CAUHTAL UNLMAB^C^AL AW^BAL FNUNTA[A]AL FT@]@W

MNLKAL M@AKLHWA ONM@W ONM@W GALGNT ]@TH@M

HCNB :
NFA [ABP^ T@IAL@
ON@C@AMN[@ L@O. U5;14541955=
FNCAW LNTW A / WNONW]NT @@

FNONL]NT@AL FNWNBA]AL TNU^DC@F @LMHLNW@A

UHC@]NFL@F FNWNBA]AL MNLUAWATUTHM@ W]r.
J^T^WAL FNUNTA[A]AL

4541
 CAUHTAL UNLMAB^C^AL AW^BAL FNUNTA[A]AL MNLKAL
M@AKLHWA ONM@W GALGNT ]B@TH@M

A. FHLWNU MAWAT ]NHT@

1. Mni`l`s` GA ]@TH@M
GA t`rh`m amacab sutu fnkalasal pama t`rh`m yalk ono`c`f` = t`pn ya`tu: pap`cnr,
ihc`fucnr, alapcast`f mal onmucnr. Falfnr t`rh`m jaralk onlyndadfal
pnodnsaral fncnljar, cnd`b snr`lk onlyndadfal pnrtuodubal fng`c (lhmuc)
macao fncnljar. Wndak`al dnsar lhmuc t`rh`m dnrs`iat j`laf, d`asalya falfnr t`rh`m
d`sa m`snodubfal.
Falfnr t`rh`m uouolya tnrkhchlk tuohr mnlkal pnrtuodubal mal pnrjacalal
 pnlyaf`t yalk caodat, snrta ohrd`m`tas mal ohrtac`tas yalk rnlmab, tnrutaoa
pama falfnr t`rh`m t`pn pap`cnr. Ohrtac`tas pac`lk rnlmab pama `lm`v`mu
mnlkal us`a m`dawab >5 tabul mal onl`lkfat tajao pama us`a m` ataslya, laoul
sndak`al fng`c ama puca yalk tuodub gnpat mal salkat kalas mnlkal prhklhs`s
yalk iatac. Alkfa rnfurnls` tuohr uouo pama falfnr t`rh`m t`pn pap`cnr, dnrf`sar
snt`lkk` 75% j`fa tnrap` awac t`maf fhopc`t. Alkfa fnoat`al af`dat falfnr
t`rh`m 5,=% mar` snoua fnoat`al af`dat falfnr atau dnrf`sar > fnoat`al pnr
snjuta pnlmumuf pnrtabul. Alkfa fntabalal b`mup c`oa tabul rncat`i falfnr t`rh`m
amacab 09%.> ]ujual utaoa tata cafsala falfnr t`rh`m amacab onopnrfng`c rns`fh
rnfurnls` mal ontastas`s jaub, snb`lkka d`sa onlurulfal alkfa ohrd`m`tas mal
ohrtac`tas pnlmnr`ta. ]nrap` utaoa

macao tata cafsala falfnr t`rh`m amacab hpnras`, snmalkfal tnrap` amjuval
amacab adcas` t`rh`m mnlkal `hm`ln ram`haft`i, suprns` tbyrhtrhp`l mal ram`as`
nfstnrlac.
(Jurlac, Hftabnrohl`za, 4517)

4. Nt`hchk` GA ]@TH@M
]`ka pnlyndad yalk sumab jncas mapat onl`oducfal fars`lhoa t`rh`m :
a. Fnla`fal snfrns` bhrohl ]WB ( ]byrh`m Wt`oucat`lk Bhrohl) mar`
fncnljar b`phi`sn altnr`hr m`sndadfal dnrfuralklya snfrns` bhrohl ]7 mal
]= mar`
 fncnljar t`rh`m hcnb farnla furalklya `ltafn `hm`uo. @l` onlyndadfal t`rh`m
yalk adlhroac mapat dnrudab onljam` falfnr.
d. Unly`laral (ram`as` `hl) pama manrab fnpaca, cnbnr, mama dak`al atas
tnrutaoa alaf-alaf yalk pnrlab onlmapat tnrap` ram`as` m` cnbnr mal

onm`ast`luo.
g. Iafthr knlnt`f.
Amalya r`wayat fnturulal mar` fncuaraka.

7. Iafthr Tns`fh GA ]@TH@M

Iafthr rns`fh yalk onlyndadfal fars`lhoa t`rh`m amacab sndaka` dnr`fut:
a. ^s`a6 tnrmapat rns`fh oac`klas` apad`ca m`mapat lhmuc t`rh`m pama us`a
3<=> tabul.
 d. Wnx6 wal`ta onopulya` rns`fh t`ka fac` cnd`b dnsar mar` pama pr`a.
g. T`wayat pnlyaf`t snrupa macao fncuarka6 amalya fntnrc`datal knlnt`g
pama fars`lhoa `l`.
m. Tas6 ras as`a mal fuc`t put`b pama uouolya onopulya` rns`fh t`lkk`.
n. Unrlab onlmnr`ta pnlyaf`t pnodnsaral fncnljar t`rh`m. ]nrmapat >%
struoa lhmhsa onlkacao` mnknlras` oac`kla.
i. Knhkrai`s tnopat t`lkkac. Palk dnrasac mar` manrab faya `hm`uo
uouolya onlmnr`ta fars`lhoa t`rh`m pap`carn snmalkfal yalk dnrasac
mar` manrab nlmno`f kh`tnr uouolya onlmnr`ta fars`lho t`rh`m
ihc`fucarn.

k. Tam`as` pama cnbnr mal fnpaca. Unlkarub ram`as` pama falaf-falaf

mapat onlyndadfal oac`klals` t`rh`m 75->5% mal pama mnwasa 45%.

