TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER DESCRIPTION PAGE

NO. NO.
ABSTRACT i
LIST OF TABLES ii
LIST OF FIGURES iii
LIST OF GRAPH iv
1 PREMILINARY DESIGN OF THE AIRCRAFT WING 1
SHRENCK’S CURVE, STRUCTURAL LOAD
DISTRIBUTION, SHEAR FORCE BENDING
MOMENT AND TORQUE DIAGRAMS
1.1 LOAD ACTION ON WING 1
1.2 SHERENCK’S CURVE 1
1.2.1 LINEAR LIFT DISTRIBUTION 1
1.2.2 ELIPTICAL LIFT DISTRIBUTION 4
1.2.3 CONSTRUCTION OF SHRENCK’S CURVE 6
1.3 LOAD DISTRIBUTION 6
1.3.1 SELF WEIGHT(Y3) 6
1.3.2 WEIGHT OF THE POWER PLANT 8
1.3.3 WEIGHT OF THE FUEL IN THE WING 8
1.4 CENTROID OF (Y1/2) 12
1.5 CENTROID OF (Y2/2) 13
1.6 CENTROID OF (Yf) 14
1.7 SHEAR FORCE 17
1.8 BENDING MOMENT AT BC 20
2 DETAILED DESIGN OF AN AIRCRAFT WING 29

i
 2.1 MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT AT ROOT 23
2.2 SAFETY FACTOR 23
2.3 LOAD FACTOR 23
2.3.1 POSITIVE LOAD FACTOR(+Nmax) 23
2.4 MAXIMUM DESIGN BENDING MOMENT 23
2.5 SHEAR FLOW 23
3 LOAD DISTRIBUTION OVER THE FUSELAGE 29
3.1 GEOMETRICAL CALCULATIONS 29
3.2 LOAD DISTRIBUTION 29
3.3 TO FIND BENDING MOMENT 32
3.4 TO FIND SHEAR FORCE 32
4 FUSELAGE LOAD ESTIMATION 34
4.1 FUSELAGE STRUCTURAL LAYOUT 34
4.2 FUSELAGE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 36
4.3 STRESS ANALYSIS 37
4.3.1 IDEALIZATION 37
4.4 MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT AT ROOT 40
4.4.1 SAFETY FACTOR 40
4.4.2 LOAD FACTOR 40
4.5 MAXIMUM DESIGN BENDING MOMENT 40
5 BALANCING AND MANEUVERING LOAD ON TAIL 42
PLAIN, RUDDER AND AILERON LOADS
5.1 MANEUVERING LOADS 42
5.1.1 SYMMETRIC MANEUVERING CONDITIONS 43
5.1.2 MANEUVERING BALANCED CONDITIONS 43

ii
 5.1.3 PITCH MANEUVERING CONDITIONS 43
5.2 SPECIFIED CONTROL DISPLACEMENT 44
5.3 BALANCING LOADS 44
6 WING ROOT ATTACHMENT 46
6.1 FUEL TANKS 46
6.2 RIB LOCATIONS AND DIRECTIONS 47
6.3.1 HORIZONTAL STABILIZER 48
6.3.2 VERTICAL STABILIZER 48
6.3.3 AUXLIARY SURFACES 49
6.3.4 HINGED CONTROL SURFACES 49
6.4.5 PIVOTED CONTROL SURFACES 50
6.4 HIGH LIFT SYSTEM 50
6.5 ATTACHMENT OF LIFTING SURFACES 50
7 DESIGN OF LANDING GEAR 51
7.1 LANDING GEAR SYSTEM 51
7.1.1 LANDING GEAR CONFIGURATION 51
7.2 PRELIMINARY LANDING GEAR STRUT 51
DISPOSITION
7.2.1 TIP OVER CRITERIA 51
7.2.2 GROUND CLEAREANCE CRITERION 52
7.3 NUMBER OF WHEELS 53
7.4 ANGLES OF PITCH AND ROLL DURING TAKE 53
OFF AND LANDING
7.5 PITCH ANGLE REQUIRE FOR LIFT OFF 53
7.6 PITCH AND ROLL ANGLES DURING LANDING 54
7.7 LOCATION OF LANDING GEAR 54

