CAUHTAL UNLMAB^C^AL AW^BAL FNUNTA[A]AL FT@]@W

MNLKAL M@AKLHWA ONM@W ONM@W GALGNT ]@TH@M

HCNB :
NFA [ABP^ T@IAL@ ON@C@AMN[@
L@O. U5;14541955=
FNCAW LNTW A / WNONW]NT @@

FNONL]NT@AL FNWNBA]AL TNU^DC@F @LMHLNW@A

UHC@]NFL@F FNWNBA]AL MNLUAWATUTHM@ W]r. J^T^WAL
FNUNTA[A]AL

4541
 

CAUHTAL UNLMAB^C^AL AW^BAL FNUNTA[A]AL MNLKAL

M@AKLHWA ONM@W GALGNT ]B@TH@M

A. FHLW
FHLWNU NU MAWA
MAWATT ]NH
]NHT@
T@
1. Mni`l
`l``s` GA ]@
]@TH@M
GA t`rh`m amacab sutu fnkalasal pama t`rh`m yalk ono`c`f` = t`pn ya`tu: pap`cnr,
ihc`fucnr
ihc`fucnr,, alapcast`f
alapcast`f mal onmucnr.
onmucnr. Falfnr t`rh`m jaralk onlyndadfal
onlyndadfal pnodnsaral
pnodnsaral
fncnlj
fncnljar,
ar, cnd`b
cnd`b snr
snr`lk
`lk onlynda
onlyndadfal
dfal pnrtuo
pnrtuodub
dubal
al fng`c
fng`c (lhmuc
(lhmuc)) macao
macao fncnlj
fncnljar.
ar.
Wndak`al dnsar lhmuc t`rh`m dnrs`iat j`laf, d`asalya falfnr
fa lfnr t`rh`m d`sa m`snodubfal.
Falfnr t`rh`m uouolya tnrkhchlk tuohr mnlkal pnrtuodubal mal pnrjacalal
 pnlyaf`t yalk caodat, snrta ohrd`m`tas mal ohrtac`tas yalk rnlmab, tnrutaoa pama
falfnr
falfnr t`rh`
t`rh`m
m t`pn
t`pn pap`cn
pap`cnr.
r. Ohrtac
Ohrtac`ta
`tass pac`lk
pac`lk rnlmab
rnlmab pama `lm`v`
`lm`v`mu
mu mnlk
mnlkal
al us`a
us`a
m`dawab >5 tabul mal onl`lkfat tajao pama us`a m` ataslya, laoul sndak`al fng`c
ama puca yalk tuodub gnpat mal salkat kalas mnlkal prhklhs`s yalk iatac. Alkfa
rnfurnls` tuohr uouo pama falfnr t`rh`m t`pn pap`cnr, dnrf`sar snt`lkk` 75% j`fa
tnrap` awac t`maf fhopc`t. Alkfa fnoat`al af`dat falfnr t`rh`m 5,=% mar` snoua
fnoat`
fnoat`al
al af`dat
af`dat falfnr
falfnr atau
atau dnrf`s
dnrf`sar
ar > fnoat`
fnoat`al
al pnr snjuta
snjuta pnlmumu
pnlmumuf
f pnrtab
pnrtabul.
ul.
Alkfa fntabalal b`mup c`oa tabul rncat`i
rncat`i falfnr t`rh`m
t`rh`m amacab 09%.> ]ujual utaoa
tata cafsala falfnr t`rh`m amacab onopnrfng`c
onopnrfng`c rns`fh rnfurnls`
rnfurnls` mal ontastas`
ontastas`ss jaub,
snb`lkka
snb`lkka d`sa onlurulfal alkfa ohrd`m`ta
ohrd`m`tass mal ohrtac`ta
ohrtac`tass pnlmnr`ta.
pnlmnr`ta. ]nrap` utaoa

macao tata cafsala falfnr t`rh`m amacab hpnras`, snmalkfal tnrap` amjuval amacab
adcas`
adcas` t`rh`m
t`rh`m mnlkal
mnlkal `hm`ln
`hm`ln ram`ha
ram`haft`
ft`i,
i, suprns
suprns`` tbyrht
tbyrhtrhp
rhp`l
`l mal ram`as
ram`as`` nfstnr
nfstnrlac
lac..
(Jurlac, Hftabnrohl`za, 4517)

4. Nt`hc
`hchk` GA ]@
]@TH@M
]`ka pnlyndad yalk sumab jncas mapat onl`oducfal fars`lhoa t`rh`m :
a. Fnla`fal snfrns` bhrohl ]WB ( ]byrh`m Wt`oucat`lk Bhrohl) mar` fncnljar 
b`phi`sn altnr`hr m`sndadfal dnrfuralklya snfrns` bhrohl ]7 mal ]= mar`
 

fncnljar t`rh`m hcnb farnla furalklya `ltafn `hm`uo. @l` onlyndadfal t`rh`m
yalk adlhroac mapat dnrudab onljam` falfnr.
d. Unly
Unly`la
`laral
ral (ram`a
(ram`as`
s` `hl)
`hl) pama
pama manrab
manrab fnpaca,
fnpaca, cnbnr,
cnbnr, mama dak`al
dak`al atas
tnru
tnruta
taoa
oa alaf-
alaf-ala
alaf
f ya
yalk
lk pn
pnrl
rlab
ab onlma
onlmapa
patt tn
tnra
rap`
p` ra
ram`
m`as
as`` m` cn
cnbn
bnrr mal

onm`ast`luo.
g. Iafthr knlnt`f.
Amalya r`wayat fnturulal mar` fncuaraka.

7. Iaft
Iafthr
hr Tns`
Tns`fh
fh GA ]@TH
]@TH@M
@M
Iafthr rns`fh yalk onlyndadfal fars`lhoa t`rh`m amacab sndaka` dnr`fut:
a. ^s`a6 tnrmapat
tnrmapat rns`fh
rns`fh oac`klas
oac`klas`` apad`ca
apad`ca m`mapat
m`mapat lhmuc t`rh`m
t`rh`m pama
pama us`a
us`a 3<=>
tabul.
 d. Wnx6 wal`ta onopulya` rns`fh t`ka fac` cnd`b dnsar mar` pama pr`a.
g. T`wayat
T`wayat pnlyaf`t
pnlyaf`t snrupa
snrupa macao fncuar
fncuarka6
ka6 amalya
amalya fntnrc`
fntnrc`datal
datal knlnt`
knlnt`gg pama
fars`lhoa `l`.
m. Tas6 ras
ras as`a
as`a mal fuc`t
fuc`t put`b
put`b pama uouolya
uouolya onopulya
onopulya`` rns`fh
rns`fh t`lkk`.
t`lkk`.
n. Unrlab onlmnr`
onlmnr`ta
ta pnlyaf`t
pnlyaf`t pnodnsar
pnodnsaral
al fncnljar
fncnljar t`rh`m.
t`rh`m. ]nrmapa
]nrmapatt >% struoa
struoa
lhmhsa onlkacao` mnknlras` oac`kla.
i. Knhkrai`s
Knhkrai`s tnopat
tnopat t`lkkac
t`lkkac.. Palk dnrasac
dnrasac mar`
mar` manrab
manrab faya `hm`uo
`hm`uo uouolya
uouolya
onlmnr`ta fars`lhoa t`rh`m pap`carn snmalkfal yalk dnrasac mar` manrab
nlmno`f kh`tnr uouolya onlmnr`ta fars`lho t`rh`m ihc`fucarn.

k. Tam`as`
Tam`as` pama cnbnr
cnbnr mal fnpaca.
fnpaca. Unlkarub
Unlkarub ram`as`
ram`as` pama falaf-falaf
falaf-falaf mapat
mapat
onlyndadfal oac`klals` t`rh`m 75->5% mal pama mnwasa 45%.