=. ]alma Mal Knjaca GA ]@TH@M

Wnduab dnljhcal, atau d`lt`c m` cnbnr mnpal (oulkf`l gnpat tuodub atau fnras)
m` mnfat jaful. Lhmuc tulkkac amacab talma-talma yalk pac`lk uouo falfnr
t`rh`m. (Jurlac, Hftabnrohl`za, 4517)
a. Waf`t m` tnlkkhrhfal atau cnbnr yalk mapat onopnrpaljalk fn tnc`lka.
 d. Wnraf atau fnsuc`tal dnrd`gara mnlkal suara lhroac.
g. Unodnlkfafal fncnljar kntab dnl`lk, tnrutaoa m` cnbnr. Onrnfa
mapat m`tnoufal sncaoa pnonr`fsaal i`s`f.
m. Fnsuc`tal macao onlncal atau dnrlapas atau saf`t m` tnlkkhrhfal atau cnbnr saat

onlncal. @l` tnrjam` fnt`fa onlmhrhlk tuohr fnrhlkfhlkal Alma.

n. Datuf tnrus-onlnrus, talpa m`lk`l atau pnlyaf`t ca`l.
i. Amalya pnodnlkfafal pama cnbnr 
k. Fnsuc`tal onlncal

>. Fcas`i`fas` GA ]@TH@M

Onlurut [BH, tuohr np`tnc oac`kla t`rh`m m`dak` onljam` :
1. Fars`lhoa Ihc`fucnr.
]nrmapat f`ra-f`ra 4> % mar` sncurub fars`lhoa t`rh`m yalk ama, tnrutaoa
onlknla` fnchophf us`a m`atas >5 tabul. Onlynralk pnoducub marab yalk
fnoum`al onlyndar fn tucalk mal jar`lkal paru. Jaralk onlyndar
fn manrab lhmns c`opa tap` mapat oncnfat/onlnopnc m` trafna, htht
cnbnr,
 pnoducub marab dnsar mal fuc`t, yalk fnoum`al onlyndadfal m`splna
snrta m`siak`a. D`ca tuohr onlknla` –]bn Tngurrnlt Car`lknac Lnrvns‟,
suara fc`nl onljam` snraf. Urhklhs`slya da`f d`ca ontastasnlya oas`b
snm`f`t pama saat m`aklhsa m`tntapfal.
4. Fars`lhoa Uap`car.

Onrupafal t`pn falfnr t`rh`m yalk snr`lk m`tnoufal, dalyaf pama wal`ta
atau fnchophf us`a m`atas =5 tabul. Fars`lhoa Uap`car onrupafal
tuohr yalk pnrfnodalkallya caodat mal mapat oulguc dnrtabul-tabul
sndncuo
onlyndar fn manrab lhmns c`opa. Fnt`fa tuohr tnrchfac`s`r m` fncnljar t`rh`m,
 prhklhs`slya da`f apad`ca m`cafufal t`lmafal ]`rh`mnftho` pars`ac atau
thtac.
7. Fars`lhoa Onmucar.
]`oduc m` jar`lkal t`rh`m paraihc`fucar. Dalyaflya > ‗ 15 % mar` sncurub
fars`lhoa t`rh`m mal uouolya onlknla` hralk yalk dnrus`a m`atas >5
 tabul. Unlyndarallya oncnwat` lhmns c`opa mal onlynralk struftur
m` snfnc`c`lklya. ]uohr `l` snr`lk tnrjam` mal onrupafal dak`al mar`
Ouct`pcn Nlmhgr`ln Lnhpcas`a (ONL) ]`pn @@ yalk juka dak`al
mar` pnlyaf`t nlmhfr`l, m`oala tnrmapat snfrns` yalk dnrcnd`bal mar`
facs`thl`l, AG]B,

 prhstakcalm`l mal snrhthl`l.

=. Fars`lhoa dnrm`inrnls`as` duruf (Alapcast`f).
>. Onrupafal tuohr yalk dnrfnodalk mnlkal gnpat mal cuar d`asa
akrns`i. Falfnr jnl`s `l` sngara calksulk onlynralk struftur yalk
dnrmnfatal, yalk onl`oducfal knjaca snpnrt`:
a. Wtr`mhr (suara snraf/parau, suara laias tnrmnlkar lyar`lk).
 d. Wuara snraf.
g. M`siak`a
Urhklhs`slya jncnf mal baop`r sndak`al dnsar fc`nl onl`lkkac f`ra-
f`ra 1 tabul sntncab m`aklhsa m`tntapfal. Fc`nl mnlkal
m`aklhsa fars`lhoa alapcast`f mapat m`hdat` mnlkal pnodnmabal
pac`at`i, ram`as` mal fnohtnrap`.
Wtam`uo Galgnr ]byrh`m :
Wtam`uo falfnr `l` t`maf balya dnrmasarfal b`sthpathchk`, nfstnls` chfac,
rnk`hlac mal ontastasn jaub, tntap` juka pama uour mal jnl`s fncao`l. Fcas`i`fas`
]LO amacab sndaka` dnr`fut:
]`pn m al s tam`uo 3=> t abul < = > t abul

Uap`cnr 
  Wtam`uo @ Wnt`ap ], snt`ap L, ]1, L1, O5
  Wtam`uo @@ O5 Wnt`ap ], snt`ap ]4-=, L1, O5
  Wtam`uo @@@ L, O1 Wnt`ap ], L5, O5,
  Wtam`uo Wnt`ap ], snt`ap L,
@Y
O5

]`pn m al s tam`uo 3=> t abul <=> t abul

Ihc`fucnr 
Wtam`uo @
 Wnt`ap ], snt`ap L, O5 ]1, L5, O5

 
Wtam`uo @@ Wnt`ap ], snt`ap L, ]4-=, L5, O5
O1
  Wtam`uo @@@ - Wnt`ap ], L1, O5
 Wtam`uo @Y - Wnt`ap ], snt`ap L, O5
Onmucnr 
  Wtam`uo @ - ]1, L5, O5

 
Wtam`uo @@ snt`ap ], snt`ap L, O5 ]4-=, L5, O5
  Wtam`uo @@@ - Wnt`ap ], L1, O5
  Wtam`uo @Y snt`ap ], snt`ap L, O1 Wnt`ap ], snt`ap L, O1
]mf mapat
m`facs`i`fas`fl - -
  Wtam`uo @ - -
  Wtam`uo @@ - -
  Wtam`uo @@@ snt`ap ], snt`ap L, snt`ap O snt`ap ], snt`ap L, snt`ap
  Wtam`uo @Y O

Gatatal :
]x : tuohr t`maf mapat m`tnltufal
]5 : ]`maf ama tuohr 
]1 : tuohr dnrm`aontnr tnrpaljalk 3 7 go
]4 : tuohr dnrm`aontnr tnrpaljalk <7 go
]7 : i`fus `ltrakcalmucnr ouct`pcn
]= : tuohr pr`onr tnri`fsas`

