Hydropower E II

Contents
1. Hydraulic turbine
2. HP Power project investigation and planning
3. Power plant station,conventional type of power
station
4. Under ground power house
5. Transmission of electric power
6. Construction feature of HP projects
7. Mini HP power project development
consideration
8. Environmental, social and political feasibility of
HP power projects
9. Economic and financial evaluation of HP power
projects
 1. HYDRAULIC TURBINES
Hydraulic turbines may be considered as
hydraulic motors or prime movers of a water
power development.
*Classification of Turbines
Impulse turbine eg. pelton
Reaction turbines eg. Francis, Kaplan,
Propeller
*Characteristics of Turbines
P
Specific speed Ns  N
5
H 4
Turbine or synchronous speed
• Since turbine & generator are fixed, the rated
speed of the turbine is the same as
synchronous speed of the generator
Where, f = frequency cycle/sec (50-60 cycles/sec.)
N  120 f p = number of poles (divisible by 4 for head up
p to 200 m) (Divisible by 2 for head above 200 m)

Speed factor or peripheral coefficient


u

r 2N
2 gH 2 gH  and r  D / 2
60
DN DN
But ω in rad/sec
 
60 2 gH 84.6 H
Where, D and H in m; N in rpm
Application of turbine based on head and
specific speed
1.4 Procedure in Preliminary Selection of Turbines
a) From design Q and H, calculate approximate P that
can be generated ,
P
Ns  N
b) From, calculate N (or assume) & compute Ns.
5
H 4

From this, the type of turbine can be suggested

C) Calculate D from,   84DN
.6 H
1
Q 3
D a   ,Where, D in m, Q in m3/s, N in rpm
N

a = 4.4 for Francis & a = 4.57 for Kaplan.

7.1 Q
D
N s  100
1 1
3 H 4
for Propeller, H in m,
 *Nominal diameter, D, of Pelton wheel and dj is
diameter of the jet:
*Jet ratio given by D
H m 
D  38 dj
N

dj  0.542
Q Number of buckets, n b = 0.5 m + 15
H (Good for 6<m < 35)

1.5 Turbine Scroll Case and Draft Tubes

*A spiral shaped scroll case of the correct geometry ensures
even distribution of water around the periphery of the runner
 Initial investigation should be based on
the following assumptions:
• Spiral case of constant height
• An evenly distributed flow in to the turbine
• No friction losses
Draft Tubes

Elbow-type draft tube Straight conical draft tube

 Contn’d
• The most common is elbow type which minimizes
the depth of substructure compared to vertical cone;
it also has a desirable effect in directing the flow in
the direction of the tail water and it allows provision
of gates.
• The conical shape is rarely used which
Increases the depth of excavation of the substructure,
Making it uneconomical and unsuitable from
cavitation view point.
 Cavitation in Turbine & Turbine Setting
• Cavitation results pitting, vibration & reduction in
efficiency & is certainly undesirable.
Barometric pressure, Hb = Ha - Hv  H a  H v  Ys 
  
Setting ht , Ys, max = Hb - σ c H  H 
*If Ys is negative runners must be below TWL.
Where σ c is the minimum (critical) value of σ at which
cavitation occur.
• Critical Cavitation coefficient or Plant Sigma
• 3
 Ns 
2
 Ns 
 c  0.0432   c  0.28  0.0024 
 100   100 
For Francis For propeller
 Contn’d
• The preliminary calculation for the elevation of the
distributor above the TWL, Yt is
• Yt  Ys  0.025DN s0.34 ,For Francis
• Yt  Ys  0.025D ,For propeller
• Where D is the nominal diameter of the runner
1.8 Generators and Turbine Controls
*Generators transform mechanical energy in to
electrical energy
-Synchronous generators equipped with a DC
excitation system (rotating or static) associated with a
voltage regulator
 Contn’d
• Asynchronous generators are simple squirrel-cage
induction motors with no possibility of voltage
regulation and running at a speed directly related to
system frequency.

