mrpar‘mrn‘ os Mrsrncr, 1D d’ly D667,
u‘‘pMCCwwwBmvnvs‘rrBdrsrncrBtoffBa’CNrlsongvn‘plBcsmH
L’rrrn‘cddAC51B A’s‘ralva also vn‘rndrd, ’ndrr ‘ur
sormrr tvbrral toffrrnmrn‘ (drsra‘rd vn rlrc‘vons vn
Noffrmbrr D6670, ‘o srll ’ranv’m ‘o cndva vn s’ppor‘ os ‘ur
h’su admvnvs‘ra‘von’s n’clrar coAoprra‘von polvcyB bur
nrw tabo’r toffrrnmrn‘ cuantrd ‘uvs polvcy vn D66CB

D
bur hhL no‘rd on DA A’t’s‘ D666 ‘ua‘ ‘A Lommonwral‘u
s’mmv‘ vn Noffrmbrr 1aaa rndorsrd ‘ur s’sprnsvon [os
kakvs‘ank and askrd a Lommonwral‘u gvnvs‘rrval Ac‘von
aro’p (LgAa0 ‘o “krrp ‘ur sv‘’a‘von vn kakvs‘an ’ndrr
rrffvrw and br prrparrd ‘o rrcommrnd s’r‘urr mras’rrs
‘o br ‘akrn by ‘ur Lommonwral‘u vs protrrss ‘o
drmocracy vs no‘ madr sprrdvly”B’
(u‘‘pMCCnrwsBbbcBcoB’kClCuvCworldCso’‘ulasvaCCaAC99Bs‘m0
h’‘ on DD gay D66: ‘ur hhL rrpor‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘ur
Lommonwral‘u uad drcvdrd ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an uad brcomr
morr drmocra‘vcM ‘kakvs‘an uas brrn rrAadmv‘‘rd ‘o s’ll
mrmbrrsuvp os ‘ur Lommonwral‘uB c‘ was s’sprndrd vn
1aaa, as‘rr arnrral krrffrz g’suarras srvzrd powrr vn a
mvlv‘ary co’pB avncr ‘urn kakvs‘an uas brrn a sron‘Alvnr
s‘a‘r vn ca krrsvdrn‘ arortr sB h’su’s drclarrd war on
‘rrror, b’‘ ‘ur Lommonwral‘u arcrr‘aryAarnrral Mon
gcTvnnon savd ‘ua‘ ‘ur drcvsvon ‘o rrAadmv‘ kakvs‘an uad
brrn ‘akrn brca’sr os v‘s protrrss ‘owards drmocracyB’
u‘‘pMCCnrwsBbbcBcoB’kCDCuvCso’‘uasvaC979a:D1Bs‘m

9
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vnffolffrd vn plannvnt ‘ur s‘r’c‘’rr os ‘ur s’‘’rr wovn‘
srrffvcr ol, sor savlvnt ‘o rrcommrnd ‘ua‘ a par‘vc’lar
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s’sprc‘s wrrr arrrs‘rd and uandrd offrr ‘o ‘ur cnv‘rd
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rrlvtvoApolv‘vcal saffatrs vmprvsonrd, somr commrn‘a‘ors
and analys‘s, rffrn vn ‘ur ca toffrrnmrn‘, srrmrd ‘o br
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‘rrrorvs‘sB
c‘ wo’ld br s‘rantr vs a man wuo uas s’rffvffrd a‘ lras‘
nvnr assassvna‘von plans or a‘‘rmp‘s wrrr no‘ anxvo’s ‘o
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domrs‘vc and sorrvtn ‘rrrorvs‘s vn kakvs‘an vs no‘ soc’srd
solrly on m’rdrrvnt v‘s krrsvdrn‘, and ‘urrr arr o‘urr
rrasons sor ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ ‘o wan‘ ‘o co’n‘rr ‘urmB bur
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rffvl, and rq’a‘r modrra‘r toffrrnancr vn kakvs‘an wv‘u
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onr os Ysama bvn tadrn’s dva‘rvbrs vn arp‘rmbrr D667 ur
callrd on kakvs‘anvs ‘o ‘rrbrl atavns‘ ‘ur apos‘a‘r’
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lv‘rrally – atavns‘ all vnfidrls, and srnvor army officrrs arr
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kakvs‘an vs ‘o rnco’ratr ’nrrs‘ ‘o ‘ur povn‘ ‘ua‘ soldvrrs
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ordrr ‘o s’bwrc‘ kakvs‘an ‘o a q’asvArrlvtvo’s rrtvmr os
a’‘ocracy vn wuvcu ‘urrr wo’ld br nrv‘urr compassvon nor
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lvkr rrprrsrn‘ all ‘ua‘ ‘ury arr dr‘rrmvnrd ‘o drs‘royB ovs
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and nor do ‘ur rrlvtvo’s rx‘rrmvs‘s wuo s’ppor‘ ‘urmB
cn d’ly D665 g’suarras ordrrrd drpor‘a‘von os sorrvtnrrs
a‘‘rndvnt rrlvtvo’s collrtrs brca’sr ‘ursr can br ‘mvs’srd
sor rx‘rrmvsm’B h’‘ ur was promp‘ly crv‘vcvzrd
vn‘rrna‘vonally sor dovnt ‘oo lv‘‘lr, ‘oo la‘r, ‘o co’n‘rr ‘ur
sprrad os mvlv‘an‘ cslam, wuvcu vs almos‘ ’ndrnvablr, and
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srs‘rrn dvc‘a‘rs and br‘rayvnt uvs co’n‘ry’s rrlvtvonB or
was vn onr cornrr os a boxvnt rvntB trapvnt o’‘ os ‘ur
o‘urrs wrrr ‘ur ‘rrrorvs‘s, ‘urvr bvto‘rd ‘urocra‘vc
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land a kvllrr p’ncuB
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‘ur army, was ‘ryvnt ‘o acuvrffr a balancr br‘wrrn uvs
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cslam (wuvcu ‘ur ‘urocra‘s consvdrr a nonAsrq’v‘’r0, and
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‘urvr uvtuly srlrc‘vffr vn‘rrprr‘a‘von os cslam as ‘ur solr
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cslamvc zralo‘s ’sr ‘urvr sav‘u as bo‘u ‘ool and w’s‘vfica‘von
sor ‘urvr assa’l‘s on laws and c’s‘oms basrd on srs‘rrn
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ffvolrncr vs por‘rayrd as ‘ur vnrffv‘ablr consrq’rncr os
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‘ur b’svnrss comm’nv‘y, ‘o rmbracr srffrn‘uAcrn‘’ry
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ursv‘an‘ rrsponsrs ‘o rx‘rrmvs‘s’ proffoca‘vonB cn D666A5
‘ur army apprarrd lartrly con‘rn‘ wv‘u g’suarras’s
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vncvdrn‘s ‘ua‘ vndvca‘rd a dvs‘’rbvnt ‘rrnd away srom
rnlvtu‘rnmrn‘B
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polv‘vcvan and urad os ‘ur damaa‘ArAcslamv par‘y, wuo uas
co’r‘rd arrrs‘ by vncrrasvnt ‘ur vn‘rnsv‘y os uvs rur‘orvcB
or rndorsrs ‘ur balvban’s mvlv‘an‘ rrs’rtrncr vn
Astuanvs‘an and a‘‘acks srs‘rrn and rsprcvally ca
vnfl’rncr (al‘uo’tu ‘wo os uvs sons arr caAlMcLAblM, onr
os ‘urm an Amrrvcan cv‘vzrn0, and vs vmplacably opposrd ‘o
g’suarras’s atrnda os an‘vA‘rrrorvsm and rnlvtu‘rnrd
cslamB oypocrv‘r or no‘, ur vs a dantrro’s drmatot’rB bur
toffrrnmrn‘ ordrrrd ‘ur arrrs‘ os somr C66 s’sprc‘rd
cslamvc mvlv‘an‘s vn d’ly D665 b’‘ ‘ur s’bsrq’rn‘ call by
lazv o’ssavn sor cvffvl dvsobrdvrncr ‘o pro‘rs‘ a ‘tlobal
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rnco’ratvnt svtn, as wrrr ‘ur A’t’s‘ D665 local rlrc‘vons
brca’sr, al‘uo’tu ‘ury wrrr vn ‘urory nonpolv‘vcal, many os
‘ur morr rabvd os ‘ur ggA’s s’ppor‘rrs savlrd ‘o wvn ffo‘rsB
c‘ s‘vll urld svx‘yAsrffrn os ‘ur Na‘vonal Assrmbly’s 9:D
sra‘s, srom ‘ur D66D na‘vonal rlrc‘vons, b’‘ v‘ srrmrd ‘ua‘
lazv and uvs vlk mvtu‘ br losvnt pop’lar appralB
bur ‘rs‘ sor any toffrrnmrn‘ vn kakvs‘an wo’ld br ‘ur
arrrs‘ os ‘lazv aauvb’ or o‘urr promvnrn‘ rrlvtvo’s lradrrs
wuo oprnly s’ppor‘ ‘rrrorvsmB bur ggA uas so’tu‘
consron‘a‘von, and al‘uo’tu v‘ apprarrd g’suarras mvtu‘
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pvnvon ‘ua‘ vmprllrd ‘ur s‘rrl’, vn ‘ua‘ vn D66D ur rndorsrd
‘ur rlrc‘von rffor‘s os ‘ur rrlvtvo’s crackpo‘s vn ‘ur
vn‘rrrs‘s os svdrlvnvnt ‘ur ‘wo mavns‘rram polv‘vcal par‘vrsB
bur rrs’l‘s wrrr no‘ wuolly ca‘as‘ropuvc sor ‘ur co’n‘ry,
b’‘ ‘ury taffr lazv and uvs s’ppor‘rrs confidrncr ‘ua‘ ‘ury
co’ld flrx ‘ur rrlvtvo’s m’sclr ‘ua‘ was firs‘ tvffrn ‘urm by
Z’lfiqar Alv hu’‘‘o wuo c’l‘vffa‘rd ‘urm ‘o ‘ur rx‘rn‘ os
sorbvddvnt alcouol (an ac‘ os rvdvc’lo’s u’mb’t by a
aco‘cuAbvbbvnt srs‘rrnvsrd sopuvs‘vca‘r0, and Zva ’l oaq
wuo c’l‘vffa‘rd ‘urm brca’sr ur was uvmsrls os svmvlar
prrs’asvonB h’‘ g’suarras rntvnrrrrd uvmsrls vn‘o a
prc’lvar posv‘von os srmvAallvancr wv‘u ‘ur sor‘ os proplr
wuo wrrr and rrmavn rn‘vrrly opposrd ‘o uvs atrnda sor
‘ur co’n‘ryB
g’suarras uad a prrssvnt prrsonal vn‘rrrs‘ sorcrd ’pon
uvmM ur uad ‘o drs‘roy ‘rrrorvs‘s lrs‘ ‘ury tr‘ uvm firs‘B h’‘
uvs domrs‘vc consvdrra‘vons, no‘ lras‘ uvs own polv‘vcal
s’rffvffal, madr v‘ vnadffvsablr sor uvm ‘o moffr as sas‘ as uvs
srs‘rrn dr‘rac‘ors drmandrd vn uvs campavtn atavns‘
cslamvc mvlv‘ancyB svdrly p’blvcvzrd sorrvtn crv‘vcvsm os uvs
rffor‘s assvs‘rd uvs ’l‘raAcslamvc adffrrsarvrs wuvlr no‘
con‘rvb’‘vnt ‘o ‘urvr nr’‘ralvza‘vonB A poll vn arp‘rmbrr
D667 vndvca‘rd ‘ua‘ only 9C prr crn‘ os kakvs‘anvs
s’ppor‘rd g’suarras (a drama‘vc sl’mp wv‘uvn a yrar0,
wuvlr Ysama bvn tadrn’s approffal ra‘vnt was :A prr crn‘ –
and ‘ur poll dvd no‘ vncl’dr ‘ur ‘rvbal rrtvons os Nor‘u srs‘
Oron‘vrr kroffvncrB9 (As dvsc’ssrd brlow, la‘rr polls
vndvca‘rd s’r‘urr slvppatr vn g’suarras’s accrp‘abvlv‘yB0
bur mos‘ srnsv‘vffr sac‘or vs ‘ur army v‘srlsB d’s‘ uow sar
uas v‘ tonr vn rndorsvnt rx‘rrmvs‘ cslamH
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rrlvtvo’sly basrdB cndo’b‘rdly ‘urrr arr somr rrlvtvo’s
rx‘rrmvs‘s amont v‘s officrrs and soldvrrs, b’‘ ‘ur
promo‘von and srlrc‘von procrss srom colonrl ’p ‘o mawor
trnrral was closrly offrrsrrn by g’suarras, wuo rarrly
ffr‘ord an appovn‘mrn‘ and prrsrrrrd uvs s’bordvna‘rs ‘o
atrrr ‘ua‘ officrrs wuosr prvorv‘vrs crn‘rr on rrlvtvo’s
drffo‘von ra‘urr ‘uan prosrssvonal compr‘rncr suo’ld no‘
br pos‘rd ‘o posv‘vons vn wuvcu ‘ury mvtu‘ vnfl’rncr o‘urrsB
kromo‘vons os mawor trnrrals ‘o lvr’‘rnan‘ trnrral arr no‘
s’bwrc‘ ‘o a srlrc‘von board as s’cuM ‘ur army cuvrs spraks
wv‘u s’cu os uvs prvncvpal s‘aff officrrs as ur may carr ‘o
cons’l‘, ‘urn con‘ac‘s corps commandrrs sor ‘urvr ffvrwsB A
rr‘vrrd srnvor officrr ‘old mr vn arp‘rmbrr D667 ‘ua‘ ‘or
[g’suarrask uad a trvd madr o’‘ wv‘u Lorps Lommandrrs
lvs‘rd on onr svdr ffrr‘vcally, and uorvzon‘ally srffrral
col’mns vndvca‘vnt vnp’‘ (‘uvs c saw as a rrs’l‘ os srffrral
onrAonAonr dvsc’ssvons0B’ buvs vnsormal procrss apprars ‘o
uaffr workrd wrll rno’tu, as ‘urrr apprars ‘o uaffr brrn no
‘urrrA s‘ar officrr appovn‘rd wuosr rrlvtvo’s prac‘vcrs and
brlvrss co’ld br drscrvbrd as vmmodrra‘r and
’nrnlvtu‘rnrdB bury arr prrsrc‘ly tood g’slvms, b’‘ do no‘
srrk ‘o r’n ‘ur army on p’rrly rrlvtvo’s lvnrsB
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vmmodrra‘r, as wrll as brvnt s‘ar‘lvntly and somr‘vmrs
‘rrrvsyvntly ’nrnlvtu‘rnrd, rxvs‘s vn ‘ur Ordrrally
Admvnvs‘rrrd brvbal Arras and, vn sac‘, ‘uro’tuo’‘ m’cu os
Nor‘u srs‘ Oron‘vrr kroffvncrB bur ‘rvbrs arr ’ntoffrrnablr,
as ‘ury uaffr always brrn, b’‘ a dvsq’vr‘vnt drffrlopmrn‘
uas brrn ‘ur vncrrasr vn ‘ur powrr os clrrvcal ‘yran‘s (as
dvs‘vnc‘ srom ‘rvbal lradrrs wuosr pos‘s arr urld a‘ ‘ur wvll
os ‘ur maworv‘y0, wuvcu uas uad an adffrrsr rffrc‘ on ‘ur
moralr and rfficvrncy os army and Oron‘vrr Lorps ’nv‘s
rntatrd vn oprra‘vons vn ‘ur kroffvncrB burrr vs rffvdrncr
‘ua‘ somr soldvrrs uaffr brrn so vnfl’rncrd by rrlvtvosv‘y as
‘o uaffr do’b‘s abo’‘ ‘urvr brvnt rrtardrd as auaurrd vn
‘ur rffrn‘ os brvnt kvllrd vn conflvc‘ wv‘u srllow g’slvms
wuo arr urld (by rx‘rrmvs‘ clrrvcs0 ‘o br rntatrd vn
fitu‘vnt atavns‘ vnfidrlsB: buvs uas rrs’l‘rd vn vncvdrn‘s os
rrs’sal ‘o ‘akr par‘ vn oprra‘vons vn ‘ur ‘rvbal arras, wuvcu
vndvca‘r a srrvo’s malavsrB bur complrxv‘y os ‘ur ‘rvbal
sys‘rm, combvnrd wv‘u trow‘u vn vn‘rnsv‘y os rrlvtvo’s
srrffo’r and ‘ur anarcuvc sv‘’a‘von across ‘ur wrs‘rrn
bordrr, vs prrsrn‘vnt a cuallrntr ‘o ‘ur kakvs‘an Army ‘ua‘
v‘ vs findvnt dvffic’l‘ ‘o mrr‘B
Ynr rrffrla‘von vs ‘ua‘M