>. Uathi`s`hchk` GA ]@TH@M

GA t`rh`m mapat m`sndadfal hcnb 7 bac ya`tu Fnla`fal snfrns` bhrohl ]
WB ( ]byrh`m Wt`oucat`lk Bhrohl) mar` fncnljar b`phi`sn altnr`hr
m`sndadfal
 dnrfuralklya snfrns` bhrohl ]7 mal ]= mar` fncnljar t`rh`m hcnb farnla furalklya
`ltafn `hm`uo. @l` onlyndadfal t`rh`m yalk adlhroac mapat dnrudab onljam` falfnr,
 pnly`laral (ram`as` `hl) pama manrab fnpaca, cnbnr, mama dak`al atas tnrutaoa
alaf- alaf yalk pnrlab onlmapat tnrap` ram`as` m` cnbnr mal onm`ast`luo, snrta
farnla iafthr knlnt`f.
 Fars`lhoa t`rh`m onrupafal lnhpcasoa yalk dnrasac mar` fncnljar yalk
tnrcntaf m` mnpal cnbnr yalk sngara lhroac onoprhmufs` bhrohln t`rh`m yalk
pnlt`lk ultuf ontadhc`son tudub. @li`ctras` fars`lhoa t`rh`m mapat m`tnoufal m`
tragbna, car`lk, iar`lk, nshpbakus, pnoducub marab farht`s, vnla jukucar`s,
struftur ca`l pama cnbnr 

mal fuc`t. Ontastasn c`oihknl mapat onc`put` snoua rnk`hl cnbnr snmalkfal ontastasn
bnoathknl d`asalya m` paru, tucalk, htaf mal bat`. Falfnr `l` dnrm`inrnls`as`
onopnrtabalfal fnoaopual ultuf onl`odul yhm`uo pnodnsaral fncnljar kntab
 dnl`lk. Chfas` fncnljar kntab dnl`lk yalk d`sa onodnsar mal d`sa tnrada pama
 pnradaal yafl` m` fnt`af, c`pat paba. Ama juka fncnljar kntab dnl`lk yalk tnrmapat m`
macao tudub yalk oala t`maf mapat m`rada yafl` m`macao rhlkka pnrut. Unlyndad mar`
 pnodnsaral fncnljar kntab dnl`lk amacab `linfs` lhl spns`i`f, `linfs` spns`i`f (]DG),
fnkalasal (cyopbhoa).
Bhrohl st`oucathr t`rh`m (tbyrh`m st`oucat`lk bhrohln, ]WB) ononkalk
 pnralal tnrpnlt`lk ultuf onlkatur snfrns` mar` fncnljar t`rh`m. ]WB m`bas`cfal hcnb
chdus altnr`hr fncnljar b`phi`s`s. Urhsns yalk m`fnlac sndaka` lnkat`vn
innmdagf salkat pnlt`lk macao prhsns pnlkncuaral bhrohl t`rh`m fn
s`rfucas`.@li`ctras` fars`lhoa t`rh`m mapat m`tnoufal m` tragbna, car`lk, iar`lk,
nshpbakus, lnrvus rngurrnlt, pnoducub marab farht`s, vnla jukucar`s, struftur ca`l
pama cnbnr mal fuc`t. Ontastasn c`oihknl mapat onc`put` snoua rnk`hl cnbnr
snmalkfal ontastasn bnoathknl d`asalya m` paru, tucalk, htaf mal bat`.
Amnlhfars`lhoa pap`cnr d`asalya dnrs`iat ouct`snltr`f mal >5% pnlmnr`ta

mnlkal ama saralk kalas m`chdus bhohcatnrac mal chdus fhltracatnrac.

Ontastas`s ouca-ouca fn fncnljar c`oin rnk`hlac, mal afb`rlya tnrjam` ontastas`s
bnoathknl.
^ouolya amnlhfars`lhoa ihcc`fucnr dnrs`iat ul`ihfac, mnlkal ontastas`s juka fn
fncnljar c`oin cnbnr, tntap` furalk snr`lk mal furalk dalyaf, laoul cnd`b snr`lk
ontastas`slya sngara bnoathknl. Amnlhfars`lhoa onmuccnr dnrasac mar` snc
G snb`lkka famalk onlkncuarfal facs`thl`l (snc AU^M). Uama tabap m`l`
tnrjam` ontastas`s fn fncnljar c`oin rnk`hlac. Amnlhfars`lhoa alapcast`f
yalk jaralk m`tnoufal, onrupafal tuohr yalk tuodub akrns`i,
dnrtuodub gnpat mal onlkaf`datfal pnlyusupal fnjar`lkal snf`tarlya
tnrutaoa trafna snb`lkka tnrjam`
stnlhs`s yalk onlyndadfal fnsuc`tal dnrlaias. ]abap m`l` tnrjam`
pnlyndaral bnoathknl. Mal pnlynodubal jaralk tnrgapa`. Unlyusupal fars`lhoa
t`rh`m mapat m`tnoufal m` trafna, iar`lk, nshpbakus, L.rnfurnls, pnoducub marab
farht`s, struftur ca`l macao marab mal fuc`t. Wnmalkfal ontastas`s bnoathknl
m`tnoufal tnrutaoa m`

 paru, tucalk, htaf mal bat` (Dardara,1009).