=. ]alm
]alma
a Mal
Mal Knja
Knjaca
ca GA ]@TH
]@TH@M
@M
Wnduab dnljhcal, atau d`lt`c m` cnbnr mnpal (oulkf`l gnpat tuodub atau fnras) m`
mnfat jaful. Lhmuc tulkkac amacab talma-talma yalk pac`lk uouo falfnr t`rh`m.
(Jurlac, Hftabnrohl`za, 4517)
a. Waf`t
Waf`t m` tnlk
tnlkkhr
khrhfal
hfal atau
atau cnbnr
cnbnr yalk
yalk mapat
mapat onop
onopnrp
nrpalj
aljalk
alk fn tnc`
tnc`lka
lka..
 

 d. Wnraf atau fnsuc`tal dnrd`gara mnlkal suara lhroac.

g. Unod
Unodnl
nlkf
kfaf
afal
al fnc
fncnlja
nljarr knt
kntab dnl`
dnl`lk
lk,, tnr
nrut
utao
aoaa m` cn
cnbn
bnr.
r. Onr
Onrnfa
nfa mapa
mapatt
m`tnoufal sncaoa pnonr`fsaal i`s`f.
m. Fnsuc`
Fnsuc`tal
tal macao
macao onlnca
onlncal
l atau dnrlapa
dnrlapass atau saf`t
saf`t m` tnlkkhr
tnlkkhrhfal
hfal atau
atau cnbnr
cnbnr saat

onlncal. @l` tnrjam` fnt`fa onlmhrhlk tuohr fnrhlkfhlkal Alma.

n. Datuf
Datuf tnru
tnrus-o
s-onln
nlnrus
rus,, talpa
talpa m`lk`l
m`lk`l atau
atau pnlyaf
pnlyaf`t
`t ca`
ca`l.
l.
i. Amal
Amalya
ya pn
pnod
odnl
nlkf
kfaf
afal
al pa
pama
ma cn
cnbn
bnr 
r 
k. Fnsuc`
uc`tal on
onlnca
ncal

>. Fca
cas`
s`i`
i`fa
fas`
s` GA
GA ]@T
]@TH
H@M
Onlurut [BH, tuohr np`tnc oac`kla t`rh`m m`dak` onljam` :
1. Fa
Farrs`lh
s`lhoa
oa Ihc`
Ihc`fu
fucn
cnrr.
]nrmapat f`ra-f`ra 4> % mar` sncurub fars`lhoa t`rh`m yalk ama, tnrutaoa
onlknla` fnchophf us`a m`atas >5 tabul. Onlynralk pnoducub marab yalk
fnoum`
fnoum`al
al onlynd
onlyndar
ar fn tucalk
tucalk mal jar
jar`lk
`lkal
al paru.
paru. Jaralk
Jaralk onlynd
onlyndar
ar fn
manrab
manrab lhmns
lhmns c`opa
c`opa tap`
tap` mapat
mapat oncnfa
oncnfat/o
t/onlno
nlnopnc
pnc m` tr
trafna
afna,, hth
hthtt cnbnr,
cnbnr,
 pnoducub marab dnsar
d nsar mal fuc`t, yal
yalkk fnoum`al onlyndadfal
onlyn dadfal m`splna snrta
m`siak`a.
m`siak`a. D`ca tuohr onlknla` –]bn Tngurrnlt
Tngurrnlt Car`lknac Lnrvns‟, suara
fc`nl onljam` snraf. Urhklhs`slya da`f d`ca ontastasnlya oas`b snm`f`t pama
saat m`aklhsa m`tntapfal.
4. Fa
Farrs`lh
s`lhoa
oa Uap`
Uap`ccar
ar..

Onrupafal t`pn falfnr t`rh`m yalk snr`lk m`tnoufal, dalyaf pama wal`ta
atau fnchophf us`a m`atas =5 tabul. Fars`lhoa Uap`car onrupafal tuohr 
yalk pnrfnodalkallya caodat mal mapat oulguc dnrtabul-tabul sndncuo
onlyndar fn manrab lhmns c`opa. Fnt`fa tuohr tnrchfac`s`r m` fncnljar t`rh`m,
 prhklhs`slya da`f apad`ca m`cafufal t`lmafal ]`rh`mnftho` pars`ac atau
thtac.
7. Fa
Farrs`lh
s`lhoa
oa Onmu
Onmuccar
ar..
]`oduc m` jar`lkal t`rh`m paraihc`fucar. Dalyaflya > ‗ 15 % mar` sncurub
fars`l
fars`lhoa
hoa t`rh`m
t`rh`m mal uouoly
uouolyaa onlknl
onlknla`
a` hralk
hralk yalk
yalk dnrus`
dnrus`aa m`atas
m`atas >5
 

tabul.
tabul. Unlynda
Unlyndaral
rallya
lya oncnwa
oncnwat`
t` lhmns
lhmns c`opa
c`opa mal onlynr
onlynralk
alk str
struft
uftur
ur m`
snfnc`c`lklya. ]uohr `l` snr`lk tnrjam` mal onrupafal dak`al mar` Ouct`pcn
Nlmh
Nlmhgr
gr`l
`lnn Lnhp
Lnhpca
cas`
s`aa (ONL
(ONL)) ]`
]`pn
pn @@ ya
yalk
lk ju
juka
ka dak`a
dak`al
l ma
mar`
r` pnlya
pnlyaf`
f`tt
nlmhfr`l, m`oala tnrmapat snfrns` yalk dnrcnd`bal mar` facs`thl`l, AG]B,

 prhstakcalm`l mal snrhthl`l.

=. Fars`l
Fars`lhoa
hoa dnrm`i
dnrm`inrn
nrnls`
ls`as`
as` duruf
duruf (Alapc
(Alapcast
ast`f)
`f)..
>. On
Onru
rupa
pafal
fal tuohr
tuohr yalk dnrfn
dnrfnod
odal
alk
k mn
mnlka
lkal
l gnpat
gnpat mal cuar
cuar d`asa
d`asa ak
akrn
rns`
s`i.
i.
Falfnr jnl`s `l` sngara calksulk onlynralk struftur yalk dnrmnfatal, yalk
onl`oducfal knjaca snpnrt`:
a. Wtr
Wtr`mh
`mhrr (suara
(suara snra
snraf/p
f/para
arau,
u, suara
suara laias
laias tnrm
tnrmnlka
nlkarr lyar`l
lyar`lk).
k).
 d. Wuara snraf.
g. M`siak`a
Urhklhs`slya jncnf mal baop`r sndak`al dnsar fc`nl onl`lkkac f`ra-
f`ra
f`ra 1 ta
tabu
bul
l sn
sntn
tnca
cab
b m`akl
m`aklhs
hsaa m`
m`tn
tnta
tapf
pfal
al.. Fc
Fc`n
`nl
l mn
mnlka
lkal
l m`
m`ak
aklhs
lhsaa
fars`lhoa alapcast`f mapat m`hdat` mnlkal pnodnmabal pac`at`i, ram`as`
mal fnohtnrap`.
Wtam`uo Galgnr ]byrh`m :
Wtam`u
Wtam`uo
o falfnr
falfnr `l` t`maf
t`maf balya
balya dnrmas
dnrmasarf
arfal
al b`s
b`sthp
thpath
athchk
chk`,
`, nfstnl
nfstnls`
s` chfac,
chfac,
rnk`hlac mal ontastasn jaub, tntap` juka pama uour mal jnl`s fncao`l. Fcas`i`fas`
]LO amacab sndaka` dnr`fut:
]`pn mal stam`uo 3=> tabul < => tabul

Uap`cnr 
  Wtam`uo @ Wnt`ap ], snt`ap L, O5 ]1, L1, O5
  Wtam`uo @@ Wnt`ap ], snt`ap L, O1 ]4-=, L1, O5
  Wtam`uo @@@ Wnt`ap ], L5, O5,
  Wtam`uo @Y Wnt`ap ], snt`ap L, O5

]`pn mal stam`uo 3=> tabul <=> tabul

Ihc`fucnr 
  Wtam`uo @ Wnt`ap ], snt`ap L, O5 ]1, L5, O5

 
Wtam`uo @@ Wnt`ap ], snt`ap L, O1 ]4-=, L5, O5
 

  Wtam`uo @@@ - Wnt`ap ], L1, O5

  Wtam`uo @Y - Wnt`ap ], snt`ap L, O5
Onmucnr 
  Wtam`uo @ - ]1, L5, O5

 
Wtam`uo @@ snt`ap ], snt`ap L, O5 ]4-=, L5, O5
  Wtam`uo @@@ - Wnt`ap ], L1, O5
  Wtam`uo @Y snt`ap ], snt`ap L, O1 Wnt`ap ], snt`ap L, O1
]mf mapat
m`facs`i`fas`fl - -
  Wtam`uo @ - -
  Wtam`uo @@ - -
  Wtam`uo @@@ snt`ap ], snt`ap L, snt`ap O snt`ap ], snt`ap L, snt`ap
  Wtam`uo @Y O

Gatatal :
]x : tuohr t`maf mapat m`tnltufal
]5 : ]`maf ama tuohr 
]1 : tuohr dnrm`aontnr tnrpaljalk 3 7 go
]4 : tuohr dnrm`aontnr tnrpaljalk <7 go
]7 : i`fus `ltrakcalmucnr ouct`pcn
]= : tuohr pr`onr tnri`fsas`

>. Uat
athi
hi`s
`s`h
`hch
chk`
k` GA
GA ]@T
]@TH@
H@M
M
GA t`rh`m
t`rh`m mapat
mapat m`snda
m`sndadfal
dfal hcnb 7 bac ya`tu
ya`tu Fnla`f
Fnla`fal
al snfrns
snfrns`` bhrohl
bhrohl ]WB
( ]byr
]byrh`
h`m
m Wt`o
Wt`ouc
ucat
at`l
`lk
k Bhroh
Bhrohl)
l) ma
mar`
r` fn
fncn
cnlj
ljar
ar b`
b`phi
phi`s
`snn altnr
altnr`h
`hrr m`
m`sn
snda
dadf
dfal
al
 dnrfuralklya snfrns` bhrohl ]7 mal ]= mar` fncnljar t`rh`m hcnb farnla furalklya
`ltafn `hm`uo. @l` onlyndadfal t`rh`m yalk adlhroac mapat dnrudab onljam` falfnr,
 pnly`laral (ram`as` `hl) pama manrab fnpaca, cnbnr, mama dak`al atas tnrutaoa alaf-
alaf yalk pnrlab onlmapat tnrap` ram`as` m` cnbnr mal onm`ast`luo, snrta farnla
iafthr knlnt`f.
 

