ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCE AND IRRIGATION
ENGINEERING

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Course Code: CEng 3205

7. DOORS, WINDOWS AND GLAZING

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DOOR
 A door may be defined as an open able barrier secured
in a wall opening.
 A door is provided to give access to the inside of a room
of a building. It serves as a connecting link between the
various internal portions of a building.
 The number of the door should be kept minimum
 It should not be located in the center of the wall but
rather preferably be located near the corner of a room-
nearly 20cm away from the corner.
 If there are two doors in a room, the doors should
preferably located in opposite walls, facing each other.2
TECHNICAL TERMS OF DOORS AND WINDOWS
 Frame
This consists of an assembly of horizontal and vertical members
which are placed along the top and the bottom sided of an opening so
as to from an enclosure and a support for a door or a window
 Head
This is the top horizontal member of the frame
 Horns
These are the horizontal projections of the top and bottom members
of the frame which are embedded into the side wall for about 15cm
for fixing the frame
 Hold fasts
These are mild steel flat bars of section 30mm x 6mm of length
20cm,which are used to hold the frame in position these flat steel
bars are bent at right angles to the face of the wall
 Rebate 3

This is an cut or recess made inside a frame work all round on one
side into which the door shutters are received by means of hinges
TECHNICAL TERMS OF DOORS AND WINDOWS
 Panel
It is the area of the shutter enclosed between the adjacent rails.
 Reveal
This is an external jamb of a door, window opening which is at right
angles to the face of the wall
 Style
These are vertical outside members of a shutter
 Sill
This is the horizontal bottom member of the frame which may or
may not be provided
 Mullion
This is a vertical member which is employed to subdivide window
or a door and it runs through the shutter or opening vertically
 sash
4
This is a special type of frame which is made of lighter section and
is designed for carrying the glass panels.
5
Materials for doors
Wooden Doors
 Solid core doors are used as exterior doors

 Hollow-core doors are used for only interior applications.

 Wooden doors can take a good polish and can be given

different types of moulding to produce an attractive
appearance.
 Unless properly seasoned, wooden doors are easily attacked
by vermin especially when in contact with walls built off.

Glazed Doors
 Glass is used in panels of doors to admit light. Coloured glass,
frosted glass and beaded glass can be used for ornamental
appearance.
 Steel framed door with a single, two or three glass panels are
mainly used in external doors for residential buildings and 6
could also be used as internal doors in offices.
Plywood Doors
 The various types and quality products of plywood brought the use
of ply wood skins over wooden frame works to the widespread use
of the flush doors. Such doors are mainly used for internals.

Plastics Doors
 Flush doors covered in high pressure melamine laminates are
manufactured to fit in specific openings. The plastic laminate is
applied to both faces of the door and comes in wide variety of-
colours and in many wood-grain patterns. The surface may have a
matte finish or a bright finish for easy cleaning. It offer good
resistance to impact and abrasion and usually do not need
refinishing for the life of the building.

Metal Doors
 Steel and aluminium doors are most popularly used as metal doors.
Aluminium has a shiny colour, has light weight and provides
attractive appearance and costs more than steel doors. Steel doors
are used practically for any type of door opening. Steel frames are
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produced in various depth and width to fit most wall conditions.
SIZE OF DOORS
 Sizes of Doors: it is a common practice the height of a door should
not be less than 1.8m to 2m. The width of a door should be such that
two persons can pass through it walking shoulder to shoulder.

Doors for residential building:

 External door… (1.0m x 2m) to (1.1m to 2m)
 Internal door … (0.9m x 2m) to (1m x2m)
 Doors for bathrooms and water closets… (0.7m x 2m) to (0.8m x 2m)
 Public buildings, such as schools, hospitals, libraries etc:
 1.2m x2m
 1.2m x 2.1m
 1.2m x 2.25m

Doors commonly used in buildings are classified into the following

types, depending upon:
 Type of material used
 Arrangement of different components of the door
 Method of construction 8
 Nature of working operation
TYPES OF DOORS
 Glazed or Sash Doors
 Flush- Doors
 Framed and Paneled Doors.
 Battened, Ledged, Braced and Framed Doors
 Battened, Ledged and Framed Doors
 Battened Ledged and Braced Doors
 Battened and Ledged Door
 Louvered door.
 Revolving door.
 Collapsible door.
 Sliding door.
 Rolling steel door.