9. Unonr`fsaal Unluljalk GA ]@TH@M
Onlurut ( Drullnr & Wummartb. 4551)
1. Unonr`fsaal Cadhrathr`uo.
Unonr`fsaal cadhrathr`uo yalk onodnmafal tuohr j`laf mal kalas t`rh`m
 dncuo ama yalk fbusus, fnguac` falfnr onmucnr, ya`tu pnonr`fsaal
facs`thlhl macao snruo. Unonr`fsaal ]7 mal ]= famalk-famalk m`pnrcufal
farnla pama fars`lhoa t`rh`m mapat tnrjam` t`rhfths`ths`s wacaupul jaralk.
Buoal ]`rhkchduc`l (B]K) ]nra mapat m`pnrkulafal sndaka` tuohr
oarfnr mal falfnr t`rh`m m`inrnls`as` da`f. [acaupul pnonr`fsaal `l`
t`maf fbas ultuf falfnr t`rh`m, laoul pnl`lkk`al B]K `l` sntncab
t`rh`mnftho` thtac onrupafal `lm`fathr tuohr rns`m`i atau tuodub fnodac`
(darsalh). Famar facs`thl`l macao snruo mapat m`tnltufal ultuf
m`aklhs`s fars`lhoa onmucnr.
4. Tam`hchk`s
a. Ihth R-Tay

Unonr`fsaal R-Tay jar`lkal culaf m` cnbnr famalk-famalk m`pnrcufal

ultuf onc`bat hdstrufs` trafbna farnla pnlnfalal tuohr mal onc`bat
facs`i`fas` pama oassa tuohr. Uama fars`lhoa pap`cnr mnlkal damal-
 damal psaohoa mapat tnrc`bat facs`i`fas` bacus yalk
m`snrta` st`ppcnmgacg`i`gat`hl, snmalkfal pama fars`lhoa onmucnr
facs`i`fas` cnd`b jncas m` oassa tuohr. Famalk-famalk facs`i`fas` juka
tnrc`bat pama ontastas`s fars`lhoa pama fncnljar kntab dnl`lk.
Unonr`fsaal R-Tay
 juka m`pnrkullafal ultuf survny ontastas`s pama pary mal tucalk.
 Apad`ca ama fncubal m`siak`a, oafa ihth dar`uo onac pnrcu
ultuf onc`bat amalya `li`ctras` tuohr pama nshpbakus.
 d. ^ctrashulm
^ctrashulm m`pnrcufal ultuf tuohr shc`m mal f`st`f. Gara `l` aoal mal

tnpat, laoul gara `l` gnlmnrulk tnrmnsaf hcnb amalya tnbl`f d`hpsy
asp`ras` ya`tu tnbl`f yalk cnd`b snmnrbla mal ourab.
g. Ghoputnr`znm ]hohkrai`
G]-Wgal m`pnrkulafal ultuf onc`bat prcuasal tuohr, laoul t`maf
mapat onodnmafal sngara past` altara tuohr kalas atau j`laf ultuf
fasus tuohr t`rh`m
m. Wg`lt`skrai`
Mnlkal onlkkulafal ram`h `shtrhp`g mapat m`dnmafal bht lhmucn mal
ghcm lhmucn. Manrab ghcm lhmucn m`gur`ka` tuohr kalas. ]nfl`f
`l` m`pnrkulafal juka sndaka` pnlultul dak` d`hpsy asp`ras`
ultuf onopnrhcnb spng`onl yalk amnfuat.
7. D`hps` Asp`ras`
Uama mnfamn `l` d`hpsy asp`ras` jaruo bacus dalyaf m`pnrkulafal sndaka`
 prhsnmur m`aklhst`f pnlmabucual mar` dnrdaka` tuohr tnrutaoa pama
tuohr t`rh`m. ]nfl`f mal pnracatal salkat snmnrbala , d`aya ourab mal
afuras` m`aklhst`flya t`lkk`. Mnlkal onopnrkulafal jaruo tadulk 15
oc, mal
 jaruo lh.44 ‗ 47 snrta acat pnonkalk, snm`aal asp`rathr tuohr m`aod`c
ultuf pnonr`fsaal s`thchk`. Dnrmasarfal ars`tnftur s`thchk`
mapat m``mnlt`i`fas` fars`lhoa pap`cnr, fars`lhoa ihc`fucnr, fars`lhoa
alapcast`f mal fars`lhoa onmucnr.

;. Unlatacafsalaal GA ]@TH@M
Onlurut ( Drullnr & Wummartb.
4551)
a. ]nrap`
]nrap` p`c`bal ultuf fars`lhoa t`th`m amacab pnodnmabal
ultuf onlkalkfat tuohr tnrsndut.t`rh`mnftho` thtac atau baop`r thtac
m` cafufal
  d`ca fnamaal onoulkf`lfal.]`lmafal m`fsnfs` cnbnr yalk cnd`b cuas
m` cafufal j`fa ontastasn tncab onlyaopa` fncnljar c`pn.jar`lkal parat`rh`m
m` upayafal ultuf t`maf tnralkfat kula onlkuralk` rns`fh b`phfacsno`a
pasga hpnrat`i mal tntalus.snsumab pnodnmabal ,t`lmafal adcas` m`
cafsalafal

ultuf onlcnlyapfal jar`lkal t`rh`m yalk tnrs`sa d`ca tuohr tnrsndut dnrs`iat
ram`hsnls`t`i.`hm`uo ram`at`i juka onl`lkfatfal pncualk ultuf
onlnoufal ontastat`s t`rh`m m` fnoum`al bar` d`ca pnonr`fsaal pno`lma`
sncurub tudub
(wbhcn dhm` sgal) m` cafufal.snsumab pnodnmabal ,bhrohl t`rh`m m`
dnr`fal mnlkal mhs`s suprns` ultuf onlurulfal famar ]WB b`lkka tnrgapa`
fnamaal nut`rh`m.j`fa jar`lkal t`rh`m yalk tnrt`lkkac t`maf gufup ultuf
onlkbas`cfal bhrohl t`rh`m mnlkal juocab onoama`,oafa prnparat
t`rhfs`l m` dutubfal sngara pnroalnl.
Tam`as` pama fncnljar t`rh`m atau jar`lkal cnbnr mapat m` cafufal dndnrapa
 jacur : pnodnr`al pnrhrac mal cnwat pnodnr`al nfstnrlac tnrap`
ram`as`.pas`nl yalk onlmapat suodnr suodnr nfstnrlac tnrap` ram`as`
onlkbamap` rns`fh ultuf onlkacao` oufhs`t`s,fnfnr`lkal
oucut,m`spak`a,fnonrabal fuc`t,alhrnfs`a,mal fncncabal fnohtnrap`
jaralk m` kulafal macao
 pnlkhdatal falknr t`rh`m.
d. ]`rh`mnftho`
]`rh`mnftho` onrupafal prhsnmur dnmab yalk dnrtujual
onlkalkfat fncnljar t`rh`m supaya kalkkual t`rh`m supaya
kalkkual t`rh`m mapat m`snodubfal atau t`maf onoduruf. ]
`rh`mnftho` m`dnmafal onljam`
 dndnrapa jnl`s snpnrt` :
a. Chdnftho` ya`tu pnlkalkfatal sacab satu chdus mar` fncnljar t`rh`m
 d. ]`rh`mnftho` sudthtac ya`tu pnlkalkfatal t`rh`m sndak`al
g. ]`rh`mnftho` thtac ya`tu pnlkalkfatal sncurub dak`al t`rh`m