Fars`lhoa t`rh`m onrupafal lnhpcasoa yalk dnrasac mar` fncnljar yalk tnrcntaf 
m` mnpal cnbnr yalk sngara lhroac
lhroac onoprhmufs`
onoprhmufs` bhrohln t`rh`m
t`rh`m yalk pnlt`lk
pnlt`lk ultuf 
ontadhc`son tudub. @li`ctras` fars`lhoa t`rh`m mapat m`tnoufal m` tragbna, car`lk,
iar`lk, nshpbakus, pnoducub marab farht`s, vnla jukucar`s, struftur ca`l pama cnbnr 

mal fuc`t. Ontastasn c`oihknl mapat onc`put` snoua rnk`hl cnbnr snmalkfal ontastasn
bn
bnoa
oath
thknl
knl d`as
d`asal
alya
ya m` pa
paru
ru,, tuca
tucalk
lk,, htaf
htaf ma
mal
l ba
bat`
t`.. Falf
Falfnr
nr `l
`l`` dn
dnrm
rm`i
`inr
nrnls
nls`a
`as`
s`
onopnrtabalfal fnoaopual ultuf onl`odul yhm`uo pnodnsaral fncnljar kntab
 dnl`lk. Chfas` fncnljar kntab dnl`lk yalk d`sa onodnsar mal d`sa tnrada pama
 pnradaal yafl` m` fnt`af, c`pat paba. Ama juka fncnljar kntab dnl`lk yalk tnrmapat m`
macao tudub yalk oala t`maf mapat m`rada yafl` m`macao rhlkka pnrut. Unlyndad mar`
 pnodnsaral fncnljar kntab dnl`lk
d nl`lk amacab `linfs` lhl spns`i`f, `linfs` spns`i`f (]DG),
fnkalasal (cyopbhoa).
Bhrohl
Bhrohl st`
st`ouc
oucath
athrr t`rh`
t`rh`m
m (tbyrh
(tbyrh`m
`m st`
st`ouc
oucat`
at`lk
lk bhrohl
bhrohln,
n, ]WB)
]WB) ononkal
ononkalk
k
 pnralal tnrpnlt`lk ultuf onlkatur snfrns` mar` fncnljar t`rh`m. ]WB m`bas`cfal hcnb
chdus altnr`hr fncnljar b`phi`s`s.
b`phi`s`s. Urhsns
Urhsns yalk m`fnlac
m`fnlac sndaka` lnkat`vn innmdagf 
salkat
salkat pnlt`l
pnlt`lk
k macao
macao prhsns
prhsns pnlkncu
pnlkncuara
aral
l bhrohl
bhrohl t`r
t`rh`m
h`m fn s`r
s`rfuc
fucas`
as`.@li`
.@li`ctr
ctras`
as`
fars`l
fars`lhoa
hoa t`rh`
t`rh`m
m mapat
mapat m`tnou
m`tnoufal
fal m` tragbn
tragbna,
a, car
car`lk
`lk,, iar
iar`lk
`lk,, nsh
nshpbak
pbakus,
us, lnrvus
lnrvus
rngurrnlt,
rngurrnlt, pnoducub marab farht`s,
farht`s, vnla jukucar`s,
jukucar`s, struftur
struftur ca`l pama cnbnr mal fuc`t.
Onta
Ontast
stas
asnn c`oi
c`oihk
hknl
nl ma
mapa
patt onc`
onc`put
put`` sn
snou
ouaa rn
rnk`
k`hl
hl cn
cnbn
bnrr sn
snma
malk
lkfal
fal onta
ontast
stas
asnn
bnoathknl d`asalya m` paru, tucalk, htaf mal bat`.
Amnlhfa
Amnlhfars`
rs`lho
lhoaa pap`cn
pap`cnrr d`asal
d`asalya
ya dnrs`i
dnrs`iat
at ouct`
ouct`snl
snltr`
tr`f
f mal >5% pnlmnr`
pnlmnr`ta
ta

mnlkal ama saralk

saralk kalas m`chdus bhohcatnrac
bhohcatnrac mal chdus fhltracatnrac
fhltracatnrac.. Ontastas`
Ontastas`ss
ouca-ouca fn fncnljar c`oin rnk`hlac, mal afb`rlya tnrjam` ontastas`s bnoathknl.
^ouolya amnlhfars`lhoa ihcc`fucnr dnrs`iat ul`ihfac, mnlkal ontastas`s juka fn
fncnljar c`oin cnbnr, tntap` furalk snr`lk mal furalk dalyaf, laoul cnd`b snr`lk
ontast
ontastas`
as`sly
slyaa sngara
sngara bnoath
bnoathknl
knl.. Amnlhfa
Amnlhfars`
rs`lho
lhoaa onmucc
onmuccnr
nr dnrasa
dnrasacc mar`
mar` snc G
snb`lk
snb`lkka
ka famalk
famalk onlknc
onlkncuar
uarfal
fal facs`t
facs`thl`
hl`l
l (snc
(snc AU^M).
AU^M). Uama
Uama tabap
tabap m`l`
m`l` tnr
tnrjam
jam``
ontast
ontastas`
as`ss fn fncnlj
fncnljar
ar c`oin
c`oin rnk`hl
rnk`hlac.
ac. Amnlhfa
Amnlhfars`
rs`lho
lhoaa alapca
alapcast`
st`f
f yalk jar
jaralk
alk
m`tn
m`tnou
oufa
fal,
l, onru
onrupa
pafa
fal
l tuoh
tuohrr ya
yalk
lk tuod
tuodub
ub ak
akrn
rns`
s`i,
i, dn
dnrt
rtuo
uodu
dub
b gn
gnpa
patt ma
mal
l
onlkaf`datfal pnlyusupal fnjar`lkal snf`tarlya tnrutaoa trafna snb`lkka tnrjam`
 

stnlhs
stnlhs`s
`s yalk
yalk onlynd
onlyndadfa
adfal
l fnsuc`
fnsuc`tal
tal dnrlai
dnrlaias.
as. ]abap
]abap m`l`
m`l` tnr
tnrjam
jam`` pnlynda
pnlyndaral
ral
bnoathknl. Mal pnlynodubal jaralk tnrgapa`. Unlyusupal fars`lhoa t`rh`m mapat
m`tnoufal m` trafna, iar`lk, nshpbakus, L.rnfurnls, pnoducub marab farht`s, struftur 
ca`l macao marab mal fuc`t. Wnmalkfal ontastas`s bnoathknl m`tnoufal tnrutaoa m`

 paru, tucalk, htaf mal bat` (Dardara,1009).

 

9. Unon
Unonr`f
r`fsaa
saal
l Unl
Unlulj
uljal
alk
k GA ]@TH
]@TH@M
@M
Onlurut ( Drullnr & Wummartb. 4551)
1. Unonr`fsaal Cadhrathr`uo.
Unonr`fsaa
Unonr`fsaal
l cadhrathr`
cadhrathr`uo
uo yalk onodnmafal tuohr j`laf mal kalas t`rh`m
 dncuo ama yalk fbusus, fnguac` falfnr onmucnr, ya`tu pnonr`fsaal
facs`thlhl macao snruo. Unonr`fsaal ]7 mal ]= famalk-famalk m`pnrcufal
farnla pama fars`lhoa t`rh`m mapat tnrjam` t`rhfths`ths`s wacaupul jaralk.
Buoal ]`rhkchduc`l (B]K) ]nra mapat m`pnrkulafal sndaka` tuohr oarfnr 
mal falfnr t`rh`m m`inrnls`as` da`f. [acaupul pnonr`fsaal `l` t`maf fbas
ultuf falfnr t`rh`m, laoul pnl`lkk`al B]K `l` sntncab t`rh`mnftho` thtac
onrupafal `lm`fathr tuohr rns`m`i atau tuodub fnodac` (darsalh). Famar 
fa
facs
cs`t
`thl`
hl`l
l ma
maca
cao
o sn
snru
ruo
o ma
mapa
patt m`
m`tn
tnlt
ltuf
ufal
al ul
ultu
tuf
f m`
m`ak
aklh
lhs`
s`ss fa
fars
rs`l
`lho
hoaa
onmucnr.
4. Tam`hchk`s
a. Ihth
hth R-Tay
Unonr`fsaal R-Tay jar`lkal culaf m` cnbnr famalk-famalk m`pnrcufal
ultuf onc`bat hdstrufs` trafbna farnla pnlnfalal tuohr mal onc`bat
facs`i`fas` pama oassa tuohr. Uama fars`lhoa pap`cnr mnlkal damal-
 damal psaohoa mapat tnrc`bat facs`i`fas` bacus yalk m`snrta`
st`ppcnmgac
st`ppcnmgacg`i`
g`i`gat`hl
gat`hl,, snmalkfal
snmalkfal pama fars`lhoa
fars`lhoa onmucnr
onmucnr facs`i`fas
facs`i`fas``
cnd`b jncas m` oassa tuohr. Famalk-famalk facs`i`fas` juka tnrc`bat pama
ontastas`s fars`lhoa pama fncnljar kntab dnl`lk. Unonr`fsaal R-Tay
 juka m`pnrkullafal ultuf survny ontastas`s pama pary mal tucalk.
 

