I - ‫آالت موائع‬

2015- 2016

Turbines
Lect-6 – Turbines -22-12-08
‫‪Introduction - Generation of Electrical Energy‬‬
‫• طرق توليد الطاقة الكهربائية‬
‫إن عملية توليد أو إنتاج الطاقة الكهربائية هي في الحقيقة عملية تحويل الطاقة من‬
‫شكل الى آخر حسب مصادر الطاقة المتوفرة في مراكز الطلب على الطاقة‬
‫الكهربائية وحسب الكميات المطلوبة لهذه الطاقة ‪ ،‬األمر الذي يحدد أنواع‬
‫محطات التوليد وكذلك أنواع االستهالك وأنواع الوقود ومصادره كلها تؤثر في‬
‫تحديد نوع المحطة ومكانها وطاقتها ‪.‬‬
‫أنواع محطات التوليد ‪:‬‬
‫محطات التوليد البخارية ‪)Steam turbines(.‬‬
‫محطات التوليد النووية ‪) Nuclear Power Station(.‬‬
‫محطات التوليد المائية ‪) Hydraulic Power Stations(.‬‬
‫محطات التوليد ذات االحتراق الداخلي (ديزل – غازية(‪()I. C engines‬‬
‫محطات التوليد بواسطة الرياح‪)Wind turbines(.‬‬
‫محطات التوليد من المد والجزر ‪) )Tidal Power Stations‬‬
‫محطات التوليد بالطاقة الشمسية(‪)Solar energy‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
- Hydraulic Power Stations ‫محطات التوليد المائية‬

• The theory is to build a dam on a large river that has a

large drop in elevation. The dam stores lots of water
behind it in the reservoir. Near the bottom of the dam
wall there is the water intake. Gravity causes water to fall
through the penstock inside the dam. At the end of the
penstock there is a turbine propeller, which is turned by
the moving water. The shaft from the turbine goes up
into the generator, which produces the power. Power
lines are connected to the generator that carry electricity.
The water continues past the propeller through the
tailrace (draft tube) into the river past the dam.

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Animation

4
- Hydraulic Power Stations ‫محطات التوليد المائية‬

5
Definition

• A turbine extracts energy from a fluid which

possesses high head.
• Basically there are two types, reaction and impulse
turbines, the difference lying in the manner of head
conversion.

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Classification
• In the reaction turbine, the fluid fills the blade
passages, and the head change or pressure drop
occurs within the impeller (rotor).
• Reaction designs are of the radial-flow, mixed-flow,
and axial-flow types and are essentially dynamic
devices designed to admit the high-energy fluid and
extract its momentum.

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Classification
• An impulse turbine first converts the high head
through a nozzle into a high velocity jet, which then
strikes the blades at one position as they pass by.
• The impeller passages are not fluid-filled, and the jet
flow past the blades is essentially at constant
pressure.
• Reaction turbines are smaller because fluid fills all
the blades at one time.

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Reaction turbine

reaction turbine

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Impulse turbine

An impulse turbine

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Scale of Hydropower Stations
• Large-hydro
– More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid
• Medium-hydro
– 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid
• Small-hydro
– 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid
• Mini-hydro
– Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW
– Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid
• Micro-hydro
– From 5kW up to 100 kW
– Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in
remote areas away from the grid.
• Pico-hydro From a few hundred watts up to 5kW
– Remote areas away from the grid.
Reaction turbines

• The principal features of a reaction turbine are

that only part of the overall head is converted to
velocity head before the runner is reached, and
that the working fluid, completely fills all the
passages in the runner.
• The pressure of the fluid changes gradually as it
passes through the runner.