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BATTENED AND LEDGED DOOR

 Simplest type of door

 Specially suitable for narrow openings
 The door is formed of vertical bonds, known as
battens, which are usually tongued & grooved.
 The battens are fixed together by horizontal
supports known as ledges.
 The door is hung to the frame by means of T-
hinges.

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BATTENED AND LEDGED DOOR

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BATTENED LEDGED AND BRACED DOORS

 These are improved versions of battened and

ledged doors, i.e. additional inclined (or
diagonal) members called braces are provided.
 Purpose is to give rigidity for wider openings.
 It is essential that the braces slope upwards
from the handling side since they have to work
as struts, to take the compression.

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BATTENED LEDGED AND BRACED DOORS

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BATTENED, LEDGED AND FRAMED DOORS

 This door is also an improvement form of simple

battened and ledged door, in which frame work
for the shutter is provided in the form of two
verticals, known as styles.
 Styles are generally 100mm wide and 40mm
thick.
 Three ledges are provided as usual.
 The total thickness of style is adjusted equal to
the thickness of ledges plus the thickness of
battens.
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BATTENED, LEDGED AND FRAMED
DOORS

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BATTENED, LEDGED, BRACED AND FRAMED
DOORS

 This door is the modification over type 3 door

described above, with the provision of
additional braces.
 Braces are provided diagonally between the
ledges, to increase its strength, durability and
appearance.
 This door consists of battens, two vertical
members (styles), three ledges and two braces.
 The Battens are generally tongued, grooved
and V-jointed. 16
BATTENED, LEDGED, BRACED AND FRAMED
DOORS

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FRAMED AND PANELED DOORS.

 Used almost in all types of buildings because

they are strong and give better appearance
than batten doors.
 This door consists of framework of vertical
members (styles) and horizontal members
(rails).
 Styles and rails are grooved along edges the
inner edges of the frame, to receive the panels.
 Panels are made from timber, plywood, block
board, A.C sheets or even of grasses.
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FRAMED AND PANELED DOORS

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GLAZED OR SASH DOORS:

 Glazed or sash doors are provided where additional

light is required to be admitted to the room
through the door, or where the visibility of the
interior of the room is required from the adjacent
room
 Such doors are common in residential as well as
public buildings, like hospitals, schools, colleges
etc.
 The door may be fully or partly grazed ,paneled.
 In the latter case ratio of glazed portion to paneled
portion is kept 2:1, the bottom one-third height is
paneled and the top two-third height is glazed.
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GLAZED OR SASH DOORS:

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FLUSH- DOORS
 Flush door provides a smooth and clean surface and is
becoming popular these days because of their pleasing
appearance.
 A framework of timber styles and rails is prepared.
Both the faces of the framework are covered by
varieties of plywood and the edging strips are
 This type of door is better strength, greater durability
and it is sound proof to a great extent.
 Used for both residential as well as public buildings.

Flushed doors are of two types:

 Solid core flush door or laminated core flush door
 Hollow and cellular core flush door. 23
FLUSH- DOORS

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FLUSH- DOORS

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LOUVERED DOOR.
 The shutter are provided with fixed louvers or movable
louvers. It may extend to full height of the shutter or only
in a part of it .
 It allows sufficient amount of ventilation and at the-same
time it maintains privacy.
 The louvers are attached in a series such that the upper
back edge of any louver is above the lower front edge of the
next higher louver.
 In movable louvers a timber piece is provided to which
louvers are attached.
 By raising or lowering the timber piece, the louvers and
opened or closed.
 Such types of doors are more useful in toilets, dressing
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rooms.
LOUVERED DOOR

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REVOLVING DOOR
 There is a central supporting shaft and four radiating shutters are
attached to this central shaft. Rubber pads are fixed to the bottom
of shutters.
 The door opening may be closed by folding the radiating shutters.
They may be used in hospitals,

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REVOLVING DOOR

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COLLAPSIBLE DOOR
 The door is fabricated from thin mild steel sections.
 It consists of vertically placed double channels each 16 mm
to 20 mm in width at a spacing of 100 mm to 120 mm,
 These channels are braced with 16 to 20 mm wide mild
steel flats which permit the door to open or fold.
 The whole assembly is mounted on two rails in the form of
T-sections fixed on the floor and lintel respectively by
anchor bolts.
 The door shutter can slide over the rollers mounted at its
lower end and is held in position by the T -sections.
 Two handles are provided to operate the door.
 They are commonly used in shops, go downs, schools,
workshops, public building, etc 31
COLLAPSIBLE DOOR