Apad`c
Apad`caa ama fncubal
fncubal m`siak
m`siak`a,
`a, oafa
oafa ihth
ihth dar`uo
dar`uo onac
onac pnrcu
pnrcu ultuf 
ultuf 
onc`bat amalya `li`ctras` tuohr pama nshpbakus.
 d. ^ctrashulm
^ctrashulm m`pnrcufal ultuf tuohr shc`m mal f`st`f. Gara `l` aoal mal

tnpat, laoul gara `l` gnlmnrulk tnrmnsaf hcnb amalya tnbl`f d`hpsy
asp`ras` ya`tu tnbl`f yalk cnd`b snmnrbla mal
ma l ourab.
g. Ghop
Ghoput
utnr
nr`z
`znm
nm ]hoh
]hohkr
krai
ai``
G]-Wgal m`pnrkulafal ultuf onc`bat prcuasal tuohr, laoul t`maf mapat
onodnmafal sngara past` altara tuohr kalas atau j`laf ultuf fasus
tuohr t`rh`m
m. Wg`
Wg`lt`s
lt`skr
krai
ai``
Mnlkal onlkkulafal ram`h `shtrhp`g mapat m`dnmafal bht lhmucn mal
ghcm
ghcm lhmucn
lhmucn.. Manrab
Manrab ghcm
ghcm lhmucn
lhmucn m`gur`
m`gur`ka`
ka` tuohr
tuohr kalas.
kalas. ]nfl`f
]nfl`f `l`
m`pn
m`pnrk
rkul
ulaf
afal
al juka
juka sn
snda
daka
ka`` pn
pnlul
lultu
tul
l dak`
dak` d`
d`hp
hpsy
sy as
asp`
p`ra
ras`
s` ul
ultu
tuf 
f 
onopnrhcnb spng`onl yalk amnfuat.
7. D`hps` Asp`ras`
Uama mnfamn `l` d`hpsy asp`ras` jaruo bacus dalyaf m`pnrkulafal sndaka`
 prhsnmur m`aklhst`f pnlmabucual mar` dnrdaka` tuohr tnrutaoa pama tuohr 
t`rh`m. ]nfl`f mal pnracatal salkat snmnrbala , d`aya ourab mal afuras`
m`aklhst`f
m`aklhst`flya
lya t`lkk`.
t`lkk`. Mnlkal onopnrkulafal
onopnrkulafal jaruo tadulk 15 oc, mal
 jaruo lh.44 ‗ 47 snrta acat pnonkalk, snm`aal asp`rathr tuohr m`aod`c
ul
ultu
tuf
f pn
pnon
onr`
r`fs
fsaal
aal s`
s`th
thch
chk`
k`.. Dnrm
Dnrmas
asar
arfa
fal
l ar
ars`
s`tn
tnft
ftur
ur s`
s`th
thch
chk`
k` ma
mapa
patt
m``mnlt`i`fas` fars`lhoa pap`cnr, fars`lhoa ihc`fucnr, fars`lhoa alapcast`f 
mal fars`lhoa onmucnr.

;. Unla
Unlata
taca
cafs
fsal
alaa
aal
l GA ]@TH
]@TH@M
@M
Onlurut ( Drullnr & Wummartb. 4551)
a. ]nrap`
]n
]nra
rap`
p` p`c`
p`c`ba
bal
l ultuf
ultuf fa
fars
rs`l
`lho
hoaa t`
t`th
th`m
`m amaca
amacab
b pn
pnod
odnm
nmaba
abal
l ultuf 
ultuf 
onlkalkfat tuohr tnrsndut.t`rh`mnftho` thtac atau baop`r thtac m` cafufal
 

 d`ca fnamaal onoulkf`lfal.]`lmafal m`fsnfs` cnbnr yalk cnd`b cuas m`

cafufal j`fa ontastasn tncab onlyaopa` fncnljar c`pn.jar`lkal parat`rh`m m`
upayafal ultuf t`maf tnralkfat kula onlkuralk` rns`fh b`phfacsno`a pasga
hpnrat`i
hpnrat`i mal tntalus.sn
tntalus.snsumab
sumab pnodnmabal ,t`lmafal
,t`lmafal adcas`
adcas` m` cafsalafal
cafsalafal

ultuf onlcnlyapfal jar`lkal t`rh`m yalk tnrs`sa d`ca tuohr tnrsndut dnrs`iat
ram`hsnls`t`i.`hm`uo ram`at`i juka onl`lkfatfal pncualk ultuf onlnoufal
ontastat`s t`rh`m m` fnoum`al bar` d`ca pnonr`fsaal pno`lma` sncurub tudub
(wbhcn dhm` sgal) m` cafufal.snsumab pnodnmabal ,bhrohl t`rh`m m` dnr`fal
mnlkal mhs`s suprns` ultuf onlurulfal famar ]WB b`lkka tnrgapa` fnamaal
nut`rh`m.j`fa jar`lkal t`rh`m yalk tnrt`lkkac t`maf gufup ultuf onlkbas`cfal
bhrohl
bhrohl t`rh`m
t`rh`m mnlkal juocab onoama`,oafa
onoama`,oafa prnparat
prnparat t`rhfs`l
t`rhfs`l m` dutubfal
dutubfal
sngara pnroalnl.
Tam`as` pama fncnljar t`rh`m atau jar`lkal cnbnr mapat m` cafufal dndnrapa
 jacur : pnodnr`al pnrhrac mal cnwat pnodnr`al nfstnrlac tnrap` ram`as`.pas`nl
yalk onlmapat suodnr suodnr nfstnrlac tnrap` ram`as` onlkbamap` rns`fh
ul
ultu
tuf
f onlk
onlkac
acao
ao`` oufhs
oufhs`t
`t`s
`s,f
,fnf
nfnr
nr`l
`lka
kal
l oucu
oucut,
t,m`
m`sp
spak`
ak`a,
a,fno
fnonr
nraba
abal
l
fu
fuc`
c`t,
t,al
alhr
hrnf
nfs`
s`a,
a,ma
mal
l fncnc
fncncaba
abal
l fn
fnoh
ohtn
tnra
rap`
p` ja
jara
ralk
lk m` kulaf
kulafal
al ma
maca
cao
o
 pnlkhdatal falknr t`rh`m.
d. ]`rh`mnftho`
]`rh`m
]`rh`mnft
nftho`
ho` onrupa
onrupafal
fal prhsnm
prhsnmur
ur dnmab
dnmab yalk dnrtuj
dnrtujual
ual onlkalk
onlkalkfat
fat
fn
fncn
cnlj
ljar
ar t`rh
t`rh`m
`m su
supa
paya
ya kalkk
kalkkual
ual t`
t`rh
rh`m
`m su
supay
payaa ka
kalk
lkkua
kual
l t`
t`rh
rh`m
`m ma
mapat
pat
m`snod
m`snodubfa
ubfal
l atau
atau t`maf
t`maf onodur
onoduruf.
uf. ]`rh`m
]`rh`mnft
nftho`
ho` m`dnma
m`dnmafal
fal onljam
onljam``
 dndnrapa jnl`s snpnrt` :
a. Chdnftho`
Chdnftho` ya`tu
ya`tu pnlkalkfat
pnlkalkfatal
al sacab
sacab satu
satu chdus mar` fncnlj
fncnljar
ar t`rh`m
t`rh`m
 d. ]`rh`mnftho` sudthtac ya`tu pnlkalkfatal t`rh`m sndak`al
g. ]`rh`mnftho
]`rh`mnftho`` thtac
thtac ya`tu
ya`tu pnlkalkfat
pnlkalkfatal
al sncurub
sncurub dak`al t`rh`m
t`rh`m

]`rh`mnftho` pars`ac atau thtac mapat m` cafsalafal sndaka` tnrap` pr`onr 

tnrbamap fars`lhoa t`rh`m,b`pnrt`rh`m`son atau b`pnrt`rh`m`son t`pn mal cuas
hpnras` dnrkaltulk pama bas`c m`aklhs`s,tujual pnodnmabal bas`c prhlhks`s.
 

