BMC-5.Internal &external Fiitings of A Building

Building Materials& Construction Course Instructor : Meenu Priya
UNIT-V
INTERNAL & EXTERNAL FITTINGS OF A BUILDING
“DOORS & WINDOWS”
Doors may be defined as an openable barrier secured in a wall opening. It is provided to give
an access to inside of a room.
It consists of two parts:-
1. Door frame
2. Door shutter
TECHNICAL TERMS
FRAME
This consists of an assembly of horizontal and vertical members which are placed among
the top , sides and the bottom of an opening so as to form an enclosure and act as a support
for a door
HEAD
This is the top horizontal member of the frame.
HORNS
These are the horizontal projections of the top and bottom members of the frame which
are embedded into side walls
SILLS
This are horizontal bottom member of the frame which may or may not be provided . The
sill is generally not provided in door frame.
HOLDFASTS
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• These are mild steel flat bars of section 30mm x 6mm and length of 20cm , which
are used to hold the frame in position
JAMB
• This is vertical cross wall face of a door or window opening which supports
the frame and against which the shutters rest when they approach.
REVEAL
• This is external jamb of a door openings which is at right angles to the face of the
wall.
REBATE
• This is a cut or recess made inside a frame all round on one side into which the door
shutters are received by means of hinges.
STILES OR STYLES
• These are vertical outside members of a shutter or framework.
SHUTTTER
• A movable barrier consisting of a panelled assembly or otherwise which fits into the
frame is termed as a shutter.
TOP RAIL
• This is the top most horizontal member of the shutter or frame work.
LOCK RAIL
• This is the intermediate horizontal member of the shutter where locking
arrangement is provided.
BOTTOM RAIL
• This is the lower most horizontal member of the shutter or frame work.
PANEL
• This is the area which is enclosed between the rails.
TYPES OF DOORS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
o For exterior applications, you have choices like Wood, Fibreglass, and steel. Whenever you
choose these doors, keep in mind they should be aesthetically pleasing, resistant to moisture
and should be long-lasting. Wooden doors are usually aesthetically appealing. They are
strong and durable and they are available in various colors, designs, and prices. Fiberglass
exterior doors are energy efficient and can be used in many types of climates. They can be
made to appear like wooden doors. They can be painted or stained with colors as you
like.Steel exterior doors are strong, durable and are long-lasting. Generally, these doors are
resistant to shrinking, swelling and warping.
o For interior applications, you have choices like Single prehung doors that are attached by
hinges to the frame. Double prehung doors, that are attached by hinges on either side of
doors to the frames, Slab doors that do not have hinges and does not require any pre-cutting,
French doors those are up to the lintel height usually used in balconies, Barn doors or wall
mounted sliding are certain types of doors ,Decorative glass doors are usually for aesthetic
purposes in commercial spaces. Other than these you have a numerous number of doors
like hinged doors, pocket doors, bypass doors, flush doors, folding doors, panel doors, pivot
doors, dutch doors, frameless glass doors, metal, plastic doors, and double doors.
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A WINDOW is also a vented barrier secured in a wall opening. The function of the window is
to admit light and air to the building and to give a view to the outside.
WINDOW consists of two parts:-
1. Window frame
2. Window shutter
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FRAME:- It is an assembly of horizontal and vertical members, forming an enclosure, to which

