Drill stem (I)

Drill Stem

2. Drill pipe classification

3. Buoyancy

4. Dry and submerged drillpipe

5. Drill string components

6. Capacity and displacement of the drillstring

7. Drill pipe selection anddesign

1
 Stress and strain in Steel
Stress and strain curve
provides Stress = Load/Area (psi)
Yield strength Bulk Stress overload failures
Tensile strength Point stress fatigue failures
35000

TENSILE STRENGTH RUPTURE Strain = ΔL/L (%)

Elastic strain is temporary
30000
x

25000
YIELD
STRENGTH
Plastic strain is permanent
STRESS (psi)

20000
DUCTILITY Yield strength
15000
The stress level where a plastic
10000
strain starts to occur
5000
Tensile strength
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 The stress level where the
material brakes
STRAIN (%)

Stress and strain in Steel

Stress and strain
are determined by applied Ductility
tensile load and measuring Is the amount of plastic strain the
deformation. steel can withstand without
35000
breaking
30000
TENSILE STRENGTH RUPTURE Ductility is good
x

25000
YIELD Drill stem design limit
STRENGTH
Drill string is designed to limit
STRESS (psi)

20000
DUCTILITY
15000 stresses to yield strength
10000
A design factor is applied to the
5000
yield strength to ensure the
operating stresses are less than
0
0 0.02 0.04
STRAIN (%)
0.06 0.08
the yield stress.

2
 Drill pipe failures
Overload tensile failure
The stress in the drill pipe exceeds the yield
strength in the weakest point in the component
– Can be either the drill pipe or the connection
Torsional failure
Twist of the drill string or loosened connections How do we
due to high torque loads. know when
Buckling drill pipe has
Bending stresses in the drill pipe caused by failed?
compressional stresses
Fatigue failure
Driven by point stress at any location. It is not possibleto
quantify point stresses in the drill string.
Fatigue failure occur below yield stress. Frequent
inspections of DP prevents fatigue failure.

Drill pipe classification

Classification Example Explanation

Nominal size 5-inch Outer diameter (OD) of tube

Nominal weight 19.5 Weight in lb/foot (NB! you also

need to now the actual weight
per foot)
Grade S135 Metallic properties

Upset type IEU Internal-external upset

Connection N-50 Connection type

Range 2 +- 31 feet long

3
 Upset Type
There three types of upsets at either ends of a drill pipe:

1Internal Upset (IU): Extra wall

thickness comes from decreasing
ID and keeping OD constant

2External Upset (EU): Extra wall

thickness comes from increasing
OD and keeping ID constant

3Internal-External Upset: Extra

wall thickness comes from both
decreasing ID and increasing OD

Connection types
Connections have either
less or
equal tensile strength
as the drill pipe.

Pin

Box

4
 Fluid Statics
Basic Principles:
 When fluid is at rest pressure is the only force acting

What are the forces acting on the block?

 Air pressure on the surface - neglect
 Weight of the water above the block
 Pressure only a function of depth

Buoyancy Force = weight of fluid displaced

(Archimedes, 250 BC)

Hydraulic forces acting on a body

5
 Effective (buoyed) Weight
We  W Fb
 W - f V
W
 W - f
s
 f 
W W 1 
e  
 s 

Buoyancy Factor

Valid for a solid body or an open-endedpipe!

Example
For steel, s  65.5 lbm / gal
immersed in mud, (f  15.0 lbm /gal)

the buoyancy factor is:

    15 .0 
 1 f    1    0 .771
 s  65 .5 

A drill string weighs 100,000 lbs in air.

Buoyed weight = 100,000 * 0.771 = 77,100 lbs

6
 Drill Stem
1. Strength of drill pipe

2. Drill pipe classification

3. Buoyancy

4. Dry and submerged drillpipe

5. Drill string components

6. Capacity and displacement of the drillstring

7. Drill pipe selection anddesign

Hook load
Example
A. What is the hook load of a 8000ft and 20.5 lb/ftdrill
pipe in an empty hole? (Hook load = Weight of the
drill string)

B. Plot the vertical force in the drill string as a function

of depth.