Unral pnrawat amacab macao pnlatacafsalaal Urn-Hpnrat`i, @ltra Hpnrat`i 

mal Uhst Hpnras`:
1. Unlatac
Unlatacafs
afsalaa
alaal
l Urn Hpnras`
Hpnras` yalk pnrcu
pnrcu m`pnrs
m`pnrs`ap
`apfal
fal amacab
amacab sndaka`
sndaka`
 dnr`fut:

a.) @lihro Ghlgnrl (Wurat pnrsntujual hpnras`) yalk tncab

m`talmatalkal` hcnb pnlmnr`ta atau pnlalkkulk jawad pnlmnr`ta
 d.) Fnamaal uouo onc`put` snoua systno tudub tnrutaoa systno
rnsp`rathr` mal garm`hvasgucnr
g.) Bas`c
Bas`c pnonr
pnonr`fs
`fsaal
aal / mata
mata pnlulj
pnluljalk
alk snrt
snrtaa bas`c
bas`c d`hps
d`hpsy
y jar`lk
jar`lkal
al j`fa
j`fa
ama
m.) Unrs`a
Unrs`apal
pal onlt
onltac
ac mnlkal
mnlkal suph
suphrt
rt onlt
onltac
ac mal
mal pnlm`m`
pnlm`m`fal
fal fnsn
fnsnbat
batal
al
tnltalk jacallya hpnras` hcnb pnrawat mal supphrt onltac hcnb
rhbal`awal
n.
n.)) Fhls
Fhlsuc
uc Aln
Alnst
stns
ns`` ultu
ultuf
f fns`a
fns`apa
pal
l pnod`
pnod`us
usal
al
i.)
i.) Wa
Waop
opa`
a`fa
fal
l bac-b
bac-bac
ac yalk
yalk oulk
oulkf`
f`l
l tn
tnrj
rjam`
am` lalt
lalt`` sntnca
sntncab
b m`
m`ca
cafuf
fufal
al
t`lmafal
t`lmafal pnodnmabal
pnodnmabal tnrutaoa
tnrutaoa j`fa m`cafufal t`rh`mngt
t`rh`mngtho`
ho` thtac
thtac
 dnrbudulkal mnlkal o`luo supcnonl bhrohln t`rh`m snuour 
b`mup.
4. Unla
Unlattac
acaf
afssalaa
alaal
l @lt
@ltra Hpnr
pnras
as`` Unr
Unral pnra
pnrawa
watt baly
balyaa ono
onodalt
daltu
u
fn
fnca
calg
lgar
aral
al ja
jaca
cally
llyaa hp
hpnr
nras
as`` farnl
farnlaa ta
talk
lkkul
kulk
k ja
jawa
wad
d sn
snpn
pnlub
lubly
lyaa
m`pnkalk hcnb Mhftnr Hpnrathr mal Mhftnr Alnstbns`.
7. Unlatac
Unlatacafs
afsalaa
alaal
l Uhst Hpnra
Hpnras`
s` (m`
(m` rualk
rualk samar)
samar)
a) Hdsnrvas`
Hdsnrvas` talma-t
talma-talma
alma v`tac
v`tac pas`nl
pas`nl (KGW)
(KGW) mal jaka
jaka tntap
tntap stad`c
stad`c
 d) Hdsnrvas` amalya pnrmarabal snrta fhopc`fas` phst hpnras`
g) Mnfa
Mnfatf
tfal
al pnra
pnraccat
atal
al Nonr
Nonrkn
knlg
lgy
y F`
F`tt at
atau
au pac
pac`lk t`
t`ma
maf
f oumab
umab
m`jalkfau
m`jalkfau apad`ca
apad`ca snwaftu-waf
snwaftu-waftu
tu m`dutubfal
m`dutubfal atau tnrjam`
tnrjam` bac-bac
bac-bac
yalk t`maf m``lk`lfal
m) Wn
Wnsn
snkn
knra
ra oulkf
oulkf`l
`l dnr`t
dnr`tab
abu
u pn
pnlm
lmnr
nr`t
`taa j`
j`fa
fa hpnra
hpnras`
s` tn
tnca
cab
b sn
sncn
cnsa
sa``
m`ca
m`cafu
fufa
fal
l sn
sntn
tnca
cab
b pnl
pnlmn
mnr`
r`ta
ta sa
sama
marr ma
mar`
r` pnod`
pnod`us
usal
al ul
ultu
tuf
f cn
cnd`
d`b
b

onlnlalkfal pnlmnr`ta
 

n) Cafu
Cafufa
fal
l pnra
pnrawa
wattal calju
aljuttal snt
ntnc
ncab
ab pas
pas`n
`nl
l p`
p`lm
lmab
ab fn rualk
ualk
 pnrawatal uouo.
i) Tam`htn
htnrap`
=. Tam`htnrap`
Tam`htnrap` amacab
amacab pnlkkulaal
pnlkkulaal ram`as
ram`as`` `hl m` d`malk fnmhftnr
fnmhftnral
al sndaka`
sndaka`

satu
satu dak`al
dak`al pnlkhda
pnlkhdatal
tal falfnr
falfnr mnlkal
mnlkal onlkhlt
onlkhltrhc
rhc pnrtuo
pnrtuoduba
dubal
l snc
kalas. Tam`htnrap`
Tam`htnrap` m`kulafal
m`kulafal sndaka` tnrap` furat`i oaupul dnrs`iat
amjuva
amjuval.
l. Capalk
Capalkal
al ram`as
ram`as`` juka
juka onlgaf
onlgafup
up jar
jar`lk
`lkal
al c`oihl
c`oihlhmus
hmus mal
 pnoducub marab yalk onljam` r`s`fh utaoa ultuf ontastasn tuohr.
Tam`htnrap` amacab pnlkkulaal ram`as` ultuf onlkbalgurfal snc falfnr 
atau
atau onrusa
onrusaf
f snc tnrsnd
tnrsndut
ut snb`lk
snb`lkka
ka t`maf
t`maf mapat
mapat dnrouc
dnrouct`p
t`pc`
c`fas
fas`` cak`.
cak`.
[acaupul ram`as` `l` afal onlknla` sncurub snc, tntap` uouolya snc
lhro
lhroac
ac cn
cnd`
d`b
b ta
taba
bal
l tn
tnrb
rbam
amap
ap ra
ram`
m`as
as`` m`
m`da
dalm
lm`l
`lkf
kfal
al mn
mnlk
lkal
al sn
sncc
falfnr.Fnkulaal ram`htnrap` amacab sndaka` dnr`fut:
a. Onlk
Onlkhd
hdat
at`` : daly
dalyaf
af falf
falfnr
nr yalk
yalk mapa
mapatt m`
m`sn
snod
odub
ubfa
fal
l mnlk
mnlkal
al
ra
ram`
m`ht
htnr
nrap`
ap`,, da`f
da`f mnlka
mnlkal
l at
atau
au ta
talp
lpaa m`
m`fho
fhod`
d`la
las`
s`fa
fal
l mn
mnlk
lkal
al
 pnlkhdatal ca`l snpnrt` pnodnmabal mal fnohtnrap`.
 d. Onlkhltrhc : J`fa t`maf onoulkf`lfal cak` amalya pnlynodubal,
ram`ht
ram`htnra
nrap`
p` dnrkul
dnrkulaa ultuf
ultuf onlkhlt
onlkhltrhc
rhc pnrtuo
pnrtuodub
dubal
al snc falfnr 
falfnr 
mn
mnlka
lkal
l onod
onodua
uatt sn
sncc fa
falfn
lfnrr onlj
onljam
am`` cn
cnd`
d`b
b fn
fng`
g`cc ma
mal
l dn
dnrb
rbnl
nlt`
t`
onlyndar.
g. Onlk
Onlkur
ural
alk`
k` kn
knja
jaca
ca : Wn
Wnca
ca`l
`l ult
ultuf
uf onlk
onlkhlt
hltrh
rhcc fa
falfn
lfnr,
r, ra
ram`
m`ht
htnr
nrap
ap``
mapat onlkuralk` knjaca yalk d`asa t`oduc pama pnlmnr`ta falfnr 
snpnrt` rasa lynr` mal juka onoduat b`mup pnlmnr`ta cnd`b lyaoal.
m. Ono
Onodalt
daltu
u pnlk
pnlkhd
hdat
atal
al ca`
a`ll
llya
ya : tnr
nrut
utao
aoaa phs
phst hpnr
hpnras
as`` mal
mal
fnohtn
fnohtnrap`
rap` yalk
yalk snr`lk
snr`lk m`sndut
m`sndut sndaka
sndaka`` –amjuv
–amjuvalt
alt tbnrap
tbnrapy‟
y‟ atau
atau
tnrap` taodabal mnlkal tujual akar tnrap` dnmab mal fnohtnrap`
yalk m`dnr`fal cnd`b ninft`i.
Jnl`s ram`htnrap` :
a. Tam`htnrap`
Tam`htnrap` nfstnrlac
nfstnrlac (ram`htnra
(ram`htnrap`
p` fhlvnls`hlac
fhlvnls`hlac).
).
 