the shutters are fixed
SHUTERS:-These are the openable parts of a door or window.
HEAD:-This is the top or uppermost horizontal part of frame
SILL:-This is the lowest or bottom horizontal part of a window frame, not provided in door
frames.
HORN:- These are the horizontal projections of a frame..
REBATE :- It is the depression or recess made inside the door frame to receive the door
shutter.
Double-Hung Windows
When closed, double-hung windows look nearly identical to single-hung windows. However,
where double-hung windows differ from single-hung windows is in their functionality. While
single-hung windows have only one moving sash (the bottom portion of the window), double-
hung windows have two moving sashes (both the top and the bottom portions of the window).
Casement Windows
Casement windows don’t open in an up-and-down motion, but rather in an outward motion.
These windows are equipped with a hinge on one side and a lever that allow them to open as
you crank them. They are generally tall and narrow in shape, and can be opened at different
levels.
Awning Windows
Aptly named, awning windows open in an outward fashion, creating a cover that essentially
serves as an awning. These windows are useful on rainy days when you want to let some fresh
air in the house, as they keep moisture to a minimum. They are typically wider than they are
tall.
Fixed Frame Windows
Fixed frame is a type of window that cannot be opened or closed. They are usually installed in
areas like hallways or staircases, being used mainly for aesthetic or lighting purposes. These
types of windows are great for providing your home with some atmosphere.
Fixed Curve-top Frame Windows
Fixed curve-top frame windows are, for the most part, architectural windows that add a
decorative element to a home. In the vast majority of cases, these windows cannot be opened,
and are instead used to bring elegance to a living room or dining room.
Typically quite large, these windows are often used in luxury homes where decor is the top
priority.
Bow and Bay Windows
Bow and bay windows are angular windows that extend out beyond the exterior of a home.
Consisting of 3, 4, or 5 different window panes, they offer an intriguing aesthetic as well as a
great deal of functional versatility.
Sliding Windows
Sliding windows are similar to single-hung and double-hung windows in that they contain
sliding panels that allow it to open and close.
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“Types of Roof-Lintels&Chajjas”
Types of Lintel
On the basis of materials used in construction, the lintels are classified into following types:
1. Timber Lintel
Wooden or Timber Lintels are the most seasoned sorts of the lintel. They are fundamentally
used in the hilly areas where timbers are accessible. But in open areas, uses of timber are
constrained as a result of the significant expense and accessibility of present-day materials. If
there should be an occurrence of more great dividers, timber lintel is made out of two wooden
pieces avoided as much as possible with the assistance of wooden separation pieces. Sometimes,
timber lintels are reinforced by the arrangement of mild steel plates at their top and base; such
lintels are called flitched lintels. It has a few other disadvantages-
• It is less durable.
• Timber being combustible it is vulnerable to fire.
• These lintels tend to be structurally weak.
• Without appropriate ventilation, timber is obligated to rot.
2. Stone Lintel
Rectangular bits of stone can be utilized as a lintel. This type of lintel is mainly used in this
area where the stone is plentifully accessible. On the off chance that the length of the opening
is long, by then, in any event, two bits of timber are joined to give the lintel all things
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considered openings. They are merely used in mountainous buildings as they weigh too much
and due to the non-availability of other materials for their construction. Its use is intrinsically
bound to stone masonry structures. Stone lintels must be utilized according to an
understanding of the characteristic layering. The thickness of the stone lintel is a significant
factor for its design. As a thumb rule, the thickness is taken as 4 cm. Per 30cm length of span
and the minimum thickness should be 8 cm. This sort of lintel will be firm and solid. There
are a few inconveniences also of the stone lintel.
• Its high cost and secondly its inability to withstand excessive transverse stress.
• Due to their weak tensile nature, they are not used in buildings where vibratory loads
are subjected to the structure.
• It is difficult to deploy them in cities as its transportation is a very complex task.
3. Reinforced Concrete Lintel

