Interpretation

!!! Where Does This

Water Come From ??

Production Logging
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 Production Logging
Objectives:
- Reconciliation of downhole inflow with surface
rates and reservoir model

Complications:
- Flow regime (laminar / turbulent)
- Single phase / Multiphase flow
- Borehole deviation

What do we want to know ?

- Flow rates / Holdups
- Fluid identification
- Flow regime
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Production Logging

Well and Completion problems Reservoir flow problems

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 Tools and Techniques
Vertical holes:
- Spinner flowmeters
Continuous, Fullbore, Basket, ...
- Density: gradiomanometer / nuclear fluid density
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Noise
- Radioactive tracer logging
- Oxygen activation

Horizontal holes: Flagship (Schlumberger)

- All of the above
- RST: Reservoir Saturation Tool
- DEFT: Digital Entry Fluid Imaging Tool (FloView)
- Fluid markers

Horizontal holes: MCFM (Baker Atlas) ٥

Single Phase
Sensors
• Flowmeters
• Temperature
• Pressure Gauges

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 Production Logging
Key Measurements Key Results
Velocity Flow Rate Profile
Composition Phase fractions

Mono Phase Flow Rate Vw

Vhy

= Velocity x Area

Multi Phase Flow Rate

= Phase Velocity x Phase Holdup x
Area
Holdup is the volume fraction of the pipe occupied by a particular phase

Cut is the ration of flow rates for a particular phase ٧

Single Phase - Overview

Qo (bpd)

¾ To evaluate Single phase

producing or injecting wells only
the following sensors are required
¾ Flowmeter
¾ To calculate total flowrate
¾ Temperature
¾ Fluid entries, Flow behind pipe
¾ Pressure
¾ Well performance
¾ Interpretation
¾ Q=VxA ٨

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 Spinners

Basic Concept:
Q = Vm x A

„ We want to
know fluid
SPEED !!
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 Spinner

Full Bore Continuous Diverter (Basket)

Flow Meter Flow Meter Flow Meter ١١

Flow Regimes

„ Velocity Profile using marker dye

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 Laminar Flow

Vmax
Spinner measurement is centralized
and tends to read the maximum flow
velocity.

Vavg Rate calculations require an average

fluid velocity.
In laminar flow, the relationship
between the two is:
Vmax
Vavg =
2

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Turbulent Flow

In turbulent flow, the relationship

Vmax between the maximum and average
velocities is not simple

Onset of turbulence is controlled

Vavg by Reynold’s Number, NRe:
Laminar Flow NRe < 2000
Turbulent Flow NRe > 2000

Polyphasic flow is ALWAYS

turbulent

I hate the term polyphasic

– say multiphase flow
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 Reynold’s Number

Reynold’s Number is a dimensionless group:

Dvρ
NRe = 7.742 x 103
µ
where:

D = Pipe Internal Diameter (ins)

v = Fluid Velocity (ft/s)
ρ = Fluid Density (g/cm3)
µ = Fluid Viscosity (cp)

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Reynold’s Number vs Flow Rate

Gas brent crude

Venezuela crude

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 Velocity Profile Correction Factor
( Vavg = Vmax * C )
1.0
Correction
0.9
Factor, C
0.8
Laminar
Laminar

Region
TransitionRegion
0.7 Flow
Flow
Turbulent
TurbulentFlow
Flow
0.6

Transition
0.5
In most cases for use in the field,
0.4
a value of: C = 0.83
0.2 will give satisfactory results

0.1
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Reynolds Number, NRe

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 Conventions

POSITIVE cable velocity is going down

Consider that depth is assumed to be increasing as we
go down, so velocity must be positive
Spinner is NEGATIVE when tool moves UP
This follows from the previous convention that the tool
velocity is negative when moving upwards
Calibration plot axes Positive Spinner

Up Velocity Down Velocity

Negative Spinner ٢١

Example

Given the following parameters, the table shows calculated

Reynold’s Number and velocity profile correction factor

Q (BPD) V (ft/s) NRe C ρ = 0.7 g/cm3

100 0.031 2088 0.621 µ = 0.5 cp
200 0.062 4177 0.748 D = 6.184 ins
500 0.156 10441 0.787
1000 0.312 20883 0.799
1500 0.467 31324 0.806 Turbulent flow is
2000 0.623 41766 0.811 almost always
5000 1.558 104414 0.827 encountered in flowing
10000 3.116 208828 0.839 wells, due to rate or
multiple phases