]`rh`mnftho` pars`ac atau thtac mapat m` cafsalafal sndaka` tnrap`

pr`onr tnrbamap fars`lhoa t`rh`m,b`pnrt`rh`m`son atau b`pnrt`rh`m`son t`pn
mal cuas hpnras` dnrkaltulk pama bas`c m`aklhs`s,tujual pnodnmabal bas`c
prhlhks`s.
Unral pnrawat amacab macao pnlatacafsalaal Urn-Hpnrat`i, @ltra
Hpnrat`i mal Uhst Hpnras`:
1. Unlatacafsalaal Urn Hpnras` yalk pnrcu m`pnrs`apfal amacab sndaka`
 dnr`fut:

a.) @lihro Ghlgnrl (Wurat pnrsntujual hpnras`) yalk

tncab m`talmatalkal` hcnb pnlmnr`ta atau pnlalkkulk jawad
pnlmnr`ta
 d.) Fnamaal uouo onc`put` snoua systno tudub tnrutaoa
systno rnsp`rathr` mal garm`hvasgucnr
g.) Bas`c pnonr`fsaal / mata pnluljalk snrta bas`c d`hpsy jar`lkal j`fa
ama
m.) Unrs`apal onltac mnlkal suphrt onltac mal pnlm`m`fal
fnsnbatal tnltalk jacallya hpnras` hcnb pnrawat mal supphrt
onltac hcnb rhbal`awal
n.) Fhlsuc Alnstns` ultuf fns`apal pnod`usal
i.) Waopa`fal bac-bac yalk oulkf`l tnrjam` lalt` sntncab
m`cafufal t`lmafal pnodnmabal tnrutaoa j`fa m`cafufal
t`rh`mngtho` thtac
 dnrbudulkal mnlkal o`luo supcnonl bhrohln t`rh`m
snuour b`mup.
4. Unlatacafsalaal @ltra Hpnras` Unral pnrawat balya
onodaltu fncalgaral jacallya hpnras` farnla talkkulk jawad
snpnlublya m`pnkalk hcnb Mhftnr Hpnrathr mal Mhftnr Alnstbns`.
7. Unlatacafsalaal Uhst Hpnras` (m` rualk samar)
a) Hdsnrvas` talma-talma v`tac pas`nl (KGW) mal jaka tntap stad`c
 d) Hdsnrvas` amalya pnrmarabal snrta fhopc`fas` phst hpnras`
g) Mnfatfal pnracatal Nonrknlgy F`t atau pac`lk t`maf
oumab m`jalkfau apad`ca snwaftu-waftu m`dutubfal atau tnrjam`
bac-bac yalk t`maf m``lk`lfal
m) Wnsnknra oulkf`l dnr`tabu pnlmnr`ta j`fa hpnras` tncab
sncnsa` m`cafufal sntncab pnlmnr`ta samar mar` pnod`usal
ultuf cnd`b

onlnlalkfal pnlmnr`ta
 n) Cafufal pnrawatal caljutal sntncab pas`nl p`lmab fn rualk
 pnrawatal uouo.
i) Tam`htnrap`
=. Tam`htnrap` amacab pnlkkulaal ram`as` `hl m` d`malk fnmhftnral sndaka`

satu dak`al pnlkhdatal falfnr mnlkal onlkhltrhc pnrtuodubal

snc kalas. Tam`htnrap` m`kulafal sndaka` tnrap` furat`i oaupul
dnrs`iat amjuval. Capalkal ram`as` juka onlgafup jar`lkal
c`oihlhmus mal
 pnoducub marab yalk onljam` r`s`fh utaoa ultuf ontastasn tuohr.
Tam`htnrap` amacab pnlkkulaal ram`as` ultuf onlkbalgurfal snc
falfnr atau onrusaf snc tnrsndut snb`lkka t`maf mapat
dnrouct`pc`fas` cak`. [acaupul ram`as` `l` afal onlknla` sncurub snc,
tntap` uouolya snc lhroac cnd`b tabal tnrbamap ram`as`
m`dalm`lkfal mnlkal snc falfnr.Fnkulaal ram`htnrap` amacab
sndaka` dnr`fut:
a. Onlkhdat` : dalyaf falfnr yalk mapat m`snodubfal
mnlkal ram`htnrap`, da`f mnlkal atau talpa
m`fhod`las`fal mnlkal
 pnlkhdatal ca`l snpnrt` pnodnmabal mal fnohtnrap`.
 d. Onlkhltrhc : J`fa t`maf onoulkf`lfal cak` amalya
pnlynodubal, ram`htnrap` dnrkula ultuf onlkhltrhc
pnrtuodubal snc falfnr mnlkal onoduat snc falfnr onljam`
cnd`b fng`c mal dnrbnlt` onlyndar.
g. Onlkuralk` knjaca : Wnca`l ultuf onlkhltrhc falfnr,
ram`htnrap` mapat onlkuralk` knjaca yalk d`asa t`oduc pama
pnlmnr`ta falfnr snpnrt` rasa lynr` mal juka onoduat b`mup
pnlmnr`ta cnd`b lyaoal.
m. Onodaltu pnlkhdatal ca`llya : tnrutaoa phst hpnras`
mal fnohtnrap` yalk snr`lk m`sndut sndaka` –amjuvalt
tbnrapy‟ atau tnrap` taodabal mnlkal tujual akar tnrap` dnmab
mal fnohtnrap` yalk m`dnr`fal cnd`b ninft`i.
Jnl`s ram`htnrap` :
a. Tam`htnrap` nfstnrlac (ram`htnrap` fhlvnls`hlac).
 Uama tnrap` nfstnrlac, ons`l afal onlkncuarfal s`lar ram`as` pama
tnopat falfnr mal jar`lkal snf`tarlya. Ons`l yalk m`kulafal mapat
 dnrdnma, tnrkaltulk mar` chfas` falfnr.
 d. Tam`htnrap` `ltnrlac (Tam`h`shthpn ]bnrapy (T@])).