Generator Set up Generator Installation

 1.9 Turbine Control
• Governors detect speed deviation and convert it
into a change in servomotor position.
• A powerful governor is required for Francis turbine
*To overcome the hydraulic and frictional forces.
*To maintain the wicket-gates in a partially closed
position or to close them completely when you need
to reduce the water flow.
Types of governors
1. Purely mechanical 2. Mechanical-hydraulic
3. Electro-hydraulic
 Contn’d
• The most commonly-used type is the oil-pressure
governor that also uses a fly ball mechanism lighter
and more precise than that used in a purely
mechanical governor.
Impulse turbine (pelton wheel)
Capitation in turbine and turbine sitting
2. HYDROPOWER PROJECT INVESTIGATION
AND PLANNING
2.1 Investigation of Resources and hydropower
projects
Purpose of investigation
• to register the available resources and to determine
size and other qualities. Investigated projects are
often ranked according to size, costs, priority, etc.
Categories of Investigation of Resources
• Basic Investigations
• Purpose oriented Investigations
 Contn’d
• A proposed hydropower project which is supposed to
meet for an established demand for electric power and
energy must be adapted to the physical conditions at
hand.
2.2 Planning Parameters and Data
*comprehensive data and information are needed. The
main data are derived from:
 Forecast of demand for electricity, and from studies
• hydrology
• Topography
• Geology, soils and materials
 Contn’d
• Important issues, indirectly part of the planning
process, are:
Environmental constraints
Socio-economic considerations
Electricity tariffs, and tariff policy
2.3 Power Market surveys and Supply system
*The shape of the load curve shows the daily, seasonal
and annual variation of the demand curve.
Firm power :The minimum installation in the
development should at least satisfy the energy and
power demand required by the load curve
 Contn’d
140
Maximum Flow Duration Curve
1400

120
1200

100
1000
Cold
80
800

Flow
60
600
Seasonal Variation
40
400 Reg. firm flow
Load (MW)

Maximum
20
Hot 200 Unreg. firm flow

0
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
% of time flow equalled or exceeded
Time of Occurence (Hrs)

The supply governed by the availability of water, which is

often termed as“secondary power”
*The demand curves also provide data needed to determine
the size of generation, installations, unit size and
transmission facilities.
 Power supply systems
• ICS (main interconnected system): This serves the
major towns and industrial centers.
• SCS (self contained system): The SCS supplies
isolated load centers, which are far from the ICS,
mostly using diesel plants as a source of generation.
2.4 Power Demand forecast
* As hydropower development has long lead-time, it is
necessary to be guided by a long term demand prognosis:
 Base case *Short term load Forecast
Low case *Medium term load Forecast
High case *Long term load Forecast
 2.5 Hydrology
• Hydrological studies will provide data on the flow
of water, one of the main parameters used in
hydropower planning.
Hydrological data: Historical series of daily or
monthly flows
Rainfall data: Historical series of daily, monthly or
annual total of rainfall
Estimation of flow to ungauged sites: regional
frequency analysis , sequential flow analysis ,
Parametric flow duration curve and flow duration
curves.
 Contn’d 10000
Physiographic layout FDC for gauging stations
Gage 4
Gage 3

1000

Gage 2

Flow
Gage 1

100

10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Exceedence Percentage

Distribution of f low at
100000 Choose gauge must be

Parametric flow duration curve representative

stream gauge
representative of
w hatcan be expected
station C f rom ungauged tributary
area M

10000 ai = f low volune f or period I

divided by total volume f or
entire period I to n
w here ai = incremental f low
10%
Discharge (Q)

Compute incremental flow f raction f or particular period i

fraction for representative i w ill be sequentially each
% guage at station C
1000 30 number f rom 1 to n
n = number of time periods in
entire record of f low s at
station C (months, days)
50%
80%
qBMi = ai QRm/t
%
100 95
w here qBMi = inf low f rom ungauged
tributary area M f or period i
Compute ungauged
QR = average annual runof f in
tributary area inflow volume units f or area M
m = number of years in entire period
betw een i = 1 and i = n
10 t = time units f or each period

10 100 1000 10000 Proceed to sum

Average annual runoff (R)

with reulated
outflows from reservoir
sequential flow
2.4 Energy and Power Analysis using Flow
Duration approach
• It is important to recognize that in the power
equation, flow is the primary limiting factor.
• If the reservoir or pondage is full, water must be
bypassed by a spillway. It is not possible to pass the
higher discharge through the plant. 100

100

Turbine Capacity Point

Runner Discharge Capacity point Turbine power output
Q (m3/s)

10
10

Qc Qc

1
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% of time power is equal or exceeded
Exceedence percentage
2.5 Estimation of plant capacity and energy output
• The gross average annual energy (E in kWh) is a
function E = fn (Qmedian, Hn, ηturbine, ηgenerator, η gearbox,
ηtransformer, γ,h)
Turbine Envelopes
 2.6 Plant capacity Determination

