Production Logging

Interpretation

-Traditional PL Interpretation
-Multiphase Interpretation

Sept - 2002
 PL Applications
• Evaluation
– Production profile distribution
– Zonal productivity
• Monitoring
– Production profile changes
– Fluid type changes: Water or Gas breakthrough
• Diagnosis
– Source of high GOR or Water Cut
– Detection of leaks and crossflow
• Production Enhancement
– Data for workover planning
– Completion and treatment effectiveness
 Typical PL program
• Shut-In conditions
– Determine fluid levels
– Detect Cross-flows (if any)
– Get a BASE log (eg.Temp)
– Wait for well stabilization
• Required for WT jobs
• Flowing conditions
– Wait for stable flow
• pressure, spinner, density ?
– Log interval of interest
• Flowing profile & cross-flow
• Fluid entries
– Log stations if requested

Shut-In the well

before POOH in the
Tubing !
 Production Logging Interpretation

FACTS
– Single phase: determination of downhole profile and
interpretation of downhole data is straight forward.

– Multiphase flow : phenomena like holdup, slippage velocity

and phase segregation complicates the flow behavior

– For the interpretation of production logs under multiphase

flow conditions, Holdup is of major importance.

4 PL Interpretation
 Single Phase Interpretation
• Sensors used Qo (bpd)

– Flowmeter
• To calculate total flowrate
– Temperature
• Fluid entries, Flow behind pipe
– Pressure
• Well performance

• Software
– PLQL
• Production Logging QuickLook: Q = V x A

5 PL Interpretation
 Multiphase Interpretation
• More Sensors required
– Gradiomanometer
• Fluid mixture density
– eProbes: PFCS or DEFT
• Water Hold-up
– oProbes: GHOST
• Gas Hold-up

• Fluid Conversions: PVT

– Downhole rates to Surface ?

• Software
– PLQL
• 2-phase only (bubble flow model)
– SPRINT
• 2 & 3 phase interpretation
– SLB Tool Planner

6 PL Interpretation
 Production Logging Interpretation
• Final interpretation (downhole & surface rates) is done by means of :

– Interpretation principles
– PVT & Fluid mechanics
– Software processing
Single phase
sensors
•Flowmeters
•Temperature
•Pressure Gauges
Spinners
Basic Concept:
Q = Vm x A

• We want to know
fluid SPEED !!

9 PL Interpretation
 • Flow Regimes
• Velocity Profile using marker dye

10 PL Interpretation
Laminar Flow
Vmax
Spinner measurement is centralized
and tends to read the maximum flow
velocity.

Vavg Rate calculations require an average

fluid velocity.
In laminar flow, the relationship
between the two is:
Vmax
Vavg =
2
Turbulent Flow
In turbulent flow, the relationship
Vmax between the maximum and average
velocities is not simple

Onset of turbulence is controlled

Vavg by Reynold’s Number, NRe:
Laminar Flow NRe < 2000
Turbulent Flow NRe > 2000

Polyphasic flow is ALWAYS

turbulent
 Reynold’s Number
Reynold’s Number is a dimensionless group:

Dvr
NRe = 7.742 x 103
m
where:

D = Pipe Internal Diameter (ins)

v = Fluid Velocity (ft/s)
r = Fluid Density (g/cm3)
m = Fluid Viscosity (cp)
 Reynold’s Number vs Flow Rate

14 PL Interpretation
 Velocity Profile Correction Factor
( Vavg = Vmax * C )
1.0
Correction
0.9
Factor, C
0.8
Laminar

Transition Region
0.7 Flow
Turbulent Flow
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2

0.1
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Reynolds Number, NRe
Velocity Profile Correction Factor
In most cases, and for use in the field, a value of:
C = 0.83
will give satisfactory results

For computational use, a curve fit can be used using:

m=log10(NRe)
where m is defined and C computed from the table

0.000 < m < 3.200 C=0.5

3.200 < m < 3.348 C=1.0135m - 2.7432
3.348 < m < 3.554 C=0.4440m - 0.8360
3.554 < m < 3.850 C=0.1450m + 0.2390
8

3.850 < m < C=0.0400m + 0.6260

 Example
Given the following parameters, the table shows calculated
Reynold’s Number and velocity profile correction factor

