Quillaia

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Quillaia is the milled inner bark or small stems and branches of the soapbark (Quillaja
saponaria, Molina). Other names include Murillo bark extract, Panama bark
extract, Quillaia extract, Quillay bark extract, and Soapbark extract. Quillaia contains
high concentrations of saponins that can be increased further by processing. Highly
purified saponins from quillaia are used as adjuvants to enhance the effectiveness of
vaccines. Other compounds in the crude extract include tannins and other polyphenols,
and calcium oxalate.[1]
Quillaia is used in the manufacture of food additives,[1] and it is listed as an ingredient
in root beer and cream soda.[1] The extract also is used as a humectant in baked goods,
frozen dairy products, and puddings and as a foaming agent in soft drinks.[1] It is used in
agriculture for some "natural" spray adjuvant formulations.[2]

Saponin adjuvants[edit]
The saponins from Quillaja saponaria are used in several
approved veterinary vaccines (e.g., foot-and-mouth disease vaccines). Initially a crude
preparation was used, but more recently purified products have been developed. Two of
these (Quil A and Matrix-M) have been shown to be more effective and cause less
local irritation. [3][4]
Quil A is still a mixture of more than 25 different saponin molecules. One of them, the
saponin QS21, has been investigated for as an adjuvant for human vaccines. [3]
Novavax uses a highly purified quillaja extract as an adjuvant in its experimental human
vaccines. The adjuvant, Matrix-M, is made at facilities in Sweden and Denmark.[4]

References[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:        EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings
a b c d

(FAF) et al. Re-evaluation of Quillaia extract (E 999) as a food

additive and safety of the proposed extension of use. EFSA
Journal. 06 March 2019.
2. ^ Biopesticides Registration Action Document. Saponins of
Quillaja Saponaria . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
11 September 2009.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b Sun, Hong-Xiang; Xie, Yong; Ye, Yi-Ping
(2009).  "Advances in saponin-based
adjuvants".  Vaccine.  27  (12): 1787–
1796.  doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.091. PMID 19208455.
Archived from  the original on 2017-10-08.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b Sarah Jane Tribble and Rachana
Pradhan. Novavax’s Effort to Vaccinate the World, From Zero
to Not Quite Warp Speed Kaiser Health News, Kaiser Family
Foundation, July 19, 2021.
 External links[edit]
 WHO report
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E numbers

–199)

(E200–299)

& Acidity regulators (E300–399)

abilisers & emulsifiers (E400–499)

& anti-caking agents (E500–599)

cers (E600–699)

s (E900–999)

emicals (E1100–1599)

–909)

es (E910–919)

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Sodium hexametaphosphate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sodium hexametaphosphate[1]

Names

IUPAC name

sodium cyclo-hexaphosphate

Other names

Calgon S

Glassy sodium

Graham's salt

Hexasodium metaphosphate

Metaphosphoric acid, hexasodium salt

Identifiers

CAS Number  10124-56-8  [EPA]

3D model (JSmol)  Interactive image

ChemSpider  23340 

ECHA InfoCard 100.030.299 

EC Number  233-343-1

MeSH sodium+polymetaphosphate

PubChem CID  24968
UNII  N40N91DW96

CompTox  DTXSID1047522 
Dashboard (EPA)

show

InChI

show

SMILES

Properties

Chemical formula Na

6 P

6 O

18

Molar mass 611.7704 g mol−1

Appearance White crystals

Odor odorless

Density 2.484 g/cm3

Melting point 628 °C (1,162 °F; 901 K)

Boiling point 1,500 °C (2,730 °F; 1,770 K)

Solubility in water soluble

Solubility insoluble in organic solvents

Refractive index (nD) 1.482

Hazards

Main hazards Irritant

Safety data sheet (SDS) hazard.com

GHS labelling:[2]

Pictograms

Signal word Warning

Hazard statements H319

 Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):

LD50 (median dose) 3.053 g kg−1

Related compounds

Other anions Trisodium phosphate

Tetrasodium pyrophosphate

Pentasodium triphosphate

Related compounds Sodium trimetaphosphate

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in

their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

 verify (what is   ?)

Infobox references

Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is a salt of composition Na6[(PO3)6].[3] Sodium

hexametaphosphate of commerce is typically a mixture of metaphosphates (empirical
formula: NaPO3), of which the hexamer is one, and is usually the compound referred to
by this name. Such a mixture is more correctly termed sodium polymetaphosphate.
They are white solids that dissolve in water.

Contents

 1Uses
o 1.1Food additive
 2Preparation
 3Reactions
 4History
 5Safety
 6References
 7External links

Uses[edit]
SHMP is used as a sequestrant and has applications within a wide variety of industries,
including as a food additive in which it is used under the E number E452i. Sodium
carbonate is sometimes added to SHMP to raise the pH to 8.0–8.6, which produces a
number of SHMP products used for water softening and detergents.
A significant use for sodium hexametaphosphate is as a deflocculant in the production
of clay-based ceramic particles.[4][5][6][7] It is also used as a dispersing agent to break down
clay and other soil types for soil texture assessment.[8]
It is used as an active ingredient in toothpastes as an anti-staining and tartar prevention
ingredient.[9]
The energy drink NOS contains sodium hexametaphosphate.
Food additive[edit]
As a food additive, SHMP is used as an emulsifier. Artificial maple syrup, canned milk,
cheese powders and dips, imitation cheese, whipped topping, packaged egg whites,
roast beef, fish fillets, fruit jelly, frozen desserts, salad dressing, herring, breakfast
cereal, ice cream, beer, and bottled drinks, among other foods, can contain SHMP. [10][11][12]

Preparation[edit]
SHMP is prepared by heating monosodium orthophosphate to generate sodium acid
pyrophosphate:
2 NaH2PO4 → Na2H2P2O7 + H2O
Subsequently, the pyrophosphate is heated to give the
corresponding sodium hexametaphosphate:
3 Na2H2P2O7 → (NaPO3)6 + 3 H2O
followed by rapid cooling.