• E = f(h,q,TW, d, n, Hs, Pmax)

• Where h = net effective head
• q = plant discharge
• TW = tail water elevation
• d = diameter of runner
• n = generator speed
• Hs = turbine setting elevation above tail water
• Pmax = maximum output expected or desired at
• plant
 Determination of number of units
• It is cost effective to have minimum number of units
at a given installation
• Factors such as space limitations by geological
characteristics or existing structure may dictate
larger or smaller units
• Selection of Most Economical Units
• When the curve of total cost of installation crosses
the total benefit gained the optimum installation can
be decided.
 Contn’d
Selection of Most Economic Installation

17.00
Total Annual Cost
16.00
Annual Benefits/Cost (mBirr)

15.00
Annual benefits
14.00
Annual benefits
13.00

12.00

Total Annual Cost

11.00

10.00
6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00
Capacity of Hydroplant (MW)

Total Annual Cost (mBirr) Annual benefits (mBirr)

Fig. Benefits and costs versus plant capacity

 Other important factors
• Reservoir (storage) capacity
• Area Capacity Curves
• Reservoir Rule Curves
2.6 Evaporation Loss Evaluation from reservoirs
• Assess the effect of evaporation loss from the
reservoir surface.
• This loss in warmer climate is considerable.
 Contn’d
Elevation-Area-Storage curve
Area (km2)

600 500 400 300 200 100 0

1400 1400

1200 1200
Elevation (m)

1000 1000

Elevation (m)
800 800

600 600

400 400

200 200

0 0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
Elev. Vs Volume
Storage (Mm3) Elev. Vs Area
 2.7 Spillway Design Flood Analysis
• Spillway design flood analysis treats a unique type
of hydrology that concerns the occurrence of rare
events of extreme flooding.
• Flood frequency analysis is a well defined procedure
for spillway design flood determination.
• It is customary on large dams and dams where
failure might cause a major disaster to design the
spillway to pass the probable maximum flood.
2.7 Environmental Issues
*Projects should be judged on environmental as well
as technical and economical feasibility.
 Contn’d
• Negative effects can be kept to a minimum if the
environment is considered as planning parameter.
 Attention must be given to the following issues:
*Natural runoff and streams are diverted in to
manmade waterways.
*Securing a minimum flow in the river at all times
*Downstream water quality and quantity should not
be influenced.
*Storage may inundate areas of agricultural and
ecological importance, displace resident population.
 2.8 Project Appraisal and Socio-Economic
Considerations
• Hydropower projects are normally appraised by their
direct benefits and the monetary value.
Economic benefits from electrification arise in two
ways.
• Directly, through employment opportunities during
construction.
• Indirectly, by simulating the local economy and creating
commercial and industrial activities.
• The main direct benefit may only last during actual
construction of the project. Operation and maintenance
of hydropower plants are not labour intensive.
 2.8.1Planning
• The hydropower development cycle consists of three
main parts.
 Preconstruction
Implementation
 Operation
Project investigation, planning and design are
normally organized in several consecutive studies.
Identification of projects
Reconnaissance studies
Prefeasibilty studies
Feasibility studies
 .
Economic and Economic and
Financial Analysis Financial Analysis

Pre-Feasibility Feasibility
Studies Studies

DESIGN PHASE

Economic and Economic and

Financial Analysis Financial Analysis

IMPLEMENTATION PHASE

Fig . Hydropower Project Cycle

 Example-1
The following data refer to a proposed hydroelectric power
plant: turbines,
total power to be produced 30MW, normal operating speed
150rpm, net head available 16 m; draft tube, maximum
kinetic energy at exit of draft tube1.5% of H, efficiency of
draft tube 85%, vapor pressure3 m of water, atmospheric
pressure10.3 m of water.
1. What size, type, and number of units would you select
for the proposed plant?
2. Starting from first principles, determine the turbine
setting relative to the tailrace water level.
 Solution
For a low-head, high-discharge plant, Kaplan-type
units are suitable.
Assuming a specific speed of, say, 500, the power
per machine.

Therefore the number of units is 30 000/11 377 = 2.64.

Therefore, choose three units, each having an installed
capacity of 10MW.
Note that the number of units depends on other factors
such as the variability of power demand, breakdown–
maintenance works, the availability of national grid power
supply in case of emergencies, etc.
Con`t