PLAGIARISM SCAN REPORT

Date December 27, 2021

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Cement is considered as the primary material for use in housing and general construction

worldwide [1]. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is the most common type of cement used in

construction especially where civil structures such as building, dams and bridges are needed.

There is a growing demand for production and use of cement in most construction activities

globally to meet the ever increasing demand for housing and general infrastructure. The

production of OPC requires massive use of natural raw materials and energy [2]. The OPC

manufacture process also results in significant emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the

atmosphere. Studies estimate that the cement industry is responsible for 5–8 percent of global

man-made CO2 emissions. CO2 is the greenhouse gas mainly responsible for global warming and

climate change [3]. Additionally, during the production of Portland cement, argillaceous and

calcareous materials are inter-ground, either in a wet or dry form and clinkerised in a rotary

furnace at a temperature in excess of 1300 °C, fueled by petroleum oil or coal. The resultant

clinkers are inter-ground with about 5 percent gypsum (CaSO4.2H20) to give Portland cement [4].

The process is quite expensive, especially due to the high energy demand for fuel during

clinkerisation process and grinding. The resultant Portland cement is therefore expensive and

unaffordable to many, especially in developing countries [5]. The need to meet sustainable

development calls for stringent measures aimed at the reduction of carbon footprint in cement

industry is a key priority worldwide. There is a growing concern in the construction industry to

reduce the amount of clinker in cement [6]. Pakistan is one of the leading cement producers

globally and due to its increasing cement consumption, anthropogenic emissions are increasing at
an average annual rate of 7. 5% contributing to the increase of 3,184 thousand metric tons in 20

years’ span. Therefore, reducing the clinker content in cement by replacement with calcined clay

and limestone has been reported as a good alternative to lower the cost of the cement and reduce

the amount of CO2 emissions [7].

LC3 is a new type of cement with the blend of limestone and calcined clay where clinker is reduced

to 50%. By reduction of clinker to 50�rbon dioxide emissions are reduced to 30% compared to

conventional cement. low grade clay and limestone which are abundantly available could be used

in LC3 [8]. LC3 is cost effective and doesn't require more capital modification to existing cement

plant [9]. India and Cuba have already taken up the project from the laboratory to full-scale plant

trials and have used the blend in a number of actual projects [10]. Therefore, it is required to

investigate in detail the LC3 performance in Pakistan. This LC3 can also be called as future cement,

which could meet the upcoming challenges in future. The usage of supplementary cementitious

materials (SCM) for partial replacement of clinker in cement is one of the best ways to reduce

carbon dioxide emissions in cement industry. Population is going to increase in coming decades,

which require huge changes in infrastructure; therefore, cement demand is going to increase in

coming years. Today, greater than 80% of SCM are used to reduce clinker content by using GGBS,

Fly ash and limestone etc. [11]. Limestone is abundantly available, the addition of greater than

10% limestone alone to cement tends to increase porous nature. The problem of lacking

availability of conventional SCM are seen in marginal. So, there is a need of new type SCM that are

easily available in nature. The only material that is available in quantities needed to meet

increasing cement demand is clay. Clay containing kaolinite can be effective SCM through

calcinations. Such clays are vastly available in tropical belt of world in countries like Pakistan and

India where cement demand is going to increase in coming years. limestone is vastly available in

earth’s crust. Calcined clay was already used as pozzolans, the innovation here in LC3 is to make a

coupled substitution of clinker with limestone and calcined clay [12]. Blends with calcined clay

allows higher level of substitution to clinker around 65 to 70%, further combination of calcined clay

with limestone allow clinker reduction to around 50%. The blended cement had inherent

workability and strength issues and was not able to replace the OPC as mainstream cement. A

newly formulated LC3 cement has proven to be equivalent to the early and late strength of OPC

[13]. The development of concrete innovation in the current era continues to experience

improvements. Utilization of glass powder waste for concrete mixtures is now being developed.

Waste glass is a global solid waste with huge reserves [14]. The discarded waste glass has caused

a series of problems such as resource waste and environmental pollution, so it is urgent to recycle
waste glass with high replacement level. Glass is principally composed of silica. Use of milled

(ground) waste glass in concrete as partial replacement of cement could be an important step

toward development of sustainable (environmentally friendly, energy-efficient and economical)

infrastructure systems. When waste glass is milled down to micro size particles, it is expected to

undergo pozzolanic reactions with cement hydrates, forming secondary Calcium Silicate Hydrate

(C–S–H) [15]. Experimental results revealed that additional compressive strength of can be gained

with combination of glass powder and silica fume [16]. The use of glass powder in concrete will

affect the compressive strength. Compressive strength of concrete with glass powder substitution

is higher than the design compressive strength, and continues to increase with the addition of

glass powder content. When glass powder was used as an aggregate replacement material, the

compressive strength of concrete depended on the type containing crushed glass aggregate

increased while the compressive strength of concrete containing natural mineral aggregate

decreased [17]. Glass powder can be used as a filler because it has potential as a pozzolan

material. Studies revealed that the use of glass powder is effective as a substitute for partial sand

at 15% of coarse glass powder. Glass particles well encapsulated into dense and mature gel

observed by SEM, may help explaining enhanced durability results and thus confirming that waste

glass powder can further contribute to sustainability in construction [18].

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