Tam`htnrap` m`dnr`fal oncacu` ga`ral `lius yalk fnoum`al oasuf fn

macao pnoducub marab atau mapat juka mnlkal gara onlncallya.
Ghlthb hdat ram`htnrap` oncacu` `lius
amacab onta`hmhdnlzyckual`m`ln (O@DK) ultuf onlkhdat`
lnurhdcasthoa,
snmalkfal oncacu` hrac ghlthblya `hm`ln-171 ultuf
onlkhdat` falfnr t`rh`m.
>. Fnohtnrap`
Fnohtnrap` ononrcufal pnlkkulaal hdat ultuf onlkbalgurfal snc
falfnr. [acaupul hdat `mnac afal onlkbalgurfal snc falfnr mnlkal
t`maf onruk`fal snc d`asa, fndalyafal hdat t`maf sncnft`i. Oacabal, hdat
m`mnsa`l ultuf onlkaf`datfal fnrusafal yalk cnd`b dnsar pama
snc falfnr mar`pama snc d`asa, d`asalya mnlkal onlkkulafal hdat
yalk onopnlkarub` fnoaopual snc ultuf dnrtaodab dnsar.
Unrtuodubal yalk taf tnrfnlmac` mal gnpat amacab g`rr` fbas snc falfnr.
]ntap`, farnla snc d`asa juka pnrcu dnrtaodab dnsar, mal dndnrapa
dnrtaodab dnsar gufup gnpat (snpnrt` yalk m` suosuo tucalk mal kar`s
snpaljalk oucut mal usus), snoua hdat fnohtnrap`
onopnlkarub` snc d`asa mal onlyndadfal ninf saop`lk.
Fnohtnrap` sngara uouo onlyndadfal ouac, oultab, fnb`calkal
sncnra oafal, fnb`calkal dnrat damal, fnpnlatal, mal snc marab b`tulk
rnlmab yalk onlyndadfal alno`a mal r`s`fh `linfs` dnrtaodab.
Mnlkal fnohtnrap`, hralk snr`lk fnb`calkal raodut onrnfa,
tntap` af`dat saop`lkal ca`l dnvar`as` tnrkaltulk jnl`s hdat.
a. Ouac mal Oultab: knjaca `l` d`asalya d`sa m`gnkab atau
m`furalk` mnlkal hdat (fhltra-hdat nons`s). Ouac juka
oulkf`l m`furalk`

hcnb oafalal oafal fng`c mal mnlkal onlkb`lmar` oafalal yalk

 t`lkk` m` snrat, kas daralk bas`c duo` `tu, atau yalk salkat palas atau
salkat m`lk`l.
 d. Wnc Marab B`tulk rnlmab: Gythpnl`a, fnfuralkal satu atau cnd`b
t`pn snc marab, d`sa tnrjam` farnla ninf ragul hdat fnohtnrap`
pama

suosuo tucalk (m` oala snc marab m`duat). O`saclya,

pnlmnr`ta oulkf`l onoduat snc marab onrab yalk rnlmab
sngara adlhroac (alno`a), snc marab put`b (lnutrhpnl`a atau
cnufhpnl`a), atau pcatncnt (tbrhodhgythpnl`a). J`fa alno`a parab,
iafthr pnrtuodubal spns`i`f, snpnrt` nrytbrhph`nt`l atau
mardnph`nt`l, d`sa m`dnr`fal ultuf 
 pnrtaodabal pnodnltufal snc marab onrab, atau snc marab onrab
 d`sa m`tralsius`fal. J`fa tbrhodhgythpnl`a bndat, pcatncnt
d`sa m`tralsius`fal ultuf onrnlmabfal r`s`fh pnlmarabal.
9. ]nrap` Adcas` @hm`uo Tam`haft`i 
Uama jar`lkal t`rh`m snbat mal kalas yalk tnrt`lkkac
sntncab hpnras`,sncaljutlya m`dnr`fal tnrap` adcas` `hm`uo ram`haft`i.
Onlk`lkat amalya uptafn spns`i`f `hm`uo fn macao snc ihc`fucnr t`rh`m
tnroasuf snc kalas t`rh`m yalk dnrasac mar` snc ihc`fucnr.Ama 7 acasal
tnrap` adcas`
 pama jar`lkal s`sa sntncab hpnras`, ya`tu:
a. Onrusaf atau onoat`fal s`sa ihfus o`frh fars`lhoa.
 d. ^ltuf onlmntnfs` fnfaodubal atau ontastas`s oncacu`
nc`o`las` uptafn hcnb s`sa jar`lkal t`rh`m lhroac.
g. Onl`lkfatfal l`ca` pnonr`fsaal t`rhkchduc`l sndaka` pntalma
snruo yalk m`bas`cfal balya hcnb snc t`rh`m.
m. ^ltuf onoafs`oacfal uptafn `hm`uo ram`haft`i sntncab
t`rh`mnftho` thtac, famar bhrohln t`rh`m m`turulfal mnlkal
onlkbnlt`fal hdat C- t`rhfs`l, snb`lkka ]WB nlmhknl tnrst`oucas`
b`lkka onlgapa` famar m`atas 4>-75 o^/C.
;. ]nrap` Wuprns` C-]`rhfs`l
Nvacuas` caljutal pnrcu m`cafufal sncaoa dndnrapa mnfamn sndncuo

m`fatafal snodub thtac. ]arknt famar ]WB pama fnchophf r`s`fh rnlmab
 ultuf fnsaf`tal mal fnoat`al farnla fnkalasal t`rh`m amacab 5,1-5,>
o^/C, snmalk ultuf fnchophf r`s`fh t`lkk` amacab 5,51 o^/C.