At present, reinforced concrete lintels are very common in use. In this type, reinforcement is
used to overcome the low malleable issue in concrete. They are developed in present-day
structures. They are suitable for heavy loads and larger spans. Their thickness is kept around
up to 8 centimeters for every meter. RCC lintels can be either precast or cast-in-situ. Generally,
precast reinforced cement concrete lintels are used when the lintel span is smaller. Lintel width
should be the same as wall width. The depth of the lintel depends on the length of the span
and the loading's magnitude.
Concrete, though strong in compression, is fragile to tensile stress, so main reinforcement bars
are used at the bottom to resist the tensile stress. Half of these bars are cranked at the ends.
Shear stirrups are provided to withstand shear stress. Typically, cement, sand,
and aggregates are mixed in 1:2:4 ratio to form cement concrete mortar. This lintel has a
handful of advantages:
• They are durable, rigid and strong.
• The reinforced concrete lintel has fire-resisting properties.
• They are economical and easy in construction.
• The main advantage of the RC lintels is adaptability to suit any size and shape.
4. Brick Lintels
Brick lintels are constructed with hard, well burnt first-class brick. It can be formed as bricks
on end, bricks on edge, and coursed bricks laid horizontally over openings. This type of lintel
is used when the opening is small (less than 1m) with light loadings. Their depth varies from
10 cm (thickness of one brick) to 20 cm depending upon the span. Bricks with frogs filled
with mortar give more shear resistance at end joints than the standard blocks.
5. Reinforced Brick Lintels
Heavy loadings and more substantial span length are the problems for brick lintels. These can
be overcome by using the reinforcement bars. Reinforced brick lintels thus provide more
support than the brick lintels. The depth of the reinforced brick lintels is equal to 10 cm. or
multiple of 10 cm (or one brick thickness). The arrangement of the bricks should be such that
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there is enough space in lengthwise between the adjacent bricks for the insertion of mild steel
bars as reinforcement. After insertion bars, the remaining gap is filled with 1:3 cement mortar.
6 mm bars are used as vertical stirrups at every 3rd vertical joint. 8 to 10 mm bars placed at
the bottom are used as primary reinforcement.
6. Steel Lintels
Steel lintels can be suitable when the superimposed loads are heavy, and the opening gaps are
significant. Steel lintels are preferable when the depth of lintel plays an essential role because
the designer cannot ignore the depth of reinforced concrete lintels due to heavy loads. These
lintels consist of channel sections or rolled steel joists or channel sections either used singly
or in the combination of two or three units. Depending upon the requirements, the lintel can
be a single section or combinations of two or more. Single steel joist is either embedded in
concrete or cladded with stone facing to keep the same width as the wall. Combination of two
or more units are placed side by side and held in position by tube separator. Relieving with
water is accomplished in any event for ten days. It has many advantages:
• Steel lintels can be utilized to help heavier loads over more prominent separations
without the need to change or strengthen.
• Steel lintels are impervious to rust, erosion, or distorting.
• Steel lintels are more practical and less labor-intensive.
❖ Lintels must have sufficient support at both ends, and typically, the length of lintel for
a masonry wall is calculated by measuring the total width of the structural opening, and
adding 150 mm for end-bearings at both ends. If lintels or end-bearings are inadequately
specified, they can cause crackingin the structure itself, orin decorations, and ultimately
may cause structural failure and collapse.Normally the lintels are designed for load of wall
of a triangular area above it.
Chajja.
Chajja is Hindi word for Eaves, a chhajja is the projecting or overhanging eaves or cover
of a roof usually called a sunshade supported on large carved brackets or projected as a
cantilever from walls.
An overhang in architecture is a protruding structure which may provide protection for
lower levels.
Functions of Chajja
1. Protects from external sunlight.
2. Protects from rainwater
3. as aesthetics to a building
4. a recess place to keep utilities like A.C compressor
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“Water Supply & Sanitary Fittings-Plumbing”