C. What is the hook load of a 8000ft and 20.5 lb/ftdrill

pipe in an hole filled with 15 lb/galmud.

D. Plot the vertical force of the submerged drill string

as a function of depth.

Outer Diameter = 5.25 in

Inner Diameter = 4.25 in

7
Hydrostatic Pressure – Quick Review
What is the pressure at 10,000 ft?
1 10,000 ft depth, density 8.34 lb/gal
Sol:

2 10,000 ft well, density 0.4337 psi/ft

Sol:

3 10,000 ft well, mudweight 62.38 lb/ft3

Sol:

Capacity displacement of the drill string

Drill pipe /drill Bbl/ft = ID2pipe (in) gal/ft = ID2pipe

collar/casing capacity 1029.4 24.51

Drill pipe /drill Bbl/ft = OD2pipe -ID2pipe(in) gal/ft = OD2pipe – ID2pipe

collar/casing 1029.4 24.51
displacement

Open hole annulus Bbl/ft = D2hole-OD2pipe (in) gal/ft = D2hole-OD2pipe

capacity 1029.4 24.51

Cased annulus Bbl/ft = ID2casing-OD2pipe gal/ft = ID2casing-OD2pipe

capacity 1029.4 24.51
 Units Conversion Review
12 in
1 ft = 12 in or
1ft
1 bbS
1 bbl = 42 gal or
42 gaS
1 bbS
1 bbl = 5.615 ft3 or
5.615 f t 3

1 gaS
1 gal = 231 in3 or
231 in 3
1ft3
1 ft3 = 7.48 gal or
7.48 gaS

Steal Density = 65.5 lb/gal

How many cubic inches in 1 bbl?

Volume Example # 1

Calculate capacity in 13 3/8 casing

26 “ hole with
V
 ID2  L
20” Surface casing
4 ID 19”
@100ft
   
2
3
A 13  2 *.48   
4  8  
 17 ½” hole
13 3/8” Surface CSG.
Wall thickness .48”
12in 1gal 1bbl
V  121.05in 2 5000 ft    @5000ft
1 ft 231in3 42gal
8 ½” hole
V 748.6bbl 7” production liner
Weight 26 lbm/ft
V  748.6bbl / 5000 ft  0.1497bbl/ ft @7000ft

9
 Volume Example # 2
Calculate capacity in 7 “ production casing

V 
 OD 2  ID 2  L
4 26 “ hole with
20” Structural casing
m 26lb / ft * 2000 ft
V   793.89gal ID 19”
 65.5lb /gal @100ft
3
793.89gal 231in 17 ½” hole
V 1gal  41.3
ID2  OD2   72 in2  39.27 3/8” Surface Csg.
  12in
L 2000 ft  1
Wall thickness .48”
4 4 1 ft
3 @5000ft

A
 ID2   39.27in2  30.84in2
4 4
8 ½” hole
7” production liner
12in 1gal 1bbl Weight 26 lb/ft
V  30.84in2  2000 ft   
1 ft 231in3 42gal @7000ft

V  76.28bbl / 2000 ft  0.03814bbl / ft

Volume Example # 3

Calculate capacity of annulus in 13 3/8 casing

26 “ hole with
V 

4
ID OD L
csg
2 2
dp 20” Structural casing
ID 19”
@100ft

A
 12.4152  52  101.4in 2 17 ½” hole
4 13 3/8” Surface Csg.
Wall thickness .48”
@5000ft
12in 1gal 1bbl
V  101.4in2  5000ft   
1 ft 231in3 42gal
8 ½” hole
V  627.1bbl 7” production liner
5” DP
Weight 26 lb/ft 19.5 lb/ft

V  627.1bbl / 5000 ft  0.1254bbl / ft @7000ft

10
 Hook load and stress in empty hole

Hook a) HL = - Wdp (Newton's 1nd law (sum of F =0)

load b) Wdp = 20.5 lbf/ft * 8,000 ft = 164,000 lbf
164,000 lbf
0 lbf

Weight

DEPTH, ft
Drill pipe weight = 20.5 lbf/ft 8000ft
Depth = 8,000 ft AXIAL TENSION, lbf