2. Fhopc`fas` GA ]@TH@M

Onlurut (Jurlac, Hftabnrohl`za, 4517)Fhopc`fas` yalk snr`lk oulguc pama

falfnr t`rh`m amacab :
a. Unrmarabal
Tns`fh `l` o`l`ouo, laoul bat`-bat` macao onlkaoalfal bnohstat`s mal
 pnlkkulaal mra`l pama pas`nl sntncab hpnras`.
 d. Oasacab tnrdufalya vnla dnsar (vnla t`rh`mna supnr`hr) mal
onlyndadfal nodhc`son umara.
g. ]rauoa pama lnrvus car`lknus rnfurnls
@l` mapat onl`oducfal parac`s`s sndak`al atau thtac pama car`lk.
m. Wnps`s yalk oncuas fn onm`ast`luo
Wnbaruslya `l` t`maf dhcnb tnrjam` pama hpnras` dnmab snfaralk `l`, snb`lkka
alt`d`ht`f t`maf m`pnrcufal sndaka` phi`cafs`s cak`.

A. Fhlsnp Masar Asubal Fnpnrawatal

1. Unlkfaj`al
a. Unlkfaj`al pr`onr 
1)   A`rway  : pnl`ca`al afal fnpatnlal jacal lapas, onc`put`
pnonr`fsaal onlknla` amalya hdstrufs` jacal lapas, amalya dnlma as`lk.
Uama fc`nl yalk mapat dnrd`gara mapat m`alkkap jacal lapas dnrs`b.
M`cafufal puca pnlkfaj`al amalya suara lapas taodabal snpnrt` slhr`lk.
4) Drnatb`lk : irnfunls` lapas, apafab ama pnlkkulaal htht daltu pnrlapasal,
rntrafs` m`lm`lk mama, amalya snsaf lapas. Uacpas` pnlknodalkal
paru, ausfuctas` suara lapas, faj` amalya suara lapas taodabal snpnrt`
rhlgb`, wbnnz`lk, mal faj` amalya trauoa pama mama.
 7) G`rgucat`hl : m`cafufal pnlkfaj`al tnltalk vhcuon marab mal garm`ag
hutput snrta amalya pnrmarabal. Unlkfaj`al juka onc`put` status
bnohm`lao`f, warla fuc`t, lam`.
=) M`sad`c`ty  : l`ca` t`lkfat fnsamaral, snrta ufural mal rnafs` pup`c.
 d. Unlkfaj`al snfulmnr 
Unlkfaj`al snfulmnr onc`put` alaolns`s mal pnonr`fsaal i`s`f.
Alaolns`s mapat onlkkulafal ihroat AOUCN (acnrk`, onm`fas`, past `cclnss, cast
onac, mal nlv`rhlonlt). Unonr`fsaal i`s`f m`ouca` mar` fnpaca b`lkka faf`
mal mapat puca m`taodabfal pnonr`fsaal m`aklhst`f yalk cnd`b spns`i`f snpnrt` ihth
tbhrafs,mcc.
4. M`aklhsa Fnpnrawatal
1. Lynr` Afut
4. Kalkkual onlncal
7. Kalkkual fhoul`fas` vnrdac
=. Mni`s`t Unlkntabual

7. @ltnrvnls` Fnpnrawatal

Lh Wtalmar M`aklhsa Wtalmar lynr` (>)

Fnpnrawatal Cuaral
@lmhlns`a Fnpnrawatal
(WMF@) @lmhlns`a
(WCF@)
1 Lynr` Afut Wntncab m`cafufal

t`lmafal
fnpnrawatal sncaoa
Mni`l`s`: .... R .... jao
onl`t m`barapfal
Unlkacaoal snlshr`f
Lynr` Afut
atau nohs`hlac yalk
dnrfa`tal mnlkal Dnrfuralk mnlkal
fnrusafal jar`kal agtuac fr`tnr`a bas`c :
atau iulks`hlac, mnlkal hlsnt
]`lkfat lynr` :
onlmamaf atau caodat mal
dnr`ltnls`tas r`lkal  Fncubal
 Wtalmar @ltnrvnls`
Fnpnrawatal @lmhlns`a
(W@F@)

Oalajnonl Lynr` Hdsnrvas`

 @mnlt`i`fas` chfas`,
faraftnr`st`f, muras`,
irnfunls`, fuac`tas ,
`ltnls`tas lynr`
 @mnlt`i`fas` sfaca lynr`
 @mnlt`i`fas` rnsphls lynr`
lhl vnrdac
b`lkka dnrat yalk dnrcalksulk
 Onr`lk`s (>)  @mnlt`i`fas` iafthr
furalk mar` 7 ducal
 W`fap yalk onopnrdnrat
prhtnft`i (>) lynr` mal onopnr`lkal
 Knc`sab (>) lynr`
Unlyndad:
 Fnsuc`tal  @mnlt`i`fas` pnlkntabual
 Aknl pnlgnmnra t`mur (>) mal fnyaf`lal
i`s`hchk`s (o`s.
 Onlar`f m`r` (>) tnltalk lynr`
@licaoa`,`sfno`a,
 Dnrihfus pama  @mnlt`i`fas` pnlkarub
lnhpcasoa m`r` snlm`r` (>)  dumaya tnrbamap
 Aknl pnlgnmnra  M`aihrns`s (>) rnsphl lynr`
f`o`aw` (o`s.  Unrasaal  @mnlt`i`fas`
]nrdafar, dabal f`o`a mnprns` pnlkarub lynr` pama
`r`tal) fuac`tas b`mup
(tnrtnfal) (>)
 Aknl pnlgnmnra  Unrasal tafut  Ohl`thr fndnrbas`cal
i`s`f (o`s. Adsns, onlkacao`
tnrap` fhopcnonltnr yal
aoputas`, tnrdafar, gnmnra dnrucalk sumab m`dnr`fal
tnrphthlk, (>)  Ohl`thr ninf saop`lk
onlkalkfat dnrat,  Alhrnfs`a (>)  pnlkkulaal alacknt`f 
 prhsnmur hpnras`,  Unr`lnuo tnrasa
trauoa, cat`bal tnrtnfal (>)
i`s`f   ^tnrus tnrada
 dnrcnd`b) ]nrapnut`f 
onoducat (>)
 Fntnkalkal  Dnr`fal tnfl`f
Knjaca mal ]alma
htht (>) lhliaroafhchk`s
Oayhr Wudjnft`i  Uup`c m`catas` ultuf 
(>) onlkuralk` rasa
 Onlkncub lynr`
 Oultab (>) lynr` (o`s. ]NLW,
Hdjnft`i
 Ouac (>) byplhs`s, afuprnsur,
 ]aopaf onr`lk`s
 Irnfunls` tnrap` ous`g,
 Dnrs`fap prhtnft`i 
d`hinnmdagf, tnrap` p`jat,
lam` (>)
(o`s. [aspama, phs`s`
arhoatnrap`, tnfl`f 
onlkb`lmar` lynr`) `oaj`las`
tnrd`od`lk,
fhoprns balkat/m`lk`l,

tnrap` dnroa`l)
  Knc`sab  Uhca lapas (>)  Fhltrhc c`lkfulkal yalk
 Irnfunls` lam`  ]nfalal onopnrdnrat rasa
onl`lkfat marab (>) lynr` (o`s. Wubu
 Wuc`t t`mur   Urhsns dnrp`f`r (>) rualkal,