Sanitary Fittings
the six main types of sanitary fittings. The types are: 1. Washbasin 2. Sinks 3. Bath Tub 4.
Flushing Cisterns 5. Water-Closet .
Type # 1. Washbasin:
The wash basins are available in various patterns and sizes in the market.
There are mostly two patterns:
(a) Flat back for mounting on walls,
(b) Angle back for fixing at the junction of two walls.
Flat back basins are provided with double or single tap holes. All the wash basins should
be of one piece construction and should have slotted overflow hole. All the internal angles are
designed so as to facilitate cleaning. The wash basins are provided with a circular waste hole
in the bottom as shows in Fig. 25.1. The basins are provided with an integral soap holder recess
which drains into the bowl. Wash basins are made of fire-clay, stoneware, earthenware or
vitreous china. But nowadays steel, aluminium and plastic wash basins are also available in the
market which are very popular. In plain the basins may have rectangular, square, circular,
oblong, circular quadrant etc. shape depending on the choice. Again these may be supported
on the brackets fixed on the wall or supported on the pedestals. For holding water in the bowl
these are provided with tapering rubber plugs, which can be fitted in the outlet. This plug is
fixed to a chain secured by a stay.
The usual size of wash basins are:
Type # 2. Sinks:
These are rectangular shallow receptacles suitable for kitchens or laboratory. Fig. 25.2
shows a kitchen sink which is mostly used. It is of one piece construction, provided with or
without rim.
The floor of the sink is given a slope towards the waste outlet. The sinks are provided with
circular waste hole. All the kitchen sinks are provided with a draining board which is fixed on
the right of the user. Weir type overflow slots are also provided in some sinks.
The usual dimensions of the sinks are:
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The sinks are made of glazed earthenware or stoneware. The height of the top of the sink from
the floor should be 90 cm.
Type # 3. Bath Tub:
Bath tubs may be made of various materials, such as enamelled iron, plastic, cast iron,
porcelain enamelled, marble or fire clay etc. For high class residential buildings marble, plastic
or enamelled iron or fibre glass baths are used. For public places glazed fire-clay or porcelain
enamelled cast iron baths are used.Vitreous enamelled pressed steel baths are also available in
the market. Previously copper baths were used but nowadays they have become obsolete. In
future aluminium alloy and fibre glass bath are coming which will replace old baths.Fig. 25.3
shows the section through a bath. The bath may be parallel or taper, the latter type being more
popular. It is provided with one outlet of 4 to 8 cm and one inlet pipe for filling it. In some
cases two taps are provided one for hot and another for cold water supply. The bath should
also be provided with one over-flow pipe to take excessive water. The waste pipe of bath is
provided with a trap, to prevent the foul gases from entering in the bath room. The usual
dimensions of bath are: length 1.7 to 1.85 m width 70 to 75 cm, depth near waste pipe side 43
to 45 cm, overall height with feet 58 to 60 cm.
Type # 4. Flushing Cisterns:
These are used for flushing water closets and urinals after use. There are several
varieties of flushing cisterns. High-level cisterns are intended to operate with a minimum
height of 125 cm between the top of the pan and the underside of the cistern.Low-level cisterns
are intended to operate at a height not more than 30 cm between the top of the pan and the
underside of the cistern. Cistern may be of cast iron, glazed earthenware, glazed vitreous ware
or pressed steel or any other impervious material. Now a days plastic cisterns are also available
in the market. Following two types of cisterns are most common now a days:
(i) Bell type without valve.
(ii) Flat bottom type fitted with valve.
Fig. 25.4 shows the bells type flushing cistern. The bell is kept over the outlet pipe, the inlet
end of which is slightly above the water level. When the chain is pulled the bell is lifted causing
the water to spill over the outlet pipe and starting the siphonic action due to which the whole
water rushes towards the outlet and flushes the W.C. Due to shortage in the water supply, there
was urgent demand to reduce the quantity of water consumption. All the flushing cisterns
available and existing in the building fitting, discharge their full quantity of water even for
small purposes or even when small quantity of water will sufficient for that purpose.
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1. If the premises is situated at a place higher than the road level in front of the premises,
storage at ground level should be provided on the same lines on floor 2.
2. The above storage may be permitted to be installed provided that the total domestic storage
calculated on the above basis is not less than the storage calculated on the number of down
take fittings according to the scales given below:
(a) Down take taps – 70 Hires each
(b) Showers – 135 litres each
(c) Bath tubs – 200 litres each
Fig. 25.5. illustrates the flat bottom type flushing cistern provided with valve. When the chain
is pulled, it lifts the disc which also suddenly lifts the water above it and starts the siphonic
action. The valve allows the water to rush in the outlet pipe.
The flushing cisterns are provided with inlet pipe, over-flow pipe and automatic closing float
ball valve.
Type # 5. Water-Closet:
This is a sanitary appliance to receive the human excreta directly and is connected to the soil
pipe by means of a trap.
The water closets are classified as follows:
(A) Squatting type or Indian type:
(i) Long pan pattern (length 450,580,680 mm)
(ii) Orissa pattern (length 580,630,680 mm)
(iii) Rural pattern (length 425 mm)
(B) Wash-down, Pedestral or European type:
Fig. 25.6 shows the section through an Indian type water closet.
This is manufactured in two different pieces:
(a) Squatting pan, and
(b) Trap.
The pan is provided with an integral flushing rim of suitable type. The inside of the bottom of
the pan should have sufficient slope towards the outlet for quick disposal during flushing.
These are made of vitreous chain clay. The inner portion is glazed to make it easy in cleaning.
The pan is connected to the flushing cistern by means of flushing pipe. The top of the trap is
connected to the anti-siphon or vent pipe. Fig. 25.7 shows the pictorial view of an Indian
type water closet. Fig. 25.8 shows the section through a wash-down type water closet
which is most commonly used in high class buildings. It is provided with a wide
flushing rim and 5 cm trap. It is one piece construction in which the pan and trap are
not separate. It is provided with an inlet or supply horn for connecting to the flushing
pipe. It may be provided with P and S trap as desired. These types of water closets
require less space than squatting pattern type and can be flushed by low level cistern.
Nowadays siphonic water closets are very popular. Fig. 25.9 shows the isometric view
of such a water closet.
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“Electrical Wiring”
Transmission of power from the generating station
Single Phase and Three Phase Connections

