Professional Documents
Culture Documents
When to use
Accounting treatment
The methods of accounting for
investments in equity securities
are summarized in the following
graph
Accounting for Investments
in Equity Securities
Percentage of 0 20 50 100
ownership
Market Value
Method (for certain
companies)
SFAS No. 159
Most financial assets &
liabilities may be measured at
fair value.
Measured using exit prices on
balance sheet date.
Fair value is price a company
would receive to sell an asset or
pay to transfer a liability.
Unrealized holding costs most
be reported.
Investment in Debt Securities
Trading
Available-for-sale
Held-to-maturity
Trading and available-for-sale accounted for
in a manner similar to equity securities - fair
value
Held-to-Maturity
Criteria
Initial measurement
Subsequent accounting
Transfers
Trading
Available-for-sale
Problem - Criteria permit earnings
management
Permanent Decline in Value of Available-for-
Sale and Held-to-Maturity Securities
Financial assets:
debt and equity securities
Accounting for financial assets was first
outlined in SFAS No. 125
Recently replaced by SFAS No. 140.
Transfers of Financial Assets
According to SFAS No. 140, the
investor transfers or surrenders control
over transferred assets if and only if all
of the following 3 conditions are met:
1. The transferred assets have been isolated from
the transferor
2. Each transferee has the right to pledge or
exchange the assets it received
no condition both constrains the transferee from
taking advantage of its right to pledge or
exchange and provides more than a trivial benefit
to the transferor.
Transfers of Financial Assets
Externally Internally
acquired developed
Identifiable Unidentifiable
Accounting Treatment
Cost
Subsequent amortization
Limited term of existence
No term of existence
Factors to consider
Goodwill
The concept
Theoretical value
Accounting
How to record?
How to amortize?
The cases for and against
immediate write-off
SFAS No. 142: Goodwill and
Other Intangible Assets
Changes accounting for goodwill
from an amortization period not to exceed 40
years
to an approach that requires, at a minimum,
annual testing for impairment.
The goodwill impairment test is
to be performed at the reporting
unit level.
SFAS No. 142: Goodwill and Other
Intangible Assets
Disclosure Requirements
test for goodwill impairment is a two-step
process that involves:
1. A comparison of the fair value of the reporting
unit to its carrying value.
In the event fair value exceeds carrying value, no
further testing is required.
If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds
its fair value, step two is required.
2. A calculation of the implied fair value of goodwill
by measuring the fair value of the net assets
other than goodwill and subtracting this amount
from the fair value of the reporting unit.
Research and Development Costs
Definition
Research
Development
Accounting
International Accounting Standards
b)
the asset is identifiable
the future economic benefits specifically attributable
™
c)
to the asset will flow to the enterprise, and
cost is reliably measurable. ™
Recognition criteria apply to both purchased
©
and internally generated intangibles.
©
™
IAS No. 38: Intangible Assets
© After initial recognition in the financial statements, an
intangible asset should be measured under one of the
following two treatments:
$
™
1. Benchmark treatment: historical cost less any amortization
and impairment losses; or
$
™
IAS No. 38: Intangible Assets
™
asset will not exceed 20 years from the date when the asset
is available for use.
©
In rare cases, where persuasive evidence suggests that the
useful life of an intangible asset will exceed 20 years
amortize the intangible asset over the best estimate of its
$ ™ 1.
useful life and:
Test the intangible asset for impairment at least annually in
accordance with IAS 36, Impairment of Assets
2. Disclose the reasons why the presumption that the useful life of
$
™
IAS No. 9
Research
ongoing investigations with the prospect of
gaining new knowledge
Development
applications of research findings to a plan of
production
Research costs are recognized as expenses
Development costs may be capitalized if
certain criteria are met
If capitalized - amortized to reflect pattern of
benefits
IAS No. 22
Outlined accounting treatment
for investments with the ability to
significantly influence.
Requirements similar to U. S.
GAAP
IAS No. 32: Financial Instruments:
Disclosure and Presentation
Financial asset
a) Cash
b) Right to receive cash
c) Right to exchange financial
asset under
favorable conditions or equity
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