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Efficacy of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) in India: A Conventional Analysis

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Jasvir S. Sura, JIMS-8M, The Journal of Indian Management and Strategy, Vol-11(4), Oct. - Dec.2006, pp. 4-12.

Efficacy of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) in India: A

Conventional Analysis

Co-authored by
Dr. Karam Pal, Chairman (Finance Area), Haryana School of Business, Guru
Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar (Haryana) -125001, Haryana,
India.
Ph.: +91935429029 e-mail: karampalsingh@yahoo.com
Jasvir S. Sura, Lecturer, Department of Business Management, Kurukshetra University
Post Graduate Regional Centre, Jind (Haryana), 126102, India.
Ph.: +919466778222 e-mail: gju_js@rediffmail.com.

About the Authors

Dr. Karam Pal who is presently working as Chairman (Finance Area) in Haryana School
of Business, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar (Haryana)
has 16 years teaching experience at Post-Graduate level in different universities. Dr. Pal
specializes in Banking & Finance, Stock Market Operations and Taxation Law. He has
authored four books and published more than 50 research paper in the Journals of
National/International repute.

Jasvir S Sura is presently working as Lecturer in Department of Business Management,

Kurukshetra University Post Graduate Regional Centre, Jind (Haryana) has 4 years
teaching and research experience at Post-Graduate level in different universities. Dr. Sura
specializes in Finance and Investment Management, Statistics and Operation Research.
He has got published more than half dozen of research articles in various referred journal
of national and international repute. .

Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1310074

Jasvir S. Sura, JIMS-8M, The Journal of Indian Management and Strategy, Vol-11(4), Oct. - Dec.2006, pp. 4-12.

Efficacy of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) in India: A

Conventional Analysis

Abstract
The burden of indebtedness in rural India is exceptionally enormous. Despite major
structural changes in credit institutions and forms of rural credit in the post-Independence
period, the exploitation of the rural masses in the name of credit facility is one of the
most pervasive and persistent features of rural India.
The objectives of this paper are to assess the growth pattern of RRBs; to examine the
credit distribution and geographical distribution of RRBs. The analysis period of the
study is from inception (1975) to till (2005) date.
The overall position of RRBs in India is not quite encouraging. The poor credit-deposit
ratio is still making dent on the improval functioning of RRBs. Since the RRB is
supposed to be a bank for poor people, it’s presence in all the states of country especially
in underdeveloped States can make things better. The government should spread the
branches of RRBs at grass root level to provide such banking service to the really needy
rural people. Moreover, it is the responsibility of the bank management and the
sponsored bank to take corrective measures to raise the credit-deposit ratio of the bank
that would make RRBs relevant in the rural India.

Key Words: Bank Management, RRBs, CD Ratio, and Growth, Sponsored Banks, Credit
Distribution.

Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1310074

Jasvir S. Sura, JIMS-8M, The Journal of Indian Management and Strategy, Vol-11(4), Oct. - Dec.2006, pp. 4-12.

Efficacy of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) in India: A

Conventional Analysis

Backdrop: It is expected to policy-makers that rural development programmes are

strategically designed to improve the living conditions of a specific groups of rural
people. It includes small and marginal farmers, landless agricultural laborers, artisans’
class and socially and economically backward castes and classes. Credit is one of the
most urgent aspects to make rural development strategy and programmes successful and
with this reason, the regional rural banks (RRBs) were established to discharge the
underlying objective.

At the same time, it is also a known fact that the burden of indebtedness in rural India is
exceptionally enormous. Despite major structural changes in credit institutions and forms
of rural credit in the post-Independence period, the exploitation of the rural masses in the
name of credit facility is one of the most pervasive and persistent features of rural India.
Historically, there have been four major problems with respect to the supply of credit to
the rural India. First, the supply of total formal credit to rural people has been
inadequate. Secondly, rural credit markets in India themselves have been very imperfect
and fragmented. Thirdly, the distribution of formal sector credit has been unequal,
particularly with respect to region and class, caste and gender in the countryside. Formal
sector credit needs specially to reach backward areas, income-poor households, people of
the oppressed castes and tribes, and women. Fourthly, the major source of credit to rural
households, particularly income-poor working households, has been the informal sector.
Informal sector loans typically are advanced at very high rates of interest. Further, the
terms and conditions attached to these loans have given rise to an elaborate structure of
coercion – economic and extra-economic- in the countryside.
Jasvir S. Sura, JIMS-8M, The Journal of Indian Management and Strategy, Vol-11(4), Oct. - Dec.2006, pp. 4-12.