Q (BPD) V (ft/s) NRe C r = 0.7 g/cm3

100 0.031 2088 0.621 m = 0.5 cp
200 0.062 4177 0.748 D = 6.184 ins
500 0.156 10441 0.787
1000 0.312 20883 0.799
1500 0.467 31324 0.806 Turbulent flow is
2000 0.623 41766 0.811 almost always
5000 1.558 104414 0.827 encountered in
10000 3.116 208828 0.839 flowing wells, due to
rate or multiple
phases
 • Spinner response
• Flowrate measurement relies on relative fluid to tool
velocity

V
Cable Velocity

Fluid Velocity

V
 Spinner Response
• Ideal: No fluid viscosity or mechanical friction
Spinner
RPS

Fluid Velocity
 Spinner Response
• Mechanical friction effect
Spinner
RPS

Ideal

Static friction

Fluid Velocity
 Spinner Response
• Fluid viscosity effect
Spinner
RPS

Ideal

Viscosity shifts
response curve

Fluid Velocity
 In-Situ Calibration
Perforations

Flowing region

Cable Speed
ft/min
Spinner
response
rps

Zero flow
region
 In-Situ Calibration - Zero Flow
Spinner
rps

Best fit calibration line

Tool Velocity
ft/min
Threshold velocity, Vt
 Frequently Asked Questions
• Why use Vt from flowing zones under Shut-In conditions?
– Vt depends heavily on fluid properties and if the zero-flow region is taken in the sump (below
perfs), the fluid there may be different from that being produced

• What if we can not determine Vt ?

– At high fluid velocities, Vt has little influence on total speed accuracy (e.g. Vmax > 100 fpm)
• Use a value from experience in other wells or
• Use the value from the spinner design (eg. 5 fpm)
 Velocity Calculation
Perforations

Flowing region

Cable Speed
ft/min
Spinner
response
rps

Zero flow
region
 Velocity Calculation - Flowing
Flowing line
Spinner
(rps)

DR(i) Zero flow line

y-axis
intercept DV(i)
Slope, m(i)= DR(i) (rps/ft/min)
DV(i)
X-axis
intercept
Down

Tool Velocity
Fluid Vt spinner threshold (ft/min)
Velocity
Vm = mixture velocity = (Xi + Vt) ) x 0.83
Qm = mixture rate = Vm A
 Velocity Calculation
• Based on Flowing In-Situ Calibration(s)
– Determine X-axis intercept for rate (i)
or
– Determine Y-axis intercept for rate (i), y(i)
– Determine response slope, m(i) Vt from Zero-flow
calibration
• Velocity given by:
y(i)
Vmax(i) = x(i) + Vt = + Vt
m(i)
• Why are the response curves not parallel?
– Different fluid type or mixture (holdup)
– Increased efficiency of energy transfer to the spinner at higher speeds
 Conventions
• POSITIVE cable velocity is going down
– Consider that depth is assumed to be increasing as we go down, so velocity must be
positive
• Spinner is NEGATIVE when tool moves UP
– This follows from the previous convention that the tool velocity is negative when moving
upwards
• Calibration plot axes

Positive Spinner

Up Velocity Down Velocity

Negative Spinner
 Flowing & Zero flow zones
Spinner
RPS

Threshold of the
“Positive” line

- Vt + Vt
Up Down

Cable Speed
2 x Vt
1
 Frequently asked Questions
• Why do we have lines above and below the X-axis ?
– Whenever a zone is “flowing UP”, the resulting LINE will appear in the “UP”
zone, meaning UP FLOW
– Viceversa for the bottom side

• Why are the thresholds not symmetrical ? . . . . . 1

(Sometimes : -Vt  + Vt …… why? )
– The tool is not symmetrical between upper and lower surfaces
– Static friction may become important at low speeds causing a ‘stall’ and skewing the line
fit
 Non-directional vs Directional Spinners
Non - Directional Directional Spinner
Increasing
velocity
Spinner rotates clockwise due to
tool movement in static fluid
Fluid entries

No Flow

-10 0 10
0 20
 Non-directional vs Directional Spinners
Non - Directional Directional Spinner
Increasing
velocity
Spinner rotates clockwise
slowly due to fluid entry
Fluid entries