Single-phase supply - a single alternating current in supplied through a single wire
–
220 V ( AC ) at 50 Hz (In India)
Three-phase system - 3 wires carry alternating current with a definite phase difference
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–
415 V ( AC )
Difference -three-phase connection can handle heavy load while a single-phase cannot.
• It is wiring or electrical system used in home or surrounding ares.
• is time consuming
• requires planning
• need to ensure safety and code
Power Distribution to a house
Wire colors
– Black (light blue now)
– Red (brown now)
– White/green (green or yellow now).
– The black and the red wires are “hot”
– Black wire
negative 120V from the neutral
– Red wire
positive 120V from the neutral
The white wire is neutral
–
leading to a ground
• Neutral and Earth wire are connected at 0V
• Live wire - current to distribution box.
• Neutral wire is for the return path.
Tree System: Each branch to a room through a fuse in the live wire.
• No. of distribution circuits from distribution board depends on the total power
consumption
• The total load of all the circuits together must not exceed the specified value
• The different connection are connected in parallel at the distribution board
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• Line wires used of proper current carrying capacity depending on the rating of the
appliance
• The overheating often results in a fire.
• The switches and sockets used for different appliances should have the proper
current carrying capacities.
Disadvantages of tree system

1. It requires plugs and sockets of different sizes
2. When the fuse in one distribution line blows, it disconnects all the appliances from
the supply line in that distribution circuit.
3. The wiring is expensive.
4. If a new appliance is to be installed requiring higher current, then it is necessary to
put the new line wires from the appliance to the distribution box.
RING SYSTEM
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• New system
• Wires from the main fuse box run around all the main rooms of the house and then
come back to the fuse box again.
• The fuse box contains a fuse rating of 30A.
• Separate connection from live wire of the ring for each appliance.
• One terminal of the appliance is connected to the live wire through a separate fuse
and a separate switch
• The other terminal to the neutral wire.
• The earth terminal or the metal covering of the appliance is connected to the earth
wire.
• If the fuse of one appliance burns, it does not affect the other appliances.
• For each appliance, the wires used for connection should be of proper current
carrying capacity.
Advantages of ring system
1. In this system, the plugs and sockets all of the same size can be used
2. While installing a new appliance in a room, a new line up to the distribution
box is not required.
3. Each appliance has a separate fuse.
4. Cheaper
Parallel over series
1. Same voltage
2. In parallel arrangement, if one bulb is switched off, the other bulbs continue to glow.
House Wiring Rules as Per ISI Specification
1. Distribution systems with main and branch distribution boards to convenient centers
2. All conductors should run along walls and ceilings
3. No wiring above ceiling.
4. Medium pressure wiring and all associated apparatus should comply with
specification.
5. Total load ≦ 800 watts.
6. One circuit can be explained as one connection from electrical meter or main fuse
circuit.
7. For power wiring circuit the numbers of points in a circuit should not be more than 2
and the size of wire is 1.5 mm square for copper and 2 mm square for aluminum.
8. Switch boards - at a height of 1.5 meter.
9. Horizontal run of wiring - at a height of 3 meter.
10. Earth wire should be 14 SWG in case of copper and 4 mm square in case of
aluminum.
11. All conductors -of copper and cross section ≦ 0.0020 sq. inches
12. Minimum size of earth wire for light circuit is 1 mm square for copper and 1.5 mm
square for aluminum.
13. Fuse wire - connected to phase wire only.
14. Connect a neutral link in neutral wire. 15.Connect all switches in phase wire.