Given the issues and problems involved, the declared objectives of public policy with
regard to rural credit in the post-Independence period are, “to ensure that sufficient and
timely credit, at reasonable rates of interest, is made available to as large a segment of the
rural population as possible” (Rangarajan 1996, p.288). The policy instruments to achieve
these objectives are to be, first, the expansion of the institutional structure of formal-
sector lending institutions; secondly, directed lending, and thirdly, concessional or
subsidized credit (ibid). The policy is thus aimed not only at meeting rural credit needs
but also at pushing out the informal sector and the exploitation to which it subjected
borrowers. Rural credit policy in India envisaged the provision of a range of credit
services, including long-term and short-term credit loans to rural households. All these
developments in this field offer the scope of detailed investigation and study.

In view of above, an attempt is made here in this paper to examine Efficacy of Regional
Rural Banks (RRBs) in India. The paper is divided into four sections. The review of
literature is quoted in first section, objectives and research methodology are discussed in
the second section of the paper, in third section the result and discussion are presented
and finally the major findings and conclusion and suggestions are in the fourth section of
the paper.

The Banking Commission-1972 recommended establishing an alternative institution for

rural credit and ultimately Government of India established RRBs, a separate institution
basically for rural credit on the basis of the recommendation of the Working Group under
the chairmanship of Sh. M. Narashimham that gave birth to RRBs in the year 1975.
Initially five RRBs were set up on 2nd October 1975 under a Presidential Ordinance,
which followed the promulgation of Regional Rural Banks Act in April 1976. The RRBs
have been identified as scheduled commercial banks under the Reserve Bank of India
Act-1934 and are authorized to transact banking business as defined in the Banking
Regulation Act-1949. The RRBs were required, in particular, to under the business of
providing credit facilities to the poorer sections of rural society, generally referred to as
the Target Group. The first five RRBs were set up in five states in Haryana, West
Bengal, Rajasthan, with one each and two in Uttar Pradesh, which were sponsored by
Jasvir S. Sura, JIMS-8M, The Journal of Indian Management and Strategy, Vol-11(4), Oct. - Dec.2006, pp. 4-12.

different commercial banks. These banks covered 11 districts of five states. The first
five Regional Rural Banks has been shown in Table: 1.

After the establishment of RRBs, another source for providing banking facilities in rural
areas on a large scale came into existence with the underlying objectives as given in the
preamble of RRBs Act of 1976,“…..to develop the rural economy in providing for the
purpose of development of agriculture, trade, commerce, industry, and other productive
activities in the rural areas, credit and other facilities particularly to the small and
marginal farmers, agricultural labourers, artisan and small entrepreneurs and for matter
connected therewith and incidental thereto.”

Table: 1 - The first five RRBs in India

S/N Name of RRBs Sponsoring States Banks Districts covered

1 Prathama Bank Syndicate Bank U.P Moradabad

2 Gorakhpur kshetriya State Bank of India U.P Gorakhpur and
Gramin Bank Deora
3 Haryana Krishi Punjab National Haryana Bhiwani
Gramin Bank Bank
4 Gour Gramin Bank United Bank West Bengal Malda, Dinajpur
of India and Murshidabad
5 Jaipur-Nagpur United Commercial Rajasthan Jaipur and Nagpur
Anchalik Gramin Bank
Bank
Source: Rais Ahmad “Rural Banking and Economic Development” (1998). Mittal
Publication, New Delhi. pp-10

SECTION-II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The literature available in the field under reference is very limited in nature and scope.
The literature obtained by investigation in the form of reports of the committees/
commissions working groups established by the Union Government and RBI, the
research studies/ articles of researchers/ bank officials/ economists and the comments of
economic analysts and news is reviewed here in this section:
Jasvir S. Sura, JIMS-8M, The Journal of Indian Management and Strategy, Vol-11(4), Oct. - Dec.2006, pp. 4-12.