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SLIDING DOOR

 The shutter slides on the sides with the aid of

runners and guide.
 The shutter may have one or more leaves and may be
arranged to slide on one side or both sides.
 Cavities are provided in the wall to receive the door
shutters in open position.
 This type of door does not obstruct the movement of
users.
 This is commonly used for shops, show-room, go
down.
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SLIDING DOOR

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35
ROLLING STEEL DOOR.
 These are commonly used for show rooms, shops,
stores etc.
 The door has interlocked steel slabs coiled upon a
drum at the top of the opening.
 The door shutter moves up and down in steel guides
mounted at the sides of the door opening.
 The weight of the door is counter-balanced by. helical
spring provided in the drum and a steel cover is
provided to protect the drum from weathering actions.
 To lift the shutter or shut down the door shutter, a
reduction gear with endless chain and crank is used.
 In this way operation of the door becomes easy 36
ROLLING STEEL DOOR

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FOLDING DOORS:
 Folding doors may be of wood or metal and are used for large
openings.
 They are hung from overhead tracks and may or may not require
a floor track or guides.
 Folding doors can be used as wardrobe doors or as space dividers.

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TYPES OF DOOR MOVEMENTS
 Swinging doors:
The most common type of door movement is the swinging
door either right or left, depending on which side is the
hinge, as shown in swinging doors may be hinged at the
side to open and shut in one direction single swings or
they may be double acting doors, which swing in both
ways double swinging.

 Sliding doors:
The shutter can slide upward, downward or sideways.
The shutter slides to the sides with the help of runners
and guide rails. The door may have one two or even three
shutters, depending upon the size of the opening and
space available on sides for sliding.

 Rolling shutter doors:

Rolling shutter door is an improvement of the sliding 40
doors. They are generally made of steel and have the
advantage of easy opening and closing.
TYPES OF DOOR MOVEMENTS
 Revolving doors:
Revolving doors are provided in public buildings such as
museums, libraries, hotels, banks, etc. where there are
constant visitors. Such a door provides entrance to one
and exit to the other person (S) simultaneously and closes
automatically when not in use.

 Folding doors:
Folding doors may be of wood or metal and are used for
large openings. They are hung from overhead tracks and
may or may not require a floor track or guides. Folding
doors can be used as wardrobe doors or as space dividers.

 Collapsible doors:
Collapsible doors are made of light steel sections, mostly
channels. They roll in small channels fixed at top and
bottom wherein small rollers have been kept. 41
WINDOWS
 Windows are provided in the building to allow natural
light and fresh air into it. The size of windows is guided
by the total area of window space required.
 The location of a window should meet the functional
requirements of a room, such as interior decoration,
arrangement of furniture, fresh air supply, distribution of
daylight, etc,

MATERIALS FOR WINDOW

 Materials used for the construction of windows include
wood, glass, plywood and metals.
 Aluminium and steel framings are mostly used for
window making Bronze, stainless steel and galvanized
steel are also used for specific type of buildings 42
WINDOW FRAMES
 Frame is a group of members assembled and a
support for a door or a window of an opening so as
to form an enclosure and a support for a door or a
window shutter.

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TYPES OF WINDOWS
1. Casement window.
2. Sash or glazed window.
3. Double-hung window.
4. Louvered window.
5. Pivoted window.
6. Sliding window.
7. Circular window.
8. Corner window.
9. Gable window .
10. Bay window.
11. Dormer window.
12. Clerestory window.
13. Lantern light
14. Sky light
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15. Metal window
CASEMENT WINDOW
 The simplest type of casement window consists of
a square or rectangular window frame of metal or
wood, with a casement hinged at one side to the
frame to open out.
 The side-hinged opening part of the window is
known as the casement and it consists of glass
surrounded and supported by metal or timber
strips.
 The casement is hinged to open out because as
outward opening casement can more readily be
made to exclude rain and wind than one opening
inwards
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CASEMENT WINDOW

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SASH OR GLAZED WINDOW.

 A sash consists of styles, rails, transoms and mullions.