No Flow

-10 0 10
0 20
 Non-directional vs Directional Spinners
Non - Directional Directional Spinner
Increasing
velocity
Spinner stalls when tool and fluid
velocity are very close
Fluid entries

No Flow

-10 0 10
0 20
 Non-directional vs Directional Spinners
Non - Directional Directional Spinner
Increasing
velocity Spinner starts turning
again in other direction,
as fluid velocity exceeds
tool velocity
Fluid entries

No Flow

-10 0 10
0 20
 Spinner Exercise ….
Speed Spinner rotation (rps)
(fpm) A B C D
115
82
50
-32
-80
-110
Vt
Slope
Y int
=>> X int

Click to launch exercise …..

–
Flow segregation in Deviated wells
Oil flows faster on the upper side of the casing, displacing water on the
lower side.

Oil velocity is high

due to buoyancy

Some water is displaced

by the oil and moves down
Segregation occurs
quickly
Main body of water
moves upwards

Oil entry
• What causes a negative threshold
Frequently asked Questions velocity? . . . . . 2

– In deviated wells, flow segregation takes place. Oil flows faster on the
upper side of the casing, displacing water on the lower side.
– Then, if spinner is not properly centralized, it sees oil when logging
down and water when logging up, causing the apparent ‘negative
threshold’
 Frequently
• What to do if Vt is negative?
–
asked Questions
The Positive threshold (Vt) has to be a positive value
– If the line intercept is negative, take a value of 0

Spinner
RPS Flow zone 2

Flow zone 1

Zero flow

+ Vt ?

Down

Cable Speed
Better Fluid speed
estimation
 Spinner calibration in detail
More Info ? … Go to OLT:
http://wlh.clamart.wireline.slb.com/Training/PEPTEC/online/wireline/prod-log/flow/spinner/spinner-frame.htm
 Two Pass Technique
- % contribution in varying viscosity zones
- Select two passes in opposite direction,with spinner moving faster than fluid velocity
- Normalize response in a no flow
zone
- Separation (rps) gives fluid
velocity estimate
- Centerline shift relative to
no-flow relates to viscosity changes.

Vf = 0.83 ( D rps ) / ( Bu + Bd )
Bu = Up calibration line slope
Bd = Down calibration line slope

40 PL Interpretation
 Spinner Log Example
Up CVEL- Down CVEL+ Up & Down SPIN Qo (bpd)

Perforations
41 PL Interpretation
Interpretation zones
 Spinner Applications Q oil
(bpd)

• Fluid entries
– Spinner speed is sensitive to any fluid entry
• Quantitative Mass Flowrate
– Using multi-passes technique, individual
flowrates (per perforations) can be
quantified by knowing the CSID
• LQC
– Constant cable speeds
– Spinner shape repeating

Single Phase
Temperature exchanges in a well
In a Quasi-Vertical Well

Semi vertical gradient

 Basic Temperature Surveys

Geothermal gradient
Fluid Entries

Below the first fluid flow

the temperature follows the
geothermal gradient
 Basic Temperature Surveys

Geothermal gradient If there were no other fluid

entries, the temperature would
eventually be parallel to the
geothermal gradient
Fluid Entries

As the temperature difference

increases, more heat is lost and
the temperature drops

At the fluid entry, the mass

flow tries to maintain the
entry temperature as it travels
upwards
 Basic Temperature Surveys

Geothermal gradient If there were no other fluid

entries, the temperature would
eventually be parallel to the
geothermal gradient
Fluid Entries

At the next fluid entry, mixing

of the cooler fluid occurs, so
the temperature drops
 Typical temperature log

Third entry
Q3

Second entry
Q2

First entry
Q1
 Quantitative Temperature interpretation

T3 Tm3 TL3
Third entry
Q3

T2 Tm2 TL2
Second entry
Q2

(Q1 + Q2 ) T m2 = Q1 T L2 + Q2 T 2
Qi = Qi-1 (T mi - T Li) / (T i - T mi)

First entry T1
Q1
 Examples of non-geothermal entries
Shut-in “BASE” log is
your reference