Patel and Shete (1980) of the National Institute of Banking Management made a
valuable analysis of performance and prospects of RRBs. They also gave a comparative
picture of performance in deposits, branch expansion and credit deployment of the co-
operative banks, commercial banks and RRBs in a specified area. This was an eye opener
for many researcher engaged in this field of rural credit.

Financial Express, (1986) published a study on RRBs viability, which was conducted by
Agriculture Finance Corporation in 1986 on behalf of NABARD. The study revealed that
viability of RRBs was essentially dependent upon the fund management strategy, margin
between resources mobility and their deployment and on the control exercised on current
and future costs with advances. The proportion of the establishment costs to total cost and
expansion of branches were the critical factors, which affected their viability. The study
further concluded that RRBs incurred losses due to defects in their systems and as such,
there was need to rectify these and make them viable. The main suggestions of the study
included improvement in infrastructure facilities and opening of branches by commercial
banks in such areas where RRBs were already in operation. However the main limitation
of the study was that its generalizations were based on the study of only two RRBs,
namely, the Mala Prosha Gramin Dharwar (Karnatka) and The Royal Seems Gramin
Bank (Andhra Pradesh).

Naidu, L.K. (1988) conducted a study on RRBs taking a sample of 48 beneficiaries of

rural artisans in Cuddapah district of Andhra Pradesh under Rayale Seen Gamin Bank. In
this study, it was concluded that the beneficiaries were able to find an increase in their
income because of the finance provided by the bank

Kalkundrickars (1990) in his study on Performance and Growth of Regional Rural

Banks in Karnataka found that these banks had benefited the beneficiaries in raising their
income, productivity, employment and use of modern practices and rehabilitate the rural
artisans
Jasvir S. Sura, JIMS-8M, The Journal of Indian Management and Strategy, Vol-11(4), Oct. - Dec.2006, pp. 4-12.

Kumar Raj (1993) carried out a study on the topic “Growth and Performance of RRBs
in Haryana.” On the basis of the study of all RRB of Haryana, it is found that there was
an enormous increase in deposits and outstanding advances. The researcher felt the need
to increase the share capital and to ensure efficient use of distribution channels of finance
to beneficiaries.

A.K. Jai Parkash (1996) conducted a study with the objective of analyzing the role of
Regional Rural Banks in Economic Development and revealed that RRBs have been
playing a vital role in the field of rural development. Moreover, RRBs were more
efficient in disbursal of loans to the rural borrowers as compared to the commercial
banks. Support from state Governments, local participation, proper supervision of loans
and opening urban branches were some steps, which should be taken to make RRBs'
further efficient.

Swaminathan (2002) Policies of current phase of financial liberalization have had an

immediate, direct, and dramatic effect on rural credit. There has been a contraction in
rural banking in general and in priority sector landing and preferential landing to the poor
in particular.

Pallavi Chavan (2004) has examined the growth and regional distribution of rural
banking over the period 1975-2002. Chavan’s paper documents the gains made by
historical underprivileged region of east, north-east, and central India during the period of
social and development banking. These gains were reversed in the 1990s: cutbacks in
rural branches in rural credit-deposit ratios were steepest in the eastern and north-eastern
state of India. Polices of financial liberalization have unmistakably worsened regional
inequalities in rural banking in India.

SECTION: II- OBJECTIVE AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Objectives of the Study: The main objective of the study is to evaluate the growth of
Regional Rural Banks of India. The specific objectives are given as:
Jasvir S. Sura, JIMS-8M, The Journal of Indian Management and Strategy, Vol-11(4), Oct. - Dec.2006, pp. 4-12.

To assess the growth pattern of RRBs; to examine the credit distribution of RRBs; to
evaluate the geographical distribution of RRBs; and to recommend some workable
suggestion to augment the performance of RRBs in India.

