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MATHEMATICS
Quarter 4 – Module 6
Basic Concepts of Probability
Mathematics – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 6: Basic Concepts of Probability
First Edition, 2020

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Mathematics
Quarter 4 – Module 6
Basic Concepts of Probability
 What I Need to Know

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
• Illustrates an experiment, outcome, sample space and event
(M8GE-IVf-1)
• Counts the number of occurrences of an outcome in an experiment: (a) table,
(b) tree diagram, (c) systematic listing and (d) fundamental counting principle
(M8GE-IVf-g-1)

OBJECTIVES:
K: Define experiment, outcome, sample space, and event.
S: Count the number of occurrences of an outcome in an experiment and organize
the using a table, tree diagram, systematic listing and fundamental counting
principles.
A: Appreciate the importance of finding the like hood of an event to real-life
situations.

What I Know

Find all the possible outcomes of the following and choose the correct answer.

1. Picking a number from 1 to 4 and choosing the color red, green, or yellow.
A. 6 B. 9 C. 12 D. 24

2. You have a choice of 2 colors of pants, 3 colors of shirts, and 2 kinds of shoes. How many
different outfits can you wear?
A. 4 B. 13 C. 7 D. 12

3. Christmas sweatshirts come in three sizes and six colors.

A. 18 outcomes B. 9 outcomes C. 24 outcomes D. 36 outcomes

4. A number cube is rolled three times.

A. 36 outcomes B. 216 outcomes C. 18 outcomes D. 66 outcomes

5. A number cube is rolled and a number card is drawn from cards numbered 1-14.
A. 146 outcomes B. 14 outcomes C. 84 outcomes D. 20 outcomes

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 Lesson Illustrating the Permutation of Objects

1. Are those words familiar to you?

2. What particular topic comes to your mind when you see the words in the illustration?

3. What qualitative terms can be used to express probable occurrences of events in a

man’s life?

4. How else can the possible occurrence or likelihood of an event be expressed?

5. Based on the illustration, how do you define probability?

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 What’s In

Use the illustration below to answer the following questions correctly.

1. How many shirts are there? ______________

2. How many pairs of short pants are there? _______________
3. How many pairs of long pants are there? _______________
4. If you will attend a party, how many choices are possible? ______________
5. If you are going to attend the mass with your family, how many possible outfits could you
choose from? _______________

What’s New

THINK OF ME!
How is the number of occurrences of an event determined?
How does knowledge of finding the likelihood of an event help you in your daily life?

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 What is It

Probability is the chance that something will happen. Events cannot be predicted with total
certainty. We can say, “How likely they are to happen.”

Probability Experiment is a chance process that leads to a well-defined result called an

outcome.

Examples: Flipping a coin

Rolling a die

Outcome is the result of a single trial of an experiment.

Experiment Outcome
Flipping a coin Head (H)/ Tail (T)
Rolling a die 1/2/3/4/5/6

Sample space is the set of all the possible outcomes or sample points.

Sample point is just one of the possible outcomes.

Experiment Sample Space Sample Point

Flipping two coins HH, HT, TH, TT HH
Rolling a die 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 5
Rolling a coin and a die H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6 T3
simultaneously T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6
Drawing a card from a 13 Diamonds, 13 Hearts, 13 Spades, Queen of Hearts
deck of 52 cards 13 Clubs (Ace, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, Jack, Queen, King)

Now, let’s count the number of occurrences of an outcome in an experiment.

Problem: Find the possible outcomes of flipping a one-peso coin and a tossing a
die.

A. Table

1 2 3 4 5 6
Head H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6
Tail T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Sample Space: S = {H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6}
So, there are 12 possible outcomes.

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B. Tree Diagram

Answer: Sample Space: S = {H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6}

C. Systematic Listing

Flipping a coin: {Head, Tail}

Tossing a die: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Sample Space: S = {H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6}
Therefore, there are 12 possible outcomes.