Uama tnrap` nfstnrlac, ons`l afal onlkncuarfal s`lar ram`as` pama

tnopat falfnr mal jar`lkal snf`tarlya. Ons`l yalk m`kulafal mapat
 dnrdnma, tnrkaltulk mar` chfas` falfnr.
 d. Tam`htnrap` `ltnrlac (Tam`h`shthpn ]bnrapy (T@])).

Tam`htnrap` m`dnr`fal oncacu` ga`ral `lius yalk fnoum`al oasuf fn

macao pnoducub marab atau mapat juka mnlkal gara onlncallya.
Ghlthb hdat ram`htnrap` oncacu` `lius amacab
onta`hmhdnlzyckual`m`ln (O@DK) ultuf onlkhdat` lnurhdcasthoa,
snmalk
snmalkfal
fal oncacu
oncacu`` hrac
hrac ghlthbly
ghlthblyaa `hm`ln
`hm`ln-171
-171 ultuf
ultuf onlkhda
onlkhdat`
t`
falfnr t`rh`m.
>. Fnohtnrap`
Fnohtnrap` ononrcufal pnlkkulaal hdat ultuf onlkbalgurfal snc
falfnr. [acaupul hdat `mnac afal onlkbalgurfal snc falfnr mnlkal
t`maf onruk`fal snc d`asa, fndalyafal hdat t`maf sncnft`i. Oacabal, hdat
m`mnsa
m`mnsa`l
`l ultuf
ultuf onlkaf`
onlkaf`dat
datfal
fal fnrusa
fnrusafal
fal yalk
yalk cnd`b
cnd`b dnsar
dnsar pama snc
falfnr mar`pama snc d`asa, d`asalya mnlkal onlkkulafal hdat yalk
onopnlkarub`
onopnlkarub` fnoaopual snc ultuf dnrtaodab dnsar.
dnsar. Unrtuodubal
Unrtuodubal
yalk taf tnrfnlmac` mal gnpat amacab g`rr` fbas snc falfnr. ]ntap`, farnla
snc d`asa juka pnrcu dnrtaodab dnsar, mal dndnrapa dnrtaodab dnsar 
gufup gnpat (snpnrt`
(snpnrt` yalk m` suosuo tucalk mal kar`s snpaljalk
snpaljalk oucut
ma
mal
l us
usus
us),
), sn
snou
ouaa hdat
hdat fn
fnoh
ohtn
tnra
rap`
p` onop
onopnl
nlka
karu
rub`
b` sn
sncc d`
d`as
asaa ma
mal
l
onlyndadfal ninf saop`lk.
Fnohtn
Fnohtnrap
rap`` sngara
sngara uouo
uouo onlynd
onlyndadfa
adfal
l ouac,
ouac, oultab
oultab,, fnb`ca
fnb`calka
lkal
l
sncnra oafal, fnb`calkal dnrat damal, fnpnlatal, mal snc marab b`tulk
rnlmab yalk onlyndadfal alno`a mal r`s`fh `linfs` dnrtaodab. Mnlkal
fnohtn
fnohtnrap
rap`,
`, hralk
hralk snr`lk
snr`lk fnb`cal
fnb`calkal
kal raodut
raodut onrnfa,
onrnfa, tnt
tntap`
ap` af`dat
af`dat
saop`lkal ca`l dnvar`as` tnrkaltulk jnl`s hdat.
a. Ouac
Ouac mal Oultab:
Oultab: knjaca
knjaca `l` d`asa
d`asalya
lya d`sa
d`sa m`gnkab
m`gnkab atau m`fura
m`furalk`
lk`
mnlkal
mnlkal hdat (fhltr
(fhltra-hd
a-hdat
at nons`s
nons`s).
). Ouac
Ouac juka
juka oulkf`
oulkf`l
l m`fura
m`furalk`
lk`

hcnb oafalal oafal fng`c mal mnlkal onlkb`lmar` oafalal yalk

 

t`lkk` m` snrat, kas daralk bas`c duo` `tu, atau yalk salkat palas atau
salkat m`lk`l.
 d. Wnc Marab B`tulk rnlmab: Gythpnl`a, fnfuralkal satu atau cnd`b t`pn
sn
sncc ma
mara
rab,
b, d`sa
d`sa tn
tnrj
rjam`
am` fa
farn
rnla
la ni
ninf
nf ra
ragu
gul
l hd
hdat
at fn
fnoh
ohtn
tnra
rap`
p` pama
pama

suosuo
suosuo tucalk
tucalk (m` oala
oala snc marab
marab m`duat
m`duat).
). O`sac
O`saclya,
lya, pnlmnr`
pnlmnr`ta
ta
oulkf`l onoduat snc marab onrab yalk rnlmab sngara adlhroac
(alno`a), snc marab put`b (lnutrhpnl`a atau cnufhpnl`a), atau pcatncnt
(tbrhodhgythpnl`a). J`fa alno`a parab, iafthr pnrtuodubal spns`i`f,
sn
snpnr
pnrt`
t` nr
nryt
ytbr
brhp
hph`
h`nt
nt`l
`l at
atau
au ma
mard
rdnp
nph`
h`nt
nt`l
`l,, d`
d`sa
sa m`
m`dn
dnr`
r`fa
fal
l ul
ultu
tuf 
f 
 pnrtaodabal pnodnltufal snc marab onrab, atau snc marab onrab
 d`sa m`tralsius`fal. J`fa tbrhodhgythpnl`a bndat, pcatncnt d`sa
m`tralsius`fal ultuf onrnlmabfal r`s`fh pnlmarabal.
9. ]nrap`
]nrap` Adcas`
Adcas` @hm`uo
@hm`uo Tam`ha
Tam`haft`
ft`i 
i 
Uama
Uama jar
ar``lkal
lkal t`rh`
rh`m snbat
nbat mal
mal kala
kalass yalk
yalk tnr
nrtt`l
`lkk
kkac
ac sn
snttnc
ncab
ab
hpnras`,sncaljutlya m`dnr`fal tnrap` adcas` `hm`uo ram`haft`i. Onlk`lkat
amalya uptafn spns`i`f `hm`uo fn macao snc ihc`fucnr t`rh`m tnroasuf snc
kalas t`rh`m yalk dnrasac mar` snc ihc`fucnr.Ama 7 acasal tnrap` adcas`
 pama jar`lkal s`sa sntncab hpnras`, ya`tu:
a. Onrusaf
Onrusaf atau
atau onoat`
onoat`fal
fal s`sa
s`sa ihfus o`frh
o`frh fars`lho
fars`lhoa.
a.
 d. ^ltuf onlmntnfs` fnfaodubal atau ontastas`s oncacu` nc`o`las`
uptafn hcnb s`sa jar`lkal t`rh`m lhroac.
g. Onl`lkfatfal
Onl`lkfatfal l`ca` pnonr`fsaa
pnonr`fsaal
l t`rhkchdu
t`rhkchduc`l
c`l sndaka`
sndaka` pntalma
pntalma snruo
snruo
yalk m`bas`cfal balya hcnb snc t`rh`m.
m. ^ltuf onoafs`
onoafs`oacfal
oacfal uptafn
uptafn `hm`uo
`hm`uo ram`haf
ram`haft`i
t`i sntncab
sntncab t`rh`mnftho
t`rh`mnftho``
thtac, famar bhrohln t`rh`m m`turulfal mnlkal onlkbnlt`fal hdat C-
t`rhfs`l, snb`lkka ]WB nlmhknl tnrst`oucas` b`lkka onlgapa` famar 
m`atas 4>-75 o^/C.
;. ]n
]nra
rap`
p` Wupr
Wuprns
ns`` C-]`r
C-]`rhf
hfs`
s`l
l
Nvacua
Nvacuas`
s` caljut
caljutal
al pnrcu
pnrcu m`cafuf
m`cafufal
al sncaoa
sncaoa dndnrap
dndnrapaa mnfamn
mnfamn sndncu
sndncuo
o

m`fatafal snodub thtac. ]arknt famar ]WB pama fnchophf r`s`fh rnlmab
 

ultuf fnsaf`tal mal fnoat`al farnla fnkalasal t`rh`m amacab 5,1-5,>

o^/C, snmalk ultuf fnchophf r`s`fh t`lkk` amacab 5,51 o^/C.

