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Drilling Hydraulics
Pressure drop Calculation
1
Well fluid system
PUMP
2
Total Pump Pressure
PPUMP PSC PDP PDC PB PDCA PDPA (ΔPHYD)
PUMP
Types of Flow
Laminar Flow
3
Types of Flow - Laminar
Mud properties strongly affect pressure losses
Types of Flow
Turbulent Flow
4
Types of flow
Turbulent flow, cont’d
Is the usual flow type inside the drill pipe and collars
Fig. 4-30. Laminar and turbulent flow patterns in a circular pipe: (a) laminar
flow, (b) transition between laminar and turbulent flow and (c) turbulent flow
9
_
vd
N Re
_
In field units,
928 ρ v d
N Re
μ
10
5
Turbulent Flow - Newtonian Fluid
SHEAR
STRESS
psi
0
SHEAR RATE, , sec-1
12
6
Fluid Flow in Pipes and Annuli
LOG
(PRESSURE)
(psi)
13
LOG
(SHEAR
STRESS)
(psi)
n
1
7
Rotating Sleeve
Viscometer
15
3 5.11
ANNULUS
100 170.3
BOB
300 DRILL 511
600 STRING 1022
8
API RP 13D, June 1995
for Oil-Well Drilling Fluids
• API RP 13D recommends using only FOUR of the six
usual viscometer readings:
• Use 3, 100, 300, 600 RPM Readings.
• The 3 and 100 RPM reading are used for pressure
drop calculations in the annulus, where shear rates
are, generally, not very high.
• The 300 and 600 RPM reading are used for pressure
drop calculations inside drill pipe, where shear rates
are, generally, quite high.
17
9
Pressure Drop Calculations PPUMP
Q = 280 gal/min
r = 12.5 lb/gal
+ PBIT NOZZLES
+ PDC/ANN + PDP/ANN
+ PHYD
19
10
OD = 4.5 in
Pressure Drop In Drill Pipe ID = 3.78 in
L = 11,400 ft
Effective Viscosity in Pipe (mep):
np 1 np
96Vp 3np 1
ep 100 Kp
4n
D p
0.7371 0.737
96 * 8 3 * 0.737 1
ep 100* 2.017 53 cP
3.78 4 * 0.737
OD = 4.5 in
Pressure Drop In Drill Pipe
ID = 3.78 in
L = 11,400 ft
NOTE: NRe > 2,100, so a
fp b
Friction Factor in Pipe (fp): NRe p
a 0 .0759
So, fp b
0. 007126
NRe p 6,616 0.2690
22
11
OD = 4.5 in
Pressure Drop In Drill Pipe ID = 3.78 in
Friction Pressure Gradient (dP/dL)p : L = 11,400 ft
2
dP fp Vp 0.007126 * 8 2 * 12 .5 psi
0.05837
dL dp 25 .81D 25 .81 * 3.78 ft
dP
Pdp L dp 0.05837 * 11,400
dL dp
DPdp = psi 23
12
Pressure Drop In Drill Collars OD = 6.5 in
ID = 2.5 in
Effective Viscosity in Collars (mec): L = 600 ft
np 1 np
96Vp 3np 1
edc 100 K p
4n
D p
0.7371 0.737
96 * 18.28 3 * 0.737 1
edc 100 * 2.017 38.21cP
2.5 4 * 0.737
a 0.0759
So, fdc b
0.005840
NRe dc 13,870 0.2690 26
13
OD = 6.5 in
Pressure Drop In Drill Collars ID = 2.5 in
Friction Pressure Gradient (dP/dL)dc : L = 600 ft
2
dP f V 0.005840 * 18 .28 2 * 12 .5 psi
dc dc 0.3780
dL dc 25 .81Ddc 25 .81 * 2.5 ft
dP
Pdc L dc 0.3780 * 600
dL dc
DPdc = psi 27
156 * 12 .5 * 280 2
PNozzles
11 2
112 12 2 2
DPNozzles = psi
28
14
Pressure Drop
in DC/HOLE Annulus
Q = 280 gal/min
DHOLE = 8.5 in
ODDC = 6.5 in
L = 600 ft
29
15
Pressure Drop DHOLE = 8.5 in
in DC/HOLE Annulus ODDC = 6.5 in
Effective Viscosity in Annulus (mea): L = 600 ft
na 1 na
144 Va 2n a 1
ea 100 K a
D 2 D1 3 n a
0.5413 1 0.5413
144 * 3.808 2 * 0.5413 1
ea 100 * 6.336 55.20 cP
8 .5 6 .5 3 * 0.5413
2
dP fa Va 0.01500 * 3 .808 2 * 12.5 psi
0 .05266
dL a 25.81D2 D1 25 .818.5 6.5 ft
dP
Pdc / hole L dc / hole 0. 05266 * 600
dL dc / hole
16
Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
q = 280 gal/min
r = 12.5 lb/gal
DHOLE = 8.5 in
ODDP = 4.5 in
L = 11,400 ft
33
R 20
n dpa 0 .657 log 100 0 . 657 log 0 .5413
R3 3
17
Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
Effective Viscosity in Annulus (mea):
n a 1 na
144Va 2na 1
ea 100 K a
D2 D1 3na
0 .5413 1 0 .5413
144 * 2.197 2 * 0.5413 1
ea 100 * 6.336 97 .64 cP
8.5 4.5 3 * 0.5413
Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
NOTE: NRe < 2,100
Friction Factor in Annulus (fa):
24 24
fa 0 .02299
NRe a 1,044
2
dP fa Va 0.02299* 2.1972 * 12.5 psi
0.01343
dL a 25.81D2 D1 25.818.5 4.5 ft
dP
Pdp / hole L dp / hole 0 .01343 * 11,400
dL dp / hole
18
Pressure Drop
Calculations - SUMMARY -
PPUMP = + +
+ + + 0
PPUMP = psi
37
Pump
= + =
PHYD = 0
PPUMP = +
= psi 38
19
Pump
P
BHP = PFRICTION/ANN + PHYD/ANN =
0
= + + 7,800 = psig
BHP = + 7,800
BHP = psig
39
"Friction" Pressures
2,500 DRILLPIPE
"Friction" Pre ssure , psi
2,000
1,500 DRILL
COLLARS
1,000
BIT NOZZLES
500 ANNULUS
0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Distance from Standpipe, ft
40
20
Hydrostatic Pressures in the Wellbore
9,000
BHP
H ydrostatic Pre ssure, psi
8,000
7,000 DRILLSTRING ANNULUS
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Distance from Standpipe, ft
41
10,000
9,000
CIRCULATING
8,000
Pre ssures, psi
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000 STATIC
0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Distance from Standpipe, ft
42
21
Wellbore Pressure Profile
2,000 DRILLSTRING
4,000
Depth, ft
6,000
8,000 ANNULUS
10,000
12,000 (Static)
BIT
14,000
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Pressure, psi
43
44
22
Annular Flow - Turbulent
In the above example the flow up the annulus was
laminar.
Under conditions of low viscosity and/or high flow
rate, the flow may very well be turbulent.
NOTE: if NRe > 2,100, then Friction Factor in the Annulus:
a dP fa Va
2
Then fa and
NbRea dL a 25.81D2 D1
45
23