Nature and Sources of Data: The present study is of analytical exploratory nature and
makes use of secondary data. The relevant secondary data are collected from IBA
publications especially the performance highlights of selected regional rural banks,
publications of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) and
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the annual reports of the banks concerned. The journals
like the Banker, and the Journal of Indian Institute of Bankers. Business India etc have
also been referred to obtain the relevant information.

Reference Period: The study is confined to Regional Rural Banks comprising of 196
banks operating in India. For, analysis the present study makes the use of simple tables,
ratios and time series data from inception (1975) to till date (2005)

SECTION III: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

STRUCTURAL GROWTH OF REGIONAL RURAL BANKS:

Since their inception in 1975, the RRBs have grown rapidly in structure and strength.
From a modest beginning with five banks covering 11 districts of five states with 17
branches, as many as 196 RRBs are operating in 518 districts of 26 states with a branch
network of 14446 as on 31st March 2004. The rural branch network of RRBs accounts
for nearly 37 percent of the total branch network of schedule commercial banks in India.
The growth of RRBs in terms of structure since 1975 is given in Table 2. It is clear from
Table 2 that after the first year of its inception in 1975, a sharp increase has been
recorded during the next year in which the number of bank were went up to 40, covering
84 districts with a branch network of 489. It is also clear from the Table in each
successive year the number of RRBs, district covered and number of branches had
significantly increased.
Jasvir S. Sura, JIMS-8M, The Journal of Indian Management and Strategy, Vol-11(4), Oct. - Dec.2006, pp. 4-12.

Table 2: Growth of RRBs in India

As at the end of No. of RRBs No. of Branches No.of District covered
Dec. 1975 6 17 11
,, 1976 40 489 84
,, 1977 48 1187 99
,, 1978 51 1753 102
,,1979 60 2420 111
,,1980 85 3279 144
,,1981 107 4795 182
,, 1982 124 6191 214
,, 1983 150 7795 265
,, 1984 173 10245 307
,, 1985 188 12606 333
,, 1986 194 12838 351
,, 1987 196 13353 363
Mar. 1988 196 13920 369
,, 1989 196 14079 369
,, 1990 196 14443 372
,, 1991 196 14527 381
,, 1992 196 14539 392
,, 1993 196 14543 398
,, 1994 196 14542 408
,, 1995 196 14509 425
,, 1996 196 14497 427
,, 1997 196 14461 427
,, 1998 196 14475 451
,, 1999 196 14499 454
,, 2000 196 14301 457
,, 2001 196 14311 476
,, 2002 196 14350 487
,, 2003 196 14311 495
,, 2004 196 14446 518
.
Source: RRBs Key statistics 2004 and 2005, NABARD, Mumbai.

Thus, just after passing 12 years since its inception there was as many as 196 RRBs
operating with 13353 branches covering 363 districts till the end of 1987 onwards the
number of RRBs is constant but the number of branches has increased to 14446 as on 31st
March 2004 and districts covered have also been increased to 518. The reason for
increasing districts is mainly because of bifurcation and trifurcation of old district in
various states.
Jasvir S. Sura, JIMS-8M, The Journal of Indian Management and Strategy, Vol-11(4), Oct. - Dec.2006, pp. 4-12.

The RRBs had been conceived to develop rural economy by providing credit and other
facilities for the purpose of development of agriculture, trade, commerce, industry, and
other productive activities to the targeted poor people in the rural areas. However, with
the advent of financial sector reforms in early nineties, the RRBs were allowed to extend
credit facilities to rural non-target group also to a limited extend.

BUSINESS PERFORMANCE AND CREDIT DISTRIBUTION: The

business performance of RRBs in terms of deposit mobilization and credit extension has
also been presented in Table 3 along with the analysis of growth trend since the birth of
the bank. The bank mobilized a total deposit of Rs. 0.20 crore and extend an advance of
Rs. 0.10 crore with 50 percent credit-deposit ratio in the initial year of its establishment
in 1975 which increased to Rs. 7.72 crore and Rs. 7.02 crore in the next year registering
an increase of more than 37 times and 69 times than the preceding year with 91 percent
credit-deposit ratio.