Rock
friction

Gas
detente

Channeling
Temperature Applications
• Tool and fluid corrections
– Electronics & sensors are affected by temperature (VTCO, VFC, etc)
– Fluid conversions require downhole temperature data
• Flow behind pipe
– Temperature surveys are affected by flow inside and outside of pipe
• Fluid entries and type
– Fluid entries cool the flow stream by mixing
– Gas expansion causes additional local cooling
• Quantitative Mass Flowrate
– Under favorable conditions the mass flowrate can be calculated directly
 Example

51 PL Interpretation
Single Phase
Pressure Changes in a well
 Steady flowing rates Bad Good

• A poor match may indicate :

– well is not stable
– potential leaks in the tubulars

• A good match provides

confidence in the results

53 PL Interpretation
 Change in Spinner reading ?
• Crossflow ?
– Check multiple passes

• CSID change ?
– Check caliper

• Cable speed change ?

– Check multiple passes
?
• Change in flowrate ?
– Check PRESSURE overlay

• Sticky spinner ?
– Check & repeat pass

54 PL Interpretation
Pressure Applications
• For comparison with surface rates
– well stable ?
– Leaks ?
• Gas – Oil – Water contacts
– Using pressure gradient
• Fluid properties at downhole conditions
– Used to estimate: Oil, Water and Gas densities , therefore holdup from the
gradiomanometer can be computed.
• Well operating parameters
– Bubble point pressure compared to flowing pressure indicates if gas-liquid
flow is expected

Single Phase
Multi phase
sensors
•Gradiomanometer
•eProbes (water)
•oProbes (gas)
Gradiomanometer

Gradio Effects
 • Hold-up determination
Water
Holdup 100% water
100% point

•Based on 2 KNOWN points, the

gradio can be used to determine the
Holdup of one phase
In this example

Hw = 40% •For the Holdup calculation we

have 2 equations and 2 unknowns

rtool = roil x Hoil + rwater x Hwater

100% = Hoil + Hwater

100% oil
point
0%
roil rtool rwater Gradio Density

Error In Expected Error In Uncertainty in Water

Downhole Oil Density Measurement Origin and Salinity
 Gradio & flow structurations
Pa

Pb

Because it measures the pressure difference between 2 planes,

the gradiomanometer is not sensitive to flow structure
 Factors Affecting the Gradio measurement
• “G” will change whenever the tool
accelerates
– (G = g + acceleration)

• Deviation effects
• Fluid dynamics on the ports
– Jetting
– Kinetic
– Friction

• Accuracy when High or Low Hw

60 PL Interpretation
 Gradio accuracy vs deviation

Dynamic Range
Dynamic Range reduced by 50% at
of Measurement 62deg deviation
in a Vertical Well

Sensor accuracy is constant irrespective of deviation. Therefore at 62deg accuracy is halved.

61 PL Interpretation
 Gradio - Jetting Effect
•Affected by high turbulence acting on the sensor ports (main
reason for damaged sensors)

62 PL Interpretation
 Gradio - Kinetic Effect
•Additional pressure drop when the point of acceleration is between the two ports

63 PL Interpretation
 Gradio - Friction Effect
•Friction due to fluid moving around both ports,
causes a suction effect proportional to the velocity
of the fluid
•Density measurement is “more” than TRUE fluid
density

64 PL Interpretation
 q Gradiomanometer physics
P1 = Pa + rso g h Cosq
P2 = Pa + rfluid g h Cosq + Dpfriction
Pa DP = P2 - P1 = (rfluid - rso) g h Cosq + DPfriction

rfluid = (DP - DPfriction) / g h Cosq + rso

rso
h calling:
silicon oil

rfluid rgradio = DP / g h Cosq + rso

rfriction = DPfriction / g h Cosq
Pb
P1 P2 then:
rfluid = rgradio - rfriction
 Friction effect magnitude
Dcasing Gradio friction effect variation with flowrate
Reference chartbook roughness E=0.0006 inches

rfluid
1
ID=4" & Rough=E/10
ID=6" & Rough=E/10

Dtool ID=4" & Rough=E

e 0.1
ID=6" & Rough=E
ID=4" & Rough=10E

r app / r ) - 1
ID=6" & Rough=10E

(
Va Va 0.01

h
0.001
1000 10000 100000
Flow rate - bpd

Typical values for friction effect:

1% @ 10,000 bpd in 7” pipe
10% @ 10,000 bpd in 5” pipe
Vtool
 In situ friction effect “calibration”
• Knowing fluid speed, correction can be estimated
rgradio
rfriction K V2

rfriction
K
rfluid

V2
 Conventional Gradio
Conventional Gradio Centred
Friction Effects in 3" ID Pipe Conventional Gradio Eccentred

1.9

1.8
Raw density uncorrected for deviation (gm/cc)

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

0.9
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Spinne r (rps )
120rps corre s ponds to approxim ate ly 70m 3/hour
68 PL Interpretation
 Conventional vs Inverted Gradio
Friction Effects in 3" ID Pipe
Conventional Gradio Centred
Conventional Gradio Eccentred
Inverted Gradio Centred
Inverted Gradio Eccentred

1.9

1.8

1.7
Raw density uncorrected for deviation (gm/cc)

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

0.9
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Spinne r (rps )
120rps corre s ponds to approx. 70m 3/hour

69 PL Interpretation
 Multiphasic friction
Fmultiphasic / Fmonophasic

Water holdup
0% 100%
 Gradio in High or Low Water Cut

Only the Fl View sensor from the PS PLATFORM*

service can provide the answer in these conditions

71 PL Interpretation
 Gradio Applications
• Fluid Identification
– Each Type of Fluid has a distinct density
• Fluid entries
– If a fluid of different density enters the wellbore, it will change the mixture
density
– However, if fluid density is the same, the final mixture density will remain the
same
• Holdup Calculation
– In a 2 phase mixture, knowing the individual densities, hold up can be
determined.

➢ Gradio Friction Correction

– Depends on : fluid speed, Gradio type (Inverted / Non-Inverted)

72 PL Interpretation
Interpretation
Fluid Conversions

•Formation Volume Factors

•PVT
 Production Logging….. Why ?

• With PL sensors, we get

– downhole fluid properties (hold-up, densities, etc)
– dowhole profile (zonal contribution)
– downhole individual rates (Qo, Qg, Qw)

• How do we convert to surface rates ?

– Fluid conversions
• using …
– PVT properties

74 PL Interpretation
 • Fluid Conversions
Surface BBP,BBT
?

Bo , Bg : Gas & Oil

Formation Volume Factor*

Bo Rs Bg
Rs= Solution Gas Oil Ratio

FVF = Vol. @ downhole

Vol. @standard cond

Downhole
(Measured)
 Use of Fluid Conversions
• If we have Downhole rates, we can estimate surface
rates by using the FVF for each fluid :
– Qo surface = Qod / Bo
– Qg surface = (Qgd / Bg) + Qo x RS
• All this FVF are properties of the Oil and Gas which
can be estimated if we know :
– the PVT properties of these fluids (eg. Bubble Point)
– Surface properties (eg. Densities)

76 PL Interpretation
 • PVT properties Liquid Phase
P-V Phase Diagram of Single Component
hydrocarbon at constant temperature

Pressure Liquid

Volume

Pressure initially drops quickly due to low

compressibility of the LIQUID
 PVT properties - Bubble Point
Pressure
P-V Phase Diagram of Single Component
hydrocarbon at constant temperature
Pressure

First Gas Bubble

Volume

At bubble point pressure pressure is constant while

the phase changes to GAS
 PVT properties - Dew Point
P-V Phase Diagram of Single Component
hydrocarbon at constant temperature
Pressure

Last Liquid Drop

Volume
For a single component fluid the Bubble Point
and Dew Point pressures are the same
 PVT properties
P-V Phase Diagram of Single Component
hydrocarbon at constant temperature

Pressure

Gas

Volume
Pressure drop is slower due to the higher gas
compressibility
 PVT properties
P-V Phase Diagram of Single Component
hydrocarbon at different temperatures

Pressure

Liquid Critical Point

T5 T4
Mixture Gas T3
T2
T1
Volume

The Critical point is where the Bubble and Dew points are the same
The liquid changes instantaneously to gas
 PVT properties
Pressure Bubble Point Line
Critical Point

Dew Point Line

For a single component fluid, the P-T diagram is

a single straight line

82 PL Interpretation
Interpretation