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 Spinner Response

„ Flowrate measurement relies on relative fluid to

tool velocity
V
Cable Velocity

Fluid Velocity

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Spinner Response

Ideal: No fluid viscosity or mechanical friction

Spinner
RPS

Fluid Velocity

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 Spinner Response

Mechanical friction effect

Spinner
RPS

Ideal

Static friction

Fluid Velocity

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Spinner Response

Fluid viscosity effect

Spinner
RPS

Ideal

Viscosity shifts
response curve

Fluid Velocity

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 In-Situ Calibration
Perforations

Flowing region

Cable Speed
ft/min
Spinner
response
rps

Zero flow
region

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In-Situ Calibration - Zero Flow

Spinner
rps

Best fit calibration line

Tool Velocity
ft/min
Threshold velocity, Vt

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 Velocity Calculation
Perforations

Flowing region

Cable Speed
ft/min
Spinner
response
rps

Zero flow
region

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Velocity Calculation - Flowing

Flowing line
Spinner
(rps)

∆R(i) Zero flow line

y-axis
intercept ∆V(i)
Slope, m(i)= ∆R(i) (rps/ft/min)
∆V(i)
X-axis
intercept
Down

Tool Velocity
Fluid Vt spinner threshold (ft/min)
Velocity
Vm = mixture velocity = (Xi + Vt) ) x 0.83
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Qm = mixture rate = Vm A

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 Velocity Calculation
Based on Flowing In-Situ Calibration(s)
Determine X-axis intercept for rate (i)
or
Determine Y-axis intercept for rate (i), y(i)
Vt from Zero-flow
Determine response slope, m(i) calibration

Velocity given by: y(i)

Vmax(i) = x(i) + Vt = + Vt
m(i)

Why are the response curves not parallel?

Different fluid type or mixture (holdup)
Increased efficiency of energy transfer to the spinner at
higher speeds ٣١

Flowing & Zero flow zones

Spinner
RPS

Threshold of the
“Positive” line
w

- Vt + Vt
Up flo

Up Down
n flow

Cable Speed
2 x Vt
Dow

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 Frequently asked Questions
What causes a negative threshold velocity? . . . . . 2

– In deviated wells, flow segregation takes place. Oil flows faster on the
upper side of the casing, displacing water on the lower side.
– Then, if spinner not properly centralized, it sees oil when logging down
and water when logging up, causing the apparent ‘negative threshold’
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Spinner Calibration in Detail

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 Log Log
up down RPS
C 5 f
0 RPS 10 0 RPS 10 e
b a
d ft / min
C - 100 100
c -5
VC

RPS
B 5 f
B negative e
- 100 d ft / min
a 100
b
-5
c VB
RPS
A f
e
5 d
no A - 100 ft / min
flow
a b c d e f -5 100
40 90 150 50 100 140 a
b ٣٥
ft / min. ft / min. c VA = 0

Two Pass Technique

- % contribution in varying viscosity zones
- Select two passes in opposite
direction,with spinner moving faster than
fluid velocity
- Normalize response in a no flow
zone
- Separation (rps) gives fluid
velocity estimate
- Centerline shift relative to
no-flow relates to viscosity changes.

Vf = 0.83 ( ∆ rps ) / ( Bu + Bd )
Bu = Up calibration line slope
Bd = Down calibration line slope

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 Example Gradio
Up
Run
Down
Temperature Run
600

The procedure to
ensure a successful

Perforations
production log is simple
and can be broken
down into steps three Spinners

• ،programming the job

• running the job and - 700
•.interpreting the data -

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800

Spinner Log Example

Up CVEL- Down CVEL+ Up & Down SPIN Qo (bpd)