a‘a‘rmrn‘s [by ‘rrrorvs‘s cap‘’rrd d’rvnt an army

oprra‘vonk and [o‘urr so’rcrsk lrads ‘o onr
vnrffv‘ablr concl’svon, ‘ua‘ drrp vn ‘urvr urar‘s BBB
[somr os ‘urk ‘roops uaffr sympa‘uvrs sor
AlCbalvban wuo, vn ‘urvr prrcrp‘von arr fitu‘vnt a
uoly war atavns‘ nonAg’slvms now occ’pyvnt
Astuanvs‘anB buvs srrlvnt uas to‘ s’r‘urr vmpr‘’s
and s‘rrnt‘u brca’sr os ‘ur ca vnffasvon and
occ’pa‘von os craq and a par‘vsan approacu
‘owards ‘ur kalrs‘vnvan vss’rB krvn‘ and rlrc‘ronvc
mrdva, an‘vAca srn‘vmrn‘s amont ‘ur trnrral
p’blvc, bv‘‘rr crv‘vcvsm by opposv‘von lradrrs os o’r
toffrrnmrn‘’s polvcy rrtardvnt Astuanvs‘an [andk
s’ppor‘ ‘o ‘ur Loalv‘von (ca0 sorcrs vn comba‘vnt
‘rrrorvsm BBB and ‘ur an‘vAcslam propatanda by ‘ur
wrs‘, uaffr s’r‘urr rrvnsorcrd ‘ur prrcrp‘von os ‘ur
common man ‘ua‘ g’slvms all offrr ‘ur world arr
brvnt ffvc‘vmvsrdB bursr srrlvnts uaffr obffvo’sly BBB
prnr‘ra‘rd ‘ur rank and filr os ‘ur Army drspv‘r
o’r brs‘ rffor‘s ‘ua‘ wua‘rffrr wr arr dovnt vs vn
‘ur offrrall brs‘ vn‘rrrs‘s os ‘ur co’n‘ryB oaffvnt
vdrn‘vfird ‘uvs wraknrss, wr now nrrd ‘o apply all
 o’r command and lradrrsuvp skvlls ‘o rd’ca‘r o’r
‘roops on ‘ur lotvc and nrcrssv‘y os wua‘ wr arr
dovntB5

buvs vs dvs‘’rbvnt sor ‘ur army and ‘ur co’n‘ry, b’‘ a‘ lras‘
v‘ vs rralvzrd by ‘uosr vn posv‘vons os command ‘ua‘ a
problrm rxvs‘s, and v‘ vs apparrn‘ ‘ua‘ ac‘von uas brrn and
con‘vn’rs ‘o br ‘akrnB bur sac‘ rrmavns ‘ua‘ ‘ur vnfl’rncr
os malrffolrn‘ rrlvtvo’s sana‘vcs uas urld sway ‘o somr
rx‘rn‘, as ‘ury uaffr brrn ablr ‘o play on ‘ur srn‘vmrn‘s
and brlvrss os soldvrrs wuo arr no‘ vn an vn‘rllrc‘’al
posv‘von ‘o conso’nd or con‘radvc‘ ‘ur sprcvo’s
prrs’asvffrnrss os srmvArd’ca‘rd, rssrn‘vally barbarvc, b’‘
os‘rnsvbly drffo’‘ con mrnB

C tgNaa Ystaa ,tNT : rba tYTr aa d tNT halYoaa

lb Maa wZb Zas svsr rsar a caYs bt @ar[aa

Z[stbrl w[ll crbcZssl abbut Nrbat[sr
(
tord L’rzon, D6 d’ly 1a6:B

As vndvca‘rd vn Luap‘rr 5, svncr vndrprndrncr vn 1a:7

kakvs‘an’s toffrrnancr os ‘ur Ordrrally Admvnvs‘rrrd brvbal
Arras (OAbA0A vn Nor‘u srs‘ Oron‘vrr kroffvncr uas nrffrr
brrn complr‘r, and was cond’c‘rd rrlyvnt onM ‘ur ‘vmrA
‘rs‘rd hrv‘vsu ‘ac‘vcs os brvbrry (‘s’bsvdvrs’0N prrsonal
con‘ac‘ br‘wrrn toffrrnmrn‘ rrprrsrn‘a‘vffrs (‘ur kolv‘vcal
Atrn‘s0 and ‘rvbal rrprrsrn‘a‘vffrs (malvks0N ‘rvbal c’s‘om
and prrcrdrn‘ vn rrsolffvnt dvsp’‘rsN accrp‘ancr and
’ndrrs‘andvnt os cslam as an r‘uvcal sorcrN and ‘ur
’ndrrlyvnt ‘urra‘ os srffrrr p’nvsumrn‘ sor ‘ranstrrssvons
os ‘ur ancvrn‘ (1a610 and s‘vll rx‘an‘ Oron‘vrr Lrvmrs
Rrt’la‘vonB burrr wrrr so’r lartr arras alont ‘ur bordrr
wv‘u Astuanvs‘an vn wuvcu no mvlv‘ary prrsrncr uad rffrr
brrn rffrc‘rd ’n‘vl D661AD, and nrv‘urr ‘ur mvlv‘ary nor
ordvnary cv‘vzrns srom ‘ur rrs‘ os kakvs‘an wrrr wrlcomr
anywurrr vn ‘ur ‘rvbal landsB bury arr rffrn lrss wrlcomr
nowB
hrvnt kasu‘’ns, as arr ‘urvr co’n‘rrpar‘s offrr ‘ur
bordrr, ‘ur ‘rvbrs arr as r’‘ulrss wurn fitu‘vnt amont
‘urmsrlffrs as ‘ury arr a‘ comba‘vnt s‘rantrrs, and ‘urvr
par‘valv‘y sor mayurm and m’rdrr makrs ‘urm
’n‘r’s‘wor‘uy allvrs and barbarvcally dantrro’s rnrmvrsB7
A‘‘rmp‘s uaffr brrn madr sor drcadrs ‘o brvnt ‘ur ‘rvbrs
vn‘o mavns‘rram kakvs‘an, b’‘ vn many rrtvons ‘urvr
a‘‘v‘’dr uas brrn ’ncoAoprra‘vffrB Yn somr occasvons ‘ury
uaffr apprarrd ‘o atrrr ‘o road cons‘r’c‘von, sor rxamplr,
only ‘o obs‘r’c‘ prowrc‘s on ffarvo’s prr‘rx‘s oncr ‘ury
brtanB buvs uas by no mrans brrn ’nvffrrsal, and vn srffrral
Atrncvrs, no‘ably goumand and Yrakzav, ‘ur army
manatrd ‘o b’vld roads, scuools and clvnvcs vn D66DA: – b’‘
many os ‘ur scurmrs uaffr svncr brrn drs‘royrd brca’sr os
‘ur trowvnt vns’rrrc‘von vn OAbA and rffrn vn ‘ur soAcallrd
‘sr‘‘lrd arras’ os ‘ur proffvncrB
lnco’ratrmrn‘ os ‘rvbrsmrn ‘o wovn ‘ur army was
wrlcomr vn m’cu os OAbA as v‘ was an oppor‘’nv‘y sor
’nrmployrd yo’nt mrn ‘o makr a lvffvnt wv‘u ‘ur
oppor‘’nv‘y os prac‘vsvnt ffvolrncr, a wrllAn’r‘’rrd vnurrrn‘
skvllB Larr uad ‘o br ‘akrn vn appor‘vonvnt rrcr’v‘s ‘o ’nv‘s
sor rrasons os ‘rvbal rvffalrvrs (‘ur gaus’ds and sazvrs os
ao’‘u sazvrvs‘an Atrncy arr sorrffrr a‘ sr’d, sor rxamplr0,
and srw problrms wrrr rxprrvrncrdB Al‘uo’tu prrcvsr
fit’rrs arr no‘ officvally proffvdrd, v‘ srrms ‘ua‘ kasu‘’ns
amo’n‘ ‘o prruaps a fis‘u os rrt’lar army soldvrry, abo’‘
166,666 mrn, as a rrs’l‘ os rrcr’v‘vnt drvffrs svncr ‘ur
1a76sB (bur Oron‘vrr Lorps os A5,666 vn NsOk vs almos‘
rn‘vrrly kasu‘’nB0 h’‘ wurn mawor offrnsvffr oprra‘vons
brtan vn ‘ur ‘rvbal arras vn D66: ‘urrr wrrr somr vncvdrn‘s
os rrs’sal ‘o fitu‘ by kasu‘’n soldvrrs on ‘rvbal tro’ndsB
aomr la‘rr drffrlopmrn‘s wrrr dvsq’vr‘vnt, and vn D667
‘urrr wrrr morr vns‘ancrs os vndvscvplvnrB c‘ apprars ‘ua‘
rrl’c‘ancr ‘o rntatr mvlv‘an‘s vs no‘ basrd only on
dvsvnclvna‘von ‘o kvll srllow ‘rvbrsmrn, wuvcu wo’ld crra‘r
blood sr’ds, b’‘ s‘rms ‘o somr rx‘rn‘ srom an‘vpa‘uy
atavns‘ fitu‘vnt srllowAg’slvms, an a‘‘v‘’dr playrd on by
rx‘rrmvs‘sB Ano‘urr sac‘or vs ‘ur wvdrly urld brlvrs ‘ua‘ ‘ur
co’n‘rrAvns’rtrncy war vn OAbA (sor v‘ vs an allAo’‘ war, no‘
svmply an vncrrasr vn ‘ur ‘rmpo os oprra‘vons by mvlv‘an‘s
and ‘ur army0 vs no‘ brvnt cond’c‘rd on bruals os kakvs‘an
b’‘ vs watrd a‘ ‘ur brurs‘ os ‘ur cnv‘rd a‘a‘rsB buvs
prrcrp‘von vs rnco’ratrd by rrlvtvo’s lradrrs and also, vs
’nvn‘rn‘vonally, by sasuvnt‘on wuosr officvals uaffr on
co’n‘lrss occasvons p’blvcly rrb’krd kakvs‘an’s
toffrrnmrn‘ sor savlvnt, vn ‘urvr prrcrp‘von, ‘o rn‘rr
wuolrurar‘rdly vn‘o ‘ur ca ‘war on ‘rrror’B Rrcrn‘ ’nrrs‘
vn ‘ur ‘rvbal arras da‘rs srom ‘ur ‘vmr os ‘ur ca vnffasvon os
Astuanvs‘an, wuvcu was ‘ur brtvnnvnt os sasuvnt‘on’s
oprnArndrd, worldwvdr drvffr ‘o rradvca‘r g’slvm
rx‘rrmvs‘sB
 