iii
 7.7.1 CG LOCATION 54
7.7.2 TRACK LENGTH 55
7.8 GEOMETRY OF THE LANDING GEAR 56
7.8.1 MAIN LANDING GEAR (LSM) 56
7.8.2 NOSE LANDING GEAR (LSM) 56
7.9 TYRE SELECTION 57
7.9.1 TYRE SIZING 57
7.9.2 TYRE DESCRIPTION 58
7.9.3 TREAD 58
7.9.4 THE CASING 59
7.9.5 BEADS 59
7.9.6 CHAFERS 59
7.9.7 SIDEWALL 57
7.9.8 INNER LINER 59
7.9.9 UNDER THREAD 59
8 DETAILED DESIGN REPORT 62
9 REFERENCES 66

iv
 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NAME PAGE
NO NO
1.1 LINEAR LIFT DISTRIBUTION FOR STARBOARD 2
WING
1.2 ELLIPTICAL LIFT DISTRIBUTION FOR STARBOARD 4
WING
1.3 SHRENCK’S CURVE FOR STARBOARD WING 6

1.4 PARABOLIC WEIGHT DITRIBUTION FOR 8

STARBOARD WING
1.5 FUEL PER UNIT LENGTH STARBOARD WING 10

1.6 STRUCTURAL WEIGHT AND CENTROID 15

2.1 BENDING STRESS OF THE WING 25

4.1 STRESS IN STRINGERS 41

v
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NAME PAGE
NO NO
1.1 CENTROID OF (Y1/2) 12
1.2 CENTROID (YF) 14
1.3 SHRENCK’S CURVE 15
2.1 CROSS SECTION OF THE AEROFOIL 24
2.2 THE SPAR OF THE WING 24
2.3 SPAR NEGLECTING THICKNESS 26
2.4 SHEAR FLOW OVER THE WING 28
3.1 VARIOUS LENGTH IN AIRCRAFT 31
3.2 LOAD DISTRIBUTION OVER THE FUSELAGE 31
3.3 SFC AND BMD DIAGRAM 33
4.1 MONOCOQUE AND SEMIMONOCOQUE SECTION 34
4.2 ACTUAL AND IDEALISED FUSELAGE SECTION 36
4.3 STRINGER OF THE FUSELAGE 37
6.1 THE INTEGRAL FUEL TANK SYSTEM IN THE 47
AIRCRAFT
7.1 LONGITUDINAL TIP-OVER CRITERION 51
7.2 LATERAL TIP-OVER CRITERION 52
7.3 LONGITUDINAL GROUND CLEARANCE CRITERION 52
7.4 LATERAL GROUND CLEARANCE CRITERION 52
7.5 LOCATION OF CG IN AIRCRAFT 55
7.6 TRACK LENGTH 55
7.7 MAIN LANDING GEAR 56

vi
7.8 NOSE LANDING GEAR 57
7.9 INTERIOR OF TIRE 58
7.10 SELECTED TIRE 60
8.1 TOP VIEW DIAGRAM OF THE AIRCRAFT 64
8.2 SIDE VIEW DIAGRAM OF THE AIRCRAFT 65
8.3 FRONT VIEW DIAGRAM OF THE AIRCRAFT 65

vii
 LIST OF GRAPH
GRAPH NAME PAGE
NO NO
1.1 LINEAR LIFT DISTRIBUTION
1.2 ELLIPTICAL LIFT DISTRIBUTION
1.3 PARABOLIC LIFT DISTRIBUTION
1.4 FUEL PER UNIT LENGTH ON STARBOARD WING
1.5 SHRENCK’S CURVE
1.6 SHEAR FORCE
1.7 BENDING MOMENT

viii