Perforations ٣٨
Interpretation zones

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 Temperature Applications
¾ Tool and fluid corrections
¾ Electronics & sensors are affected by temperature
(VTCO, VFC, etc)
¾ Fluid conversions require downhole temperature data
¾ Flow behind pipe
¾ Temperature surveys are affected by flow inside and
outside of pipe
¾ Fluid entries and type
¾ Fluid entries cool the flow stream by mixing
¾ Gas expansion causes additional local cooling
¾ Quantitative Mass Flowrate
¾ Under favorable conditions the mass flowrate can be
calculated directly
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Back

Frequently asked Questions

What causes a negative threshold velocity? . . . . . 2

– In deviated wells, flow segregation takes place. Oil flows faster on the
upper side of the casing, displacing water on the lower side.
– Then, if spinner not properly centralized, it sees oil when logging down
and water when logging up, causing the apparent ‘negative threshold’
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 Effect of Division

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Flowmeters may read Two Different Types of Flow

in Deviated Wells

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 Summary of analysis Equations WELL PLT

Qt= Vf/ V x C x1000 BPD

7
where,
C = velocity profile correction 6
factor, commonly 0.83. .
V = Area of flow. Use chart[1] to 5

convert ft/min to flowrate for

given casing. 4

Vf = Fluid velocity from zone

calibration line. 3

2
[1] Charts are available for
all common casing sizes. 1
Yw= Des log – Des oil
0
Des water – Des oil) -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
-1

Q w = Yw{ Qt -1.4 Vs ( IDcsg**2-3.85) x (1-Yw) FT/ MIN

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 Class Exercise -
Single Phase

„ Given Merged
spinner log up &
down
„ Calculate
contribution of each
interval

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In this example the casing was

7", 29 lbs/ft and the velocity
for 1000 bbl/day is 18.7
ft/min, hence the flowrates
are:

QA = 320x(1000/18.7)x0.83
=14203 bbl/day
QB =215x(1000/18.7)x0.83 =
9543bbl/day
QC = 80X(1000/18.7)x0.83
= 3551 bbl/day
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 Pressure Changes in Pressure Applications
a well
¾ For comparison with surface
rates
¾ well stable ?
¾ Leaks ?
Gas g ¾ Gas – Oil – Water contacts
¾ Using pressure gradient
¾ Fluid properties at downhole
radien

conditions
¾ Used to estimate: Oil, Water
t

and Gas densities , therefore

holdup from the
Oi

gradiomanometer can be
lg

computed.
rad

¾ Well operating parameters

ien
t

¾ Bubble point pressure

compared to flowing pressure
indicates if gas-liquid flow is٤٧
expected Back

Production Services Platform - PSP

Mechanical Production Logging Definition

A sonde is run into the hole to find out:
“How much of what fluid is coming from where?”

Anyone can run a production log

Only one logging tool is needed
The answer will jump out from a
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casual scan of the log

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 Challenges in Production Challenges in Three
Logging Phase
Needs Gas-liquid flow regimes vary with
„ relative differences in phase
„ Detection of hydrocarbon entry
densities
points
„ deviation
„ Detection of water
„ average velocity
entry points
„ proportion of each phase, holdup
„ Flow rate of each phase
„ surface tensions and viscosity
„ Answers in all deviations of each phase.
„ Wellbore fluid imaging
„ Acquisition flexibility
(real time or memory)
„ Solutions to diagnosed
problems

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Production Logging
Oil

Water
Slip velocity:
difference
between oil &
water
Velocities

Hold up:
fraction of
total volume
filled by the
fluid
Fluid Profile

Ywater = fraction
of water
Flow in vertical wells
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Fluid flow profile in the casing cross-section
as a function of Well Deviation and Water Hold-up

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 Fluid Phases in the Wellbore

FLOW REGIMES
10 2
LIQUID VELOCITY

10
REGION I

REGION II REGION III

N
TIO
SI
DIMENSIONLESS

AN
TR
1
BUBBLE FLOW

MIST FLOW
SLUG FLOW
PLUG FLOW
10 -1 1 10 10 2 10 3 ٥١
DIMENSIONLESS GAS VELOCITY

PS Platform Standard String

Basic Measurement Gradiomanometer GHOST Flow-Caliper Imaging

sonde tool tool tool

PBMS PGMC GHOST PFCS

Telemetry, gamma Density, Gas holdup Velocity,
ray, CCL, pressure, deviation Water holdup,
temperature X-Y caliper