ca mvlv‘ary ac‘von atavns‘ ‘ur balvban vn Astuanvs‘an brtan
vn la‘r D661B bur oprra‘von a‘ bora hora, closr ‘o ‘ur
bordrr wv‘u kakvs‘an, ‘ua‘ was mo’n‘rd vn ‘ur firs‘ wrrk os
Mrcrmbrr, was no‘ coAordvna‘rd wv‘u kakvs‘an, no ma‘‘rr
wua‘ mvtu‘ br clavmrd ‘o ‘ur con‘rary, and was a mvlv‘ary
nonsrnsrB bur ‘vny ca sorcr os abo’‘ sor‘y sprcval sorcrs
and LcA uraffvrs rrlvrd on brvbvnt Astuan mvlv‘va lradrrs
and ratAbat ‘rvbal tro’ps ‘o acuvrffr ‘ur obwrc‘vffr, wuvcu
was ‘o kvll or cap‘’rr Ysama bvn tadrnB cn rarly D667 a
srnvor mrmbrr os hrv‘avn’s arcrr‘ cn‘rllvtrncr arrffvcr ‘old
mr ur was closr ‘o bora hora, wurrr somr ‘wrn‘y os ‘ur
cT’s aprcval Avr arrffvcr ‘roops wrrr vnffolffrd, and
vndvca‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘urrr wrrr command and con‘rol problrms
d’rvnt ‘ur oprra‘vonBC Y‘urr vndrprndrn‘ rrpor‘s,
vncl’dvnt onr srom a mrmbrr os ‘ur aAa now vn cvffvlvan
rmploymrn‘ b’‘ s‘vll ’nablr ‘o sprak oprnly, arr sca‘uvnt
concrrnvnt offrrall dvrrc‘von os ‘ur ba‘‘lr vn wuvcu savl’rr,
vn ‘ur words os a sormrr LcA oprra‘vffr, aary hrrns‘rn, was
d’r ‘o ‘tack os flrxvbvlv‘y, lack os crra‘vffrnrss, a rrlvancr on
b’rra’cracy and doc‘rvnrB bua‘’s wua‘ v‘ wasB’a
arnrral bommy Oranks wro‘r on 1a Yc‘obrr D66: vn ‘ur
Nrw York bvmrs (drscrvbrd as ‘a mrmbrr os rr‘rrans sor
h’su’160 ‘ua‘ ‘kakvs‘anv ‘roops also proffvdrd svtnvfican‘
urlp [d’rvnt ‘ur bora hora oprra‘vonk – as many as 166,666
sralrd ‘ur bordrr and ro’ndrd ’p u’ndrrds os larda and
balvban fitu‘rrsB’ h’‘ on D7 Mrcrmbrr D661 gr Monald
R’mssrld uad savd ‘ua‘ ‘bury [kakvs‘ank m’s‘ uaffr srffrn or
rvtu‘, nvnr ba‘‘alvons alont ‘ur kakvs‘anAAstuan bordrr,
wuvcu vs clrarly a dr‘rrrrn‘ ‘o proplr ‘ryvnt ‘o comr across
– ‘ryvnt ‘o rscapr srom Astuanvs‘an,’ and ‘wr ‘ook c’s‘ody
os abo’‘ D6 proplr ‘’rnrd offrr ‘o ’s by kakvs‘anv
a’‘uorv‘vrsB bursr dr‘avnrrs arr now brvnt urld vn sacvlv‘vrs
a‘ TandauarB And ‘ua‘ brvnts ’s ‘o :5 ‘o‘al rvtu‘ now
balvban and Al larda prrsonnrl vn c’s‘odyB’11 bur bordrr
was no‘ ‘sralrd’ and ‘urrr wrrr no ‘u’ndrrds’ os fitu‘rrs
ro’ndrd ’pB
bur sac‘s arr ‘ua‘ on C Mrcrmbrr D661 ‘ur Mvrrc‘or
arnrral gvlv‘ary Yprra‘vons, gawor arnrral Asusaq
Tvyanv1D con‘ac‘rd srnvor commandrrs on ‘ur wrs‘rrn
bordrr and, accordvnt ‘o onr os ‘urm, ‘dvsc’ssrd ‘ur
vmplvca‘vons os coalv‘von sorcrs oprra‘von vn bora hora and
‘ur possvbvlv‘y os drployvnt o’r ‘roops vn ‘ur arras opposv‘r
‘ur bora hora go’n‘avnsB cn‘rrrs‘vntly, o’r coalv‘von
srvrnds uad no‘ vnsormrd ’s abo’‘ ‘urvr oprra‘von vn bora
hora and wr camr ‘o know abo’‘ v‘ ‘uro’tu ‘ur prrssB’
 cn spv‘r os uaffvnt no prvor knowlrdtr os ‘ur oprra‘von,
wv‘uvn ‘urrr days ‘ur kakvs‘an Army’s tc Lorps drployrd
5,666 soldvrrs alont ‘ur bordrr abo’‘ wuvcu gr R’mssrld
savd a‘ ‘ur ‘vmr vs ‘a lont bordrrB c‘’s a ffrry complvca‘rd
arra ‘o ‘ry ‘o sral, and ‘urrr’s w’s‘ svmply no way yo’ can
p’‘ a prrsrc‘ cork vn ‘ur bo‘‘lrB’19 bur problrm was lack os
coAordvna‘von br‘wrrn ca and kakvs‘anv sorcrs, and ‘uvs sr‘
‘ur ‘onr sor ‘ur yrars ‘o comrB bur rffrc‘ on ‘ur kakvs‘an
Army was complvca‘rdB arnvor s‘aff officrrs and
commandrrs uad a crr‘avn ’ndrrs‘andvnt sor ‘ur
vmprra‘vffrs os ‘urvr ca co’n‘rrpar‘s, vn ‘ua‘ ‘ury rralvzrd
‘ur nrrd sor src’rv‘y and ‘u’s concralmrn‘ os oprra‘vonal
dr‘avls, and apprrcva‘rd ‘ua‘ vn somr casrs ‘ur
rrq’vrrmrn‘s os srcrrcy co’ld offrrrvdr ‘ur nrrd ‘o proffvdr
sorrwarnvnt os moffrmrn‘s and mvssvon vn‘rn‘vonsB h’‘ on
‘ur tro’nd ‘uvs can lrad ‘o cons’svon and soAcallrd ‘srvrndly
firr’ fiascos vn addv‘von ‘o ‘ur kvllvnt os cvffvlvans, wuvcu vs a
mawor ca’sr os bv‘‘rr o’‘ratr vn kakvs‘an as a wuolr, b’‘
rsprcvally vn ‘ur Oron‘vrr – and vn ‘ur kakvs‘an Army and
Oron‘vrr LorpsB
Yn 19 dan’ary D66A, sor rxamplrM

A mvssvlr a‘‘ack on a rrsvdrn‘val compo’nd vn

nor‘uwrs‘ kakvs‘an nrar ‘ur Astuan bordrr [vn
hawa’rk kvllrd ’p ‘o 1C proplr, rrpor‘rdly
vncl’dvnt n’mrro’s womrn and cuvldrrnB aomr
rrpor‘s savd ‘ur dra‘u ‘oll was uvturr and
vncl’drd ’p ‘o onr dozrn cslamvc mvlv‘an‘sB
kakvs‘anv officvals and local wv‘nrssrs blamrd ‘ur
a‘‘ack on ca avr sorcrs, possvbly krrda‘or dronrs
‘ua‘ wrrr ‘artr‘vnt ‘op Al larda lradrr Ayman alA
Zawaurv, wuo was no‘ a‘ ‘ur scrnrB ca officvals
wo’ld no‘ confirm ca vnffolffrmrn‘B1:
Nrx‘ day ‘ur aa[ll T[mss carrvrd a pv‘uy rdv‘orval ‘ua‘
s’mmrd ‘uvnts ’pM

Yn dan’ary 7 [D66Ak, somr ‘roops os ‘ur caAlrd

coalv‘von sorcrs vn Astuanvs‘an crossrd offrr vn‘o
Nor‘u sazvrvs‘an and cond’c‘rd a srarcu
oprra‘von on kakvs‘anv ‘rrrv‘oryB bury arrrs‘rd ‘wo
‘rvbrsmrn and ‘ook ‘urm awayB [Yn 19 dan’aryk a
ca urlvcop‘rr also firrd on ‘ur uo’sr os a rrlvtvo’s
lradrr vn ‘ur arra, kvllvnt rvtu‘ ‘rvbrsmrn,
vncl’dvnt ‘wo womrn and a cuvldB Nvnr o‘urr
proplr wrrr wo’ndrd vn ‘ur firvntB sr arr now
vnsormrd ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an uas lodtrd a pro‘rs‘ wv‘u
‘ur ca toffrrnmrn‘ offrr ‘ur vncvdrn‘, ‘uo’tu wr
uaffr no vnsorma‘von abo’‘ uow ‘ur ca
toffrrnmrn‘ uas rrspondrd ‘o ‘ur pro‘rs‘ or wua‘
vn‘rrnal ac‘von, vs any, v‘ plans ‘o ‘akr wv‘u rrtard
‘o v‘s local commandrrs ‘o rns’rr ‘ua‘ ‘uvs sor‘ os
‘uvnt dorsn’‘ uapprn atavn BBB
a’cu vncvdrn‘s os Amrrvcan vn‘rrffrn‘von posr
problrms sor ‘wo rrasonsB Ovrs‘, arnrral krrffrz
g’suarras vs alrrady prrcarvo’sly balancrd on ‘ur
vss’r os mvlv‘ary oprra‘vons vn ‘ur brvbal ArrasB
bur polvcy vs drrply ’npop’lar vn kakvs‘an, no‘ w’s‘
amont ‘ur ‘rvbrsmrn os ‘ur NsOk b’‘ also amont
rr‘vrrd mvlv‘ary officvalsB arcond, uvs mavn rrason
sor drployvnt ‘roops ‘o ‘ur arra was ‘o rns’rr ‘ua‘
ca and caAlrd sorcrs dvd no‘ rn‘rr kakvs‘anv
‘rrrv‘ory vn p’rs’v‘ os balvban and Al larda
rlrmrn‘s wuo wrrr br‘‘rr lrs‘ ‘o br uandlrd by
‘ur kakvs‘anv mvlv‘aryB a’cu vncvdrn‘s ‘urrrsorr
srrffr ‘o wrakrn arnrral g’suarras’s posv‘von
rffrn wv‘uvn uvs own mvlv‘ary cons‘v‘’rncy and
 makr v‘ ‘ua‘ m’cu morr dvffic’l‘ sor uvm ‘o do ‘ur
wob ur vs s’pposrd ‘o doB15