15. Never utilize damaged wiring or elements
16. Approximate cost of house wiring
– Rs 50 - 100 per sqft for materials
– Rs 12 - 20 per sqft for labor
This excludes the cost of fans, lights, AC's, and other appliances.
“Lift’s &Escalators”
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The lift is a type of vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people or
goods between floors (levels, decks) of a building, vessel or other structure. generally powered
by electric motors that either drive cables, hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical
piston like a jack.
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1. Passenger lifts
• Passenger elevator is designed to move people between floors of a building. Their
capacity is related to available floor space. Upto 8-10 floors these operate at 1m/s and
above 10 floors the speed starts at 2.5 m/s to 10 m/s.
• There are some types of passenger elevators:-
Sky lobbies- an intermediate interchange floor where people can change from an express
elevator that stops only at the sky lobby to a local elevator which stops at every floor within
a segment of the building.
Express elevators- An express elevator does not serve all floors. it moves between the ground
floor and a sky lobby.
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3. Goods/Freight lifts
• Used to transport heavy goods but depends on types of good transported.
• Usually used in shopping complex, airports, hotels, warehouse.
4. Vehicle lifts
• Used specifically to lift a car in multi storey
car park or showroom.
• had to be in the form of traction and
hydraulics.
• Form of traction is more commonly used
for high velocity.
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Escalators
A moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying people between floors
of a building. consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that move up or
down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal. are used to move pedestrian
traffic in places where elevators would be impractical like shopping malls, airports,
convention centers.
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“ FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS”

THE VARIOUS FIRE RESISTING MATERIALS USED IN A COMMON BUILDING ARE :
1. STONE
➢ Stone is a bad conductor of heat and it is also a non –combustible building material.
➢ It suffers appreciably under the effect of heat.
➢ The stone also disintegrate into small pieces when heated and suddenly cooled.
2. BRICKS
➢ A fire brick is a block of refractory ceramic material used in lining furnaces, klins,
fireboxes and fireplaces.
➢ It is a poor conductor of heat.
➢ It can withstand a temperature of about 1200C to 1300C.
3. TIMBER
• As a general rule, the structural elements like TIMBER, ignite & get rapidly destroyed
in case of fire.
• To make timber more fire- resistant , the surfaces of timber are coated with chemicals
like ammonium phosphate & sulphate, borax & boric acid etc.
4. GLASS
➢ Glass expansion due to heat is small.
➢ When heated cracks are formed and then suddenly cooled.
➢ Reinforced glass with steel wire is more efficient than ordinary glass.
5. CONCRETE
➢ The actual behaviour of concrete in case of fire depends on the quality of cement.
➢ In case of reinforced concrete structure it also depends on the position of steel.
➢ Reinforced concrete structure can resist fire for hours with temperature 1000C
Fire protection system in buildings

The various types of fire protection system are :
➢ AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM
➢ CARBON DIOXIDE SYSTEM
➢ HYDRANTS SYSTEM
1. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM
• The automatic sprinkler system involves automatic sprinklers attached to a
piping system containing water under pressure.
• These are connected a water supply so that water discharges immediately from
the sprinklers opened by a fire.
• The flow switch will allow the water to the affected area.
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2. CARBON DIOXIDE SUPPRESION SYSTEM