 The glass panes are cut into smaller size than the size
of the panels into which they are to be fitted.
 It is essential to allow slight movement of the sash
due to temperature changes.
 Sash may be rigidly fixed to the frame, hinged at the
styles or it may be sliding horizontally, or vertically,
generally, the sash is hinged to one style and open-is
out to keep it water-tight

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SASH OR GLAZED WINDOW.

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DOUBLE-HUNG WINDOW
 It consists of a pair of shutters and each of them can slide.
 This facilitates cleaning of the window and the ventilation
through the window can also be well regulated.
 The shutters can be slide vertically the openings left in the
frame and the side walls.
 Two metallic weights are connected to each shutter with
cords over pulleys.
 The pulleys are fixed to the window frame.
 This arrangement is hidden within the frame.
 If the two weights combined are also heavy as the sash
little effect will be required to slide the sash.
 Alternately the whole arrangement may be to lift or lower
the shutters vertically.
 It is known as vertically sliding-sash window 49
DOUBLE-HUNG WINDOW

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DOUBLE-HUNG WINDOW.

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LOUVERED WINDOW
 This is also known as Venetian window.
 It is employed when privacy and enough ventilation is
required. It may be fixed or moving type. Its details are
similar to that of a louvered door. It allows sun rays to come
inside the room, if desired.

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PIVOTED WINDOW
 In such type of window shutters swing round pivots. It
may be horizontally pivoted or vertically pivoted.
 Such windows are easier to clean and they allow more
light to come inside the room.
 The frame of this type window is similar to that of a
casement window but no rebates are made in the
frame

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PIVOTED WINDOW

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SLIDING WINDOW
 It is similar to the sliding doors. The shutters will be slide
on roller bearings, either vertically or horizontally.
 The cavities are provided in the walls to accommodate the
window shutters when it is opened. Such windows are
commonly used in railway trains, buses etc.

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CIRCULAR WINDOW
 It is pivoted window of circular shape and commonly
used in workshops, factories.

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GABLE WINDOW
 It is an ordinary casement window provided in the
gable ends of an inclined roof building

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CORNER WINDOW
 It is constructed in the corner of a building and
admits light and air from two directions

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BAY WINDOW
 It is a window in the building which is projected
beyond the walls of the room.
 It is provided to improve the architectural appearance
of the building. Additional space is obtained to allow
light and air in room

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DORMER WINDOW
 Such types of windows are provided on the inclined roofs of
the buildings.
 They provide air and light to the room constructed within
the space of the roof slopes

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CLERESTORY WINDOW
 This is provided near the main roof.
 It admits light and air into the room
when the front is covered by the veranda
roof.
 It is pivoted and the shutter is operated
by a cord or wire moving round a pulley.

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LANTERN LIGHT
 Sometimes the light entering from the windows in the walls is
inadequate. In this case, some more windows are provided on the
flat roofs to admit more light into the room. This type of window is
known as lantern, It may be curved, rectangular, or square.
 Generally, Glass panels are used to cover the sides of lantern,
Pivoted shutters may be used when it is desired to admit air and
light both

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SKY LIGHT
 This type of window is fixed on the sloping surface of
an inclined roof.
 It is meant to admit light into the room and generally
fixed glass panels to cover it. Reinforced or ribbed
glass is preferred.
 A curb frame is provided with the common rafter to
support the window as illustrated in Fig.

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SKY LIGHT

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METAL WINDOW
 In modern age, this type of window is becoming more popular.
 They are fabricated from light rolled steel sections which forms
window frame.
 The glass pans are fixed into the frame.
 The glazed shutter may be hinged at top, bottom, side or pivoted
to rotate in any direction.
 Double hung type window may be also fabricated with the metal
frames.
 The frame is attached to the masonry wall in grooves with
cement grout.
 Sometimes the timber frame and sill are used to fix up the steel
shutter.
 It looks elegant. Steel windows must be properly painted. Bronze,
aluminium, stainless steel, etc. may be used for the frame besides
mild steel. Hollow metal window is fabricated by annealed steel,
bronze, copper, nickel steel or galvanized steel. It is either
casement type or double hung type. It is more fire resistant 65
though more costly.
METAL WINDOW