2. Fhopc
hopc`f
`fas
as`` GA ]@TH
]@TH@M
@M

Onlurut (Jurlac, Hftabnrohl`za, 4517)Fhopc`fas` yalk snr`lk oulguc pama

falfnr t`rh`m amacab :
a. Un
Unrrmarabal
Tns`fh `l` o`l`ouo, laoul bat`-bat` macao onlkaoalfal bnohstat`s mal
 pnlkkulaal mra`l pama pas`nl sntncab hpnras`.
 d. Oasacab tnrdufalya vnla dnsar (vnla t`rh`mna supnr`hr) mal onlyndadfal
nodhc`son umara.
g. ]rauoa
]rauoa pama lnrvus
lnrvus car`lk
car`lknus
nus rnfur
rnfurnls
nls
@l` mapat onl`oducfal parac`s`s sndak`al atau thtac pama car`lk.
m. Wnps`s
Wnps`s yalk
yalk oncuas
oncuas fn
fn onm`a
onm`ast`
st`luo
luo
Wnbaruslya `l` t`maf dhcnb tnrjam` pama hpnras` dnmab snfaralk `l`, snb`lkka
alt`d`ht`f t`maf m`pnrcufal sndaka` phi`cafs`s cak`.

A. Fhlsnp
Fhlsnp Masar
Masar Asubal
Asubal Fnpnra
Fnpnrawat
watal
al
1. Unlkfaj`
aj`al
a. Unlk
Unlkfa
faj`
j`al
al pr`o
pr`onr 
nr 
1)   A`rway  : pnl`ca
pnl`ca`al
`al afal fnpatn
fnpatnlal
lal jac
jacal
al lapas,
lapas, onc`pu
onc`put`
t` pnonr`
pnonr`fsa
fsaal
al
onlknla` amalya hdstrufs` jacal lapas, amalya dnlma as`lk. Uama fc`nl yalk
mapat dnrd`gara mapat m`alkkap jacal lapas dnrs`b. M`cafufal puca pnlkfaj`al
amalya suara lapas taodabal snpnrt` slhr`lk.
4) Drnatb`lk : irnfunls` lapas, apafab ama pnlkkulaal htht daltu pnrlapasal,
rntraf
rntrafs`
s` m`lm`l
m`lm`lk
k mama,
mama, amalya
amalya snsaf
snsaf lapas.
lapas. Uacpas
Uacpas`` pnlkno
pnlknodalk
dalkal
al paru,
paru,
ausfuc
ausfuctas
tas`` suara
suara lapas,
lapas, faj`
faj` amalya
amalya suara
suara lapas
lapas taodab
taodabal
al snpnrt
snpnrt`` rhlgb`
rhlgb`,,
wbnnz`lk, mal faj` amalya trauoa pama mama.
 

7) G`rgucat`hl : m`cafufal pnlkfaj`al tnltalk vhcuon marab mal garm`ag hutput

snrta amalya pnrmarabal. Unlkfaj`al juka onc`put` status bnohm`lao`f, warla
fuc`t, lam`.
=) M`sad`c`ty  : l`ca` t`lkfat fnsamaral, snrta ufural mal rnafs` pup`c.
 d. Unlkfaj`al snfulmnr 
Unlkfaj`al
Unlkfaj`al snfulmnr
snfulmnr onc`put`
onc`put` alaolns`s
alaolns`s mal pnonr`fsaa
pnonr`fsaal
l i`s`f.
i`s`f. Alaolns`s
Alaolns`s
mapat onlkkulafal ihroat AOUCN (acnrk`, onm`fas`, past `cclnss, cast onac, mal
nlv`rh
nlv`rhlon
lonlt)
lt).. Unonr`
Unonr`fsa
fsaal
al i`s`f
i`s`f m`ouca
m`ouca`` mar`
mar` fnpaca
fnpaca b`lkka
b`lkka faf`
faf` mal mapat
mapat puca
puca
m`taodabfal pnonr`fsaal m`aklhst`f yalk cnd`b spns`i`f snpnrt` ihth tbhrafs,mcc.
4. M`akl
M`aklhsa
hsa Fnpn
Fnpnraw
rawat
atal
al
1. Lynr` Afut
4. Kalk
Kalkku
kual
al onln
onlnca
cal
l
7. Kalk
Kalkkua
kual
l fhoul`
fhoul`fa
fas`
s` vnrd
vnrdac
ac
=. Mni`
Mni`s`
s`tt Un
Unlk
lknt
ntab
abua
ual
l

7. @ltnrv
@ltnrvnl
nls`
s` Fnpn
Fnpnra
rawat
watal
al
Lh Wtalmar M`aklhsa Wtalmar Cuaral Wtalmar @ltnrvnls`
Fnpnrawatal @lmhlns`a Fnpnrawatal Fnpnrawatal @lmhlns`a
(WMF@) @lmhlns`a (W@F@)
(WCF@)
1 Lynr` Afut Wntncab m`cafufal Oalajnonl Lynr`

t`lmafal
t`lmafal fnpnraw
fnpnrawata
atal
l Hdsnrvas`
sn
snca
caoa
oa ..
....
.. R ......
.. ja
jao
o
Mni`l`s`: onl`t m`barapfal Lynr`  @mnlt`i`fas` chfas`,
fa
fara
raft
ftnr
nr`s
`st`
t`f,
f, mu
mura
ras`
s`,,
Unlk
Unlkac
acao
aoal
al sn
snls
lshr
hr`f
`f atau Afut
atau Dnrfuralk
irnf
nfu
unls`, fu
fuaac`tas ,
nohs
nohs``hlac
hlac yalk
yalk dnrfa`tal mnlkal fr`tnr`a bas`c :
dnrfa`
`ltnls`tas lynr`
mnlk
mnlkal
al fnru
fnrussafal
afal jar
ar``kal
kal ]`lkfat lynr` :
 @mnlt`i`fas` sfaca lynr`
agtuac atau iulks`hlac
iulks`hlac,, mnlkal
 Fncu
Fn cuba
bal
l ly
lynr
nr``  @mnlt`i`fas` rnsphls lynr`
hlsnt
hlsnt onlmama
onlmamaf f atau
atau caodat
caodat
(>) lhl vnrdac
ma
mal
l dnr`ltnls`tas r`lkal
 

b`lkka dnrat yalk dnrcalksulk  Onr`lk`s (>)  @mnlt`

@mnlt`i`f
i`fas`
as` iafthr
iafthr yalk
yalk
furalk mar` 7 ducal  W`fap
W`fap prhtnf
prhtnft`
t`i 
i  onopnr
onopnrdnr
dnrat
at lynr`
lynr` mal
(>) onopnr`lkal lynr`
 Knc`sab (>)  @mnlt`i`f
@mnlt`i`fas`
as` pnlkntabual
pnlkntabual
Unlyndad:  Fnsuc`
Fnsuc`tal
tal t`
t`mur 
mur  ma
mal
l fn
fnya
yaf`
f`la
lal
l tn
tnlt
ltal
alk
k

 Aknl pnlgnmnra (>) lynr`

i`s`hchk`s (o`s.  Onlar`f m`r` (>)  @m

@mnl
nlt`
t`i`
i`fa
fas`
s` pn
pnlk
lkar
arub
ub

@licaoa`,`sfno`a,  Dnri
Dnrihfu
hfuss pa
pama
ma  dumaya tnrbamap rnsphl

lnhpcasoa m`r` snlm`r` (>) lynr`

 Aknl pnlgnmnra  M`aihrns`s (>)  @m

@mnl
nlt`
t`i`
i`fa
fas`
s` pn
pnlk
lkar
arub
ub

f`o`aw` (o`s.  Unrasaal lynr` pama fuac`tas b`mup

]nrdafar, dabal f`o`a mnprns`  Ohl`

Ohl`th
thrr fn
fndn
dnrb
rbas
as`c
`cal
al

`r`tal) (tnrtnfal) (>) tnrap` fhopcnonltnr yal

 Unr
Unras
asal
al tafut
afut sumab m`dnr`fal
 Aknl
Ak nl pnlgn
pnlgnmn
mnra
ra i`s`
i`s`f 
f 
onlkacao`  Ohl`
Ohl`th
thrr ni
ninf
nf sa
saop
op`l
`lk
k
(o`s. Adsns, aoputas`,
gnmnra dnrucalk
dnrucalk  pnlkkulaal alacknt`f 
tnrd
tnrdaf
afar
ar,, tn
tnrp
rpht
hthl
hlk,
k,
(>)
onlk
lkaalkfa
fatt dn
dnrrat,
 Alhrnfs`a (>)
 prhsnmur hpnras`,
 Unr`lnuo tnrasa
trau
trauoa
oa,, ca
cat`
t`ba
bal
l i`s`
i`s`f 
f 
]nrapnut`f 
tnrtnfal (>)
 dnrcnd`b)
 ^t
^tnr
nrus
us tnr
nrad
adaa  Dnr`fal tnfl`f  
Knjaca mal ]alma Oayhr onoducat (>) lhliar
lhliaroaf
oafhch
hchk`s
k`s ultuf 
ultuf 
 Fntnkalkal htht onlku
onlkura
ralk`
lk` ra
rasa
sa lynr`
lynr`
Wudjnft`i
(>) (o`s
(o`s.. ]NLW
]NLW,, byp
byplhs
lhs`s
`s,,
 Onlkncub lynr`  Uup`
Uup`cc m`
m`ccat
atas
as`` afuprnsur,
afuprnsur, tnrap`
tnrap` ous`g,
ous`g,
Hdjnft`i (>) d`hinn
d`hinnmda
mdagf,
gf, tnrap` p`jat,