Reactions[edit]
SHMP hydrolyzes in aqueous solution, particularly
under acidic conditions, to sodium
trimetaphosphate and sodium orthophosphate.[13]

History[edit]
Hexametaphosphoric acid was named in 1849 by the
German chemist Theodor Fleitmann.[14][15] By
1956, chromatographic analysis of hydrolysates of
Graham's salt (sodium polyphosphate) indicated the
presence of cyclic anions containing more than four
phosphate groups;[16] these findings were confirmed in
1961.[17] In 1963, the German chemists Erich Thilo and
Ulrich Schülke succeeded in preparing sodium
hexametaphosphate by heating anhydrous sodium
trimetaphosphate.[18]

Safety[edit]
Sodium phosphates are recognized to have low acute
oral toxicity. SHMP concentrations not exceeding
10,000mg/l or mg/kg are considered protective levels by
the EFSA and USFDA. Extreme concentrations of this
salt may cause acute side effects from excessive blood
serum concentrations of sodium, such as:
“irregular pulse, bradycardia, and hypocalcemia."[19]

References[edit]
1. ^ Merck Index, 12th Edition, Sodium
polymetaphosphate, 8814
2. ^ "C&L Inventory".  echa.europa.eu.
3. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan
(1997).  Chemistry of the
Elements  (2nd ed.).  Butterworth-Heinemann.
p. 530.  ISBN  978-0-08-037941-8.
4. ^ The Role Of Sodium Hexametaphosphate In The
Dissolution Process Of Kaolinite And KaolinF.
Andreola; E.Castellini; T.Manfredini; M.Romagnoli.
Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Volume
24, Number 7, June 2004.
5. ^ Impact Of Dispersants On The Mechanical
Strength Development Of Alumina-Spinel Self-
Flowing Refractory Castables. Sasan Otroj,
Mohammad Reza Nilforushan, Arash Daghighi,
Reza Marzban. Ceramics – Silikáty 54 (3) 284–289
(2010)
6. ^ Effect Of Adding Sodium Hexametaphosphate
Liquefier On Basic Properties Of Calcium Phosphate
Cements. S. Hesaraki; A. Zamanian; F.
Moztarzadeh. Journal of Biomedical Materials
Research Part A. Vol. 88A, No. 2, 2009
7. ^ Study Of Clay’s Mineralogy Effect On Rheological
Behavior Of Ceramic Suspensions Using An
Experimental Design. Afef Jmal Ayadi; Julien Soro;
Amel Kamoun; Samir Baklouti. International Journal
of Recent Research and Applied Studies 14 (2).
February 2013.
8. ^ ASTM D422 – 63(2007) Standard Test Method for
Particle-Size Analysis of Soils.
9. ^ Crest Pro-Health Frequently Asked Questions
10. ^ "Ingredient Results - Sodium
Hexametaphosphate".
11. ^ "Food Additives & Ingredients - Food Additive
Status List".  Food and Drug Administration. 26
August 2021.
12. ^ "CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21".
13. ^ Van Wazer, John (1958). Phosphorus and its
Compounds. New York: Interscience Publishers.
Retrieved 7 April 2015.
14. ^ Fleitmann, Th. (1849). "Ueber die verschiedenen
Metaphosphorsäuren und zwei neue Säuren
derselben Verbindungsproportion" [On various
metaphosphoric acids and two new acids of the
same compound proportion]. Annalen der Physik
 und Chemie. 2nd series (in German).  78: 233–260,
338–366. On p. 249, Fleitmann coined the
name Hexametaphosphorsäure (hexametaphosphori
c acid).
15. ^ Griffith, E.J.; Buxton, R.L. (1965). "The preparation
and properties of the twelve-membered ring
hexametaphosphate anion".  Inorganic
Chemistry.  4 (4): 549–
551.  doi:10.1021/ic50026a023. ; see p. 549.
16. ^ Van Wazer, J. R.; Kroupa, E. Karl (1956).
"Existence of ring phosphates higher than
tetrametaphosphate". Journal of the American
Chemical Society. 78 (8):
1772.  doi:10.1021/ja01589a086.
17. ^ (Thilo & Schülke, 1963a), p. 1175.
18. ^ See:
 Thilo, E.; Schülke, U. (1963a).
"Darstellung des echten Natrium-
hexametaphosphates Na6[P6O18]"
[Preparation of true sodium
hexametaphosphate
Na6[P6O18]]. Angewandte Chemie  (in
German). 75 (23): 1175–
1176.  Bibcode:1963AngCh..75.1175T. 
doi:10.1002/ange.19630752305.
 Thilo, E.; Schülke, U. (1963b).
"Preparation of true sodium
hexametaphosphate
Na6[P6O18]". Angewandte Chemie
International Edition.  2 (12):
742.  doi:10.1002/anie.196307421.
19. ^ Schrödter, Klaus; Bettermann, Gerhard; Staffel,
Thomas; Wahl, Friedrich; Klein, Thomas; Hofmann,
Thomas (2008). "Phosphoric Acid and
Phosphates".  Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-
VCH.  doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_465.pub3.

External links[edit]
 Occupational Health and Safety Agency for
Healthcare in British Columbia
 Material Safety Data Sheet
show

Glass science topics
Categories: 
 Sodium compounds
  Metaphosphates
 Water treatment
 Photographic chemicals
 Glass compositions
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 This page was last edited on 6 December 2021, at 21:33 (UTC).
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By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark
of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.