A wrrk la‘rr krvmr gvnvs‘rr aua’ka‘ Azvz ‘old an

Amrrvcan rrpor‘rr ‘ua‘ ‘ur ca a‘‘ack vn ‘ur hawa’r Atrncy
was no‘ coAordvna‘rd wv‘u ‘ur kakvs‘anv toffrrnmrn‘ and
‘no‘ onr surrd os rffvdrncr’ uad brrn so’nd vndvca‘vnt ‘ua‘
any cslamvc mvlv‘an‘s uad brrn a‘ ‘ur sv‘r os ‘ur a‘‘ackB or
condrmnrd ‘ur vncvdrn‘ and callrd sor trra‘rr caAkakvs‘an
coAordvna‘vonB buvs was ‘ur s’r‘urs‘ ur co’ld to, b’‘ ‘ur
damatr uad brrn donrN and sor ffrry many proplr ‘ur
hawa’r ca‘as‘ropur rpv‘omvzrd all ‘ua‘ ‘ury dvslvkrd vn ‘ur
ac‘vons and a‘‘v‘’dr os ca sorcrs vn Astuanvs‘an and,
vndrrd, worldwvdrB M’rvnt my ffvsv‘s ‘o kakvs‘an vn D66A
srffrral army officrrs ‘old mr ‘ua‘ wua‘ ‘ury mos‘ obwrc‘rd
‘o was brvnt blamrd sor lack os ac‘von atavns‘ ‘mvscrran‘s’
on ‘ur Oron‘vrr wurn v‘ was obffvo’s ‘ur army was dovnt all
v‘ co’ld ‘o con‘avn ffvolrncr, ‘o ‘ur rx‘rn‘ os uaffvnt uad by
mvdAD66A offrr :66 soldvrrs and somr 966 Oron‘vrr Lorps
‘roops kvllrdB Ynr srnvor officrr was par‘vc’larly acvd abo’‘
‘ur a‘a‘r Mrpar‘mrn‘’s coAordvna‘or sor co’n‘rr ‘rrrorvsm,
ornry Lr’mp‘on, wuo a‘ a prrss consrrrncr vn Tab’l vn
gay uad savd, ‘oas kakvs‘an donr rno’tuH c ‘uvnk ‘ur
answrr vs noB c uaffr conffryrd ‘ua‘ ‘o ‘urm, o‘urr ca
officvals uaffr conffryrd ‘ua‘ ‘o ‘urmB’ ‘or’s ‘alkvnt
r’bbvsu,’ ‘ur kakvs‘anv officrr savdB ‘And wuy vs ur sayvnt
‘uvs sor‘ os ‘uvnt vn Tab’lH’ cronvcally, on ‘ur day ‘ua‘ gr
Lr’mp‘on drlvffrrrd uvs crv‘vcvsm, ‘mvlv‘an‘s vn Nor‘u
sazvrvs‘an dvs‘rvb’‘rd lraflr‘s con‘avnvnt an allrtrd
mrssatr srom Ysama bvn tadrn ’rtvnt g’slvms
rffrrywurrr ‘o avd vn ‘ur fitu‘ atavns‘ kakvs‘anv sorcrs vn
‘ur ‘rvbal arrasB’ ovs rxuor‘a‘vons may uaffr bornr sr’v‘ –
‘ury wrrr crr‘avnly tvffrn vmpr‘’s by ‘ur nrx‘ mvssvlr s‘rvkr
vn hawa’r, wuvcu ‘ook placr vn ‘ur rarly uo’rs os Yc‘obrr
D66A wurn ‘urrr orllfirrs drs‘royrd a madrassa a‘ Luvntav
ffvllatr, nrar ‘ur mavn ‘own, Tuar, and kvllrd rvtu‘yA‘urrr
proplr, all b’‘ ‘urrr os ‘urm atrd br‘wrrn fis‘rrn and ‘urvr
rarly ‘wrn‘vrsB1A Apparrn‘ly v‘ uad brrn ‘uo’tu‘ ‘ua‘
Ayman alAZawauvrv, savd ‘o br ‘ur uvturs‘Arankvnt mrmbrr
os alAlarda, was prrsrn‘, wuvcu ur was no‘, al‘uo’tu a
no‘ablr rrlvtvo’s fit’rr os ‘ur arra, a balvbanAs’ppor‘vnt
rabblrAro’svnt clrrvc callrd ga’lana tvaq’a‘, was kvllrd,
alont wv‘u uvs sonsB Ynr apparrn‘ ‘artr‘, ga’lana Oaqvr
g’uammad, was no‘ kvllrd vn ‘ur s‘rvkr, b’‘ ‘ur sollowvnt
day ur apprarrd a‘ a local rally and ’rtrd ‘mass s’vcvdr
a‘‘acks on kakvs‘anv sorcrs’, onr os wuvcu ‘ook a wrrk la‘rr
placr a‘ ‘ur k’nwab Rrtvmrn‘’s ‘ravnvnt crn‘rr a‘ Martav vn
nrvtubo’rvnt galakand dvs‘rvc‘, kvllvnt sor‘yA‘wo soldvrrs
and wo’ndvnt somr ‘wrn‘yB17 avncr ‘urn ‘urrr uaffr brrn
many vncvdrn‘s os s’vcvdr bombvnt, ‘ur mos‘ uorrvfic os
wuvcu wrrr ‘uosr ‘ua‘ kvllrd 1C6 proplr d’rvnt a
procrssvon urld by hrnazvr hu’‘‘o vn Taracuv ‘o crlrbra‘r
urr rr‘’rn ‘o kakvs‘an vn Yc‘obrr, and ‘ur assassvna‘von os
hu’‘‘o vn Rawalpvndv on D7 Mrcrmbrr D667, wurn ano‘urr
‘uvr‘y dvrdB1C
kakvs‘an uas a suor‘ uvs‘ory os s’vcvdr bombvnts, ‘ur firs‘
rrcordrd brvnt vn 1aa5 wurn an ltyp‘van cv‘vzrn ‘rvrd ‘o
drvffr a bombAladrn ‘r’ck vn‘o ‘ur ltyp‘van lmbassy
compo’nd vn cslamabadB burrr wrrr ‘wo s’vcvdr bombvnt
a‘‘acks vn D665, bo‘u os wuvcu wrrr ca’srd by ‘ur dvsp’‘r
br‘wrrn a’nnv and auva rx‘rrmvs‘s (mos‘ a’nnvs and auvas
tr‘ alont prrsrc‘ly wrll vn kakvs‘an, b’‘ ‘ur wvld mrn arr
always on ‘ur looko’‘ sor an oppor‘’nv‘y ‘o rnco’ratr
ua‘rrd by bombvnt or o‘urrwvsr m’rdrrvnt ‘uosr os ‘ur
dvffrrvnt prrs’asvon0B cn D66A ‘urrr wrrr svxM ‘wo auvaA
a’nnv, ‘ur o‘urrs avmrd a‘ ca and src’rv‘y sorcrs’ ‘artr‘sB
cn D667 ‘urrr wrrr offrr fis‘y, mos‘ os wuvcu dvrrc‘ly
‘artr‘rd mvlv‘ary sorcrs, rsprcvally compara‘vffrly sos‘
obwrc‘vffrs s’cu as b’s ‘ranspor‘ lvnkvnt rrsvdrn‘val arras ‘o
mvlv‘ary basrsB cn Rawalpvndv, vn Noffrmbrr, ‘urrr wrrr
a‘‘acks on curck pos‘s and b’srs ‘ua‘ kvllrd svx‘rrn proplr,
and on 16 Mrcrmbrr an avr sorcr scuool b’s a‘ Tamra,
closr ‘o cslamabad, was uv‘ by a s’vcvdr carAbombrr,
vnw’rvnt fiffr cuvldrrnB c‘ srrms lvkrly ‘ua‘ ‘ur hawa’r s‘rvkrs
uad a‘ lras‘ somr vnfl’rncr on ‘ur rx‘rrmvs‘s, and ‘ua‘ ‘ur
army’s ac‘von a‘ ‘ur tal gaswvd, ‘ur Rrd gosq’r, vn
cslamabad vn d’ly D667, wurn srffrn‘yA‘urrr armrd sana‘vcs
wrrr kvllrd vn an assa’l‘ by ‘ur aprcval arrffvcrs aro’p,
probably rnco’ratrd o‘urr bombrrsB Ynr paraAmvlv‘ary
soldvrr and ‘wo mrmbrrs os ‘ur aaa wrrr kvllrd vn ‘ur
co’rsr os ‘ur svrtr and ‘rn aaa d’rvnt ‘ur s‘ormvnt os ‘ur
mosq’r, wuvcu oprra‘von, con‘rary ‘o wvdrsprrad brlvrs,
was cond’c‘rd wv‘u admvrablr compr‘rncrB (cn ‘ur rvtu‘yA
room complrx ‘ur soldvrrs so’tu‘ ‘uro’tu a warrrn os
booby ‘raps coffrrrd by ‘ur firr os drdvca‘rd cslamvc
rrffol’‘vonarvrs sor offrr ‘uvr‘y uo’rs, and rrcrvffrd scan‘
pravsr vn ‘urvr own or any o‘urr mrdva, al‘uo’tu vn ‘ur
as‘rrma‘u ‘ur al larda fit’rr Ayman alAZawauvrv, wuo
callrd ‘ur oprra‘von ‘a dvr‘y drspvcablr crvmr’, rrcrvffrd
m’cu local and vn‘rrna‘vonal p’blvcv‘y sor uvs ‘vradr atavns‘
v‘B0
bur tal gaswvd was ‘ur firsdom os ‘wo bro‘urrs, Abd’l
Azvz and Abd’l Rasuvd auazv, bo‘u sana‘vcs wuosr rq’ally
crazy sa‘urr, ‘ur so’ndrr, was kvllrd by ’nknown t’nmrn a‘
‘ur mosq’r vn 1aaCB (cn many vn‘rrna‘vonal mrdva rrpor‘s v‘
was drclarrd wv‘u approprva‘r vn‘akrs os brra‘u ‘ua‘ ‘ur
mosq’r vs closr ‘o ‘ur uradq’ar‘rrs os ‘ur Mvrrc‘ora‘r os
cn‘rr arrffvcrs cn‘rllvtrncr, ‘ur cac, wv‘u wuvcu ortanvza‘von
almos‘ rffrry‘uvnt ffat’rly s’spvcvo’s vn ‘ur s’bcon‘vnrn‘ vs
lvnkrd by prrsrrffvd rrpor‘atrB1a c s’pposr cac ol vs vndrrd
savrly nrar ‘ur mosq’r, w’s‘ as vs rffrry o‘urr b’vldvnt vn
crn‘ral cslamabad, b’‘ c so’nd v‘ a lont and swra‘y walk
wurn c ‘rvrd ‘o ffrrvsy ‘ur clavmB0 Abd’l Azvz ‘rs‘rd ‘ur
wa‘rrs by anno’ncvnt vn D66: ‘ua‘ kakvs‘an Army soldvrrs
kvllrd vn halocuvs‘an (uvs samvly vs halocu0 and sazvrvs‘an
suo’ld no‘ br b’rvrd accordvnt ‘o cslamvc c’s‘om, and uvs
cuallrntr wrn‘ ’nmr‘B ovs ’ncompromvsvnt consron‘a‘von
con‘vn’rd, b’‘ vn ‘ur vn‘rrrs‘s os no‘ rockvnt ‘ur boa‘ ‘ur
toffrrnmrn‘ drclvnrd ‘o arrrs‘ uvmB Yn 91 garcu D667 ur
taffr an ’l‘vma‘’m concrrnvnt auarva law – as ‘ur Mavly
bvmrs rrpor‘rdM ‘ga’lana Abd’l Azvz, ‘ur prayrr lradrr a‘
tal gaswvd and prvncvpal os damva oassa, on Orvday taffr ‘ur
toffrrnmrn‘ a wrrk’s dradlvnr ‘o “rnsorcr auarva” vn ‘ur
co’n‘ry, o‘urrwvsr “clrrvcs wvll cslamvsr socvr‘y
‘urmsrlffrs”B “cs ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ dors no‘ vmposr auarva
wv‘uvn a wrrk, wr wvll do v‘,” Azvz ‘old a ta‘urrvnt as‘rr
Orvday prayrrsB avmvlarly, ur taffr ‘ur cslamabad
admvnvs‘ra‘von a wrrk ‘o su’‘ down ‘bro‘urls’, o‘urrwvsr
‘srmvnary s‘’drn‘s wvll ‘akr ac‘von ‘urmsrlffrs’B ‘cs wr find
a woman wv‘u loosr morals, wr wvll prosrc’‘r urr vn tal
gaswvd,’ ur savdBD6 Ybffvo’sly ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ (and ‘ur
opposv‘von par‘vrs, sor cslamabad bro‘urls uaffr nrffrr uad
polv‘vcal or rffrn rrlvtvo’s barrvrrs0D1 co’ld no‘ prrmv‘ a
parallrl sys‘rm os q’asvAlrtal prosrc’‘von, b’‘ ‘ur sv‘’a‘von
srs‘rrrd ’n‘vl on 1C gay ga’lana Abd’l Azvz ‘urra‘rnrd
s’vcvdr a‘‘acks ‘uro’tuo’‘ ‘ur co’n‘ry and ‘urn a‘‘rmp‘rd
‘o rx‘rnd uvs vnfl’rncr by rnco’ratvnt drsrc‘vons srom ‘ur
polvcr, paraAmvlv‘ary sorcrs and ‘ur armyB bur crvsvs brtan
‘o comr ‘o a urad on 9 d’ly wurn ‘s‘’drn‘s’ vn ‘ur complrx
firrd on polvcr and ‘ur paraAmvlv‘ary kakvs‘an Rantrrs wuo
wrrr a‘‘rmp‘vnt ‘o mavn‘avn ordrr o’‘svdr ‘ur mosq’r, and
‘ook prvsonrr so’r polvcrmrn wuom ‘ury ‘or‘’rrdB surn v‘
apprarrd ‘ua‘ toffrrnmrn‘ rrac‘von wo’ld almos‘ crr‘avnly
vnffolffr sorcr, Abd’l Azvz drcvdrd ‘o lraffr ‘ur prrmvsrs,
wuvcu ur dvd drrssrd vn a b’rqaB As‘rr brvnt ’nffrvlrd, as v‘
wrrr, by a polvcrwoman, ur was suown ‘o br a coward and
a wokr, and mos‘ os ‘ur yo’nt malr and srmalr s‘’drn‘
ac‘vffvs‘s rrmavnvnt vn ‘ur mosq’r – somr 1,166 vn all –
drcvdrd ‘ury wo’ld also lraffr, wuvcu ‘ury dvd wv‘uo’‘
vncvdrn‘B ovs bro‘urr, Abd’l auazv, rrmavnrd vn ‘ur
complrx and ‘rvrd ‘o nrto‘va‘r uvs srrrdom, b’‘ uvs
drmands wrrr bo‘u mvna‘ory and rxcrssvffr, vnffolffvnt
prnsvons sor samvly mrmbrrs, pardon sor all vnffolffrd vn ‘ur
svrtr and uvs own sasr passatr ‘o an ’nsprcvfird co’n‘ryB
or was kvllrd vn ‘ur aaa a‘‘ack on 16C11 d’lyB
bu’s yr‘ ano‘urr rvs‘ was crra‘rd br‘wrrn mvlv‘ary (and
pa‘rvo‘vc, Lons‘v‘’‘vonal0 d’‘y as rxrmplvfird by wua‘ ‘ur
aaa dvd a‘ ‘ur tal gaswvd, and ‘ur normal loyal‘y any
g’slvm owrs ‘o uvs or urr rrlvtvonB Yn ‘ur onr uand ‘urrr
was a tro’p os sana‘vcs dr‘rrmvnrd ‘o s’bffrr‘ and drs‘roy
‘ur laws os ‘ur land, and on ‘ur o‘urr ‘ur maworv‘y os ‘ur
proplr os kakvs‘an wuo wvsu only ‘o br ablr ‘o tr‘ on wv‘u
‘urvr lvffrs ’nuvndrrrd by srlsArvtu‘ro’s ‘u’ts wuosr uvtuly
prrsonal and s’prrmrly srlrc‘vffr vn‘rrprr‘a‘vons os ‘ur
word os aod can br accrp‘rd vn nrv‘urr vn‘rllrc‘’ally
analy‘vcal ‘rrms nor vn prac‘vcal, commonAsrnsr, dayA‘oAday
lvffvntB bur proplr os kakvs‘an wrrr (and arr0 cons’srd
abo’‘ ‘urvr rrlvtvo’s lradrrs, wuo ‘ury uaffr brrn rrarrd ‘o
rrsprc‘N b’‘ somr os ‘urm ‘akr adffan‘atr os vtnorancr –
‘ur wrapon os rrlvtvo’s bvto‘s ‘uro’tuo’‘ ‘ur mvllrnnva – ‘o
p’rffry ‘urvr own srlsAsrrffvnt rxplana‘vons os ‘ur l’ran and
‘ur oadv‘uBDD bur army vs vn ‘ur mvddlr, brvnt assavlrd by
wvldAryrd p’lpv‘Abasurrs wuvlr a‘‘rmp‘vnt ‘o abvdr by
‘rnlvtu‘rnrd modrra‘von’ as rspo’srd by ‘urvr cuvrs
(arnrral Tvyanv’s ffvrws arr svmvlar ‘o ‘uosr os krrsvdrn‘
g’suarras0B And a mawor consrq’rncr apprars ‘o uaffr
brrn ‘ur s‘rrp rvsr vn s’vcvdr a‘‘acks sprcvfically dvrrc‘rd
atavns‘ army ‘artr‘sB
 