Submerged hook load

Hook load

Drill pipe weight = 20.5 lbf/ft depth = 8,000 ft

Newton's 1nd law (sum of F = 0)

Weight HL = Wdp - Ff

OD = 5.25 in 
ID = 4.25 in A  4 OD  ID  A = 7.46 in2
2 2

Pfluid = 0.052 * 15lb/gal * 8,000 ft = 6,240 psi

Fluid force
Ff = Pfluid *Adp Ff =6,240 * 7.46 = 46,550 lbf

A = 7.46 in2

1
1
 Stresses in submerged drill pipe
Hook load HL = Wdp –Ff = 164,000lbf– 46,550 lbf
- 46,550 0 117,445 164,000 lbf

Weight

DEPTH, ft

AXIAL TENSION, lbf

A = 7.46 in2 Neutral point

Axial Forces in Drill string

Fb = bit weight

12
 In the Drill Collars:
Axial Tension (FT)= Wt. - Pressure Force - Bit Wt.

wdc = weight per unit length of drill

collar in air
xdc = distance from the bottom of
drill collar to the point of interest
p2 = hydrostatic pressure at point 2
Fb = force applied to the bit

FT  W 2  F2  Fb  w d c x d c  p 2 A 2 - Fb

Anywhere in the Drill Pipe:

Axial Tension = Wts. - Pressure Forces - Bit Wt.

At Drill Pipe :{ (c) above }

FT  W1  W2  F1  F2  Fb

FT  w dp xdp  W2  p1 ( A2  A1 )  p 2 A2  Fb

13
 Forces in drill string calculations
Hook load A. What is the hook load of a 8600ft drill string in an
empty hole which consistsof:
- Drill pipe: 8000 ft and 20.5 lb/ft, ID4.25”
OD 5.25”
Drill pipe - Drill collars: 600ft, 136lb/ft, ID 3”, OD 7”

B. Plot the vertical force in the drill string as a

function of depth.

C. What is the hook load of the drill pipe in an hole

filled with 15 lb/gal mud.
Drill collar
D. Plot the vertical force of the submerged drill string
as a function of depth.

Sol. (A): Hook load in an Empty Wellbore

Hook load

Drill pipe Newton's 1nd law (sum of F = 0)

Wdp HL = Wdp + Wdc
Wdp =

Wdc =

Drill collar
Wdc HL = = lbf

14
 Sol. (B): Vertical Forces Empty wellbore
Hook load 0 81,600 lbf 245,600 lbf

AXIAL TENSION, lbf

Wdp

DEPTH, ft
Wdc

Sol. (C): Hook load borehole filled with mud

Hook load
Newton's 1nd law
(sum of F = 0)
Drill pipe HL = Wdp + Wdc-F1+F2
Wdp

F1 =

Pfluid =
F2
Drill collar A

OD 2
 ID2    =
4 4
Wdc
F1 =
F1

15
 Hook load borehole filled with mud
Hook load
Newton's 1nd law
(sum of F = 0)
HL = Wdp + Wdc-F1+F2
Drill pipe
Wdp
F2 =

Pfluid =
F2

Drill collar Adc-Adp =

Wdc
F2 =

Hook load borehole filled with mud

Hook load

Newton's 1nd law

(sum of F = 0)
Drill pipe HL = Wdp + Wdc-F1+F2
Wdp
HL =

F2 HL = lbf
Drill collar
Wdc

F1

16
 borehole filled with mud

1. Forces @ DC bottom

Wdp
2. Forces @ DC top

3. Forces @ DP bottom
F2

Wdc
4. At Surface

F1

borehole filled with mud

- 210,631 lbf -129,031 lbf 0 20,105 lbf 184,105 lbf
AXIAL
AXIAL
COMPRESSION, lbf
TENSION, lbf
DEPTH, ft

17
 Drill Stem
1. Strength of drill pipe

2. Drill pipe classification

3. Buoyancy

4. Dry and submerged drillpipe

5. Drill string components

6. Capacity and displacement of the drillstring

7. Drill pipe selection anddesign

Drill string components

Simple BHA Complex BHA
(vertical well) (deviated well)