D. Fundamental Counting Principle

“If a first experiment can be performed in M distinct ways and a second experiment
can be performed in N distinct ways then the two experiments in that specific order M first
followed by N can be performed in M x N distinct ways”

Tossing a coin has 2 possible outcomes…H or T

Rolling a die has 6 possible outcomes… 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

The Counting Principle tells that the total outcomes of experiment 1 followed by
experiment 2 can be found by multiplying the number of ways each experiment can happen.

The two experiments together tossing a coin then rolling a die have 2 x 6 = 12
possible outcomes.

Answer: 12 ways

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 What’s More

Problem 2. Joe has 7 shirts, 4 pairs of pants and 2 pairs of shoes. He needs to make
an outfit containing one of each item. How many different outfits are possible? (We
assume that one different item makes a different outfit)

This is a Counting Principle problem. It has three “experiments” as opposed to 2. The

Counting Principle can be extended to any number of experiments.

Experiment 1: select a shirt (7 possible outcomes)

Experiment 2: select a pair of pants (4 possible outcomes)
Experiment 3: select a pair of shoes (2 possible outcomes)

Answer: 7*4*2 = 56 different outfits

What I Have Learned

Based from what you have learned in this lesson, use the sentence starters below and finish
the given lines.

I have learned that ________________________________.

I have realized that _____________________________________________.

I will apply ________________________________________________________.

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 What I Can Do

Write a report of your own 3 real-life examples of probability and explain each.

Rubric for Individual Report

20 15 10 5
Representation It is complete, It is complete It is complete It is incomplete
of Data and organized and and organized but disorganized and disorganized
Explanation clear

Assessment

Answer the following problems and use either of the methods (table, tree diagram,
systematic listing, and counting principle) in finding the possible outcomes.
1. You have 5 shirts, 3 pairs of pants, and 4 pairs of shoes. You need to make an outfit
containing one of each item. How many different outfits are possible? (We assume that
one different item makes a different outfit.)
2. Shan is going to purchase a new car. The car has 5 exterior color choices, 2 interior color
packages, and 2 engine options. How many different cars are possible?
3. How many possible outcomes are there if you is flip two coins and roll a die?
4. Ann is flipping a coin and rolling two dice. How many outcomes are possible?
5. A one-topping pizza comes in three sizes with thin or thick crust and a choice of seven
toppings. How many different pizzas are possible?

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 Additional Activities

You go to a restaurant to buy food and drink for your breakfast. The menu says, for
food: pancakes, waffles, or home fries, and for drinks: coffee, juice, hot chocolate, and tea.
How many different choices of food and drink do you have? Illustrate the choices by using
the table below.

Food/Drinks Coffee Juice Hot Chocolate Tea

(C) (J) (H) (T)
Pancake (P) PC PT
Waffles (W) WJ
Fries (F) FH

a. How many choices for food are there?

b. How many choices for drinks are there?
c. By counting, how many different choices of food and drink do you have?

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 Answer Key

What I Know What’s In What’s New

Answers may vary.

1. C 1. 2
2. D 2. 2
3. A 3. 2
4. B 4. 8
5. C 5. 4

Assessment Additional Activities

Food/Drinks Coffee (C) Juice (J) Hot Chocolate Tea (T)

1. 60 outfits (H)
Pancake (P) PC PJ PH PT
2. 20 cars Waffles (W) WC WJ WH WT
Fries (F) FC FJ FH FT
3. 24 outcomes
4. 72 outcomes a. 3
5. 42 pizzas b. 4
c. 12

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References

Books:

Department of Education. Mathematics-Grade 8: Teacher’ Guide1st ed.2015, 403 - 468.

Websites:

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.paulding.k12.ga.us/s
ite/handlers/filedownload.ashx%3Fmoduleinstanceid%3D57960%26dataid%3D43667%26Fil
eName%3DAccel%2520Math%252067%2520Probability%2520Study%2520Guide.pdf&ved
=2ahUKEwj6sLPysYvvAhXxwosBHWvDAJQQFjAMegQIIRAC&usg=AOvVaw27doz5p2
A4Ioijj9InxSjW
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-middle-school-math-concepts-grade-8/section/11.2/

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