During the operation of three decades, the RRBs in India have recorded a significant
growth in mobilization of deposits and disbursement of credit of Rs. 62143 crore and Rs.
31817 crore respectively till the end of 331st March 2005. In terms of credit-deposit
ratio, it increased from 50 percent in 1975 to, as high as, 165 percent in 1978. But after
that, it shows declining trend, which came down to 51.2 percent in 2005.

The C/D ratio trend shows that it was sharp increase before liberalization ear of Indian
economy but after 1987 it was on decline trends, which take marginal increase in the year
2005. However, there is no significant correlation between the C/D ratio of RRBs and
Overall Banking Industry
Table 3: Growth of deposit, credit and C.D. ratio of RRBs and Banking Industry
As the end of Total deposit Total advances C/D ratio C/D ratio (%)
Rs/Crore Rs/crores (%)of RRBs of Banking
(RRBs) (RRBs) Industry
Dec-1975 0.2 0.1 50 ---
,, 1976 0.72 7.02 91 ---
,,1977 33.04 42.35 128 ---
,,1978 74011 122.02 165 ---
Jasvir S. Sura, JIMS-8M, The Journal of Indian Management and Strategy, Vol-11(4), Oct. - Dec.2006, pp. 4-12.

,,1979 123.22 167.41 136 ---

,,1980 199.83 243.38 122 ---
,,1981 336 406.59 121 ---
,,1982 502.26 577.11 115 ---
,,1983 677.85 750.84 111 ---
,,1984 959.97 1080.77 113 ---
,,1985 1285.82 1407.67 109 ---
,,1986 1714.94 1784.84 104 ---
,,1987 2305.82 2232.26 97 ---
,,1988 2965.88 2804.29 95 ---
,,1989 3118.58 2918.25 94 ---
,,1990 4150.52 3554.04 86 60.8
,,1991 4989.24 3535.35 72 60.8
,,1992 5867.83 4090.86 70 55.4
,,1993 6938.14 4626.79 67 56.3
,,1994 8826.51 5253.02 60 51.6
,,1995 11150.01 6290.97 56 54.7
,,1996 14187.9 7505.03 53 58.6
,,1997 17970.18 8711.82 48 55.1
,,1998 22189.23 9860.81 44 53.5
,,1999 27065.74 11355.85 42 51.1
,,2000 32204 13184 41 53.3
,,2001 38278 15815 41 53.5
,,2002 44539 18598 42 55.8
,,2003 48346 21755.7 45 56.9
,,2004 57010 25483.47 44.7 56.1
,,2005 62143 31817 51.2 58.7
Source: Key statistics 2004 ans 2005, NABARD, Mumbai.

Table 3A: Correlations between RRBs C/D Ratio and Overall Banking Industry

RRBs BI
RRBs Pearson Correlation 1.000 .586
Sig. (2-tailed) . .017
N 16 16
BI Pearson Correlation .586 1.000
Sig. (2-tailed) .017 .
N 16 16
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)
Jasvir S. Sura, JIMS-8M, The Journal of Indian Management and Strategy, Vol-11(4), Oct. - Dec.2006, pp. 4-12.

Regional Rural Banks

C/D Ratio
Banking Industry

100
90
80
70
c/d Ratio

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
,,1990
,,1991
,,1992
,,1993
,,1994
,,1995
,,1996
,,1997
,,1998
,,1999
,,2000
,,2001
,,2002
,,2003
,,2004
,,2005
years

It observed from table 3 that RRBs has achieved a commendable progress in terms of
deposit mobilization and fulfilling the credit requirements of rural people during the 30
years of their existence. But the banks have to take efforts to extend more credit to the
rural people as it is found that only 51.2 percent of their deposits have been provided as
loan and advances as on 31st March 2005.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF RRBs: It is clear from Table 4 that

there is 196 RRBs in India, which covers 26 states with 14446-branch network and 70396
employees as on 31st March 2005. However, the services of RRBs are not available in the
states like Delhi, Goa, Sikkim and in all the Union Territories. Out of the 26 states, Uttar
Pradesh has the highest number of 36 RRBs followed by Madhya Pradesh with 19, and
Bihar with 16 RRBs, and these three states constitute 36 percent of the total RRBs in
India. All the states in North-East Region, except Assam, have one RRB each. In terms
of branch network, Uttar Pradesh is again at top with 2850 branches followed by Bihar
with 1487 and Andhra Pradesh with 1124 branches, which has recorded 20 percent, 10
percent and eight percent respectively in total branch network of the country.
Jasvir S. Sura, JIMS-8M, The Journal of Indian Management and Strategy, Vol-11(4), Oct. - Dec.2006, pp. 4-12.