➢ Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a clean, non combustible & non corrosive gas.
➢ It extinguishes fire primarily by lowering the level of oxygen.
➢ Carbon dioxide may be stored in either high pressure spun steel cylinder or low
pressure light wall.
➢ They are adopted in areas like computer rooms, areas containing flammable
liquids etc.
3. HYDRANT SYSTEM
➢ In this system the hydrants are located at suitable points and they can be
operated automatically or manually.
➢ In manual operation, the pump has to be started manually after opening the
hydrant valve, in automatic operation the pump is opened automatically when
the hydrant valve is opened manually.
➢ It is the backbone of all fire protection system.
➢ It can be installed in airports, textile mills, paper mills, hospitals etc.
EMERGENCY EXIT ARRANGEMENT IN BUILDINGS

➢ An emergency exit in a building is a special exit for emergencies such as a fire.
➢ The combined use of regular and special exits allows for faster evacuation, while it
also provides an alternative if the route to the regular exit is blocked by fire, etc.
➢ These are mainly provided in theatres, hospitals etc.
TYPES OF EXIT:
❖ HORIZONTAL – It may be a door – way corridor or a passage to a stairway or to a
verandah or a terrace.
❖ VERTICAL – It may be a staircase or ramp but not a lift.
EXIT REQUIREMENTS AS PER NBC OF INDIA :
➢ Every building should be provided with sufficient exit to permit safe escape in the
case of fire.
➢ All exits should be free of obstruction.
➢ Adequate illumination ( lighting).
➢ Alarm devices should be installed.
➢ Sprinklers to be provided.
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“ Plastering”
Plaster is a building material used for coating walls and ceilings. Sand-cement plaster is used
extensively in building work as a decorative or protective coating for concrete and masonry
walls . Plaster is one of the oldest building materials, the most primitive form was mud plaster,
used to hold together structures made of branches or wood for example. Today internal
plastering is used more as a way of smoothing out surfaces and preparing them for decoration,
it also adds strength to the wall or ceiling and helps seal together building materials.
Materials Required
▪ Cement
▪ Sand
▪ Water
▪ Masonry Trowel
▪ Smoothening Trowel
▪ Metal Float
▪ Measuring Tape
▪ Plumb Bob
▪ Mud Pan
▪ Chicken Mesh
▪ Hairs Recron Fibre
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OBJECTIVES OF PLASTERING
1. To provide an even, smooth, regular, clean and durable finished surface.
2. To preserve and protect the surfaces from atmospheric influences
4. To cover the defective workmanship, porous materials and the joints formed in the
masonry works.
5. To provide a satisfactory base by applying white washing, painting, distempering.
6. In internal plastering, the basic objective is to protect from dust.
PROCEDURE OF PLASTERING
1. Surface Preparation
• All masonry joints should be cleaned.
• All unevenness should be removed.
• Mortar drop and dust is removed with wire brushes.
• The surface is washed and kept wet.
• Application of Cement Slurry.
3. Application of Mortar
4. Finishing
5. Curing
DEFECTS IN PLASTER
1. Blistering of plastered surface
➢ Formation of small patches of plaster swelling out beyond plaster surface
➢ Cause due to late slaking of lime particles in plaster
2. Cracking
➢ Formation of cracks or fissures in plaster
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➢ Caused due to- imperfect preparation of background structural defects in building