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TYPES OF WINDOW MOVEMENTS
 Fixed type: The consist of a framework in which the
panel or glass is fixed and the framework cannot move.
 Opening outside: The shutter opens towards the outside
of the building.
 Opening inside: shutter opens towards the inside of the
building.
 Top hinged: The shutter is hinged at the top and can be
moved outside or inside.
 Bottom hinged: The shutter is hinged at the bottom and
can be moved inside or outside.
 Pivoted: These window shutters rotate about a pivot
which may be foxed the window frame. The window can
then rotate horizontally or vertically depending upon the
positions of the pivot. 67
TYPES OF WINDOW MOVEMENTS
 Sliding: The shutter can move inside the walls
horizontally or vertically.
 Double hung: One shutter goes up and the other moves
down.

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GLASS AND GLAZING

 Glass is a super cooled liquid, one that is physically solid

but un crystallized, which has sufficient viscosity to prevent
the formation of crystals, It is a thermoplastic material. It
melts that can be shaped at temperatures above 12610C.
 In its molten state, glass is a chemical compound, but if it is
held too long in its molten state, the various chemicals tend
to crystallize.
 If it is allowed to cool too slowly, the compounds will
crystallize out of the solution.
 When crystallization takes place, the glass could be said to
be frozen 300C.
 The basic materials used in the manufacture of glass for
construction purposes are sand (silica), soda (sodium oxide)
and lime (calcium oxide) with the addition of glass products.
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VARIES TYPES OF GLASS USED IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF DOORS AND WINDOWS:

 Plate glass: plate glass is transpired and flat glass having

plain polished surfaces and showing no distortion when
through it objects are viewed at any angle. The thickness of
plan glass varies from 3 to 6mm.
 Clear window glass: Clear widow glass is transparent,
having plain and smooth surface. However, small waviness of
surface is present which is visible when viewed at an angle.
The thickness of clear window glass varies from2.5 to 7.5mm.
 Obscured glass: One side of this glass is patterned while
rolling which obscures direct vision but does not obstruct
light, figured glass or rough cast glass is example of this type
 Processed glass: There are many patterns and some provide
the privacy with a uniform diffusion of light. The primary
functions of patterned glasses are the diffusion of light,
decoration and privacy. By means of patterned glass, rooms can
be adequately day lighted far from windows. Small sky lights 70
can furnish diffused light over a wider area.
CONT….
 Wired glass: Rolled flat glass having wire mesh embedded in it
is called wired glass. Wired glass provides safety against
breakage and has better fire resistance
 Prism glass: This has prism shaped prim for deflecting light.
The prisms with different angles are available to suit various
needs.
 Active glass: Active glass reduces heat and a large percentage of
glares. It also transmits lesser amount of ultra- violet rays, which
bleach some colored fabrics.
 Quartz glass: Quartz glass transmits ultraviolet rays and is
used in hospital where maximum benefit from sun’s rays is
desired for the health of the patients.
 Bullet proof glass: Bullet proof glass is made of laminated plate
glass which may break under impact but will not shatter.
 Tinted and coated glass: The properties of glass can be
controlled by adding various metallic oxides or by coating one
side with metallic films, oxides or paint. The tints and coatings
will filter light, conduct electricity, reflect heat and light, reduce 71
the reflection of light, or impart brilliant colors and decorative
effects.
GLAZING
 The process of fixing glass within sash bars is known
as glazing.
 The rebates of about 6 mm depth are made on one
side of the sash bars to hold the glass.
 After the glass is placed in its position, putty,
glazing beads, strips or moulds of wood are provided
to hold them tightly.
 Windows are sometimes provided with double layer
of glass with an air space between them. This is
known as 'Double Glazing.

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Hinges
 A hinge is a device that permits a door, window, or panel to
turn or swing. Hinges may be exposed, semi concealed or
concealed. Exposed hinges mounted on the face of the door are
called surface, strap or butterfly hinges.

Bolt
 Different types of bolts are used for doors and windows. For
instance, a drop bolt is fixe on external doors where pad locks
are to be used and barrel bolt is used for fixing back faces of
doors. In this type, the socket is fixed to the doorframe while
the plate is screwed to the inside of the shutter.

Handles
 Nowadays, handles are manufactured in a variety of designs
and are abundantly available in the market to suit the specific
interest of the user.

Locks
 Different types of locks can be fitted on doors and windows
depending on specific requirements.
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THANK YOU
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