Table 4: State-wise distribution of RRBs

Sr. No. Name of State No. of RRBs. No. of Branches No. of Staff
1 Andhra Pradesh 16 1124 5781
2 Arunachal Pradesh 1 20 70
3 Assam 5 395 1983
4 Bihar 16 1487 6395
5 Chattisgarh 5 439 1849
6 Gujarat 9 388 1623
7 Haryana 4 301 1639
8 Himachal Pradesh 2 132 596
9 Jammu & Kashmir 3 267 1257
10 Jharkhand 6 394 1628
11 Karnataka 13 1093 5807
12 Kerala 2 347 2593
13 Madhya Pradesh 19 1067 4544
14 Maharasthra 10 589 2488
15 Manipur 1 30 107
16 Meghalaya 1 52 186
17 Mizoram 1 55 183
18 Nagaland 1 9 33
19 Orissa 9 825 4264
20 Punjab 5 205 753
21 Rajasthan 14 1026 4418
22 Tamil Nadu 3 211 1092
23 Tripura 1 86 713
24 Uttar Pradesh 36 2850 14511
25 Uttaranchal 4 173 631
26 West Bengal 9 881 5252
All India 196 14446 70396
Source: RRBs Key Statistics, NABARD, Mumbai.
The lowest number of branches has been found in Nagaland with 9 only. The maximum
RRBs staff has also been found in Uttar Pradesh with 14511 employees and the lowest in
Nagaland with 33 only.
SECTION IV: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

Depending on the context and applications, the term performance may have different
connotations. Keeping in consideration the varied activities being performed by rural
regional banks, any appraisal of their performance may become meaningful with its
underlying objectives. In the present study, for the performance of Regional Rural Banks
Jasvir S. Sura, JIMS-8M, The Journal of Indian Management and Strategy, Vol-11(4), Oct. - Dec.2006, pp. 4-12.

an attempt has been made in terms of certain defined, parameters, like growth pattern of
RRBs; the credit distribution of RRBs; and the geographical distribution of RRBs.

Till the birth of RRBs in India, branches of commercial banks and co-operative banks in
thousand numbers were operating in the rural areas. But despite of such large network of
bank branches, the credit needs of rural India was quite inadequate. As a constituent
extensive of commercial banking network, the RRBs have achieved tremendous growth
in term of number of bank and its branches. It has extended its service to every nook and
corner of the country covering 487 districts in 26 states. Out of the 26 states, Uttar
Pradesh has the highest number of 36 RRBs followed by Madhya Pradesh with 19, and
Bihar with 16 RRBs, and these three states constitute 36 percent of the total RRBs in
India However, the distribution of bank is not same in different states. The highest bank
number of are in Uttar Pradesh with 36 banks and the RRBs are yet to its activities in
Delhi, Goa, Sikkim and all Union Territories. Moreover, the overall position of RRBs in
India is not quite encouraging. The poor credit-deposit ratio is still making big dent on
the desired functioning of RRBs. Since the RRB is a bank for poor people, it’s presence
in all the states of country especially in underdeveloped states and Union Territories is
strongly realized. The government should spread the branches of RRBs to grass root
level to provide banking and credit service to the needy people in rural India. Moreover,
it is the responsibility of the bank management and the sponsored bank to take the change
for corrective majors to raise the credit-deposit ratio of the bank. The gap between C-D
ratio of commercial banks and RRBs need to be minimized and with the result the rural
India tends to gain benefit of credit policy in the rural.
 Jasvir S. Sura, JIMS-8M, The Journal of Indian Management and Strategy, Vol-11(4), Oct. - Dec.2006, pp. 4-12.

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