A crn‘ral fit’rr vn ‘ur ‘rvbal arras vs ‘ur aoffrrnor os Nor‘u
srs‘ Oron‘vrr kroffvncr, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral (Rr‘vrrd0 Alv
dan gouammad A’rakzav, wuo was Lorps Lommandrr vn
krsuawar srom D666 ‘o D66:B As‘rr rr‘vrrmrn‘ (and a
prrvod as Mvrrc‘or Mrsrncr krod’c‘von0 ur was appovn‘rd
aoffrrnor vn D66AB M’rvnt uvs ‘rn’rr as cuvrs mvlv‘ary
officrr vn ‘ur kroffvncr ur ’srd uvs vnfl’rncr ‘o brvnt ‘o ‘ur
‘rvbrs ‘o nrto‘va‘vons, ’svnt ‘ur classvc j[rYa,‘ur srmvA
sormal ta‘urrvnt os ‘rvbal rldrrs, ‘o assrss trnrral srrlvnts
and ‘akr all n’ancrs vn‘o acco’n‘ wurn rracuvnt drcvsvons,
or – as vs morr ’s’al – trn‘ly vndvca‘vnt ‘o ‘ur ‘rvbrs ‘ua‘
no‘uvnt can br donr wv‘uo’‘ ‘urvr combvnrd atrrrmrn‘
concrrnvnt s’‘’rr ac‘vonB A skvls’l nrto‘va‘or s’cu as Alv
A’rakzav wvll rffrn prrs’adr uvs vn‘rrloc’‘ors ‘ua‘ ‘ur
rn‘vrr vdra sor vmproffrmrn‘s ac‘’ally camr srom ‘urm, and
‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ was wav‘vnt only on ‘urvr rs‘rrmrd
approffal ‘o br allowrd ‘o con‘vn’rB
Lrr‘avnly, Alv A’rakzav s‘ood on somr srnsv‘vffr ‘ors wurn
ur was mvlv‘ary commandrrB bur ‘urn aoffrrnor co’ld no‘
rxprc‘ ‘o accrp‘ lvtu‘ly wua‘ was, as‘rr all, a drtrrr os
vn‘rrsrrrncr vn uvs prrrota‘vffrsB h’‘ v‘ m’s‘ also br savd
‘ua‘ A’rakzav, uvmsrls a ‘rvbal, born and bro’tu‘ ’p vn ‘ur
Yrakzav Atrncy vn a uamlr‘ mvlrs srom cvffvlvza‘von, was ‘ur
rvtu‘ man a‘ ‘ur rvtu‘ ‘vmr sor ‘ur wob, and ‘ua‘ by mrans
os drs‘ prrs’asvon ur s’ccrrdrd vn calmvnt ‘ur srrffo’r os
‘ur wvld mrn wuo rrsvs‘ on prvncvplr any vn‘r’svon srom ‘ur
sr‘‘lrd arrasB ovs rxprr‘vsr vn ‘rvbal affavrs and uvs rappor‘
wv‘u rffrn ‘ur mos‘ rrcalcv‘ran‘ os ‘rvbal maffrrvcks uas
brrn vnffal’ablr, b’‘ v‘ srrms ‘ua‘ rffrry ‘vmr ur madr a
tavn ‘urrr wo’ld br an vncvdrn‘ ‘ua‘ wo’ld sr‘ back uvs
adffancr ‘o somr drtrrrBD9
cn D665 and D66A ‘urrr wrrr a‘ lras‘ ‘urrr vncvdrn‘s os
kvdnappvnt os Oron‘vrr Lorps soldvrrs by ‘rvbrsmrn, wuvcu
wrrr rssrn‘vally parocuval affavrs – al‘uo’tu srrvo’s rno’tu
sor ‘ur ffvc‘vms wuo s’ffrrrd prvffa‘von and rffrn dra‘uB h’‘
a‘ ‘ur rnd os A’t’s‘ D667 camr a m’cu traffrr rpvsodr, vn
wuvcu offrr D66 soldvrrs and paraAmvlv‘ary ‘roops, vncl’dvnt
a lvr’‘rnan‘ colonrl and nvnr o‘urr officrrs, wrrr ‘akrn
cap‘vffr by mvlv‘an‘s nrar sana ‘ownsuvp vn ao’‘u
sazvrvs‘an AtrncyB bury wrrr rrlrasrd on : Noffrmbrr
sollowvnt a rrcvprocal srrrvnt os somr ‘wrn‘yAfiffr conffvc‘rd
‘rvbal ‘rrrorvs‘sB bur affavr was dvs‘’rbvnt sor ‘ur army and
‘ur co’n‘ry, rsprcvally as ‘ur rrbrls uad m’rdrrrd ‘urrr
soldvrrs, b’‘ g’suarras rrac‘rd vn an ’nrxprc‘rdly lavdA
back sasuvon and prrmv‘‘rd ‘ur drama ‘o r’n v‘s co’rsr
wuvcu rndrd vn ‘ur ’s’al ‘rvbal way, wv‘u concrssvons on
bo‘u svdrsB cn almos‘ all srs‘rrn ryrs ‘uvs compromvsr was
srrn as craffrn s’bmvssvon ‘o ‘ur dvc‘a‘rs os crvmvnals, and
vn ‘rnr‘s os srs‘rrnAs‘ylr law ‘urrr vs vndrrd no admvssvon
os s’cu an adffancrd s‘ylr os plraAbartavnvntB c‘ canno‘ br
rxprc‘rd ‘ua‘ ‘ur prac‘vsr os nrto‘va‘von wvll br rndorsrd
by kakvs‘an’s crv‘vcs, or rffrn by ‘uosr many kakvs‘anvs wuo
consvdrr ‘ur ‘rvbal rrtvons ‘o br as sorrvtn as any ao’‘u
ara vslandB h’‘ v‘ vs ‘ur way os ‘ur rrtvon, and al‘uo’tu v‘
may s‘okr ’p ‘ro’blr sor ‘ur s’‘’rr, v‘ vs wrll ‘o consvdrr
wua‘ co’ld uaffr uapprnrd vn ‘uvs and o‘urr vns‘ancrs os
‘rvbal lawlrssnrssB Atavn, uowrffrr, v‘ was ‘ur army vn ‘ur
mvddlr, and v‘ vs ‘ur army’s suo’ldrrs ‘ua‘ wvll brar ‘ur
wrvtu‘ os crv‘vcvsm srom srvrnd and sor alvkrB Oor‘’na‘rly,
‘ur suo’ldrrs arr broadB
 
A D667 poll vn Noffrmbrr (1aADC0, rrlrasrd on 19
Mrcrmbrr,D: so’nd ‘ua‘M

bur kakvs‘an Army uas lont brrn ‘ur mos‘

rrsprc‘rd vns‘v‘’‘von vn ‘ur co’n‘ryN vn cRc’s firs‘
srw polls [fiffr vn D66AA7k v‘s saffo’rabvlv‘y ra‘vnt
was consvs‘rn‘ly a‘ ‘ur C6 prrcrn‘ lrffrlB cn ‘ur las‘
poll, uowrffrr, ‘ur Army’s ra‘vnt dropprd 16 povn‘s
‘o 76 prrcrn‘ and slvpprd ‘o ‘uvrd bruvnd ‘ur
mrdva and ‘ur co’r‘sB cn ‘uvs poll, ‘ur Army
dropprd 15 prrcrn‘atr povn‘s ‘o a ra‘vnt os 55
prrcrn‘B bur mrdva rrmavnrd on ‘op wv‘u 7C
prrcrn‘B bur drop vn ‘ur Army’s prrs‘vtr vs lvkrly
d’r ‘o ‘ur ’npop’larv‘y os g’suarrasB surn
 kakvs‘anvs wrrr askrd vs ‘ur prrsormancr os
g’suarras affrc‘rd ‘urvr opvnvon os ‘ur Army, 91
prrcrn‘ savd ‘ua‘ ‘ury now uad a uvturr opvnvon
d’r ‘o uvs ac‘vons and D6 prrcrn‘ savd ‘ua‘ ‘urvr
opvnvon uad no‘ cuantrd, wuvlr a pl’ralv‘y os :1
prrcrn‘ savd ‘ua‘ g’suarras’s prrsormancr ca’srd
‘urm ‘o now uaffr a lowrr opvnvon os ‘ur ArmyB

and ‘ua‘M

ro‘rrs also rxprrssrd concrrn rrtardvnt rvsvnt

cslamvc s’ndamrn‘alvsmN AA prrcrn‘ atrrrd ‘ua‘
rrlvtvo’s rx‘rrmvsm was a srrvo’s problrm vn
kakvs‘anB O’r‘urr, A9 prrcrn‘ savd ‘ua‘ ‘ur balvban
and Al lavda oprra‘vnt vn ‘ur co’n‘ry was also a
srrvo’s concrrnB oowrffrr, only :6 prrcrn‘ os
kakvs‘anvs s’ppor‘rd ‘ur Army oprra‘vons vn
NsOk and brvbal Arras and w’s‘ 15 prrcrn‘ srl‘
‘ua‘ kakvs‘an suo’ld cooprra‘r wv‘u ‘ur cnv‘rd
a‘a‘rs vn v‘s sar on brrrorB Ovnally, rrspondrn‘s
rxprrssrd a drsvrr sor ‘ur srpara‘von os mvlv‘ary
and s‘a‘rN 5A prrcrn‘ atrrrd ‘ua‘ ‘ur Army suo’ld
no‘ play a rolr vn cvffvlvan toffrrnmrn‘ and 7:
prrcrn‘ savd ‘ua‘ g’suarras suo’ld rrsvtn as
Army Luvrs os a‘affB [suvcu ur uad donr by ‘ur
‘vmr ‘ur poll rndrdBk

bur army vs vn a dvffic’l‘ sv‘’a‘von, and ‘ur mos‘ cons’svnt

vndvca‘or vs ‘ur sac‘ ‘ua‘ al‘uo’tu so many proplr arr
worrvrd abo’‘ ‘ur balvban and alAlarda, so srw s’ppor‘ ‘ur
army’s co’n‘rrA‘rrrorvsm oprra‘vons vn ‘ur ‘rvbal arrasB All
‘ua‘ ‘ur army can do vs mavn‘avn v‘s loyal obrdvrncr ‘o
cvffvlvan toffrrnmrn‘, no ma‘‘rr vs v‘ vs lrd by ‘uosr proffrn ‘o
uaffr brrn corr’p‘ and vnrp‘ vn sormrr yrarsB (bur m’rdrr
os hrnazvr hu’‘‘o vn Mrcrmbrr D667 srrffrd no‘ only ‘o
crra‘r rffrn s’r‘urr cuaos vn ‘ur co’n‘ry b’‘ cons’srd ‘ur
polv‘vcal scrnr, ‘urrr brvnt no o‘urr fit’rr os na‘vonal
s‘andvnt vn urr par‘y, saffr sor ‘ur barrvs‘rr Av‘zaz Ausan
wuo, ’nsor‘’na‘rly, was svdrlvnrd by ‘ur slvtu‘ly
’ndrmocra‘vc passatr os par‘y lradrrsuvp by vnurrv‘ancrB0
A cvffvlvan toffrrnmrn‘ vs rssrn‘val sor kakvs‘an, rffrn vs v‘s
lvkrly vncompr‘rncr wvll rrs’l‘ vn dvsr’p‘von vn ‘ur
(compara‘vffrly0 suor‘ ‘rrmN b’‘ ‘urrr suo’ld br no
condv‘vonalv‘y vn ‘ur mannrr vn wuvcu ‘ur army carrvrs o’‘
v‘s d’‘vrs as rrq’vrrd by rlrc‘rd cvffvlvan lradrrsB bur army
m’s‘ also s‘rvffr ‘o rradvca‘r rrlvtvo’s rx‘rrmvsm, uowrffrr
lvmv‘rd ‘ua‘ may br, srom v‘s ranksB
c do no‘ adffoca‘r a src’lar army, any morr ‘uan c wo’ld
br so prrs’mp‘’o’s as ‘o proposr a src’lar kakvs‘anB c do,
uowrffrr, s’ttrs‘ ‘ua‘ ‘ur Army os kakvs‘an suo’ld uaffr no
rrlvtvo’s vnfl’rncr on socvr‘y, and ‘ua‘ v‘ suo’ld uaffr no
cas‘vnt ffo‘r vn toffrrnancr os ‘ur co’n‘ryB c‘ uas uals a
mvllvon ffo‘rrs vn v‘s ranksB tr‘ ‘urm br v‘s con‘rvb’‘von ‘o
drmocracyB

N btTs
1
arr, sor rxamplr, hrrunrr, tvonrl, ‘g’suarras’s balvban
kroblrm’, Lo’ncvl on Oorrvtn Rrla‘vons, 11 arp‘rmbrr
D66AB u‘‘pMCCwwwBcsrBortCp’blvca‘vonC11:61C

D
duarr[aa(cT0, D6 arp‘rmbrr D667B
u‘‘pMCCwwwBt’ardvanBcoB’kCalqavdaCs‘oryC6„D179671,66Bu‘
ml

9
 A s’r‘urr poll, vn Noffrmbrr, so’nd ‘ua‘ A7 prr crn‘ os ‘ur
pop’la‘von wan‘rd g’suarras ‘o rrsvtn (gos‘ san‘
g’suarras ‘o l’v‘0, u‘‘pMCCwwwBwasuvnt‘onpos‘BcomCwpA
dynCcon‘rn‘Car‘vclrCD667C1DC19CARD6671D196676DBu‘mlB
bur lsw Ybrk T[mss uad ‘ur samr uradlvnr and coffrratr,
b’‘ as ‘ur hhL povn‘rd o’‘
(u‘‘pMCCnrwsBbbcBcoB’kCDCuvCso’‘ulasvaC71:1a11Bs‘m0, ‘bur
hhL’s dvll gcavffrrvnt vn cslamabad says ‘ua‘ ‘uvs snapsuo‘
os opvnvon vs alrrady slvtu‘ly o’‘ os da‘rB bur opvnvons
wrrr samplrd vn Noffrmbrr – as‘rr ‘ur vmposv‘von os ‘ur
s‘a‘r os rmrrtrncy – b’‘ brsorr krrsvdrn‘ g’suarras ‘ook
o‘urr vmpor‘an‘ s‘rps s’cu as s‘andvnt down as urad os
‘ur army and confirmvnt ‘ua‘ rlrc‘vons wo’ld to aurad vn
dan’aryB c‘ was also complr‘rd brsorr ur savd ‘ua‘ wo’ld
rnd ‘ur s‘a‘r os rmrrtrncy on 15 MrcrmbrrB’ cn spv‘r os
all ‘ur crv‘vcvsm os ‘ur hhL’s Yffrrsras arrffvcr, onr can
’s’ally rrly on v‘ ‘o coffrr all svdrs os a s‘oryB

:
krvffa‘r vnsorma‘von srom a n’mbrr os srnvor officrrs vn ‘ur
prrvod D66:A7B A auaurrd (o‘urrwvsr auauvd0 vs, lv‘rrally, a
mar‘yr wuo uas dvrd fitu‘vnt sor ‘ur sav‘uB ovs placr vn
karadvsr vs t’aran‘rrd and ur vs, wurn prac‘vcablr, b’rvrd
vn ‘ur clo‘urs vn wuvcu ur was kvllrd, ‘ur bloods‘avns
vndvca‘vnt uvs s‘a‘’sB

5
krvffa‘r vnsorma‘von, sor obffvo’s rrasonsB

A
bur Nor‘u srs‘ Oron‘vrr kroffvncr toffrrnmrn‘ uas an
rxcrllrn‘ drscrvp‘von os ‘ur rrtvon a‘
u‘‘pMCCwwwBsa‘aBtoffBpkCvndrxBpup