3. Efflorescence
➢ Presence of whitish crystalline substance on the surface
➢ Caused due to presence of salts in plaster-making substance and building materials
4. Flaking
➢ Formation of very loose mass of plastered surface
➢ Caused due to poor bond between successive coats
5. Peeling
➢ Complete dislocation of some portion of plastered surface, resulting information of
patch
6. Rust stains
➢ Formed when plaster is applied on metal laths
7. Uneven surface
➢ Happen due to poor workmanship
“POINTING”
“Basically, finishing of mortar joints in masonry.”
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“DISTEMPERING”
• Distempers are considered to be water paints. A distemper is composed of the fo
lowing:
• A Base, such as whiting or chalk
• A ca rier (water)
• A Binder, such as glue or casein
• Colouring pigments
PROCESS OF DISTEMPERING
• Preparation of surface – the surface to be distempered should be thoroughly rubbed
and cleaned .
• Priming Coat – After cleaning the prepared surface, priming coat should be applied.
• Coats of Distempers – Distemper is applied in 2-3 coats.
“COLOR WASHING”
WHITE OR COLOR WASHING
• White washing and colour washing of surfaces of building is necessary on both
hygenic and aesthetic reasons. In order to obtain a clean, neat and uniform finish, it
is necessary to adopt proper method for both preparation of surface to receive white
wash or colour wash and for ap lication of
PROCESS OF WHITE or COLOR WASHING
• Preparation of white wash – White wash is prepared from fat lime. 5 litres of water
added to 1 kg lime allowed to stand for 24 hrs.
• Preparation of surface – The new surface should be thoroughly cleaned off all dirt,
dust mortar and other foreign matter before white wash is applied.
• Ap lication of White wash – It is applied with moonj or other brush, to the specified
number of coats(generally 3). Operation in each coat should consist of a stroke of
the brush given from top downwards, another from the bottom upwards.
“PAINTING”
“The paints are coating of fluid material and they are applied over the surface of timber and
metals.” Paint is a liquid composition after application it is convert in to a solid film.
COMPOSITION OF PAINT
1. Pigment - To provide colour, hiding and control gloss.
2. Resin – The binder to hold the pigment particles together and provide adhesion to
the surface painted.
3. Solvent – To act as a carrier for the pigments and resin –the solvent may be organic
Or Inorganic (such as Mineral, Chemicals or water).
4. Additives – To enhance certain properties such as ease of brushing, Mould resistance,
scuff resistance, drying and sag resistance.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL PAINT:

1. Form a thin film of uniform nature
2. Withstand the adverse environmental conditions
3. Easy application on surface
4. Attractive and pleasuring appearance.
5. No visible cracks after drying
6. Elastic in nature (must be able to withstand change in temperature).
7. Resistance to corrosion
8. Good spreading or covering power
9. No visible marks of roller or brush (in the form of bubbles or stripes).
10. No visible joints
TYPES OF PAINTS
Paints are categorized in to seven groups:
1. Oil paints
2. Synthetic paints
3. Emulsion paints
4. Cellulose paints
5. Varnishes
6. Water paints (distemper)
7. Special paints
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1. BLEEDING:
➢ Its an disruption and staining of the painted surface by chemical action.
➢ It happens when an incorrect paint is applied over another such as bituminous one.
➢ The remedy is to remove the old paint and renew with a like one.
2. BLISTERING:
➢ It is a common failure caused by poor adhesion or by
moisture pushing off the paint.
➢ It is prevented by having a dry background , proper priming and removal of very
resinous knots.
3. BLOOMING:
➢ It is the mistiness which can appear on varnished or highly glossed surfaces.
➢ Due to the presence of moisture, draughts or frost during application or
condensation on newly painted areas.
➢ Remedy is to repaint.
4. BRUSH MARKS:
➢ These may be due to the paint being too stiff, by poor workmanship or by brushing
over paint which has partially set.
➢ They are removed by rubbing down with waterproof abrasive
followed by repainting.
5. CHALKING:
➢ It is the powdering of a paint film usually on exposed outside surfaces.
➢ It is a sign that repainting is necessary and may be due to poor quality paint.
6. CISSING
➢ Failure of paint to adhere properly to a surface.
7. FLAKING
➢ The detachment of paint film (the breaking of coating
CIVIL ENGINEERING

BMC-5.Internal &external Fiitings of A Building

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BMC-5.Internal &external Fiitings of A Building

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Building Materials& Construction Course Instructor : Meenu Priya

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➢ Caused due to- imperfect preparation of background structural defects in building

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL PAINT:

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