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Francis turbine
• Francis turbine is a radial inward flow turbine
• Most popularly used one in the medium head range of
60 to 300 m.
• Francis turbine was first developed by James B. Francis,
an American engineer in 1849.
• The design has gradually changed into a mixed flow
turbine.
• some smaller machines of this type have horizontal
shafts, but the majority have vertical shafts as shown in
the figure
• Overall efficiencies exceeding 90% have been achieved
for large machines.
Francis turbine
Typical sectional
and front view of a
modern Francis
turbine showing

(i) The spiral casing

(ii) Guide vanes
(iii) Runner
(iv) Draft tube
(v) Governor mechanism.
Francis turbine - elements

• The spiral casing

– Called a volute or scroll case, from which the fluid enters and
completely surrounds the runner.
– The cross-sectional area decreases along the fluid path in such
a way as to keep the fluid velocity constant in magnitude.
• Guide vanes
– The function of these is to direct the fluid on to the runner at the
angle appropriate to the design.
– Adjustable inlet guide vanes are absolutely necessary for good
efficiency.
– They bring the inlet flow to the blades at angle and absolute
velocity for minimum “shock’’
Francis turbine - elements
– They rest on pivoted on a ring and can be rotated by the rotation
of the ring, whose movement is controlled by the

• The runner is circular disc and has the blades

fixed on one side.
Francis turbine - elements

• Draft tube:
– From the centre of the runner the fluid is turned into the axial
direction and flows to waste via it.
– It’s lower end must, under all conditions of operation, be
submerged below the level of the water in the tail race, that is,
the channel carrying the used water away.
Schematic of Francis Turbine
The idealized Velocity diagram

• A typical velocity
diagrams at 
inlet and outlet
are shown in
Figure


 &  are the outlet and inlet sections

The idealized Velocity diagram

u = ω r, peripheral velocity of
the impeller, perpendicular
to the radius of the impeller.
w : Relative velocity of flow,
tangent to the streamlines
V : Absolute velocity of flow,
equal to the vector sum of
w and u.
α , β : absolute and relative
angles of flow
Vt and Vn : Tangential and
radial components
of the absolute velocity

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Simple one-dimensional-flow formulas
• Application of the angular-momentum control-
volume theorem, used for pumps, gives an
idealized formula for the power P extracted by
the runner:

)1(

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Simple one-dimensional-flow formulas
• The absolute inlet normal velocity Vn2 =V2 sin 2
is proportional to the flow rate Q. If the flow rate
changes and the runner speed u2 is constant,
the vanes must be adjusted to a new angle 2 so
that w2 still follows the blade surface.
• Thus adjustable inlet vanes are very important to
avoid shock loss

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Turbine efficiency
• The turbine efficiency is given by:

P

 gQH

• where
  and is the hydraulic efficiency
• P is given by equ. (1).
• And H is the net head
• At the design point the efficiency of hydraulic turbines is
between 0.88 and 0.94
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Example -1
• A Francis turbine is to be operated at a speed of
600 rpm and with a discharge of 4.0 m3/s. If r2 =
0.60 m, β2 = 110°, and the blade height b2 is 10
cm, what should be the guide vane angle α2 for
a non separating flow condition at the runner
entrance (no shock loss)?

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Example -1 - Solution
From inlet velocity diagram, next
relations are driven

Q
V n2 
2 r2 B 2
V t 2 V n 2 cot  2
V t 2  u 2 V n 2 cot  2   r2 V n 2 cot  2
  r2 
 2  arc cot   cot  2 
V n 2 
After substitution, the angle is 17.4º

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Example - 2
Consider an inward flow reaction turbine in which velocity of flow at
inlet is 3.8 m/s. The 1m diameter wheel rotates at 240 rpm and
absolute velocity makes an angle of 16º with wheel tangent.
Determine :

(1) velocity of whirl at inlet,

(2) absolute velocity of water at inlet,
(3) vane angle at inlet, and
(4) relative velocity of water at entrance.