7
bur rvc‘orvan no‘von os ‘ur noblr saffatr vs rn‘vrrly
s’sprc‘, al‘uo’tu ‘ur srnsr os ‘uono’r’ vs crr‘avnly
apparrn‘B cn ‘ur 1aa6s c ‘raffrllrd rx‘rnsvffrly vn ‘ur ‘rvbal
arras wv‘uo’‘ vn‘rrsrrrncr, uaffvnt no morr ‘uan ffrrbal
ass’rancrs ‘ua‘ my sasr‘y wo’ld br t’aran‘rrdB avncr
D66D, uowrffrr, c uaffr no‘ carrd ‘o ‘akr ‘ur rvsk, as srrlvnt
vs s’cu ‘ua‘ any sorrvtnrr vs s’sprc‘rd os brvnt an
Amrrvcan and ‘u’s savr tamrB surn plannvnt a ffvsv‘ vn
D66A c ‘old an old srvrnd ‘ua‘ vs anyonr uad a suo‘ a‘ mr
‘ury wo’ld prrsorcr br vnffolffrd vn a blood sr’d wv‘u ‘ur
‘rvbr os ‘ur prrson c vn‘rndrd ‘o ffvsv‘B ‘And a sa‘ lo‘ os tood
‘ua‘ wo’ld do lbu,’ur savdB c ‘ook uvs adffvcrB

C
or ‘old mr morr, b’‘ c svtnrd ‘ur Yfficval arcrr‘s Ac‘ a
lont ‘vmr atoB avffrn ‘ur clvma‘r os wobswor‘u b’rra’cra‘vc
ffrntrancr ‘ua‘ applvrs vn hrv‘avn v‘ wo’ld br ’nwvsr ‘o
rlabora‘rB c was rrs’srd prrmvssvon by ‘ur cT gYM ‘o
drscrvbr ‘ur aAa vnffolffrmrn‘ wuvcu rrs’l‘rd, amont
o‘urr ‘uvnts, vn a mawor brvnt awardrd a gvlv‘ary LrossB
Abs’rdly, ‘ur cv‘a‘von vs classvfirdB bur officrr la‘rr
commandrd DD aAa Rrtvmrn‘ and uvs namr vs wrll knownB
bur obsrssvon wv‘u srcrrcy vs allAprrffasvffr, ’nural‘uy and
os‘rn rvdvc’lo’sB

a
cn‘rrffvrw wv‘u ‘ur ca k’blvc hroadcas‘vnt arrffvcr D6
dan’ary D66AB (bur hrv‘vsu so’rcr p’‘ v‘ a lv‘‘lr morr
p’ntrn‘lyB0
u‘‘pMCCwwwBpbsBortCwtbuCpatrsCsron‘lvnrCdarksvdrCvn‘rrffvr
wsCbrrn‘srnBu‘ml

16
lsw Ybrk T[mss,1a Yc‘obrr D66:,
u‘‘pMCCwwwBny‘vmrsBcomCD66:C16C1aCopvnvonC1asranksBu‘ml
B
11
LNN, D7 Mrcrmbrr D661, ‘Monald R’mssrld uolds Mrsrncr
hrvrfint’ [arnrral gyrrs, Luavrman os ‘ur dovn‘ Luvrss os
a‘aff also answrrrd q’rs‘vonskB
u‘‘pMCCrdv‘vonBcnnBcomCbRANaLRckbaC611DCD7CsrB6DBu‘ml

1D
ta‘rr Mvrrc‘or arnrral cn‘rr arrffvcrs cn‘rllvtrncr, ‘urn, vn
Yc‘obrr D667, rvcr Luvrs os Army a‘aff, and, on DC
Noffrmbrr D667, Luvrs os Army a‘affB

19
arrmavn, Maffvd, ‘a’rrrvlla sarsarr and ‘ur Amrrvcan
gvlv‘ary’
u‘‘pMCCwwwBma‘unrwsB’wa‘rrlooBcaCcss’rsCmnCC6CCnrwscl
vpsBpup

1:
aak[staa CZrbablbYl,Lontrrssvonal Rrsrarcu arrffvcr,
sasuvnt‘onB

15
u‘‘pMCCwwwBdavly‘vmrsBcomBpkCdrsa’l‘BaspH
patrdD66Aj61j1:js‘oryl1:A1AD66Alpt9l1

1A
arr TZs Mcbabm[st sor a balancrd rrpor‘M
u‘‘pMCCwwwBrconomvs‘BcomCdvsplays‘oryBcsmH
s‘orylvddC11D1A9N also a ffal’ablr s’mma‘von vn
abRAbOYR a‘
u‘‘pMCCwwwBs‘ra‘sorBcomCprod’c‘sCprrmv’mCrradlar‘vclrBpu
pHvddD7a9a7B burrr vs an vn‘rrrs‘vnt rxcuantr os ffvrws
by ‘rvbals and o‘urrs a‘ ‘ur blot
u‘‘pMCCwwwBkuybrrwa‘cuBcomCsor’msCarcuvffrCvndrxBpup7‘A
::5Bu‘ml , and tood coffrr by TZs lsws (kakvs‘an0 a‘ ‘ur
‘vmr, u‘‘pMCCwwwB‘urnrwsBcomBpkC‘opls‘oryldr‘avlBaspH
cdd9a:5B

17
duarr[aa, a Noffrmbrr
u‘‘pMCCwwwBt’ardvanBcoB’kCpakvs‘anCa‘oryC6,,1a:Da1:,66Bu
‘mlB c‘s rrtvonal rrpor‘rr, Mrclan salsu, vs admvrably
acc’ra‘r and rrlvablr, as vs ‘ur aa[ll TslsYracZ’s
rrprrsrn‘a‘vffr, csambard svlkvnsonB bur TslsYracZ,
uowrffrr, vs somrwua‘ srlrc‘vffr abo’‘ p’blvsuvnt ma‘rrval
concrrnvnt craq, Astuanvs‘an and kakvs‘anB

1C
cn Taracuv ‘ur toffrrnmrn‘ proffvdrd src’rv‘y prrca’‘vons
on ‘ur samr lvnrs as tvffrn ‘o any rck caffalcadr, a sac‘ no‘
rrpor‘rd by ‘ur mrdvaB burrr wrrr wammvnt drffvcrs a‘
ff’lnrrablr povn‘s, and an armo’rrd passrntrr ffruvclr was
s’pplvrd srom ‘ur Taracuv poolB burrr arr conflvc‘vnt
ffrrsvons os rffrn‘s vn Rawalpvndv, and v‘ vs no‘ known vs
prrca’‘vons wrrr svmvlar ‘o ‘uosr vn TaracuvB orr ffruvclr
was blas‘Aproos, b’‘ sur cuosr ‘o s‘and ’p ‘uro’tu ‘ur
roosB No ma‘‘rr wua‘ anyonr mvtu‘ ‘uvnk or say abo’‘
hrnazvr hu’‘‘o – and c am amont ‘ur many wuo dvd no‘
admvrr urr – ‘ur sac‘ vs ‘ua‘ sur knrw ‘ur rvsks vn
apprarvnt vn p’blvc, and was prrparrd ‘o ‘akr ‘urmB aur
suowrd co’ratrB And ‘ua‘ vsn’‘ a bad rpv‘apuB

1a
‘bur mosq’r vs loca‘rd nrar ‘ur uradq’ar‘rrs os
kakvs‘an’s suadowy cac vn‘rllvtrncr srrffvcr, wuvcu urlprd
‘ravn and s’nd ‘ur uoly warrvors, and a n’mbrr os cac s‘aff
arr savd ‘o to ‘urrr sor prayrrsB’ hhL, D7 d’ly D667B burrr
wrrr vndrrd cac and atrn‘s os o‘urr vn‘rllvtrncr srrffvcrs
uaffvnt a look a‘ ‘ur mosq’r and v‘s adurrrn‘s, b’‘ onr
wondrrs w’s‘ wuo v‘ was wuo savd ‘ury wrn‘ ‘urrr sor
prayrrsB
D6
aa[ll T[mss,91 garcu D667B
u‘‘pMCCwwwBdavly‘vmrsBcomBpkCdrsa’l‘BaspH
patrdD667j69j91js‘oryl91A9AD667lpt1lD

D1
Ynly a ffrry srw yrars ato c a‘‘rndrd a pos‘Arr‘vrrmrn‘
par‘y tvffrn by an cslamabad gadam, wuo vn urr lartr and
rlrtan‘ apar‘mrn‘ sacvnt ‘ur gartalla ovlls uad bro’tu‘
‘otr‘urr a rrmarkably rclrc‘vc tro’p os proplr (somr wv‘u
vmprrssvffr brards0, wuosr vnv‘val rmbarrassmrn‘ a‘ brvnt
so ta‘urrrd was rapvdly dvff’srd by ‘urvr rralvza‘von ‘ua‘
vn spvrv‘ ‘ury uad a trra‘ dral vn commonB

DD
burrr arr ‘wo ‘yprs os oadv‘u, or drscrvp‘vons os ‘ur
drrds and sayvnts os ‘ur kropur‘M ‘ur dacrsr Har[tZ, vn
wuvcu aod spraks ‘uro’tu ‘ur kropur‘N and ‘ur lbbls
Har[tZ, ‘ur sayvnts os ‘ur kropur‘ as rrco’n‘rd by uvs
sollowrrsB Art’mrn‘s concrrnvnt rrlrffancr and drtrrrs os
ffalvdv‘y can to on sorrffrr, b’‘ ‘ur oppor‘’nv‘vrs sor
rrffvsvonvs‘ vn‘rrprr‘a‘von and plavn manvp’la‘von arr,
’nsor‘’na‘rly, lvmv‘lrssB

D9
A’rakzav rrsvtnrd on 5 dan’ary D66CB

D:
hy ‘ur cn‘rrna‘vonal Rrp’blvcan cns‘v‘’‘r vn sasuvnt‘on –
u‘‘pMCCwwwBvrvBortCmrnaCpakvs‘anCpdssCD667A1DA1DA
pakvs‘anApollAvndrxBpdsB bur poll was cond’c‘rd brsorr
g’suarras anno’ncrd uvs s‘andvnt down as Army Luvrs
and ‘ur rndvnt os ‘ur s‘a‘r os rmrrtrncy, b’‘ v‘ vs
probablr ‘ua‘ rffrn ‘ursr mawor drclara‘vons wo’ld uaffr
uad lv‘‘lr rffrc‘ on prrcrp‘vonsB
7a d Tj

Abbasv, Ansar
Abbasv, auauvd Tuakan
Abbasv, gawor arnrral Zaurrr’l cslam
Advl, Adnan
Adkvn, gark
Adffanv, cndvan oomr gvnvs‘rr tBTB
Astuanvs‘an
Asrvdv
Auk’nd, cqbal
Aumad, Azvz
Aumadvyas or Aumadvs
Aumadzav sazvrs
Aumrd, lazv o’ssavn (srr also lazv o’ssavn Aumrd0
Ausan, Av‘zaz
Avdrrd, gouammad Oarau
Avd (ca0
Avr Mrsrncr Lommand
Akbar Tuan, gawor arnrral
Aku‘ar, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Nasvr
Aku’nd, cqbal
Akram, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral g’uammad
Aksav Luvn
Alv, gawor arnrral cm‘vaz
Alv, tvr’‘rnan‘ Lolonrl csu‘aq
Alv, dam aadvq
alATualvd ‘ank
alAlarda
alAauvbu, Ramzv bvn
alAZarrar ‘ank
alAZawaurv, Ayman
alAZ’lfiqar
Amrrvcan aprcval Oorcrs
Andrrw, Lurvs‘opurr
an‘vAladvanv srn‘vmrn‘
An‘vAbrrrorvsm Ac‘ 1aa7 (Amrndmrn‘0 Yrdvnancr
Anwar, RB
Arvs, arnrral TBgB
Artrn‘vna
Army a‘aff Lollrtr, l’r‘‘a
Army srlsarr br’s‘ (Asb0
Astuar, Rawa
Asvs, Tuawawa gouammad
Assocva‘von sor ‘ur Mrffrlopmrn‘ os kakvs‘an (AMk0
As‘orr
A’dv‘or arnrral’s rrpor‘
A’rakzav, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Alv gouammad dan
A’s‘ralva
Awamv trat’r, las‘ kakvs‘an
Awamv Na‘vonal kar‘y
Azvz, Tualvd
Azvz, ga’lana Abd’l
Azvz, aar‘aw
Azvz, aua’ka‘

habar, gawor arnrral Nasvr’llau

hadsuau
hauawalp’r
hawa’r Atrncy
halocu, tvaqa‘
halocu, Lap‘avn barvq
halocuvs‘an
hammv, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral YBgB
hantladrsu
harno, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Rvcuard
hawrwa, oarvndrr
hax‘rr, Lravt
hrrunrr, tvonrl
hrt, arnrral Aslam
hrntalvs
hrrns‘rn, aary
huara‘vya dana‘a kar‘y (hdk0
hu’‘‘o Arcuvffrs
hu’‘‘o, hrnazvr

appovn‘rd prvmr mvnvs‘rr

assassvna‘von
allrtrd corr’p‘von
coalv‘von toffrrnmrn‘
crv‘vcvsm os Nawaz auarvs
dvsmvssals
lack os wrlsarr protrammr
balvban, bvr‘u os
kroplr’s Mrmocra‘vc Allvancr
hu’‘‘o, N’sra‘
hu’‘‘o, Z’lfiqar Alv