18
 Stabilisers

Drill collar
• Drill collars (DC) are thick-walled tubular pieces machined from solid
bars of steel.
• Provides weight on bit fordrilling.
• Multiple collars can be screwedtogether
• Provide the downward force needed for the bits to efficiently break
rock.
• To accurately control the amount of force applied to the bit, the driller
carefully monitors the surface weight measured while the bit is just
off the bottom of the wellbore.
• Next, the drill string (and the drill bit), is slowly and carefully lowered
until it touches bottom. After that point, as the driller continues to
lower the top of the drill string, more and more weight is applied to
the bit, and correspondingly less weight is measured as hanging at the
surface.
• Downhole MWD sensors measure weight-on-bit more accurately and
transmit the data to the surface.

19
 Jar
• A mechanical device used downhole to deliver an impact load to
another downhole component, especially when that component is
stuck.

• There are two primary types, hydraulic and mechanical jars. While
their respective designs are quite different,their operation is similar.

• Energy is stored in the drillstring and suddenly released by the jar

when it fires. The principle is similar to that of using ahammer.

• Jars can be designed to strike up, down, orboth.

• In the case of jarring up above a stuck bottomhole assembly, the

driller slowly pulls up on the drillstring but the BHA does not move.

Jar cont..
• Since the top of the drillstring is moving
up, this means that the drillstring itself is
stretchingand storing energy.

• When the jars reach their firing point,

they suddenly allow one section of the
jar to move axially relative to a second,
being pulled up rapidly in much the
same way that one end of a stretched
spring moves when released. After a few
inches of movement, this moving section
slams into a steel shoulder, imparting an
impact load.

• In addition to the mechanical and

hydraulic versions, jars are classified as
drilling jars or fishing jars.

20
 ``
Complex BHA components

• Mud motor – down hole motor that will rotate the drill bit
instead of or together with the rotary table at the surface.

• Instead of mud motor an RSS (Rotary steerable system) can

be used.

• Directional drilling is drilling wells that is not vertical

(straight down)

• Special BHA tools used when directional drilling is

– MWD measurements-while-drilling tools
– LWD logging-while-drilling tools
– and other specialized devices.

Drill Stem
1. Strength of drill pipe

2. Drill pipe classification

3. Buoyancy

4. Dry and submerged drillpipe

5. Drill stringcomponents

6. Capacity and displacement of the drillstring

7. Drillpipe selection and design

21
 Drill Stem
1. Strength of drill pipe

2. Drill pipe classification

3. Buoyancy

4. Dry and submerged drillpipe

5. Drill string components

6. Capacity and displacement of the drillstring

7. Drill pipe selection and design

Drill string design objectives

Design objectives Limitations
To be able to drill a hole of the desired
diameter and depth
Rig capacity
1 Structural soundness -Pump rate
The drill string must stay intact functional and -Hook load etc.
free of leaks
Geology
2. Hydraulics hole cleaning and ROP
Pump rate, pressure losses and flow regimes Equipment
must handle all drill strings within pressure and and availability
flow rate limitations

3. Directional control and measurement

The components in the drill string must be able
to steer the bit

22
 Some common drill pipes
Name Yield strength Calculate maximum drill pipe load (DPload)

E75 75,000 psi New pipe

DPload = Yield (psi) * π (OD2 –ID2)
4
X95 95,000 psi

Premium class pipe

G105 105,000 psi DPload = Yield (psi) * π(OD2 –ID2) *78%
4
S135 135,000 psi Class 2 pipe
DPload = Yield (psi) * π(OD2 –ID2) *68%
Z140 140,000 psi 4

V150 150,000 psi

Tensional strength (TS) of drill pipe

• Calculate maximum buoyed

weight of drill pipe multiply with HL = Wdp+Wdc-F1+ F2
safety factor (HL = Hook load)

• Add 15% weight for over pull (if

you get stuck with the pipe) HL * 1.15

• DFT – Safety factor for tension

1.15 (1.00-1.25)
TSDP=HL * 1.15*1.15
• Compare with the yield strength
for the given pipe type
DPLoad  TSDP

23