ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S

ZEAL POLYTECHNIC, PUNE

NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

unit II
Pumps and actuators
Course outcomes-
a. Identify various components of hydraulics and pneumatics
b. Select pump and actuators for given fluid system.
c. Select appropriate control valves for given fluid system.
d. Select compressor and appropriate accessories for given system.
e. Develop hydraulic circuits for given simple applications.
f. Develop pneumatic circuits for given simple applications.
 Sources of fluid power- pumps:

2.1 Broad classification:

Positive displacement Dynamic
1. Piston type
2. Continuous displacement
Here the word “displacement” refers to volumetric displacement.
Irrespective of delivery side opening that much of volume will always be displaced!

Comparison of pumps-
Type of pump Pressure rating Overall efficiency Flow capacity
bar lpm
External gear 40 80-90 20
Internal gear 40 70-85 20
Vane 70-140 80-95 350
Axial piston >140 85-95 1000
Radial piston 1000-1700 by prof.
85-95S.D. Limaye 1000
 Delivery
Reciprocation piston type pump:
valve

Non return
valves D

L
RPM
 N
Volumetric displacement= D  L  m 3 / sec
2

4 60

Pumps produce fluid flow and not pressure!

Resistance to flow decides pressure.

Zero resistance to flow means zero pressure build up.

That’s why full closure of delivery valve is not allowed with positive displacement machines.

A pressure relief valve is thus mandatory.

by prof. S.D. Limaye
 Why positive displacement pumps?

High pressure capability- can give 1000bar!

Compact in size.

High volumetric efficiency.

Wider range of pressure requirements and speed.

Classification of positive displacement pumps:

Gear pumps- internal and external Vane pumps-balanced or unbalanced

Lobe pump
Piston pumps- axial and radial
Screw pumps

by prof. S.D. Limaye

2.1 Constructional details of different pumps-

External gear pump-

Vane pump-

Piston pumps-
Axial and radial
2.2.1 External gear pump-

Delivery
Suction- Teeth come close
Teeth move apart
Volume increases Volume decreases
Pressure decreases Pressure increases

Do – outside diameter Width of gear

Di

VD 
4
D2
o 
 Di2  L

by prof. S.D. Limaye

by prof. S.D. Limaye
 Volumetric efficiency
Because of some internal leakages actual volume given by pump is always
less than theoretical volume. This defines volumetric efficiency-
Qact
V 
Qth
Gear and vane pumps have about 95% volumetric efficiency.
For convenience flow rate is measured in LPM.
Problem: a gear pump has OD 75mm, ID 50mm and width of gear 25mm.
if volumetric efficiency is 90% what will be actual volume delivered in LPM at 1000RPM?


VD 
4
D 2
o 
 Di2  L   0.0752  0.050 2  0.025  0.0000614m 3 / rev =0.0614 lit/rev
4

So in 1000rev per minute, Qth  0.0614  1000  61.4lpm

Using efficiency, Qact  V  Qth  0.9  61.4  55.26lpm

by prof. S.D. Limaye

 Port plate Vane pump-

rotor Cam ring casing

Port plate, delivery side

Decreased volume

Increased volume, suction by prof. S.D. Limaye

Vane pump flow depends on eccentricity which is in between
centerline of rotor and Centre line of cam ring.
Zero eccentricity means no flow.

Rotor

Eccentricity “e”

Diameter DR

Cam ring
Diameter Dc


VD  Dc  DR  e  L
2

Width of rotor

by prof. S.D. Limaye

 Piston pumps-
Axial piston pump
Radial piston pump
Swash plate pump
bent axis pump

by prof. S.D. Limaye

Radial piston pumps-

Can produce 1000 bar

by prof. S.D. Limaye

2.3 Pump characteristics

Discharge
“Q” Ideal
% deviation
Maximum 20%
Allowed.

Typical vane pump

characteristics
0 bar Pressure, “bar”
10 bar by35bar 70 bar
prof. S.D. Limaye
 Calculations in pumps-
Qact
Volumetric efficiency V 
Qth

Mechanical efficiency Ratio of oil power and shaft power

p  Qth Tth
m  
Tact  2    N Tact

Theoretical torque= VD  p Rev/sec

Tth 
2
Actual power delivered to pump= 2NTact

p  QA
Overall efficiency= o   m V  T  2N Rev/sec
act
by prof. S.D. Limaye
 2.4 actuators

A brief about actuators-

Actuator is a device which converts hydraulic energy to mechanical work.
Linear actuators- S.A. cylinders Rotary actuators
& D.A. cylinders Unidirectional
Punching, deep drawing & bi-directional
Machine slide movement Drive units like tractor
Carriage movement
Unidirectional motor
Clamping

S.A. Cylinder
A

Bi-directional motor
D.A. Cylinder
by prof. S.D. Limaye
A B
 2.5 Linear actuators:

Clamping Main barrel /

block Cylinder body

Piston & rod

A B

Normally can handle 250 to 600 bar.

by prof. S.D. Limaye

 Cushioned cylinder:
When piston is completing its stroke to avoid impact with cylinder end
often cushioned cylinders are used. That means at the end of stroke
piston speed is reduced by passing through a controlled orifice as shown:

Check valve

Cushioning pin

Double end cushioning cylinders are also available.

Pump will experience additional resistance hence required pressure will be more.
by prof. S.D. Limaye
 Materials and tolerances for actuator components-
1. Cylinder barrel – cold drawn steel
2. Cylinder end caps- cast steel spheroidal CI
3. Piston rod – stainless steel, carburized or induction hardened
4. Piston – softer than barrel and with smooth finish
5. Bushes- bronze or brass or Babbitt metal

Tolerances-
Piston and bore surface H9f8
Piston rod guide and head end H7g6
Cap end cover and bore H9h8
Piston rod K9
Head end cover H7
Piston rod and bush H8f8
 Rotary actuators:

When transmission of torque is required hydraulic or pneumatic motors are used.

If we see construction they are quite similar to pumps.- direction being reversed and fluid
works on moving parts.

Limited rotation Full rotation

(oscillating motors)
 Typical applications of hydraulic motors-

1. Conveyor drives
2. Butterfly valve operation in water turbine- penstock
3. Bending machines
4. Tool indexing
5. Agricultural equipment etc.
Bent axis piston motor-
 Efficiencies of hydraulic motors-

1. Volumetric
2. Mechanical
3. Overall
Qth
 volum 
Qact
Tactual
 mech 
Tth

Overall efficiency is a product of mechanical and volumetric efficiency.

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