Addrrss ‘o ‘ur Na‘von Mrcrmbrr 1a71

 Addrrss ‘o ‘ur Na‘von garcu 1a7D
habar, gawor arnrral Nazr’llau, rrla‘vonsuvp wv‘u
‘hu’‘‘o’s boys’, hu’‘‘ovsm
as Luvrs gar‘val taw Admvnvs‘ra‘or
Lvffvl arrffvcr, ffvr‘’al dvsbandvnt os
con‘rol, consolvda‘vnt
Mrluv ffvsv‘
drmocracy, rr‘’rn ‘o
dvsmvssal os proffvncval toffrrnmrn‘s vn NsOk and halocuvs‘an
Ordrral arc’rv‘y Oorcr, ab’srC’sr os
Ordrral arc’rv‘y Oorcr, crra‘von os
a’l oassan, appovn‘mrn‘ os
a’l oassan, dvsmvssal
gar‘val taw 1a77, vmposv‘von os
gar‘val taw, rrpral
gar‘val taw drclarrd vn oydrrabad, Taracuv, tauorr and g’l‘an
ggA, c’l‘vffa‘von os
na‘vonalvza‘von
Nvxon, krrsvdrn‘ RBgB, mrr‘vnt wv‘u
Ya‘u os Allrtvancr
kakvs‘an kroplr’s kar‘y (kkk0
plo‘s os land ‘o army
polv‘vcal ’puraffal
kkk, appovn‘mrn‘ os loyalvs‘s
prouvbv‘von os alcouol and tamblvnt
as l’avdArAAwam (tradrr os ‘ur kroplr0
aco‘cu drvnkvnt
srlrc‘von os officrrs
‘rval and rxrc’‘von
bvkka Tuan, rrassvtnmrn‘
ca an‘vAaoffvr‘ polvcy
Yauya Tuan, rrla‘vonsuvp
Zva ’lAoaq, arnrral, appovn‘mrn‘
Zva ’lAoaq, rrla‘vonsuvp wv‘u
Zva ’l oaq, rrmoffal by
hvuarvs
hvolotvcal and Lurmvcal srapons
hvolotvcal and boxvn srapons Lonffrn‘von (hsL0
hvr, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Lrffvc
hokuarv, Admvral Oasvu
holan kass
hrown, Mrrrk
hrownback, arna‘or
h’duwar, gawor arnrral rBaB
h’rkr, aBgB
h’rns, doun OB
h’rrows, svllvam lB
h’su, krrsvdrn‘ arortr anrB
h’su, krrsvdrn‘ arortr sB
h’‘‘, gBbB

Laror, avr Ylas

Lar‘rr, krrsvdrn‘ dvmmy
Lrn‘com
LlNbY
Lrn‘ral cn‘rllvtrncr Atrncy (LcA0
Luatav
Luavrman os dovn‘ Luvrss os a‘aff Lommv‘‘rr (LdLaL0, crra‘von
Luarv, Mr kBRB
Lua’dury, Nadvr
Lua’du’ry, Avr Luvrs garsual Zasar
Lurmvcal and bvolotvcal wrapons
Lurmvcal srapons Lonffrn‘von (LsL0
Lurrnrnko
Luvrs d’s‘vcr os kakvs‘an, dvsmvssal os
Luvna
LuvnaAcndva dvsp’‘r
Luvsu‘v, OBAB
Lu’rcuvll, avr svns‘on
Lvffvl Lommo‘von taw
Lvffvl Mrsrncr
Lvffvl arrffvcr os kakvs‘an
Llark, Ambassador
Llvn‘on, krrsvdrn‘ hvll
Loll, a‘rffr
Lommand and Lon‘rol ays‘rms
Lommonwral‘u
Lonfidrncr h’vldvnt gras’rrs (Lhgs0
Lontrrssvonal Rrsrarcu arrffvcr, ca
Lons‘v‘’‘von os kakvs‘an

Ar‘vclr
Ar‘vclr
lvtu‘u Amrndmrn‘
cn‘rrvm cons‘v‘’‘von
Lo’ncvl os Adffvsrrs
Lo’ps, a‘‘rmp‘rd, 1aa5
Lrvmvnal krocrd’rr Lodr
Lr’mp‘on, ornry

Mal’nant
Martav
Massa’l‘ Affva‘von
Ma’la‘ hrt Yldv
Mrsrncr
 h’dtr‘Clxprndv‘’rr
Oorrvtn drb‘
kroc’rrmrn‘Ckrod’c‘von
Mrsrncr Lommv‘‘rr os ‘ur Labvnr‘ (MLL0
Mrsrncr oo’svnt A’‘uorv‘vrs
Mrosav klavn
Mrsrr‘ auvrldCMrsrr‘ a‘orm
Mowdrn, Rvcuard
Mras
M’ttrr, Lrlva sB
M’rcu, svllvam dB
M’rranv, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Asad
M’rranv, gawor arnrral gBAB

lconomvs‘, bur
lconomy
ld’ca‘von
llLClc
ltyp‘van rmbassy bombvnt
lusan, gasood
lvsrnuowrr, arnrral MBMB
llauv, Lua’dury Oazal
llrc‘vons 1aC9AC:AC5 1aCC 1aa6
llrc‘rvcv‘y trnrra‘von
lllauv, MrB Rruma‘
lmploymrn‘
lxrrcvsrs

ZarbAvAgomvn (kakvs‘an0
hrass backs (cndva0
lxocr‘ mvssvlrs
lxpor‘ Admvnvs‘ra‘von Ac‘
lwrrrs, garvvn

Oalklands Lampavtn
Oarau, Larsar lB
Oar’qrr, gvsuv
Oa’wv Orr‘vlvzrr
Oa’wv Oo’nda‘von
Oa’wv dordan Orr‘vlvzrr
Ordrral cnffrs‘vta‘von Atrncy (OcA0
Ordrral arc’rv‘y Oorcr, crra‘von and ’sr by ZBAB hu’‘‘o
Ordrrally Admvnvs‘rrrd brvbal Arras (OAbA0
Ordrra‘von os Amrrvcan acvrn‘vs‘s
OlaLY – srr sAkMA
Ovssvlr ga‘rrval L’‘Aoff brra‘y
Ov‘zwa‘rr, garlvn
Oorcr Lommandrr Nor‘urrn Arras (OLNA0
Oord, krrsvdrn‘ arrald
Oorrvtn Yprra‘vons Approprva‘vons bvlls
Oors‘rr, Ambassador avr Ylvffrr
Orancr
Orank, Ta‘urrvnr
Oranks, arnrral bommy (ca0
Orrncu, ooward sB
Oron‘vrr Lorps (OL0
Oron‘vrr Lrvmrs Rrt’la‘vons 1a61

aAC na‘vons
aaddafi, Lolonrl gB
aanduv, grs cndvra
aanduv, Rawvff
aannon, Ta‘uy
aa‘rs, Robrr‘
aa’uar, o’may’n
arnrffa Lonffrn‘von 1a:a, buvrd, Ar‘vclr, krvsonrrs os sar
arrmavn, Maffvd
arrmany
auazalv, Abd’s aa‘‘ar
auazv, Abd’l Rasuvd
avltv‘
alaspvr, Aprvl
aorbacurff
arand Mrmocra‘vc Allvancr (aMA0
ara‘von, arnrral kr‘rr
a’wranwala
a’ls a‘a‘rs
a’ls sar
a’wral, tTB
a’l, arnrral oassan Tuan

appovn‘mrn‘ as LYa
condv‘vons os accrp‘ancr
rrla‘vons wv‘u ZAh
rrsvtna‘von and rrplacrmrn‘ by bvkka Tuan
a’l‘arv

oabvb, Y’n’s
oavdrr, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral aalrrm
oaksar, karmrsuwar Naravn
oamvd, arnrral
oamood’r Rauman Lommvssvon
oaq, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral lusanA’l

oaq, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Oazlr

oaq, Admvral gansoorA’l
oaq, arnrral ZvaA’l – srr Zva ’l oaq
oraffy cnd’s‘rvrs baxvla (ocb0
oraffy Rrb’vld krotrammr – srr ocb aboffr
orlmand kroffvncr
orrsu, arymo’r
oono’r kvllvnts
oowr, Admvral dona‘uon
ovll, Andrrw
o’man Rvtu‘s sa‘cu
o’ssavn, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral cm‘vaz
o’ssavn, g’suauvd
o’ssavn, aaddam

cs‘vkuar, arnrral
cndva

a‘‘v‘’dr ‘o cNgYack
bvla‘rralvsm
hdk
mrdva‘von
krvmr gvnvs‘rr Luandra aurkar
rrla‘vons wv‘u kakvs‘an 1aC6s
rrla‘vons wv‘u ca
kakvs‘an’s prrcrp‘von os
cndvaCLuvna dvsp’‘r
cndvan Army

hrass backs, lxrrcvsr

a’ls sar
cndvan Admvnvs‘rrrd Tasumvr (cAT0, vns’rrrc‘von
cndvan Army srlsarr ld’ca‘von aocvr‘y
cndvan kracrATrrpvnt Oorcr (ckTO0 arv tanka
vnffasvon os las‘ kakvs‘an
Tartvl, savl’rr os vn‘rllvtrncr
Tartvl cnq’vry
mrdva‘von offrr Tartvl
n’clrar
Yprra‘von rvway
kakvs‘an’s nrw ‘rcunoloty, concrrn
proc’rrmrn‘
avacurn alacvrr, occ’pa‘von
ao’‘urrn Lommand, offrrua’l
arv tanka, ffvola‘von os avrspacr
a‘a‘r os lmrrtrncy
bamvls, s’ppor‘ sor arv tanka atavns‘
‘roops and rq’vpmrn‘
cndoAAstuan dovn‘ Lommvssvon
cn‘rllvtrncr h’rra’ (cndva0
cn‘rllvtrncr h’rra’ (kakvs‘an0
cn‘rrvm Lons‘v‘’‘von
cn‘rrna‘vonal A‘omvc lnrrty A’‘uorv‘y (cAlA0
cn‘rrna‘vonal Lo’r‘ os d’s‘vcr
cn‘rrna‘vonal gonr‘ary O’nd (cgO0
cn‘rr arrffvcrs cn‘rllvtrncr (cac0
cn‘rr arrffvcrs k’blvc Rrla‘vons (cakR0
cqbal, arnrral g’uammad
cran
craq
cslamvc Mrmocra‘vc Allvancr
cslamvc rx‘rrmvsm
cslamvc par‘vrs
cslamvc a’mmv‘ Lonsrrrncr, tauorr
cslamv damuoorv c‘‘ruad (cdc0
cslamvza‘von
c‘aly
c‘‘rsaq aro’p
c‘‘ruad Lurmvcals

dauantvr, Asma
damaa‘AvAcslamv
damrs, avr gorrvcr (tord aavn‘ hrvdrs0
damvl, gawor Arsuad
dapan
da‘ov, au’lam g’s‘asa
dvabao, srn
dvuadv mvlv‘an‘s
dvnnau, gouammad Alv, l’avdArAAzam (Oo’ndrr os ‘ur Na‘von0
dvrtas
donrs, Lolonrl (ca0
dosuv, ganow
d’nrwo, gouammad Tuan

Tab’l
Takar – srr saurrd, arnrral Abd’l
Tall’r, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral auams’r Rruman
Tamra
Tandauar
Taracuv, Avr braffic Lon‘rol
Tarakoram kass
Tarama‘, arnrral druantvr
Tartvl – srr Luap‘rr
Tartvl a’mmv‘ 1aaa
Tasumvr css’r
Tasumvr tvbrra‘von Oron‘ (TtO0
Tas’rv, Tu’rsuvd
Ta‘w’, rvffrk
Tayanv, arnrral Asusaq (srr also Tvyanv0
Trnnrdy, Luarlrs
Tualvd, aurvk gouammad (Tag0
Tuan, Mr Abd’l ladrrr
Tuan, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Aumrd Tamal
Tuan, Lolonrl haku‘var
Tuan, arnrral Oarr’ku
Tuan, aa’uar Ay’b
Tuan, au’lam csuaq
Tuan, arnrral a’l oassan – srr a’l oassan
Tuan, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral oabvb’llau
Tuan, Mr o’may’n
Tuan, Lolonrl csmavl
Tuan, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral daffrd Alam
Tuan, gakudoom Alv
Tuan, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral g’uammad Azvz
Tuan, g’uammad aawar
Tuan, kvr Mad
Tuan, Avr garsual Rauvm
Tuan, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Rauvm’ddvn
Tuan, Rordad
Tuan, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral auamvm Alam
Tuan, Admvral barvq Tamal (bT0
Tuan, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral barvq krrffavz
Tuan, arnrral bvkka

‘h’‘curr os halocuvs‘an’
cuarac‘rr
prvsonrrs os war
rrsorm os ‘ur Army
rrplacrmrn‘ os arnrral a’l oassan
Tuan, Yauya krrsvdrn‘
Tuar, g’s‘asa
Tuarkvff gorozoff gacuvnr h’vldvnt Mrsvtn h’rra’ (TghM0
Tua‘‘ak, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Alv T’lv Tuan
Tuowa, Tu’rsuvd
Tu’nwrrab kass
Tu’suual kakvs‘an krotrammr (Tkk0
Tuybrr Atrncy
Tuybrr kass
Tvplvnt, R’dyard
Tvssvntrr, Mr ornry
Tvyanv, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Asusaq (also Tayanv0
Toran (also l’ran0
Tkga basrrr oadv - Lo
Trrpon, gvcuarl
Trvsuna, gawor arnrral Asuok
Trons‘ad‘, Alan
T’mar, Mvnrsu
T’x, Mrnnvs
T’wav‘

tauorr kracr krocrss

tadrn, Ysama bvn
tal gaswvd (arr also Rrd gosq’r0
tand (plo‘s0
tand rrsorms
trtuarv, Oarooq
tvaq’a‘, ga’lana
tvnr os Lon‘rol
toduv, Mr galrrua

gacdonald, gyra
gcMonald, aco‘‘
gcavffrrvnt
gcTvnnon, Mon
gaus’d, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Alam dan
gaus’d ‘rvbr
gawor NonANa‘o Ally (gNNA0
galakand
galuo‘ra, dyo‘v
galvk, hrvtadvrr au’lam gouammad (‘ag’0
galvk, arnrralBkB
ganouar
garrv ‘rvbr
gar‘val taw

trnrral
vmposv‘von by ZBAB hu’‘‘o
vmposv‘von by Zva ’l oaq
gasood, gaum’d, Ma, OaO
gasood, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral bala‘
ga’lffvs
gax, Ar‘u’r
gazarv, halaku aurr
gazarv, Mr auvrrrn
grdva‘von br‘wrrn cndva and kakvs‘an
grumood, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral
gvlv‘ary Lo’ncvl
gvlv‘ary doc‘rvnr, drfinv‘von
gvlv‘ary Yprra‘vons (gY0 Mvrrc‘ora‘r
gv‘ua, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral
gvnvmart
gvransuau
gvsura, RBTB
gvssvlr brcunoloty Lon‘rol Rrtvmr (gbLR0
gouawvr la’mv goffrmrn‘ (glg0
gouawvrs
goumand Atrncy
gon‘tomrry, gawor arnrral buomas gB
goffrmrn‘ sor ‘ur Rrs‘ora‘von os Mrmocracy (gRM0
g’wauvdrrn
g’l‘an
g’suarras, arnrral krrffrz

avrcras‘ dvffrrsvon by krvmr gvnvs‘rr Nawaz auarvs

ass’mrs ‘v‘lr os Luvrs lxrc’‘vffr
a‘‘rmp‘s on lvsr
h’su, s’ppor‘ ‘o
dvsmvssal by auarvs
dvsmvssal os auarvs, mvlv‘ary co’p
‘lnlvtu‘rnrd godrra‘von’
OAbA, problrms os ca vn‘rrffrn‘von
Tartvl
law and ordrr dr‘rrvora‘vnt
ggA, ac‘von atavns‘
pop’larv‘y drclvnrs
arrffvcr Luvrss, workvnt dvrrc‘ly wv‘u
s‘ands down as Army Luvrs, rrmavns krrsvdrn‘
a‘a‘r os lmrrtrncy
balvbanC‘rrrorvsm, ac‘von atavns‘
‘rvbals, dralvnt wv‘u
g’‘‘auvda gawlvsArAAmal (ggA0