 Ihfus (>)  pnlgabayaal,

 Iulks` fnd`s`lkal)
 Ias`c`tas `st`rabat
fno`b (>) mal t`mur 
 Unr`cafu (>)  Unrt`odalkfal jnl`s mal
Knjaca mal ]alma
  Laisu oafal suodnr lynr` macao
O`lhr Wudjnft`i (>)  pno`c`bal stratnk`
 Uhca t`mur (>) onrnmafal lynr`
-

Hdjnft`i
Fhltrhc Lynr` Nmufas`
 ]nfalal marab
 Oncaphrfal  Jncasfal pnlyndad,
onl`lkfat
lynr`  pnr`hmn, mal pno`gu
 Uhca lapas dnrudab
tnrfhltrhc (>)  Jncasfal stratnk`
  Laisu oafal dnrudab
 Urhsns dnrp`f`r  Fnoaopual onrnmafal lynr`

tnrkalkku onlknlac`  Aljurfal

 Onlar`f m`r` hlsnt lynr` (>) onohl`thr lynr` sngara

 Dnrihfus pama m`r`  Fnoaopual oalm`r`

snlm`r` onlknlac`  Aljurfal

 M`aihrns`s  pnlyndad lynr` onlkkulafal alacknt`f
(>) sngara tnpat
 Fnoaopual  Ajarfal tnfl`f
Fhlm`s` fc`l`s tnrfa`t
onlkkulafal lhliaroafhchk`s
 Fhlm`s` pnodnmabal tnfl`f lhl- ultuf onlkuralk` rasa
 Gnmnra trauoat`s iaroafhchk`s lynr`
(>)
 @linfs`

Fhcadhras`

 Fhcadhras`
 pnodnr`al
alacknt`f, j`fa pnrcu
 W`lmrho fhrhlnr  Mufulkal
afut
hralk
 Kcaufhoa Unodnr`al

tnrmnfat (>) Alackns`f Hdsnrvas`

 Fncubal
 @mnlt`i`fas` faraftnr`st`f 

lynr` (>) lynr` (o`s. Unlgntus,

Unlkkulaal  pnrnma, fuac`tas, chfas`,

`ltnls`tas,
alackns`g (>)
irnfunls`, muras`)
 @mnlt`i`fas`

r`wayat acnrk` hdat

 @mnlt`i`fas` fnsnsua`al

 jnl`s alackns`g (o`s.

 Larfht`fa, lhl larfht`fa,
atau LWA@M)
mnlkal t`lkfat
fnparabal lynr`
 Ohl`thr talma talma v`tac
sndncuo mal
snsumab
 pnodnr`al alackns`f 
 Ohl`thr

ninft`i`tas alackns`f 

]nrapnut`f

 M`sfus`fal jnl`s
alackns`g yalk
m`sufa` ultuf onlgapa`
alackns`a hpt`oac,
j`fa
 pnrcu

Unrt`odalkfal
  pnlkkulaal `lius
fhlt`lu, atau dhcus
hp`h`m ultuf  onop nrtaba
fal
l famar 
macao snruo

]ntapfal tarknt
ninft`i`tas alackns`f 
ultuf onlkhpt`oacfal
rnsphl pas`nl
Mhfuonltas`fal rnsphls tnrbamap ninf alackns`f mal nin

m``lk`lfal

Nmufas`

Jncasfal ninf tnrapu mal

ninf saop`lk hdat
Fhcadhras`

 Fhcadhras` pnodnr`al
mhs`s mal jnl`s alackns`f,
 snsua` `lm`fas`
 MAI]AT U^W]AFA

Garpnl`th, C.J. 4557. Tnlgala Asubal & Mhfuonltas` Fnpnrawatal. Jafarta: NKG

Ghrw`l, NJ. 4550. Dufu Wafu Uathi`s`hchk`, 7 Nm`s` Tnv`s`. Jafarta: NKG

Jhblshl, O., nt acc. 4555. Lurs`lk Hutghons Gcass`i`gat`hl (LHG) Wnghlm 

 Nm`t`hl. Lnw Jnrsny: ^ppnr Wammcn T`vnr 

Fhz`nr, D., Nrd, K., Dnroal, A.alm Wb`rcnn J. Wlymn, ac`b dabasa Uao`c`b Nfh
Faryul`, mff. 4515. Dufu Ajar Iulmaonltac Fnpnrawatal Fhlsnp Urhsns mal
 Uraft`f nm`s` Y@@ Yhcuon 1. Jafarta : NKG.
Oalsjhnr, A mff. 455;. Fap`ta Wncnfta Fnmhftnral, J`c`m Fnmua. Jafarta: Onm`a
Ansgucap`us IF^@

Wonctznr, mff. 4554. Dufu Ajar Fnpnrawatal Onm`fac Dnmab Drullnr & Wummartb
 Nm`s` 2 Yhc 4. ac`b dabasa B. P. Fulgara, Almry Barthlh, Ohl`ga Nstnr, Paso`l
as`b. Jafarta: NKG.

Wumhyh, Aru. 4559.  Dufu Ajar Unlyaf`t Macao. Jafarta : Uusat

Unlnrd`tal Mnpartnonl @cou Unlyaf`t Macao Iafuctas Fnmhftnral ^l`vnrs`tas
@lmhlns`a
[`cf`lshl, Jum`tb O. 4514. Dufu Wafu M`aklhs`s Fnpnrawatal. Jafarta : NKG