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 Multiphase Interpretation

More Sensors required

Gradiomanometer
Fluid mixture density from pressure
Capacitance (HUM)
Water holdup from mixture electrical properties
Nuclear Fluid Density (NFD)
Fluid mixture density from electron density
Electrical Probes: (PFCS or DEFT)
Water Hold-up from electrical properties
Optical Probes: (GHOST)
Gas Hold-up from fluid optical properties

Fluid Conversions: PVT

Downhole rates to Surface ?
Interpretation Techniques
2-phase only (bubble flow model)
2 & 3 phase Single pass interpretation ٥٣

Gradiomanometer Tool

„ New mechanical
design resists jetting
effects
„ Sensors provide
density and deviation
measurements
„ Separate sub reduces
string length for
monophasic conditions

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 Gradiomanometer Production Logging

Deviation effects
Fluid dynamics on the ports
Jetting
Kinetic
Friction
“G” will change whenever the tool accelerates ٥٥
(G = g + acceleration)

Gradiomanometer

Gradio Effects

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 Hold-up determination
Water
Holdup 100% water
100% point

•Based on 2 KNOWN points, the

gradio can be used to determine
the Holdup of one phase
In this example

Hw = 40% •For the Holdup calculation we have 2

equations and 2 unknowns

ρtool = ρoil x Hoil + ρwater x Hwater

100% = Hoil + Hwater

100% oil
point
0%
ρoil ρtool ρwater Gradio Density

Error In Expected Error In Uncertainty in Water

Downhole Oil Density Measurement Origin and Salinity
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Gradio Applications
„ Fluid Identification
„ Each Type of Fluid has a distinct density
„ Fluid entries
„ If a fluid of different density enters the
wellbore, it will change the mixture density
„ However, if fluid density is the same, the final
mixture density will remain the same
„ Holdup Calculation
„ In a 2 phase mixture, knowing the individual
densities, hold up can be determined.
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 Production Services Platform - PSP

DEFT (Flo-View): Digital Entry Fluid Imaging

Tool
” Measurements:

•Digital Water Hold Up

•Bubble count for fluid identification

” Applications:

•Fluid identification for each perfs interval

•Image of well bore flow

Upper Head Nozzle

measure the resistance between a main current injection probe and an adjacent
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 ٦١

GHOST
Gas Holdup Optical Sensor Tool

„ Operates with PS Platform

string
„ Four optical probes positioned
on centralizing arms
„ Caliper reading
„ Sensor orientation with relative
bearing
„ Specifications
„ 7.1 ft [2.18 m] long
Downhole
probe „ Collapses to 111/16 -in. diameter
„ Rated to 300°F [150°C] and
15,000 psi [1035 bar]
„ NACE: H2S resistant ٦٢

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 Optical Gas-Liquid Differentiation

Reflection of light to photodiode is high in gas and low in liquid.

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 GHOST Measurement Principle
GHOST Probe Response

Reflected light depends on refractive index of medium (n).

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Local Probe Principle

Probe output is binary.

„ Gas holdup
Yg = Red time
Total time

„ Gas bubble count

Number of events
Bc = Total time

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 Production Services Platform - PSP
Multi Phase PLT Interpretation

Mixture Velocity
Spinners

Compositional Holdup
Fluid Density, Capacitance, Local Probes
Gradiomanometer Nuclear Capacitance Probe Tools
•

The problem with multiphase flow ٦٧

GHOST Log Output

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 Multiple-Phase Waveform Response

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Direct Measurements for

Production Logging

Gradio shows fluid entries,

FloViewbut… GHOST

• Is it oil or gas?
• Is it low salinity water
from a water flood?
• Is the gradio affected by
jetting?
• Is the gradio affected by
an increase in velocity?

Flow rate = Velocity × Holdup × Area

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 SPRINT PS Platform Real-Time
Answer Product

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Bubble rate & size concept

Tp

<Vb> = <C> / <Tp> - Cs

We measure <TP> and <Cs>Cs
C bubble size
Tp bubble-on time

• Bubble rate if <C> is known (model)

• Bubble size if Vb is estimated from spinner Vm

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 PLT Example
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