Navk, Nvaz
Nasvr, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral daffrd
Nasr’llau, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral druantvr
Na‘vonal Acco’n‘abvlv‘y h’rra’ (NAh0
Na‘vonal Assrmbly
Na‘vonal Awamv kar‘y
Na‘vonal Ladr‘ Lorps
Na‘vonal Lommand A’‘uorv‘y (NLA0
Na‘vonal Mrsrncr Lollrtr
Na‘vonal lmrrtrncy Lo’ncvl
Na‘vonal totvs‘vcs Lrll (NtL0
Na‘vonal arc’rv‘y Adffvsrr
Na‘vonal arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvl
Na‘vonalvza‘von os prvffa‘r rn‘rrprvsrs
Na‘’ral dvsas‘rrs
Nawabsuau
Naffal oradq’ar‘rrs, moffr srom Taracuv ‘o cslamabad 1a7:
Nawaz, arnrral Asvs
Nawaz, Tualvd
Nrur’, dB
Nrws, bur
Nvxon, krrsvdrn‘ Rvcuard gB
‘No ao’ Arras vn OAbA
Noman, Ymar
NonAAlvtnrd goffrmrn‘
Nooranv, ABaB
Nor‘u A‘lan‘vc brra‘y Yrtanvsa‘von (NAbY0
Nor‘urrn Allvancr
Nor‘urrn tvtu‘ cnsan‘ry (Ntc0
Nor‘uAsrs‘ Oron‘vrr kroffvncr (NsOk0 and brvbal Arras
N’bra rallry
N’clrar

trnrral
cndva
kakvs‘an

Yaklry, Ambassador Robrr‘

Yprra‘von LlranAcp, avndu
Yprra‘von Oavr klay (Zva’s co’p0
Yprra‘von avbral‘ar
Yprra‘von karakram
Yprra‘von rvway
Ypvnvon koll, cRc D667
Yrakzav Atrncy
Yrtanvza‘von sor ‘ur krouvbv‘von os Lurmvcal srapons
Ysama bvn tadrn – srr tadrn, Ysama bvn

kakvs‘an Avr Oorcr

kakvs‘an Armrd Oorcrs Yrdvnancr 1aaC
kakvs‘an Army

Army srlsarr br’s‘

ass’mp‘von os powrr by Zva ’l oaq
bvolotvcal and curmvcal wrapons
bordrr, moffr ‘o ras‘rrn
comm’nvca‘vons
co’ps
drsra‘ vn las‘ kakvs‘an (Mrc 1a710
rd’ca‘von
lntlvsu lant’atr
rq’vpmrn‘
rxpansvon
manpowrr
gar‘val taw (srr also ’ndrr g0
mvsmanatrmrn‘ os s’nds
mo’n‘avn warsarr ‘ravnvnt
NAh – Army o’‘svdr ‘ur ambv‘
 n’clrar
Yprra‘von Oavr klay
karaAmvlv‘ary Rantrrs
pay and prnsvons
pracrkrrpvnt mvssvons
plo‘s os land
prvsonrrs os war
promo‘vons and kromo‘vons hoards
rrcr’v‘mrn‘
rrlvtvo’s rmpuasvs
aa’dv Arabva, prrsrncr vn
a‘aff Lollrtr, l’r‘‘a
s‘r’c‘’rr
‘ravnvnt
kakvs‘an

a‘‘v‘’dr ‘o cndva
a‘‘v‘’dr ‘o cnv‘rd Na‘vons
kakvs‘anCLuvna Atrrrmrn‘
kakvs‘an, las‘rrn svnt

Awamv trat’r
cndvan vnffasvon
kakvs‘an cn‘rrna‘vonal Avrways (kcA0
kakvs‘an gvlv‘ary Acadrmy
kakvs‘an g’slvm trat’r (kgt0
kakvs‘an Na‘vonal Allvancr (kNA0
kakvs‘an Naffy
kakvs‘an Yrdnancr Oac‘orvrs (kYO0
kakvs‘an kroplr’s kar‘y (kkk0
kakvs‘an Ravlways
kakvs‘an brurvkArAcnsaas kar‘y
kakvs‘an, srs‘rrn svnt
karffavz, arnrral barvq
kroplr’s Mrmocra‘vc Allvancr – hrnazvr hu’‘‘o
kroplr’s kar‘y karlvamrn‘arvans (kkkAk0
krrkoffv‘cu, arortr
krrffrz, gawor Rawa Nadvr
kvracua, Oarvd Aumrd
klrbvscv‘r
klo‘s, land
klo‘s, toffrrnmrn‘ offrr‘urow
kolv‘vcal Atrn‘s
kowrll, Lolvn
kowrr trnrra‘von
krrffrn‘von os An‘vANa‘vonal Ac‘vffv‘vrs Ac‘
krvsonrrs os sar
krouvbv‘von os alcouol and tamblvnt
k’nwab
k’nwab Rrtvmrn‘
k’nwab Rrtvmrn‘ Lrn‘rr, gardan
k’su‘’ns (also kasu‘’ns0

ladvanvs

an‘vAladvanv srn‘vmrn‘
lazv, o’ssavn Aumrd
l’avdArAAzam, gouammad Alv dvnnau
l’r‘‘a
l’r‘‘a a‘aff Lollrtr
l’ran (also Toran0
l’rrsuv, gorrn

Ratuaffan, arnrralBRB
Rantrrs
Rann os T’‘cu
Rapurl, Ambassador Arnold
Rasu‘rvya Rvflrs
Rawalpvndv Lonspvracy, 1a51
Rrcr’v‘vnt
Rrd gosq’r (also tal gaswvd0
Rruman, arnrral Aku‘ar Adb’l
Rrlvtvo’s par‘vrs
Rrsrarcu and Analysvs svnt (RAs0
Rrffol’‘vonary a’ard (cran0
Rvcr, Mr Londolrrzza
Rvrdrl, hr’cr
Rvpos‘r, Moc‘rvnr os
Rvzffv, oasan Askarv
Rowan, ornry
R’mssrld, Monald

aAARL, galdvffrs
aatar, Anand
aalvk, avddvq
aandu’, Tanwar
aandrock, Lolonrl (ca0
aardrsupandr, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral aBLB
aarwar, gvss aamva
aa’dv Arabva
aarwa‘, Lap‘avn
aawan‘, aa’ray
acuofirld, rvc‘orva
acuool os Ar‘vllrry, Nowsurra
acuool os gvlv‘ary lntvnrrrvnt, Rvsalp’r
alAbY
arcrr‘ cn‘rllvtrncr arrffvcr (aca0 cT
artal, Maffvd RB
artal, gady srsculrr
arna‘r
arutal, ckram
ar‘uv, Nawam
auabbvr, csman
auau, ayrd Tu’rsuvd
auau, Zasar Alv
auaubazv, hrvtadvrr arnrral (cran0
auaurrd
auaurrn, hrvtadvrr cm‘vaz
auamkuanv, Alv (cran0
auarva taw
auarma, Rawrndra TB
auarma, RBNB
auarma, YBTB
auawcross, svllvam
auarvs, arnrral gouammad
auarvs, Nawaz

appovn‘rd kg
Army Luvrs dvsmvssals
a‘‘rmp‘rd dvffrrsvon os g’suarras’s avrcras‘
bro‘urrs and urncumrn
co’p, dvsmvssal by g’suarras
dvsmvssrd, 1aa9
rlrc‘rvcv‘y cuartrs vncrrasrd
rlvmvna‘von os opposv‘von
uvssrd and boord a‘ flood sv‘r
cdc Allvancr
c‘‘rsaq tro’p
Tartvl
mvlv‘ary ‘rvb’nals, ’sr os
nrw toffrrnmrn‘
n’clrar
opposrd appovn‘mrn‘ os Laa
rrsvtna‘von os arnrral Tarama‘
‘ax lrffvrd on Army srlsarr br’s‘
ca drsrncr coAoprra‘von
ffvolrncr, corr’p‘von and crvmr vn avndu
wrlsarr sor ‘ur proplr, lack os
wvldrrnrss os ffrnalv‘y
auruzad, gouammrd
aurkar, Luandra
auvaCa’nnv conflvc‘
auvnto rallry
au’l‘z, arortr
avacurn alacvrr
avddvqa, Mr Ayrsua (also avddvqvAAtua0
avddvqv, hrvtadvrr ABRB
avddvqv, arna‘or gousvn
avkand, Yotvndrr
avmla (auvmla0 Accord
avndu
avntu, daswv‘
avntu, Taramwrr‘
avntu, aBTB
avntu, hrvtadvrr a’rvndrr
avntu, rBkB
avroury, Admvral cs‘vkar
avs‘an
akard’
amv‘u, Lurvs
aolarz, a‘rpurn
aomalva, srr cnv‘rd Na‘vons Yprra‘von vn aomalva
aomalv Na‘vonal Allvancr (aNA0
aprcval Avr arrffvcr (aAa0 cT
aprcval arrffvcrs aro’p (aaa0
arv tanka
a‘aff Lollrtr, l’r‘‘a
a‘a‘r os lmrrtrncy
a‘vmson Lrn‘rr, sasuvnt‘on
‘a‘ra‘rtvc Mrfiancr’ (os arnrral Aslam hrt0
a‘rvkrs, polvcrCTaracuv workrrs
a’l‘an, gawor arnrral aua’ka‘
a’ndarwv, arnrral (cndva0
a’prrmr Lo’r‘

bablvtuv (also bablrrtuv0 damaa‘

balbo‘, Mr can
balvban
bando hauawal
barar, gouammad Rafiq
brllvs, Asulry
brwarv, Lolonrl hBgB
bua‘curr, krvmr gvnvs‘rr gartarr‘
buomas, aary
bvbr‘Aavnkvant road
bvwarv, NBMB
bora hora
bransparrncy cn‘rrna‘vonal
brvbrs

Asrvdv
Aumadzav sazvr
 h’t‘v
gaus’d
garrv
sazvrs
Zalvkurls
b’rkry

ckravnr
cnv‘rd Mrmocra‘vc Oron‘
cnv‘rd dvuad Lo’ncvl
cnv‘rd Tvntdom
cnv‘rd Na‘vons, trnrral
cnv‘rd Na‘vons ovtu Lommvssvon sor Rrs’trrs (cNoLR0
cnv‘rd Na‘vons gvssvon vn Tasumvr (cNgYack0
cnv‘rd Na‘vons Yprra‘von aomalva (cNYaYg0
cnv‘rd Na‘vons pracrkrrpvnt mvssvons, kakvs‘an’s con‘rvb’‘vons
cnv‘rd Na‘vons Rrsol’‘vons
cnv‘rd Na‘vons arc’rv‘y Lo’ncvl
cnv‘rd a‘a‘rs os Amrrvca
csmanv, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral
caaRCR’ssva

rawpayrr, krvmr gvnvs‘rr ABhB

rvolrncr atavns‘ womrn
roca‘vonal ‘ravnvnt

saurrd, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Abd’l

salkrr, gar‘vn
salsu, Mrclan
sana
saqar, Aumad
sar on brrror
sarsaw kac‘
sar wv‘u cndva offrr las‘ kakvs‘an
sasvm, Amvr
sassom, hrvtadvrr arnrral orrbrr‘
sa‘rr and kowrr Mrffrlopmrn‘ A’‘uorv‘y (sAkMA0
sazvrvs‘an

trnrral
Nor‘u
ao’‘u
sazvrs, Aumadzav
srapons s’pplvrs
srllvnt‘on, M’kr os
svlkvnson, csambard
svndrrm, Robrr‘
svnfirld, Nvcolr
svrsvnt, RBaB
solprr‘, a‘anlry
somrn, ffvolrncr atavns‘
sonaco‘‘, kr‘rr
sorkrrs’ srlsarr O’nd
sorld hank

Yo’sas, hrvtadvrr gouammad

Zadarv, Asvs
Zaka‘
ZarbAvAgomvn, lxrrcvsr
ZvaA’Advn, tvr’‘rnan‘ arnrral Tuawawa
Zva ’l oaq, arnrralCkrrsvdrn‘

appovn‘mrn‘ os mvlv‘ary toffrrnors

hu’‘‘o vnfl’rncr, rrmoffvnt srom Army
Luvrs gar‘val taw Admvnvs‘ra‘or, srlsAappovn‘mrn‘
Lons‘v‘’‘von
co’p
dra‘u, D7 A’t’s‘ 1aCC
dvsmvssal os kg d’nrwo
dvsmvssal os proffvncval toffrrnors
dvssol’‘von os Na‘vonal and kroffvncval Assrmblvrs
lxrrcvsr hrass backs
rxpansvon os Army
OaO, rrmoffal os
cndva, ffvsv‘ (sor crvckr‘ ma‘cu0
gar‘val taw, rnd
gvlv‘ary Lo’ncvl, sorma‘von
Nawaz auarvs, pro‘été
rrlvtvon, a‘‘v‘’dr ‘o
auarva taw
suoo‘vnt vncvdrn‘ vn tauorr Lan‘onmrn‘
ca mo‘vffa‘von, uvs prrcrp‘von
Zvrvnt, tawrrncr
Z’bavda, Ab’
a bur ‘v‘lr ‘LommandrrAvnALuvrs’ uad brrn cuantrd ‘o
Luvrs os a‘aff (LYa0 and wo’ld la‘rr br Luvrs os Army a‘aff
(LYAa0, as s‘vll ob‘avnsB bur avr sorcr and naffy cuvrss wrrr
rrnamrd LAa and LNaB

o or dvd no‘ say ‘proplr’B