 ]aopaf onr`lk`s  Oultab (>) arhoatnrap`, tnfl`

l`f 
f 

 Dnrs`fap prhtn
htnft`i   Ouac (>) `oaj
`oaj`l
`las
as`` tn
tnrd
rd`o
`od`
d`lk
lk,,

(o`s.
(o`s. [aspam
[aspama,
a, phs`s`
phs`s`  Ir
Irnf
nfunl
unls`
s` la
lam`
m` fhoprn
fhoprnss balkat/
balkat/m`l
m`lk`l
k`l,,

onlkb`lmar` lynr`) (>) tnrap` dnroa`l)

 

 Knc`sab  Uhca lapas (>)  Fhltrhc

Fhltrhc c`lkfulkal
c`lkfulkal yalk
 Irnfunls` lam`  ]n
]nfa
falal
lal ma
mara
rab
b onopnr
onopnrdnr
dnrat
at rasa
rasa lynr`
lynr`
onl`lkfat (>) (o`s. Wub
ubu
u rualk
lkaal,
 Wuc`t t`mur   Urhsns
Urhsns dnrp`f
dnrp`f`r 
`r   pnlgabayaal,

(>) fnd`s`lkal)

 Ihfus (>)  Ia
Ias`
s`c`
c`ta
tass `s
`st`
t`ra
raba
batt ma
mal
l

 Iulk
Iulkss` fno`
fno`b
b t`mur 

(>)  Unrt`odalkfal jnl`s mal

 Unr`cafu (>) suodnr lynr` macao

Knjaca mal ]alma O`lhr
  Laisu oafal  pno`c`bal stratnk`
Wudjnft`i onrnmafal lynr`
(>)
-  Uhca t`mur (>)

Nmufas`
Hdjnft`i
Fhltrhc Lynr`  Jncasfal pnlyndad,
 ]nfalal marab
onl`lkfat  Oncaphrfal  pnr`hmn, mal pno`gu

 Uhca lapas dnrudab lynr` tnrfhltrhc

tnrfhltrhc  Jncasfal stratnk`

  Laisu oafal dnrudab (>) onrnmafal lynr`

 Urhsns dnrp`f`r    Fnoaopual  Alj

ljur
urfa
fal
l ono
onohl`
hl`thr 

tnrkalkku onlknlac` hlsnt lynr` sngara oalm`r`

 Onlar`f m`r` lynr` (>)  Aljurf

Aljurfal
al onlkku
onlkkulafa
lafal
l

 Dnrihfus pama m`r`  Fnoaopual alacknt`f sngara tnpat

snlm`r` onlknlac`  Ajarfal tnfl`f  

 M`aihrns`s  pnlyndad lynr` lhliar
lhliaroaf
oafhch
hchk`s
k`s ultuf 
ultuf 

(>) onlkuralk` rasa lynr`

Fhlm`s` fc`l`s tnrfa`t  Fnoaopual

onlkkulafal Fhcadhras`
 Fhlm`s` pnodnmabal
tnfl`f lhl-
 Gnmnra trauoat`s  Fhca
Fhcadh
dhra
ras`
s` pn
pnod
odnr
nr`a
`al
l
iaroafhchk`s
alacknt`f, j`fa
alacknt`f, j`fa pnrcu
 @linfs` (>)
 

 W`lmrho fhrhlnr afut  Mufulkal

 Kcaufhoa hral
hralk
k tn
tnrm
rmnf
nfat
at
Unodnr`al Alackns`f 
(>)
Hdsnrvas`
 Fncu
Fncuba
bal
l ly
lynr
nr``
(>)  @mnlt`i`f
@mnlt`i`fas`
as` faraftnr`s
faraftnr`st`f 
t`f 
Unlkkul
Unlkkulaal
aal alackn
alackns`g
s`g lynr
lynr`` (o`s.
o`s. Unlg
Unlgnt
ntus
us,,
(>)  pnrnma, fuac`tas, chfas`,
`l
`ltn
tnls
ls`t
`tas
as,, ir
irnf
nfun
unls
ls`,
`,
muras`)
 @mnlt
lt``i`fas` r`waya
yatt
acnrk` hdat
 @mnlt`
@mnlt`i`f
i`fas`
as` fnsnsu
fnsnsua`a
a`al
l

 jnl`s alackns`g (o`s.

 Larfht`fa, lhl larfht`fa,
at
atau
au LWA@
LWA@M)
M) mnlk
mnlkal
al
t`lkfat fnparabal lynr`
 Ohl`thr talma talma v`tac
sndnc
ndncuo
uo mal
mal snsu
suma
mab
b
 pnodnr`al alackns`f 
 Ohl`thr ninft`i`tas
alackns`f 

]nrapnut`f

 M`sfus`fal jnl`s
al
alac
ackns
kns`g
`g ya
yalk
lk m`
m`su
sufa
fa``
ultuf onlgapa`
al
alac
ackn
kns`
s`aa hp
hpt`
t`oa
oac,
c,  j`fa
 pnrcu

Unrt`odalkfal
 

 pnlkkulaal `lius
fhlt`lu, atau dhcus
hp`h`m ultuf  
onopnr
onopnrtab
tabalfa
alfal
l famar 
famar 
macao snruo
 ]ntapfal tarknt
ni
ninf
nft`
t`i`
i`ttas alac
alackn
kns`
s`f 
f 
ultuf
ultuf onlkhp
onlkhpt`o
t`oacf
acfal
al
rnsphl pas`nl
 Mhfuonltas`fal rnsphls
tnr
tnrbama
bamap
p ninf
ninf alackn
alackns`f 
s`f 
mal ninf yalk t`maf 

m``lk`lfal

Nmufas`

 Jncasfal ninf tnrapu mal

ninf saop`lk hdat
Fhcadhras`

 Fhcadhras` pnodnr`al
mhs`s mal jnl`s alackns`f,
 snsua` `lm`fas`
 

MAI]AT U^W]AFA

Garpnl`th, C.J. 4557. Tnlgala

4557. Tnlgala Asubal & Mhfuonltas` Fnpnrawatal.
Fnpnrawatal. Jafarta: NKG

Ghrw`l, NJ. 4550. Dufu

4550. Dufu Wafu Uathi`s`hchk`, 7 Nm`s` Tnv`s`.
Tnv`s`. Jafarta: NKG

Jhbl
Jhblsh
shl,
l, O.,
O., nt acc. 4555.
 4555. Lurs`lk
 Lurs`lk Hutghons Gcass`i`gat`hl (LHG) Wnghlm 
 Nm`t`hl.. Lnw Jnrsny: ^ppnr Wammcn T`vnr 
 Nm`t`hl

Fhz`nr
Fhz`nr,, D., Nrd, K., Dnroal,
Dnroal, A.alm
A.alm Wb`rcn
Wb`rcnnn J. Wlymn,
Wlymn, ac`
ac`b
b dabasa
dabasa Uao`c`
Uao`c`b
b Nfh
Faryul`, mff. 4515.
4515. Dufu
 Dufu Ajar Iulmaonltac Fnpnrawatal Fhlsnp Urhsns mal
 Uraft`f nm`s` Y@@ Yhcuon 1. Jafarta : NKG.
Oalsjhnr, A mff. 455;. Fap`ta
455;. Fap`ta Wncnfta Fnmhftnral, J`c`m Fnmua.
Fnmua. Jaf
Jafart
arta:
a: Onm`a
Onm`a
Ansgucap`us IF^@

Wonctznr, mff. 4554. Dufu

4554. Dufu Ajar Fnpnrawatal Onm`fac Dnmab Drullnr & Wummartb
 Nm`s` 2 Yhc 4.
4. ac`b
 ac`b dabasa B. P. Fulgara, Almry Barthlh, Ohl`ga Nstnr, Paso`l
as`b. Jafarta: NKG.

Wumh
Wumhyh
yh,, Aru.
Aru. 4559
4559..  Dufu Ajar Unlyaf`t Macao. Ja
Jafa
fart
rtaa : Uusat
Uusat Un
Unln
lnrd
rd`t
`tal
al
Mnpartnonl @cou Unlyaf`t Macao Iafuctas Fnmhftnral ^l`vnrs`tas @lmhlns`a
[`cf`lshl, Jum`tb O. 4514. Dufu
4514. Dufu Wafu M`aklhs`s Fnpnrawatal. Jafarta : NKG