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Example - 2 - Solution
From inlet velocity diagram, (subscript 2) )1(
V n2
tan  2 
Vt2
V n2 3.8
Vt2    13.3 m s
tan  2 tan16 

Absolute velocity of water at inlet, V2, is )2(

V n2
sin  2 
V2
V n2 3.8
V2    13.79 m s
sin  2 sin16 

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Example - 2 - Solution
vane angle at inlet )3(
 D 2 N   1 240
U2    12.57 m s
60 60
V n2 3.8
tan  2    5.21
V t 2 U 2 13.3  12.57
  2  79

relative velocity of water at entrance )4(

V n2
sin  2 
W2
V n2 3.8
W2    3.87 m s
sin  2 sin 79 

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Impulse Turbines - Pelton wheels
• For high head and relatively low power, i.e., low Np, not only
would a reaction turbine require too high a speed but also the
high pressure in the runner would require a massive casing
thickness.
• The impulse turbine is ideal for this situation.
• Since Np is low, N will be low and the high pressure is
confined to the small nozzle, which converts the head to an
atmospheric pressure jet of high velocity Vj.
• The jet strikes the buckets and imparts a momentum change
• The buckets have an elliptical split-cup shape,
• They are named Pelton wheels, after Lester A. Pelton (1829–
1908), who produced the first efficient design.
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 Impulse Turbines -
Pelton wheels

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Impulse Turbines - Pelton wheels

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Impulse Turbines - Pelton wheels
• the force and power delivered
to a Pelton wheel are
theoretically

)1 (

• where u=2Nr is the bucket

linear velocity
• r is the pitch radius, or distance
to the jet centerline.
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Impulse Turbines - Pelton wheels
• A bucket angle =180° gives maximum power but is physically
impractical. In practice, =165°, or 1-cos = 1.966 or only 2%
less than maximum power.
• From Eq. (1) the theoretical power of an impulse turbine is
parabolic in bucket speed u and is maximum when dP/du=0,
or
)2(

• For a perfect nozzle, the entire available head would be

converted to jet velocity Vj =(2gH)1/2. Actually, since there are
2% to 8% nozzle losses, a velocity coefficient Cv is used
)3 (

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Impulse Turbines - Pelton wheels
• By combining the efficiency equation
P

 gQH

and eqs. (3), the theoretical impulse turbine efficiency

becomes

)4 (

• Where

• Maximum efficiency occurs at  = 1/2Cv0.47.

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Impulse Turbines - Pelton wheels
• Next Figure shows Eq. (4) plotted for an ideal
turbine (= 80°, Cv=1.0) and for typical working
conditions (=160°, Cv=0.94). The latter case
predicts max =85% at  =0.47, but the actual
data for a 24-in Pelton wheel test are some what
less efficient due to windage, mechanical
friction, backs plashing, and non-uniform bucket
flow.
• An impulse turbine is not quite as efficient as the
Francis or propeller turbines at their BEPs
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Efficiency of an impulse
turbine calculated from Eq. (4):
solid curve ideal, = 180°,Cv=1.0;
dashed curve actual, =160°,Cv=0.94;
open circles data, Pelton wheel,
diameter 2 ft.

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Example
• In a hydro-electric scheme a number of Pelton wheels are to be used under
the following conditions:
1. total output required 30 MW;
2. gross head 245 m;
3. speed 39.27 rad · s−1 (6.25 rev/s);
4. 2 jets per wheel;
5. Cv of nozzles 0.97;
6. Maximum overall efficiency (based on conditions immediately before the
nozzles) 81.5%;
7. power specific speed for one jet not to exceed 0.138 rad (0.022 rev);
8. head lost to friction in pipe-line not to exceed 12 m.
• Calculate
(a) the number of wheels required,
(b) the diameters of the jets and wheels,
(c) the hydraulic efficiency, if the blades deflect the water through 165◦ and
reduce its relative velocity by 15%,

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Solution

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Solution

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Example - 1
A Pelton wheel is driven by two similar jets transmits 3750 kW
to the shaft running at 375 rpm. The total head available is
200 m and losses is 0.1 of the total head. The diameter of the
wheel is 1.45 m, the relative velocity coefficient of the bucket
is 0.9, the deflection of the jet is 165°. Find the hydraulic
efficiency, overall efficiency and the diameter of each jet, if
the mechanical efficiency is 90%. (Take Cv=1)
Solution
Solution
Solution